Ancient Israel

AmbassadorCollege Ancient Israel Notes and CourseOutlines . o . o o . o o r

Purposeof the class Historicity of the patriarchs The Exodus - Egyptian ruler, date,route, and location of Mt. Sinai Israeliteconquest Period of the Judges Israel and the Philistines The Kings David acquiresan empire for Israel Israel and the Arameansof Damascus

Semester1 Lectures (August 29,1988thru December23,I9BB) Topics: Aug.29 - God choosesa people Aug. 31 - K"y chronologicalbenchmarksin the Bible Sept.2 - Israel the nation vs. Israelthe church - Environment of patriarchalage

jlli?j;"17 sept,:f"T.i:?:"";[-,?.T;::ffi]Hiiil;, -

Sept.14 Agricultural symbolism Sept.16 - Geographicvariety in Israel Sept.19 - Geographiccont. and symbolism Oct. 10 - Olive oil/Tree symbolism Oct.12 - 7 erasof Israel and linguistics of Palestine Oct. L4 - Languages- Aramaic and Hebrew Oct.17 - Languagescont. Oct.2'1.- Languagescont. - Ancient vs. modern Hebrew Oct.24 - Languagescont. - Greek and Hebrew Oct.26 - Biblical languages Oct. 31 - Abraham - the patriarch Nov. 2 - 4 important Jewishcities,numbers in the Bible, - Abraham (cont.) Nov. 4 -Isaac,Jacoband matriarchs Nov. 7 -Patriarchal organization, organrzatronof Israel - The 12 Tribes Nov. 14 - Tribal structure,2 approachesto clans Nov. 16 - The 12 Tribes(cont.)

Nov. 21 - Prophecyof the 12 Tribes Nov. 23 - David's placesof refuge Nov. 28 - 12 Tribes(cont.) Nov. 30 -1,2Tribes(cont.) Dec.2 - Israel,set apart, instructions/clothing vs rabbinic traditions - 12 Tribes(cont.) Dec.7 - 12 Tribes(cont.) Dec.9 - 12 Tribes(cont.) Dec.19 - Fall of Israel Dec.21,- Judahweakens Dec. 23 - Fall of Tudah Handouts: - Chronologicalchart of significanteventsin biblical history (from Abraham to captivity of Judah) - From ancientEgyptian records(Keith Stump) Pharaoh'sfrom the time of the Exodus - Chronologicalrecord (tentativedatesfrom Adam to fall of Judah) - Various detailed maps of Israel - The home of Abraham (K.I. Stavrinides) - Maps: regions rivers, mountains and 80 cities of major importance - Biblical geography / borders of tribal inheritance - A new look at an old problem...thedate of the Exodus - Archeology and the Bible (Dick Paige) o Palestine:known but mostly unknown . Megiddo stablesor storehouses o Piety and patriotism -secularism& skepticism o The Fall of Jerusalemin light of Archeology . The Importanceof Dating - GeographyTime Scale(insertfrom AC sciencecourse 1984)

AmbassadorCollege Ancient Israel Notes and Course Outlines Semester2 Lectures(January20,1989thru May g,1999) Topics: Jan.20- God cov't of salt and with Levi continuesduring and after the captivity, 7 permanenteffectsof Babyloniarrcaptivity Jan.25 Hope is part of God's promisesto Israel/Restoration Reasonsfor Israel'sextendedcaptivity

lJ:X.'i'* 2z E:",ffi, (cont 1". )

Jan.30 - Chaldeanorigins and Abraham Feb.1 - Babyloniancaptivity Feb.3 - Ark of cov't, calendar Feb.6 - 7 challengesof Daniel (cont.) Feb.8 - Fall of Babylon Feb.10 - Proof for 50 Shekermina, Babylon'sfall to Mede-persian Feb.15 - Gentile servants,Ethiopian Jews?Jewsreturn (Ezra), - Temple restoration Feb.17 - Temple restoration,calendaralterations,

Feb24_ ;"*ll'I:il"1:HH:T""'"

Mar. 1 - Purim, Ezra'srole in Jerusalem Mar. 3 -Ezra compileso.T. canon, organizesJewishcommunity - Number 5 in scripture,probrem of pagan intermarriage Mar. 6 - Nehemiah'srole (cont.) Mar. 8 - Nehemiah'srole (cont.) Mar. 13 - Nehemiah'srole (cont.) Mar. 15 - Nehemiah'srole and Book of Malachi Mar.17 - "Watches"Israelvs. Roman, - Nehemiah's2.d return and continued reforms Mar. 20 - Passover,Josephuson Intertestamentalperiod Mar' 22 - Josephuson: Moses,Cyrus II, Arexandei the Great, - Septuagint(LXX) vs. Masoretic texts Mar.24 - Mosesand Exodusperiod,

Mar27_l'r"Jfr ffi:T,,ff :jfiffi)il,T1i.;:iT::r,Dan11 Mar.29 -

Daniel11(cont.) Mar. 31 - Daniel11(cont.)

Apr. 3 - Daniel 11 (cont.) Apr. 5 - Maccabeanera, Daniel 11 (cont.) Apr.7 - Study guide, History of pharisees Apr. 10 - History of pharisees(cont.)and other sects Apr.14 - History of pharisees(cont.) May 1 - History of pharisees(cont.) - Intertestamentalwritings (Apocrypha) May 3 - Hasmoneandynasty May 5 - Jerusalem

Mav8 (Horv spirit) - ffi:,*fil,rr?i:i,:ffi:[:substitute Destructionof Temple 70 A.D., 2 JewishRevoltsfollow Handouts: - Jerusalemtopographical,valleys Hinnom and Kidron (see: May 1 notes) - Palestine:north to south, eastto west scale,miles and feet (Mav 1 notes) - The Fall of Jerusalem(see:May 8 notes) - The revolt of the Zealots(66-73A.D.) - Table of books of Apocrypha - Persian,Hellenistic, Roman periods and Maccabees - Ethicsof the Fathers - Jerusalem - Visit to Mt. Sinai (Dr. Hoeh)

Aug 21.189

ANCIENT ISRAEL

-Purpose of the class: to help us understand Biblical events in light of historical, geographical and archaelogical events. Examples of NEED to understand events: Jonah 3:5-8

They believed God (strange). v8 The beasts fasted too? Why? In that day and that culture, livestock were considercd part of the family, and therefore had to participate in a community-widc fast. >If not for outside knowledge of the culture, we would not have known that from just reading the Bible. You can't translate culture, and when it was writtcn therc was no need to explain it because everyone at the time knew how it was.

Psalm 23

Valley of the Shadow of Death In those days, there was a literal valley. Shepherds at times needed to guide their flocks down very steep ravines and they used their rods to do so. I Kings 20:13

Ahab (King of Israel)

vs.

Ben Hadad (King of Damascus) -

5 t.,

v28 Why was it so important that Ahab know God is the Eternal? v42 Why didn't Ahab do it? 22:7 Whv were there 3 vears without war?

(Aram : Syria)

Euphrates

Ahab makesan alliancewith :' Aram's king--part of a 17 nation \---, confederacy--to defendagainst \, Assyria.

)

* Assyria Increasingstrength,threateningto crossthe Euphratesand take over smaller states.

Ahab didn't have the faith to trust God to deliver Israel from the Assvriansa big and powerful nation. Study of Philog5r Bible = God's Word. KJT is a translation and it does have errors. gk. geneo: means"born" or "begotten"dependingon the context. Translationis incorrectat timcs. Prov 26:23 "Flattering lips...silverof dross" How can there be something precious in dross (waste)? It is not a correctword translation. Shouldbe "coveredwith glaze". (Heb words all run together and sometimesthe words are not divided in the proper place.) I Sam 13:1 A word is dropped out here.

W}TY GEOGRAPIIY? -It can explain a lot of things in the Bible. Why was Beershevathe southernmostpoint of Israel? Why does everyonewant the land Israel has? -I Kn 9:15 Why those cities? Geographyexplainsit. ARC}IAEOLOGY Evidence for historical activities are uncoveredthru archaeology. 8123

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GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY I-AND Zech L4z8 Biblical perspective. -t" Israel'slancl,not much water. Only seasonalrainfalls and dewfalls(very impt). ;lt 'L:17-201 f7,ech 8:8,12; II Sam Plain of Philistia: prime agriculturalarea; wide, well draines,lots of moisture. Plain of Sharon: drainageproblems(swamps); narrow, mountainous. "Upper Galilee": called thusly becauseit's in the North and also it is higher in clevation. Shfrhelah: foothills betweenMountains of Judah and the coastalplain. It's a graclualinclinc:

In Ephraim, there is no gradualincline:

8125

ARCIIAEOLOGY: A ROSE WITII TIIORNS

dcf. Iliblical Archaeologr: systematicrecoveryof the survivinq remains of ancient civilizations; thcir anal],sisand interpretationin an effort to reconstructthe way of life of ancicnt socictics. Keys: 1. Systematicrecovery;2. surviving; 3. analysis; 4. interpretation We have 1/1000of once existingmaterial that's still around. -In Egypt, there were many written records,and tombs that preservedmany objects,thcrcforc rvc know a lot about Ancient Egypt. -Other civilizationswe have very little information on (becausethere were few written records.) Palestineis such an area. There were no written recordsfrom there. What archaeologistsare looking for: TELS: an ancient city buried. (Identified as hills off alone,with regular slopes.) How can vou see the walls of the city from above qround? Aerial shots can show whcat growing, shorter over walled areas,the taller wheat casting a shadow on the shortcr, drifting sand. How do you know you have the right place? Toponymic evidence: name of thc currcnt city is

similar to the ancient one: Ex. Babil = Babel Bir es Sheva = Beersheva Mukmas = Michmash Jeba = Geba Jezer = Gezer Tel el Qadi (udge) = Dan Tel Nebi (prophet) Yunis (Jonah)= associaredro Ninevah Keep in mind that toponymicscan be misleading. How do they dig? Walls 5 m X 5 m --Seecrosssection. Gather every piece of information possible. Measurementsare very important. Very important finds are photographcrl.

How do they analyze? Make a list of characteristics found: thickness,size,clecoration,shapc of everyuncoveredartifact. The most important artifactsare written records. RosettaStone: usedto decodehieroglyphics(a tablet containingthe samepassagein cursiveEgyptianandegreeto which patriarchscan be viewedas historicallytrue, degreeto which it's fiction. 1878 ClassicalView--Wellhausen:nWe can't gain any historical knowledgeabout the --+1940's patriarchs basedupon what we read in Genesis. We can learn about the time it waswritten in (10 C. B.C.)" DocumentaryHypothesis: Gen--+Deut was assembledby diff sourcesat diff time pcriocls. J (JHWH) written 10 C.B.C. E (Elohim) written 9 C.B.C. D (Deut) written 7 C.B.C. P (Priests)wriften 5 C.B.C. Why the theory? Soundslike it was written by diff authors. (aka-JEDP) JEDP theory is refuted tho. Viervson Ilistoricity: l. Nothing is true. 1878-+1940's 2. It's substantiallyauthentic. 1940's-+ Why the switch? Arch. discoveriestend ro prove the Bible. 3 Sourcesof Written Info: 1. Nuzi archive. Hurrian culture. 15 C.B.C. How can ir tell of Abr (20CBC)? a) It's an ancient culture dating far before Abr. b) Many customsin the Nuzi can be tracedback to: 2. Mari archive. (18 C.B.C.) Many of thesecustomscan be tracedback to : 3. Lipt-Ishtar Code. (21 C.B.C.) (l-ook at rhe Hittite culture overall)

iirl! Son

Patriarchs+ .t Son-Wife i

Daughter

Wives

Servants

(Family Structure)

Animals

,'t !

Children

..Children f.lot as high position as son, but part of the family.

>Whcn the patriarchdies,the unit doesn'tdissolve,rather the eldestson becomesthe new family hcad. [Gen 27:291normally. >Son'scan't just leave: they need permissionor to be sent away. Religiouslives of the Patriarchs: Gen 12:6 "the placeat Shechem'--gone to a holy site and therebuilt an altar to God.(Pillarswcre often found in theseholy places.) God J Patriarch The family worshippedthe God of the Patriarch. J

Family Gen 35:2 Jacob puts off the gods of his family, becausehe has the right. He is now the parriarch--no longer under Laban'sauthority. >daughtershad to acceptthe god of her husbandbut could also bring along those of her own fur private worship. >the patriarch was the "priest" (kings of cities were also priestsbecausetheir subjectswerc likc their family.

Diff betweenworship of God and pagangods: 1. Abr, Isaac,Jacobalwaysbuilt their own altars to G. [Gen 12:6, 13:3-4,21:33, 33:19-2Ol 2. Patriarchsused diff namesfor God, but they weren't diff gods. El Shaddai:[Gen 17:1,28:3, 35:1,11,31:13 (God of Bethel)] 3. Pagangods were limited to a certain place and were territorial, unlike God. God appcarsin Shechem,Haran, Bethel. 4. Never a hint of child sacrificeor fertility rites in Patriarch'sreligion. >Not true that religious practiceswere just made up by the authors of OT to be similar to thc time o[ writing (10 C.B.C) Proof: Abr plants a tamarashtree to worship God 1. nrighteousn 2. nrighteous'Jacobmarried 2 sisters. 3. "righteousnAbr married his half-sister. 4. nrighteous"Abr and Jacobbuilt pillars (massebah) All these practiceswere prohibited at the time of Israel, therefore,the patriarchs would not be called righteousif the religion was the sameas it was in the 10 C.B.C.

TIIE IIISTORICITY

OF THE PATRIARCHS

Genesis 23 v4

What does the first part of the verse have to do with the second? Normally a stranger is not allowed to own property, according to Hittite culture.

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What snecific thins did Abraham want to buy? The cave of Macphelah as a burial place.

v11

What did Ephron offer to Abraham? The cave and the field.

v10-16 Evaluatewhat was going on in theseyerses. (Accordingto Hittite culture) If Abrahamonly had a corner of the field, he wouldn'r have to pay taxesor have military obligations. But they stuck him with the whole ficlcl. Why are the trees mentioned? Becauseit's part of Hittite land contractsto mention cvcrything included in the deal, along with trees,field borders,etc. Genesis24:29-59 Keeping in mind that Bethuel was Rebekah's father and Laban her brorher. CONSIDER: v50

the individual who receives the greater precedence. Laban, because his name is mentioned first.

v53

the individualswho receivegifts from Eliezer. The brother and mother, not Bethuel. Why not? Becausethe brother is the responsiblc party for the marriagesof his sisters,not the father. (Source,Nuzi and earlier text).

Gcnesis15:2-3 Before he had children, who was Abraham's heir? Eliezer of Damascus.

What circumstancequalified him to be Abraham's heir? He wasborn in Abraham'shouse. (A childless couple could adopt a servant as long as he was born in the house. Nuzi text.)

Genesis1.6:1-3 What is your opinion of the credibility of this action? Why? Sarah 'obtains' a child by Hagar. Because of the culture (Nuzi text), it was a shame not to havc children, so she wanted one. It was expected of her to take the initiative and choose thc hancl maiden (surrogate). [Gen 30:3] Rachel does similarly. Bearing children on the knees o[ rhe barren woman can allow the child to belong to the mistress (barren woman.) BecauseHagar bore thc hcir, she cannot be sent away. Neither can the son. [Gen 16:4, 21:10] Sarah realizes that Ishmael is coheir. God intervenes for a purpose and tells Abraham not to go against the rules of his culturc.

Genesis 25:29-33 What is your opinion of the credibility of this action? Why? It was permissible to sell birthrights for rather inconsequential things, not necessarily for due consideration. Anything accepted by both parties IS due consideration in this culture. Jacob legally owned the birthrisht.

G e n e s i s 2 T : 1 - 3 7, , 1

samo

.

Doesn't this passagecast a shadow on the credibility of the passagereferred to above? Why (not)? He didn't have to steal what he already owned because the birthright and the blessing aren't thc thing. g.le$.ing in"olued:_ right to head up the family after Isaac's death; birthrisht involvcd: inheritance rights.

Genesis 29-31 IIow would you describe Laban's reception of Jacob? Overjoyed. Why? When Jacob asked to marry Rachel, what did Laban reply? (NOTE EXACT WOIiI)S) He didn't say yes. "It is better that I give her to you than to another man." Unlike Rebekah, who took her nurse with her, Leah and Rachel were each given handmaidcns. AFTER A CAREFUL CONSIDERATION, WHAT ITEMS STRIKE YOU AS "ODD" IN THE FOLLOWING SCRIPTURAL PASSAGES? Gen 31222-23 when read with verses 30 and 32. Why did Jacob run? Why did Laban chase? Laban's statements in Gen 31:43 when considered in the light of Jacob's statements in verse 41. He doesn't acknowledge Jacob as having any ownership. The purpose of the covenant Laban proposed to Jacob in Gen 31:44 and verses 51 and 52. So they wouldn't get in each othcrs' way.

