BIOSPEX: Biological Space Experiments

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790021613 2017-10-13T06:05:44+00:00Z

NASA Technical Memorandum 58217

BIOSPEX: Biological Space Experiments A Compendium ot Life Sciences Experiments Carried on U.S. Spacecraft

Michele Anderson Terhuology Incorporated i h s t o t t , Texas Johil A. Rummel, Editor Ljndon B. Johnson Space Center Hozcstntz, Texas Stanley Deutsch, Editor NASA HeaLparters Washitzgton3 D. C.

National Aercnautks and Space Adf?i,iistralion

Scientific 2nd Tecnnicsl liiformati~nJ f c a

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

MISSIONS CARRYING BIOLOGICAL OR MEDICAL PAYLOADS

. . . . . . . . . . . . iv

........................... 1 ANIMALEWERIMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 9 5 HUMAN EWERIMENTS.

PLANT EXPERIMENTS.

..........................

MICROORGANISM EXPERIMENTS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

NASA REFERENCES.

INKSTIGATORS.

INDEX.

.140

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

The United S t a t e s s p a c e e f f o r t h a s had a l o n g , though n o t always well known, h i s t o r y o f L i f e S c i e n c e e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n .

Long b e f o r e t h e b i r t h o f t h e

N a t i o n ~ lA e ~ o n a u t i cand Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n b i o l o g i c a l p a y l o a d s were b e i n g launched. The first documented f l i g h t c a r r y i n g a l i v i n g payload was a V-2 r o c k e t i n 1948. The c a p t u r e d r o c k e t c a r r i e d a p r i n a t e , A l b e r t , i n a s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d nosecone. The Navy was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s f l i g h t , and as time p r o g r e s s e d , t h e Army became i n v o i v e d . The Army used a b a l l i s t i c r o c k e t as t h e means o f c a r r y i n g t h e experiments.

A f t e r s e v e r a l u n s u c c e s s f u l and semi-successful f l i g h t . 3 , t h e

h i s t o r i c Abel and Baker f l i g h t was accomplished. t h e f l i g h t were r e t u r n e d a l i v e and w e l l .

The two p r i m a t e s c a r r i e d on From t h i s p o i n t o n , more and more

L i f e S c i e n c e e x p e r i m e n t s were r e t u r n e d a l i v e . With t h e beginning o f NASA, t h e m i l i t a r y s u r r e n d e r e d s o l e r i g h t s t o f l i g h t studies.

The agency s t a r t e d i t s L i f e S c i e n c e s program w i t h chimpanzee

f l i g h t s i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r P r o j e c t Mercury.

From t h e s p a c e e x p e r i e n c e w i t h

Ham and Enos, t h e chimps, it was deemed t h a t t h e s p a c e environment was s a f e

f o r man, and Alan Shepard and John Glenn were launched i n t o t h e r e l a t i v e unknown

.

The e a r l y Mercury f l i g h t s marked t h e beginning o f i n f l i g h t biomedical e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n on humans. During a l l o f t h e manned s p a c e f l i g h t programs, a l a r g e number o f e x p e r i m e n t s have been conducted on t h e f l i g h t crews. There have been numerous b i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n t h e s p a c e e n v i r o m e n t r a n g i n g from h i g h energy p a r t i c l e e f f e c t s on c e l l u l a r organisiiis t o f u l l y i n s t r u m e n t i n g and f l y i n g a monkey. S a t e l l i t e s have been s o l e l y devoted t o b i o l c g c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , s u c h a s t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e series and t h e j o i n t P S.

- U.S.S.R.

K3SMOS 782 m i s s i o n .

The f o l l o w i n g document i s a compenditm o f L i f e S c i e n c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t h a t have taken p l a c e on U.S. s p a c e c r a f t .

P r e v i o u s l y , t h e r e had been no

complete c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s , making i t d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e what h a s been a t t e m p t e d and accomplished i n s p a c e L i f e S c i e n c e s . It i s d i v i d e d

i n t o c h a p t e r s f o r human, a n i m a l , p l a n t and microorganism specimen t y p e s .

Each

c h a p t e r is i n o r d e r a l p h a b e t i c a l l y by P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r . Subsequent t o its i n i t i a l p u b l i c a t i o n , BIOSPEX was d i s t r i b u t e d t o P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r s o f each experiment and o t h e r L i f e S c i e n t i s t s f o r An e v a l u a t i o n form was i n c l u d e d r e q u e s t i n g s u g g e s t i o n s f;r changes t h e y would l i k e t o see i n t h e r e v i s e d e d i t i o n . I n r e s p o n s e t o

r e v i e w and comment.

t n e s e h e l p f u l and much a p p r e c i a t e d s u g g e s t i o n s , more c o n c i s e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e experiments were made. A s e p a r a t e b i b l i o g r a p h y , a n i n d e x , and a n i n v e s t i g a t o r a d d r e s s list have a l s o been added t o t h i s v e r s i o n . It i s a n t i c i p a t e d c h a t t h i s document w i l l be updated and r e i s s u e d a s new i n f o r m a t i o n is o b t a i n e d d u l n g t h e upcoming S h u t t l e e r a .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The i n i t i a l v e r s i o n o f BICSPEX ( B i o l o g i c a l Space E x p e r i m e n t s ) , p u b l i s h e d i n June 1978, was compiled a t Johnson Space Center by Michele Anderson and B i l l i e Bentinck o f Technology I n c o r p o r a t e d , under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D r . John A . Rumnel. It i n c l u d e d summaries o f L i f e S c i e n c e e x p e r i m e n t s compiled by J a n i c e Keyes and Anne Lauver a t NASA H e a d q u a r t e r s under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f D r . S t a n l e y Deutsch.

The r e v i s e d e d i t i o n was p r e p a r e d by Michele Anderson under t h e

d i r e c t i o n o f D r . John A . Rummel.

G r a t e f u l acknowledgement is g i v e n t o

D r . P e l v i n C. Buderer, Dr. Leonard F. C i p r i a n o , Kay E l t o n , and Susan Donald o f

Technology I n c o r p o r ~ t e df o r a s s i s t a n c e i n p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e r e v i s e d e d i t i o n .

iii

Duration

Mission

Comments

Blossom 3

NA

Carried a Rhesus monkey ("Albertn) a s f i r s t biological rocket payload; monkey not recovered.

Blossom 4

NA

Carried a Rhesus monkey, paiachute f a i l u r e and monkey not recovered.

Blossom 5

NA

Carried a Cynomolgus monkey; parachute f a i l u r e and monkey not recovered.

Blossom 6

NA

Carried a Cynomolgus monkey; parachute f a i l u r e and monkey not recovered.

Blossom 7

NA

Last V-2 f l i g h t ; carried a mouse; parachute f a i l u r e and mouse not recovered.

Aerobee 1

NA

Carried a Capuchin monkey i n t o sub-orbital f l i g h t ; not recovered.

Aerobee 2

NA

Carried a Rhesus monkey and 11 mice; animais landed a l i v e , but monkey died a t recovery s i t e due to heat.

Aerobee 3

NA

Two Capuchin monkeys ("Mike" and " P a t r i c i a n ) and 2 mice flown; a l l recovered a l i v e , showed no ill e f f e c t s from f l i g h t .

Mouse-In-Able 1

4/23/58

20m

Carried mouse ( nWickiell) i n t o sub-orbital f l i g h t in a Thor-Able nosecone ; neit.her mouse nor nosecone were recovered.

Mouse-In-Able 2

7/9/58

20m

Carried mouse ( I1LaskaV) i n t o 3ub-orbital f l i g h t , monitoring heart r a t e ; mouse not recovered.

Nisaion Mouse-In-Able 3

Carried mouse ( "Benjin: i n t o sub-orbital f l i g h t , monitoring heart r a t z ; mouse not recovered.

AH 113 (Ammy Medical sounding rocket)

Carried Squirrel monkey ( "Old D ~ Reliablen) and ~ F O S spcres; not recovered. Carried Rhesus and Squirrel monkeys ("Ablen and "Bakern) and biological specimens; p a r t i a l l y successful

.

Carried various biological specimens inPl.ud.ing sea urchin eggs; not recovered. L i t t l e Joe 3 (Mercury)

Carried Rhesus monkey ( "Samn). High a l t i t u d e abort t e s t .

L i t t l e Joe 4

Carried Rhesus monkey ("Miss Samn). Evaluated launch and abort systems.

Discoverer X V I I

Investigated the space envirorment using a number of c e l l types.

Discoverer XVIII

Investigated the space environmentusing a number of c e l l types.

Discoverer X X X I I

Investigated HZE p a r t i c l e s using corn seeds.

NERV 1

Carried B e u r o w QW.

Mercury 2 (MR-2)

Carried chimpanzee booster oversyed.

Mercury 3 iMR-3; (Alan B. Shepard, Jr.)

F i r s t American i n space.

Mercury 4 IMR-4) (Virgil I. Grissom)

Suborbital.

Mercury 5 (MA-5)

( "Hamt1);

Carried chimpanzee ( "Enostt) ( 3 rev)

m

I2!xaum

Mercury 6 (MA-6) (John Glenn)

2/20/62

4h, 55m ( 3 rev)

F i r s t manned o r b i t t l f l i g h t .

Mercury 7 (MA-7) ( S c o t t Carpenter)

5/24/62

4h,56m ( 3 rev)

Yaw e r r o r caused l a n d i n g 250 m i . downrange recovery i n 3 h r s .

Mercury 8 (MA-8) (Walter M. S h i r r a

10/3/62

9h, 13m (6 rev)

Mercury 9 (MA-9) (L. Gordon Cooper)

5/ 15/63

34h, 20m (22 r e v )

Gemini I11 ( V i r g i l I. Grissom, John W. Young)

3/23/65

4h, 53m ( 3 rev)

F i r s t 2-man space f l i g h t ; s e a u r c h i n experiment f a i l e d .

Gemini I V 6/3-7/65 (James A. McDivitt , Edward H. White)

97h, 40m (62 r e v )

F i r s t Extra-Vehicular A c t i v i t y (EVA) 22 min.

8/2 1-2 9/ Gemini V (L. Gordon Cooper, 65 Charles Conrad, Jr )

190h, 56m (120 r e v )

Demonstrated p h y s i o l o g i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y of l u n a r n i s s i o n .

Gemini V I I ( Frank Borman , J a s e s A. L o v e l l , Jr. )

12/4-18/ 65

33Oh ,35m (206 r e v )

Extension o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l t e s t ing. Evaluated l i g h t - w e i g h t pressure s u i t .

Gemini VI-A (Walter M. S q h i r r a , ;r , Thomas P. Stafford)

12/15-16/ 25h,51m 65 (15 r e v )

C o n d x t e d rendezvous with Gemini VII.

Gemini VIII ( N e i l A. Armstrong, David R . S c o t t )

3/16-17/ 66

Rendezvous anu dock with Agena target vehicle.

Mission

!2Qlmmi

-

2r.I

.

.

OVl-4 (U.S. Air Force) 3/30/66

Gemini I X

10h,42m (7 r e v ) 720h

Non-recoverable s a t e l l i t e c o n t a i n i n g S ~ i r o d e l b& C h l o r e l l a ; C h l o r e l l a experiment failed inflight. Not launched.

Gemini IX-A 60-6/66 (Thomas P S t a f f o r d , Eugene A. Cernan)

72h, 21m (44 r e v )

EVA of 2h, 2m; c a r r i e d microorganisms

Gemini X (John W. Young, Michael C o l l i n s )

7/ 18-2 1/ 66

7Oh, 47m (43 r e v )

EVA o f 45m ( t e r m i n a t e d due t o fumes) ; u m b i l i c a l EVA o f 27 min.

Gemini X I ( C h a r l e s Conrad, Richard F. Gordon, Jr.)

9/12-15/ 66

71h,17m (44 rev:

EVA o f 2h, 55m; u m b i l i c a l EVA o f 44m. Reached r e c o r d a l t i t u d e of about 1400 km (870 mi); c a r r i e d

.

NeurOSDOracrassa.

Gemini X I 1 (James A. L o v e l l , Jr., Edwin E. Aldrin , Jr )

(59 r e v )

.

Biosatellite I

S p a c e c r a f t d i d n o t r e e n t e r on command and burned on subsequent r e e n t r y a f t e r 60 days i n o r b i t . Returned 1 day e a r l i e r t h a n scheduled; c a r r i e d 1 3 b i o l o g i c a l experiments.

2d

B i o s a t e l l i t e I1

Investigated g r a v i t y preference of a white r a t .

460s

Aerobee 150A

F l i g h t t e s t ; f l a s h f i r e i n spacec r a f t k i l l e d 3 a s t r o n a u t s ; inf l i g h t medical experiments program was c a n c e l l e d .

Apo1.10 I (AS2041 ( V i r g i l I. Grissom, Edward H. White, Roger B. Chaffee) Apallo V I I (Walter M. S h i r r a , Jr., DOM F. ~ i s e l e , Walter Cunningham) Ap0110 VIII (Frank Borman, James A. L o v e l l , J r . William A. Anders)

EVA o f 5h, 37m; l a s t Gemini mission; c a r r i e d f r o g eggs and microorganisms.

12/21-27/ 68

Ap0110 I X 3/3-13/ 69 (James McDivitt , David S c o t t , R u s s e l l Schweickart)

26Oh, 10m Astronauts developed c o l d s i n orbit.

147h,lm (10 l u n a r orbits)

F i r s t l u n a r o r b i t a l mission.

241h, 1m

F i r s t f l i g h t manned l u n a r hardware i n e a r t h o r b i t ; EVA o f 37m.

vii

Apollo X 5/18-26/ 69 (Eugene A Cernan, John W. Young, Thomas P. S t a f f o r d )

192h, 3m

F i r s t l u n a r o r b i t a l mission w i t h complete Apollo s p a c e c r a f t .

B i o s a t e l l i t e I11

6/29/697/7/69

8 1/2d

Carried p i g - t a i l e d monkey; d e t e r i o r a t i n g physiological condition r e q u i r e d e a r l y call-down.

Apollo X I ( N e i l A. Armstrong, Michael C o l l i n s Edwin E. A l d r i n , Jr. 1

7/16-24/

195h, 18m

69

F i r s t manned Lunar l a n d i n g ; time on t h e moon = 21h ,20m.

Apollo X I 1 (Charles Conrad, J r , Richard P. Gordon, J r . , ~ l a ni. Bean)

11/14-24/ 244h,36m 69 36m

Second l u n a r l a n d i n g ; EVA o f 15h, 30m; time on t h e moon = 31h,31m.

.

1 Apcllo X I 1 1 70 iJxnes A. L o v e l l , Fred ',, Haise, Jr., John L. Swigert , Jr.)

7

142h,54m

Third l u n a r l a n d i n g mission abort e d a f t e r 55h, GET due t o l o s s o f p r e s s u r e i n LOX i n S e r v i c e Module and f a i l u r e of f u e l c e l l s 1 & 3; LM provided power and l i f e support u n t i l t r a n s f e r t o CM f o r r e e n t r y .

2:6h,02m

Third l u n a r l a n d i n g ; time on t h e moon = 33h ,3Om.

7/26/718/7/71

295h,11m

FVA o f 18h, 34m; f o u r t h l u n a r

4/16-27/ Apollo X V I 72 (John W. Young, Thouas K. Mattingly, 11, Charles M. Duke)

265h,51a

F i f t h l u n a r l a n d i n g ; EVA o f 20h, l4m; t o t a l l u n a r s t a y = 71h, 02m; l u n a r r o v e r d r i v e n 26.7 km.

12/7-19/ Apollo X V I I (Eugene A. Cernam, 72 Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt)

301h,51m

S i x t h l u n a r l a n d i n g ; l a s t Apollo mission; EVA o f 22h, !)a; t o t a l l u n a r ~ t a y= 74h ,59m; l u n a r r o v e r d r i v e n 35 km.

.

Apdlo XIV (Alxa P. SLepard S t d a r t A. Boosa Edgar D. M i t c h e l l ) Apollo XV (David R. S c o t t , A 1 fra?d M. Worden, James B. Irwin)

1/31/702/9/71

l a n d i n g ; time on t h e moon = 66h, 55m.

viii

WtQ

Missian

1

Comment2

OFO-1 ( A )

11/9-151 70

144h

Skylab 2 ( C h a r l e s Conrad, Jr , J o s e p h P. Kerwin, P a u l J. Weitz)

5/25/736/22/73

162h, 493 (284)

Conducted m e d i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s ; r e p a i r e d Skylab parasol.

Skylab 3 (Alan L. Bean, Owen K. Garriott, J a c k R. Lousma)

7/28/739/25/73

1427h,O9m (59+d)

T o t a l EVA o f 27h, 26m; c a r r i e d two s p i d e r s and k i l l i f i s h .

Skylab 4 ( G e r a l d Carr , Edward Gibson, Willi:.m Pogue)

11/16/73- 2017h,15m 2/8/74 (84+d)

Obtained m e d i c a l d a t a on crew; t o t a l EVA d f 44h, 40m; o b s e r v e d comet Kohoutek.

Apollo-Soyuz Project (Donald K. Thomas P. Vance D. A l e x e i A. Valeri N.

7/15-24/

21711,28m

75

(9d

F i r s t manned j o i n t US-USSR Space effort; carried ki;lifish.

.

i

Duration

Test Slayton, Stafford, Brand, Leonov, Kubasov)

Studied v e s t i b u l a r nerve a c t i v i t y and a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e o t o l i t h system i n two b u l l f r o g s .

?

L. F i s c h e r

$;. ,

v T I T L E / N U M B E R :

C l i n i c a l Biochemistry

k.

5'

:I

B R O G ~ M Z S S I O ~ :Apollo CLASSIFICATION:

,

DISCIPLINE(S):

Hman Environmental h e a l t h , Hematology

QBJECTIVES: To p r o v i d e r o u t i n e c l i n i c a l d a t a f o r a s s e s s m e n . o f p r e f l i g h t crew p h y s i c a l s t a t u s and f o r p o s t f l i g h t compari:;c.,s; t o d e t e c t c l i n i c a l o r p a t h o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s which might havt r e q u i r e d remedial a c t i o n p r e f l i g h t ; t o d i s c o v e r a s e a r l y as p o s s i b l e any i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e p r o c e s s d u r i n g t h e p o s t f l i g h t q u a r a n t i n e p e r i o d s f o l l o w i n g c e r t a i n m i s s i o n s ; and t o o b t a i n fundamental medical knowledge r e l a t i v e t u man's a d j u s t m e n t t o and r e t u r n from t h e space f l i g h t environment. PROTOCOL: Blood samples were o b t a i n e d , f r o z e n and t r a n s p o r t e d f o r a n a l y s i s . C r i t i c a l a n a l y s e s were done b e f o r e f r e e z i n g . There was withdrawal o f 20 m l o f venous blood 3 t i m e s b e f o r e f l i g h t (F-30 d a y s , F-15, and F-5), &nd b ~ o o at a k e n a t R+2hr, H+1 day, R+6 d a y s , and R+13 days. Urine samples were t a k e n a t t h e same t i s e a s t h e blood. A g e n e r a l exposure h i s t o r y was t a k e n , and ground c o n t r o l s were u t i l i z e d . EQUIPMENT: Blood and u r i n e c c l l e c t i o n d e v i c e s and a s s a y equipment. RESULTS: There were no v s l u e s o u t of t h e normal r a n g e , b u t t h e r e were changes between pre- and p o s t f l i g h t l e v e l s . I n t h e blood serum a s w e l l a s i n t h e blood c o n s t i t u e n t s , t h e r e was a d e c r e a s e i n p c t a s s i u m , magnesium, l a c t i c dehydrogenase, c r e a t i n e phosphokinase, albumir,, u r i c a c i d , t r i g l y c e r i d e s , and c h o l e s t e r o l . There was an i n c r e a s e i n c r e a t i n e , t o t a l p r o t e i n , BUN, and g l u c o s e . I n t h e u r i n e samples, t h e r e was an i n c r e a s e i n e l e c t r o l y t e r e t e n t i o n w i t h a c o i n c i d e n t d e c r e a s e i n t h e volume and h y p w o s m o l a l i t y ( r e e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e b a l a n c e ) . A d e c r e a s e i n t h e e x c r e t e d u r i c a c i d was a l s o found. QJNCLUSIONS: The accumulated d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e s were met by t h e program. A l l changes a s c r i b e d t o t h e space f l i g h t environment were s u b t l e , whereas c l i n i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t changes were c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n f r e q u e n t i l l n e s s e s u n r e l a t e d t o t h e space f l i g h t exposure. PUBLICATIONS:

8

PRINCIPAL INVESTICATQR(S): R . E. Allen, G. H. Barlow, Milan B i e r , P. E. Bigazzi, R. J. Knox, F. J. E i c a l e , G. V. P. Seiunan, J. W. Vanderhoff, C . J. Van O s s , W. J. P a t t e r s o n , F. E. S c o t t , P. H. Rhodes, B. H. Nerren, and R . J. Harwell EXPERIMENTJ.TLE/NmE:

E l e c t r o p h o r e s i s Technology,

MA-0 1 1

Test P r o j e c t

CLASSIFICATION: Human, Animal r

? r

i

DSI:-

C e l l biology

QBJECTIVES: To conduct engineering and o p e r a t i o n a l t e s t s c," a s p a c e - r a t e d s t a t i c e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s s e p a r a t i o n a p p a r a t u s and t o f u r t h e r c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s through s e p a r a t i o n of s i m i l a r c e l l u l a r s p e c i e s . An e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s o r i s o t a c h o p h c r e s i s column was removed from i t s s t o r a g e loca'cion and i n s t a i l e d i n t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e - i s u n i t i n space. Fluid c o u a l i n g s t e r e secured t o each e l e c t r o d e chamber o f t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o l m n s only. The s l i d e c o n t a i n i n g a s p e c i f i c f r o z e n sample was removed from the cryoge LC f r e e z e r and i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e column. [r camera mountsd on t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n i t cover photographed c r i t i c a l c o n t r o l p o s i t i o n s and d i g i t a l r e a d o u t s dulling each column o p e r a t i c n . Following each electropho:*esis s e p a r a t i o c , t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s columns were f r o z e n by t h e t h e r r ~ o e l x t r i c module and then removed from t h e c r a d l e ; The crewman removed each e l e c t r o d e chamber from t h e columns and placed t h e column i n t h e cryogenic f r e e z e r f o r r a t u r n t o Eart.h. The i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s columns were neither* :rozen n o r r e t u r n e d , but o n l y photographed i n o r b i t d u r i n g t h e i r ope?zLion.

PROTOU:

EQUIPMENT: An e l e c t r o p h o r o s i s u n i t , a cryogenic f r e e z e r , e i g h t experiment columns ( s i x e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s , two i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s ) , and e i g h t sample insertion slides. -: S e p a r a t i o n of human, r a b b i t and h o r s e erythrocykes was accomplished. Human kidney c e l l s could be concentrated i n t o urokinaee (UK), human g r a n u l o c y t e c o n d i t i o n i n g f a c t o r (HGCF) and e r y t h r o p o i e t i q f r a c t i o n s . Human lymphocytes were i n c o n c l u s i v e . For t h e i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s p a r t o f t h e experiment, s e p a r a t i o n o f human e r y t h r o c y t e s from hemoglobin o r dyes was achieved. S e p a r a t i o n of human and r a b b i t e r y t h r o c y t e s o r r a b b i t and sheep e r y t h r o c y t e s was not a( hieved.

CONCJ.USIOE: With t h e s u c c e s s o f s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d p a r t i c l e s , it was shown t h a t e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s can be performed under zero-g c o n d i t i o n s . The absence of s i g n i f i c a n t electro-osmosis, t h e l r ~ s d i n gand r e t n r i n g o f a s t e r i l e system, t h e c a 2 t u r e o f t h e r e s u l t i n g s e p a r a t i o n , and t h e p r e s e r v 3 t l c n o f

;he v i a b l e c e l l s i n o r b i t and during t h e subsequent r e t u r n r e p r e s e n t s many ' , f i r s t s n f o r space. The newer methods of s e p a r a t i o n by i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s >roved t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f conducting l a r g e - p a r t i c l e p r o c e s s i n g by t h i s method. Gnfortunately, t h e experiment was not t o t a l l y s u c c e s s f u l because t h e f l u i d l i n e s i n some of t h e columns were blocked. :-

10, 11, 12, 25,

82, 93, 463

J. Vernon B a i l e y

=TITLE/NUMBER:

In-fl i g h t Radiation Detection

eROGRAM/MISSION: Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t :-

Human

:-

Environmental h e a l t h , Radiobiology

OBJECT=:

To determine i n f l i q h t r a d i a t i o n exposure. R a d i a t i o n d o s i m e t e r s were worn i n p o c k e t s oZ i n f l i g h t c o v e r a l l s .

:

P m :

P e r s o n a l R a d i a t i o n Dosimeter (PRD), P a s s i v e Dosimeter (PD).

Five of t h e s i x dosimeters operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y -: througnout t h e m i s s i o n . C r e w exposure v a r i e d from 10 t o 15 mrad/day which approached t h e minimum r e s p o n s e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e PRD's. T h i s was among t h e lowest exposure r e p o r t e d f o r any Apollo m i s s i o n . CONCIJJSIOE: significant

.

The t o t a l s p a c e r a d i a t i o n exposure o f t h e AST? crewmen was n o t

,

tE Zi

i '

J. Vernon B a i l e y

Apollo

: :-

1

Human

f

+ t

DISCIPLINE(S):

Radiobiology, Environmental h e a l t h

m m : To s t u d y a s t r o i i a u t exposure.

n a t u r a l and man-made r a d i a t i o n i n s p a c e and t o l i m i t

Dositrleters were p l a c e d a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s i n garments worn by t h e Pil(>=: crew throughout t h e m i s s i o n t o d e t e r m i n e a c c u r a t e r a d i a t i o n d o s e s f o r d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e body.

E P V m :

Van Allen belt; d o s i m e t e r , n u c l e a r p a r t i c l e d e t e c t i o n system, neutron r e s i s t a n t f o i l , bmsonal r a d i a t i o n dosimeter.

RESULTS: P e r s o n a l p a s s i v e d o s i m e t e r s d e t e c t e d 0.16 t o 0.55 r a d d m i s s i o n on Apollo m i s s i o n s . 1.14 r a d .

~ was exposed t o An e x c e p t i o n was on Apollo 14 when t h crew

Radiatior! was n o t an o p e r a t i o n a l p r o b l e n durrlng t h e Apollo Program. Dcses r e c e i v e d by t h e crewmen o f Apollo m i s s i o n s 7 through 17 were small because no major s o l a r - p a r t i c l e e v e n t s oc?l:rred d u r i n g t h o s e m i s s i o n s . S o l a r - p a r t i c l e releases a r e random e v e n t s , and it is p o s s i b l e t h a t f l a r e s , w i t h t h e accompanying e n e r g e t i c n u c l e a r p a r t i c l e s might b i n d e r f u t u r e f l i g h t s beyond t h e magnet.osphere o f t h e E a r t h .

:-

lNV-(S):

J. Vernon B a i l e y , Rudolph A . Hoffman, and Robert A. E n g l i s h

p R: a d i o l o g i c a l P r o t e c t i o n and Medical Dosimetry f o r t h e Skylab Crewman

:-

:-

QBJECTIVES:

, ,

Human Radiobiology, Environmental h e a l t h To s t u d y r a d i a t i o n exposure i n s p a c e .

lJjlTOCOL: Each crewman wore a p a s s i v e d o s i m e t e r s t r a p p e d on a n k l e o r wrist. P a s s i v e d o s i m e t e r s were placed i n t h e O r b i t a l Workshop f i l m s t o r a g e v a u l t . Crewmen r e p o r t e d dosime5er r e a d i n g s d a i l y . EQUIP=:

Passive dosimeters.

m: P e r s o n a l

p a s s i v e d o s i m e t e r s d e t e c t e d 1.98 t o 7.61 r a d h i s s i o n . S k i n , ?ye l e n s and blood forming organ d o s e s were computed from Van Allen B e l t d o s i m e t e r and e l e c t r o n - p r o t o n s p e c t r o m e t e r . Dose was r e l a t e d t o l e v l g t h o f mission: Skin: 3.44 t o 16.04 rem Lens: 2.72 t o 11.83 rem Blood forming organs: 1.68 t o 7.32 rem. CONCLUSIbK: Dose e q u i v a l e n t s f o r each crewman were w e l l below t h e t h r e s h o l d o f s i g n i f i c a n t c l i n i c a l e f f e c t . A SL c r e m a n could f l y a m i s s i o n comparable t o one 84-day SL4 m i s s i o n p e r y e a r f o r 50 y e a r s b e f c r e exceeding c a r e e r l i m i t s f o r r a d i a t i o n exposure.

PRIN(=ilPAL Joseph T. Baker, Arnsuld E. Nicogossian, G. Wyckliffe H o f f l e r , Yobert L. Johnson, and J e r r y R .

Hordinsky P' Changes i n t h e A c h i l l e ~Tendon R e f l e x e s Following EXRLJPIMGNT:

Skylab M i s s i o n s

i

i ? iCIPLINE(S): H u s c u l o s k e l e t a l , Neurosensory

: i P

To assess p o s s i b l e neuromuscular a l t e r a t i o n s f o l l o w i n g e x t e n d e d s ~ a c e f l i g h tby c o n d u c t i n g measurements o f t h e A c h i l l e s tendon r e f l e x d u r a t i o n mil its a s s o c i a t e d muscle p o t e n t i a l .

Each o f t h e crewmembers p a r t i c i p a t e d i n 3 p r e f l i g h t and s i x The crewmember p o s i t i o n e d h i s r i g h t knee on a firm s u p p o r t , i l i , h a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t as n e c e s s a r y t o a c h i e v e r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e g a . t r o c n e m i u s muscle. A r e l a t i v e d i s p l a c e m e n t t r a n s d u c e r was a t t a c h e d t o t h e p l a n t a r b e a r i n g s u r f a c e . Muscle p o t e n t i a l s were t a k e n . The A c h i l l e s tendon was s t r u c k s e v e r a l times as a werm up. To e i i c i t r e p r o d u c i b l e and well i w x r i b e d tendon r e f l e x e s , t h e A c h i l l e s tendon was s t r u c k e v e r y two s e c o n d s f o r t h i r t y seconds w i t h a p e r c u s s i o n hammer. No r e i n f o r c e m e n t maneuver was used t o augment t h e r e f l e x .

i"=:

po t f l i g h t tests.

:

R e l a t i v e d i s p l a c e m e n t t r a n s d u c s r , s i l v e r e l e c t r o d e s , FM magnetic

tape. Crewmenbers o f Skylab 3 and 4 e x h i b i t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y s!.ortened , e f l e x i n t h e i m e d i a t e p o s t f l i g h t p e r i o d . A eompcnsatory p r o l o n g a t i o n ~f t h e i e f l e x d u r a t i o n was e x h i b i t e d between 4 and 12 d a y s a f t e r r e c o v e r y followed by E grw!ual r e t u n t o t h e p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s . I n g e n e r a l , t h e muscle p o t e n t i a l i n t e r v a l c o r r c iponded w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e and d e c r e a s e i n t h e r e f l e x d u r a t i o n .

