Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using

ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND SECURITY GOALS USING ARCHITECTURAL SMART GLASS Presented at the National Building Museum by: Gregory M. Sottile, Ph.D. Research Frontiers Inc. January 25, 2011 © Research Frontiers Inc.

Introduction • Thank you for this opportunity. • Today’s presentation: – summarizes energy use in United States buildings. – describes architectural smart glass. – discusses how architectural smart glass can advance sustainability and security goals in buildings.

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption All U.S. buildings: commercial, residential and industrial.

Annual growth, 2010-2030: approximately 0.8%

Approximately: • 40% of primary energy used in US • 75% of electricity

U.S. building stock: approximately 254.3 billion ft2. Public buildings: approximately 17.8 billion ft2 (7% of total) Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings COMMERCIAL

2010: • 76% existing • 24% new

1) Based on PNNL calculations. 2) Built after 2000. 4) EIA now excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on multi-building manufacturing facilities from the commercial building sector.

RESIDENTIAL 2010: • 85% existing • 15% new (1) Built after 2000 Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Aggregate Energy Expenditures

> $400 billion/year (2006 dollars (adjusted for inflation))

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption Increasing dependence on electricity

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type

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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits

HEATING & COOLING = 32.5% LIGHTING = 17.7%

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Example: Contributions to Cooling Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building)

Windows (30%) + Lighting (19%) = 49% of total contribution Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Fenestration in U.S. Buildings Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector (% of Total U.S. “Usage”, i.e. “Sales”)1

Despite the increasing sales penetration of insulating glass, fully 43% of the widows in the U.S. are still single glazed (i.e. non-IG).2

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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High-Performance Buildings U.S. EISA-2007 Legislation A high-performance commercial building that is designed, constructed, and operated: • to require a greatly balanced quantity of energy to operate; • to meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not produce greenhouse gases; • in a manner that will result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases; and • to be economically viable. Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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High-Performance Buildings: Energy Efficiency, Occupant Well-Being, Security Does the building excel at its intended purpose? • Energy efficiency • Occupant comfort, health • Worker productivity • Learning rates in schools • Sales in retail environments • Security • More Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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LEED®: Holistic View of Green Building and Sustainability EXAMPLE: LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations CATEGORY

POSSIBLE POINTS

Sustainable Sites

26

Water Efficiency

10

Energy and Atmosphere

35

Materials and Resources

14

Indoor Environmental Quality

15

Innovation and Design Process

6

Regional Priority Credits

4

TOTAL

INCLUDES: • Indoor air quality (IAQ) • Controllability of systems • Thermal comfort • Daylight and views “Exceptional” and/or “innovative” performance above LEED requirements

110

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Smart Glass Occupant WellBeing Energy Efficiency

Security

SMART GLASS

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Smart Glass Glazing/Fenestration products whose light-control properties change in response to a stimulus

Smart Glass Windows

Doors

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

Skylights

Partitions

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Various Terms for Smart Glass

Smart Glass Chromogenic Glazings

Dynamic Glazings

Smart Windows

Dimmable Windows

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

Switchables

Switchable Glass

Variable Tint Glass

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Smart Glass: Industry Definitions ASTM International: “Chromogenic Glazings”

A glazing consisting of one or more layers of chromogenic materials, which are able to alter their optical properties in response to a change in ambient conditions such as illumination intensity, temperature, or applied electric field.

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Smart Glass: Industry Definitions NFRC: “Dynamic Glazings”

Any fenestration product with the ability to change its performance properties, allowing the occupant to control their environment by tinting (or darkening) a window with the flip of a switch or by raising and lowering a shade positioned between panes of glass.

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Smart Glass is Not New • Electrochromic automotive mirrors – Worldwide demand in 2009 > 14 million mirrors1

• Photochromic eyewear – 18% of eyeglass lenses sold in the U.S.2, up from approximately 13% in 20033

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Evolving Smart Glass Industry Small Area

Large Area

Auto mirrors

Windows & skylights

Eyewear Lenses

Doors

Partitions Sunroofs Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Automotive Smart Glass

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

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Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass: Example

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Architectural Smart Glass

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Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the U.S. Glass Market

Smart glass demand is projected to grow 20X faster than demand for flat glass overall.

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Types of Smart Glass Smart Glass Passive

Active Electrochromic (EC)

Photochromic

Thermochromic

Passive smart glass responds to non-electrical stimuli and is not controllable.

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

Liquid Crystal (PDLC)

Suspended Particle Device (SPD) Active smart glass responds to an electrical stimulus and is controllable manually or automatically. 26

Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC)

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Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC)

Also known as polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) technology.

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Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle Device (SPD)

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Active Smart Glass: Comparison of Performance Characteristics SUSPENDED PARTICLE DEVICE (SPD)

ELECTROCHROMIC (EC)

LIQUID CRSYSTAL (LC)

Light-control Effect

Shading (Dark to clear)

Diffusing (Translucent and clear)

Shading (Dark to clear)

Powered State

Dark

Clear

Clear

>3.0%

>55%