ILLUI1INATE NUZU TABLETS JAC(]B'S DEALINGS 1^/ITH L,^,BAN

Jacob's deelirrgs rvith Labnn hrr.,'ebc'cn par-iictrlarlv illrrnrinated by tlre Nuzu recorcls.One tablct (G 5r) is so impoftrurt that u'e franslete all of it e\cept thc nlnies of tlre sevcrru'itncssr:sat the enti: The adoption teblet of Nashrvi st-n of Arshenni. FIe ldopted Wuilu son of Puhishenni. ,\s long as Nrshrvi lives, \\rullu shall gii'e Ihini] footl nnd clothing. \\'hcn Nrslnvi dies, Wullu shnll bi' tlre lrr'ir. Should Nrslnvi l r t : g t : ta s o n , I t h e h t t r r ] s h a l l d i v i c l e c r l u u l l v r l i t h \ \ ' u l l r r brrt Ionlr'] Nas]r*"i'sson shnll take Nrrslnvi's eocls.Ilut if tlrcrc l-lc no son of Nashu'i's tlrcn \\\rllrr slr.rll tlkc Naslr*i's gocls. And INashrii] has given his dauchter Nuhuvr as s'ife to \\-ullu. .\n1930's Nelson Gleuk made surfaceevaluationsthat there were no archaeologicalremains rhe 13rh cBC

before

> [Num 21:l-31 Isr first does battle with the King of Arad and his cities. "way of the spies"is a major trade route. Arad excavatiorrs_ shorv: occupied early bronze--2gW-24C[BC and the next occupation was the Iron age--1050BC PROBLEM: Arad was uninhabitedat the time Israel was to have fought with it. lv21-2al Warfare: Originally the Amonites had control of all betweenJabbok and Arnon. The Amorites came in and pushedthem out [vla-26] [v30] Israel destroyedHeshbon. Reasonabletoponyms: Heshbon = Hesban,Dibon = Dhiban 'mighty < excavated cities" PRoB: accordingto arch, thesecities were founded in 9 CBC on virgin soil. Jericho: excavated L930's--Garstang(very little excavationdone; broad 1950's--Kenyon statementsmade) Kenyon'sversion: destroyedin 1550BC; mammoth wall destroyeddown to the roots all around the city. Reoccupied1440-1325BC when it's desrroyedagain. pROB: The ciry doesn't get destroyedwhen it should. Israel attackedJericho in the first place becauseit was an apex of severaltrade ro u t es. They didn't occupycities, by the way. Ai = Er tell (The Ruin) IJosh 10:] 1930's excavarion destroyed EBr (2400 BC) Reoccupationin Iron age (1200BC) Thereforeat Isr's time there was no citv of Ai to be conqucred. Gibeon: EBr, MidBr occupations. No LBr (1550-1200BC) occupation. Howevcr rhcre was LBr pottery in tombs at the site. Gibeon makes peacewitlr Israel after Ai,s takcn b/c they know they're next in line to be conquered. Lachish--destroyed in 1550BC and then againin 1300'sBC, then in 1140BC when thc civilization comesto an end there. Nothing noteworthyhappenedin 1400BC supposedlv. Ilebron and Debir--didn't archaeologically exist in 1400 BC [Josh 11:7-11] IIazor was largestcity by far; no wonder ir's the head of the kingdoms. Hazor was destroyedc 1400 BC Bethel destroyedl29o BC Every major city in the North was destroyedin the 13th CBC. Accordingto archaeologr,thesecities w-ereall destroyedand burned which clocsn't fit with Joshua11:13which saysonly Hazor was burned. But thesedestructiondatcsgivc the basefor modern scholarsto believein the Late Date. Jericho: 1325 (It looks like the conquestof Canaantook a long Bethel: 1290 time. Couldn't possiblyall have been done I-achish: 11.40 by Joshua.) N Canaanitecities (Hazor): lZZ5 >Gleuk's theory gives support to 13 cBc. Albright led arch in the reasoningthat any canaanite city destroyedin 13 CBC was done by the Israelites: J-oshua's conquest. (It was neier proveo; They ignorc I Kn 6:1 and concentrateon Ex 11:1. >Archaeoloqicalevidence: many Canaanitecities destroyedin 13 cBc were either not rebuilt or rebuilt by peoplewith an inferior culture. (Israel) Maybeso, bui this doesn'tprove that Israelwasn't there bcfore. Actually, arch doesn't prove 13 cBC is a better date rhan 15 cBC. >George Mendenhall,supportedby Norman Gottwalclhad a theory: there was no real conquest. Israel was a small group. The conqueredcities are attributed to a sociailpoliticalrevolution.

>The Exodus is the primary battlegroundof those believingin the authenticityof the Bible and those not. 1. Focus on what led scholarsto believein the early date. (Chart--organizearound that) 2. Why did scholarscome to questionthe early date? (Chart--lackof correlation [Ex 1:11,Num 20]) 3. Why choosethe 13 CBC specifically? (Albright) 4. How did scholars"explainaway"evidencepointing to an early date? 5. Why did the support for the late date get called into question?

Multiple ConquestTheorv: There were many different leadersleading different campaigns. Joshuawas the only name rememberedso they attributed all conqueststo him. Infiltration Model: (Aharoni, Albrecht) Israel lived quietly in the hills for rhe 14th CBC. Then the numbersgrew to where conflict would inevitablyhappen,(l,ate 13 CBC) Problems: so many of the citiesweren't around at that time. None of the l:te Bronze citieswere wallecl. Hazor was the only city not burned. Mendenhall'sidea: was given life by Norman Gottwald. "few people actually came from Egypt and the others that joined them were rebelliousCanaanitepeasants.They adoptedthe religion of YHWH as a form of rebellion againstthe system.[Josh 24:1-15] Talking to two different groups here: Canaaniterebelsand Israelites.They set up a commonshrine in Shiloh; eachof the 12 tribes had a different month to do maintenanceof the shrine. Amphictony: examplesof shrine sharing. Bible is totally wrong and useless." ProblemsV 15 CBC Date: the evidence 1. Literary. Ex 1:11 (cities)Tel-el-Dab'a Num 20 (there was a presence.Deut 2:4-5,8-9) I Chr 6:1 Exodus + 12 generations Solomon (1st temple) J 12 generations Zerubbabel (2nd temple)

7

Christ's genealogyis figurative,not literal. Four kings are left out of the genealogyto achieve a certain number and to depict a line. It's feasiblethat the author in I Chr 6 left out generationsto have the same# (12). (Becausethere were 19 generationsof musiciansat the sametime that there were supposedly12 generationsof Israelites.) Obviously,their form of history writing is different rhan ours. 19 gen X 25 yrs = 475 yrs Archaeologr. Dibon: supposedlyfounded in 9 CBC Prob: most sites have been only partially excavared. There could be a civilization underneath,but just not where there's been excavationsdone. Or citiescould be locatedsomewhereelsenearby. RaamsesI (13 C) claimedto havecaptureclDibon, so it MUST have existed--hewrore about it. Heshbon: Maybe it's the samesituation. (But Raamsesdoesn'tmention this city.) Ai: (possiblyKhirbet Nisya) is Et-tell becauseit's near Beitin (which is seenas Bethel--possibly Bireh) It's not necessarily correctbecause:a) Beitin and Et-tell aren't that close; b) Bethcl is west of Michmashand Beitin is more north; c) there'sno real mountain betweenBeitin and Et-tell; d) Bethel is locatedon the border of Benjamin and Ephraim, not north of it as Beitin is. Jericho: There'sa level where the walls were totally destroyed. Dated at MBII (1550 BC), basecl upon pottery. What's differencebetweenMBII and LBI pottery? In LBI, bichromeware(importecl pottery) comeson the scene. However,local pottery in Hazor LBI is the sameas Jericho's,it's just that bichromewareis not presentin Jericho. Dr Bryant Wood believesthere's a dating problem and the same problemsexist in dating the cities. Also, no trace of bichromewarein any ciry in

Jericho,but there is bichromewarein the tombs of LBI. Plausibleexplanation? This pottery was specialand savedfor greatoccasions(includingplacementin tombs.) Theory: Much MBII,s dating should be LBI. PharaohShoshens= Biblical Shishak. He conquered2 cities of Arad (greater and lesser) ln TclArad there's no MBII or LBI levels. In Tel-Milhatta there'sa MBII level. 2 Cities coast

Destruction dated LBI b/c there's bichromeware dated MBII b/c there'sno bichromeware.

(However,it's a good possibilitythat inland cities didn't have accessto bichromeware.) > There was no reason for the Pharaohsto have encountered Israel in their travelsbecausethey didn,t go where Israel was. Their campaignsskirted the boundariesof the twelve tribes. Questions: 1' what accountsfor the destructionof urban,sophisticated,LBII culture and replacement with nonurban "crude"Iron Age culture? Ans' LBII-+Iron Age wasn't a sudden change, rather gradual (evolutionary change, not revolutionary') It was happeningin the entire EasternM-editerranean area,therefore the changecan't bc attributed to Israel'sconquest,rather Israelwas later affectedby it. In the 15 cBc there,sevidence(burial sites) of population in the hills, but no signs of settlements. c 1400-1300 they're living a nomacliclife, wandering as they've alwaysdone. Around 1270-1250BC there are settlements around Shechemancl Shiloh' In LBII-Iron Age there are a large # of unwalledsmall villages in the hills of Judea,Galilee and samaria' why not settle before then? Around that time, lime plastei discovered and they now hacla base for settling: water cisternscould be lined with lime. .I-neywouton't have to keep travelling in a constanr searchfor water. 2. What accountsfor the destructionsof many canaanite cities c. 1275-1140 BC? Ans' As Israel increasedit neededmore land and thereforegot in conflict with the canaanitcs. Canaanite oppressionwas prominent, therefore conflict existed. oR It coulcl have been the 91. P-hilistinesattacking or cities warring amongstthemselves.Remember [Josh 13:1] Joshuadicln,rconqucr all of Ca-naan. [Jud 1:] There remainedmuch land to be conquered.(Wasn't done until Davicl,sreign purt 2:3, I:211

Q/:6 History

407

ANCIENT

ISRAEL:

Egyptian

ABRAHAI{ TO CAPTIVITY

Ru1ers

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Exodus

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ouutulp4xL ^r r .!.ah*-a* rName: namedso becausethe judgcswcre the most importantfiguresin Israelitesociety.It reallyshould bC CAIICd thc TRIBAL PERIOD. >Siqnificance: it notcs Israel'sbeginningas a nation. (They weren't one before this becausethcy lackccl a nationalterritory up until this time.) > Characteristics: 1. Incompleteconquestof Canaan. [Jud 2:1] God promisedto give them Canaan,but Isracl didn't fulfill it's part of the bargain. a) He made a covenantwith Labyu the king of Shechem. (In the Amarna tablets,letters from the kings of Megiddo complain that l-abyu had made lcaguc with the Apiru.) b) [Jud 2:21 T\ey didn't destroythe altarsbut adoptedfalseworship. (Baaland Astartc.) There was ritual prostitution: **sympatheticmagic> priestessand male worshippcr comingtogethersymbolized the comingtogetherof Baal and Astarte. It wasan attemptto control the gods and force them to send the rain to fertllize the soil. 2. C.)clesof Sin,Servitude[Jud 2:13-15],Supplication[Jud2:18],Salvation[Jud 2:1.6].Thc Judgcs were the ones that deliveredthem. >Nature of Ofiice: Deliverer, tribal judge (official administrator) [Jud 10:1-3, 12:8-13] Deborah was alreadyan administratorwhen she becamea deliverer. Prior to Samuel'stime, a judge only had jurisdiction over 1-3 tribes at a time (usually one). There could be more than one judge at a time for the whole nation however.

ngreatnperson. a) >-Calling: It was just that. God chosewhom He [Jud 6:14-16] Gideon was not a chose. b) The choice G made is confirmedwirh the HS. [Jud 3:10, 6:34] Witirout the HS, forget it. Sympatheticmagic. Magic is an attempt to control forcesthat you ordinarily cannot. In this caseir :* forcesgods to give the responseyou want. This could quite possibtybe one reuron G hated this form of worship: becauseHis people tried to use magic on Him. A form of Baal worship was Child Sacrifice. -perfect The child had to be: -firstborn male (most valuableto the father) This is also an attempt to control the actionsof a deity. Bv offering tile god that which was most valuable.the qod must surely obey the offeror'swishes. Ex. II Kings 3:25-27 King of Moab attemptedto conrrol his god by sacrificinghis son. Hc wantedthe Israelitesto seethe sacrifice.The Israeliteswere convincedof the magicc,f tne Moabitc god and retreated,thinking they couldn't possiblywin. PaqanBelief: Gods are territorial. Ex. II Kings 5:15-17 He's convincedthat he can't worship YHWH on Syriansoil, that God is territorial. Also, Israel felt they had to recognizethe gods of the soil they were living on. They wanted to control gods too, not obey one. [Jucl 3:7] servccl more than one Baal becausethey were territorial. In judgesleadershipis sporadic. Othniel,of Judah [Jud 3:12] "city of the palm trees"--referringto Jericho. It's an oasisbecauseof its natural springs. Gorl alwayschoosesthe deliverer. Ehud, of Benjamin His right hand was deformed,in a day where everyonewas right-handed. He's known to be of a high rank becausehe's chosenas the emissaryfor a tribute payment. pud 3:19] The king of Moab thinks the messageis about an Israelite uprising,so he clears the room. Ehud was able to sneakthe daggerin becausesecurityprobablythought sinie hiJright hand was clcformcd he could pose no rhreat to the king. Wrong! Deborah,of Ephraim Her generalwas Barak of Issachar. (Ironically,Barak's name means"lightning"in Hebrew and he was a big chicken.) Peoplerespondedto Deborahas a judge becauseshewasaireadyistablishedas a prophetcss. (Judges4 and 5 are two different accountsof the samebattle.) [Jud 4:2] Jabin, king of Hazor, head of a Canaaniteconfederation;Siserawas his general [Jud 5:19] The kings of Canaanwere the other membersof the confederation. Why was Mt Tabor chosenfor the meetingground for Israeli troops? Becauseit sticks up in the miclclle of a plain and has a view for miles. Therefore,they could seeif anyonewas coming,when, anclfrom what direction. [Jud4:15] It had rainedand Sisera'schariotwasstuckin the quagmireof the valley(it had poor clrainagc and any suddenrainfall turned it into a swamp. Since the Canaaniteswere not trained in hanrl to hancl combat,they fled. [Jud 5:21] The river Kishon floodedas well, which was too bad for the Canaanireswho fled back into that direction,becausethey were wiped out. [Jud 4 = focus on Mt Tabor, part one of the battle; Jud 5 = focus on Kishon river, part two of the battle.l [Jud 5] Deborah mentionsseveraltribes. The fighters: Naphiali, Issachar,Zebulun, Benjamin, 'Dan Ephraim, part of Manasseh.Thosewho should have fought, but were more interestedin business: ancl-Asher. Gideon,of Manasseh The Midianites were nomadicraiders. Jud 6:11 He was hiding wheat successfully becausethere haclbcen no grapesyet and consequentlyno reasonto raid the winepress.He showedsomeinitiative here in saving

some food from the raiders. v36 Gideon wanted a sign. (fleece) The battle is fought-at night in 3 different directions. Ephraim controlled fording placesof the Jordan to keep fte Midianites from fleeing. 8:6 Their literal right handswere cut off. A tradition. othniel, Ehud, and Debora-h all important people in their own right. Gideon and Jephthahwerc of Y:t" no specialconsequence; nobodies. Jephthah,of Gilead Jud 1'1:l-2,4,7 nlsraeln= Gilead (Gad and Manasseh) [Jud 10:17-1g] Background:The eldershad previouslyjudgedagainst'Jephthah and he retreatedinto the mountainswhere hc had a band of mercenaries. >lr:12 Ancient feud here: Ammon thought Israel had taken their land way back when they enreredthc land of canaan. In reality, the Amorites pushedthe Ammonites eastward before Israel lcft Egypt and Israel took the lancl from the Amorites. >10:18 No one wanted the responsibilityof heading a campaignagainstthe Ammonites,no matter whar the reward was. >11:5-6 They swallowecltheir priclebig time when they askedhim to rerurn after treating him so shabbily. However they didn't offer him the position they had originally stated because of his origins. The captain didn't have the sameauthority that the head did. [10:18]"head"= rosh (hcb) [11:6] "caprain(commander)": nagid (heb) >v7 Jephthahwas insulted and let them know about it. >v8 They offer him "Rosh"ship,giving in. >v10 They took an oath so Jephthahwould believethem. So he was rosh and nagid. >v28 Diplomacy dicln't work in this situation. >11:30-31 Rash vow. He felt that he needed to bargainwith God. (The influenceof the pagan environmentconvincedhim that in order to "get c to oo what he wanted", he needeclto sacrificc whoevercameout of his house.) Evel s9, it wisn't a greatsacrificebecause usuallya lowly servanr would come out of the housefirst to help the masterilean up beforegreeting the family. He was offering somethingof little value. ano it backfiredwhen he had ro sacrificJhis only chilcl. >The choice is God's to call whom he will. Sometimesit's high class,like Ehud; sometimeslowly likc Jephthah.

tr t( tl vt . HIST

407

Ir'1r. Faige ISRAEL ANE THE PHILISTINES

PHAS!; I. -----I

EARLY EXPANSTON AND OPPRESSIOI.']

SAMSON

PHASE 2 ------

Oppressing Dan and Judah Objective: Secure southern Via Maris and surrounding area Samson kil1s Philistine lords PEAK OF PHILISTINE

ELI SAIvIUEL

PHASE 3 ------

POWER

Extension into central area Benjamj-n and Ephraim under attack Char, trl,oss of ark of Shiloh? rDestruction tExtended phase of occupation despite Samuel's victorv at Mizpeh (r Sam.7l STRUGGLETO OVERTHROW PHILISTINES

SAUL DAVID

PHASE 4 --..--

Free IsraeI

PHAS.U 5 -----a

of Michmash (f Sam. 14) ( r S a r ' . r .l 7 l vs. Goliath

/] i';.o*.U*.