.ilE;S;ULTS:

The changes i n r e f l e x d u r a t i o n may be due t o t h e s e r v o f e e d b a c k system o f t h e p o s t u r a l muscles i n which t h e y must s u d d e n l y resume u p r i g h t s u p p w t o f t h e body i n a one-g environment a f t e r weeks o f i n a c t i v i t y . An a t t e n d e n t s t r a i n and s t r e t c h i n t h e s e muscles r e s u l t s i n an o v e r s t i m u l a t t o n o f t h e n,surolpusc?;lar system c a u s i n g i n i t i a l d e c r e s s e i n r e f l e x d u r a t i o n . As ; t e muusles r e g a i n s t r e r , g t h and mass, t h e r e occurs an overcompensation r e f l e c t e d by incrc!ased re)'?.?x d l i r a t i o n . When a normal neuromuscular s t a t e is reach d , t h e r e f I ex d w e t l o n r e t u r n s t o b a s e l i n e v a l u e .

J;aG&sIONs:

U-R(S):

Michael A. Bender, F r e d e r i c k J. d e s e r r e s , P. Carolyn Gooch, I. R. Miller, D. B. Smith and S o h e i Kondo

p R: a d i a t i o n and Zero-Gravity E f f e c t s on Human Leukocytes and &u.ro.s~ora crassa, SO04 PROGRAM/MISSIOK:

Gemini 3, 1 1

CLASSIFICATION: Human, Microorganism DISCIPLINE(S):

R a d i o b i o l o g y , Hematology, Cell Biology, G e n e t i c s

m:To

d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e is a n y s y n e r g i s m between r a d i a t i o n and s p a c e f l i g h t i n w h i t e b l o o ~c e l l s , and i n Neurcrassa, and if t h e r e are any l a r g e r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s f o l l o w i n g s p a c e f l i g h t .

: u h o l e human blood and N e u r o s ~ o r ac r a s s a s p o r e s were i r r i d i a t e d w i t h e y s d u r i n g o r b i t . I r r a d i a t i o n was accomplished by i d e n t i c a l e x p e r i m e n t a l d e v i c e s , one on t h e r i g h t h a n d h a t c h o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t , and one on t h e ground. Upon c o m p l e t i o n , a c y t o g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s was made o f e a c h b l o o d sample, and t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f chromosome a b e r r a t i o n d e t e r m i n e d . Y i e l d s o f b o t h s i n g l e and m u l t i p l e b r e a k a b e r r a t i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e f l i g h t and g r o u n d - c o n t r o l samples. S u r v i v a l o f t h e s p o r e s and m u t a b i l i t y o f two d i f f e r e n t g e n e s were s t u d i e d f o r f r e q u e n c i e s o f chromosome b r e a k a g s and o f gene m u t a t i o n . S p o r e samples were i r r t d i a t e d on t h e s u r f a c e o f f i l t e r s and i n s u s p e n s i o n form. Gemini 3 c a r r i e d o n l y human blood w h i l e Gemini 11 c a r r i e d b o t h s2ecimens.

J5PUIPMENX:

3 2 ~s o u r c e , aluminum blood-sample h o l d e r , d o s i m e t e r r o d s .

HESULTS: A synergism between r a d i a t i o n and some s p a c e f l i ~ h tp a r a m e t e r s a p p e a r e d t o e x i s t f o r human chromosome a b e r r a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n on t h e Gemini 3 f l i g h t . It seems l i k e l y t h a t t h i s e f f e c t is on t h e normal r e s t i t u t i o n o f chromosome b r e a k s . Both t h e Gemini 11 blood e x p e r i m e n t and t h e N , J ! l c r a s a experiment f a i l e d t o r e s u l t i n d a t a c o n f i r m a t o r y o f t h e a p p a r e n t s y n e r g i s m observed OP t h e Gemini 3 m i s s i o n . CONCL[LSIONS: The two p a r t s o f t h i s experiment have shown t h a t n e i t h e r o r b i t a l s p a c e f l i g h t no; any o f t h e s t r e s s e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t produced s i g n i f i c a n t , u n p r e d i c t e d g e n e t i c damage, a t l e a s t i n s o f a r as chromosomal a b e r r a t i o n p r o d u c t i o n is a v a l i d measure o f t h i y g e r ~ e r a it y p e o f e f f e c t . PUBLICATIONS:

30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 145, 149, 152

4i !

D

A

i

I

!

L INVESTICATOR(SL; S t u a r t A. Bergman, G. Wyckliffe H o f f l e r , and Robert L. Johnson

EXPERIMENTNUMBER:

PROS:-

Evaluation of t h e Electromechanical P r o p e r t i e s o f t h e Cardiovascular System A f t e r Prolonged Weightlessnes:~

.

Skylab 2 , 3, 4

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

Cardiovascular

OBJECTIVE: To e v a l u a t e t h e e l e c t r c m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r system. PROTOCOL: Cardiovascular electromechanical measurements were c o l l e c t e d on a l l r e t u r n i n g Skylab crewmen a t r e s t ana d u r i n g both lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e and e x e r c i s e s t r e s s t e s t i n g . These d a t a were compared with averaged respol.ses from m u l t i p l e p r e f l i g h t t e s t s . S y s t o l i c timc i n t e r v a l s and first h e a r t sound amplitude changes were measured. C l i n i c a l c:ardiovascular examinations includea phonocardiograms, apexcardiograms, pneumograms, and c a r o t i d p u l s e analyses. Lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e d e v i c e , phonocardiographic system, v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h , s t r a i n gage, displacement t r a n s d u c e r .

EQUIPMENT:

RESULTS:

I n a l l crewmen, t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t p o s t f l i g h t changes i c e j e c t i o n time index, p r e - e j e c t i o n p e r i o d , and i n t h e r a t i c o f t h e t u g . A l l s y s t o l i c time i n t e r v a l s r e t u r n e d t o p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s ~ i t h i none month. There were d e c r e a s e s i n first h e a r t sound amplitude responses t o lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e . The s y s t o l i c time i n t e r v a l d a t a were c o n s i s t e n t with a reduced s t r o k e volume. There was a marked r e d u c t i o n i n a l l h e a r t sounds, p r e c o r d i a l movement, and a r t e r i a l p u l s a t i o n s . CONCLUSIONS: The r e s u l t s suggest t h a t t h e r e is a f i l n c t i o n a l impairment t o venous r e t u r n and perhaps a myocardial f a c t o r i n t h e o v e r a l l decreased t o l e r a n c e t o s t r e s s i n t h e p o s t f l i g h t period. A l l changes noted r e t u r n e d t o normal w i t h i n 30 days p o s t f l i g h t . Therefore, t h e p r o c e s s e s seem t r a n s i e n t and s e l f - l i m i t e d . The c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e a seems t o adapt t o 0-g, and i s capable of r e a d a p t i o n t o one-g a f t e r long d u r a t i o n space f l i g h t . Repeated exposures t o 0-g a l s o appear t o have no d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r system.

J e r i W. Brown

N I-VEST C IATQR :S)(

wm-:

Crew Height Measurement

PROGRAM/MISSION: Apollo-Soyuz Test. P r o j e c t :-

Human

D_ISCIPLINE(S):

Musculoskeletal

QBJZCTlVEs: To q u a n t i f y t h e e f f e c t s o f zero-g on crewman h e i g h t and t o determine t h e change as a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e o v e r a m i s s i o n l e n g t h comparable t o t h e p r o j e c t e d i n i t i a l Space S h u t t l e f l i g h t s . PROTOC&: S i t t i n g h e i g h t and e y e - l e v e l h e i g h t were measured p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t .

WJPENT:

Tape measure.

JESULU: I n c r e a s e d s t a t u r e was noted. T h i s i n c r e a s e o c c u r r e d a s a two-step "growthn. Only a s m a l l change (1.3 cm a v e r a g e ) m c u r r e d betw.:en launch and m i s s i e n day 6. The major change, as much as 6.6 cm t o t a l , o c c u r r e d between m i s s i o n days 6 and 9. mCLL'SIOIQ: The s m a l l e r i n i t i a l change may r e s u l t from removing g-loads on t h e body and t h u s p e r m i t t i n g l o s s o f s p i n a l c u r v a t u r e . A s i m i l a r expansion is observed on E a r t h when s t a h r e is compared between s t a n d i n g and s u p i n e body p o s i t i o n s . The second l a r g e r wgrowthn may be accounted f o r from t h e expansion o f t h e now unloaded i n t e r v e r t e b r a l d i s k s . T h i s expansion may Le f u r t h e r a f f e c t e d by t h e body f l u i d s h i f t s i n zero-g.

PRLNC,IPAL NIV-

1

1

.

i !

3

I

Lee R. Brown, William J. Frome, Sandra Handler, Merrill G. Wheatcroft, and Linda J. Rider Skylab O r a l Health S t u d i e s

:-

PBOGRAM/MISSION: Skylab 2 , 3, 4 Human, Microorganism

:-

DISCIPLINE(S):

Environmental h e a l t b

QBJECTIVES: To m a i n t a i n o r a l h s e l t h . PROTD(;QL: During a l l m i s s i o n s , p r o v i s i o n was made f o r a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e c m w n e n r s home c a r e program and equipment. T r a i n i n g was provided t o a l l a s t r o n a u t s f o r s e l f - t r e a t m e n t i n f l i g h t s h c u l d t h e need arise.

1

EQUIPMENT:

I n f l i g h t Medical Support System Dental K i t .

E v a l u a t i o n o f Skylab crewmembers f o r m i s s i o n - r e l a t e d e f f e c t s on v r a l h e a l t h i n r e l a t i o n t o p o s s i b l e d e n t a l i n j u r i e s provided t h e f o l l o w i n g d i s t i n c t i v e changes: ( 1 ) fincreased c o u n t s o f s p e c i f i c a n a e r o b i c and s t r e p t o c o c c a l components; (2) e l s v a t i o n s i n l e v e l s o f set!-etory IgA c o n c u r r e n t with d i m i n u t i o n s o f s a l i v a r y lysozyme, and ( 3 ) i n c r e a s e s i n d e n t a l c a l c u l u s and g i n g i v a l i n f lamnations

RESUtTS:

.

n :The most

s i g n i f i c a n t f i c d i n g from i n v e s t i g a t i o n s was t h e r e l a t i v e nonexistence o f h e a l t h hazardous i n t r a o r a l changes. The c l i n i c a l changes are considered t o be more i n f l u e n c e d by t h e p r e e x i s t i n g s t ~ t eo f d e n t a l h e a l t h t h a n by any m i s s i o n - r e l a t e d e f f e c t s .

T. F. Budinger, Cornelius A . Tobias, E. Schopper, J. U. S c h ~ t t ,R . H. Huesman, F. T.Upham, and T. F. Weiskamp BXPERWNT TITLFYNUWB:

P-Tm:

Light Flash Observations, MA-106

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t ;

CJIASSmATION: I-.

IP-!:

Human Radiobiology

Qm: To a s c e r t a i n q u a n t i t a t i v e l y

t h e frequency, c h a r a c t e r , l a t i t u d i n a l dependence, and i d e n t i t y of cosmic p a r t i c l e s t h a t cause l i g h t f l a s h phenomena. The u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e was the assessment o f r a d i a t i o n h a z a r d s f o r long-term E a r t h - o r b i t i n g and i n t e r p l ~ n e t a r ymissions.

PROTOCOL: Two r e v o l u t i o n s were devoted t o t h i s experiment. During r e v o l u t i o n 110, t h e s i l i c o n telescope-spectrometer was deployed f o r t h e measurement o f t h e t r a j e c t o r y , atomic charge 2, and v e l o c i t y o f cosmic p a r t i c l e s w i t h z s t o p p i n g power o f 10 keV/micrmeter o r g r e a t e r . During r e v o l u t i o n 111, t h e Apollo commander and t h e Command Module p i l o t made continuous o b s e r v a t i o n s o f v i s u a l s e n s a t i o n s while dark adapted. The Docking Module p i l o t operated t h e experiment c o n t r o l u n i t , which r e c e i v e d d a t a from t h e s i l i c o n d e t e c t o r s a s w e l l a s from s i l v e r c h l o r i d e c r y s t a l s t h a t were used t o r e g i s t e r p a r t i c l e t r a c k s ?n f o u r s e c t o r s of t h e o r b i t corresponding t o c o r t h e r n l a t i t u d e s , e q u a t o r i a l l a t i t u d e s , t h e South A t l a n t i c Anoacaly (9AA) , and s o u t h e r n latitudes. EQUIPMENT: Two dark a d a p t a t i o n masks, two pushbuti;ons, tia c ~ s m i c - p a r t i c l e d e t e c t o r boxes, and a c o n t r o l and power u n i t t h a t housed a d a t a t a p e . RESULTS: A t o t a l of 82 e v e n t s was r e p o r t e d by t h e two a s t r o n a u t s . No increased a c t i v i t y i n t h e S A A and 20 g r a y i n g o f t h e darkened v i s u a l f i e l d s occurred. The abundance o f i o n s t h a t caused t h e l i g h t f l a s h phenomena is minimal between l a t i t u d e s 30 degrees N and 30 degrees S . The frequency o f l i g h t f l a s h e v e n t s between l a t i t u d e s 30 d e g r e e s N and 50 a c g r e e s h and 30 degrees S and 50 degrees S is 25 times t h a t noted i n e q u a t o r i a l i a l i t u d e s . T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n of f l a s h e s is c o r r e l a t e d with t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f cosmic p a r t i c l e s with s t o p p i n g power g r e a t e r than 15 keV/micrometer i n t h e eye. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency o f r e p o r t e d l i g h t f l a s h e v e n t s is s t r o n g l y dependent on l a t i t u d e . There was an i n c r e a s e d r a t e o f v i s u a l e v e n t s near t h e s o u t h geomagnetic pole which can be explained by d a r k a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e crewmembers. There were no r e p o r t s o f high frequency throughout t h e S A A a s was expected from a previous Skylab 4 r e p o r t . The f l u x o f protons was 23 times g r e a t e r f o r Skylab a t a 443 km a l t i t u d e than f o r Apollo-Soyuz a t 225 icm. The Apollo Command M o d ~ l ehad g r e a t e r r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d i n g than Skylab which allowed fewer e v e n t s .

: Eduard C. Burchard, and Arnauld E. Nicogossian

'

f

PAOCRAM/MISSION: Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t

,

CLASSIFICATION: Human

1

I

4

t

!

i : :

PISCIPLINE_CST: Musculoskeletal, Neurosensory n QBJEuTIVFS : To measure t h e A c h i l l e s tendon r e f l e x i n o r d e r t o d e t e c t changes i n neuromuscular f'unc t i o n .

P R L c . ~ : The measurement was performed d u r i n g t h e p h y s i c a l examination on a l l t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s on days F-30, F-15, and on R+O. A p h o t o e l e c t r i c c e l l was employed t o time t h e A c h i l l e s tendon r e f l e x by measuring t h e displacement o f t h e f o o t . A t a p on t h e A c a i l l e s tendon with a p e r c u s s i o n hammer caused t h e f o o t t o move i n t h e l i g h t beam and g e n e r a t e a change i n p ~ l o t o a e l lv o l t a g e . Tt,e changes were recorded on e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h paper t o g i v e a time-position p l o t o f r e f l e x a c t i o n . Measurements were made from t h e beginning o f t h e hannner t a p t o m e - h a l f t h e r e l a x a t i o n period.

BESULTS: The ACDR and t h e DMP e x h i b i t e d a s h o r t e n i n g i n t h e r e f l e x d u r a t i o n time, whereas t h e CMB showed an i n c r e a s e d r e f l e x time. I n a d d i t i o n , a l l crewmembers showed s i g n i f i c a n t f i n e tremor, as documented by t r a c i n g s which could r e f l e c t t h e e f f e c t s of t h e i n h a l e d vapor o f n i t r o g e n t e t r o x i d e . T h i s tremor which was recorded on t h e b a s e l i n e t r a c i n g s o f t h e A c h i l l e s tendon r e f l a x was a l s o c l i n i c a l l y observed i n t h e f i n g e r s f o r a s h o r t time on R+O. CONCLUSIONS: The d a t a show t h e p r e d i c t e d p o s t f l i g h t ckange i n t h e A c h i l l e s teadon r e f l e x time. For t h e first time s i n c e t h e tendon r e f l e x measurement was i n t r o d u c e d , p o s t f l i g h t tremor was documected.

2

AL INVESTICATOR(S):

B. Sue C r i s w e l l

p C: e l l u l a r Immune Response

PROGRAM/MISSION: Apollo-Soyuz Tes' P r o j e c t Human

:-

DISCIPLINE(S):

Hematology, C e l l biology, Immunology

OBJECTIVES: To s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s of spsce:'ljght

parameters on c e l l u l a r i m u n e

response. Eamples o f h e p a r i n i z e d p e r i p h e r a l venous blood (10 cm3 ) were obtained and processed w i t h i n one t o 24 hours a f t e r c o l l e c t i o n . Before s e p a r a t i o n , m t a l l e u k o c y t e (WBC) counts were performed using a heaacytometer and/or a Coulter c o u n t e r , and d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t s were d e t r w i n e d u s i n g s l i d e p r e p a r a t i o n s s t a i n e d with Wright's s t a i n . Parameters s t u d i e d were WBC c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , lymphocyte numbers, B- and T-lymphocyte d j s t r i b u t i o n s i n p e r i p h e r a l blood, and lymphocyte responsiveness t o phytonemagglutinin (PHA) , pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Concanavalin A (ConA), and i n f l u e n z a v i r u s a n t i g e n .

pBeTm:

EQUIPMENT:

Venous blood c o l l e c t i o n equipment and blood s t o r a g e equipment.

BESULTS: R e d ~ q e dhuman lymphocyte response (uptake of 3~ thymidir.2) t o phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found on R+O and R+l b u t was w i t h i n normal range R+8. There were v a r i e d responses t o pokeweed and Concanavalin A mitogens. No q c a n t i t a t i v e T - c e l l , B-cell p o p u l a t i o n changes were found. One o f t h e 3 crewmen respcr.ded t o i n f l u e n z a v i r u s ( t y p e A ) a n t i g e n p o s t f l i g h t . The e n t i r e crew responded t o England s t r a i n p r e f l i g h t . CONCL,USiQ&: Although t h e crewmen appeared t o have no o v e r t d i s e a s e p r o c e s s upon r e t u r n , t h e y d i d appear t o experiellce a s t r e s s phenomenon s i m i l a r t o a d i s e a s e s t a . t e which may have c r e a t e d t h e observed d e p r e s s i o t ~i n l p p h x y t e s . Because no i n f l i g h t blood sampled were analyzed f o r l y n p h o c y t i c responsiveness, i t is not known i f t h e s u p p r e s s i o n begins immediate1:r a f t e r a 9-dab s t a y i n space o r is a r e s u l t of splashdown s t r e L e s . Because c o r t i s o l , i n high d o s e s , j s known t o coqtrcll t h e immune response, t h e d e p r e s s i o n s i n lyu~phocyticresponsiveness i n + h i s i n s t a n c e may be r e l a t e d t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f c o r t i s o l on R+O.

BRINCIP.4L I N V E S l i U O R ( S ); Lawrence F. D i e t l e i n , and E l l i o t t S. H a r r i s EXPE:R --

B i o a s s a y o f Body F l u i d s

- MOO5

Gemini 7 , 8, 9

: - P

S;kASSIFICATIOfil: Human :-

Hematology, E n d o c r i n o l o g y

OBJECTIVES: To d e t e r m i n e t h e metabolic c o s t o f manned s p a c e f l i g h t and t o u s e t h e r e s u l t s t o i n d i c a t e t h e p h y s i d o g i c a l s t a t u s o f t h e crewmembers. PROTOCOJL: S m p l e s t a k e n p r e - and p o s t f l i g h t o f plasma/serum were a s s a y e d f o r 17-hydroxycorticostoroids, p r o t e i n s , a n t i d i u r e t i c hormone, h y d r o x y p r o l i n e , e l e c t o l y t e s , b i l i r u b i n , and u r i c a c i d . Pre-, p o s t - , and i n f l i g h k s a m p l e s o f u r i n e were a s s c y e d f o r volume, s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y , o s m c l a l i t y , pH, 57-hydroxycorticosterlods, electrolytes, c , ~ ' c e c h o l a m i n e s , n i t r o g e n o u s compounds, a n t i d i u r e t i c hormone and a l d o s t e r o n e . Plasma was t a k e n i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r r e c o v e r y , and a t R+6, 2 4 , and 72 h o u r s . U r i n e was c o l l e c t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r 48 h o u r s a f t e r f l i g h t . EQUIPMENT:

Assay equipment and u r i n e c o l l e c t i o n d e v i c e .

PES'JLPS: E1ectropho.-etic p a t t e r n s were normal. T h e r e was a n i n c r e a s e i n 1 7 - h y d r o x y c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r r e c o v e r y , which r e t u r n e d t o normal w i t h i n 6 h o u r s . There was a d r o p i n plasma !!?ic w i d , which may have been causod by lcx p u r i n e i n t a k e . There was marked wai,er r e t e n t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y p o s t f l i g h t and r e t e n t i o n o f e l e c t o l y t e s . T h i s is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e h y p o t h c s i s t h a t a t r i a l and t h o r a c i c s t r e t c h r e c e p t o r s a r e o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l i m p o r t a n c e i n g r a v i t y change. CONCLUSIONS: E l e c t r o l y t e and w a t e r r e t e n t i o n o b s e r v e d i m m e d i a t e l y p o s t f l i g h t are c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e Gauer-Henry a t r i a l r e f l e x was r e s p o n s i v e t o a change from t h e w e i g h t l e s s t o t h e one-g e n v i r o n m e n t . A l t e r a t i o n s i n e l e c t r o l y t e and w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t may h a v e been c o n t r i b u t o r y . I m m e d i a t e l y p o s t f l i g h t , plasma 17-hyd~~~xyaorticosteroid l e v e l s were e l e v a t e d . Plasma u r i c a c i d was r e d u c e d . The c a u s e o f t h e r e d u c t i o n i s unknown, b u t is presumed t o be d i e t a r y . PUBLICATIONS:

154, 155, 163, 249

mPALY.!.

Lawrence F. D i e t l e t n , and William V. Judy

C a r d i o v a x u l a r C m C i t i o n ing , MOO 1

: -W

CLASSIFICATIQN:

Human

R,lSCIPLINE(S): Cardiovascular

Q&&CTIVES:

To prevent c a r d i o v a s c u l a r d e c o n d i t i o n i n g .

P,fjQTOCOL: Pneumatic c y c l i n g systom a l t e r n a t e l y i n f l a t e d and d e f l a t e d l e g c c f f o a t t a c h e d t o p i l o t ' s t h i g h s . P r i o r t b t h e m i s s i o n , each crewmember was given a s e r i e s o f t i l t - t a b l e t e s ' x as a c o n t r o l .

P r e s s u r i z e d s t o r a g e v e s s e l charged with 0-ygen t o 3,5CO p s i g , a penumatx c o n t r o l system f o r m n i t o r i n g t h e pressurize,' s t o r a g e v ? s s e l , a pneumati3 o s c i l l a t o r system for p e r i o d i c a l l y i n f l a t i n g v d d e f l k t i n g t h e l e g cuffs.

EQUIPMGU:

P r e f l i g h t t i l t (70' u p r i g h t ) showed i n c r e a s e d h e a r t r a t e , d i a s t o l i c p r e s s u r e , and l e g volume. P o s t f l i g h t tilt (R+O) showed l a r g e i n c r e x j e s i n h e a r t r a t e , l e g voliune, d e c r e a s e s i n s y s t o l i c , d i r 3 t o l i c and p u l s e p r e s s u r e s . E f f e c t s wert? l e s s pronounced h+l and R+3. f r e t i l t leg volume a t R+3 was s t i l l elevated.

:.

CONCLUSIONS: Venous l e g c u f f s were not e f f e c t i v e i n reducing p o s t f l i g h t o r t h o s t a t i c i l l t o l e r a n c e f o r t h e crewmen who wore them i n f l i g h t . The p u l s a t i l e c u f f s s p p e a r e i t o be - f f e c t i v e i n l e s s e n i n g t h e degree of p o s t f l i g h t pooling of blood i n t h s lower e x t r e m i t i e s a s judged by t h e s t r a i n gage technique.

PUBLICATIONS:

156, 157, 160, 169, 460

jTtIN_CIPAL IpVEST1;GATQRO: SPERIMENT TITLE/NCMBEE: PROGRAM/MISSU: CLASSLEICATION: DISCIPJ.INE(S):

Lawrence F. D i e t l e i n , a n d Rita M. Rapp I n f l i g h t E x e r c i s e and Work T o l e r a n c e , MOO3

Gemini 4, 5, 7 Human Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Eehavioral science

QBJECTIVU: The dsy-to-day e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e crewmembers d u r i n g l o n g - d u r a t i o n saace f l i g h t . The b a s i s o f t h i s e v a l u a t i o n was t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m t o a c a l i b r a t e d workload. PROTOCOL: Z x e r c i s e methods w i t h t h e e x e r c i s e d e v i c e l a s t e d f o r 30 s e c o n d s d u r i n g which t i m f t h e a s t r o n a u t s t r e t c h e d t h e bungee c o r d s t h r o u g h a f u l l e x t e n s i o n o n c e ?er s e c o n d . E x e r c i s e p e r i o d s were s c h e d u l e d twice d a i l y f o r e a c h crewmember. Blood p r e s s u r e measurements were o b t a i n e d b e f o r e and a f t e r each e x e r c i s e period. EQUI?iENT: A p a i r o f r u b b e r bungee c o r d s a t t a c h e d t o a n y l o n h a n d l e a t o n e end and GO a n y l o n f o o t s t r a p a t t h e o t h e r , m a g n e t i c t a p e r e c o r d e r , and phonocardiogrzphic system. RESULTS: i n f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t measurements were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t . P o s t f l i g h t e v a l u a t i o n showed oxygen c ~ n s u m pito n and s y s t o l i c Ll x - 2 p r e s s u r e r e d u c e d . D i a s t o l i c b l o o d p r x s u r e and p u l s e p r e s s u r e were i n c r e a s e d . L i t t l e change i n h e a r t A - a t e r e s p o n s e was found.

CONCLUSTONS: The r e s p o n s ? o f t n e c a r d i o v a s c u i a r s y s t e m t o a c a l i b r a t e d workioad -s r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l d u r i n g f l i g h t . Thp ere-members a r e a b l e t o p e r f o m m i l d - t o - m o d e r a t e a m o m t s o f work u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s p a c e f l i g h t . No d e c r e m e n t i n t h p~h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e crew was a p p a r e n t . PUBLICATIONS:

16 1 , 164, 165, 460

PRINCIPAL-(S):

Lawrence F. D i e t l e i n , and C a r l o s Vallbona

p I: n f l i g h t Phonocardiogram, MOO4 PROGRAM/HISSION: Gemini 4, 5 Human

:DISCIPLINE(S):

Cardiovascular

QBJECTIVES: To measure and correlate t h e v a r i o u s phaaes af e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical a c t i v i t y o f t h e cardiac c y c l e i n o r d e r t o g a i n i n s i g h t i n t a t h e c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n a l s t a t u s o f crewmembers d u r i n g p ~ o l o n g e ds p a c e f l i g h t . An e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m and phonocardiogram o f e a c h creumember were recorded t h r o u g h o u t t h e mission. Recording o c c u r r e d i n two p e r i o d s . The i n i t i a l p e r i o d was c o n t i n u o u s f o r 9 m i n u t e s , s t a r t i n g a t 1 minute b e f o r e l i f t o f f u n t i l o r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n . The f i n a l p e r i o d was c o n t i r ~ u o u sfrom 5 m i n u t e s b e f o r e r e e n t r y u11ti1 splashdown. Also, 1 minute r e c o r d s were made a t h o u r l y i n t e r v a l s , for t h e first 24 h o u r s and a t 4 h o i t i n t e r v a l s f o r t h e remainder o f t h e m i s s i o n u n t i l 5 m i n u t e s b e f o r e r e e n t r y .

BV':

Phonocardiographic t r a n s d u c e r , a n e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h i c s l g n a l t r a n s d u c e r and onboard bicmedical t a p e r e c o r d e r .

:

E m :

I n f l i g h t rare premature a t r i a l and v e n t r i c u l a r colntractiorls were found. F l u c t u a t i o n s c f e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l s y s t o l e d u r a t i o n c o r r e l a t e d w i t h h e a r t rate. There were s t a b l e v a l u e s f o r e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l d e l a y . Peak h e a r t rates o c c u r r e d d u r i n g l a u n c h and r e e n t r y . They were lower and s t a b l e i n f l i g h t . The p o s t f l i g h t r a t e was 18-622 h i g h e r t h a n p r e f l i g h t . n

Wide f l i i c t u a t i o n s i n t h e d u r a t i o n o f c a r d i a c c y c l e were n o t e d throughout t h e m i s s i o n s . F l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e d u r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o m e c h a n i z a l s y s t o l e t h a t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h changes i n h e a r t rate and s t a b l e v a l u e s f o r e l e c t r o n e c h a n i c a l d e l a y were observed. There was e v i d e n c e o f a d r e n e r g i c r e a c t i o n a t l i f t - o f f , d u r i n g e n t r y , and i n t h e few h o u r s t h a t preceded e n t r y .

: -

James K. F e r g u s o n , Gary W . McCollum, a n d Benjamin L. P o r t n o y

-INVEST1GATOB(S); .I

A c a l y s i s o f t h e S k y l a b F l i g h t Crew H e a l t h p: S t a b i l i z a t i o n Progran

PROGRAH/MISS;CQbL: S k y l a b 2 , 3, 4

DISCIPLINE(S):

En; i r o n m e n t a l h e a l t h

m:To

r e d u c e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t a crewman would come i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h a n i n f e c t i o u s d i s e a s e a g e n t d u r i n g t h e c r i t i c a l time p e r i o d s o f e a c h mission. PROTOCOL: l s o l a t i o n p e r i o d s were e s t a b l i s h e d p r i o r t o l a u n c h , as w e l l a s p o s t f l i g h t , i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e number o f i n f e c t i c u s i l i n e s s c o n t a c t s between crewmen. The number o f p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e crewmen was l i m i t e d , and ill p e r s o n s were n o t p e r m i t t e d t o e n t e r p r i m a r y work a r e a s . I n i t i a l l y , a l l p e r s o n s who r e q u i r e d c o n t a c t w i t h t h e f l i g h t crewmen d u r i n g a 21-day p e r i o d b e f o r e f l i g h t . were i d e n t i f i e d . P h y s i c a l examination: a n d i m m u n i z a t i o n s were g i v e n t o t h e i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n n e l . V o l u n t a r y rspot?.ing a n d a c t i v e s u r v e i l l a n c e were u s e d t o d e t e c t i l l n e s s o c c u r r e n c e s and e x p o s u r e s t o i l l n e s s among t h e p r i m a r y c o n t a c t p e r s o n n e l . A 7-day p o s t f l i g h t i c o l a t i o n p e r i o d was added t o p r o t e c t t h e crewmen f r o m a n y i n c r e a s e d s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o infectious diseases.

EQUIPMENT:

None i d e n t i f i e d .

WILTS: The most f r e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d i l l n e s s c o n t a c t s were u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n s . E n t e r i c i l l n e s s e s were t h e n e x t most common i l l n e s s , b u t t h e s e were r e l a t i v e l y r a r e compared t o u p p e r r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o f i s . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e F l i g h t Crew H e a l t h S t a b i l i z a t i o n Program s u c c e s s f u l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d its g o a l i n r e d u c i n g t h e number o f i l l n e s s e x p o s u r e s t o f l i g h t crewen.

The e f f o r t made t o r e d u c ~r he number cf p r i m a r y c o n t a c t s was o f g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h c g o a l s a f t h e program. L i m i t i n g crew c o n t a c t t o a d e f i n e d and m e d i c a l l ] c o n t r o l l e d p o p u l a t i o n o f p r i m a r y c o n t a c t s s h o u l d b e con t i ? x d i n f u t u r e p r o g r a m s .

:

PRINCIPAL. James K. Ferguson F l i g h t C r e w Health S t a b i l i z a t i o n P r ~ ~ r a m

:-

F : Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t :-

:-

Human Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: To reduce t h e p r o b a b i l i t y c f i l l n e s s

i~f l i g h t crewmen.

pBoTOCQ&: Prime and backup crewmen were h e l d under c o n d i t i o n s o f s e m i - i s o l a t i o n from 21 days b e f o r e f l i g h t u n t i l launch. An i d e n t i f i c a t i o n list o f primary c o n t a c t s was a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Medical S u r v e i l l a n c e O f f i c e 90 days b e f o r e l i f t - o f f . :

None i d e n t i f i e d .

The r a t e o f i l l n e s s e s r e p o r t e d by t h e primary c o n t a c t s was 12.4 i l l n e s s e s p e r 1000 persons p e r week. The r a t e o f c o n t a c t s t o i l l n e m r e p o r t e d was 3 p e r 1000 p e r s o n s p e r week. No i n f e c t i o u s i l l n e s s occurred i n any of t h e c r e m e n d u r i n g t h e period o f time they were covered by t h e program.

RESULTS:

m:The

r a t e o f primary c o n t a c t r e p a r t i n g o f i l h e s i t e s appeared t o

be improved over p a s t missions.

INVESTICATOR(S James K. F e r g u s o n , G e r a l d R. T a y l o r , and Bernard J. Mieszkuc

p M : icrobiological Investigations

S(-

: Environuiental h e a l t h

--: To detect. ? o t e n t i a l i j p a t n o g e n i c microorganisms s o t h a t a s s o c i a t e d m e d i c a l problems c o u l d be identi.'ied e a r l y and p r e v e n t i v e nressures e s t a b l i s h e d , t v i d e n t i f l m e d i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t microorganisms reccv--red hsJ ' I ' crewmen t o s i d i n d i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t , t o c o l l e c t m i c r o b i o i o g i c a l d a t a t h a t w c d d a i d i n e l u ~ i d a t i n gt h e r e s p o n s e o f crew m i c r o b i a l -.;toflora t o t h e s p a c e f l j . & h t environment, and t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e s u l t a n t e f f e c t on t h e cremeinbe!'.

PFIOT(iC3L: Back-up and f l i g h t crehs were sampled on F-30, F-14, F-0, R+O d a y s . Samples were t a k e n from s e v e n body s u r f a c e sites, n o s e , t h r o a t and month, u r i n e and f e c e s . They were maint::ined a t !I d e g r e e s C d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t . TSB ( T r y p t i c a s e s o y b r o t h ) was used f o r a e r o b i c a n a l y s i s and VIB ( v e a l i n f u s i o n b r o t h ) f o r a n e r o b i c a n a l y s i s . The s p a c e c r a f t was a l s o a n a l y z e d p r e - and p o s t f l i g h t . Swab samples were t a k e n from t h e mouthpiece o f t h e d r i n k g u n , p i s t o l g r i p s o f t h e CMP maneuver c o n t r o l l e r , head s t r u t s , f l o o r c m e a t h t h e f o o c o f t h e c e n t e r couch u s i n g Ca a l g i n a t e swabs. The s a m p l e s were v o r t e - e d and s e r i a l l y d i l u t e d , p i a t e d , and i n c u b a t e d a t 35 d e g r e e s C. EQL'IPMENT:

C u l t u r i n g m a t e r i a l , swabs.

RESULTS:

Approximately 4,000 m i c r o b i a l i s o l a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d , i d e n t i f i e d , and c h a r a c t e r i z e d . V a r i a t i o n o c c u x e d i n m i c r o b i a l r e s p o n s e b e c a u s e of e c o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ( e .g , f u n g i c o n t r o l l i n g Qndj& albicans d e c r e a s e d i n f l i g h t ) , h o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , and e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . Spread o f p a t h o g e n s between crewmen was common. P r e f l i g h t Command Module microorganisms were r e p l a c e d by crew m i c r o o r g a n i s m s d u r i n g f l i g h t .

.

S p a c e c r a f t environment d i d n o t p r e d i s p o s e crew t o v i r a l o r nycoplasma induced i l l n e s s .

:-

PRINCIPAL INYE-

Jimmie L. Flume

EXPERIME;NTTIITLE/NUME3ER: E f f e c t of Space F l i g h t on t h e in vitro Combining Capacity o f Antigea and A n t i b r l y

PROGRAM/U;$:

U m I X K :

Discoverer X V I I

Human, Animal

IPmm: C e l l biology, Hematology, Radiobiology

m C T I V r ; S : To determine t h e s p e c i f i c r e a c t i v i t y between a n t i g e n s arid antibodi es during s p s c e f l i g h t

.

PROTOCOL: Samples o f human gamma g l o b u l i n and r a b b i t antiserum s p e c i f i c f o r h m a t~,zma g l o b u l i n s s r e d r i e d on s m a l l s q u a r e s o f f i l t e r paper and mounted on both emulsion s u r f a c e s 2f n u c l z a r t r a c k p l a t e s . The s q u a r e s were i m o b l l i z e d by means o f a t h i n L u c i t e late and t h e e n t i r e package wrapped i n black covzring. On recovery, m a t e r i a i s u e r e e l u t e d from t h e paper i n s a l i n e and r e a c t i v i t y was determined by means o f p a s s i v e hemagglutination. M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r paper, n c - l e a r emulsion t r a c k i n g p l a t e s , b l a c k wrapping, t h i n L u c i t e p l a t e s , chemical d o s i m e t e r s , a l a n i n e , albumin, s i l v e r phosphate g l a s s r o d s , x u t r o n s e n s i t i v e f i l m , ar;timony f o i l .

Epu.?.pMENT:

The only e f f e c t observed was d i c c r e a s e i n r e a c t i v i t y i n both m t i g e n and antibody i n t h e f l i g h t package.

-.RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence o f g r e a t e r r e a c t i v i t y is not understood, b u t i t may be t h a t s u b - i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f cosmic r a d i a t i o n nay have a s t i m u l a t o r y e f f e c t on p r o t e i n r e a c t i v i t y .

:

-

3

,

INVESTIGATOR(S): James D. F r o s t , William H. Shumate, Jzseph G. Salamy, and C l e t i s R. Booher

EXPERIMENT: S l e e p Monitoring on Skylab, MI33

:-BP :-

:-

Skylab 2 , 3, 4 Human Neurosensory , Behavioral s c i e n c e

OBJECTIVES: To o b t a i n t h e f i r s t o b j e c t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f manls a b i l i t j t o s l e e p d u r i n g extended space t r a v e l . ERQTOCOL: One of t h e a s t r o n a u t s from each mission wore a f i t t e d cap dur :ng h i s s l e e p p e r i o d s c o n t a i n i n g e l e c t r ~ d e sf o r EEG measurements o f b r a i n wavss, a c c e l e r o m e t e r s t o r e c o r d motions o f t h e head, and w i t h e l e c t r o d e s neaf one eye t o s e n s e REM s l e e p . S i g n a l s from t h e s e s e n s o r s , r e c ~ r d e don magnetic t a p e and analyzed a f t e r r e t u r n t o E a r t h , p e r m i t t e d c o n c l u s i o n s regardirig t h e d e p t h and l e n g t h of t h e s l e e p s t a g e s . The d a t a c o l l e c t e d were p r e f l i g h t EEG and EOG d a t a of t h e c r e m a n f o r t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e n i g h t s o f s l e e p , p e r i o d i c a l i n f l i g h t EEG and EOG d a t a throughout t h e crewman's s l e e p p e r i o d , and p o s t f l i g h t s l e e p EEG1s and EOG's on approximately t h e l s t , 3 r d , and 5 t h day a f t e r recovery. Electroencephalographic equipment, e l e c t r o - o c u l o g r a p h i c equipment, e l a s t i c r e c o r d i n g cap.

EQUI!.BNT:

RESULTS: Analysis of FXG, EOG, and head movement showed uo major changes i n sleep characteristics. difficulties.

None of t h e crewmen complained e x c e s s i v e l y o f s l e e p i n g

These f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t men a r e a b l e t o o b t a i n adequate s l e e p i n r e g u l a r i y scheduled 8-hour r e s t p e r i o d s d u r i n g extended s p a c e f l i g h t s . The a l t e r a t i o n s i n s l e e p p a t t e r n s which were observed d u r i n g t h e s e missions were not o f t h e t y p e , nor of s u f f i c i e n t magnitude ( w i t h t h e p o s s i b l e exception c f t h e i n i t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e 84-day m i s s i o n ) , t o r e s u l t i n s i g n i f i c a n t degradation of performance c a p a b i l i t y . A l t e r a t i o n s s e e n p o s t f l i g h t were t h o s e o f s l e e p q u a l i t y and n o t q u a n t i t y .

: -

3

PRINCIPALu Owen K. G a r r i o t t , and Gary L. Dcei-re Crew E f f i c i e n c y on F i r s t Exposure t o Zero-Gravity p :

USIFICATION: :-

PBJECTIVE:

Human Sehavioral science

To determine t h e e f f e c t s o f zero-g on crew e f f i c i e n c y .

PROTOCOL: The many work t a s k s accomplished by each o f t h e t h r e e Skylab crews i n t h e i r e a r l y a c t i v a t i o n phase were i d e n t i f i e d and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p e r f o r m a n ~ et i m e s e s t i m a t e d . These work performances were compared w i t h p r e f l i g h t e s t i m a t e s o f t h e r a t e a t which work would be done, w i t h crew output, l a t e r i n t h e m i s s l o r hen a d a p t a t i o n was complete, and when t h e srewmember~ were experienced i n zero-g: c o n d i t i o n s . The v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f wovk devoted t o r e p a i r t a s k s d u r i n g t h e e a r l y m i s s i o n days wa? a l s o i n c l u d e d . EpuIPt-E.llX:

None i d e n t i f i e d

.

U S U L E : It was found t h a t on o n l y "Yo o f o f t h e n i n e f u l l o r p a r t i a l a c t i v a t i o n days was t h e crew o u t p u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced. On t h e day o f lowest e f f i c i e n c y , m i s s i o n day 2 o f t h e Skylab 3 m i s s i o n , i t appeared t h a t t h e crewmen were working at a b o u t 75% o f t h e i r wnormaln e f f i c i e n c y and may have l o s t about 7 man-hours o f work. O v e r a l l , a n e a r l y c c n s t a n t l e v e l o f work was achieved on t h e s e a c t i v a t i o n days. However, a s crew p r o f i c i e n c y improved l a t e r i n t h e m i s s i o n s , t h e d a i l y crew work o u t p u t i n c r e a s e d from a 26 man-hour/day t o a t l e a s t a 34 man-hour/day. C0NCLUSU.U: A r e l a t i v e l y modest amount o f crew t i m e may have been l o s t due t o motion s i c k n e s s on Skylab m i s s i o n s 3 and 4 b u t each c r e w ' s perfortcance was never s u b t a n t i a l l y impaired f o r more t h a n one day. During t h e t h r e e 3 c t F v a t i o n i n t e r v a l s , l e s s t h a n 12 man-hours were l o s t t o reduced e f f i c i e n c y .;bile almost 200 man-hours o f p r o d u c t i v e work were d e l i v e r e d . Work r a t e improved f o r t a s k s i n which s i m u l a t i o c and t r a i n i n g time were e x t e n s i v e and f o r t a s k s which allowed z e r c - g r a v i t y o p e r a t i o n s t o be optimized.

Ashton M. Graybiel, and Earl 9. Miller

R(S;;

EXPSRIMENT :-TI

Human Otolith Function, MOO9 Gemini 5, 7

:-

Human

:( S 1:

Neurosensory

To obtain information concerning human conjunction w i t h exposure t o o r b i t a l space f l i g h t .

DBJECTIVES:

.

i t h function i n

There was preflight t e s t i n g of ocular counterrolling (CR) and egocentric visual localization of the horizontal (EVLH) a t 19 and 6 weeks before f l i g h t . Both were tested i n f l i g h t . During the t e s t s , readings of blood pressure, pulse r a t e , and electrocardiogram were made.

PRO_TOCOL:

m:Onboard

vision t e s t e r ( a binocular instrument w i t h an adjustable interpupillary distance w i t h no focusing adjustment).

There were insignificant negative deviations of 10 degrees t o 30 degrees from absolute horizontal f o r EVLH measurements. There was no change i n oculsr counterrolling pre- t o postflight w i t h body t i l t from -50 degrees to + 50 degrees.

BESULU:

There is no significant change in o t o l i t h s e n s i t i v i t y a s a r e s u l t of space f l i g h t . A coordinate space sense e x i s t s even i n weightlessness i f contact cues cre adequate.

UCLUSm:

PRINCIPAL IN'JESTIGATOR(S): Ashton M. G r a y b t e l , E a r l F. M i l l e r , and J e r r ; L. Homick EXPERIMENT TITLE/NUPim:

-!JEKU: DISCIPLINE(S):

Human V e s t i b u i a r F u n c t i o n , MI31

Human Neurosensory

OBJECTIVES: The t h r e e p a r t s o f t h i s experiment were designed t o d e t e r m i n e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o motion s i c k n e s s , t h r e s h o l d s f o r p e r c e p t i o n o f a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n a s r e v e a l e d by t h e o c u l o g y r a l i l l u s i o n , and t h e p e r c e i v e d d i r e c t i o n o f i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l s p a c e . PEOTOCOL: The t e s t p a r a m e t e r s on t h e r o t a t i n g l i t t e r c h a i r were: 1 ) 0 rpm o r c o n s t a n t rpm a t v a r i e d r a t e s (10-30 rpm) 2 ) Clockwise, c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e 3 ) F r o n t , back, r i g h t and l e f t head movements 4) S e l e c t e d m i s s i o n days beginning day 5, 6 o r 7 5 ) Eyes c l o s e d For o c u l o g y r a l i l l u s i o n ( r o t a t i n g l i t t e r c h a i r and v i s u a l t r a c k i n g o f a l i n e t a r g e t w i t h i n g o g g l e s ) t h e p a r a m e t e r s were: 0 2 0 2 1 ) S t e p s o f const3:it a r ~ g u i a ra c c e l e r a t i o n from 0.02 /S t o 3.0 /S 2 ) Steps of constant v e l o c i t y The s t a t i o n a r y l i t t e r c h a i r and g o g g l e s were used f o r p i t c h and r o l l parameters. Measurement o f p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m was determined by s t a n d i n g on r a i l s o f random width d u r i n g p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t t e s t s . EQUIPMENT: R o t a t i n g l i t t e r c h a i r , d r i v e motor f o r c h a i r r o t a t i o n , c o n t r o l c o n s o l e , o t o l i t h t e s t g o g g l e , custom b i t e boards, r 9 e f e r e n c e s p h e r e and magnetic p o i n t e r with r e a d o u t d e v i c e , balance r a i l s . RESULTS: During r o t a t i o n on l i t t e r c h a i r , moderate t o s e v e r e m a l a i s e ( n a u s e a ) was observed p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t f o r s p e c i f i c parameter combinations. Modest m a l a i s e ( e p i g a s t r i c d i s c o m f o r t , p a l l o r ) was observed i n f l i g h t on t h e crewmen o f S k y l a b 2 , d i s a p p e a r i n g immediately a f t e r t h e t e s t . S l i g h t m a l a i s e (headache, f l u s h i n g , d i z z i n e s s ) was observed i n f l i g h t SL-3 (on 2 o f 3 crewmen) d i s a p p e a r i n g i n m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t e s t . No symptomology was observed on Skylab 4. No s i g n i f i c a n t changes p r e f l i g h t . , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t were found i n p e r c e p t i o n o f o c u l o g y r a l i l l u s i o n . Crewmen e x p e r i e n c e d drowsiness i n f l i g h t , b u t not p r e f l i g h t o r p o s t f l i g h t . No s i g n i f i c a n t changes w w e found p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t i n p e r c e p t i o n of p i t c h and r o l l . When t e s t i n g f o r p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h e y e s open, t h e r e was moderate p o s t f l i g h t decrement i n 3 crewmen. For e y e s c l o s e d , a l l crewmen showed p o s t f l i g h t decrement, most marked R+1. Recovery was e s s e n t i a l l y complete by R+1!.

ft

I

h

1a iI !

: From t h e standpoint of v e s t i b u l a r organs, t h e l1basicW =ity t o motion sickness is lower i n weightlessness than under t e r r e s t r i a l conditions. Prevention of motion yickness i n any s t r e s s f u l motion environment involves s e l e c t i o n , adaptation, and the use of drugs. There appeared t o be no i n f l i g h t i n h i b i t o r y influences reducing t h e e f f e c t i v e " s e n s i t i v i t y u of the semicircular canals.

PUBLICATIONS: 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 400

L

9 K. Hanning, :-IT

r

and H. Wirth

E l e c t r o p h o r e s i s Experiment, MA-014

PROGRLM/MISSION: Apollb- Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t :-

PJSCIPLINE(S):

Human, Animal C e l l Biology

To i n v e s t i g a t e and e v a l u a t e t h e i n c r e a s e i n sample f l o r ~r a t e and sample r e s o l u t i o n a c h i e v a b l e i n space.

OBJECTIVm:

The apparat-AS f u n c t i o n e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , r e q 7 ~ i r i n minimal g crew i n t e r v e n t i o n . Samples o f r a t bone marrow c e l l s , s p l e e n c e l l s , lymph node c e i i s witk t h e a d d i t i o n o f human e r y t h r o c y t e s a s markers and s mixture o f human and r a b b i t e r y t h r o c y t e s were s t u d i e d . It was not necessary t o c o l l e c t t h e s e p a r a t e d b i o m a t e r i a l f r a c t i o n s . An o p t o e l e c t r o n i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n was performed. A p r e p a r a t i v e s e p h r a t i o n was n o t used. A q l - a l i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n (by use o f an o p t i ? a l system) was s u f f i c i e n t t o determine t h e a p p l i c i b i l i t y of t h e method and t o s t u d y t h e s h a r p n e s s o f separation.

mOTOC&:

EQUIPMENT* S e p a r a t i o n chagber c o n s i s t i n g o f two c o o l i n g p l a t e s . provided t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d .

Electrodes

RESULTS: The experiment l a s t e d f o r one E a r t h o r b i t .

The o p t i c a l system produced a l i g h t ,,hat was t o o b r i g h t t o d i s c e r n t r u e c e l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s , but f i n a l a n a l y s i s o f s c i e n t i f i c d a t a by computer p r o c e s s i n g showed t h e expected d i s t r i b u t . i o n of s e p a r a t e d c e l l s .

CONCLUSIONS: The a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f free-flow e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ucder zero-g c o n d i t i o n s was confirmed. The t e c h n i c s 1 problems a r i s i n g from t h e s p e c i a l environmental c o n d i t i o n s i n a Spacelab can be c o n t r o l l e d . It was demonstrated t h a t t h e b u f f e r flow systems operated d e s p i t e t h e more d i f f i c u l t c o n d i t i o n s imposed by a closed system. The e f f e c t i v e removal o f g a s e s from t h e electrode b u f f e r by t h e mea.3ures used was a necessary p a r t of t h e experiment. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f s e p a r a t i n g l i v i n g c e l l s under zero-g c o n d i t i o n s was demonstrated. The c e l l a g g r e g a t i o n s t h a t formed i.n t h e c e l l suspensions need not correspond t o a d e c r e a s e i n v i a b i l i t y .

f .

I

PRINCIPAL): W. Poyce Hawkins, and J o h n F. Z i e z l s c h m i d EXPERIMENT: C l i n i c a l A s p e c t s o f Crew H c a l t h PROGRAM/MISSION: A p o l l o

W w : Human DISCIPLINE(S1:

E n v i r ~ r ~ m e n t ah le a l t h

DBJECTIYES: To insur-. crew s a f e t y from a m e d i c a l s t a n d p o i n t , i n s u r z s u f f i c i e n t m e d i c a l i:iformation f o r ssnagoment d e c i s i o n s , p r e v e n t back-contamination f r s z t h e l u n w s u r f a c e , and f . m t h e r t h e u n d e r j t a n d i n g o f b i o m e d i c a l changes i n c i d e n t t o s p a c e f l i g h t . PROTOCOL: P r e f l i g h t m e d i c a l s c r e e n i n & and e x u l n a t i o n , h e a l t h s t a b i l i z a t i o n , drug s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t i n g , medisal trbining, i n f l i g h t biotelemctrh-, d i a g n o s i s and t r e a t m e n t , and p o s t - f l i g h t p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s were performed. &QUIPMENT: B i o s e n s o r h a r n e s s , Bi.obelt assembl y , EKG, c a r d i o t d c h o m e t . e r , impedance pneumograph , m e d i c a l k i t . RESULTS: A p o l l o c r e w s r e p o r t e d c e p h a l a d f l u i d s h i f t s , s u y e r e s s o f back m u s c l e s , Insomnia, and m o t i o n s i c k n e s s . P o s t f l i g h t r e s t i n g and s t r e s s e d h e a r t r a t e s were e l e v a t e d i n a l m o s t a l l crewmen, h e a r t s i z e was d x r e a s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e p e r c e n t , and t h e r e was some d e g r e e o f c : i r d i o v a s c u l a r d e c o n d i t i o n i n g , r e d u c t i o n o f r e d blood c e l l mass, and m u s ( ~ u l c s k c l e t a 1 deterioration. CONCLUSIW: The Apollo a s t r o n a u t s d i d n o t e n c o u n t e r a n y m a j o r m e d i c a l problems. Those p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s which d i d o x u r were dll r e v e r s a b l e w i t h i n a two t o t h r e e day p e r i o d p o s t f l i g h t w i t h ;be e x c e p t i o n o f t h e A p o ~ l o 15 crew. It t o o k two weeks f o r them t o c o m p l e t e l y r e t u r n t.o p r l e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e s . A sound m e d i c a l b a s i s e x i s t e d f o r c ~ m m i t t i n gman t o t h e p r o l o n g e d space f l i g h t exposure t o Skylab.

.

PUBLICATIONS:

82, 25 1 , 460

I!jUNCIPL INVESTIGATOR(S):

EXPERIWT TITLE/NUMBER: PIIOGRAM/MIS$U:

-(x:

Walter L . Henry, Stephen E. E p s t e i n , James E . C i r i f f i t h , Robert 6. G o l d s t e i n , and David R . Redwood E f f e c t of Prolonged Space F l i g h t on C a r d i a c F u n c t i m and Dimensions

Skylah 4

Cardiovascular

9BJECTIVF': To determine functiotl and dimension.

tt-2

e f f e c t o f prolonged s p a c e f l i g h t on c a r d i a c

PROT0COZ1: The T-scan techniqixe was used t o measure t h i c k l e s s c,: t h e v e n t r i c u l a r system and p o s t e r o b a s a l l e f t v e n t r i c u l a r w a l l . Stroke volume was c a l c u l a t e d by s u b t r a c t i n g t h e e n d - s y s t o l i c volume f r c ~ the end-diastolic volume w h i l e e j e c t i o n f r a c t i o n was determined by d i v i d i n g s t r o k e volume by e x ! - d i a s t o i i c volume. Measuremeni;;: were performed 'I3 days b e f o r e l a u n c h , on recovery day and 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 1 , 31 and 08 2ays p o s t f l i g h t , They were made i n con junction with t h z lcwer Scdy neg%ive p r e s s u r e p r o t o c o l .

RESULTS: Small but s . , g l . i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e s i n Z k i v ~ evolume occur!*ed i n two of t h e t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s . Nc s i g n i f i c a n t d i t e r a t i o n i n c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n o c c u r r e d i n any a s t r o n a u t . The s m i . 1 1 d e c r z a s e s i n l e f t v e n t r i c u l a r e n d - d - a s t o l i c volume, s t r o k e v c l w e and ; e f t v e n t r i c u l . a r nass were r e v e r s i b l e p o s t f l i g h t w e r a 30-day p e r i o d . 4

-CONCLUSONS: --

There das no d e t o r i o r a t i o n i n c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n . TLiz c a r d i o v a s c u l a i . syetcm a d z p t s w e l l t o prolonged weight.lessn.xm and, t h e r e f o r e , a l t e r a t i o n 2 i n c a r d z a c dimension3 and f u n c t i o n a r e u n l i k e l y t o l i m i t man's f u t u r e i n space.

PB/NCIPA'INVESTIGATOR(Sk P e t e r W. H i g g i n s , J o s e p h C. L i l l , a n d Timothy T. White =.._TITLE/NOMBEH:

R a d i a t i m h v i r o n m e n t a t High O r b i t a l A l t i t u d e s

Human

:-

Radiobiology

-Nu:

QBJ-: To measure t h e r a d i a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t a n d its e f f e c t s i n t h e S o u t h A t l a n t i c Anomaly (SAA). R a d i a t i o n d o s e c a l c u l a t i o n s were made by d e t e m n i n i n g t h e r a d i a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t w i t h i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t and its effects o n t h e c r e w u s i n g a : a d i a t i o n m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m and p a x i l v e d o s i m e t e r s .

m Q L :

EQUIPMENT:

Radiation monitoring system, p a s s i v e d o s i s e t e r s .

RESULTS:

An i n c r e a s e i n d o s e was f o u n d i n Gemini 10 h i g h - a l t i t u d e p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e SAA w i t h n e g l i g i b l e d o s e s r e c e i v e d o n Gemini 1 1 a f t e r a much h i g h e r a l t i t u d e f l i g h t o p p d s i t e t h e SAA.

.., u: Manned -

s p a c e f l i g h t a t h i g h e r a l t i t u d e s -ras p o s s i b l e w i t h a minimum o f r a d i a t i o n d o s e . T h i s was d d e t o t h e c o n f i r m e d c o n t i n u i n g d e c a y o f t h e a r t i l i c i a l l y i n j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s and t o c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g o f t h e t r a j e c t o r y .

PRINCIPALINVFSTIGATOR(S): G . W j c k l i f f e H o f f l e r , and R o b e r t L. J o h n s o n EI(PERIHENT: Apollo F l i g h t Crew C a r d i o v a s c u l a r E v a l u a t i o n s

::-

Human Cardiovascular

QbWXUES:

To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m t o weightlessness.

PROTOCOL:

Lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e (LBNP) was u s e d , w i t h 5 n i n u t s s rest, 15 m i n u t e s reduced p T e s s u r e , and 5 m i n u t s s r e c o v e r y , u s i n g 3 d i l ' f e r e n t p r e s s u r e l e v e l s . T h e r e was a l s o a p a s s i v e test o f 5 m i n u t e s restirlg s u p i n e and 5 m i n u t e s p a s s i v e s t a n d i n g . Ambient tem:.erature and o r a l t e m p e r a t u r e were r w o r d e d pre- and p o s t f l i g h t f o r o r t h o s t a t i c e v a l u a t i o n s . P h y s i o l o g i c a l measurements were r e c o r d e d I n r e a l time Dn s t r i p c h a r t r e c o r d i n g , and FH magnetic t a p e . LBNP d e v i c e , a n t i h y p o t e n s i o n g a r m e n t , e l e c t r a c a r d i o g r a p h , t h e r m o m e t e r s , physi~10r;:cal s e n s o - s

:

.

RESULTS: The r e s t i n g s u p i n e h e a r t rate was e l e v a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l j i n 54% o f A p p l i c a t i o n o f -50mm Hg LBNP t h e w e w e n o n t h e f i r s t day p - s t f l i g h t . e l e v a t e d t h e rate i n 82%. Ti;c A p o l l o 15 LHP e x p e r i e n c e d p r e s y n c o p e d u r i n g t h e Isst second o f -40nm Hg, w h i l e t h e A p o l l o 8 CMP and LMP, A p o l l o 9 LWP, A p o l l o 16 LIIP a n d CHP a l l d e v e l o p e d p r e s y n c o p e d u r i n g t h e -50- Hg l e v e l o f LBNP. The p a s s i v e s t a n d i n g t e s t had t h e same e l e v a t e d h e a r t r a t e r e s u l t s . T h e r e was a l s o z s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e i n t h e s y s t o l i c and p u l s e p r e s s u r e d u r i n g LBNP i n t h e first p o s t f l i g h t e v a l u a t i o n . There was a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e i n w e i g h t postflight. P o s t f l i g h t o r t h o s t a t i c e v a l u a t i o n s d u r f nq t h e A p o l l o program i n d i c a t e d t h a t r e d u c t i o n i n o r t l i o s t a t i c t o ] - e r a n c e i s a consequence o f s p a c e f l i g h t e x p o s u r e . Heart r a t e , t h e most r e l i a b l e i n d e x , was i n c r e a s e d , w h i l e s y s t o l i c and p u l s e p r e s s u r e s were d e c r e a s e d d u r i n g i t m e d i a t e p o s t f l i g h t e v a l u a t i o n s u s i n g lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e and p a s s i v e st.anding a s t h e o r t h o s t a t i c s t r e s s . P o s t f l i g h t c h a n g e s i n l e g volume d u r i n g LBNP were e q u a l t o o r less t h a n t h o s e s e e n d u r i n g p r e f l i g h t t ~ a s e l i n se v a l u a t i o n s . b d y w z i g h t , r e s t i n g c a l f g i r t h , s u p i n e l e g volume, a n J c a r d i o t h o r a c i ? r a t i o s were a l l d i m i n i s h e d imaiediately p o s t f l i g h t , and r e t u r n t o p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s was n o t c o m p l e t e w i t h i n t h e p o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g time frame. The n e a r i n g o f a l o w e r body p . . t i v e p r e s s u r e g a w e n t d u r i n g t h e r e e n t r y and immediate p o s t f l i g h t p e r i o d o f f e r e d some p r o t e c t i v e b e n e f i t by way o f r e d u c i n g lower body p o o l i n g of fluid.