{ i . \ - r l } + - - - i - u { {j iv . r

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Achish, King of Gath (r Sam. 2ItL7, 27 z2l at Mt. Gilboa Saul killed FINAI PHILISTTNE HILL COUNTRY

DAVID

control

lBattle xDavid PHILISTINES CONTROL

SAUL +)DAVID

from Philistine

ATTEMPT TO SUBDUE

Battle of Baalperazim at the valley of Rephaim (II Sam. 5)

PHILISTIA vs ISRAEL >The most dangerousand difficult local conflict to determinewhich people would impressthcir culture on the land of Canaan. Philistia had the greaterstrengthand monetaryresources,but Israel had God on their side. >Philistines Origin: from the island of Caphtor [Am 9:7; Jer 47:4 = Kaptara which is Crere from Mesopotamiansources]; Cherethites[I Sam 30:1.4,1.6, 7,eph2:4-51Cretan. Therefore,their origin is from the island of Crete. >Around 1200BC, therewasa migrationof manypeoples.(by sea'people of the sean,nseapeople") Commerceis basedon Maritime trade; much raiding/fightingin all major Palestiniancoastalcities and in Egypt. The southerngroup of these"seapeoplesn are what we now know as the Philistines. >TheseGreek roots come out in variousparts of the Bible. Ex. Championsduking it out for thc sakeof the whole nation--Hektor\Achilles;David\Goliath. Also, in Greece,riddleswere useclquite extensively.This comesover into Samson'suse of riddles with Delilah. >These Philistinesquickly adopted the Canaaniteculture as their own. The same languagewas spoken:Canaanite(Hebrew'sroots) The Philistines'god was Dagon, a NW coastlinegod. PHASE 1: Early expansionand oppression Samson,of Dan Gerar: a Philistine settlement. Albright: an unprecedentedrapid acculturationof Philistinesto Canaanitelanguageand culture. No orhcr examplein history. Oh yeah? >What about the Jewscoming to America flate 19th Century rill present?l >MBIIA--traces of Aegeancultural influenceon the "PhilistiaPlain" >c.1500-1400 BC--increaseof cultural influencefrom the Aegeanarea (bichromeware) >At the time of Abraham there was a small outpost of Philistines(Cretan) in Canaan.(Creteswere good businessmen--merchants) >With the collapseof the Minoan (Crete) society [1200 BC], Minoans fled and wandereclin Canaan. Then the merchantoutposts,alreadyestablished, helpedto acculturethesewanderers.They settled along the Via Maris and intendedto control more of the major trade route. Dan is thereforethe first tribe to feel the heat. >Becauseof rainfall problems, Judeans begin to settle close to plain of Philistia. (It's an agriculturallymore desirable.)The Philistinesbeganto get antsybecausethe Israeliteslookccllikc they were getting too close for comfort. Jud 1:34-35;18:1-11 Danites looking for new homesbecausethey were squashecl in the northcrn part of their land and being constantlypressuredby antagonisticforces. >Samson: unique becausehe's called from birth. He acts on behalf of himself in thesesituations,even though he is helping the people at the same time. (His motivation is selfish.) Ultimately G's purposewas servedwhen Samsonendedhis life. >Jud 16:20 Strength was given through G's spirit, not his hair. The hair was just a symbol betweenG and Samson,one he treated cheaply. >Jud 16:3 He took the postern gate (like a doorway)--theone people could enter/exitthe ciry from after dusk and before dawn when the main gateswere closed. They tried to lock him in. When Samsonfound this door locked he was frustratedand carried it 35 miles uphill to Hebron. >Jud 15:11 Judahwas under Philistineauthorityat this time. >The reasonSamson'seyeswere put out is so that when he pushedthe millstone around in circlcs, he wouldn't get dizzy. PHASE 2: Peakof PhilistinePower Above Joppa, the Via Maris extendsinto the central area. Why? a) To skirt the Yarkon river; b) It's a swampyland producedin the plain becausethere'sno natural drainageplaces. r ?ti

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Therefore the Via Maris ran along the foot of the hill country. Israel was campednear Aphek and the Philistines weren't too pleasedso they attempted to push them back. [I Sam 4:1-18] Israel retaliated. They gatheredat Ebenezer,directly oppositeto Aphek (the major trade junction.) Isracl lost a battle and correctly realizedthat God wasn'twith them. (They hadn't askedhim to be.) So they decided to "forcenGod to help them win by taking the ark to battle with them. (God couldn't possiblylct them lose with the ark at stake.) >I Sam 4:16-17Mid-Eastern speechpattern to deliver news,intensity increasingall the time. (Bad news gets progressivelyworse, good news gets progressivelybetter.) >There were follow up attacks. (On lrbonah and Shiloh) fJer 7:2-8,12] Jeremiahrefers to the time the ark was taken. 'don't think that I won't destroyyou becauseof the temple becauseI destroyedShiloh regardlessof the ark." [Ps 78:56-61] >The ark was taken to Ashdod,Gath, then Ekron by the Philistines. Why was it movedaround so much? Why was it placed in front of Dagon? >The Philistinesbelievedthat God was literally in the ark. They placedthe ark in front of Dagon becausc god'swere territorial and the ark wason Dagon'sturf. Therefore,Dagon is preeminentand Israel's God couldn't possiblyhelp His peopleunder the watchfuleyeof Dagon. WRONG. God knockcd down Dagon and then dismemberedit. They removedthe ark from Ashdod,not sure that the ark and the plague were connected. They kept moving it around, in an attempt to prove that the IsraeliteGod had nothing to do with the plague. They createda test to find out what God's will was. (Greek backgroundcoming out again.) The oxen would have to go againsttheir maternal instinct and lack of training to go to Israeliteterritory. God arrangedall that and the ark returned to Israel. > In Beth Shemeshit is quite possiblethat 50,000men really meant 50 oxen since: 'lph - thousand and 'lph = Oxen >Israel still sufferedunder Philistine oppression: 1,. corvde*buildingrampsand the like--forcedlabor. [I Sam 17] Goliath is speakingof corv6e, not slavery. presenceof Philistine garrisons. [I Sam 13:3] They were could have farm tools but to 2. have them sharpenedthey had to go to the Philistinesbecausethey weren't allowed to have any smiths.

Samuel

Judges (Tribal Period) (DecentralizedAdministration)

Monarchy (CentralizedAdministration)

As high priest, judge, and prophet, Samuelbridged the gap during the transition era. >BecauseSamuel couldn't travel so far in his old age, he made his sons judges. Before that, why only one judge for all of Israel? Becausehe's a priest and a prophet. Plus the Philistineswere oppressingthc whole country and Samuelwas there to answerto the people. It is ironic that Samuel had told Eli that his sons were the problem and then made the samemistakehimself. tThey wanted a king becauseof the threat of the Philistines. They looked to man, not G. They had no faith. They have'the same functions

r--__----l

Ys Judges -+administer the

laws -+militaryleader

Kings +judge them fight their battles

They wanted an established line of leaders--notsporadicjudges.

I Sam 8 Kings will: -take sons to battle -taxes;also take some of their fields to pay his officers. -he'll have servantsand take your sons and daughtersfor that purpose. >Samuelis saying,if you want a king, you'll have to pay the price. So in addition to all his orher roles, Samuelbecomes"king makern,in that he establishedthe institution of monarchyin Israel.(Institution:the rules and parametersby which it'd be run. It wasn't an absolutemonarchy,rather a constitutionalone.) PHASE 3: Struggleto Overthrow Philistines [I Sam 17:13-15] Kings+Saul [I Sam 9] Was it inevitablethat Saul would fail? No. there was rhe capacityfor successbut the fault lay with Saul. His failure wasn'tbecauseof his vanity anclhe felt he didn't have to listen to G anymore,as many people believe. >I Sam 15:7-9,13-24 His downfall was becausehe was afraid of crossingthe people. v17 "althoughyou don't think much of yourself,you could do it with G's help." Saul was dominatedby fear of the people. Limitations on Kingly Power: 1. I Sam 9:16 The king is the 'nagid'(commanderfuiceroy), not the 'rosh'(the head man) Therefore,the nagid is responsibleto the rosh for his administrationof gov't. (In this case,God.) 2. Samuelcomesto Saul as a prophet = 'navi' = nonewho brings [word of the lrrd]" I Sam 15 Means by which G tells peoplehow they'redoing. Nagid is subjectto G's authority as expressedby the prophet. 3. The king is not the Iligh Priest. (Uzziah tried to be the High Priest and was punishedfor it.) 4. Deut 17 The king must make a copy of the law, therebylearning it. It's like a constitution. Limited in lawmaking power by the laws of God. 5. Saul is anointed. Anointing was used by Pharaohsto signiff control over vassalkings. This signifies that G is in control over Saul. [I Sam 10:1-7] Obviously,Saul didn't believe;he had to be shown that it was G's choice. He was afraid of the office. v2I-27 Saul hid from the office. Then, becauseof a few rebels,he didn't want to rule. "They don't likc me.n

11:5 Saul's not servingas king, he's working in the field. 11:15 A long time has gone by since Saul was anointedking, but he hasn't been reigning. 13:6-12 His army was chicken. In fear that he would lose all his troops, he disobeyeAfter Saul'sdeath,there was a split and the South secededto haveDavid as their king, and they called themselvesJudah,choosinganother name. Israel'sAssets: >Physicallylarger nation, larger population. >Had the vast majority of the best agriculturalland. (The further north and the further west you are in Palestine,the better the rainfall.) In the north, the mountainsgo east and west rather than north ancl south as in Judah. It has the most fertile soil (volcanicup in the area of Galilee.) >Most of Solomon'sfortress cities and mercantilecenterswere in the north. (Judah is inland, off the major trade routes,unlike Israel.) Israel'sLiabilities: >Judahwas more unified. There was a lack of unity in the north becausethere were so many rlifferent tribes. >There was no capital city, and thereforeno religiouscenter,no treasuries,no top bureaucratsor military officers. The capital couldn't be a neutral city becauseit would have to be in one of the tribe's territories and would doubtlessbring jealousies. >When David conqueredthe nation,Israel'absorbed'theCanaanites.Thereforethe north wasinfluenccd by paganworship moreso than the south. >Israel had more pros than cons, but they wouldn't obey and consequently,G wouldn't bless them. Jereboamfailed becausehe took his eyesoff G (lacked fairh), who could have paled the liabilities into non-existence.

JEREBOAM >Religion He establishedshrines at Dan and Bethel so the people wouldn't go down to Jerusalem. [Jud 18:18-20,30] Why thosesites? Dan had beenan establishedshrine for generations.Bethel was consiclcreil 'holy ground' because it's where Jacobbuilt the pillar. They assumedthat G put His name there. Ancl you know what assumingdoes. Golden calveswere erectedat theseshrines,either to representG or His portable earthly thronc. (Standingon the back of the calves. With one foot on Dan and the other on Bethel, His presencccoulcl be over the entire nation of Israel.) He changeclthe clateof the fall Feast from the 7th month to rhe 8th month. [I Kn 12:33] The reasoningbehind that was that if you went down to Bethel for the Feastin the 7th month, the temptation would be to keep on going to Jerusalem. Also, if you continued to go to Jerusalemin the 7th month, you'd stick out and be ostracizedsince the whole nation was now supposedto keep the Feast in the Sth month. He took the role of High Priest. Also, since the establishedpriests and Levites coulcl rally the people to reject his reforms, he createdhis own priesthood,ousting the current one. [I Kn 12:31] Thc new priestswouldn't dare crossJereboambecausehe made them from the poor classesand he coulcljust as easilyreturn them to that. [II Chr 11:13-16] Some rejectedall this tho and continuedto go to Jerusalem. > Capital Jereboamchose2 capitals.[II Chr 12:25] 1. Shechem. Chosenbccausethis city was on a trade route and was where Joshuahad thc covenantwith the 12 tribes.

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HHe found the book of the Law and got mad, realizing how far they had strayedfrom what God really required. v4-5 Incensealtars destroyed;Hezekiahhad alreadydestroyedthe sacrificialaltars. W Didn't serveat the Temple but stayed. v10 Connectedwith Child Sacrifice. wh_atis a Topheth? There was one found in carthage--aciry founded by Phoenicians(remember,Canaanitesdescendedfrom Phoenicians)--itis a sacredburial ground for sacrificedchildren,sremains. v11 statues of horsesnear the entranceof the Temple. very thorough reform. v15 Totally destroyedBethel in the Northern kingdom (goldencalQ. v19 DestroyedSamaria'sfalsealtars. It is possiblethat Josiahenteitainedhopesof reunifyingrhe rwo nations. He should have askedGod what He thousht about it. v29 ( t I i"'rir./ r.i {irJ

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\. 'L l \ t t 1 Li A , l \ f * I ; r i r r , - itri ? ) ; ' Why was Neco going to assistthe Assyrians?Becauseif he can keep Babylonon their sicleof the Euphrates,he can have control over the entire Canaanitearea,*o.i itnpo.tantly the trade routes. (Assyriais too weak ro conrrol rhem any longer.) >Josiahdecidedto throw a wrenchinto Neco'splansby attackinghim. He thought that if he coulcl defeat the Egyptians,he could gain control of the tride routes and unite Israel and Juclah. He attackedat a narrow passin Megiddo,becausehe was vastly outnumberedand stoo6 no chance otherwise. He lost anwvav. II Chr 35:20 God did rp"at tniough Neco, v23-24 Josiahwas killed. He was SO sure God would help him. (l,t

Josiah#1 t__**____--I_ Eliakim (Jehoiakim)#3

I

Jl

Jehoahaz#2

Mattaniah (Zrdekiah) #5

Jehoiachin(Jeconiah)#4 #2 Jehoahaz II Kn 23:30,33 >H_ewas the people'schoiceover his older brother Eliakim, probablybecause his foreign poliry wassimilar to Josiah's. was pro-Babylonian,thinking that when Babylontook over, they'd allow him to remain on {e the throne. The Egyptiansremovedhim and Judah was a vassalstate. #3 Eliakim (Jehoiakim) >Eliakim was put into kingship as an Egyptianvassal. They changedhis name to show rhat he was so much under their power that his name was even subject to change. When Neco was routecl by the Babylonians,he becamea Babylonianvassal. The peoplerefuseto a-quiesceto Babylonianrule, however, and rebellion takes place. Jehoiakim is removed. #4 Jehoiachin >He followed in his father's footstepsand rebelledagainstthe Babylonians. He found himself in cxile. #5 Marraniah(Zedekiah) >He is placedon the throne by Nebuchadnezzar.He rebelsand is killed off, along with all his sons. The nation is now in total captivity. [Jer 26:2-6,7:l-7,12]

ANCIENTISRAEL

ltark XaPIan Lecturer: 2 Augiust 9, 1988 when he to Israel God did not show partiality chose them to 'be his PeoPle' part of his n"-tu= working vith tnem as overall PIan-

Deut 10 T 7 Acts

10 34

in train God operates by choosing a. few to few to ni= tly and thln by using that chosen bring more into his fold' church'

Acts

7

Church is a legacy of Israelrs

Deut

1

reason' God chose them for no explainable people' other any than 1';;y were no better

Exo.

Deut

Pet

I

to Israel' L443 B.C. God's constitution They vere t ' K i n g d o m of Priests'rr u T;;t n a t i o n to t o b e " "at .n e x a r n p l e ] a p i o n e e r i n g bring others into Godrs fold'

l-9: 1-6

If they had applied the 1aws, other would have been aware' thing that set 1f, The law was the only )F apart from other PeoPIes'

4: 1-l-O

229

4 t h s " a ' t , t : i n i i c ' ,Q t ; i ! ' l

lt'tc>rt!ili!

nati'ons then X as he

God is dealing with the church today was with Israel then'

one nation God is fair in that he deals with others bring and uses them to ;;-p;;pie-iir=t because The others are tried tire fold. i"tb The chosen are G o d rs chosen' itr"y are not because they have to live up to Godrs tried from tirne to fail siandards and they usually all None r+iiI Le ablg tg-boast because time. e v e n t u a l l y ' are saved bY grace I

Cor l-0: l-1

Deut 3227'1-O

Example as a reason Told

specifically

to

to

study

look

Israel

at ancient

' trsrael '

being fron a foundation The Bible is written h i s t o r y 'of t h e i s i t laid with the Iaw, then success their and a teopfe who had the law

utd@

(

Isa.

4629

Psa.

78;81-

Remernber, to help your prophecy.persPective' -giilii""r history- shows bod's being in charge and shows his P1an. on the 5th recited Psalm 81 was traditionally aiy of the week during the sacrifice'

ANCIENTISRAEL Xark D. Kaplan Lecturer: August 3L, 1988 About a century ago, a great attack was brought against classical texts, especially the Bibl-e. However, nodern archaeology tends to verify the authenticity of classical texts, including the Bible. Much infornration concerning ancient is nebulous and absolute statements dif ficult to rnake. Key Chronological fKgs

Exo

6

the Bible:

480 years transpired from the Exodus until Solomon started building the Temple (963 B.c. ) .

12 40

A1 *a

Ga].

Benchmarks in

history are

3 76-17

I'Lived in Egyptrr refers to the people who were sojourning in Egypt (i.e. those living in Egypt, being Israe1) not the amount of time fsrael was sojourning in Egypt. The patriarchs, the same group of peopJ.e, sojourned elsewhere aIso. The LXX rendering of this verse would support this argument. rrSelfsarne daytt in Hebrew means rtbone of this day. " Abraham was circuncised 430 years before the Exodus. Thus, Abraham lived 430 years before 1.443 B.C. (the churches date for the Exodus) and was thus circurncised in 1873 B.C.

ANCIENTISRAEL

llark D. KaPlan Lecture: SePtenbet 2 t 1988 it becomes Ancient Israel about God book a is eiUf" people' particular

When one studies evident tnui-int with'his J"ufi"g Isa.

Chapter setting.

11 I2

God wil} in;y .t. Israel

Isa. t4 1 Isa. 61 I-J 2T Isa.65

to a mi-l1ennial

referring

L1 is

gather Israe1 together' 6i.tided and scattered '

in the end time'

again

rule

will

even though

are not simple spiritual Such scriptures tut are literal analogie= u=-="*t believe' to'a literal and national in scope, r.ferring of the physical people national t""torution while also containing spiritual of fsrael, regarAing the church as wel}' antitypes

Isa.

19 23

are nations' Egypt and Assyria, two ancient the millennium' mentioned as being extant in

Matt

19 27-28

The apostLes will tribes.

Rev.

The chapter

7

PeoPIe''

Psa ]'28z6

Jer.

The church

4:26

t

is

spiritual

God malces a nest covenant IsraeI.

31

The Environment

physical

a literal

-'t"

nati-on physical God is not working with the w a y at h i s t9 of Israel to convert peopl" a Church' this tinre, but is using the to convert r s rael' p r r y s l c a r o i t;;; spiritual PeoPle. - an important Ga1 6:L6 refers to this verse is thought' i"-jewisn scriptur. -Tl:-:hurch t o d a v' role of rsraer ;pi;itual assuming d;

Rom. 11

Gal .

irnplies

iL'tt'l'''1

over L2 literal

rule

of

the Patriarchal A.M.