: -

?r, Arnol~ldE. Nicogossian, Stuart A. Bergmar,, and Robert; L. Johnson

G . Uyckliffe Hol

H@,WWT :-IT

Cardiovascular Evaluations

PROGRQH/HISSION: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

DISCIPLINE(S):

Cardiovascular

OBJECTIVES: To determine the response of tbe cardiovascular system t o weight! cuscess .

f i r m :

Preflight: o r t h o s t a t i c tolerance t e s t by LBNP, heart s i z e mf2asurement by chest X-rays, resting leg volume measurement, echocardiogram. Postflight: LBNP, chest X-rays, ieg volume.

PQUIPHENT:

Echocardi .,raph,

LBEiP d ~ v i c e ,vectorcardiograph, X-rays.

BES'JLTS: I

P

No r e s u l t s could be considered unusually aberrant; only a s i n g i e episode of presyncope occurred. Because LBNP recordings made immediatoly a f t e r f l i g h t were deleted, ilo useful infarmation was obtained from s y s t o l i c timz i n t e r v a l s , vectwcardiograms, or echocardiograms.

CONCLUSIONS'

Findings did not d i f f e r from those r e s u l t i n g from ~ r e v i o u sU. S. manned space missions: a modest postflight decrement in o r t h o s t a t i c tolerance without operational significance was demonstrated. The i n f l i g b t ieg volume data augment those f r w the Skylab 4 mission and elaborate f u r t h e r on the e a r l y i n f l i g h t period.

8 G. Wqickliffe

H o f f l e r , S t u a r t A. Bergman, and Arnauld E. Nicogossian

. I: n - F l i g h t Lower Limb Volume Measurement p :-

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t

DISCIPLINE(S):

Husculoskeletal

OBJECTIVES: To s u b s t a n t i a t e w i t h f u r t h e r d a t a , t h e volume decrement t h a t o c c u r s i n f l i g h t , to o b t h i n earlier i n f l i g h t volume d e t e r m i n a t i o n s and t o document t h e time c o u r s e o f headward f l u i d s h i f t s by f r e q u e n t s e r i a l l e g volume measurements. MTOCQL: During the p e r i o d from day F-45 t o day F-1, f i v e i n d e p e n d e n t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f t h e l e f t l e g volume were made. Crewmembers were i n s t r u c t e d and t r a i n e d i n t h e p r o c e d u r e and a c t u a l l y conducted t h e F-1 measurements o n themselves t o e n s g r e a d e q u a t e f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n f o r t h e i r seven i n f l i g h t measurement s e s s i o n s . Right l e g measurements were o b t a i n e d t h r e e t i m o s b e f o r e f l i g h t and once on r e c o v e r y d a y (R+O) by medical team p e r s o n n e l . B e c a ~ s eo f c i r c u m s t a n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t o x i c ni:rogen t e t r o x i d e g a s e v e n t d u r i n g t h e r e c o v e r y ~ e r i o d ,l e g vclumes were n o t o b t a i n e d beyond t h e f o u r t h p o s t f l i g h t day (R+4).

-N?::

Limb Volume Measuring K i t .

Decreasing l e g s i z e as t h e l a u n c h p e r i o d apprcached is i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p r e f l i g h t f i n d i n g s from p r e v i o u s f l i g h t crews. A l l i n f l i g h t volumes dropped below t h e lower 95% c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t e s t a b l i s h e d by p r e f l i g h t v o l u s e s . E a r l i e s h p o s 2 f l i g h t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were t a k e n between 1.5 and 2 h o u r s a f t e r splashdown. Leg volumes on a l l t h r e e crewmen i n c r e a s e d well above t h e i r l a s t i n f l i g h t v a l u e s . Second measurements on r e c o v e r y day, some 2 t o 5 h o u r s a f t e r splashdown, showed even g r e a t . e r l e g volumes i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r e v e r s i n g e f f e c t s o f r e a d a p l i c i i i n normal g r a v i t y .

E m :

S e v e r a l o f t h e o s c i l l a t o r y v a r i a t i o n s observed i n ASTB f l i g h t crewmembers may be judged t c be a c t u a l p h y s i o l o g i c damping r e s 2 o n s e s . With a s i n g l e datum f o r i n f e r e n c e , it a p p e a r e s t h z t t h e major s k i f t o f f l u i d volume f 3m t h e l e g s does n o t o c c u r i n t h e first few h o u r s of o r b i t a l exposure. The c o u r s e szems motae l i k e l y tc assume an e x p o n e n t i a l form w i t h a a x i m a l rate o f decrement w i t h i n t h e f i r s t 24 hovrs. h d i s t i n c t ~ l a t e a uis e v i d e n t by 3 t o 5 days with l i t t l e s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l decrease occurring after t h e f i r s t week i n w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . These f l u i d volume s h i f t s c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f major crew symptomatology and t h e p l a t e a u w i t h r e l a t i v e a d a p t i v e stabilitr.

:-

PUBLICATIONS: 273

-

2

G . Wycliffe Hoffler, Robert L. Johnson, Arnauld E. Nicogossian, Stuart A . Fergman, and Margaret k. Jackson

; \

:

-LE/NUMBER:

Vectoraardiographic Results f r o s M092

Human

:-

To determine the m: adaptation under zero-gravity 7

w

degree and the time course of cardiovascular condition,.

Vectorcardiograms were reccrded via a modified Frank lead system on a l l crewmen of the th-ee Skvlab missions in conjunction w i t h t h 2 Lower Body Negative Pressure experiment. Data were analyzed by a s p e c i a l l y developed computer program (VECTAN). Design of the t e s t seqsences allowed d i r e c t romperisons of supine r e s t i n g , Earth based (reference) vectorcardicgrams with those taken during lower body negative pressure s t r e s s and those obtained a t r e s t i n o r b i t , as well a s comb~nationsof these conditions.

:

E;PUIPm:

Lower Body Negative Pressure Device, vectorcardicgraph.

BF;SILL;CS-: No adverse vectorcardiographic changes occurred during f l i g h t . Analysis of i n i l l g h t measurements showed s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased PA i n t e r v a l , QT i n t e r v a l , QRS maximum vector magnitude, QRS-Eigenloop veclor magnitude,and QRS-T angl'. Recovery measurements iR+O) showed s i g n i f i c a n t i y elevated vector magnitudes for QHS maximum, QRS-Eigenloop and T. Other parameters measured (QRS duration, QT i n t e r v a l , P maximum vector magnttude, ST maximum vector magnitude, ST slope! were not s i g n i f i c a n t l y changed i n f l i g h t or p o s t f l i g h t . Vec t ~ r c ~ p d i o g r a mhave s shown several consistent changes apparently related t o space f l i g h t . There were changes i n temporal i n t e r v a l s , vector magnitudes and t h e i r o r i e n t a t i o n s , and c e r t a i n derived parameters, presumably 2s a consequence of a l t e r e d autonomic neural i n p u t s upon the myocardial conduction system and/or of major f l u i d s h i f t s known t o have occurred i n f l i g n i . :.11 observed measurements were well w i t h i n accepted normal l i m i t s and are considered to represent adaptive phenomena rather than pat.hologica1 aondit ions.

(;ONCLm:

PRINCIPW. Rudolph

A. Hoffman, Lawrence S. Pinsky, W. Zach Osborne, and J. Vernon B a i l e y

Visual Light F l a s h Observations an Skylab 4 p :

:-

Radiobiology

m:To

i n v e s t i g a t e t h e frequency and c h a r a c t e r o f v i s u a l l i g n t f l s s h e s i n n e a r E a r t h o r b i t as t h e Skylab t r a j e c t o r y passed from n o r t h e r n t o souzhern l a t i t u d e s . Because t h e t r a j e c t o r y p e r i o d i c a l l y passed through t h e South A t l a n t i c Anomaly (SAA), a n o t h e r o b j e c t i v e was t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p o s s i b l e v i s u a l f l a s h e s d u r i n g passage through t h i s r e g i o n .

PROTOCOL:

Two s e p a r a t e l i g h t f l a s h o b s e r v a t i o n s u s s i o n s w r e performed on mission days 74 and 81 by t h e p i l o t . The first s e s s i o n occurred d u r i n g an o r b i t t h a t allowed o b s e r v a t i o n s from high geomagnetic l a t i t u d e s . The o r b i t f o r t h e o t h e r s e s s i o n passed through t h e c e n t e r of t h e SAA. The p i l o t g o t i n t o h i s s l e e p r e s t r a i n t , set a timer f o r e i t h e r 55 o r 70 minutes, donned a b l i n d f o l d and recorded h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f f l a s h e s on t h e v o i c e r e c o r d e r . Ten minutes were allowed f o r dark a d a p t a t i o n .

:

Voice r e c o r d e r , b l i n d f o l d .

A t o t a l of 168 f l a s h e s was r e p o r t e d : 24 d u r m g t h e first s e s s i o n and 144 d u r i n g t h e second. Three t o n i n e f l a s h e s h i n u t e were observed. The frequency was r e l a t e d t o l a t i t u d e , t h e h i g h e s t being i n t h e SAA and t h e lowest o v e r t h e poles.

-:

There is a s t r o n g c o r r e l a t i o n o f very h i g h f l a s h r a t e s with passage through t h e SAA, a?d from p h y s i 2 a l arguments and e v e n t d e s c r i p t i o n s i t a p p e a r s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s e f l a s h e s a r e due t o trapped r a d i a t i o n . There is evidence f o r t h e p r e d i c t e d l a t i t u d e e f f e c t , although e x i s t i n g d a t a a r e i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r a thorough s t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n . A g r e a t e r p a r t i c l e f i u x i n t h e t r a j e c t o r y through t h e SAA probably e x p l a i n s t h e increeved number o f f l a s h e s observed a t t h a t time, but t h e r e were a l s o more f l a s h e s observed o u t s i d e t h e anomaly d u r i n g t h e second p e r i o d where t h e c c m i c p a r t i c l e environment should have been comparable. T h i s v a r i a t i o n remains unexplained. There may be p a r t i c l e s h e a v i e r than p r o t o n s i n t h e i e n e r b e l t o f t r a p p e d r a d i a t i o n o f t h e SAA.

: -

JY-STIGATOR

J e r r y L. Homick, and E a r l I?. Miller w

:-

Apollo F l i g h t Crew V e s t i b u l a r Assessment

PROGRAM/MISSIOL: Apollo Human

:-

Neurosensory , 6 e h a . r i o r a l s c i e n c e

:-

m:To P

o b s e r v e t h e e f f e c t s o f s p a c e f l i g h t o n t h e human v e s t i b v l a r

system.

WTOCOL: Motion s i c k n e s s h i s t o r y f i l e s were compiled on e a c h a s t r o n a u t . No s y s t e m a t i c program t o q u a n t i t a t i v e l y a s s e s s t h e e f f e c t s o f s p a c e f l i g h t on c r e w v e s t i b u l a r f u n c t i o n was p u r s u e d p r i o r t o A p o l l o 16. F o r t h e l a s t t ~ o Apollo m i s s i a n s , p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m was t e s t e d by a m o d i f i e d s t a n d a r d l a b method w i t h crewmen b a l a n c i n g on f o u r r a i l s o f d i f f e r e n t w i d t h s p l u s t h e f l o o r . There was a t a p e f o r f o o t a l i g n m e n t on t h e f l o o r . Time, t h e performance measure o f b a l a n c e , began when t h e crewmen, w h i l e s t a n d i n g on t h e p r e s c r i b e d s u p p o r t w i t h h i s f e e t i n a tandem h e e l - t o - t o e a r r a n g e m e n t , f o l d e d h i s arms. The t e s t was made w i t h e y e s o p e n , t h e n c l o s e d . Nystagmus was measured w i t h t h e a i d o f r e c o r d i n g e l e c t r o d e s p l a c e e around t h e e v e s . C a l o r i c i r r i g a t i o n complemented tests o f b a l a c c e by m o n i t o r m g change i n s e m i c i r c u l a r c a n a l a c t i v i t y . I r r i g a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r w were 34.0 d e g r e e s C and 35.5 d e g r e e s C. T e s t s were t a k e n f o r A p o l l o 16 on F-30, R+3, and R+7, and f o r A p o l i o 17 on F-30 and F-15 and none p o s t f l i g h t . EQUIPMENT:

Electronystagmograph, p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m r a i l s .

RESULTS: Eleven o f t h e 33 i n d i v i d u a l s who have flown on A p o l l o f l i g h t s have e x p e r i e n c e d a p p a r e n t v e s t i b u l a r d i f f i c u 1 t . e ~ . O f t h e s e e l e v e n , n i n e had p o s i t i v e motion s i c k n e s s h i s t o r i e s . C o n v e r s e l y , 18 o f 57 i n d i v i d x a l s w i t h p o s i t i v e h i s t . o r i e s had no i n f l i g h t s y m p t o a a t o l o g y . S i x o f t h e e l e v e n crewmen w i t h i n f l i g h t problems e x p e r i e n c e d minor symptoms, two e x p e r i e n c e d m o d e r a t e symptoms, and t h r e e had s e v e r e symptomatology. It is q u e s t i o n e b l e w h e t h e r t h e v o m i t i n g e x p e r i e n c e d by one o f t h e s e l a t t e r i n d i v i d u a l s was v e s t i b u l a r i n c - i g i n o r due p r i m a r i l y t o g a s t r o e n t e r i t i s , S i x ( 4 0 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e 15 i n d i v i d u a l s making t h e i r first s p a c e f l i g h t developed i n f l i g h t symptoms. O f t h e 18 v e t e r a n p i l o t s , o n l y f i v e ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 28 p e r c e n t ) experienc;d symptoms. F o r t h e Apollo 16 crew, d u r i n g t h e first ( R + 3 ) and s e c o n d (R+7) p o s t f l i g h t test p e r i o d s , p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h e y e s open was n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l t o p r e f l i g h t p e r f o r m a n c e f o r a l l crewmen. The CDR a c t u a l l y d e m o n s t r a t e d a s l i g h t p r o g r e s s i v e improvement on t h i s t a s k w i t h t i m e . A t R+3, however, t h e CDR and t h e CMP e x h i b i t e d a marked d e c r e h s e i n p o s t t r a l s t a b i l i t y when d e p r i v e d o f a l l v i s u a l s e n s o r y c u e s . When t h e s e two i n d i v i d u a l s were t e s t e d a g a i n a t R+7, t h e r e was a d e f i n i t e improvement i n p o s t u r a l s t a b i l i t y w i t h e y e s c l o s e d

compcred t o t h e i r R+3 performance. The CMP improved h i s p r e f l i g h t , eyes-closcd s c o r e s , whereas t h e performance of t h e CDR was a p p r o x i m a t e l y midway between h i s two p r e v i o u s s c o r e s . The c a l o r i c i r r i g a t i o n t e s t r e v e a l e d i n c r e a s e d nystagmus a c t i v i t y on R+3 i n t h e CDR and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t i n t h e CMP. Pesponses on b o t h tests were n e a r b a s e l i n e v a l u e s by R+7.

mGr-'i:

I n c r e a s e d m o b i l i t y and t h u s i n c r e a s e d head movements a s a f f o r d e d

5: t h e l a r g e r volume o f t h e Apo71o CM/LM, r e s u l t e d i n a h i g h e r i n c i d e n c e o f

v e s t i b u l a r d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h e Apollo Program t h a n i n p r e v i o u s p-ograms. I n most c a s e s i n which symptoms d i d o c c u r , t h e y were mild t o moderate and c o u l d be c o n t r o l l e d by l i m i t i n g head movements t h e first few d a y s i n f l i g h t . Adaptation o f t h e v e s t i b u l a r r e c e p t o r s t o t h e w e i g h t l e s s environment a p p a r e n t l y o c c u r r e d w i t h i n t h e f i r s t s e v e r a l d a y s o f f l i g h t f o r most i n d i v i d u a l s . E x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y i n one-sixth-g on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e r e s u l t e d in no d i s o r i e n t a t i o n 0:' v e s t i b u l a r d i s t u r b a n c e s . A p p a r e n t l y , one-sixth-g is an a d e q u a t e s t i m u l u s f o r t h e o t o l i t h o r g a n s t o p r o v i d e s e n s o r y i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g g r a v i t a t i o n a l u p r i g h t and, h e n c e , maintenance o f p o s t u r e . With an i m p o r t a n t e x c e p t i o n of t h e Apollo 15 m i s s i o n , no crewmen e x p e r i e n c e d pronounced v e s t i b u l a r d i s t u r b a n c e s a f t e r r e t u r n i n g from s p a c e f l i g h t . This finding suggests t h a t adaptive processes t h a t occur during w e i g h t l e s s s p a c e f l i g h t m i s s i o n s o f up t o two weeks i n d u r a t i o n do n o t r e n d e r t h e v e s t i b u l a r system s i g n i f i c a n t l y h y p o s e n s i t i v e o r h y p e r s e n s i t i v e f o l l o w i n g sudden r e t u r n t o a one-g environment. V e s t i b u l a r problems cannot be p r e d i c t e d r e l i a b l y from p r e v i o u s h i s t o r y o f motion s i c k n e s s . However, a s t r o n a u t s making t h e i r first s p a c e f l i g h t a p p e a r t o be s l i g h t l y more s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h e development o f i n f l i g h t symptoms t h a n a r e e x p e r i e n c e d a s t r o n a u t s . PUBLICATIONS:

276

PRINCIPAt INVESTIGATOR(S):

J e r r y 5 . Homick, M i l l a r d F. Reschke, and E a r l F.

Miller TJE-

TIT-IER:

The E f f e c t s o f Prolonged Exposure t o W e i g h t l e s s n e s s on P o s t u r a l E q u i l i b r i u m

w: Human m , :Neuroaensory , Behavioral

science

OBJECTIYES: To assess t h e p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m o f t h e S k y l a b a s t r o n a u t s f o l l o w i n g t h e i r r e t u r n t o a 1-g environment and t o s u g g e s t p o s s i b l e mechanisms i n v o l v e d i n any measured c h a n g e s . PROTOCOL: P o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m was e v a l u a t e d u s i n g a m o d i f i e d v e r s i o n o f a q u a n t i t a t i v e a t a x i a t e s t developed by G r a y b i e l and F r e g l e y . The t e s t employed a series o f narrow metal r a i l s o f v a r y i n g w i d t h s on which t h e crewman was r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n an u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n w i t h h i s f e e t tandemly a l i g n e d and arms f o l d e d a c r o s s h i s c h e s t . Performance f o r t h i s t e s t was measured u n d e r two c o n d i t i o n s . I n t h e f i r s t t e s t , t h e crewman k e p t h i s e y e s o p e n , and i n t h e s e c o n d , he t r i e d t o b a l a n c e w i t h h i s e y e s c l o s e d . I n b o t h c a s e s , performance was s c o r e d i n t e r m s o f time on t h e r a i l b e f o r e l o s i n g b a l a n c e . P r e f l i g h t b a s e l i n e d a t a were o b t a i n e d on t h r e e s e p a r a t e o c c a s i o n s f o r e a c h o f t h e crewmen. EQUlPMENX:

Postural test r a i l s .

There was a moderate p o s t f l i g h t decrement i n crewmen f o r t h e e y e s open t e s t . The p o s t f l i g h t decrement was c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r t h e e y e s c l o s e d t e s t which was most marked a t R+1. Recovery was e s s e n t i a l l y c o m p l e t e a t R+11.

-:

CONCLUSIONS: The d a t a a r g u e f o r an environment-dependent memory s t o r e o f f r e q u e n t l y r e p e a t e d s e n s o r y i n p u t s t h a t is u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f a combined o t o l i t h , k i n e s t h e t i c , and t o u c h system. It r e g i s t e r s t h e a c t u d l movement and a l l o w s f o r a n t i c i p a t i o n and compensation o f e a c h movement as it o c c u r s . Being e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d e p e n d e n t , s u c h a mechanism c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e b u i l d u p o f p o s t u r a l r e s p o n s e s i n zero-g t h a t dould be i n a p p r o p r i a t e upon r e t u r n t o one-g r e f e r e n c e . A mechanism o f t h i s t y p e c o u l d be a p p l i e d t o a c c o u n t f o r s e n s o r y physiological habituation i n a v s r i e t y of s i t u a t i o n s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , such a mechanism c o u l d p r o v i d e an a d e q u a t e b a s i s f o r change when t h e a c q u i r e d r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n s we no l o n g e r c o n g r u e n t w i t h t h e environment.

PRINCIPAL J e r r y

R. Hordinsky

p: Skylab Crew Health

- Crew Surgeons'

Reports

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

Environmental h e a l t h

BJECTpVEs: The crew surgeon was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e h e a l t h o f t h e Skylab crewmembers and t h e i r f a m i l i e s , t h e development anc use o f t h e i n f l i g h t medical s u p p o r t system, t h e p r e f l i g h t medical examination and arrangement of a l l crew medical-related a c t i v i t i e s , and t h e p o s t f l i g h t c o o r d i n a t i o n o f medical a c t i v i t y .

PROTOCOL: The c r e v surgeon r e l i e d on t h e d a i l y p r i v a t e medical conference with t h e crews over an air-to-ground loop from t h e NASA Mission Control Center t o monitor crew h e a l t h . For continuous c l i n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e crew, t h e crew surgeon had a c c e s s t o medical parameters d e r i v e d from t h e experiment data. EQUIPMENT:

None i d e n t i f i e d .

MULTS: The cremembers rr:mained i n e x c e l l e n t h e a l t h except f o r a few minor c l :.nical p-obXems .

U O N : rrb;. :!inical p o i n t o f view, a l l t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l and psychological r c : - : --.es noted i n t h e Skylab m i s s i o n s were e i t h e r s e l f - l i m j t i n g o r represe1:ted work-around problems r e q u i r i n g minimal c o u n t e r a c t i o n . A s s u c h , t h e s e changes do not preciude a t e n d i n g man's d u r a t i o n i n zero-gravity f o r l o n g e r p e r i o d s of time.

p U : t o r Ss?s;rry Performance, ED4 1

:-

a

Human

m

: Behavioral

science, hleurosensory

OBJECTIVES:

To measure potential degradation of man's motor-sensory s k i l l s i n tha space environment.

PBOTOCQL: Using a visual maze w i t h 119 holes connected by s t r a i g h t l i n e s , crewmen inserted a probe i n each hole in sequence following the maze pattern. Visual perception and motor response were measured quantitatively by recording bath t o t a l time required t o transverse the e n t i r e maze and time required t o move the probe from hole t o hole.

WL'IPMENT:

A standard eye-hand coordination t e s t apparatus (developed by the Dept. of Industrial EngLneering a t the U. of Michigan); audio tape recorder, t o record data a s well a s milli-second time marks; s t y l u s , 5 i n . long and 2 mm diameter.

Comparisons o f p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and postflight data revealed no s i e n i f i c a n t charqes occ;urred in the eye-hand coordination of crewmembers.

-: I

CONCLUSIONS: Skylab astronauts were capable of normal motor-sensory a c t i v i t i e s during f l i g h t . None of the crewmen experienced an> a o t i c e a b ; ~ deterioration throughout the mission srforming tasks t h a t required them t o hanrile experiments and controls.

PRlNCIIAL INYESTIGBTOR(S) ; P h i l i p C. J o h n s o n , Theda B. D r i s c o l l , 2nd A d r i a n D. LeBlanc EXPERIMENT TITLE/NUMBEB:

CLA:jSIFICATX:: ~ -

Blood Volume Changes, MI13

Human

P1

: Hematology E

--GPiECYIVES:

To d e t e r m i n e t h e e f z e c t s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on t h e blood plasma v d m e and t h e r e d blood c e l l p o p u l a t i o n , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n p a i d t o c h a n g e s i n t h e t o t a l mass of r e d c e l l s , r e d c e l l d e s t r a c t i o n , r e d c e l l l i f e s p a n , and r e d ? e l l p r - i u c t i o n r a t e .

PR0TC)m: -

The r e d c e l l mass d e t e r m i n a t i o n was o b t a i n e d b;- d v e r a g i n g t h e r e d c e l l r a d i o a c t i v j & y o f a 30- and 31- m i n u t e blood sample. T h i r t y d a y s p r i o r t o C-glycine were i n j t c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y f o r a r e d c e l l l i f e l a u n c h , 50 U C i span study. A t recovery, 2 C i of Fe c i t r a t e were i n j e c t e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f i r o n t u r n o v e r u s i n g t h e 35-, 31- m i n u t e s a m p l e s and a sample drawn 2 t o 3 s o b t a i n e d weekly prefl.;.ght and h o u r s i a i a - . R e t i c u l o c y t ~ ~ c o u n twere postflight. Activity of C r r e d c e l l s was measured t o e s t i m a t e cell chromium h a l f l i f e . Plasma v o l m e was measured by i n j e c t i n g 2 v C i I human serum albmiuin e a c h t i m e t h e r e d c e l l mass was d e t e r n i n e d .

~i$

EQUIPMENT:

I n f l i g h t b i m d c o l l e c t i o n system.

SESULTS: The mean v a l u e o f r e d c e l l mass of crewmembers showed a d e c r e a s e o f 5- 12% t h r o u g h t h e f i r s t weeks i n f l i g h t . The mean r a t i o o f m i l l i l i t e r s / k i l o g r a m body weight a l s o d e c r e a s e o . Red c s f l mass r e g e n e r a f h o n d i d n o t o c c u r u n t i l C r T1/2 o r t h e C g l y c i x r e d c e l l mean R+14. There was no d i f f e r e n c e i n l i f e span p r e - and p o s t f l i g i i t . There was no change i n t h e r a t e of' e r y t h r o p o i e s i s . R e t i c u l o c y t ~ ac o u n t s were low a t r e c o v e r y . CONCLUSIONS: A d e c r e a s e i c r e ? c e l l u a s s is a c o c s t a n t o c c u r r e n c e i n s p a c e f l i g h t , and t h e d e c r e a s e d o e s no? seem t o be c a u s e d by i n t r a v a c u l a r h e m o l y s i s . S p l e n i c t r a p p i n g of r1el c e l l s is a p l a u s i b l e b u t u n t e s t e d q x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e l o s s . After t h e i n i t i a l l o s s , t h e r e i s a t l e a s t a 30-day d e l a y b e f o r e t h e r e d c e l l aass b e g i n s t o r e c o n s t i t r ~ t ii t s e l f i n d i c a t i n g bone marrow i n h i b i t i o n . Two u n r e l a t e d b i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s may have been t h e c a u s e of bone marrow i n h i b i t i o n . F i r s t , t.ht plasma volume d e c r e a s e d c a u s i n g t i s s u e s s z n s i t i v e t o p e r i p h e r a l h e s a t o c r i t changes t o not recognize t h e d e c r e a s e i n r e d c e l l mass. L a t e r , serum phosphorus r o s e c a u s i n g i n c r e a b e u r e d c e l l r e l e a s e of oxygen. The o x y g e n - s e n s i t i v e k i d n e y would c o u n t e r t h i s by decreasing erytnropoietin production T h i s c o m b i n ~ t i o no f e v e n t s p r o b a b l y explains t h e obselved decrease i n r e t i c u l o c y t e counts. PUBLICATIONS:

291, 292, 293, 296

..

P R I I G A T O S T ( A T O ) :

UPERIwNT

TTI:-

CLASS==:

Robert L. Johnson, G . Wyckliffe H o f f l e r , Arnauld E. Nicogossian, S t u a r t A . Bergman, and Margaret M , Jackson , Lower Body Negative P r e s s w e , M092

Human

CIPLIWa:

Cardiovascular

W I V E S : To determine t h e e x t e n t and time course of changes i n o r t h o s t a t i c to1 erance during the weightlessness of space f l i s h t and t o determine 'nether inf:IghL S s t a from t h e experiment would be useful i n p r e d i c t i n g p o s t f l i g h t s t a t u s of o r t h o s t a t , i c t o l e r a n c e . PROTOCOL: Basic measurements Curing a l l p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i q h t , and p o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g included blood pressure a t 30-second i n t e r v a l s from a a ~ t c m a t i c system which d e t e c t s d and andlyzed Korotkoff sounds, h e a r t r a t e monitored continuously from one component of a Frank lead ~ e c ~ c r c a r d i o g r a mand , percentage change i n c a l f volume monitored c o n t i n o ~ ~ s lfrom y capacitive plethysmographic band- encircling the, l e g s . P r i o r t o LBNr t e s t s , lower limb voiume was estimated from g i r t h measur-3zants t a k a 1 a i 3 cm i n t e r v a l s between ankles and upper t h i g h s . EQUIPMENT:

Lower Body Negative Pressure device.

RESULTS: A t resL, i n f l i g h t mean r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e s , s y s t o l i c blood p r e s s u r e s , and pulse p r e s s u r e s were t y p i c a l l y increased whiie d i a s t o l i c and m a n a r t e r i a l pressures decreased compared t o p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s . Differences i n i n f i i g h t r e s p m s e s t c LBNT s t r e s s from p r e f l i g h t responses included g r e a t e r h e a r t r a t e and leg volume liqcreases i n c11 crewmen and, i n most, higher d i a s t o l i c pressures and mean a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e s and lower s y s t o l i c blood pressures and pulse pressures. CONCLUSIONS: I n f l i g h t d a t a confirmed t h a t lower body negative p r e s s w e i n ~ e i g t l t l e v s r ~ e simposed s a g r e a t e r st;-ess upon t h e carCicvascular system than i n E a r t h ' s g r a v i t y . Chznged r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n the anatomical d i s c r i b u t , i c n of blood volume and exLravascular f ' l u i d s , a l t e r e d patberns ~ > fblood flow, and reduced t o t a l c i r c u l a t i n g blood v o l u ~ eind.uced by t h e weightless environment a r e o f f e r e d as p a r t i a l explanations f o r the changes. Tne e x a g g ~ , r a t e di n f l i g h t responses t o lower body negative pressure g e n e r a l l y 2;peared t~ d e c l i n e a f t e r the f i r s t 30-50 days of f l i g h t . I n f l i g h t d a t a served a s a fa'rly a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of the i n i t i a l pos:flight s t a t u s of orth0staLi.c cglerance. PUBLICATIONS:

26, 27, 42, 21 1 , 298, 299, 300, 301, 329, 576

:)SCAOTR(INTVSEI-

A l l a n A. Katzberg

TITLE/NUw:

The E f f e c t o f Space F l i g h t s or? Liv!.ng

Human Cells

Discoverer X V I I

:-

LFICATIOK: 7

-1NE(S): QBJFXTIVG:

Human Cell biology, Behavioral sciance

To s t u d y t r a u m a t i c e f f e c t 3 o f s p a c e f l i g h t on l i v i n g human cel'

T O : Rose chambers were seeded w i t h a b o u t 100,000 c e l l s c o n j u n c t i v a l and s y n o v i a l c e l l s . The m e d i m c r n s i s t e d o f 2cc and 10% h o r s e serumo Ground and l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l s were s e t a f t e r p r e p a r a t i o n , t h e c u l t c r e s were flown, and were yeturned days a f t e r p r e p a r a t i o n f o r d n a l y s i s .

3.

of toth salt solution up. Tweive days t o t h e l a b 16

GOUIPMENT: Rose chambers, 10% h o r s e serum, k ' e f r i g e r a t i o n u n i t s , s a l t s o l u t i o n , chemical d o s i m e t e r s , a l a n i n e , albumin, silver-activated phosphaie glass r o d s , n e u t r o n s e n s i t i v e f i l m , Ansco 552 f i l m , n u c l e a r t ~ a c k . RESULTS: P r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e c e l l s wera i n an advanced state of d e g e n e r a t i o n . On t h e 1 2 t h day, t h e r e were sigr.s o f s u r v i v a l , and 8 days l a t e r , t h e r e was new growth in t h e f l i g h t c u l t u r e s . The m o r t a l i t y r a t e was t h e same i n c o n t r o l and f l i g h t samples. CCdCLUSIONS: The d e g e n e r a t i o n of t h e c e l l s was p r o b a b l y due t o e x h a u s t i o n of t h e n u t r i e n t media. S i n c e t h e m o r t a l i t y r a t s was t h e same i n f l i g h t .id t h e gro:nd c o n t r o l s , r a d i a t i o n a l o n e cannot be h e l d s o l e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t n e c e l l u l a r d e a t h and d m q g e t h a t o c c u r r e d .

EXPERIMENTA'U&!i: The E f f e c t s of Space F l i g h t s on Living Human C e l l s :-

CLASS-; QJSCIPUE(S):

Discoverer X V I I I Human Cell biology, Eehaviwal s c i c n c e

= : = : To study traumatic e f f e c t s of s p a c e f l i g h t on l i v i n g human c e l l s .

D O C O L : Seven human c e l l l i n e s were ussd. The types of ectodermal c e l l s flown were: amnion and c o n j u n c t i v a l , t h e mesoderm c e l l s were: s t e r n a l mwrow, synovial, monocytic leukemia and h e l a , and t h e endodermal c e l l s were f r m t h e embryonic 1ur.d. A population of 50 J00 c e l l s of each type wap suspended i n 3cc sedium and sealed i n g l a s s ampules which a l s o contained a small g l a s s covers1 i p .

SQUIPMENX: Glass ampules, s a l t s o l u t i o n , 10% horse serum, r e f r i g e r a t i o n u n i t s , neutron film pack, chemical dosimeters, gold f o i l , g l a s s needle s e t s , 552 film s t l - i p s , polyethylene f ~ a s( f o r packing), a l a n l n e packets, 1 s t e p p l a t e and film ii n a l l t h r e e plafies) , nuclear t r a c k p l a t e s . RESLTS: The c u l t a r e s were i n good condition when returned on the 12th day following preparation, w i t h a high l e v e l of v i a b i l i t y . P o s t f l i g h t , the c e l l s showed no s i g n i f i c a n t biochemical, c y t o l o g i c a l , o r g e n e t i c changes.

CONCLUSIONS:

None, due t o l e s s than i d e a l experimental c o n d i t i o n s .

: 1 - P

P e t c r Kellawzy, and Robert L. Maulsby

p Analysis : of I n f l i g h t Sleep, :-

MOOG

Gemini 7

P v : Neurosensory ,

Behavioral s c i e n c e

DBJECTIVES:

To obtain an o b j e c t i v e evaluation of the p i l o t ' s s l e e p p a t t e r n i n order t o discover any d e v i a t i o n from p a t t e r n s rccorded on e a r t h , t o a s s i s t i n r e v e a l i r i f a c t o r s which may i n t e r f e r e with s l e e p i n o r b i t , and tr determine the e f f e c t s of weightlessness on the e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y of t h e b r a i n .

B: Two channels of EEC d a t a were recorded on a tape r e c ~ r d e rfrom 2 l e c t r o d e s attached t o the s c a l p . T r a n s i s t o r i z e d s i g n a l conditioners were worn in pcckets of the a s t r o n a u t ' s underwear.

m:EE2

e l e c t r c d e s , recordirig system c o n s i s t i n g of two miniature t r a n s i s t o r i z e d a a p l i f i e r s , atid a small magneliic tape r e c o r d e r .

Normal s l e e p p t t e r n s changed, mainly a s a r e s u l t of staggered s l e e p period>, a l t e r a t i o n s from p r t f l ' g h t d i u r n a l c y c l e s , a.id c y c l i c a l cabin c o i s e . The f i r s t s l e e p period was inadequaLe in terms of length and depth of s l e e p . The second wa? adequate b u t may hzve been so because of f a t i g u e from s l e e p l o s s in the f i r s t periad.

-:

This experiment demonstrzted the f e a s i b i l i t y of mor~itoringan EEC during s p a c e f l i g h t . I t &:as of good q u a l i t y and was recorded f o r a r e l a t i v e l y long p e r i d of time. No a b n o r m l i t i e s were revealed 3nd t h e r e were no obvious changes a t t r i b u c a b i ? t o weightlessness. O r b i t a l f l i g h t appears t o have no d e l e t e r i o v a e f f e c t on ;he a c t i v i t y of the b r a i n .

:

IKV-TORE)

A P.-!

:

S t e p h e n L . K ~ s z e y , and P h i l i p C. J o h n s o n

EXPERIMENTm: H e m a t o l u g i c a l and I m m u n o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s P : Apoll9-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t

DISCIPL1NE:S):

Hematology, I m u n o l o g y

QE,@CTI1fES: To p r o v i d e h e m a t o l o g i c and i m m u n o l > g i c d a t a t o t h e Apollo-Soycz T e s t P r o j e c t (ASTP) crew s u r g e n n t h a t was n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e o b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t s f t h e c r e w ' s h e a l t h s t a t u s b e f o r e l a u n c h and d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i m e d i a t e l y a f t e r f l i g h t and t o e v a l u a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s p a c e f l i g h t on t h e c i r c u l a t i n g b l o o d volume.

".

ROlOC&: Blood s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d by v e n i p u n c t u r e p r e f l i g h t o n d a y s F-30, F-15, and F-5 and f o r 4 weeks p o s t f l i g h t . R a d i o i s o t o p e s t u d i e s w e r e c!onducted on d a y s F-15, R+0, and R+29.

EQUIPMENT:

Blood c o l l e c t i o n d e v i c e .

a S U L T S : Rzd c e l l mass was r e d u c e d 95 a t R+O and r e m a i n e d bela;: n o r m a l t h r o u g h R+28. HCT and Hb were s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d a c R+O and were r e d u c e d 10-151 a t R+8. S l i g h t p o s t f l i g h t , r e d u c t i o n i n RBC c o u n t was f o u n d . T h e r e was a p o s t f l i g h t e l e v a t i o n i n WBC c o u n t ( N e u t r o p h i l ~ ) . A s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t o c c u r r e d i n t h e r e d c e l l s h a p e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a f L e r f l i g h t . An e l e v a t i o a i n methemoglobin o c c u r r e d a t R+O. I n d i v i d u a l s showed v a r i e d i m m ~ n o l o g i c r e s p o n s e s . No s i g n i f i c a n t plasma p r o t e i n a b n o r m a l i t i e s were f o u n d p r e f l i g h t o r p o s t f l i g h t . C c n s t i t u e n t s s t u d i e d were: t o t a l p r o t e i n , &lbuiniti, & l o b u l i n s a2-macro, a 1 , a 2 , B , Y , C , M , D , A , h a p t o g l o b i n , 1 - g l y c o p r o t e i n , 1 - a n t i t r y p s i n , C3, c e r u l o p l a s m i n , LDH 1-5, l i p o p r o t e i n s 3, B , p r e - 8 . mCLUSIONS' Most o f t h o c h a n g e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e h e m a t o l o k i c and immunologic f u n c t i o n s o f t h e 4STP crewmen a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r e x p o s u r e t o s p a c e f l i g h t were s u b t l e a n d / o r t r a n s i e n t . The c h a n g e s i n RBC, Hb, and HCT were t h e r e s L ~ l t o f s h i f t s i n plasma volume d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t and i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r f l i g h t . The e x p o s u r e o f t h e c r e w t o a t o x i c g a s d u r i n g r e e n t r y c o m p l i c a t e d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h o s e c h z n g e s a b s e i v e d . T h i r - x p o s Q x e may h a v e p a r t i c u l a r significance with respect t o t h e a l t e r e d red c e l l shape p r s f i l e a f t e r f l i g h t and its s l o w r a t e o f r e c o v e r y .

1 -

L. Kimzey. C r a i g L. F i s c h e r , P h i l i p C. Johnson, Stephan E . Ritzmann, and C h a r l e s E. Mengel

: Stephen

7 Hematology : and Immunology S t u d i e s PROCRAM/HISSION:

: -

Apollo

Hematology, Immunology

To a c q u i r e s p e c i f i c l a b o r a t o r y d a t a r e l a t i v e t o t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f the health s t a t u s of the astronauts p r i o r t o t h e i r comitment t o space f l i g h t , t o d e t e c t and i d e n t i f y any a l t e r a t i o n s i n t h e normal f u n c t i o n s o f t h e i m u n o h e m a t o l o g i c s y s t e m s which c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o s p a c e f l i g h t e x p o s u r e , and t o e v a l u a t e t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e s e c h a n g e s r e l a t i v e t o man's c o n t i n u i n g part.icipat ion i n space f l i g h t missiotls.

QBJECTIVES:

m T 3 C Q J : R o u t i n e biood procedrules were r e d blood c e l l c o u n t , r e t i c u l o c y t e c o u r t , hemogiobin, h e m a t o c r i t , r e d c e l l i n d i c e s , w h i t 2 blood c e l l c o u n t , w h i t e c e l l d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n t , p l a t e l e t c o u n t , and t o t a l e o s i n o p h i l c o u n t . T h e r e were some s p e c i a l h e e o t o l o g y p r o c e d u r e s , s u c h as blood volume, RBC m e t a b o l i s m , and c e l l u l a r a m l y s i s . Samples were o b t a i n e d by v e n i p u n c t u r e or1 F-30, R+3 hr.., and f o r 2 weeks p o s t f l i g h t . Three ground c o n t r o l s were u s e d . F o r t h e c q t o g e n e t i c s t u d i e s , p e r i p h e r a l blood s m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d and h e p a r i n i z e d . After c e n t r i f u g a t i o n , t h e buff'y c o a t was p r e s e r v e d f o r chromosome c u l t u r e s and t h e serum and e r y t h r o c y t e s u e r e used f o r o t h e r l a b o r g t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s . The c u l t u r e s were h a r v e s t e d a f t e r 66 h o u r s i n c u b a t i o n a t 37 C. S l i d e s were p r e p a r e d and t h e c e l l s s t a i n e d . P r e f l i g h t blood s a m p l e s P o s t f l i g h t samples were c o i l e c t e d from 30 d a y s t3 one day p r i o r t o l i f t - o f f . were drawn on t h e day o f r e c o v e r y o r w i t h i n f o u r d a y s . 200 t o 1000 metaphase c e l l s were s c o r e d f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l . For t h e immunology s t u d i e s , t h e serum p r o t e i n s were a s s a y e d s e r i a l l y b e f o r e f l i g h t , i m e d i a t e l y a i t e r r e c o v e r y , and f o r v a r y i n g p e r i o d s o f time ( u p t o two weeks) a f t e r f l i g h t . Serum p r o t e i n e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s were o b t a i n e d by c e l l u l o s e a c e t a t e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s , from w9ich alburnin ,a - g l o b u l i n and Y g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n s were compcted . I n d i v i d u a l serum p r o $ e i n s were q u a n t i t a t e d by r a d i a l i m u n o d i f f u s l o n (RID), u s i n g s p e c i f i c a n t i s e r a . P r o t e i n s a s s a y e d by R I D i n c l u d e immunoglobulins G , A , and M ( I G , I A , I M I , t h e t h i r d component o f complement ( C 3 ) , t h e c a r r i e r p r o t e i n s t k a n s f g r r i n f h a p t o g l o b i n and c e r u l o p l a s m i n , the - . l + , i p r o t e a s e s , a , - a n t i t r y p s i n , and a*-macroglobulin, and a -acid g l y c o p r o t e i n . 1

;

Lymphocytes were s e p a r a t e d from h e a r i n i z e d venq s b l o o d by a n y l o n r e t i c d u r n column, c u l t u r e d , and p u l s e d w i t h 98 - u r i d i n e o r 'H-thymidine. T h i s was measured by l i q u r d s c i n t i l L t + p n s p e c t r o m e t r y f o r RNA a n d DNA s y n t h e s i s . Red cell mass was measured u s i n g Cr.

m:Blood

c o l l e c t i o n d e v i c e and a s s a y e q u i p m e n t .

-: P o s t f l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n RBC -l.fld r e t i c u l o c y t e c o u n t s were f o u n d . WBC and p l a t e l e t c o u n t s w e r e s l i g h t l y e l e v a i ~ ai n t h e i n i t i a l p o s t f l i g h t (R+O) test

.

CI

7

Humai l y m p h o c y t e r e s p o t w e ( u p t a k e o f H' u r i d i n e o r ' H t h y m i d i n e ) t o phytohema g g l u t i n i n was w i t h i n normal l i m i t s . A 2-101 d e c r e a s e i n r e d c e l l m a s s was n o t e d . The HCT was unchanged i n i t i a l l y b u t r e d u c e d a t R+7. Hb was e l e v a t e d s l i g h t l y a t R+O, and r e d u c e d a t R+7. !CHC was e l e v a t e d t h r o u g h t h e f i r s t . week, p o s t f l i g h t . RBC T 1/2 r e m a i n e d m c h a n g e d . R s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e o f e c h i n o c y t e p o p u l a t i o n (R-2h)

was n c t e d w i t h immediate p o s t f l i g h t r e v e r s a l (H+Oj. O t h e r m o r p h o l o g i c a l t y p e s ( d i s c o c y t e , l e p t o c y t e , c o d o c y t e , s t o m a t o c y t e , k n i z c c y t e ) r e m a i n e d unchanged. I n f l i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n of t y u e s v a r i e d , b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The number o f e c h i n o c y t e s was p o s s i b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e l e n g t h o f f l i g h t . The immunology s t u d i e s s h o v e d t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f serum p r o t e i n s was i n c r e a s e d a f t e r f l i g h t . T h e r e was no i n c r e a s e i n R N A o r DNA s y n t h e s i s . No s i g n i f i c a n t a b n o r m a l i t i e s were d e m o n s t r a t e d p r e f l i g h t o r p o s t f l i g h t . The chromosome a n a l y s i s s u g g e s t e d p o s t l i g h t a b e r r a t i o n s were a p p r o x i m a t e l y d o u b l e p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s . T h e r e was a r a t h e r c o n s t a n t p o s t f l i g h t a b e r r a t i o n y i e l d which seemed t o be d e p e n d e n t on t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e f l i g h t , and b a s e l i n e o r p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s i n experienced a s t r o n a u t s appeared t o be h i s h e r than i n t h e o t h e r crewmen. ~ ~ U S I OA l t~h o u: g h t h e r e were s u b t l e a l t e r a t i o n s f o r some a s p e c t s o f e r y t h r o c y t e f u n c t i o n , plasma p r o t e i n p r o f i l e s , l y m p h o c y t e r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n s , and chromosome a b e r r a t i o n s , none o f t h e s e c h a n g e s compromise m a l ' s perfoi-manc. c a p a c i t y w h i l e i n s p a c e o r s h o u l d l i m i t h i s s t a y i n s p a c e . While q u e s t i o n s r e m a i n u n a n s w e r e d , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o l o n g e r d u r a t i o n m i s s i o n s , no d r a s t i c a l t e r a t i o n s were o b s e r v e d d ~ r i n gt h e A ~ o l l oprogram f o r t h e h e m a t o l o g i c a l and i m m u n o l o g j c a l s y s t e m s which would c a u s e s e r i o u s c o n c e r n f o r t n e h e a l t h and s a f e t y o f t h e crewmen on l o n g e r s p a c e journeyrs.

PUBLICATIONS:

193, 134, 195, 2 9 7 , 315

TOR($): EXPERTITLE/NOMBER:

Hematology a n d I m m ~ n o l o g y S t u d i e s , MI15

Skylab 2, 3, 4

PROGRAM/-:

I

S t e p h e n L . Kimzey

:

Henratology, Immunology

PBJECTIVD: To examine c r i t i c a l p h y s i o l o g i c a l b l o o d p a r a m e t e r s r e i a t i . ~ et o a s t a b l e s t a t e o f e q b i l i b r i u m between c e r t a i n b l o o d components a n d e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s upon t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s , a n d t o p r o v i d e o t h e r d a t a o n blood and b l o o d c i r c u l a t i o n which w i l l a s s i s t i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f h e m a t o l o g y and immunity, n u t r i t i o n and m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l f u z e t i o n e x p e r i m e q t s . PROTOCOL: Blocd s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d by v e n i p u n c t u r e from t h e crev a n d ground-control s u b j e c t s p e r i o d i c a l l y d u r i n g t h e p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t p h a s e s o f e a c h m i s s i o n . Depending o n t h e a s s a y t o be c o n d u c t e d , d i f f e r e n t a n t i c o a g u l e n t s were u s e d . A l l s a m p l e s were p r o c e s s e d o r s t a b i l i z e d w i t h i n m i n u t e s o: c o l l e c t i o n . I n f l i g h t s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d i n Na2 EDTA and i m m e d i a t e l y s e p a r a t e d by c e n t r i f u g a t i o n i n t o p l a s m a and c e l l u l a r p h a s e s . The i n f l i g h t s a m p l e s were f r o z e n a t -20 d e g r e e s C and s t o r e d o n b o a r d u n t i l r e c o v e r y , whereby t h e specimens were t h e n t r a n s f e r r e d t r t h e i a b f o r a n a l y s i s . EQUIPMENT:

Blood c o l l e c t i o n d e v i c e .

RESULTS: Nc s i g n i r i c a n k c h a n g e s i n t h e p l a s m a p r o t e i n p r o f i l e s were f o u n d i n t h e immunolagy s t u d i e s . gn i n s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c e d human l y m p h o c y t e r e s p o n s e ( u p t a k e o f H' u r i d i n e o r H t h y m i d i n e ) t o phytohemagg;utinin on R+O was n o t e d . It was w i t h i n normal r a n g e on d a y s R+3-7. S u p p r e s s i o n o f T - c e l l numbers ( b y Z - r o s e t t e ) , a n e l e v a t i o r o f B - c e l l n u m b e r s , and n o r m a l t o t a l l y m p r , o c y t e s were found. RBC c o u n t was unchanged a t R+O, b u t s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d by R + 7 . WBC was e l e v a t e d a t R+O and r e t i c u l o c y t e c o u n t was d e c r e a s e d a t R+O, b u t e l e v a t e d a t R+7. A l o s s o f r e d c e l l mass and p i a s m a volume and r e d u c t i o n i n h e m o g l o b i n c o n c e n t ~ a t i o nwere f o u n d . T h e r e was a s h i f t i n t h e s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y i n t ' , r e d c e i l p o p u l a t i o n . K c o n t e n t o f t h e r e d c e l l s r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e d . The., was a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c e l l t y p e s i n f l i g h t . b.. i n c r e a s e i n e c h i n o c y t e s was f o u n d i n l ' l i g h t w i t k i m m e d i a t e p o s t f l ~ g h tr e v e r s a l O t h e r t y p e s were unchanged.

CONCLUSlOu: The i n c r e a s e d amount o f p h y s i c a l e x e r c i s e i n t h e l a t e r S k y l a b m i s s i o n s may have r e s u i t e d i n a p r e v e n t i o f i o f a l t 2 r a t i o n . s i n p l a s a a p r o t e i n p r o f i l e s . The e x a c t c a u s e and i m p a c t o f t h e r e d u c e d l y m p h o c y t e r e s p o n s i v e n e s s

was not determined. The change in s p e c i f i c gr'avity may represent an a l t e r a t i o n of red c e l l l i p i d cont.ent, c e i l water content, c e l l e l e c t r o l y t e concentration, or a combination of the t-hree. Most changes i t 1 red c e l l shape induced by i n t r i n s i c factors ?nd those related t o aged ~ e dc e l l s a r e not readily reversible. This obstrvation would support the concept of a change in one of the plasma constituent: and its uptake by the c e l l membrane a s belng the primary cause of the shape changes. The significance of the observed red c e l l shape transformation is not readily apparent.

AL INVESTICBTZ)R(S) : Joseph F. Kubis, Edward J. McLmghlin, J a n i c e M. Jackson, Rudolph Rusnak, Gary H. YcBride, and

Susan V. Saxon

p Task : and Work P e r f w m a n c e on Skylab Missionft 2 , 3, and 4 , MI51

Human

:-

m

S

)

: Nourosensory, B e h a v i o r a l s c i e n c e

OBJECTIYES:

To o b s e r v e a s t r o n a u t s i n motion, cor,$are t h e i r m o b i l i t y and d e x t e r i t y i n v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s under w e i g h t l e s s n e s s w i t h similar a c t i v i t i e s under E a r t h c o n d i t i o n s , and t o e v a l u a t e t h e i r z e r o - g r a v i t y b e h a v i o r f o r d e s i g n s and work programs o f f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t .

PROTO(;DL: The f o l l o w i n g t a s k s were s e l e c t e d f o r o b s e r v a t i o n :

locomotion o f crewmen as t h e y moved i n zero-g environment w i t h and w i t h ~ u tl o a d s , f i n e and g r o s s motor a c t i v i t i e s o f creme11 i n p e r f o r m i r q o p e r a t i o n s w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f r e s t r a i n t s , t a s k s which requi-ed v i s u 6 1 , t a c t i l e , o r a u d i t o r y feedback, o r combinations o f f e e d b a c k s , i n t r a v e h i c u l a r and e x t r a v e h ; c u l a r a c t i v i t l e ? , and r e p e a t e d a c t i v i t i e s performed e a r l y , midway, and l a . i n t h e m i s s i o n s showing a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e zero-g environment. Films were made w i t h v e r b a l i n f o r m a t i o n by t h e a s t r o n a u t s . EQUIPMENT:

16mm movie camera, p o r t a b l e h i g h i n t e n s i t y p h o t o g r a p h i c !.amp, t a p e

recorder. There was u n i f o r m i t y o f crew performance o v = r t h e m i s s i o n s . I n i t i a l change from p r e f l i g h t t o i n f l i g h t environment was accompanied by an i n c r e a s e i n performance time f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f work t a s k a c t i v i t i e s s t u d i e s . By t h e end o f t h e second i n f l i g h t t r i a l , morc than h a l f o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s were performed as e f f i c i e n t l y a s on t h e l a s t p r e f l i g h t t r i a l . Performance p r o f i c i e n c y i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g each Skylab m i s s i o n w i t h crewmen a d j u s t i n g r a p i d l y t o t h e w e i g h t l e s s environment and becoming p r o f i c i e n t i n d e v e l o p i n g t e c h n i q u e s t o o p t i m i z e t a s k performance.

RESULTS:

There was no e v i d e n c e o f performance d e t e r i o r a t i o n t h a t c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e e f f e c t s o f l o n g d u r a t i o n e x p o s u r e t o t h e Skylab environment. Performance a d a p t a t i o n was v e r y r a p i d . By t h e end o f t h e second perfo!*mancc t r i a l . a b o u t 50% of a l l t a s k e l e m e n t s were completed w i t h i n t h e time observed f o r t h e last p r e f l i g h t t r i a l .

: -

:1-

Ea-1 V. LaFevers, Arnauld E. Nicogossian, Willim N . Hursta, and Joseph T. Baker

Electr~myographicAnalysis of Skeletal Muscle p:

EB!XMMuU:

DISCIPLINE(Sr:

Apollo-Soyuz Test Projecl;

Musculoskeletal, Neurosensory

To investigate changes in s k e l e t a l muscle e l e c t r i c a l a c t i v i t y t h a t occur a f t e r exposure to short-term weightlessness.

QBJEC-:

PROTOCOL:

Ddta were obtained on days F-45, F-30, and F-15. Surface electrodes were placed on the lower leg muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and on the a m muscles (biceps brachii and b r a c h i o r a d i a l i s ) . Seated i n the muscle s t r e s s apparatus, the crewman was instructed t o exert a s e r i e s of graded efforts.

EQUIPMENT:

A s k e l e t a l muscsle s t r e s s apparatus, electromyogram.

Skeletal muscle disuse a t t r i b u t a b l e t o 9 days of space f l i g h t weightlessness resulted i n increased e x c i t a b i l i t y of the instrumented muscles.

-:

The r a t i o s of integrated electromyogram (IEMS) to force for both the gastrocnemius and brachioradialis muscles showed a decrezsed l e v e l of e l e c t r i c a l efficiency a s a r e s u l t of the 9 days i c weightlessness. The data for the biceps and brachioradialis muscles show a tendency f o r increased e l e c t r i c a l efficiency. S i g n i f i c ~ n ts h i f t i n g of the power spectra i n t o iower frequencies was consider:! evidence of nluscle f a t i g a b i l i t y . I n the leg muscle, there was a s i g n i f i c a n t difference between p r e f l i g h t an@ p o s t f l i g h t s p e c t r a l power l e v e l s . The ~ ~ o s t f l i g hdata t showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r progressive power s t i f t i n t o tne lower frequencies a s a r e s u l t of the 1-minute isometric s t r e s s . The arm vuscles d i d not exhibit s i g n i f i c a n t differences between conditions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Both upper and lower extremity muscles showed changes i n e x c i t a b i l i t y which suggest t h a t s k e l e t a l muscles a r e susceptible t o functional changes zssociated w i t h the reduced muscle a c t i v i t y i n weightlessness. Since a l l changes shoked increased s e n s i t i v i t y , the probable s i t e f o r t h i s e f f e c t is the muscle f i b e r s , f o r the following reassn: Previous c l i n i c a l s t u d i e s have shown t h a t random l o s s o r reduced a c t i v i t y i n m ~ s c i ef i b e r s , a s i n myopathy, r e s u l t i n higher f i r i n g frequencies of the musc!e, whereas dysfuncticns of neural l o c i r e s u l t in lower f i r i n g frequencies . Short-term exposure t o weightlessness heightens f a t i g a b i l i t y i n s k e l e t a l muscle. Greater amounts of s p e c t r a l power were observed i n the lower

frequenciev after weightlessness than before in response to the fatigueinduciri stress. The disuse associated w i t h whole body weightlessness temporarily facilitated zertain muscle conditions.

PUBLICATIONS:

327, 328

-

:

m-L&E&UlwZI-;

Carolyn S. Leach, and Paul C. Hambaut Biochemical Responses o f t h e Skylab Crewmen, M073

LF(OGRBM/MZSSIC\PSkylab 2, 3, 4

-NE(S): A

Enaocrinology, Environmental h e a l t h

To assess tilt? effect o f s p a c e i1igLL ~n e n d o c r i n e and m e t a b o l i c f u n c t i o n s i m l u d i n g f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e c o n t r o l medhanisms.

-IVES:

Metabolic m o n i t o r i n g began on day F-21 and c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h day R+17. Blood and u r i n e samples were c o l l e c t e d p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t . For t h e blood samples, Na2 EDTA was used a s an a n t i c o a g u l a n t . Radioassay, f l u o r o m e t r i c and g a s chromatographic t e c h n i q u e s were used f o r most hormonal a n a l y s e s . Rsdionuclide body compartment s t u d i e s u c r e conducted p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t . These 'ncluded d i l u t i o n s t u d i e s of,&otal body water ( t r i t i u m ) , e x t ~ a c e l l u l a r ~ ~ l u( 3i ds u l p h a t e ) , plasma volume ( I - p r o t e i n ) and exchangeable potassium ( K and 4 3 ~ )

pBpTQC;QL:

+

m:Blood

collsction device, urine c o l l e c t i m device.

I n t h e blood samples, e l e v a t i o r s were found i n Ca and PO4 i n f l i g h t and remained hlgh f o r s e v e r a l days p o s t f l i g h t . C o r t i s o l and a n g i o t e n s i n I were g e n e r a l l y e l e v a t e d . K and c r e a t i n i n e i n c r e a s e d i n f l i g h t and remained h i g h i m e d i a t e l y after recovery. Plasma a l d o s t e r m e , t o t a l p r o t e i n , carbon d i o x i d e , t h y r c i d s t i m ~ l a t i n ghormone, and t h y r o x i n e were i n c r e a s e d p o s t f l i g h t . Reduction was noted i n k , C 1 , o s m o l a l i t y and ACTH i n f l i g h t and p c s t f l i g h t . There were p o s t f l i g h t d e c r e a s e s i n c h o l e s t e r o l , u r i c a c i d , magnesium, l a c t i c dahydrogenase, and t o t a l b i l i r u b i n . BUN and albumin were unchmged a t A+O, b u t d e c r e a s e d R+3 and R+14. A l l e l e c t r o l y t e s i n t h e 2 b h o u r x i n e samples wore i c z r e a s e d i n f l i g h t a l o n g w i t h a l d o s t e r o n e , c o r t i s o l , and t o t a l 17-ketost.eroids. P o s t f l i g h t i n c r e a s e s were s e e n i n e p i n e p h r i n e , n o r e p i n e p h r i n e , a l d o s t e r o n e , and c o r t i s o l . There were traends towzrd i n f l i g h t d e c r e a s e s i n ADH, e p i n e p h r i n e , n o r e p i n e p h r i n e , and u r i c a c i d - Decreases were noLed p o s t f l i g h t i n Na, K. C1, o s m o l a l i t y , PO4, magnesium, u r i c a c i d , nDH, an6 t o t a i 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.

J_EsICLTs:

S i g n i f i c a n t biochemical 2hanges were c b s e r v e d , v a r y i n g i n magnit.ude and d i r e c t i o n , b u t a l l d i s a p p e a r e d s h o r t l y a f t e r r e t u r n t o E a r t h . These changes a r e an i n d i c a t i o n o f s u c c e s s f u l a d a p t a t i o n o f ;e body t o t h e combined stresses o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . The t r a n s i e n t n a t u r e o f some o f t h e s e c h a n g e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e metabolism, t e n d t o s u p p o r t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t a new and s t a b l e c o n d i t i o n of h o m e o s t a s i s had been a c h i e v e d .

~~:

0 U l.G -I)

: Carolyn S. Leach

EXPERIMENT&: Biocbemistrv and E n d o c r i n ~ ~ ~Rgeys u l t s

:-AP

-&u:

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t

Endocrinology, Envirormental h e a l t h

QBJECTIVES: To provide d a t a which would permit an o b j e c t i v e assessment of t h e i n d i v i d u a l c r e m a n ' s h e a l t h . The d a t a c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g p r e f l i g h t provided b a s e l i n e information f o r d e t e c t i n g and i d e n t i f y i n g p o s t f l i g h t p h y s i o l o g i c a l changes which may have r e s u l t e d from exposure t o t h e space f l i g h t environment. J'ROTOCQL: Analyses were performed on venous blood on days F-30, F-15, and F-5. P o s t f l i g h t blood was drawn a s soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e ? r c z a v e r y and R+28. A l l p r e f l i g h t blood samples were obtained a f t e r f a s t i n g . On t h e same day t h a t blood was drawn, 24-hour u r i n e samples were c o l l e c t e d from each crewman.

-2:

Blood c ~ l l e c t i o rd~e v i c e , u r i n e c o l l e c t i o n device.