Jerusalem' with

age:

(anno xrundi) is years

2 O O 9A - l t I . i s

physical

the birth

from Adam'

of Abraham'

The fLood occurred in 1655 A.U.. After the of the pre-fJ-ood worl-d flood, many relics were still The deluge did not intact. totally destroy everything. Thus, those surviving the flood had access to structures, inscriptions, etc., of the pre*f1ood worId. Abraham lived about 3.5 centuries after the flood. Mathematically, there could have been as many as 40 nillion people on earth at this time. The B.C. year for the flood is thought to be about 2325-24 B.C. Archeological evidence points to this tine as being a tumultuous age socially and physically. Gen. 10:1-4

The genealogy of nations. since Japheth's list is given first, he probably was Noah's first born son.

SoDs of Japheth: Gomer and Magog

Turkey & plains

Medi

The lledes

Javan

The Greeks

Tubal/Mesech

Migrated

Tiras

Ancient

Ashkenaz

Germany--Medieval Rabbis Gernay as Ashkenaz.

Ripath

France--Rabbis referred to it as Zaraphath. France had sorne Canaanite influence; witness the phoenician trading in that area.

Sepharad

The name for ancient Sardis and eventually applied to Spain.

He1lus

Greece

Kittim

Cyprus

Tarshish

A city

further

of Eurasia

out.

Thrace referred

to

in Asia Minor.

Sons of Eem: Mizraim

Egypt--The Hebrew terrn rraimn means rrpair. " Egypt consisted of two separate areas of Upper and Lovrer. The first 7 'dynasties (3274-2325 B.C.) were prefl-ood. Thus the great pyramids were also pre-flood. Egypt is rMisrn in Arabic.

Phut/Canaan

Asia

Cush Nimrod

Abraham

Africa

and India

Nimrod may be connected with LuqalHe Zagesi wh6 was a ruler of Erech' e p h e m e r a l rule se6ned to have rnaintained m i l i t a r Y over Sumer and conducted the -ampaigns from the Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea. of Surner was the dominant civilization manY the ancient world, making the advances, including iecnnotogical not was It base 50 rnathernaticat system' sernitic. The Akkadj-ans, however, were a Semitic abranam was from trrc--rano o!;;;pi;. language ' .nd spoke a semitic ikkia The l a n g u a g e' s e r n i t i c a H"bt"t is a n d Abraham S e m i t i c a l s o w e r e Canaanites The them' with converse could surely in a w r i t t e n i s s c r i p t u r e s Hebrew of the d i a l e c t ' Canaanite, Senitic at this time became the Many cities .,rr"ie,t= of great emPires, such as ' Nineveh becorning the hub of Assyria

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lectuter: l.{ark Kaplan Septenbet 7, 19gg Map p.

27

Nuzi:

Several tablets

Rashama: Ebla:

were discovered

there.

Major discoveries.

Major discoveries.

The area from the Persian cu1f, up the Tigris and Euphrates river valteys over into Palestine is caI1ed the fertile crescent because it was a crescent shaped fertile area from Canaan to Sumer where agriculture was possible. The geography of an area affects perception of life.

oners

The land of Canaan is a bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Trade passed and armies marched through it. Thus, peoples living in Canaan were very visible due to al_I this interaction. The eastern coastal region, of the Mediterranean is called the Levant. Israel was first taken from Egypt, placed in isolation in the Wilderness, and then placed in a very visible irnportant location i; Canaan.

fn C anaan, ther efor e, Isr ael either become powerful or it could not exist. Reasons Geographical

Descriptions

1.

ft

gives

2.

rt

makes the

account

3.

It

gives

Israelite

x- 4.

the the

Bible

103

are mentioned in

tbe Bible:

accountability. more graphic

Review it

and gives

it

more impact.

view of the worId.

The.Bible poi-nts and orients capital of the world.

Map p.

would have to would not and

for

one to Jerusalem,

the

future

Friday.

rrThe deeds of the patriarchs are assigned to their descendants. r Meaning that the national descendants of the patri_archs tend to shadow the lives and experiences they 1ived.

{, 7\

Example: weal-th.

Abraham trent to Egypt Israel did the same'

with

and left

two was only in Egypt. for around a I s < > p a t r i a r c h s w e r e rni "s"onj ior u t ;r-n" ti n .g in Canaan' Israel

Was born about lg72 B'C'

Abraharn

many Archaeology shows that there were world' p r e f l o o d in the language= .*r-"titg was one t h e r e 6"r,. lL is unigue in-that rn"i, need to the saw in the eartli and God iu"g"ug" confuse the it. Dt.

32 7-8

Gen. 10 3r-32 8-1 1

Implies that God separated f l o o d ( r r s o n s o f A d a m f ' )' God divided languages-

peoples by their

man before fanrilies

the and

an Asshur and Nirnrod seem to have had S h e m ' o f s o n a w a s Asshur alliance. Asshur V5 could mean that Nimrod went to e x i s t ence' i n a l r e a d y , u pii." (Assyria), a c t u a lly h i m rather than a city, Uuift the citY of Asshur' building

and

in southern concentrated Power ltas first slowIy shifted i t in suner, then la.="p"i.tii northward and vestward' Ludim is rnentioned' south of EgYPt.

2Chr 12 L4

They settled

in

Africa

Caphtor j,rn - . Crete ' ' Casluhirn - Philistines probably spent time in crete rn.-pnifistinei before theY came to Canaan' The Babe1 incident B. C.

rnay have occurred

2254

were already in Canaan in The Philistines times but'many more came in later Patriarchal and Posed a Problem for Israel' 224

ca11ed North Africans lrere originally says they were the Tradition Berbers. ancestors of the Philistines' The the

4 cities 5 cities

in Zeph:4-7 listed of the Philistines'

and Gath are

Canaan was the terrn used for the area of but the Romans later called it Israel, Palestine after the philistines who 1ived there. ItAnoritesrr

rs a terrn used loosery by historians for a large number of people who overran old Babylon. The'Bible uses it as a term for a people in Canaan.

trf,lsstt

Son of Shem, seems to have been a root for the name I'Hebrewrr and Abraham came from him. But Hebrelr may refer to Abraham crossing the Euphrates. Hebrew means ilone who crosses overr' (Joshua 24:2-3) .

Eponlnn

A person vho gives Asshur Arphaxad Aram V23 depicts Canaan.

his

name to

a nation.

Assyria Chaldeans Syria the peoples Abraharn lived

with

in

ANCIENTISRAEL

ltark D. Kaplan LectUrer: SePtenlrer ]-1, 1988 dictate that all Given the flood, logic would w6utd have to aI1 come from of the hurnan t""" and other Thus racial Noahrs three sons' a l r eady w e r e nationaL characteristics grouP' that with somewhat intact Japhetb Gen. 9225-27

v27 would indicate world rhe oriental

Japheth would be large' is indeed very large'

: ? I 1 : 9c o m e s There is a city in the scriptures tni= word eventually Jaffa or Joppa. it with to have a meaning that equates beautY. with beauty' Javan (Greece) was concerned in India' settled Descendants ol Jupn"tn also rnany Egyptians to transported Nebuchadnezzar :- cypsies came f rom rndia ' ;;r; Agricultural Slrmbolisn

people;

were pastoral The patriarchs were shePherds.

they

Heb. 11: 13

and Shepherds are necessarily.wonderers as E g y p t i n t o came Israel sojburners. shepherds.

Exo. 12

a calendar God gave Israel c Y c les' agricultural

Exo. 23

agricultural The Hoty Days are given in an h a r v e s t seasons' t o r e s p e c t wiln .""t""t,

based upon

down in its own land' Israel By settling Thus' the people would uecorne Jgii""ft"ral' a pastoral people' but an no longei'b" will agricultural PeoPIe' and later Jewish The Ternple rituals cYc1es' are tieb to agricultural Lev.

23:39-40

Neh.

8:14-15

Gathering

materials

to build

liturgy

booths'

the aboveThe Pharisees kept the feast in f e a st with four mentionea wuy.---in"y kept the a n d palrn' willow nyrtte, citiln, ii"*t:

These four areas: Pal-n WilIow Myrtle Citron Myrtle WiIlow

items

.':

synrbolized

four

agricultural

Coast Rivers Mountains Reguired agriculture Represents the eye Represents the 1ip

Taste represents your knowledge (inner), fragrance represents your deeds (outer). Citron has taste and odor--knowledge & deeds. Myrtle has odor--deeds. Paln has taste--knowledge. Wi1low has neither--neither knowledge or deeds. Rev.

7:9-10

This is a sirniLar ritual Feast by the Jervs.

performed

John 12:12-]-3

Similar as above. In both cases, l-18:25-26 is recited.

Geography

fsrael is a small area with American standards.

for

the

psalm

smal1 features

bv

The Jordan River is l-47 miles 1ong. Mt. Hermon is about 9000 feet in the North. The Dead Sea is the lowest place on earth at about 1300 feet belor.r sea level. Fron the

East

Climates

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The The The The The

1. 2. 3.

Coastal plain is California-Iike. Mountains are more rroist. Desert and Jordan Valley are hot dry.

eastern hills. Jordan rift val1ey (Arabah) . Central hills. Coastal plain. Negev Desert in the South.

and

Since Israe1 is on the fringe of the desert, water has ahvays played an important role in the area. Water is usually plenteous in the north while scarce in the south. People are, and have been, continually to find new ways to store water Num.

l..3:27

trying

The land was a fruitful and productive Iand. However, since the area is nlrginal, if the land lrere abused there would be disastrous results.

Josh 17:L8

Deforestation

occurred'

massive The Ottonan Empire practiced been reforested h a s I s r a e l deforestation' over the last 1-00 Years ' in trees in Israel There were 4 ' 5 rnillion trees' L947. Today, 'there are L13 rnillion r e s e m ble it t o b e g i n n i n g is rne arel-i;a;y it was 3000 Years ago'

as

ANCIENTISRAEL

t{ark D. XaPlan Lecturer: Septenber L6, 1988 Israel of the Bible is about the size of Maine. Within that sma1l area is a multitude of geographic variety. fsraelrs boundaries should extend Sinai over to the Euphrates. Gen.

l-5: 18

Rainfall

The River of Egypt is probably Nile but a Wadi in the desert.

not

This rain comes in be used carefully. suffi-cient, except used carefullv.

one-half the year and must Water is usually for the south, but must be

year year year year year year

It

Torah

ItTeaching doctrine.

rl

is

used for

Yoreh

Ualqosh

rain

The Torah is generally the term for the Law or Pentateuch. However, it can also refer to all the scripture. The Pharisees used the word rrtorah[ entire Jewish way of l-ife.

8:22

the

28" / 19" / 21-" / 19rr / 8" / 1" /

Means ,'ao =nooa.,, or for works.

Gen.

to

Upper Galilee Lower Galilee Coastal Plain Jerusalem Negev EIat

Yarah

John 10:34

from the

for

the

Four seasons. There is a dry season and a rainy season. The rainy season has the forrner rain and the latter rain V ,"n-1tL, frr".rnu rs a harder rain (rcr-ra-hr) that hopefully occurs after the Feast in the faI1. Is

a softer,

gentler

rain

in the

spring .

The heavier, forner rain prepares the for planting. The 1atter rain waters planted crops, preparing them for the dry surnmer.

land the 1ong

L ,fr;*

i'L"'

Zech

14: l-8

They rain' direct Egypt does not depelg "t i n j u r e t o rron tne'NiIt' .Thus' irriqate rain would have

Iui!' ;;;i'"iv^"ilnn"l-ai"g of the to be withnerJ--i" tn" head-waters Nile.

Deut 11:8-14

Morelt

JoeI

2222-23

uPon did not have to dePend Israel o ver the land' coa'wotttd watch irrigation. He would turn His ;i;;;"Yed' However, if t;;; back. In Is the word used for a teacher' it coutd be referring certain " " " t " " t " rain' to the former is

Former rain

moreh'

the year begins. in the falI with The civil that gogs back to seventh nontn- (a-iraaitigl The Ecclesiastical ' the creation'oi-aai*l spring with the first i"-tnt i""t-U"gi"= month. Tredgkah. is used i"-1?:t ,?t" Righteousness' the former rarn r-s ;;; "faithfulfy.ilrhusrighteousness' Uy vilwH is a teacher for gi"."

Tredakah

Isa.

55:10

As God gives down Truth.

physical

H€ also

rain'

rains

of the Ll-th month The Jews use the l-5th day change from wet to (Shebat) as.a-rnarX for the to The Jews used this as a mark dry seasons. o f tithe on the produce begin countrng-int 7E- is a Jewish arbor day' the tree in the harvest consisted of barley The first crop v/as of the first The offering =pti"q. called the omer' Lev.

23 : 9-l-0

rrsheafrr = Hb. rromer.rl

gT?il^i:d trying If you \./ere harvesting this unleavened because to make Ureaa, it would be it

would

nol-f'ttt"

sufficient

tirne to

leaven'

wheat harvest' Pentecost )cicks off the early t h a t ' f o r is an offering tn"t" olives and other Duri-ng the surnmer, grapes' are harvested' fruiti Lev.

Job

26t5

1:3

T h e h a r v e s t w o u l d g o u n t i l t h e g r a p e h a r v e s tspring.

j.n rhe tari

i"J-pri"ring

until

the

products enphasized in the Four agriculit"ti (harvested through the ;i;i";'-olives Gr ain, Vineyar ds, and Flocks' winter l, Produce of the land'

2Chr

32227

Produce of the

1and.

Isa.

5

Chapter 5 is a vintage song. Vintage agriculture was an important aspect of the people.

Deut

8:7-9

The area had -lOts of underground springs that made certain areas very fertile. Otherwise arid areas nould have ferti.le areas in them because of the springs. Hinerals were there a1so.

Gen.

12z6

Shechem was near mounts EbaI and Gerizim. Abraham probably went to the top of Mount Ebal. From there, one can see part of every tribets inheritance. once the rainy season is fall-s over f srael.

over,

a heavy dew

The Feast at Christts tine had a water pouring ceremony. On the last day the Jews prayed for rain. fn the spring, they prayed for dew. Gen.

27:28

Dew asked for.

Hos.

14:5

God compares Hinself

to dew.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Dlark D' XaPIan Lecturer: SePternber 19, 1988

Deut 32:l-2 Hos.

624;13:3

Dew is

used as a metaphor for

good speech'

Dew goes away in the morning as does Israelrs faith. The Jordan River Valtey Lies in a rain The western slopes of the rnountain shadow. side of the Jordan are ranges on either moist.

MediterraDean Sea

Num. 13 29

rrsearr and Itwestrr are the The Hebrew word for s a m e ; t h u s , s h o w i n g the importance of the Mediterranean Sea to Israel. rr) (Mediterranean means rrcenter of the e a r t h . The Mediterranean

is

called

rrthe sea. rl

The people of Israel Ltere oriented to the When one faced east, onets right hand east. Thus, the Hebrew for would be to the south. 'SOUthrr and t,fight,r iS Synonymous. .rrYementl Benjamin, in the has a southern ieaning' the t'right hand'r' o n b e t o south, was said Num. 23 31 Deut Ll

z4

Mediterranean is Phil istines . rl

called

I'Sea of the

uWestern Searr (NKJ) or rrUttermost Searr (KJV)'

Num. 34

The rrGreat Seart was the Western border'

Dead Sea

The Dead Sea is Hebrew.

Gen.

14:3

Sea of Deut

trSaIt

ca}led

the

rrSalt Searr in

Sea. rl

Galilee 3:L7

ItChinnerethrr was a name for the Sea of It means t'hdrP-shaped'tr Sea of Galilee. Arabah is another name for the Dead Sea' vaIley in which it is located' the rift ;ia;t trGalileert means ttcircularrt or rrrollitgrtt to the topography around it' referring

Num. 34:11 Josh

:..2z3

ChinnerethChinnereth

and SaIt

Sea both nentioned'

Luke

rrGennsaseratrr was another G a 1i l e e .

John

Herod Antipas (3 B.C. 39 A.D.) ruled Palestine under Tiberius. Galilee came to be called the Sea of Tiberius. -Meromrr The rr\raters of was probably a small lake on the Jordan just north of Galilee. The fsraelites referred to the area as lake BuIah.

Josh

11

A rrrvadirr is

a seasonal

The Wadi el-Arish is boundary of fsrael. Num. 34

Probably Arish.

the brook

name for

the

Sea of

stream.

taken to be the

of Egypt is

southern

the Wadi. el_-

Sirocco is a hot wind that blows out of Africa and Arabia in the early sunmer. ft lasts about 50 days and is called the Sharav by the Hebrevs. Grapes can be harvested in the middle of the 5th month (Ab). Thus, the 15th day of the 5th month is a Jewish festival. The larger grape harvest j.n the faII was a very joyous occasion. Jud.

9 7-9

Psa. 104 15

Virtue

of the Olive

Grain, wine and oil symbol of rejoicing. wrath because it is wrath is symbolized

Rev.

14 17_I9

Wrath as winepress.

Gen.

49 11

Blood as wine.

tree. (frorn olives). Wine is a ft is also compared to sirnilar to blood. Godrs as a grape harvest.

olive oil is used as a fuel, a medicine, and rrAnointingrt means rrsavior.rl for anointing. Luke 10 3 3 - 3 4

oil

and wine are used as nedicine.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Uark D' KaPlan Lecturer: october 10, 1988 in Israeli The olive is important oir for rt is used f";"';;;'--its a n o i n t i n g ' and' i"ail"tion Gen.