T 3 : BUN, c r e a t i n i n e , and SGPT were e l e v a t e d p o s t f l i g h t . A d e c r e a s e was seen i n CPK, u r i c a c i d , c h o l e s t e r o l , and t r i g l y c e r i d e s . A p o s t f l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n u r i n e volume, Na, R, C 1 , and PO4, a!!d an i n c r e a s e i n Ca e x c r e t i o n weme found. C o r t i s o l , a l d o s t e r o n e , and a n g i o t e n s i n were e l e v a t e d a t R+O. ADH and norepinephrine were decreased a t R+O. A l l were decreased R+28.

m

CfJNCLUSIO&: Tb.e t.est r e s u l t s o f U. S. c r e m e n on t h e +day ASTP f l i g h t were similar t o t h e f i n d i n g s on recovery o f previous space f l i g h t crews from

missions o f comparable d u r a t i o n .

W ' A L INVESTIWQU):

C a r a l y n S. L e a c h , W. C a r t e r A l e x a n d e r , arid P h i l i p C. Cohnson

E;rDmTITLE/NUMBERE:n d o c r i n e , E l e c t r o l y t e , a n d F l u i d Volume Changes A s b o c i a t e d w i t h Apol! o M i s s i o n s fBC)GRAM/NISSION:

(JLASSIFlCATION: :-

OBJECTIVES:

Apollo Human E n d o c r i n o l o g y , Environmenta; h e a l t h

To e v a l u a t e t h e b i o c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s i n A p o l l o crewmembers.

The

areas s t u d i e d were b a l a n c e o f f l u i d s and e l e o t r o l . y t e s , r e g u l a t i o n o f c a l c i u m m e t a b o l i s m , a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , and r e g u l a t i o n o f m e t a b o l i c processes. PROTOCOL,: The same p r o t , o c o l was u s e d fo.- a l l t h e A p o l l o m i s s i o n s e x c e p t 1 1 , 1 2 , and 1 4 , which wer! i n t h e l u n a r q u a r a n t i n e program. 45 m l o f v e n o u s b l o o d was drawn 3 times b e f o r e f l i g h t . 24 h o u r u r i n e s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d p r e and p o s t f l i g h t a t t h e ssmo time. T h e r e was a g r o u n d c o n t r o l t o d e t e r m i n e t z a n s p c r t e c f e c t s on t h e s a m p l e s . Blood was a n a l y z e d f o r o s m o l a l i t y , Na, K , C 1 , ACTH, a n g i o t e n s i n I , c w t i s o l , HGH, i n s u l i n , p a r a t h o r m o n e , t h y ; 8 0 x i n e , a n d t r i i a d o t h y r o n i n e . U r i n e ~ ? asn a l y z e d f o r e l e c t r o l y t e s , o s m o l a l i t y , volume, a l d o s t c r o n e , c o r t i s o l , ADH, k e t o s t e r o i d s , and a a i n o a c i d s . R a d i o n u c l i d e s t u d i e s b!ere u s e d . EQUIPMENT:

Blood and u r i n e n o l l e c t i ~ nd e v i c e s , b i o a s s a y e q u i p m e n t .

RESULTS: T o t a l body w a t e r , . imd e x t r a - and i n L ~ * a c e l l l ; l a rf l u i d s d e c r e a s e d 2 % . P l a s m a volumt? was r e d u c e d 4%. T h e r e was a p o s t f l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n w i n e vclume, and i n c r e a s e i n o s m o l a l i t y . Na, K , C1, and Mg d e c r e a s e d . A t R+O, c o r t i s o l , a l d o s t e r o n e , H G 3 , A D H , p r c g n a n e d i o l were e l e v a t e d . E p i n e p h r i n e , 17-hydroxycorticosteroi~s, ;r.ir-onterone, e t i o c k o l a n o l o n e d e c r e a s e d . A t R+O, t h e amino a c i d s t a u r i n e , s a r c c d n e , and B - a l a n i n e w e r e e l e v a t e d , w h e r e a s , g l y c i n e , a l a m i n e , and t y r o s i m ! were r e d u c e d .

aNcLusIoMs: The f o l l o w i n g h j p o t h e s i s is p r e s e n t e d t o e x p l a i n t h e mechanisms u n d e r l y i n g t h e o b s e r v e d e l e c t t m o l y t e and f l u i d cospartmene. c h a n g e s : I n a w e i g h t l e s s e n v i r o n m s n t , t h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y f o r plasma v o l m e t o be d i s t r i b b t e d more e v e n l y w i t h i n t h e v a s c u l a r s y s t m and a k a y from t h e g r a v i t y d e p e n d e n t e x t r e m i t i e s . T h i s s h i f t is i n t e c ~ i - e t e dtoy rt. -.nt,ors, p r o b a b l y i n t h e r i g h t atrLum, t o be a n i n c r e a s e i n v a s c u l a r volume. The i n c r e a s e i n v a s c u l a r vol-ume i s c o u n t e r a c t e d by an increased v a t a r l o s s , f o l i o w e d by a c o m p e n a e t o r y , adrenal-pit~l;.tary-mediated r e t e n t i o n o f w a t e r and s ~ d i u ma n d by a c o n t i n u e d l o s s o f p o t a s s i u m . O t h e r hormone c h a n g e s o b s e r v e d a r e t e n t a t i v e l y a s c r i b e d tc! t h e s t r e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e A p o l l o s p a c e f l i g h t s , t o t h e w e l l known c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h y p o k i n e s i s , and t o t h e m e t n b o l i c effects a f h y p o c a l o r i c n u t r i t i o n 2 1 i n t a k e .

AL INVmG&'m) : L i l l i a n H

8-?LE/NUMBEE:

. T,ockh.art

C y t o g e n e t i c StuCies o f Blood, MI? 1

SSIFICATIO&:

Human

Q&J&TIVES: To a ~ l s l y z et h e chromosome p a t t e r n s o f a s t r o n a u t s p r e f l i g h t and ~ o s t f l i g h tg i v i n g s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o f i n d i n g s m g g e s t i v e o f expcEure t o ionizing irradiation. BjQTOCOL: Blood lymphocyte s t u d i e s were performed 5 t i m e s ; r e f l i g h t and 6 times p o s t f l i g h t . A t o t a l o f 77 s p e c l a e n s were c u l t u r e d a d p r o c e s s e d . The c u l t u r e s were incubated f o r 60 t o 7 5 hcurs and p r o c e s s e d by t r e a t m e n t w i t h Colnezid fur. 2 nours. The c e l l s u s p e n s i o ~ ;v a s t h e n t r e e t e d w i t h a hypotonic scrlution and f i x e d with methanol and a c e t i c & ? i d . S l i d e s were pp.,osred by flame d r y i n g . A f t e r W r i g h t ' s s t a i n i n g , a p p r o x i r m t e l y 125 c ~ l l l s 2 exanined from each c u l t u r e f o r minor s t r u c t u r a l d e f e c t s and I-earrant;ements. Each c e l l with numerical o r s t r . x t u r a 1 def'ects w2s photographza 2nd karayotyped t c determine t h e chromosomes i n v e l v e d i n t h e a b e r r a t i o n s . \

EQUIPMNT:

Blvod c o l l e c t i o n d e v i c e .

RESULTS,: C y t o g s n e t i c a a a l y s i s of lymphocytes f o r f r a g m e n t s , d e l e t i o n s , d i c e n t r i c s , r i n g s , exchange f i g u r e s , t r a n s ; o c a t i o n s , and inversions shoxed minor s t r u c t u r a l d e f e c t s w i t h l n n o m a l range b u t n a j o r rearr;;. !dements wene i n c r e a s e d . It seems unrela+,ed t o f l i g h t a s l t a l s o o c c u r r e d i n t h e groul?d c c n t r o i . The e t i o l o g y is unit exhibited increased c l i n i c a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o infection.

wINYESTIGATOR(S):

Todd F!eister

p : Immunology, ED32 ::-

:-

Skylab 3 Hman Immunology

OBJECTIVES:

To o b s c r v e vitro t h e e f f e c t s o f zero g r a v i t y on a precipitin-type antigen-antibody reaction.

W T O C Q L : Measured amounts o f human a n t i g e n were u s e d t o i n o c u l a t e j p l a t e s c o n t a i n i n g a g a r and a n t i b o d i e s , p r o v i d i n g e a c h p l a t e w i t h a d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n o f a n t i g e n / ~ c t i b o d y . The p l a t e s were s t o r e d a t S k y l a b a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ( a p p r o x . 77 F) f o r 2 d a y s . S t a r t i n g 24 h o u r s a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n , p h o t o g r a p h s were t a k e n e v e r y 5 h o u r s . Growth r a t e s o f t h e p r r c i p i t i n r i n g s ,ere compared w i t h t h o s e o f t h e c o n t r c l c x p e r i m e n t o n e a r t h .

E

m : 3 r a d i a l ~ m m u n o d i f f u s i o np i a L e s , 1 t h e r m o s b o t t l e - t y p e c o o l e r , 3 Hamlltoc s y r i n g e s . S m a l l r i n g s k h i c h gre;r d u r i n g t h e 48-hour p e r i o d were v i s i b l e i n scine o f t h e c h a m b e r s . Mu,;, o t t h e a g a r became d r i e d and c r a c k e d a f t e r 2 3 h o u r s 9 f i n c u b a t i o n . Nine o f 18 c h a m b e r s had formed p r e c i p i t i n r i n g s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same g r o w t h r a t e s and w i t h s i m i l a r i n t e n s i t i e s a s e a r t h controls.

wI;LTS:

Those r e a c t i o n s which o e c ~ r r e dp r o v i d e d i ~ ~ i d e n ct he a t t h e immune r e a c t i o n system f u n c t i o n 4 n o m a l l y i n t h e space e n v i r o r a e n t .

: -

PUBLICATIONS:

197, 3 7 7 , 393, 500

PAL lNVESTIGATOR(S\:

EXPERIMENT-:

C h a r l e s E. Mengel Red C e l l M e t a b o l i s m S t u d i e s o n S k y l a b

OBJECTIVES: To s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s o f g r a v i t y o n t h e membrane a n d t h e metabolism o f t h e human r e d b l o o d c e l l , a n d t o d e t e r m i n e w h ~ t n e ra n y m e t a b o l i c c h a n g e s o r membrane m o d i f i c a t i o n s o c c u r r e d as a r e s u l t c f e x p o s u r e t o t h e space f l i g h t environment.

W m : B l o o d s a m ~ l e so f e a c h crewman were t ~ k e no n d a y s F-21, F-7, a n d F - I , 4 times d u r i n g t h e f i r s t a n d 8 times d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d m l s s i z n s , a n d on d a y s R c O , R+1, a n d R+14. B l o o d was a n a l y z e d f o r u.ethemoglobin, g l u c o s e - & p h o s p h a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e , p h o s p h o g l y c e r i c k i n a s e , l i p i d peroxides, reduced g l u t h a t h i o n e , adenosine t r i p h o s p h a t e , glyceraldehyde p h o s p h a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e , p y r u v a t e k i n a s e , a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a s e , phosphof r u c t o k i n a s e , 2, 3 - d i p h o s p h o g l y c e r i z a c i d , and h e x o k i n a s e . i n f l i g h t s a m p l e s w e r e f r o z e n and r e t u r o e d to E a r t h f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s . ESUIPiEU:

l n f l i g h t Blood C o l l e c t i o n S y s t e m .

RESULTS: I n f l i g h t i n c r e a s e s o f h e x o k i n a s e , p y r u v ? t e k i n a s e , a : ~ d g l y c e r a l d e h y d e p h o s p i l a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e were f c s n d . C h a n g e s or' a d e n o s i n e t r i p h o s p h a t e a n d 2 , 3 - d i p h o s p h o g l y c e r i c a c i d were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s t f l i g n t decrease o f phosphofructokinase. Significant d e c r e a s e s i n f l i g h t o f p h o s p hogl ycer i 2 k i n a s e and a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e r a c e and i ~ c t - e a s e sof p y r u v z t e k i n a s e were f o u n d . I;QCLI;LUSlOu: I t is p o s s i b l e t o c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e r e a r e n o evident-s o f l i p i d p e r d x i d a t i o n i t h a r ; t ; s c h e m i z a l e f f e c t known t,o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i r r e v e r s i b l e :ediates and r e d c e l l d a m a g e ) . The < - h ~ n g e so b s e r v e d i n g l y c o l y t i c i n \ of r e d c e l l eczyrnes c a n n o t b t d i r e c t l y imp1 i c a t e d a s i n d i z a t i n g ev ldc 'image.

:1-

Edward L. Miche?, John A . Rummel, Charles F .

& w i n , Melvin C. Buderei*, and John D. Lem

v: Metabolic A c t i v i t y , ::-

HI71

Human

-

R e s p i r a t a r y . Behaviors1 s c i e n c e

: t To determine whether man's metabolic ef fectiveiiess while performing mechani-.al work is p:ogressively a l t e r e d by exposure t o t h e space environment and t o e v a l u a t e t : ~ eMI71 bicycle ergometer a s sn i n f l i g h t crew personal e x e r c i s e r .

PROTOCOL:

Exercise y.otoco1 on t h e b i c y c l e ergometer was 5 min. r e s t , 5 min. a t 25% max. VO , J min. a t 50% max. V02, 5 min. a t 75% max. VG , and 5 min. recovery. f i ~ ~ hb af s e l i n e t e s t s were conducted by t h e crew. h f l i g h t t e s t i n g occurred z'mut every 6 days. There were e i g h t modified t e s t s p o s t f l i g h t . Far Skylab 4 . the p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t t e s t s included both upright and supine ergomet-y. Data was c o l l e c t e d on ergometer work r a t e , ergometer RPM, oxygen uptak::, carbon dioxide o u t p u t , minute volume, v i t a l c a p a c i t y , r e s p i r a t o r y q u o ' l e n t , heart r a t e , blood p r e s s u r e , vectorcardiogram, body weight, body t ePdperature , and Sky l a b environmental parameters.

:-T

E r g m e t e r , blood pressure measuring system, vectorcardiogrlaph/ h e a r t r a t e system, metabolic analyzer c o n s i s t i n g of a spirorneter, a mass spectrometer, arid an analog computer. I r ? f l i g h t e x e r c i s e w a s char:-cterized by signi:'icantly reduced oxygen consumption and d i a s t o l i c bl.ood p r e s s u r e . Other re.ryonses were within normal p r e f l i g h t limits.

:

P o s t f l i g h t ( R + O ) t e s t s showed s i g n l f i c a n t l y decreased c a r d i a c output ( - 3 0 % ) and increased t o t a l systemic p e r i p h e r a l vascular r e s i s t a n c e . HeatBt r a t e was elevated while mean s t r o k e volume decreased 45%. Mean a r t e r i a l pllessure and oxygen c o n s m p t ion were unchanged. Return t o norms1 pref 1i g h t values occurred t j Rc2b-31. k'light durat?.on d i d riot s i g n i f i c a n t l y inl'luenc'c the rn.qnitutlc 31' changes o r t.:me f o r r e t u r n t o normal. Skylab 2 rcached p r e f l i g h t c x ~ r c i s ?response b y R+L 1 , unereas Skylab 3 and 4 rrached pref 1i g h t e x e r c i s e response by R+4-5.

v: I t nppea1.s

that t h e ooserved responses were a r c s u l t of a decreased venous r e t u r n caused by an a l t e r e d f l u i d balntrcc/blood volume s t a t e coupled w i t h p o s s i b l e reductions in vascular tone of the venous systerri. Exercise c;pacj t y inf 1 i g h t w 3 s not 2ompromiscd.

PRINCIPA' INVESTIGATOB(S1:

P h i l i p OtB. Montgomery, J. 2. Cook, R. C. Reynolds, J. S. P a u l , L. H a y f l i c k , D. S t o c k , W. W. S c h u l z , S t e p h e n L. Kimzey, R o b e r t G. T h i r o l f , Thomas D. Rogers, and J. M u r r e l l

EXPERIMENT: The Response o f S i n g l e Human C e l l s t o Zero G r n a v i t y , SO15

-AM/MISSION:

U c :

Skylab 3 Human

EISCIPLINE(S):

C e l l biology

m : To d e t e c t t h e e r f e c t s o f z e r o - g r a v i t y on c e l l g r o w t h r a t e s and c e l l s t r u c t u r e and f u n c t i o n .

S

A s t r a i n o f d i p l 3 i d human embryonic c e l l s (WI-38) was u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . C e l l growth rates were o b s e r v e d by l i g h t m i c r o s c o p y , t r a n a m i s b i o n and s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y , and h i s t o c h e ~ i s t r y . S t u d i e s o f t h e c e l l f u n c t i o n and c e l l c y c l e w r r e performed by time l a p s e m o t i o n p i c t u r e photog r a p h y and m i c r o s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y . S t u d y o f r e t u r n e d l i v i n g c e l l s i n c l u d e d k a r o t y p i n g , G- and C-banding, and a n a l y s e s o f t h e c u l t u r e media. Ground c o n t r o l u n i t s were used f o r comparison o f r e s u l t s .

PROTOCOL:

Woodlawn Wanderer 9 w i t h a c a m e r a - m i c r o s c o p e s y s t e m , specimen chambers, and a growth c u r v e module.

EQUIPMENT:

AESULTS:

Human embryonic l u n g c e l l s showed normal g r o w t h , c e i l c y c ; ~ t i m e s ,

G- and C- c3romosome banding and r e a r r a n g e m e n t , DNA, and m i t o t i c i n d e x . Phase,

e l e c t r o n and s c a n n i n g microscopy showed no d i f f e r n e c e s .

CONCLUSIONS:

Within t h e l i m i t s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i m , i t was found t h a t z e r o - g r a v i t y environment produced on d e t e c t a b l e e f f e c t s on human embryonic lung c e l l s i n t i s s u e c u l t u r e .

&

: Arnauld E. Nicc ;53ssian, C h a r l e s K. L a P i n t a , Eduard C. B u r c h a r d , G. W y c k l i f f e H o f f l e r , 9nd P e t e r J .

Bartalloni

--

p: Crew H e a l t h Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t

:-

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

PBJECTIVES:

PROTOCOL:

Environmental h e a l t h

To i n s u r e t h e h e a l t h and s a f e t y o f crewmember3. Physical examination, i n f l i g h t biomedical instrumentation,

m:B i o i n s t r m e n t a t i o n

electrodes.

E m :

A l l t h r e e crewmembers e x p e r i e n c e d t h e now classical f u l l n e s s - o i - t h e head s e n s a t i o n i n m c d i a t e l y a f t e r E a r t h - o r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n . T h i s symptom was m i l d and d i d n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e c r e w ' s performance.

The U . S. crew wss exposed t o t o x i c g a s e s , m o s t l y n i t r o g e n t e t r o x i d e IN204), from i n a d v e r t e n t r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l s y s t e m (RCS) f i r i n g s d u r i n g t h e d e s c e n t p h a s e , 30 s e c o n d s a f t e r drogue deployment. The N20,, e n t e r e d t h e CM t h r o u g h t h e c a b i n p r e s s u r e r e l i e f v a l v e , which was opened d u r i n g t h e l a n d i n g s e q u e n c e . The c h i e f c o m p l a i n t s c o n s i s t e d o f b u r n i n g o f t h e e y e s w i t h p r o f u s e t e a r i n g , b u r n i n g s e n s a t i o n and i t c h i n g o f t h e exposed s k i n s u r f a c e s which m b s i d e d s h o r t l y a f t e r they l e f t t h e s p a c e c r a f t , t i g h t n e s s of t h e c h e s t , r e t n o s t e r n a l b u r n i n g s e n s a t i o n , and i n a b i l i t y t o i n h a l e d e e p l y which l e d t o a n o n n r o d u c t i v e and nonspasmodic cough. The r e v i e w o f s y s t e m s was n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y . The t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s were i n no a c u t e d i s t r e s s and a l l were o r i e n t e d t o t i m e , p e r s o n , and p l a c e .

w m :

Follow-up d e t a i l e d m e d i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s were performed 4 weeks a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l e x p o s u r e t o N o4 v a p o r s . It was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e r e were no o b v i o u s r e s i d u a l a f t e r e f f e c f s from t h e e x p o s u r e t o t o x i c fumes.

PRINCIPAL INuSTJCATOR(S1: EXPERIMENT T U L E / N U m :

-PROGRAM/hISSION :

Arnauld E. N i c o g o s s i a n , C. W y c k l i f f e H c f f l e r , Robert L. J o h n s o n , and R i c h a r d J . Cowen D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f C a r d i a c S i z e From C h e s t Roentgenograms F o l l o w i n g S k y l a b M i s s i o n s

Skylab 2, 3. 4

DISCIPUE(S : Cardiovascular

U T I V E :

To measure and e v a l u a t e c h a n g e s i n c a r d i a c s i z e .

PROJOCOL: -.

S t a n d a r d p o s t e r o a n t e r i o r c h e s t f i l m s i n s y s t o i e and d i a s t o l e were o b t a i n e d p r e f l i d h t and w i t h i n a few h o u r s a f t e r r e c o v e r y on e a c h o f t h e S k y l a b astrr nauts P o s t f l i g h t c h e s t X-rays were v i s u a l l y compared t o t h e p r e f l i g h t roentgenograms f c r p o s s i b l z c h a n g e s i n pulmonary v a s c u l a t u r e , l u n g parenchyma, and bony o r s c f t t j s s u e s t r u c t u r e s . From t h e s e r o e n t g e n o g r a f i s t h e f o l i o w i ' l g measurements were o b t a i n e d : c s . r d i a c and t h o r a c i c t r a n s v e r s e d i a m e t e r s , c a r d i o t h o r a c i c t r a n s v e r s e d i a m e t e r r a t i o , c a r d i a c a r e a from t h e p r o d u c t o f b o t h d i a g o n a l d i a m e t e r s , c a r d i a c s i l h o u e t t e a r e a by p l a n i m e t r y , t h o r a c i c c a g e a r e a and, c a r d i o t h o r a c i c a r e a r a t i o

.

EQUIPMENT:

X-ray equipment.

U S : T h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d c h r d i a c s i l o u e t t e areas, and c a r d i o t h o r a c i c t r a n s v e r s e d i a m e t e r r a t i o s p o s t f l i g h t . No c o r r e l a t i s n was found between l e n g t h o f m i s s i o n and change i n s i z e . N o r m a l i z a t i o n o c c u r r e d by R+5. P o s t f l i g h t e c h o c a r d i o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s showed v e n t r i c u l a r d i m e n s i o n s unchanged on S k y l a b 4 . The o b s e r v e d p o s t f l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n fror! a 1 p l a n e c a r C i a c s i l h o u e t t a s i z e c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o a d e c r e a s e i n m y o c a r d i a l t i s s u e mass a n d / o r i n t r a c h a m b e r blood c o n t e n t , a n a t a m i c a l r e o r i e n t a t i o q , o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e f a c t o r s . Caudad d i s p l a c e m e n t of blood and o t h e r f l u i d s t o g e t h e r w i t h a n a b s o l u t e d e c r e a s e i n t h e c i r c u l a t i n g blood volume c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r t h e obszrved d e c r e a s e s i n t h e c a r d i a c s i l h o u e t t e s i z e . A small d i a s t o i i c s i z e might more ? l e a r i y d e l i n e a t e a d e f i c i t i n blood r e t u r n and chamber f i l l i n g r a t h e r t h a n l o s s o f m y o c a r d i a l mass.

: -

INVESTLGATORG.):

A r n a u l d E . N i c o g o s s i a n , C h a r l e s F. S a w i n , a n d P e t e r J. B a r t e l l o n i R e s u l t s o f Pulmon;

:-

lr

Rlnction Tests

E p O C R A M / ~ : Apollo-Soyllz T e s t P r o j e c t

:-

Human

DISCIPLINE(S):

QBJECTIYES:

Respiratory

To m e a s u r e pulmonary f u n c t i c n i n w e i g h t l e s s n e s s .

PROTOCOL: P r e f l i g h t pulmonary f u n c t i o n t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h o t h e r m e d i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s on d a y s F-45, F-33, e n d F-15. Because o f h a r d w a r e m a l f u n c t i o n on d a y F-45, d a t a were n o t a m e n a b l e t o a n a l y s i s a n d o n l y two sets o f d a t a were u s e d f o r b a s e l i n e p u r p o s e s . F o l l o w i n g e x p o s u r e t o n i t r o g e n t e t r o x i d e a n d 10 m i n u t e s p r e b r e a t h i n g o f 100% o x y g e n , pulmonary f u n c t i o n s c r e e n i n g tests were o b t a i u e d on a l l t h r e e crewmembers on r e c o v e r y day a b o a r d t h e p r i m e r e c o v e r y v e s s e l . &QUIPMEU:

Pulmonary f u n c t i o n t e s t e q u i p m e n t .

mum:

P o s t f l i g h t pulmonary f u n c t i o n a s s e s s m e n t was c o m p l i c a t e d by n i t r o g e n t e t r o x i d e i n h a l a t i o n d u r i n g recovery. Discomfort a s s o c i a t e d w i t h deep i n s p i r a t i o n and b r e a t h h o l d i n g was n o t e d R+l and R+2. P a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d were: c a p a c i t i e s ( t o t a l l u n g , r e s i d u a l , v i t a l , f o r c e d v i t a l ) , f l o w r a t e s (maxjm~!m e x p i r a t o r y , maximum m i d e x p i r a t o r y , e x p i r a t o r y i n 1 S ) , c l o s i n g volume, c l o s i n g c a p a c i t y , s i n g l e b r e a t h c a b r o n monoxide d i f f u s i n g c a p a c i t y . D e c r e a s e d d i f f u s i n g c a p a c i t y o c c u r r e d u n t i l R+13 ( 5 0 % i n o n e crewman). No s i g n i f i c a n t p o s t f l i g h t c h a n g e s were o b s e r v e d when compared t o t h e p r e f l i g h t means. The R+29 d a t a o b t a i n e d f r o a t h e t h r e e crewmemhers showed t h a t t h e measured pulmonary f u n c t i o n p a r a m e t e r s , i n c l u d i n g DLCOSB and r e p e a t b l o o d g a s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ( b r e a t h i n g room a i r a n d 100% o x y g e n ) , were w i t h i n normal l i m i t s .

: -

-1: \-

W. Zachary Osborne, Lawrence S. P i n s k y , and J . Veranoa B a i l e y

,

EXPERIMENT: Apollo L i g h t F l a s h I n v e s t i g a t i o n s

:DISCIPLLNE(S):

Human Radiobiology

QBJECTIVES: To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e l i g h t f l a s h phenomenon, and t o o b t a i n a d i r e c t p h y s i c a l r e c o r d o f i n c i d e n t cosmic r a y p a r t i c l e s . : There were 3 one-hour o b s e r v a t i o n s e s s i o n s f o r l i g h t f l a s h e s on Apollo 15, and 2 one-hour s e s s i o n s on Apollo 16 and 17. On Apollo 16 and 17,

t h e a s t r o n a u t s wore t h e ALFMED d e v i c e d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n w h i l e o b s e r v i n g l i g h t f l a s h e s . P o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e d : l o c a t i o n s c a n , t r a j e c t o r y measurement, ~ t r a c k s , and c h a r g e and t r a n s l a t i o . 1 scacl c o r r e l a t i o n between o b s e r v a n ~ :and energy measurements. The ALFMEO was a n e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l h e l m e t - l i k e d e v i c e t h a t s u p p o r t e d cosmic r a d i a t i o n - s e n s i t i v e emulsions. A d i r e c t p h y s i c a l r e c o r d was made o f cosmic r a y p a r t i c l e s t h a t p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e emcision p l a t e s and t h e s u b j e c t ' s head.

:

:8On Apollo 7-10, no l i g h t f l a s h e s were d e t e c t e d . On Apollo 1 I , d a r k adapted crewmen "sawt1 l i g h t f l a s h e s w i t h e y e s open o r c l o s e d . S u b j e c t i v e e x p e r i e n c e v a s 66% s p o t , 25% s t r e a k , and 82 c l o u d t y p e f l a s h . ALFMED r e s u l t i n d i c a t e d cosmic r a d i a t i o n i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h r e t i n a . Apo1.10 12-14 c o n t i n u e d o b s e r v a t i o n s by a l l crewmen o f l i g h t f l a s h e s . There was a c o r r e l a t i o n o f l i g h t f l a s h e s w i t h cosmic r a d i a t i o n o f 50-300 MeV/nucleon.

CONCLUSIONS:

E v i d e x e shah-j t h a t , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , t h e f l a s h e s s e e n by a s t r o n a u t s a r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h charged p a r t i c l e s t r a n s v e r s i n g t h e r e t i n ? . F u r t h e r , s i n c e t h e f l u x o f t h e s e p a r t i c l e s Is s u f f i c i e n t t o e x p l a i n t h o e n t i r e phenomenon, it is 1i.kely t h a t a l l o f t h e f l a s h e s o r i g i n a t e i n t h i s manner. The ALFMED t e c h n i q u e h a s been demonstrated t o be e f f e c t i v e a s a p r o c e d u r s f o r s t u d y o f t h e l i g h t fLash phenomenon.

AL NIV1-:

P a u l C. Rambaut, Malcom C. S m i t h , a n d H a r r y 0 . Wheeler

I

t

1

H

D

T TITLE/NUMBEH:

-MISSION: U

~

Nutritional Studies

Apollo I

USCIPLINE_(S):

C

A

Human ~ : Environmental h e a l t h

QBJECTIVU: To s t u d y m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l z h a n g e s , c l i n i c a l d i s o r d e r s j n s p a c e d u e t o i m b a l a n c e between bone f o r m a t i o n and r e s o r p t i o n , i n f l i g h t w e j g h t l o s s , a n d inflight caloric intake. PROTOCOL: monitored. F e , Na, K , t o t a l body b l o o d , and

EQUIPMENT:

The a e n u and c a l o r i c i n t a k e o f t h e a s t r o n a u t s were c a r e f u l l y Food was a n a l y z e d f o r N , f a t , c a r b o h y d r a t e , c r u d e f i b e r , Ca, P, and Mg. Body volume was measured by s t e r e o p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , a n d w a t e r was c a l c u l a t e d by K-42 dilution. A n a l y s i s was made o f u r i n e , f e c a l samples t o s t u d y m e t a b o l i c balance. Stereophotogramnetry apparatus.