Matt

culture' cooking'

l- : 1

T h e o l i v e t r e e i s h e a r t y a n d c o u l d h a is v e arso s'rnbolic' grlur-r-iooa.- rt

3:16

Both the The date is also synrbolic' s P i r i t ' olive oif sYnuolizl Godrs

survived .

date

and

nGathrr = vat or press r r s h e m e n t t= O i l Gath-Shernan is Gen.26z36

Zech

]-4z 4

an oi}

Press '

the above root"-Christ Gathsemane comes from symbolic of oil ' prayed there i'' u place the foot of = 'a t t h e w 2 6 : 3 6 a t C h r i s t p r a y e d- o i in- t " M is The Mt' of olives the Mount of cubit is 25'2 ( o n e 2ooo cubits f;;;'Jeru=.tem inches) . of Olives' ascended from the Mount

Acts

l'.12

Christ

Exo.

3 : l-

by fire The church i's tried as the burning bush'

Exo.

25231-40

EPh.

2z19-22

The olive tree is bY the menorah' Tabernacle

Pictures

pictured the

but

not

consumed

in the Tabernacle

Church'

1 1 4 0 - 1 , 20 5

T h e A r c h o f T i t u s m a y g i v e a c l u e t o t hpei c t u r e s ' 1 Roman it shape of tne nenoran-for Jerusarem' it away from carrying soldier

Psa. 104 : 15

oil

is

sYnbolic'

rrseven'rr It seems to ilshevail is Hebrew for to root rrsavearr which means ;;-lhe be relat"d rr553lintt = fat; be filled related to all , , S h e m e n , ,=" il-i= t -"al inuat g d ' i s p r o l i b l y the above rlords ' slmbot of prosperity: The number eight ls.a days of Feast of 8 days or ciiSulocision'-8 oi pu'==or"t/unleavened Tabernacres and e days Bread '

Psa.

6

lrshemen' rl

rrSheminith. rl

]-5221

IChr

Deals with 7 nations. fn Amos 2:6, with the eighth nation--Israel.

Amos I-2

he deals

Hebrew, Roman and Greek numbers are also represented by-letters. Christts name : in Greek.

8BB

ItChristosrr in Greek, means rrthe anointed one.rr The king and high priest vere anointed to their offices. Thus, the Jews were expecting the Messiah to assume His office of l e a d e r s h i p . 91oba1

Christ

Psa. 23 5;

92:IO

Exo. 27 20

iloi1.

fl

The lamp was to burn continually. ft was a priestly function to tend it. It used olive oi1 for fuel. The light = God's Truth, the oil- = Godrs Spirit. When Christ returns to the olive trees in Zech. 14, he is saving both the Church and the remnant of Judah.

Zech

4 11- 14

olive

oi1

symbolizes

The menorah is the state of Israel. Rev.

1 T2

the two anointed

national

symbol of the

Seven larnpstands. The menorah had seven lamps on it. seven separate larnps in Rev. 1:12, symbolize the seven Church eras.

Rom. 11

ones.

There are which

PauL compares Israel to an olive tree. took that from Jer. 11 where fsrael is compared to an olive tree.

He also

There were seven eras, as depicted by the menorah, in fsraelts history. The eras are delineated by governmental styles. Era Era Era

#r #z #:

Moses / Joshua Judges United Monarchy

ANCIENTISRAEL

llark D' XaPlan Lecturer: october L2, 1988

7 Era of

Israel

Moses / Joshua Judges MonarchY ;;;i; Divided MonarchY

1. z.

6.

7.

Ephesus

SmYrna

Governors/Tax Collectors (Foreign dornination) Hasmonean--Priest'zkings (Maccabees) Scribes g iharisees rule) lno.utt Political

Sardis

PhiladelPhia

Pri

]-67

63 BC

63

3l- AD

iitt" rsrael and attempted

combi-ne r=tu"iite

Thyatira

581

1357 1048 e28 72L 528 L67

church eras in The message to the seven a sirnilar message to Revelati-on could mirror ' the seven eras of Israel strong and later as a new nation began Israel are connected lost its r.*It"'-Ni""rai€ans 2 2 7 L L' Judges worshiP' i"-i..f the seems to typify The nessage to smyrna period of the Judges ' f ragnrentea governinental of- counterfeit There was a neginning calIed thenserves Jews' tu*liil;;; rerigion. where the Sanraritan Shechem is a modern area During the period extant' ls siirr religion movement ctt'tanite of the Judges,-i to

i"riilt"i"a

Pergern9S

1443 1357 l-048 928

and canaanite

religion'

more and the qovernment is Kings rule Israel T h e isiaer naa a *ititary' organized. to Pergamos uses rnilitarY ;;;;;9" and 6ototo'' brought idolatry terminology' into the nation' i**.t.rit!during the divided Jezebel existed in Israel *u= also a remnant in tf'tit monarchy. false tirne-wtto did not follow ;i;J;h;; reI igion. g-the T h e J e w s w e r e v e r y l a x . d u r i npeiiod u,'i t"tt"iution captivity zeal for God' fittte

" T i ] had :' and

had great.'?1I-l The Maccabees were few, npiphane!.' tlg-::?:ored *[i""nus overthret They also conquered the Samaritans' Judah. their restricted who claimed to be Jews and activitY' religious

The Jews became lax again. However, some still had zeal and became the nucleus of the church.

Laodicea

Llnguistics

of

Palestine Scholars classify languages by family names. The language fanily may or rnay not be indicative of race. Semitic languages supposedly carne from Shem and Hanitic languages, prevalent in Afri-ca, came from Ham. Akkad spoke a semitic language. Abraham probably spoke senitic Akkadian. There vere two prinary divisions of it: one in Assyria; the other in Babylon. Akkadian became the first international language in the Middle East. People in northern Palestine spoke Ararnaic. The language of Canaan was Hebrew. Hebrew is a Canaanite dialect.

Pro. 114 : l-

Egyptian languages were Hauritic in Ancient Egyptian is called Coptic.

Gen.

Laban spoke Aramaic

31:47

origin.

and Jacob spoke Hebrew.

Both languages were related but, as shown above, were also different. Both use the same alphabet and have similar dialects. By the rniddle of the first Aramaic replaced Akkadian international conmerce.

rnillennium, as the language of

ANCIENTISRAELKaPlan

Lecturer: october

l{ark t4' 1988

Middle East are Languages in Africa and^the or Hamito-semitic known u= tr,t ;;;;-Atiatic r u n g u a g es are in Africa language=.'-H;iiiMiddle East' t h e r n and Semitic languages Psa .

for the language of --it Coptic is the tenn Today, Egypt was Hamitic. Ancienr ug#;. languase' Senitic which is a a.iii" $;;k; could not and spoke Senitic Ancient Israel understand CoPtic' into eastern }anguages can be broken Senitic and western'

8l-

and can be dialect Akkadian was an eastern Babyl-onian UroXen into Assyrian and further dialects. EbercomesfromArphaxad.Arphaxadwas (chardeans)' eabllonians related t; ;;; Eber' Abraham came from

Gen. 10:

Chaldee

is

a King James term

Aramaic is a western from SYria'

Sernitic

for

Aramaic'

language

corning

can also be broket't= 1tlto Western Senitic Aramarc IS and southwest' northwest and is a northwest dialect northwest'-"HeUrew ' 1 8 ) 1 9 : ' ( I s a is also .- Cut'utnite dialect Chaldee and Aramean Syrian, Syriac, Aramaic, Hebrew sornetimes are aI]- tenns for Aramaic' The Talnud in the N'T' t"l"l-aiutui" really Many groups in Aramaic' was mostiv written (as Latin services use Aram.i."i"'i"iigious used bY Catholics) ' i" still Aramaic

in

the

Gen 21,;47

Bible: Leban called

This i= ii!-tii=t^ Ararnaic

Jer.

LO:1O-12

the place

in the

by an Aramaic

name'

direct guote written

in

canon'

in a different Verse 11 is written statement the because in Ararnai-, ications' irnPl international

language' has

II

Kings

Neh.

78:26

:..3:23-24

rrSpeak not in the language of the Jews. rr The average Jewish peasant could not understand Aramaic at the tinre of the Assyrian conquest (cir. 710 B.c.). Jews were assirnilating the languages of the people around .thern. The nrain language of the Jews could have been Aramaic or Hebrew at this time. Hebrew came t o b e t h e l a n g u a g e o f t h e priesthood, the scribes and ot scholarship. The general spoken language of the Jews was Aramaic.

Targum

The Law was read each Sabbath in the synagogue publicly. The Law was read in Hebrew, but rnost of the people could not understand it because they spoke Aramaic. Thus a custom was established that as the Law was read an interpreter would read also in Aramaic. Such readings lrere paraphrases of the Law and were eventually written down and are known as Targums. Targums came to be read along with the Law and were eventually placed in the margins of the Law. The Targum form used was the Targum Onkelos.

Ezra 4:7

Verse 8 is written in Ararnaic by Ezra. He could have been quoting the originaldocument. This continues to Ezra 6:18. The people probably better understood Aramaic. When he cornpletes talki-ng about the temple and begins to talk about religious business in Ezra 6:19, he switches back to Hebrew.

Ezra 7:12-26

Written in Ararnaic. When Ezra prays 27, he switches back to Hebrew.

Dan. 2:4b

The guote is written in Aramaic. The book is wri-tten in Ararnaic through Dan. 7;Zg. Aramaic is used to speak to the world at large and Hebrew in religious situations or rnessianic prophecies .

Matt.

Matthew quoted Christ in Aramaic. Several words in the N.T. are transLiterated from their original language.

27:46

in verse

ANCIENTISRAEL

ttLARKD' XAPLAN Lecturer: ocT. L7, 1988 and Afro-Eurasian Hamito-senitic are synonymous' Harnitic is languages.

the

general

term

for

languages all

African

the Canaan came from Ham' .However' Ianguage T h u s ' Sernitic' Canaanites Language r a c i a l . " p o f " tvrres are not ,,""""=u'ily

ui. uu="d on linsuistic ;#; ciriracteristics, not race'

l--6 and 7':.2 ' Daniel has two parts: after Danielrs Chapters 7-L2 ui" ptophecy s L c ular scholars to tnusl-"airsi-itg lifetine; was tne'second half of Daniel a ccount' h i s t o r i c a l ttt " i rgi"t .t -einn a t r o u c h ' l " l ; ; - i = w chapter from book the However, etu*lit-fittX= 2 through ChaPter 8' Mark

5:41

Mark

15:34

An example of Hebrew-slanted

than the This passage is more Aramaic in Matt.27"46' the N.T. may not "Hebrew,' in Hebrew, but may be referring

Rev. 9:11 Acts

ZLz40

Acts

1:19

1Cor.

)-6222

Aramaic'

The Hebrew here

is

actually

account

il*?I:-:?^ to Ararnarc' Hebrew'

,,Hebrew,, could be referlilq

: " - : ! ? ^ l a n' g u arhus ge ' At?tll: ^ of the .r"r=-linicrt wourd P? Aramarc' have been speaking iu,ri "",r1d An Aramaic

reference'

from rrmaranatharr in rrAnathemarr is translated have been a generic' fni=-could Aramaic. term recognizable language' a =y1]i!:I' Cuneiforn was originally. evolved into a phonet'rc ia eventually language. was a language of gigtograms' Hieroglyphics I t b e c a m " ' o ' " p h o n e-sounds t i c a s t h e p i c t u r e s to be known as and came into ;;";i;;;d iV the uriddle of the first hieratic. called iney developed a script rnillenniurn, and securar ias used for thi"n ;;;ii;, affairs' foreign

The first evidence of the alphabet goes back to 1500 B.C. in the Sinai Desert. The peoples of coastal palestine are credited with spreading the language. The Hebrews are not given any credit, although Solomon surely helped to spread the alphabet. By 200 A.D. hidroglyphics used.

were no longer

Hieroglyphics were unable to be translated until 1798 when Napoleon discovered the Rosetta Stone in Rashid, Egypt. It was written in three languages: Greek, Coptic and hieroglyphic. It was finally translated in 1822. Cuneiform was not able to be translated until the early 19th century when the Behistun inscription was discovered by Rawlinson. It was an inscription by Darius I of persia written in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian Cuneiform. Thus, it has not been until the late Lgth and early 2Oth centuries that scholars have had enough linguistic information to seriously study and reconstruct ancient history. Most of their discoveries support Biblical accounts. The Hebrew alphabet that Moses used had 22 basic forms. Some chapters are lrritten in alphabetical order. There are 8 verses for each letter of the alphabet in psalrns 1L9. The order of the Hebrew alphabet is thus preserved there. Such uses of the alphabet in literary arrangement is termed acrostic. Psalms 25, 34, 37, 111, i.Iz, 1L9, and 145 are aI1 acrostic. Psalrn 10 is partially acrostic psalms 9 and is terrned as broken acrostic. and 10 nay have been connected to make an acrostic and are one psaho in the LXX. Lam. L-4

These chapters

Prov.

This

31

chapter

are acrostic. is

acrostic.

Lam. 3

There are 66 verses 3 for are arranged alphabetically each letter.

Rev.

1:6

First

and last

letter

Rev.

2L: 13

First

and last

letter

- and each letter with 3 verses for

from directly The Greek alpha and beta come the of rest beth and the the Hebr"w .f.f,n-i"a w Thus' the language e i" siir itar ' .rp n iu"t Hebr ew' i =-" toauy is ielated to ancient

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecturer: Uark Kaplan October 21, 1988 Cuneiforn as ste1e. I*toabite

2Kgs

Rev.

Stone

3:4-5

16 16

tablets

are sometimes referred

to

A stone found in Dibon, Jordan in 1868 with an inscription fron a king mentioned in the Bible (aIso known as the Mesha stone). (850 B.C.) The stone tells Moab's view of how they threw Israel off of them. The language is very close to biblical Hebrew, thus showing that ancient Moabite differed little from Hebrew. r r A r m a g e d d o n r ri s a H e b r e w w o r d s p e l l e d Greek. The rrArrshould be an rrHril but rtH.rr has no letter

in Greek

The Reshita is an Aramaic translation of the N.T. Some contend that since the Middle East at the tine of Christ spoke Aramaic, that the Aramaic translation would be the best. However, the Epistles were written in Greek to Greeks and God used the Greek language to preserve the N.T. John

19

I7

rrGolgotharr is

an Aramaic tenn.

13

rrGabbothaI is word.

a heavily

),9-20

The sign was written in three languages. Most anyone could have read this sign. The Jews could have read it whether the term rrHebrewrr referred to the Hebrew language or Aranaic.

Aramaicized

Hebrew

The form of Hebrew letters have changed over time frorn a Paleo-Hebrew script to a more Aramaic-styled script caIled rrsguare.r' The Jews adopted this style of script while in exile in Babylon. Ezra forced this script on the Jews because Samaritans had set up a fake religion and were claiming to be part of the true religion. He wanted the authentic scriptures of the Jews to be wri.tten in the Aramaic script to set thern apart from those of the Sarnaritans.

North Semitic (PaIeo-Hebrew) lroA"t.,

Modern fngfitn Our rnodern letters Semitic language'

Hebrew

come from the

Northern

ltere also used as numbers by the Letters It canrt be proved when and Hebrews' ci""fi A11 numbers in into being' system this words' not given in written t h e o . T . a r e ".t. would s c r i b e s r e w i s h digiti;;;";i; words to get o f s p e l l i n g t h e sometimes alter The study of nunbers equivalent' .-nuneric Such study is called Genatria' in scripture a w h i l e ' became a craze for IJn.

322

John

21:11

Acts

2Lt40

Psa 119

t'children of God'rr In John calls Christians r r s o n s of Godtr is used for Godrs th" o.r., people. to rrsonrs of 153 is the nurneric equivalent Godrr in the Hebrew' Syro-Chaldaic

is

another

synon)nn for

Aramaic'

AthbashisthetermforreversingtheHebrew alphabet the second becomes the last; letter The first the 20th' becomes the 2lst; the 3rd becornes etc. Jereniah seems to use this technique' substitution

Jer.25z26 Jer.

51:51

letter

Sheshach (sh Sh K, in Hebrew) is for BabYlon ( B B L i n H e b r e w ) . Sheshach

=

BustroPhedon: style.

It

literallY

the Athbash

BabYlon. writing

in the back and fourth

means rras the

ox Plows.rl

The Greeks began to write fashion around 500 B.C.

in

a left

to

right

The Hebrev alphabet has no vowels. Semitic language letters infer the vowel sounds, thus rnaking vowels unecessary. Some vowel letters were used in Ancient Hebrew (soure appeared on the Moabite Stone) . The Greeks began to insert vowels in their alphabet. Later in Hebrew, vowel points (dots and dashes over the letters) were used to signify the vowel sounds.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Mark KaPIan Lecturer: october 24r 1988 Southwestern semitic languages includeand sahean are early Hinyaritic ;;Ji;. Arabic languages. language is semet-ic and The ancient Ethiopian to Hebrew-. Ge'ez is a classicali.fut"a Ethiopian dialect. are Thus, early Arabic and early Ethiopian Hebrew and scholars use to biblical r"f-ui.a l a n g u ages to gain insight these and other Hebrew' into biblical city of Ethiopia' Adis Abbaba is the capital r r n e w Abib has a T e l flower'tt It means meaning. similar Hebrewisablunt,directlanguage'Iacking Thus' to relate and adverbs' i" .alectives expressions Hebrew uses many colorful effeet, and figures of sPeech'

ICor

L"22

a very

is

Greek, however, language.

exPressive

The Greek language is more philosophical while-Hebrew is blunt and direct' i"ii".a

and

years oId When the Bible says Abraham was 99 year' it probably means he was in his 99th r e c k o n i n g ' o u r b y 9 8 He ias, therefore, Gen. IIz27 232 Acts

'7 4 z

not the

Abram was probably Terah died

in Haran at

5: 1

225 years

born' of

Haran when Terah died' Abram left Canaan' entered when he an Thus, considering b a ck B.C. , 430 Years h when e "einr ct e u *r e c id, s i -Coann a a n a t 7 5

IChr

first

The first

born

Abraham probably was 35. Jacob feft

not

is

left

home in

age' He lras 75

Exodus date of :.443 to Abrahamrs was 98 = 1873; thus he years oId in 1895 B'c' always listed Ur in

:.775 B.c'

1936 B'c'

first' when he

,-J, ^-\-

'AL ,T

I

Deut 10:17 10:34

Acts

Acts

7 z7

Deut

'7 6 t

Exo. 19:1-6

Deut

Pet

I

4 : 1-l-O

229

ANCIENTISRAEL, KaPlan

ltarlc 1".t"."t: AugusL 29 ' 1988

Israel

t"

God did not show P?:tlil:lt-

l: I i l t " - i n e m t o b e h i s . P t o nas He was workingoiiln-tirenr Plan' overall

part

when he

of his

in to train choosing a.few to few God operates by chosen that his way u,'a.t"ntt''";;-Y;ll9 his fold' bring more rnto church' of Israel's Church is a legacy reason' m for no- explainable people ' G o d c h o s e t h e-il"titr other than any to They \tere to Israel' ' : 4 4 3B - C . G o d r s c o n s t i t u t i o n ' " rheY were ;i;s;;; a ?f -::itsts rhey were nation to glongering -into to be .n "*u'n^pi;;-t G o d r s f o r d ' bring otners nations the laws' other a p p l i e d h a d t h e y If aware' would tave been set them only thing that The law was the from other PeoPIes' .pitt as he the church today with dealing is God then' was witn Israel als with one nation h e d e-int* G o d i s f a i r i n t h a t uses to bring others and or people first others are tried' because into tne roii'- Ti;; The chosen are s chosen ' they .t" "oi'-codi

b..u'!'-iff l:l:.1; 1:1iln'.1".?i3'i". tried.'il"3"i e a1I b'"u'.'' il-u'lo:!ii"t J tll'I ;*:: eventuallY' nY"giu"t are saved

I

cor

L0:11-

-:..O Deut 3227

Isa.

4629

to Example as a reason tp

specifically The Bible is written-

Told

study

look

Israel'

at ancient

Israel

frorn a foundation'bei-ng

'

ni=tory.of then,Tt*il-in" }aid with i;.-'iu', luot and their success a peopre *io*n-ua"ir'" ' an-a nbstlY f ailures your prophecy.P"t:9t"tive' charge Remember, to helP siiows toais ueing in ni=totf Biblical

'

.

rec*"_go' the 5th

.' '\- - \ {- , i

Psa.

78;81

;:ffi";l'*:".nt"3liio.ur1y thi sacririce' or tn!'i"Ii-;;;iil day

""".*|s,ETLlsTAEr August 31, t'rxaPlap

u., .tt+,ffi r,ffi ffi;$ff

Kev chr onoro i s car rKgs

6:1

ffSuuotn*u lllfu.v

ug

fi"l";l,t:,:a-tion

co

";" Tl; : : $i;il':3" i l; j;i: j:'::'"*i; li :' "" --,u{unirks in tbe Bibre: "" 48O years t

Exo

72:.4O

.:_L

;:lT:;'=U:i:;"ffi f.,t'.f l.r..,fJi"u.s|f ,.r, .r. fsopr ff"';"#&iiiii'd"fr'ff..7, er+ho

"' : i *ii,in" $-T'# .f #j .j:;,i:"ffifi;!;ft'i" i3.;::fl: o i f],ttu*e

uctJ_ .

3 :

16-1 7

+;:=rrij;_*r, ",

dsy' in Hebr ew neans ,,bone

of thi s

ri:'= r""ars 'ry.'fliI be rorethe i,llo i t'.:rlxo, n.;, u-i J'i="; i,f

i ::ffi1':. 1#; :,j:i. " n.f ifi.t.

Gen.2Lz38-41 :41

Jacob vtere with

Laban for

20 years'

There was probably another 20 years fa and last 6, rnaking his the first the area 40 Years-

between tenure in

Abraham lived during the Neo-Sumerian period L960 B'c') (2o7o of Akkadian civilization c l ose' j u s t i t s b e f o r e and departed Ur such as the base 50 and Sumerian institutions this calendar survive till lunar-solar their thus y e a r ; d a y Their calendar had a 360 day. ' a rnonth few years they interculated ".r-.ty during Ur-Nammu was a famous Akkadian ruler With information the Neo-Sumerian periodwe can deduce that from the ziggurat he built the Akkadiant vtere once a mountain peopJ-e and God dwelling on a mountain' pictured of Ancient The rulers by their burial their The Greatness

Saggs

Ur \^/ere accompanied in and attendants' staff

of Babvlon.

George Conteneau Conteneau states that Mesopotamia was a very harsh environment in which to live and its people in such a way as to ca'use affected them to be harsh and lacking humor' (Anu was the Babylonian goddess of Iove, -fhf-' developed eventually and Oi=: iertility of Anu, Ea of gods consisting into-E triad and Enlil. associated with the st-oqTr-god' t." Gly 'Ga is associated Ea rnay be wi,tlr-l{lsdom' of father the was Ea with YHffii:ionnected ( B a aI) c a l l e d i s Marduk. iilarduk eventually BeI MarduX. Nabiv is the spokesman. Theophoric thern. Jer.52z3]Isa.

46:1

Evil

son of Marduk who is

his

names have god connected

Merodach is

connected

BeI Harduk and Nabiv

with

with

Marduk'

are nentioned.

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecture_g!_ -ltart -it'8ia--' KePl_3n -october 26, , L

Pro.

223-5

There is anything

an effort involved especially biblical

to understand chronology.

The number 40 is sometimes used as a significant number. Acts

7:23 v.3O v. 37

Moses left Egypt at 40 40 years as shepherd. Forty years as a Prophet. Noah lived 600 years before the flood and 350 years after, for a total of 19 Jubilees. Abraham lived 75 years with his father. Isaac lived 75 years with Abraham. Thus 75 seems to be a pattern.

Gen.

15: 13

The 400 years probably began after Abraham died. The dates for the conquest of Canaan (1403-1397 B.C.) probably reflect the above.

Acts

13:19

Some Judges ruled at the same tirne in different areas. Thus the 450 years includes overlapping adninistrations .

f

Kings

Judges

6:1

480 years year.

11: 6

1104 B.C.

from the Exodus until

Solomon's 4th

The civil year went from autumn to autumn and the religious frorn spring to spring. The Jews feel that Tishri t- is the day of Creation. Nissan L is the first day of Godrs sacred year. Some want to use a Later (1290 B.C.) and say that I Kings 5:L refers to t2 40 as a generation; 40 x not last 480 years. I

Chron.

Ex.

I

6:1

1:11

Kings

Moses was the

date for the Exodus the 480 years in generations (using t2 = 480) which dj.d

4th generation

in

Egypt.

Scholars use this verse to support the I2gO B.C. Exodus date and contend it occurred during the reign of Ramses fI. 1-4225

Egypt was not a threat to Israel until the 5th year of Rehoboarn when pharaoh Shishak invaded.

ANCIENTISRAEL

l{ark D. XaPlan Lecturer: October 31' 1988

Gen.

1tr.?

:3

Abraham had no child

by his

own seed'

would be his heir' A non-blood relative seem that Lot would be considered ro"fa s i nce Lot was a blood relative' heir Sarai wanted her naid to bear a child The child would be considered steaa. rrl'rl Notice the use of chitd.

Gen.

r.6:2

Gen.

21:10

Sarah disassociates

: l-1

Abraham is

z 12-1-3

fshmael

2 5 z5 - 6

Abrahamsenthisothersonsawaywithgifts.

Gen.

herself

with

It his in her her

Ishmael '

uPset-

would also become a nation'

The above can be better understood examining the Nuzi tablets'

by

the There is a trend today to de-enrphasize only v i e w e d i s Nuzi tablets because the eible as literaturedate fron the 15th century The Nuzi tablets B.C. and deal with the social and legal of the Hurrians' traditions Abraham, Isaac and Jacob lived 18th centurY B.C. in Canaan'

in the

20th

in that they are relevant The Nuzi tablets from c ulture describe the 1egal and social lived Hurrians The vhich Abraharn hid cone' Abrahant to in Haran and are thus applicable even though there is a gaP in Years' of These customs can be traced back hundreds AIso, traditions tablets' years on earlier t o d ay, change very e v e n E a s t , in the Middle s1ow1Y. Gen.

l-5: 1-3

it was a According to the Nuzi tablets, to be an rnernber a household custorn t6 adopt heir was a n c h o o s i n g o f The detision n.it. b1ood. n e c e s s a r i ly n o t uasea on closeness and the in born to be fne aaopted heir had a special. nousetroia, thus, signifying For the child of a servant born closeness. nasterrs household had his identity i"-itrs

with that household. Servants lost their identity and came to be identified with the household in which they served. Gen.

21:10-11

It was normal for the period that if a natural son were produced that the rights of inheritance \rere set aside and given to the blood son.

Gen.

l-6:2

ft was a custom for a barren r+ife to give her husband a child by her servant. The child would be legaIIy a son of the wife, not its natural nother.

Gen. 30:3

Giving birth on the knees of another woman was another tradition. It signified a special closeness between the adopted mother and new child. fn the above manner, one could where there is not one.

create

an hej_r

After a woman had a child for another she vould stiIl be a servant but could not be sold or sent away. For Sarah to send away Hagar was a violation of the custorns of the day. A Patriarch was considered to be a patriarch because he led and ruled over an extended family. His sons, their wives and his daughters lrere all under his authority. The son who succeeded the Patriarch took rule of the family and household. Gen. 27:29

A reflection of the entire household.

eldest

son ruling

the

For a son to leave the household he had to have perrnission from the Patriarch. Before Abrahan died, he divided his inheritance among his sons and released thern to go and established their own households. This left Isaac alone to receive the promise. The firstborn probably received a double portion because he had added responsibility in that he had to take care of his fatherrs household (i.e. his mother, her naids, his sisters, etc, ) . The Law of Moses conforrns with the cultural traditions of the times in nany instances.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lecturer: ltarh D. KaPlan November 2, 1988 second return will World events at Christts coming. be sirnilar to.those at His first Four Important

Jewisb

Cities:

Safed. activity Tiberias--scribal Jerusaleru. Hebron--Abraharn was buried

took

p1ace.

there.

are important to modern Jews These cities because they have been j-nhabited throughout until the present. history given to the Hebron was eventually It also was for a tinre the capital during the divided MonarchY.

Levites. of Judah

( B e f o r e C o m m o nE r a )

Jews give dates in B.C.E. a n d C . E . ( C o m m o nE r a ) .

says that the last 10 tribes Jewish folk-lore be i n a hidden land and will are somewhere j-n the sceptre under the with Judah reunited last days. Nunbers In Tbe Bible: Something that happens three times of some order. the establishnent Things are organized into -:- gertsl------Eccl

4z1-2

in

3rs and then broken

3 has strength. The O1d Testament has three 7 books each.

Deut l-5

3 seasons of HoIy Days. days.

Hos.

3 betrothals

2

signifies

broken

into

There are 7 high

and 7 aspects

t has some significance. ninth hour.

parts

of the betrothals. Christ

died

at the

with the earth. 4 4 has significance N.S.E.W.; 4 corners; 4 worlddirections empires. ruling

The ilfeminine'r is also enphasized. The land is |tsherrr the nation is rrshe.rr There are 4 matriarchs and 3 patriarchs, totaling 7. There were 2 other handmaidens rnaking 9. There were 4 mothers of the 1,2 sons of Jacob. Abrahan

Is1am calls Abraham the first Moslem. modern Jews look back to Abraham.

GaI. 327; Acts 7:I-4; Gen. 2625 :19

The

A sunmary of Abraham as veiwed by God. He would pass on a heritage to his There !/ere 4 righteous generations Abraham, fsaac, Jacob and Joseph.

children. of him:

Gen. 13:5-9

Abraham gave to the other generosity.

Gen. 18:1-8

Hospitarity is iurportant in the Middle East. They date their tradition back to Abraham.

Gen. 22

Abraharn did codrs command in discerning manner.

Gen. 19

Abraham pleads took risks for

person,

showing his

a cruick and

for Sodom and Gomorrah. others.

He

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecturer: Uark D. Kaplan November {, 1988 fsrael is somewhat unique monogamous. Gen. 26 7-2

Israel

Heb. L1 20

By blessing, prophet.

Gen.24

frnplication

63

Gen. 22 6-9

did

not

he remained

leave the 1and.

fsaac is

in that

assumed the role

that

of a

he was praying.

fsaac was not a child and could have resisted his father if he chose. Cin. 22 is a type of the Father and Christ, and the crucifixion. JACOB

Gen.

32 26

He wrestled

Gen.

35 2

Jacob was in bondage to Laban, which was a type of Israelts bondage. Upon gaining his freedom, he made an altar and ordered his house to get rid of false gods and ido1s.

Heb.

11 2I

Jacob was a prophet son.

Gen.

46 l--4

Jacob was told to go to Egypt. would see Joseph.

\rith

God.

This

in that

shows tenacity.

he blessed

his

There he

I.IATRIARCES fKgs

14 3l_

The rnother \ras irnportant mentioned.

fKgs

1-5:2

Mother

Pro.

l- : 8

The nother played a child and the reign reflection upon the kingi be it good or

2Tim

L:5

Tirnothy was taught grandrnother.

is

and was thus

rnentioned. rnajor role in raising the of a king was a motherrs training of that bad.

by his

mother

and

Sarab Gen.18:

Sarah did the her abiLities.

Heb. 11: L1

Sarah had faith.

job.

Abrahanr had confidence

in

67

Gen.24

She had a good relationship

with

fsaac.

Rebekah Gen.

24 1-7-21

57-58 Rom.

She was hospitable

and a hard worker.

She went voluntarily. the church vho marries

She became a type of Christ unseen.

9 10-12

Leah

Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Ishaccar, Zebulon are her children. Both the priesthood and scepter came through her. Zilpah,

her handnaid,

had Gad and Ashur.

Lev.

18 18

Prohibition

on marrying

Gen.

29 34-35

She praised

God for

Gen.

30 14-1-7

She was very

20

Praise

for

two sisters.

her children.

devoted to hin.

the sixth

son.

RacheI Gen. 3O 22-24

Joseph is

Gen. 31 30

The gods were not so nuch a religious issue. They were symbolic of passing on the fanily inheritance. Therefore, Rachel was protecting her husband by ensuring an inheritance from her father.

Jer.

A promise is made to Rachel that descendants will return to their

Matt

31:15-17 2: )-7

born to Rachel.

This prophecy is of the chiLdren.

applied

her Iand.

to Herodts

massacre

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecturer: ltark D. Kaplan Novenber 7, 1988 The organization of Patriarchial filtered down to the organization tribes of Israel. Patriarchial Gen.

leadership of the

Organization

42 36

The power of a parent over a child was always assumed. Such approaches are not familiar to us today. The parent could exercise the polrer of life and death.

Gen. 43 :..2-]-4

The father

Gen. 19 5-8

The parent could do such in that society. had trernendous power over his daughters.

Gen. 22 2

Abraham loved fsaac. God does not reguire human sacrifice and used this instance to show that and later condernns it throughout the Bib1e.

Gen.

31 32

made the decision. He

Governnent was loosely-knit in Canaan, consisting of city-states. The Patriarch was the final source of ajudication. No higher law vas appealed to.

Gen. 38 24

Power to order

Gen. 38 8

A Levirate marriage hras when a brother married the widow of a deceased brother. The inheritance would pass through the original husband's line to any new children born.

Gen.

14:14

3l-8 servants

Josh

6:25

Rahabts fanily nation.

Matt

l-:5

Rahab was in the

daughters'

in his

Gen. 41:45

rnheritance

Exo.

Moses' children

2z2I

his

household.

became part line

death.

of fsraelrs

of Christ.

came through

Joseph--the

rnan.

became Israelite.

Ruth, a Moabitess, is included in the line of Christ because she becarne part of fsrael- when she married. A11 lineage passed through the father.

Organization

of

fsrael Israel

Josh

eras organized

rrArnedrrcan be translated

4 T2

pattern.

in a fine-fold in,rrfivestr

t'f if ths. t'

or Ir:,"T4cr& s'l{

\

)

"2

Exo.

t'Orderly

13 18

. 7sr.:,rr L. i I

t- t'da'

Israel is referred to as the rrpeoplet, (Heb = rramrr) when viewed in a religious, cultural or perspective. social

At'I

L t7

2Sam

:

People

Goy

Gen.

I'f ifths.rl

= in

ranksti

fram.rl

fsrael is referred to as a nation Hebrew) in tenns of its political appl ication. 10

Nations

ttgoy. tt

The roots

of

ttgoy.

Gabal,

Dt.

5:22

is

in

The people are also referred assenbly (Heb. - gahal).

the

to

Hebrew

as an

rreoheleth' is the one who calls an assenbly. The Greek word rreklesiail comes from rrQoheleth. rr

Qobeletb

Eda, Num.

trGentilet'

tt

(ttgoytt in

rz2

The word rredatf is used when referring congregation as a church or religious

to the body.

Tbe Twe1ve Tribes trArnphictyony,, is useage of twelve

the Greek rvord for in cycles.

the

Gen. 22:20-24

Twelve is an important nunber in Biblical organization. I\rselve children are mentioned here. These nay be twelve Aramean tribes.

Gen. 2522

Abraham had six sons by his is I/2 of twelve.)

Gen. 25:L6

Twelve princes

Gen. 35:10

There were thirteen sons from Esau. Arnilech rs a son of a concubine and became a separate nation later on, The remaining tweLve do not become separate nations. First

is

the

concubines

(six

came from fshmael.

nation

and second is

the

tribe.

':Lt

't!r

ttshebetrl tttriberr: Two terns are used for rrMattehrr (=branch) to the sceptre; refers s i d e ' g e n e o l o g i c a l refers to the Deut 33 4-6 2Chr

6 7I-72

ilshebetrt is used because it government or rule-

to

referring

'rMattehil is usbd here. Within the twelve clans or fanilies.

tribes

Then the clan is broken houseft or household.

Josh

is

7

Then it is household.