RESULTS: I n t a k e o f p o t a s s i u m was m o n i t o r e d i n A p o l l o f o r i n p u t a n d o u t p u t . L e s s K was l o s t a u r i n g f l i g h t t h a n p r e f l i g h t . I n A p o l l o 1 7 , w a t e r c o r ~ s u m p t i o n was l o w e r d u r i n g f l i g h t a n d u r i n e o u t p u t wds l o w e r . The i n s e n s i b l e l o s s was 9CO-1200 c c / d a y , t h e same a s p r e f l i g h t . T h e r e was a n e g a t i v e b a l a n c e i n phosphorus, and n i t r o g e n d u r i n g f l i g h t . A d i m i n i s h e d n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n i n d i c a t e d a g e n e r a l m ~ s c ~ ~ l o s k e l e dt ae tl e r i o r a t j o n . P o t a s s i u m r e t e n t i o n i n f l i g h t was l e s s t h % n t h a t e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e c o n t r o l s t u d y . T h e r e was a mean body w e i g h t l o s s o f 5 . 9 k g , and w a t e r l o s s o f 1.77 i i t e r s . It was f o u n d t h a t f a t l o s s o c c u r r e d r a t h e r Lt:l.!? l e a n body l o s s . I n A p o l l o 15, t h e r e were pronounced e l e c t r o l yti: a n o m a l i e i . Tr,oy may h a v e been a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n f l i g h t c a r d i a c a r r h y t h u i a s and p o s t f l i g h t c h a n g e s i n e x e r c i s e ~ e r f o r r n a i i c ea n d cardiovascular responses. CONCLUSIONJ: E s t i m a t e s o f body c o m p o s i t i o n c h a n g e s from m e t a b o l i c b a l a n c e d a t a p r o v i d e no e v i d e n c e f o r d i m i n i s h e d c a l o r i c r e q u i r e m e n t s d u r i n g a f l i g h t . Measurements or" bone d e n s i t y and m e t a b o l i c b a l a n c e c o n f i r m a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d l o s s o f s k e l e t a l t i s s u e i n w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . No e v i d e n c e e x i s t s t h a t a n y i n f l i g h t m e t a b o l i c a n o m a l y , i n c l u d i n g h y p o k a l e m i a , was i n d u c e d by m a r g i n a l o r d e f i c i e n t n u t r i e n t i n t a k e s . I n g e n e r a l , t h e A p o l l o crewmen were w e l l n o u r i s h e d and e x h i b i t e a normal g a s t r o e n t e r o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s , a l t h o u g h a p p e t i t e was somewhat d i m i n i s h e d and t h e o r g a n o l e p t i c r e s p o n s e t o f o o d was somewhat m o d i f i e d .

l3LkU.W INVESTIGATOR(S1: Paul C. Rambaut , Malcolm C . Smith, Paal ine E. Mack, and John M. Vogel

m :

Skeletal Response

u O G R A M M /& 'm : Apollo 14, 15, 16

m,L;INE(S;-:

Musculoskeletal

OBJEC-: To determine e f f e c t s of weightlessness on bone during proionged space f 1ight PROTO&&: 1 scan was made,$. the cor~figurationof the her?. pg c a l c i a ar.d arm I source. It was made i n 3 d i r e c t i o n s with a (radius and ulna) using a t o t a l of 4096 data points taken. Scans were made a t F-1 month, F-2 weeks, F-1 week, and R+4. The bone scans were made using photon absorptiometry. EpUIPMENT:

Rectilinear bone mineral scanner, 1 2 5 ~source, NaI s c i n t i l l a t o r .

:-EB

Nc mineral losses were ohserved i n - j c d c b , radius, or ulna i n Apollo 14. (There were s i g n i f i c a n t increases i n f a t on the plantar s i d e of' the os c a l c i s i n the Command Module P i l o t of Apollo 1 4 . ) In 6pollo 15, there was some minerai l o s s i n the bone, b u t none i n Apollo 16. I n a l l gissions there was greater variation i n mineral l o s s i n the ulca. A s i g n i f i c a n t change i n ,he s o f t t i s s u e composition of the Command Module P i l o t i n Apollo 1 4 was found, b u t none in Apollo 15 o r 16.

CONCLUSIONS: L,oss oE mineral from bone incident t o period: of weightlessness was comparable to t h a t observed i n bed r e s t subjects b u t the magnitude was not a s severe. I f these losses were allowed t o continue unabated f o r a prolonged period of time, the consequences might be more serious since the l o s s e s were probably not c o ~ f i n e dto the bones dsscribed. Because of e i t h e r bLological y a r i a b i l i t y between subjects or f a c t o r s not yet i d e n t i f i e d , not a l l crewmen were slmil.arly affected during the 10- t o 12-day missions. These s t u d i e s can be used to ccnstruct a time-effect curve t h a t can be compared w i t h the bed r e s t d a t a , t3us pe.'mitting a reasons.ble degree of prediction f o r longer space flight missiot:~

W

L INVESTIGAm):

A

-E W

'Ioxicological Aspects of Skylab Program

TTI:-

C

Wayiand J . Rippstci!., and Howard J . Schneidtr

R

: Skylab 2 , 3, 4

S;LASSZEICATu: human DISCIPLINE(S): WCTIVES: crewmen .

Environmental h e a l t h

To ensure a s a f e , h a b i t a b l e s p a c e c r a f t environment f o r t h e

PROTOCOL: A nonmetallic m a t e r i a l s screening program was designed t o elj-minate those m a t e r i a l s t h a t wcjlld cause problems from t h e i r outgassed products. The screening program was based on aeasuring t h e amounts of carbon monoxide and t o t a l organics outgsssed per u n i t weight of eacn candidate m a t e r i a l . Levels of a c c e p t c x e were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r bcth carbon monoxide and t o t a l o r g m i c s based on t h e s p a c s c r a f t h a b i t a b l e volume, t h e t r a c e gas removal r a t e by t h e environmental c o n t r o l l i f e support systems, and t h e cabin leak r a t e . UUIpMENT:

Gas sanpli.rp equtpment , ma3s spectrometer, gas chromatoy;*aph.

RESULTS: Results of analyses i n d i c a t e d t h e presence of a p p n ? s i a a t e l y 300 compounds i n the O r b i t a l Workshop atmosphere. 197 of t h e s e ccmpo~dndswere identified.

-

CONCLUSIONS: The crew was provided w i t h -it: s a f e an e n v i r o m e n t a s zould be a t t a i n e d c s i n g t h e c u r r e n t s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t t r a c e gas r e m c r ~ lt e c h n ~ l o g y . The knowledge gained i n solving the t r a c e coctaminant problems encountered i n t h e Skylab P!.ogram w i l l g r e a t l y a i d i n prcviding s a f e , h a b i t a b l e s p a c e c r a f t environnents f o r t h e f u t u r e missions of mzn i n space.

n -JNVESTIGATOR(S)

: John A . R u m s l , Charles F'. Sawin, and Edward L. Michel

MBEB:

USCIPMNE(S):

Exercise Response

CarGiovascular, Respiratol-y, Behavioral

,.,trice

9BJCCTIVU: To e v a l u a t e t h e physiological response t o e x e r c i s e pre- and p o s t f l i g h t i n o r d e r t o a s s u r e t h e success of * u n a r s u r f a c e e x t r a ~ e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y ( E V A ) . i h i s was not. measured i n spsc? due t o the r e d i r e c t z d Apollo prcg-am a f t e r t h e Apollo f i r e . PROTOCOL: A b i c y c l e ergometsr and g r a d 4 s t ~ s s sprotocol were u t i l i ~ e dw i t h h s a r t r a t e determinin, s t r e s s l e v e l s . The prof ) c o l was comprise.! of e x e r c i s e ~ a v e l sa t h e a r t r a t e s of 120 ( 6 n i n . 1, 140 ( 3 in. ) , and 16C ( 3 m i a . ) . The t e s t s were condccced t h r e e times w i t h i r ! F-30 days, pild a t R+24 hours, and R+36 hours. l'hf! workloadr h e a r t r a t e , blood p r e s s u r e , anc r e s p i r a t o r y gas zxchange wei-e heasured every minute.

ECYIP-: Eicycle ergorueter, graded s t r e s s equipment., [,KG, r e s p i r a t o r y gas exchange syytem.

RESULTS: Heart r a t e was increased i n the immediate p o s t f l i g h t t e s t an avorage of 16 b e a t h i n . , but was not s i g n i f i c a n t l y elevated a t the second t e s t . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between h e a r t r a t e and oxygen sonsump~ionwas signif-?anLly a l t e r e d a t a l l h s a r t r a t e l e v e l s p o s t f l i g h t . The blood pressure decreased p o s t f l i g h t (both s y s t o l i c and d i a s t o l i c ) a t the same h e a r t r a t e . There s a s a decrease i n c a r d i a c o u t p c t ( s t r o k e volume) a t the r a t e of 160 b e a t h i n . l'lere was a decrease i n s t r o k e volume, which coulti have been SO?JL'i=: caused by changes i n c i r c u l a t i n g blood v o l w e ?nd/or r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of blood volume t o lower e x t r e m i t i e s . There were c~ s i g r ~ i f i c m tchanges i n mechanical o r r e s p i r a t o r y e f f i c i e n c i e s . The ileayt r a t e was s i g n i f i c a i i t l y elevated f o r t h e Sam2 oxygec c~nsumption. T h i s , i n cu?juncticn w i t h t h e reduced s t r o k e volume, maintained t h c same c a r d i a c output/oxygen consumption r e l a t i o c q h i r ,

.

PRINUPAI. IINVESTIGATO,S(S): C t . > r l e s F . S a w i n , Arnauid E. N i c o g o s s i a n , A . P a u l S c h a c h t e r , J ~ h uA . R u m e l , and Edward L. M i c h e l

EXPERUEU

TITLE/NUm:

CLASSIFICATIW: DISCIPLINE(S): OBJECTIVES:

Pulrnr;.~ary F ~ n c t i o nE v a l u a t i o n D u r i n g and F o l l o w i n g S k y l a b Syacp F l i g h t s

Human Respiratory

To ev.z,uate

t h e e f f e c t s o f s p a c e f ? i g h t on pu1mc:lary f u n c t i o n .

PROTOC3L: F o r c e d v i t a l c z n a c i t y dss measured A y - r i n gt h e p r e f i i g h t a n d p o s t f l i g h t p e r i o d s ,>f t h e S k y l a t 2 m i s s i o n . I n i t i a l i n f l i g h t measurements o f v i t a i c a p a c i t y were o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t two weeks o f t h e s e c o n d manned m i s s i o n . C o ~ ~ p r e h e n s i vpulmon2:y e f u n c t i o n s c r e e n i n g was a c c m p l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e SkylaS 4 a'-sion. The p t i m a r y a e a s u r e n e n t s made d u r i n g S k y l a b 4 t e s t i n g i n c l u d e d r e s i d u a l volume d c ~ e r r c i . ~ a t i o nc,l o s i n g volume, v i t a l c a p a c i t y and f o r c e d v i t a l czpac: y and i t s d e r i v a t i v e s . I n a d d i t i o n , c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n f l i g h t v i t a l c a p a c i t y measurements were made d c r i r i g S k y l a b 4 . EQUIPEN:: Ana;sg t a p e r ~ c o r i i e r , d i f f e r e n t i a t o - , s t r i p - c h a . t r e c o r d e r , d i g i t i l r o l t m e t e r f o r g i t r o g e n p r o d u c t i o n , r e s s i r a t o r y mass s p e c r t o m e t e r , Zkylab m e t a b o l i c a n a l y z e r , XY p l o t t e r . RESULTS: Pulmonary f l l n c t i o r ~a?se?sment shcwed no c h a n g e - - t R+24h. P a r a m e t e r s measured were: c a p a c i c - a s ( t o t a l I v n g , r e s i d u a l , v i t a ; , f o r c e d v i t a : ) ; f l o w r a t e s (maxim- e x p i r a t > r y , maximuu m i d e x p i r a t o r y , e x p i r a t o r y i n 1 s ) ; c l o s i n g c a p a c r t y , ar c l s ,in& volume. I l l f l i g h t v i t a l c a p a c i t y was s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d .

a

i

COflCLUaTONS: Tne v i t a l c y p a c i t y c h a n g e s o b s e r v e d i n f i i g h t may be p a r t i a l l y e x p l a i n e d a s a respo..se t o 5 p s i a a m b i e n t p r e s s u r e . However, t h e p r o p o r t i o n c f ~ i t a cl a p a c i t y d e c r e a s e s d i r e c t i y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o o t h e r f a c t o r s s u c h a s body b l u i d sbi; -s acd a c e p h a l a d s h i f t of t h e d i a p h r a g m c a n n o t be d e t e r m i n e d frcm t h e p r e s e n t d a t a . a e g a r d l e s s o f t h e c a g s e ( s ) o f d e c r e a s e d i n f l i g h t v i t a l c a p s c i t i e s , a r i v i e w of p 3 s t f l i g h t d a t a -hers t h a t t h e s e c h a n g e s ? e v e r t t o normal k ; t h i n two h o u r s f o l l o w i n g r e c o v e r y w i t h o u t s i g n i f . - c a n t i m p a c t on c r e w health status.

:1-

Malcolm C. Smith and Rita H. Rapp

p Food : and N u t r i t i o n :-

:-

:-

CBJECTIVES:

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t Human Environmental h e a l t h To dete.mrine n u t r i e n t e n e r g y r e q ~ i r ~ e n t s .

IlUQGQL:

C e r t a i n n u t r i e n t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r Na and K , were c o n c e c t r a t e d i n t h o s e f o o d s f o r which t h e c.xw d i s p l a y e d t h e h i g h e s t p r z f e r e n c e and which were deemed ms: l i k e l v t o be consumed. A s much as p o s s i b l e o f t h e m i n i a m n i t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s were t n c l u d e d i n a b a s i c d i e t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1800-2000 kilocalories (&all. P r e f l i g h t ican body mass was d e t e r m i n e d by m c i surement o f t o t a l body K i n t h e low-background r a d i a t i o n c o u n t i n g f a c i l i t y a t t h e NASA Lyndon B. Johnson S p a c e C e n t e r . On t h e b a s i s o f SkylaD e n e r g y c o n s m p t i o n d a t a and ASTP t o t a l body K m e a s u r e n e n t s , t h e e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n LBn d u r i n g t h e ASTP m i s s i o n u a s p r e d i c t e d .

:

None i d e n t i f i e d .

E s t i m a t e s o f i n - f l i g h t food consumption based on d a i l y r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a v e r a g e s o f 2930, 3000, and 2867 k c a l / d a y were consumed by t h e ACDR, t h e CHP, and t h e DMP, r e s p e c t i v e l y . No g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l problems were e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n . A p p e t i t e s d u r i n g f l i g h t were r e p o r t e d t o b e t h e same as d u r i n g t h e p r e f l i g h t p e r i o d . The G4P r e p o r t e d c h a n g e s i n t h e t a s t e o f f o o d s d u r i n g f l i g h t and i n d i c a t e d thst t j l t y foods t a s t e d b e s t t o him. A s on p r e v i o u s A p o l l o m i s s i o n s , t h e crew r e p o r t e d g a s i n t h e h o t water s u p p l y which i n t e r f e r e d w i t h c o m p l e t e r e h y c k a t i o n of t h e f o o d . Throughout t h e m j s s l o n , h i g h - p r i o r i t y a c t i v i t i - e a and worK s c h e d u l e s f r e q u e n t l y p r e c l u d e d ad&qu&te time f o r meal p r e p a r a t i o n and f o a d c o n s m p t i o n .

-:

m-:

I n g e n e r a l , t h e crew was s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y o f f l i g h t food p r o v i ~ e d .

m U I N w ): W

H

T f:-1

: a p a a t l F. Smith, K e v i n S t a n t o t i , D a v i d S t o o p , Donald Ewwn, Y s l t e r J a n u s z , a n d P a u l K i n g

V e c t a r c a r d l o q r n p h i z C h a n g e s D u r i n g Ex t e n d e d S p 3 2 e

Fl l g h t , HCQ!

:-

. .

Human

TJ m e a s u r e e l e , - t r c . ? n r d l o g r a p h : c s i g n . 1 1 ~d u r i n g sT:i;e f l i g h t , t o c i u e l d a t e t h e e l c c t m p . t l y s l o l o g ~ c ~b1a s i s f o r t b z 1-hanges o b s e r v e d , a:ld t o a s s e s s t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c h a n g e a n t h e human c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m .

:

P,P3T3L'OL: ~~~~~~~~~ardlograms uct'r~ t a k e n a t I - c s t , d u r i n g a n d a f t e r e x e r L . i s e I n e a c h ?re\lrman i n t h e p r e f l l g h t i n f 1i g h t a n d post f; l g h t p h a s e s . The P r e u e x e r c i s e d c n t h e b i q z l e e r k c x n e t c r a t n work l o a d o f 150 u a t t s f o r 2 m i n , a n d t h e n v e c t o r c a r d i o g r a m s u e r e o b t a i n e d f o r 10 m i n .

.

m:V e c ; a r c a r d i o g r ~ p h , b i c y c l e

-

.

ergometer.

w: T h e r e

u a s a s t a t 1st l ~ n l i ys i g n i t ' l h : . i n t inc.rea.c.- I n QRS v e c t o r m n g n i t ude. T maximum v e c t ;: m a g n i t u d e , a n d rest i n g PA i n t e r v a l . P u r i n g e x e r c l s c , t h e PR i n t e r v a l d ~ dn o t d i f f e r f r o m p r e f l i g h t . E x e r c i s e h e a r t r a t e s i n f l i g h t u e r e t h e same a s p r r f l i g h t . b u t i n c r e a s e d i n t h e i n m e d i a t e p o s t f l i g h t peri 'd. No m a j o r c h a n g ~ s i n QRS, T. o r ST v e c t o r d i r e c t i o n o c c u r r e d . D u r i n g t h e t h r e e f 1i g h t s c a r d i a c a r r y t h m i a s u e r e o c c 3 s i o n a l l y o b s e r v e d .

CON CLli -.. W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f :he x r t h t n m i a s , n o n d v e r s p 2 l e c t r o c a r d i a g r a p h i c c h a n g e s u e r e o b s e r v 4 d u r i n g t h e S k y l r i b m i s s i o n s . The i n c r e a s e i n QRS and T magnitude r e s e m b l e s t h e e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h i c c h m g e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a t , h l e t i c c m b i r i o n i n g a n d n a y be r e l a t e d t o i n c r e a s e d v e n t r i c u l a r v o l u m e secondary t o c e n t r i p e t a l s h i f t s o f f l u i d and/or t h e i n f l i g h t isctoni? e x e r c i s e prog.-am. F r a l o n g a t i u n o f t h e PA i n t e r v a i a t rest w i t h n o r m a l i z a t i o n by e x e r c i s e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e u a s inc't-eased v a g a l tor& i n t h o s e crewmen e x h i b i t i n g t h i s resConse.

-

-.E/tiUmf!:

YMicai Hicrobiological A n l y s i s of U. S. Crewmembers

PRf?SRbn/HISSIOI: Apol lo-Soyuz Test Project S

:

Human, Hicroorganism

UC-w:

Env i r o n s e n t a l heal t h

m:To

identify and t r a c t a l l microorganisms of p o t e n t i a l medical

importance.

i%?lE&: Nine s e t s of s p e c i ~ e n swere co1:ected fiaom t h e t h r e e prime Apello crewmembers on days F-45, F-30. F-15, and F-7, and on launch day; once during f l i g h t ; on recovery days R+O, R+15, and R + j O . I n f l i g h t samples w?rr obtained from a l l f i v e f l i g h t :remembers on both s p a c e c r a f t . Durina each p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t sample period, microbial specimens were c o l l e c t e d from 10 s a a p l i n p s i t e s on each cremember. Calcium a l g i n a t e swabs wetted i n 0.3mH phosphate buffer uere ~ s c dt o sample each of tile seven body s u r f a c e a r e a s . Gry ca!?ium a i d i n a t e swabs werc used t o sample t h e s u r f a c e s of the t o n s i l s an0 ?he p o s t e r i o r pha yngeal v a u l t befare s o l l e c t l o n of t h e g a r g l e specimen. Microbial samp!c

:

c o l l e c t ion device.

Although s e v e r a l p o t e n t i a l pathogens " e r e recovered from each of the f l i g h t and backup crewmeabers before and a f t e r f l i g h t , no d i s e a s e e v e n t s uere reported. &and StaPhv:ococcus u w were shown t o have been t r . \ n s f e r r e d from one ~?rewmemberto another during f l i g h t .

-.:

,.

.

Thcre were nc, medically s i g n i f i c a n t changes in t h e microbial p c p z l z t i c ? , ? e r u e r e zny l c n g - t e r m hazards noted.

:-

Gerald R . Taylor, Kathryn D. Krcpp, P!ry R . Henney, Suzanne S. Ekblad, Anuar A . Baky, Theron 0. Groves, Thomas C. Holina, Jean C. Decelie, Carolyn F. Carmichael, Nina J . Gehring, C . Laadrum Young, 1. L. Shannon, William J . Frome, and N . 3 . Funderburk

:)S(OTAGITSEVN1-

um-:

Microbial Exchange, AR-002

P ' w m : :-

:-

Apollo-Soyuz Test ? r c w t Human. Microorganism

Snvironmental beal t h

QeJECTIVES:

To evaluate components of t h e i n f e c t i o u s d l s e a s e process in space f l i g h t by measuring a1 t e r a t ions in tbe canposit ion of ihe microbial populations i n h a b i t i n g the crewmcmbers and s p a c e c r a f l , t h e a b i l i t y of' each crewember's defense zechanism t o r e s i s t i n f e c t i o n . znd the a b l l i t y ~f z c r t a i n microorganisms t o o r i g i n a t e i n f e c t ion^.

Sample specimens were c o l l e c t e d from i O s i t e s on the Ap-110 and Soyuz crewmembers and from 15 a r e a s on the in3er s u r f a c e s of each s p a c e c r ~ f t Salrva and blccd ssmples a t s p e c i f i c times pre-, i n f l i g h t , and - 0 s t f 1 i g h t . were a l s o c o l l e c t e d pre- and post f l i g h t . Analyses included d l lut l x 2nd p l a t i n g of spesiaen materiiils, i s o l a t i o n of' microbial c a l o n i e s , sr.2 e v a l u h * ~ o n of growth p r o p e r t i e s on the i n i t i a l i s o l d t i o t i media.

PROTOCOL:

EplrIPm:

Microbial c o l l e c t ian and s t c r a g e device.

A v a r i e t y of p o t e n t i a l pathogens uaa recovered t'rom each of t h e sreuaemtcrs pre- and p o s t f l i g h t . However, no d i s e a s e events were r e p o r t e d . Candlda : U c a n a arid StaPhvlococcuq aureus were shown t o be t r a n s f e r r e d fram one creuriemt.er t o another during f l i g h t . No o t h c r medically s i g n i f i c a n t changes \rere observed. -:

The proposed s i s p l i f i c a t ion of Sne populae ion cf a e d i c a l l y important microargar~isms, and the theorized posti'iig!.t mizrobial s h o ? k zould not be s1:pport A by the r e s u l t s of t h i s study.

(;ONCLUSIJ&:

Gerald R . Taylor, Royce M. Brockett, James K . Ferguson, Richard C. Graves, and Bernard 3. Hieszkuc

V

N

U

W

A

: Skylab Environmental and Crew Microbiology S t u d i e s

p : Human, Microorganism PISCIPlJl&&l:

Environmen:

.health

m: To

d e t e c t t h e presence of p o t e n t i a l l y pathogenic microorganisms on the cremembers and t h e i r s p a c e c r a f t and t o c b t a i n d a t a which would c o n t r i b u t e t o an understanding of t h e response of t h e crew's microbial f l o r a t o the space environment.

PfWTOCOL:

Microbial f l o r a samples were c o l l e c t e d from s e l e c t e d s i t e s i n l k b i t t i Ucrkshoy, Cornand Hodu:-, on crew boCy s u r f a c e s and from u r i n e and f e c e s , p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and post f l i g h t .

EQUIPHEW: Calcium a l g i n a t e swabs.

m: Approximately

:d,00@ mlzrobial i s o l a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d , i d e n t i f i e d and c h a r a c t e r i z e d . Variation occurred i n microbial response because of e c o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , host s u s c e p t i b i l i t y and exterfial environment?? f a c t o r s . Spread of pathogens between creumen was commm. While the t o t a l number of aerobes was found t o increase. t h e s p e c i e s and n m b e r of ;i~iaerc!bes decreased.

CONCLUSIONS:

Data showed t h a t , u h i l e g r o s s contamination of t h e Skylab environment was demonstrated and t h e r e werc s e v e r a l i n f l i g h t d i s e a s e e v e n t s , such events a r e not l i m i t i n g hazards f o r long term manned space f l i g h t s . Intercrew t r a n s f e r of pathogens was demonstrated, although evidence of p o s t f l i g h t microbial shock was not found.

PUBLICATIONS : .-

68, 517

-1: :-

W i l l i a m E. T h o r n t o n , C. Wycklit'fe H o f f l e r , and John A. Rumel .p

aPLIIE(S1:

A n t n r o p m e t r i c Changes and F l u i d S h i f t s

Cardiovascular

To o b t a i n a camprehensive and c o h e r e n t p i c t u r e of c h a n g e s i n -!: s i z e , shape, 3nd c o a p o s i t i o n o f t h e h u m body i n w e i g h t l e s s n e s s .

PROTOCOL:

Nine m t h r o p m e t r f c measurements were made a t v a r i o u s body l o c a t i o n s p r e f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t . A series o f p r e f l i g h t , , n f i i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t p h o t o g r a p h s were made w i t h t h e creumen i n s t a n d a r d a n a t o m i c a l p o s i t i o n . An i n f a r e d s e n s i t i v e c o l o r f i l m was used ?o s b w superficial v s n o u s blood d i s t r i b a t i o n . C e n t e r o f mass and c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y measurements were made t o i n d i c a t e f l u i d s h i f t s . : C a l i b r a t e d t a p e jig, i n f a r e d f i l m (35 tm),camera, center-of-niass measuresent device.

I n f l i g h t , t h e s p i n a l column was f l e x e d w i t h i o s s o f t h e thoraczdumbar c u r v e b u t r e t e n t i o n o f c e r v i c a l c u r v a t u r e , s o t h a t t h e head was t h r u s t forward. P o s t f l i g h t , 1itt.le change was found from p r e f l i g h t p o s t u r e . T h t r e wau a n i n f l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n h e i g h t , a l o s s o f abdominal g i r t h , and a l a r g e and r h p i d f l u i d s h i f t from t h e lower t o u p p e r body. The c e n t e r o f mass s h i f t e d c e p h a l a d more t h a n c o u l d be a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e h e i g h t i n c r e a s e . Photographs p r c v i d e d e v i d e n c e f o r i n c r e a s e d f l u i d i n t h e head and neck r e g i o n . The f l u i d s h i f t s r e v e r s e d q u i c k l y a f t e r r e c o v e r y .

Jj-:

CONCLUSIONS:

It is h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e d r i v i n g t m c e f o r t h e f l u i d s h i f t is t h e i n t r i n s i c and unopposed lower l i m b e l a s t i c i t y t h a t f o r c e s vecous blood and t h e n o t h e r f l u i d l e p h a l a d . T h i s s h i f t may be t h e d r i v r n g f o r c e f o r a number of o t h e r phenorrenh i n c l u d i n g blood volume l o s s , c h a n g e s i n l e g hemodynamics, and v e s t i b u l a r d y s f u n c t i o n .

LpwINYESTICATORiS):

Hernodynamic S t u d i e s o f t h e L e g s Undsr Y e i g h t l e s s n e s s

:-

Pkylab 3, 4

:-

:-

W i L l i a m E. T h o r n t o n , and G. W y c k l i f f e H o f f l e r

Cardiovascular

P

O&IECTIVES:

To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e hernodynamic mechanisms i n v o l v e d i n t h e a l t e r a t i o n s i n t h e r e t u r n o f b l o o d from t h e l e g s a f t e r w e i g h t l e s s n e s s w h i c h play a crucial r o l e i n o r t h o s t a t i c tolerance.

W T O C Q L : Venous r l o m p l ~ a n c eand a r t e r i a l b l o o d f l o w were d e t e n n i c e d by o c c l u d i n g venous f l o w w i t h a p r e s s u r e c u f f a b o v e t h e k n e e a n d r e c o r d i n g t h e r e s u l t i n g c h a n g e i n volume from a m i d c u f f s e g m e n t . H u s c l e pumping a c t i o i l was s t u d i e d by p l a c i n g t h e s u b j e c t i n l o w e r body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e a t -30 mmHg and r e c o r d i r 4 vclume c h a n g e from a c a l f s e g m e n t . The s t u d i e s were p e r f o r m e d 3 t i l e s p r e f i i g h t , 7 time- i r f l i g h t , and 3 c j m e s w s t f l i g h t .

:-E

C a p a c i t a ~ z evolume t r a n s d u c e r , Lower bcdy n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e

device.

w: T h e r e

was a n i n c r e a s e i n b l o o d f l o w i n a l l creumen i n f l i g h t , b u t t h e r e were no a p p a r e n t t r e n d s . After f l i g h t t h e r e was a n i m m e d i a t e s h a r p r e d u c t i c . , , a l m o s t t o p r e f l i g h t v a l u e s . Venom c o m p l i a n c e showed a g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e which r e a c h e d a f a c t o r o f f i v e i n i o f t h e 3 crewmen by m i s s i o n d a y 15. a s l c w l y d e c r e a s i n g t r e n d i n 311 t h r e e crewmen a f t e r m i s c i o r i d a y 40, a n d a s h a r p d;.,p t o less t h a n P I - e f l i g h t v a l u e s a t r e c o v e r y . A f t e r m u s c l e pmping u n d e r negative p r e s s u r e , t h e r e l a t i v e amognt o f b l o o d r e m a i n i n g i n l e g v e i n s u ? s a b o u t t h e saae d u r i n g f l i g h t a s b e f o r e fright, b u t t h e a b s o l u t e amount c o l l e c t e d and r e m a i n i n g was i n c r e a s e d s e v e r a l times.

:The most l i k e l y c a u s e g f i n c r e a s e d b l o o d f l o w k.as a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e c a r d i a c o u t p u t s e c o n d a r y t o i n c r e a s i n g c e ~ t r a lv e n o u s p r e s s u r e c a u s e d by b l o o d r e d i s t r i b u t i o n . Changes i n t h e v s c o u s c o m p l i a n c e a r e t h o l ~ h tbe be p r i m a r i l y c h & , g e s i n t h e s o m a t i c musculat,ure which is p o s t u l a t e d t o p r i m a r i l y d e t e r m i n e v e n o u s c o m p l i a n c e o f t h e l e g s . T h i s was a l s o t h o u g h t t o be demons t r a t e d by t h e c h a n g e s i n m u s 2 l e pumping. It is t h o u g h t t h a t t h e s e c o m p l i a n c e c h a n g e s , when t a k e n w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e d b l o o d volume, p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r t h e c h a n g e s s e e n i n o r t h o s t a t i c t o l e r a n c e , work c a p a c i t y , and l o w e r body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e r e s p o n s e .

:)SGBOTR(NITVSEI-

William E. Thornton, and Jnhr! 4 . RWC?

p: Muscular Deconditioning and i t s Prevention i n Space Fl ight

::- 7

Human Huscuioskele t a l

P&)ECTIVES: To prevent muscular deconditioning i n space. ENTOCQL: Atrcnhy of weight-bearing muscular groups was measured w i t h a constant speed dynamometer. Ten maximum e f f o r t , full-range f l e x i o n s / e x ~ e n siorls of the arm a t the elbow and of the hip and knee a t 45 degrees/second were recorded and evaluated f o r each crewman pre- and p o s t f l i g h t . Anthropometric measurements allowed computation cf volume changes i n l i m b segments. A bicycle ergometer and an isometric exercise device were used t h r o u g h o ~ tthe missions for exercise, a s well a s a simulated treadmill which provided 170 pounds equivalent weight.

m:Constant

speed dynamometer, bicycle e r n - - e t e r , isometric device, treadmill (consisting of a Teflon walking surface, a harness, and e l a s t i c bungees), m i n i gym. The f l i g h t crew returned i n good condition. function of a m s o r legs were seasured.