7 L2

A clan

broken

into

were 57 different the

into the

rrfatherrs

rnembers of

of Judah, a household,

the

and a man.

Nation--tribe--clan--household--nan breakdown of the nationfive-fold

is

the

ANCIENTISRAEL Mark D. Kaplan Lecturer: November 1{, 19gB Tribal

Etructure

Two Approaches

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. to

Nation Tribe Extended Fanily (c1an) Fatherrs House (household) Males in household were responsible leadership.

Clans 1.

Life in general; Hebrew mishpahah which eguals farnily or clan.

2.

Elaph = division organization) .

(nrilitary

Mishpahah

Mishpahah--rrextended fanilytt A1so, fatherrs household.

Jud.

I'Family.rl

l-8:2

for

or

rrclan.rl

Eleph

Eleph--military

fSam 1O:19

Gathering together by clans or thousands. For instance, how did the Israelites rnigrate to N.W. Europe? By tribes or clans.

Num. 17 :6

rrFathers I houses. rl

Josh

"Family"

7z16-1,7

division.

or mishpahah of Judah.

Nasi

Nasi--rrprince,rr role

Exo 22228

Shall

Num. 1-z4

Leaders of your fatherrs

I3z2

A ruler

34:18

Prince

Marriage Luke

not

1:5

and tbe

Passiug

one elevated

to

leadership

curse t'nasirt of your people. house.

among thern. of

on of

zachariah

every tribe. Inheritance and Elizabeth

of priestry

tribe.

Common background preferred for mates However, in-breeding is not good.

Exo.

6223

ISam 18 27

Jud.

14 1-3

(Aaron Line of Levi narries line of Judah. become marries Elizabeth--->offspring priests. ) Judah and Benjamin marry--David Caughter Michal. Samson of Dan seeks Philistine parents protest.

and Saulrs as wife--->his

Deut

l--3

nations from of seven different Prohibition d r a w n between L i n e marrying Israelites. o t h e r s . a n d Godts covenant PeoPle

IChr

2T

families (Jubilee system--evety I/2 century, t o t ally l a n d n e v e r could return to their r e i n s tituted n e v e r Jubilee system hlas Iost. captivitY. ) after (not the Caleb of Hezron, Calebrs father, prominence) at age 60 took a wife from later which shows certain the ealt bank tribes His grandson in the system. flexibility from his wifers east Manasseh inherited trj-be of not his grandfatherrs inheritance, Judah.

Num. 27 1-1 1

JO

3-9

God reveals inheritance

to Moses the sYstern of if there are no sons.

If the daughters marry into another tribe, So in this would be lost! the inheritance m ust marry d a u g h t e r s case, Moses says the their own tribe. within

Reuben Gen. 29 32

two translations or 'rthe Eternal af fliction.tl

of his name: rrSee, a sonrr has looked uPon mY

30 t4

within harem--sticks Involved in politicking Gives her mandrakes Leah. his rnother for up Results in f a t h e r . o f h i s for favor Issacharts birth.

35 22

status Reuben wanted to make sure Bilhahts R a c helrs a f t e r raise above Leahrs, didntt t o b r ing her death, so he sleeps vith Bilhah down.

ANCIENTISRAEL Lectuter: t{ark D. Kaplan November 15, lggg fChr

Gen.

The Caleb mentioned here is not the Caleb of historical fame. The Caleb of the Exodus is mentioned in IChronicles 4:L5. 37

Reuben is the firstborn but is unable to control his other brothers. Reuben should have been the leader and protected Joseph. 29

Reuben intended to return to the pit and rescue his brother, but they had already sold him.

Gen.

42 37

Reuben had a very

Gen.

49 3-4

Reuben had dignity unstable.

ernotional

nature.

and power,

but

was

Nurn. 16

Reubenrs descendants were involved in Korahrs rebellion. Reuben desired more of a leadership role. (He lost his rights to the firstborn's i-nheritance and leadeiship role as a result of his 5leeping with Jacob-'s concubine. )

Num.

46,500 men in Reuben.

1 2T

Num. 26

-7

43,7 30 rnen in Reuben. Their numbers were reduced probably due to war and rebeLlion.

Deut 33 6

Reuben would always have a future fil1ed with warfare. Reuben settled on the east bank of the Jordan and was thus more exposed to conflict and surrounding nations. This also tended to separate them frorn the rest of fsrael.

Josh

15:6

Reuben, Gad and Manasseh were instructed to help the rest of fsrael conquer Canaan even though they dwelt in Trans-Jorda. Afterward, they erected a landmark to show their participation in helping the tribes west of the Jordan to conqluer the land.

Josh

22:LI

The erection of this monument was seen by the rest of Israel as an idolatrous act.

224

They, in fact, erected it unity and the fact tribal worshipped YHWH.

as a witness that theY

ol

Jug.20:8

Reuben was given

Jug.

5: 15-15

for not getting Reuben was criticized Their of Deborah. involved in the battles of the Transin the isolation residing gave Jordan, away from the rest of Israel, thern the sense of being a separate entity from the rest of the tribes.

fChr

5:]-9-22

They called

IChr

5 26

In 745-727 B.C. Reuben was taken captive by because of their vulnerable Tiglath-Pilleser They were the position in the Trans-Jordan. b e i n v a d e d . to first

of refuge.

Godts help and received

it.

are accounted for by The 10 ]ost tribes Judah, Joseph having a double portion. But, Simeon 1 o s t . Benjamin and Levi were not in l a t e r is never mentioned as a tribe o nly nine l e a v e This would history. Israel's p a r t of if simeon were not a lost tribes However, Simeon was in Israel. fsrael.

Simeon

Josh

for

a city

Simeon was surrounded by Judah and inherited How !/ere they part of the lost with Judah. It seems that they left then? 10 tribes in the Northern Kingdom. Judah and resettled Ezra and Neherniah never rnention any tribes other than Benjamin, Judah and Levi as the 1and. resettling

19

Simeonrs name is sirnilar to the name of the of a hyena crossed with a wolf. offspring Such an animal would be very dangerous. Joseph singled the ring-leader

Gen. 42 Gen.34

25

out Simeon. He was probably Joseph. in wanting to kill

Simeon was a leader

in the Dinah incident.

Simeon was very volatile Levi. Gen.

42 5-7

Deut 33

and rash as was

that they were Simeon was so volatile as a hot spice tribes the among scattered a m e a l . t h r o u g h o u t scattered Simeon is including

I'Hererr is not nentioned. Simeon in Judah.

i-s

probably

Jug.

1:1-3

When the took the

,'' (1 ' ' Num. 2526-7,

rchr

4:24-43

!4

land was conguered, lead.

Simeon and Judah

Simeonts population declined from 59,300 at the Exodus to 22,2OO at the end of the wondering. Many may have left and migrated elsewhere. -.: The man with the Midianite woman was of Simeon. l.lany of Sirneon could have been killed for acts of rebellion. sineon increased rapidly and expanded eastward as far as petra.

ANCIENTISRAEL I{ark D. XaPlan Lecturer: Novenber 21, 1988 Propbecy

of

tbe

were gathered together The tribes in a that would become the city of location Shechem. It lies between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. Ut. Gerizim later became the holy mountain of the Sarnaritans.

Deut 27

:12-l-3 Josh

L2 Tribes

I

Blessings occur on Mt. Ebal. The tribes cursings.

on ilount

carried

Gerizirn

and cursings

out the blessings

and

The tribes on the mount of cursing could be more involved in the end-tirne beast power than the others. Gen.

49:18

Dan was guicker to get than the other tribes.

Judg

18:30

Jonathan was a Levite priest, not a Manassehite, who was set-up by Dan as a pagan frManassehtr is probably an emendation priest. rrMosesrr of and should be rendered as rrl{osesrl in the text.

involved

with

paganisrn

IreVi

When Israe1 was taken captive, any people who would have fled Israel were assinilated into Judah with no distinctior of tribal identity. However, the priestsr oF :ribe of Levi, were kept separate.

Psa 135

God viewed Israe1 in three categories: Priests, Levites and the rest of the nation. Paul had knowledge that he was of Benjamin. That distinction would soon fade within Judaism.

N e h . l - 1 , :3

The Levites distinction

and priests have kept their among the Jews tiII this day.

LeV. 23

The Feasts of God were established as rituals to help Israe1 keep the Law when they entered t'Hagtt is the Hebrew for trfeastrr the Iand.

which means a gathering together. The Ievites had the responsibility to ensure the gathering of the people and the preservation of the Law. Deut 31 9-11

The priests kept a physical copy of the Law, It was read to- the entire congregation every seven years. The Levites were given 35 cities throughout Israel. These cities were points of instruction from which to disserninate the Law. The sons of Aaron were given around Jerusalem. Prophets were usually not of Levi, however.

Judah

Levites,

Judah was by far the largest Judah means rrpraised. rr

j-n and

L3 cities but single

many were tribe.

Gen.

38 28-29

Judah had children with Tamar from which two branches arose: Perez (Breach) and Zerah. In the Bible, the focus is on perez. Zerah evidently left Israel and assumed leadership in other lands.

Gen.

49

The Jews have always had people in influential positions of the nations they were taken captive.

in which

Scepter will not depart was not a king, yet.

Judah

10

from Judah.

Gen. 42:22

Reubenrs apology.

Gen.44zI8-34

Judahrs

Gen. 49: l-O

Christ (Shiloh) was the one to ultinately inherit the scepter. David inherited it prel ininary .

Acts 22:3

intercessor

for

Benjamin. as a

Judah was used as a national term, not just tribal. It also refers to Benjanin and Levi in a national sense, because they were a part of the nation of Judah.

ANCIENTISRAEL llark D. KaPlan Lecturer: Novenber 23, 1988 Acts

13:21

Saul reigned B.C.

for '

40 years,

frorn 1048-L008

David hid frorn Saul at En-gedi in the wilderness of Judea. There was a spring The wilderness is a hot, dry desert. there. Saul tried to kiIl David in Gibeah. fled to Ramah to see Samuel. The Psalms give experiences.

an account of

He then

David's

came to At Ramah, SauI and his soldiers capture David but cane under the influence and joined in vith the singing the spirit services then being held. Saul took his clothes off and sang naked for two days. to Nob where he ate

the

Lsarn 2A

David then shewbread.

lSam 2l-

Doeg, Saulrs shepherd and an Edonite, viewed what happened. As a result, Saul ordered p r i e s t to be every and their fanilies slaughtered.

lSarn 21:10

David then fled to Gath to get away frorn SauI. Gath was a Philistine city. They knew that David was the anointed king. They thought that by helping David they could gain with hiru when he became future influence king. David began to fear for his life and fled the area by faking insanity.

lSam 22'.2

He fled to the cave at Adullan. oppressed sought him there. His there also. David then protection.

fled

of

took

his

fanily

According to tradition, turned Davidrs parents then killed then. l{oab was the upon gaining

to

The poor and family was

Moab for

the king of }toab over to Saul. Saul

first country the throne.

David

decinated

Upon leaving ltoab, David fled to Hasada or the 'rstronghold.tr The prophet Gad came and told hirn to leave Masada, and he thus 1eft. David and his nen went to Keilah and helped the city defeat the philistines. But Oavia later learned that the Keilahites hrere planning on turning hiur over to Saul. The lone survivor of Nob, Abiathar, came to David there. He then fled to Haon. Saul was getting closer to hin. Jonathan came and strengthened hirn there. SauI ahnost captured David's forces. Saul had to leave the area and fight invading Philistine anny. David then fled coast and dwelt natural springs

rt of

to En-gedi in a cave. there.

was in this cave that Saul rs robe

But an

on the Dead Sea There were

David cut

off

part

David then fled to llasada and then to Carrnel. There, David and his men protect Nabal and his flocks from invaders. Nabal then turned on David and David was going to kill him, but A-bigai1, Nabal t s wife, intervened. Naba1 later died of a stroke and David took Abiqail as a wife He then fled to Ziph where he chanced upon the forces of Sau1. God put aII of Saulrs forces to sleep and David and his nen walked right up to Saul and his general and stole Saulrs water gourd and spear. He then fled to Gath to stay. The Philistines gave hin a city fron which he could operate. David carried out raids against Philistine cities in Judah from there. The Philistines thought he was raiding Jewish towns. He remained there until he learned of Saulrs death.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lecturer: ltark D. f,aplan Novenber 28, 1988 Judab

Gen. Rom.

The book of Psalms is called means rrpsalrns.of praise. rl 49:8 2:29

which

"Tehillirn"

Judah means praise. Take-off

of praise.

Gen.49:10

Shiloh probably refers to a person. Shiloh rrHe whose may be a phraseology and mean: right it is. rl

Gen.2lz27

il...whose A reference to Shiloh: is.t' The Hebrew here is close to

right it rrshiloh."

When the kingdon split, the entire tribe of Judah and any other peoples of any other tribes there (specifically Ievi ana nenjarnin) became the nation of Judah. Jew, thus, became a national tern for anyEne ih the nJiion of Judah regardless of g".,"ufogy. Luke

2 36

Some, however, remembered the original tribe from which they came. Anna was of Asher.

Phil

3 5

Paul was of

Benjarnin.

Acts

22 3

PauI called

hinself

Esth

2

a Jew.

Mordecai

was a Benjarnite.

Issachar rendered

refers to ilhire.rr ft also trhe who brings reward. fl

Iesachar Gen. 30:l_8

Issachar increased in population wilderness wandering. Judg

4:3

:..2:22

during

the

(12L1 Ll-9L B.C.) There was 20 years of Canaanite oppression. Issachar helped oppression.

fChr

can be

to overthrow

fssachar

contributed

fssachar

rallied

the

a Judge to

around David.

Canaanite fsrael.

2Chr 3O:9-18

Some from fssachar could have come to Judah out of fsrael fleeing Assyrian oppression.

Zebulun

Zebulun and fssachar seems to have closely associated with one another. They were the last two sons of Leah. Zebulun could mean I'dwe11ing. rr .

fsa.

The region of Zebulun was taken Assyria and was also an area of conquest.

9:l_

Gath-Hepher ZebuIun.

was an area of

captive foreign

by

Canaan given

to

2 K g s 3 , 4: 2 5

Jonah could have been of Zebulun and could represent the character of the tribe.

Judg

Zebulun played of Deborah.

5:14

a najor

role

in

During the wilderness wandering increased in size sIight1y. Judg 12:1t

Zebulun provided

a Judge (1073

the

campaigns

they L0d3 B.C.).

rrStrange Parallelsil was a book which speculated that the Dutch were descendants Zebulun. Gen.

49: l-3-15

Deut 33: l_8-19

of

Issachar tended to stay put in their own land. Zebulun l/as more outward looking and engaged in trade and conmerce. The tw6, thus, mutually benefited from one another. Both are mentioned together in one verse. They worked together as a unit. The Jews have looked at the two as a cultural rnodel where one group would specialize in trade and another in studies.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lecturer: l,lark D. Kaplan November 30, 1988 The Hertz Commentary is a Jewish commentary prepared by the official Rabbi of the British Srnpire. The Jews have 54 readings to read chroughout the year each week known as the rrHaphtarah. rr Along with the Haphtarah readings, there are additional prophetic readings. Gad Gen. 30:10

Gad rneans rrtrooptr or rrfortune.tt Gad and Asher were the sons of

Zilpah.

Gad had 45,000 people at the Exodus, but population during the wandering. Josh

4:12

Gad helped the 1and.

the

rest

of the

Israel

to

lost

conquer

Deut 33:20-21

Gad r+ouId be increased. have a particular talent and judging.

Josh 22:1-4

Gad returned to Trans-Jordan the rest of fsrael.

l-chr

5:18-22

These people

Lchr

5:25-26

Gad was invaded by Assyria under TiglathPileser (745 727 B.C. ) from 742 734 B.C.

They would seem to for adrninistration after

were descendants of

herping rshrnaer.

2Sam 2 8

fshbosheth

2chr )-2 8

Gadites

2Sam 17 24-29

David was received

2Kgs 10 32

Gad was conqluered by Aram in

Asher

Asher means tthappinessrtt rrfortunatertt trblessed. rl

was set

supported

Asher increased the wandering. Judg

L 30

up as a king

in

Gad.

David. in Gad. 840 B.C.

from 41,000 to

Asher did not drive out as they were instructed.

all_ of

or

53,000 during the

Canaanites

Judg

l-Chr

5 T7

27

L6-23

Asher was reluctant in the conquest of

to the

real1y 1and.

become involved

Gad and Asher are not mentioned having a leader.

here as

. rl

Epbrain

Ephrath

Gen.

35 19

Rachel

Gen.

48 7

Ephrath was an older name for the Bethlehern area. Bethlehen means rrhouse of bread. rr rrr€hemrr is the Hebrew rvord for bread. Bethlehem is a fruitful agricultural area where grain is grown.

lSam

lKgs

1

means . ftf ruitful was buried

in

Ephrath.

Samuel was an Ephrathite Levi, not an Ephrairnite.

11126

of the

tribe

of

Jeroboam was an |tEphrathiter not necessarilv an Ephrainite. Ephrain was the doninant tribe in the north. Ephraim was born in Egypt. Joseph received the firstborn inheritance and palsed it on to his sons.

Gen. 41 50-52

Ephrain

is

born.

Ephrairn lost wandering. Joshua was rnajor role was placed Shiloh and Judg

7 24-8:3

Judg 12 1 13

about lorooo

nembers during

the

from Ephrain. Ephrain played a in the conguest of the 1ana ana in the central part of Israel. Shechern were in their borders.

Ephrairn helped Gideon to There was conflict tribes.

fight.

between Ephrairn and other

A-bdon was from Ephrain.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Uarlc D. KaPlan Lecturer: Decenber 21 1988 refused to enter the promised theY ltere back in EgYPt '

Num. 13:3O-)-4:2

Israel wished

Num. 16

Korahrs Rebellion' Israel

Num. 15237-4O

Deut 222L2

was a rebellious

YHWHcommandedlsraeltowearaparticular who type of garment to help them rernember commandeo such was piobably or"16. iitlv nature' rebellious thei-r of U""i,-,=" They were commanded to wear special to iernind them who theY were '

14 26

sets Christians The Holy Spirit garments' o n e r s tassel-s on

Lev.

l-1 44

since God is set apart to be set aPart.

T ^tr !EV.

I 1O LJ

IO

27

28

and

PeoPle'

John

lPet

land

The same principle

(holy)

applies

garments

apart'

not

His people were

to Christ j-ans '

bodies cults marked their Pagan religious r i t u a l i s t ic t h e i r o f some manner as part activitY. Some did

while

self-nutilation

in

mourning'

Jewish Verse 27 is used by the Orthoclox men growing their community t"auy-to- justify li'd"buttns and ear locks ' i""g the extrlnely E x o . 2 3 l_9

This passage is ;;;;"-;;ri6i-o"=

of God not wanting indicative bv rsrael ' practiced rituals

The aEctr=ep}-pgical'discoveries

of Ras Shamra

immenserv!? -Bibrical in its

["i"-iaa"a "i-ugiri,t The boiling s"noiut=hip.

of a kid c a n a a n ite religious niu< was a roln"t's f i n dings' according to the ritual Exo.

34225-26

God did not want the the Passover.

above ritual

included

in

Kosher Foods

The Pharisees took this to the extreme in that they prohibited the mixing of meat and dairy products. This Jewish practice is called Kosher.

Gen.

This verse seems to underrnine the kosher philosophy. .The Jews explain this by saying that they ate the dairy products before eating the meat.

18:7-8

(conttd)

Ephraim rsa. Jer.

9:20-21 3l-:20

God felt However,

that they

God will

have mercy on Ephraim.

rsrael fought

should cooperate. one another.

Manasseh

Manasseh increased in population wildeness wandering.

lChr

One-ha1f

5 18 26

lChr

7 L4

lChr

1 2 l-9

Judg

I

.TrrAa

o

22-23

of Hanasseh was in the

during

the

Trans-Jordan.

The Trans-Jordan community was carried off by Assyria earlier than the rest of the Tribe.

Manasseh supported

David.

Gideon was of Manasseh and refused king over fsrael. Gideonrs son, Abirnelech, was set-up after his death. Abimelech reigned y e a r s f r o m 1 1 1 2 - l _ l _ 0 9B . C .

to be a as a king for 3

fsrael was to be tested for 390 years and Judah for 40 years. 390 years from II12 B.C. goes to 722 B.C. which was the fa1l of fsrael to Assyria. Ezekiel said that fsrael did not have a righteous king for 390 years. 2Chr 30

Part

of Manasseh partook

The first capitol Manasseh. l-Chr

5 :2

Judah received birthright.

of the

of Israel

the

scepter

passover.

was Tirzah

and Joseph the

Judah was chosen for the scepter. itself was located in Benjanin. Deut 33 L2

Prophecy

of

the

Ternple in

in

Benjamin.

The Temple

God leved Rachel an-d gave her children, ( J_gE.eplr and _€srnj-aIgn, treryenQous blessings . The birthright went to Joseph. Benjamin was the* f-ocaE-l-o-n-for the tenp_Ie. Benjamin also had an opportunity with Saul and through a marriage with Davidts line to be part of the scepter

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lecturers ltark D. Kap1an December 7, 1998 Eze.

trRoshrr means ilhead.tt mean rrhead- prince.

38

can

(contrd)

Benj'min

Psa- 8o:1-2

Benjamin was a buffer Joseph.

Thus, rt

ilprince

tribe

between Judah and

of

Roshrt

Benjamin and Joseph are considered as a branch of the nation because they v/ere Rachelrs only two sons. Benjamin increased in wiLderness wandering.

size

during

the

Judg 20

The events of chapter 2o took place c. 1360 near the beginning of the Judges perj-od.

Judg 1-9

A Levite with a concubine came to Gibeah in Benjamin. The men were so sick that they demanded to have sex with the party.

Judg

:22-25

The man gave them his concubine instead and she was sexually assaulted until she died.

:29-30

He dismembered her and sent her throughout fsrael. It was the most devious deed Israel had seen.

2O:I-2

10 Judg

3 2o-2r

Judg 20 16 lChr

).2

r-2

A11 of

fsrael

fsrael

was going

came against

Benjamin.

to revenge Gibeah.

The Benjamites were famous in warfare because they could fight with either hand. Ehud evidently had his right hand imnobilized. They could

use their

left

Benjamin was anbidextrous, both hands.

hand they

Judg 2o:44-48

rsrael left.

2Chr

14:8

Benjamin built years.

Judg

21-zI

Israel swore not to 1et their any of the 600 rnen left

destroyed

could

Benjamin and only

up its

population

use

600 were

over the

daughters

marry

:6 i 8-1,2

fsrael grieved. Israel destroyed Jabesh Gilead because it did not join thern in fighting Benjamin, but spared their virgin women and gave them to Benj amin.

: 18-2 1

Benjamin received 200 additional trcatchingrr women from a festival.

wives by

The wives frorn Jabesh Gilead were probably of Manasseh and the 200 caught from the festival h'ere probably of Ephraim. Thus, descendants of Rachel narried descendants of Rachel. Benjamin remained with Judah and David rather than joining their northern brothers when the kingdom split. Saul was Israelfs was such would not Jer.

a Benjamite and was chosen to be physical king because Benjamin first a small tribe that a king from there pose a threat to the other tribes.

Benjamin was given the Judah before it fell.

opportunity

to

leave

When Sennacherib came into Judah in 701 8.C., part of Benjamin was taken to Assyria and met the same fate of the rest of fsrael. Thus, in Bible prophecy, to find Benjamin one should look to the wanderings of the lost tribes of fsrael. The British fsraelites used Benjarnin to support anti-Sernitism. They say the early Christians were of Benjanrin, not Judah.

ANCIENTISRAEL

Lecturer: ttark D. Kaplan December 9, 1988 Lebanon, though not a nrajor power t o d a y , i s mentioned many_tirnes in the biUfe as playing a role in end-time events. Rev.

L2..6

The Church fled to the area of Armenia. Armenia is in the news today. Many areas not otherwise role in end-time events.

Oba.

19

Benjamin will Jordan area. Some tribes other tribes

powerful

play

had cities

in the territory

17:14-18

Ephraim and Manasseh cooperated entering the land.

Exo.

31:l_-7

There was a tribal keep any one tribe the entire nation. A I/2 Egyptian blaspheming.

at

and I/2

Danite was cauqht

Dan means ,,judgs. tt advocatJ-ng.

Gen.

49:16

judge. Dan will One of the most famous judges.was Samson from Dan. Dan evidently had this talent.

It

vicious

has the connotation

Dan l-ocated itself north would also leave there.

Judg

They also dwelt became involved

l_chr l_2:35

of the Jordan..

on the coast in shipping.

They were involved

in

of

militarily.

Deut 33222 5:17

when

balance within Israel to from gaining control of

30:6

They t/ere very

of

first

Dan Gen.

:17

a

possess land in the trans-

Josh

Lev.24:II

wil1

Davidrs

where thev army.

Dan and Naphtali were the two sons of Rachelrs handmaid and had a special relationship.

ft

2Chr

22]-4

A D a n i t e r r r a sm a r r i e d t o a n o u t s i d e r from Tyre. Their son, Huram, was very talented and assisted Israel in the area.

lKgs

7 2 J . 3 - J4

Here, the above woman is said to have been frorn Naphtali. She could have been from the city of Dan, gf could have married someone from Naphtali.'

Naphtali

Naphtali lost wandering.

Gen. 30:8

Naphtali

Judg

426

Barak was of Naphtali.

lChr

1-2234

Naphtali

population

during

the

means I'wrestlings.t'

was involved

in Davidrs

army.

l-Kgs L5:20

Naphtali was exposed to invasion because it was near the border. Ben-Hadad of Syria (Ararn) invaded Naphtali. The Jews conspired with Ben-Hadad against Israel.

fsa.

The area of Israel where Naphtali was always in danger.

9:I-2

was located

2Kgs 15:29

Assyria took Naphtali of the nation feII.

Eze.

The final reallotrnent of the tribes is different than the original one. The children of the wives are in the center and the children of the concubines are on the sides.

Numb

fsa.

48

1

58:8

captive

before

the

rest

The line-up of the tribes of fsrael. They lined up in groups of farnilies based on their mothers. Three tribes were the rear Numbers 1 arrangernent.

guard as per the

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecturer: Xark D. Kaplan December 19, 1988 The Law was Godrs constitution Exo.

agreed to Israel constitution.

2423

the

terms

wi.th Israel-.

of the

Later, Israel wanted a king and received The kingst line went through the line of David.

one.

Because of sins, the kingdom split into two nations; Israel in the north and Judah in the south. 2Kgs

6:6

Textural

Israel was involved Judah. Errors

in an alliance

against

with the paleoHebrew letters originated Hebrew script. However, over time the script changed to resemble Aramaic script and came to be calIed rrsquare.rr In sguare script, many of the letters are similar and are thus confused. Many translational difficulties arise the fact that some of the letters are si-rni-1ar.

from

In a reverence to preserve original script, the Jews placed marginal notatj-ons to be read aloud instead of the original text that was felt to be in error. The marginal note is c a l l e d a t t q a 3 s t r: t h a t w h j - c h i s r e a d . The textural difficulty is ca1led the tt6c;6i5tt : that which is written. FaIl

of

IsraeI

In 722 the capital of Israel, Samaria, In 721 the deportations began

feII.

Two Assyrian rulers $/ere involved in the FaII of. Israel. Shalmaneser @V ruled until 722 p r o b a b l y and feII Samaria. Sargon fI Qt.8 705 B.C.)took credit for taking the people away captive.

As s y r i a

After Sargon II, the next ruler was Sennacherib (705 682 B.C.). He harrassed Judah. Esarhaddon was the next ruler (681 670 B.C.).

s""*.*"#,i1rJJ".l:?F,i*, ..rian l"J ='*;'t

Ezraq;t-z

'*:#:i.j:

also

captiv!!

-^a\

L,as very

lnterested

were

t="'*?-'-!$:'..:'J'

keepers v roolcro3ll"-=-.1 ;t rt"lt'J

I*:l'l"llta

zL z$ss

ifr'*;*"":x1rhiliJ*":xJ:%':'"n-'-"i' ani

4B:5 n*ld{i**i-l*'*:r".'*"'."u?"'n Gen sPPlles

to all

of the

"1srae''r rrgotb the trouses

*?"::1

of

lsraelttes' rsa'

8:14

""':"":r" -,=*tl*:,T :* ,1,,, ;;;#:i""t1t""1:1e

z'sszLLs-24

#**-** of tfre A Copy

rcept with r,aw was

the

arlc'

j*;'il{[#ti{t{# xins*,"" 'lne Deu,,7:'18

Deut

3Li24

2chr33:15 2*sszz-.s

'1p":ii1' e' HIT="?1"H'""": fi".'*

?:?f"'=="H.JJ:::rn'l r ;??'"::i*

?o.1 ^1, :i:,,1l? 5"fflit*"'

'"'*1t'n!'";=

'5ii:":-'e'fi"inii

'rz,',:!%:ill+t*''"11?"-'?"' zs'-s-Lo Lev. Hag renev(

greatest ever seen in religious reformation Judah. Ternple worship was henceforth consolidated in the Jerusalem Temp1e. 2chr

34:32-34

The covenant was made in the spring just prior to the Passover. Thus 622 marks the beginning of r e n ewal. .covenant

Eze.

1:1

The 30th year could be the renewal covenant in 622 B.C.

Eze.

4:6

The 40 years may go from 622

of the

SB2.

The key to the decline of Judah was the of Josiah who died at an early age.

death

ANCIENTISRAEL Mark D. Kaplau Lecturer: Decemb€r 21, 1988

2Chr 34 t-7

Lev.

vithin As Judah became weak, factions various nations for country looked.to alliances.

the

The Masoretic text is the traditional text, having the Q'rers and Kthibts.

Hebrew

Josiah became king at religious reformation.

a young age and began a

The fa1l of Judah had an inpact on the Jews that is felt to this dav. --. (Idolalrf and tbp,6abbath regulate a nationls relatioirehip God. rhu6, after the wilf captivity, the Jews took great concern to not violate the Sabbath or partake of idolatry.

26

2Chr 35

The ark time.

was not

even in

the

Ternple at

that

2Kgs 23 29

The Egyptians had an alliance with Assyria against the Neo-Babylonian Empire (Nineveh had fallen in 61-2). fn 6l-0 the Chaldeans pushed the Assyrians to Haran and took the city. In 609, the Assyrians and Egyptians atternpted to take it back. The Assyrians were finally defeated at Carchemish.

2Chr 35 20-24

The Pharoah at Josiahts tine was Necho II (609 594). As he narched to help Assyria, he killed Josiah at Megiddo.

Lam.

Part of the been written

20

2 C h r 3 6 r-4

book of Larnentations could have of Josiahfs death. as a result

Jehoahaz became king of Israel. The prophet Jeremiah thereafter was considered dangerous to the state. The Chaldeans respected him more than Israel. He ruled three months. In 608 B.C. Jehoiakim aras made king by Pharoah Neco. fn 607 Egypt nas confined its os/n land by Babylon.

to

2chr 36:9 2Kgs 24:8

There was a pro-Cha1dean faction which wanted to set up Jehoiachin, a grandson of Josiah rttho was only eight years old, as king. He ruled about B-LO days. L0 years later, he ruLed three months. His total rule was thus three nonths and LO days.

2Kgs 24il.

By about influence tributary

z2

Ooo ngipt could not exercise further over Judah. Judah became a of Babylon from 605- 602.

Jehoiakim was taken captive by the Babylonians and Judahrs enemies were sent to raid the land in 604. This began a 25ZO year period in which the throne of David no lonqer controlled Jerusalem until L9]-7. Jehoiachin was taken prisoner in after ruling only three months. .

Zedekiah was then installed king. He was Jehoiachinrs son.

597 B.C.

by Babylon as unc1e, not his

ANCIENTISRAEL Lecturer3 llark D. Xap1an December 23, 1988 The dynasty of Onri ushered in a line of rulers steeped in paganism. King Ahab and Jezebel were the worst of this dynasty. Ahajiah was the son of Athaliah, of Ahab, the son of Onri.

the

daughter

2Chr 22:2

The forty-two years listed here is the age of the dynasty of Onri, not the age of the king. He was 22 when he ruled.

2Kgs 24:2

In 604 B.C. the Chaldeans came against Jehoiakim. In 598 he was taken captive.

2Chr 36 5-6

He was taken

2Kgs 23 6

He died

Jer.

Coniah is another name for Jehoiachin. No heir of hin shall ever sit on the throneJoseph came through his line. Mary did not.

22 24

there.

captive

and carried

Jehoichin

to

Babylon.

then reigned.

Ezekiel was taken captive in late 599 B.C. Daniel was taken captive in 606-605. Daniel was of the royal line, Ezekiel of the Levitical. Jer.

2 9 4-l-0

Jereniah advised those in captivity to co n ti nue on vith their 1ine. In 70 vear s they would return. The captivity Diaspora.

2Kgs 24 I2

Jehoiachin

was the beginning rras taken

captive

in

of

the

598 B.C.

D. J. I{iseman translated the Babylonian Chronicles which give inforaation about period. On March 16, 5g7 8.C., captive. Eze.

L l_

Eze. 40

1

30 years

after

Josiahrs

Jehoiachin

this

was taken

restoration.

rrour captivity. tt It was written while Jehoiachin was in captivity. Both Ezekiel and Jehoiachin lrere captives, thus the term

Itour captivity.

tl

2Kgs 24 L7

Zedekiah was taken

2Kgs 25 1

The Chaldeans came against winter of 588 B.C.

3-5

captive.

fn July of 587 the walls and the anny retreated. however. Zedekiah was taken

z8-I2

22 Jer.

4l-

in the

were broken through They were overtaken,

captive.

From the seventh day to the tenth day of the fifth nonth, the city was plundered and the Tenple and palace were destroyed. The people were taken captive, but some were left behind. Gedaliah, Chaldeans Rebellious atternpt to

t0

Jerusalem

a Jew, was nade a governor by the over those rernaining in Judah. Jews assassinated Gedaliah overthrow the Chaldeans.

in

an

The rebels went to Ammon to regroup and fight the Chaldeans. They eventually flee from the Chaldeans to Egypt. The assassination of Gedaliah in 582 B.C. ends the 40 years of Ezekiel (622-592 B.C. ) . Judah no longer exists after SB2.

Eze. 24

Ezekiel This is

2Chr.

Jerusalen

Jer.

36:21 52:29-30 : 31_

Zecn'

8: L9

is told that Jerusalem is the siege of January 588. fe1l

during

The captivities fn

561- Jehoiachin

a year of

occurred is

The Jews established conmemoration of the Judah

fallinq.

release.

in 587 and in

released

sB2.

from captivity.

various fasts events in the

in faII

of

EVENTS CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF SIGNIFICANT f't\T B I B L I C A L HISTORY FROM ABRAHAIVI T O T H E C A P T I V I T Y O F J U D A H

F-rron

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THUTMOSEIII t4ilitary Campaign

6.1483

(lttsA.po. 32-33)

Moses in Sinai

c. I450 R' 'l

A},I.ENHOTEP II

It4i 1i +:rrr r l_' a m D a l g n \ 2nd l4ilitary Campaign\ ( l , 1 B Ap . 3 4 1 c*

/ J

1 4 43

Exodus

Israel

's

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in the Wilderness

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--

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1285

Mil

l,tonument of Seti I at Bethshean recoro,s v1 ctory over Apiru at Mount yar:Ttu-ga (bibIicaL:a-nut:r ) alloted to Issachar (Joshua 19:21, 2!:29) (MBA p. 37)

7

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RA',IESESII

c.L270

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?

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1,.

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L223 tt.L-

c.L220

Military

campaign

(MBA p.

39)

17i a+a*'

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