-:

Slight losses I n muscle

Muscle i.7 space is no d i f f e r e n t from muscle on Eartk,. If i t is properly nourishea and exe13cised a t reasonable load l e v e l s , i i w ' l l maintain its function. Future research e f f o r t s should focus on optimum ~ e t h o d sof exercise w i t h respect to crew time and crew acceptance, i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of musculoskeletal f i t n e s s w i t h cardiovascular f i t n e s s , and design of p r a c t i c a l , e f f i c i e n t , t o t a l body ex-rcises.

:-

1 -

:

m : PROGRAM/MX=:

William E . T h o e n t o n , and J o h n W. Ord

P h y s i o l o g i c a l ! l a s s Measurements i n S k y l a b S k y l a b 2 , 3, 4

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

Musculoskeletal

m:To

d e t e r m i n e t h e c a u s e a n d time c o u r s e o f w e i g h t l o s s by making c o n t r o l l e d d a i l y i n t a k e / o u t p u t mass m e a s u r e m e n t s i n f l i g h t .

PROTO(&: The Body Mass Measurement D c v i c e (BMMD), w i t h a c a p a c i t y of 100 k i l u g r a m s , was u s t t o make a b a s a l body m a s s measurement on e a c h crewman e v e r y morning i n f l i g h t . The Specimen Mass Measurement D e v i c e (SMMD), w i t h a r a n g e o f 50-1000 g r a m s , was u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e m a s s o f f o o d r e s i d u e , feces, a n d v o m i t u s . T h e s e d e v i c e s u t i l i z e d t h e i n e r t i a l p r o p e r t y o f mass r a t h e r t h a n g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e t o d e t e r m i n e mass. : Body Mass Measurement D e v i c e (BMMD), Specimen Mass Measurement Device (SmD) .

R E S U U : Two g e n e r a l p a t t e r n s o f body mass l o s s were a p p a r e n t . T h e r e was a c o n t i n u o u s l o s s b e g i n n i n g p r e f l i g h t w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n r a t e cf l o s s i n f l i g h t . A s e c o n d is i n d i c a t e d by r e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y e x c e p t f o r a s m a l l l o s s d u r i n g t h e first days o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s w i t h a r e c i p r o c a l g a i n d u r i n g t h e first f s w d a y s p o s t f l i g h t . A s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g h m e t a b o l i c l o s s was p r e s e n t i n a l l crewmen e x c e p t one, and 3 s m a l l f l u i d ~ O S S ( o n t h e o r d e r o f a l i t e r ) , a p p e a r e d t o o c c u r d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l few d a y s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s f o l l o w e d by a r e 2 i p r o c a l c h a n g e o n r e t u r n . T h i s l o s s was small and s e l f - l i m i t e d , and a p p e a r c d t o b e t h e only obligatory l o s s , t h e other l o s s e s being primarily metabolic. CONCLUSION: T h i s e x p e r i m e n t d e m o n s t r a t e d a new i n s t r u m e n t f o r i n f l i g h t s p a c e c p e r a t i o n s and r e s e a r c h . P r e v i o u s l y u n p r a v e n mechanisms o f w e i g h t l o s s u n d e r w e i g h t l e s s n e s s were d e m o n s t r a t e d . The human body p r o p e r l y f e d c a n be sustained through missions o f long duration without s i g n i f i c a n t o b l i g a t o r y l o s s o f mass.

:1-

John M. Vogel, Michael ti. W h i t t l e , Palcolm C . Smith, and Paul C. Rambaut

-TITLE/NUHBER:

Bone Mineral Measurement, ~ 0 7 8

DISCIPLINE(S); Musculoskeletal

OBJECTW:

To asdess t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s p a c e f l i g h t environment on t h e occurrlancs and d e g r e e of bone m i n e r a l changes.

PROTOCQL: The photon a b s o r p t i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e was used t o d e t e r m i n e bone and t h e r i g h t d i s i a l radiua,?g; m i n e r a l c o n t e n t i n t h e c e n t r a l l e f t m && t u l n a . An e s s e n t i a l l y monoenergetic photon s o w c e , t h e 27.5 KeV X-ray o f and a sodium i o d i d e c r y s t a l s c i n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r were used. They were mounted on a s c a n n e r yoke which scanned t h e limb p l a c e d between t h e s o u r c e and detector. :

A s c a n n i n g a p p a r a t u s , gamma r a y d e t e c t o r , m u l t i c h a n n e l a n a l y z e r .

RESULTS: No s i g n i f i c a n t m i n e r a l l o s s e s were observed i n any o f t h e S k y l a b

2

crew. Only t h e S c i e n t i s t P i l o t o f Skylab 3 and 4 , and t h e P i l o t o f S k y l a b 4 Ho l o s s e s i n t h e r a d i u s a ~ d had s i g n i f i c a n t m i n e r a l l o s s e s i n t h e p~ u l n a were s e e n . The l o s s e s observed g e n e r a l l y followed t h e l o s s p a t t e r n observed i n a heterogeneous group o f b e d r e s t s u b j e c t s .

m.

CONCLUSIONS: Mineral i o s s e s from t h e bones o f the lower ext.remit.ies occurred d u r i n g m i s s i o n s o f up t o 84 days and t h e y followed t h e l o s s p a t t e r n s o f b e d r e s t s i t u a t i o n s . The l e v e l s of l o s s observed i n t h e Skylzb crews were o f no c l i n i c a l concern.

INVW:ICATOR(S):

LE/NUMSEB:

James M. Waligora, and David J . Horrigan

Metabolic Cost of Extravehicular A c t i v i t i e s

wwu: Cardiovascular,

Behavioral s z i e n c e

WJ-VES: To measure metabolic r a t e s during e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e r . EBOTCCQL: Using a 'ihermoregulatory mathematical model and e a p i r i c a l d a t a on the liquid-cooled garment, a r e l a t i o n s h i p was defined between liquid-cooled g a m e n t heat removal and metabolic r a t e f o r each I iquid-cooled garment i n l e t temperature. Correlacizns betueen h e a r t r a t e and metabolic r a t e dsre obtained f o r each i n d i v i d u a l from a s e r i e s of p r e f l i g h t e x e r c i s e resporse t e s t s on t h e ergometer. The heart r a t e method was used only a s a r e l a t i v e measurement because of i t s ;.noun s e n s i t i v i t y t o psychol-ogical and environmental f a c t o r s .

E Q I I I P W : Life support equipment.. AESULTS: The metabolic r a t e s were simila: t o those on t h e Apollo 1/6-g e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s . The highest metabolic r a t e , 500 k c a l / h , was reached while the Commander on Skylab 2 was t r y i n g t o c ~ at s t r a p t h a t was keeping the s o l a r panels frolo deployment. The lowest r a t e s were r o s t i n g r a t e s and t h e s e were reached s e v e r a l times during t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the times when t h e r e was riot enough l i g h t t o contirlue an ongoing a c t i v i t y during a night yhss. Crew comments d w i n g e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t was e a s i e r t o maneuver themselve3 and t h e i r eauipment i n zero-g than i n water tank s i m u l a t i o n s , but t h a t adequate . * e s t r a i n t s r e r e more important. U C L U S I O M : W i t h aaequate l i f e xppok-t equip men^ anc' the c a p a b ~ l i t ywas demonstrated t o perform varied a ~ i 'r a c t i v i t y t a s k s in zero-g w i t h co?lsiderabie re3i-' i n ? f';

The capabili5y t o work a t r e i a c i v e l y bigh l e v e l s , up t o 509 r e q u i r e d , was demonstrated wj thout physiologic prcblema p r , ~ support c a p a b i l j t.y i s adequ?.t.e.

= restrainLs, : ext~~avehicular t- y

?,en 5

.

ife

The 2verage energy c ~ s 0:' t long e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c i i v i t i e s was nmarkabiy

c o n s i s t e n i a t about 200 t o 250 k c a l / h , a?d appeared t o be a function of t h e crew pacing Its a c t i v i t y r a t h e r than t o the e f f o r t involved i n performing individual tasks.

INVU7.1GATOPfi) ::

iiecabolisr~and Heat D i s s i p a t i o n During Apollo EVA Periods

w J l ! l l % TITLE/!-: T

Human

:-

Cardiovascular, Behavioral s c i e n c e

:r;LJE(IU&:

a c t i v i t y :EVk

James M. Waligora, and Pnvfd J . Horraigan

To determine t h e

'.

supr

+

requirements during extravehicular

PROTOCOL:

Metabolic r a t e war determined bv ;;easuting h e a r t r a t e , oxygen usage, and coolant water teuipcrature change. These, a s well a s body heat and o t h e r physiological parameters were measure1: a s t h e a s t r o n a u t s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s e four types of EVA: ovei :cad a c t i v . .ips, deploying Apollo l u n a r s u r f a c e experiment packages, makin; v o l , -,.cal surveys, and r i d i n g i n t h e l u n a r roving v e h i c l e .

m:Pressure

s u i t , l i q u i d cooling garment ( L C G ) .

RESULTS: Metabolic r a t e s were lower than expected Por ApolJo E V A . Overhead a c t i v i t i e s were the most energy consuming t a s k s performed. The hjgbest metabolic r z t e was i n the Apollo 11 LMP, who bas very a c t i v e i n e v a l u s t i n g modes of locomotion. The lowest metabolic r a t e s x c u r r e d while a s t r o ? a u t s drove and rode jn the l u n a r roving v e h i c l e . Data from Apollo 1'4 showd poor l o r r e l a t i o n between l u n a r walking speed and metabolic r a t e . Resu1t.s :ram observations of Apollo ;5 and 16 time and motion s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t a s k s were completed mo?e r a p i d l y a t one-g wearing the space s u i t than a t 1/6-g, but a t a higher metabolic r a t e . CLUSIOU: The crewden weie a b l e t o perform EVA and t o e x t ~ n dthem t o t s e maximim time without a,edical problems. ~ ~ e t a b o l ri ac t e s were lower than predicted. The l i q u i d cooling garment was e f f e c t i v e l y used. WLICATIONS:

82, 460, 551, 554, 555

ER'INCIPAL Z m O R ( S ) :

.

7 ,

7-,

'

E R I N LA. :

G. Donald Wrdon, Leo Lutwak, William P. Nedman, and Paul A . LaChance

Calcium ard Nitrogen Baiance, 11007

GJJSSIFI C A T a :

Human

CTT\'ES: To c o l l e c t d a t a m t h e e f f e c t s of a l b d a y spa(? f l i g h t , c, . two of t h e l a r g e s t metabolically a c t i v e t i s s u e masses of t h e human body, t h e bones and t h e musc l c s

.

PROTOCOL: By use of the metabolic-balance s e t h o d , which involved p r e c i s e c o n t r o l of d i e t a - i n t a k e and c o l l e c t i o n 2.9d a n a l y s i s of a l l e x c r e t a , i t ~ J a s possi3le t o o b t a l ~ la q u a n t i t a t i v e d e ~ e r m i n a t i o nof ti,; extent of change i n t h e p r i n c i p a l inorganic cc st i -cents o f t h e s k o l e t z l and muscular1 systs.ns . Tne e x t e n t of l o s s of ~ n o r g a n i cc o n s t i t u e n t s ger.srally was p r o p r t i o ~ ~ at ol t h e extent of f u n c t i o n a l d e t e r i c r a t i o n . Complete metabolic balance s t u d i e s were made measuring i n t a k e and excret! on of calcium, mwnesium, phosphate, s u l p h a t e , n i t r o g e n , sodium, potassjum a?l chlolvi2e.

-

EQUIPMENT:

J r i n e c o l l e c t i o n device.

RESULTS: Urinary phosphate e x c r e t i c n increase^ s u b s t a ~ t i a l l yi r f l i g h t d e s p i t e a r e d u c t i o ~of phosphate i n t a k e . Urinary nitrogen and s u l f a t e excrel--ion +Qcrsased i n f l i g h t it t o a l e s s e r ext,ent th;n would be ex?ected from the reduction i n i n t a k e . P a t t e r n s of exn-etio- of magnesium, sodiuni, potassium, and c h l o r i d e were d i f f e r e n t f o r each s u b j e c c , and i n $ a r t , coiild b~ c o r r e l a t e d v,th changes i n a d r e n o c u r t i c a l s t e r o i d production. TtiL p r i h c i p a l hcrmonai change was a s t r i k i n g decrease during f l i g h t i n t h e urinary e x c r e t i o n of i 7 h: w o x y c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s Der~.iai l o s s e s of calcium, m a g n e s i b ~ , s u l f a t e , n i t r o g e n , and phosphate were i n s i g n i f i c a n t during a l l t h r e e phases. ",ON';I,USIONS: The changes i n calcium metabolism and i n other f a c t o r s were mode,,ate enough t o support (from t h e metabolic viewpoint) t h e decision t h a t a voyage 50 and from ,he Moon would be s a f e medically, Decause thc time invoLved would be 30 more ( i n f a c t , l e s s ) than was involved or, the Gcmitli VlI n i s s i o n . However, f o r assezsment of the physiological s a f e t y and perfcrmance of a s t r o n a i l ~ son f u t u r e r71ch longer fl.i.ghts, t h e n e c e s s i t y is evidefit f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f l i g h t metabolic observations. These observations mh;t be planned with b e t t e r c o n t r o l , d e s p i t e c p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r e i n t s . Such a t u d i e s w i l l r e s u l t i n more r e l i a b l e information f o r a c c u r a t e prediction of the ex ~ e n t of mine;-a1 and o t h e r met:hclic char-e;3 t o be expected i n loyig-duration space f l i g h t and w i l l r e s u l t i n the establishment of a b a s i s f o r judgmer.t of t h e necessity :'or development and assessment of correc Ive o r ~ r o t e c ' i i v emeasures.

: G. Donald Uhedon, Leo Lutwak, Paul C. Rambaut , Michael W. W h i t t l e , Malcolm C. Smith, Jeanne Reid, Carolyn S. Leach, Connie R. S t a d l e r , and Deanna D.

-INVESTGAQR(S)

Sanford

EXPERIMENT: Mineral and Nitrogen Metabolic S t u d i e s , M071

Q D d E f ~ r ~To t determine major changes i n t h e chemical s t a t e o f t h e muscular and z z l e t a i systems under space f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s . PROTOW: The s t u d y r e q u i r e d c o n s t a n t d i e t a r y i n t a k e , continuous 24-hour - : , h e and t o t a l f e c a l c o l l e c t i o n f o r 21 t o 31 days p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and through R+17-18.

ECIUIPMENT:

Urine measurement and c o l l e c t i o n system, f e c a l c o i l e c t i o n system, Specimen Mass Meavurement Device ( SMlD )

.

The average 24-hour u r i n a r y c r e a t i n i n e e x c r e t i o n wzs not changed by space f l i g h t . I n c r e a s e s i n u r i n a r y calcium were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n b e d r e s t s t u d i e s . Increased e x c r e t i o n o f n i t r o g e n and phosphoru3 r e f l e c t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s of muscle t i s s u e . Both muscle and m i n e r a l l o s s occurred d e s p i t e a n e x e r c i s e regimen on a l l f l i g h t s .

-:

m C L U S I w : Unless p r o t e c t i v e measures can be developed, capable musculos k e l e t a l f u n c t i o n i s l i k e l y t o be impaired i n space f l i g h t s u l t i m a t e l y t o be conducted t o Mars, o f one and one-half t o t h r e e y e a r s d u r a t i o n . CATIONS:

561, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568

PAL INVESTIGATOR(S1:

Michael W. W h i t t l e , Robin E. Herron, and Jaime 9. Cuzzi

B: i o s t e r e o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s o f Body Form p PROCRAWMI-:

S k y l a b 2,

CLASSIFICATION: Hum~,i

P

m

: Cardiovascu~ l a,r M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l

QBJECTIVE: To measure t h e e f f e c t s o f s p a c e f l i g h t on body form.

PROTOCOL:

The s u b j e c t s were photographed s i m u l t a n e o u s l y by two cameras i n f r o n t and two behind. A s t r o b e p r o j e c t o r p r o j e c t e d a p a t t e r n o f l i n e s on t h e s u b j e c t ' s s k i n . A f t e r develcpment, p h o t o g r a p h i c p l a t e s were a n a l y z e d on a s t e r e o p l o t t e r , which d e r i v e d t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h o v s a n d s o f p o i n t s on t h e body s u r f a c e , punching them on IBM c a r d s f o r s u b s e q u e n t computer a n a l y s i s . Tiie complrter program d e r i v e d area, s h a p e , and p e r i m e t e r o f between 80 t o 100 s e c t i o n s o f d i f f e r e r i t p a r t ? z: t h e body, and volume o f any segment o f t h e body, and o f t h e body a s a whole.

EQUIPHENT:

Four H a s s e l b l a ~ dc a m e r a s , s t e r e o p i o t t e r , s t r o b e p r o j e c t o r .

JE$UL;1IS: There was no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n mean arm volume between p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t measurements. Mean l o s s e s o f volume o f 1.2 l i t e r s i n t h e head and t r u n k , and 1.3 l i t e r s i n t h e l e g s were found. P o s t f l i g h t change i n volume was p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y much g r e a t e r i n t h e l e g s t h a n i n t h e head and t r u n k . Marked l o s s o f volume was s e e n i n t h e abdomen, b u t t o c k s , and c a l v e s , and a less s t r i k i n g l o s s i n t h e t h i g h s .

WNCLUSIO~: During f l i g h t t h e r e was a r e d u c t i o n i n body f l u i d , a p a r t i a l muscle a s t o p h y , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e l e g s , and i n a l l b u t two o f t h e crewmen, a l o s s of body f a t . The p a r t i . 2 1 muscle a t r c p h y p r o b a b l y r e s u l t e d from r e l a t i v e d i s u s e i c t h e a b s e n c e o f g r s v i t y and war l e s s e n e d t o some e x t e n t by t h e i n f l i g h t exercise progr m.

fROGRAM/HISSION: ::-

Nercury 3, MR-3 Human Environmental h e a l t h

OBJBCTIVES: To f a m i l i a r i z e man w i t h a b r i e f b u t complete s p a c e f l i g h t e x p e r i e n c e , t o e v a l u a t e man's a b i l i t y t o perform as a f u n c t i o n a l u n i t d u r i n g s p a c e f l i g h t , and t o s t u d y man's p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n s .

PROTaCOL:

A pre- and p o s t f l i g h t p h y s i c a l examination was performed, which i n c l u d e d a p s y c h i a t r i c i n t e r v i e w . Routine blood and u r i n e s t u d i e s were performed a t F-3 h o u r s , and R+45 m i n . Micromethods were u t i l i z e d wnen p o s s i b l e t o a n a l y z e t h e samples. Parameters measured i n f l i g h t were h e a r t r a t e , body t e m p e r a t u r e , and r e s p i r a t i o n .

L i n e a r p o t e n t i o m e t e r w i t h carbon-impregnated r u b b e r ( i n d i r e c t r e s p i r a t i o n measurement), r e c t a l t h e r m i s t e r (bady t e m p e r a t u r e ) , EKG w i t h low impedence e l e c t r o d e s ( f o r h e a r t r a t e ) , camera ( t o f i l m e s t r o n a u t ) .

:

RESULTS:

No d i s t u r b i n g s e n s a t i o n s were noted d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s and a s t r o n a u t p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n appeared i n no way t o be i m p a i r e d A c c e l e r a t i o n launch and r e - e n t r y g - f o r c e s produced s t r e s s magnitudes c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e encountered d u r i n g t n e t r a i n i n g programs.

:ONCLUSIOm: P h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s were c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i n t a c t c o n s c i c u s p e r f o r m a c ~ ed u r i n g a l l p h a s e s o f f l i g h t . Respcnses t o 5 n i n u t e s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s were u n e v e n t f u l . Tht r e l a t i v e change i n p u l s e r a t e i n g o i n g from w e j g h t l e s s n e s s t o r e - e n t r y a c c e l e r a t i o n was comparable t o t h a t i n g o i n g from 1-g t o r e - e n t r y a c c e l e r a t i o n on t h e c e n t r i f u g e . V i s i o n , s e m i c i r c u l a r c a n a l f u n c t i o n , and h e a r i n g appeared i n t a c t t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l i g h t .

EXPERIMENT: :-

Mercury 4, MR-4

CLASSIFICATION: Human :-

Environmental h e a l t h

pBJECTIVEs: To f a m i l i a r i z e man w i t h a b r i e f b u t complete s p a c e f l i g h t e x p e r i e n c e , t o e v a l u a t e man's a b i l i t y t o perrorm as a f u n c t i o n a l u n i t d u r i n g s p a c e f l i g h t , and t o s t u d y man's physiologi,?a!, r e a c t i o n s . PROTOCOL: A s t r o n a u t was g i v e n a complete p h y s i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n on F-10 and F-3, and a b r i e f e x m i n a t i o n on t h e day o f t h e f l i g h t . An e x a m i n a t i o n was a l s o g i v e n on r e c o v e r y . S e v e r a l p a r a m e t e r s were m o n i t o r e d i n f l i g h t , i n c l u d i n g h e a r t r a t e , body t e m p e r a t u r e , and r e s p i r a t i o n . U r i n e was c o l l e c t e d f o r p o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s . One week p r e f l i g h t , t h e a s t r o n a u t was p l a c e d on a c o n t r o l l e d d i e t and on F-3 was p l h c e d on a low r e s i d u e d i e t . A c o n t i n u o u s r e c o r d was made o f what t h e a s t r o n a u t was d o i n g d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t . L i n e a r p o t e n t i o m e t e r w i t h c a r b o n impregnated r u b b e r ( i n d i r e c t r e s p i r a t i o n measurement), r e c t a l t h e r m i s t o r (body t e m p e r a t u r e ) , EKG w i t h low impedence e l e c t r o d e s ( f o r h e a r t r a t e ) . No measurement was made of blood p r e s s u r e o r o f r a d i a t i o n e x p o s u r e s i n c e t h e s p a c e c r a f t was g o i n g below t h e Van A l l e n be1 ts .

EQUIPMENT:

RESULTS:

A l l p h y s i c l o g i c a l r e a d i n g s were normal. Peak r e s p o n s e s were m a i n t a i n e d a t c r i t i c a l i n f l i g t t e v e n t s . There was no e v i d e n c e of motion s i c k n e s s , and no i n d i c a t i o n of body system d y s f u n c t i o n .

CONCLl!XOE: There were no a d v e r s e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s p a c a f l i g h t , b u t f u t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s zre needed.

:-

Mercury 6, HA-6

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

Environmental h e a l t h

Q&IISCTIVES: To e v a l u a t e t h e performance o f a man-spacecraft system i n a three-pass o r b i t a l mission, t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f space f l i g h t on t h e a s t r o n a u t , and t o o b t a i n t h e a s t r o n a u t ' s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t and s u p p o r t i n g systems f o r manned space f l i g h t .

PROTOCOL:

Pro- and p o s t f l i g h t p h y s i c a l examinations were p e r f o r s e d i n c l u d i n g a balance t e s ' , c a l o r i c i r r i g a t i o n t o f i n d t h e t h r e s h o l d temperature f o r nystagmus, ana a p s y c h i a t r i c i n t e r v i e w . Routine blood and u r i n e t e s t s were made. G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l f u n c t i o n was measured by x y l o s e a b s o r p t i o n .

EQUIPMENT: Linear potentiometer w i t h carbon-impregnated rubber ( i n d i r e c t r e s p i r a t i o n measurement), r e c t a l t h e r m i s t o r (body t e m p e r a t u r e ) , EKG with low impedance e l e c t r o d e s ( h e a r t r a t e ) , blood p r e s s u r e measuring system, i n f l i g h t urine c o l l e c t i o n devices.

P.ESULTS: No g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l , v e s t i b u l a r , o r d i s o r i e n t a t i o n symptoma were noted d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . There were no a d v e r s e e f f e c t s from i s o l a t i o n o r confinement. No s i g n i f i c a n t changes from t h e p i l o t s p r e f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n were revealed. A mild dehydration was observed.

COWCLUSIONS:

The p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s observed were a l l c o n s i s t e n t with i n t a c t systems and normal body f u n c t i o n s . This exposure t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s was o f s u f f i c i e n t d u r a t i o n t o permit p h y s i o l o g i c a l responses t o r e a c h a r e l a t i v e l y s t e a d y s t a t e . Acceleration-weightlessness t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d s d i d n o t produce any recognized p h y s i o l o g i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n . The environmental c o n t r o l system e f f e c t i v e l y supported t h e p i l o t throughout t h e mission.

EXPERIMENT: $

:-

CLASSIFICATION: :-

Mercury 7 , MA-7 Human Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: To e v a l u a t e t h e performance o f t h e man-spacecraft system i n

ti

t h r e e - p a s s orbital mission, t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of space f l i g h t on t h e a s t r o n a u t , and t o o b t a i n t r ~ ea s t r o n a u t ' s o p i n i o n s on t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t systems. EBOTOCOL: Pre- and p o s t f l i g h t p h y s i c a l examinations were performed which included r o u t i n e and s p e c i a l l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s , X-rays, r e t i n a l photography, e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h y , eiectroencephalography, and s p e c i a l t e s t s o f t h e body's balancing mechanism. A xyloee t o l e r a n c e test was performed i n f l i g h t . EQUIPMENT: Two s e t s o f EKG l e a d s , r e c t a l temperature t h e r m i s t o r , r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e t h e r m i s t o r , blood p r e s s u r e measuring system, i n f l i g h t u r i n e c o l l e c t i o n device. RESULTS: No pulmonary a t e l e c t a s i s , no cosmic r a y damage, nor any p s y c h i a t r i c a b n o r m a l i t i e s were found. There were no abnormal v e s t i b u l a r o r r e i a t e d gast r o i n t e s t i n a l symptoms. Biochemical a n a l y s i s confirmed t h e occurrence o f a moderate d i u r e s i s

.

CONCLUSIONS: A l l f l i g h t responses were considered t o be w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e p h y s i o l o g i c a l ranges. No d i s t u r b i n g body s e n s a t i o n s were r e p o r t e d a s a r e s u l t of weightlessness.

PROGRBM/HISSION: Mercury 8, MA-8

CLASSIFICATION: Human DISCIPLINE(S):

Environmental health

m:To

evaluate the performance of the man-spacecraft aystem i n a six-pass o r b i t a l missicn, t o evaluate the e f f e c t s of an extended o r b i t a l space f l i g h t on the astronaut and t o compare t h i s analysis w i t h those of previous missions and astronaut-simulator programs and to obtain additional astronaut evaluation of the operational s u i t a b i l i t y of the spacecraft and support systems.

PROTOW: Pre- and postflight physical examinations were performed which included routine and special laboratory t e s t s , X-rays, electrocardiography, electroencepha3ography, the modified caloric t e s t , radiation dosimetry, r e t i n a l photography, biochemical and plasma enzyme stadies. Two s e t s of EKC leads, r e c t a l temperature t h e r a i s t o r , impedance pneumograph, blood pressure measuring system, i n f l i g h t urine collection device.

EQUIPMENT:

BESULTS:

An orthostatic r i s c in heart r a t e , f a l l i n s y s t o l i c blood pressure, and maintenance of the d i a s t o l i c pressure was noted during R+24 hour examinations. Lability of ifistantaneous heart raLe was found and was not. associated w i t h respiration or other known pnysical a c t i v i t y . Radiation exposure was minimal and p.osed no hazard t o f l i g h t . The i n f l i g h t orientation t e s t demonstrated no impairment of performance.

CONCLUSIOHS: There was no evidence of disorientation o r related uncoward symptoms. There were no significant aedical abnormaliiies nor medical contraindications t o embarking on a longer mission.

PUBLICATIONS:

4 3 , 351

i

EXPERIMENT-: :-

Mercury 9, MA-9

m: Human USCIPLINE(S):

Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: To e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s on t h e a s t r o n a u t o f approximately one day of o r b i t a l f l i g h t , t o v e r i f y t h a t man can f u n c t i o n f o r an extended p e r i o d i n space a s a primary o p e r a t i n g system o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t , and t o e v a l u a t e t h c combined performance o f t h e a s t r o n a u t and a Mercury s p a c e c r a f t s p e c i f i c a l l y modified f o r t h e mission. PROTOCOL: Pre- and p o s t f l i g h t p h y s i c a l examinations were performed which included r o u t i n e and s p e c i a l l a b o r a t o r y tests, X-rays, e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h y , electroencephalography, t h e modified c a l o r i c t e s t , r a d i a t i o n dosimetry, r e t i n a l photography, biochemical and plasma enzyme s t u d i e s .

-I=:

Two s e t s o f EKG l e a d s , r e c t a l temperature t h e r m i s t o r , impedance pneum~graph, blood p r e s s a r e monitoring system, i n f l i g h t u r i n e c o l l e c t i o n device.

USULTS: There was no evidence of d e g r a d a t i o n i n t h e f u n c t i o n a l i n t e g r i t y o f t h e crewmember as a p i l o t . O r t h o s t a t i c hypotension accompanied by a n a c c e l e r a t e d p u l s e response and dehydration were found p o s t f l i g h t . A r e v e r s a l of t h e r a t i o between n e u t r o p h i l e s and lymphocytes was noted i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l blood a t R+4 and continued u n t i l R+14. C L U I O : The medical s t a t u s of t h e p i l o t was e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged between p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t examinations. No evidence o f abnormal s e n s o r y , p s y c h i a t r i c , o r psychoPogical response t o o r b i t a l space f l i g h t was found.

PRINCIPAL Im&&!BJSj: EXPERIMENT TITLE/NUMBER:

John H. Able, David W. Haack, and Richard W. P r i c e E f f e c t s o f Weightlessness on t h e N u t r i t i o n and Growth of Pelomvxa c a r o l i n e n s i g , P-1055

fJfOGRAM/MISSU: B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 JLASSIFICATION : Animal DISCIPLINEm:

- Amoeba (Pelomvxa c a r o l i n e n s i s )

Cell biology

OBJECTII&&: To s u r v e y t h e f i n e s t r u c t u r e and d i s t r i b u t i m c f m i t o c h o n d r i a , n u c l e i , n d c l e o l i , Golgi a p p a r a t u s , and endoplasmic r e t i c u l u m f o r changes t h a t may have been induced by weight:essness, and t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e iJere normal growth p a t t e r n s o r normal p r o g r e s s i o n of food v a c u o l e d i g e s t i o n i? amoebae s u b j e c t e d t o a w e i g h t l e s s environment. PROTOCOL: The amoebae were c u l t u r e d and s u b c u l t u r e d , placed i n a b u f f e r and fed paramecium. F i v e complete u n i t s of 24 chambers were assembled 2 d a y s b e f o r e launch. The organisms were loaded a t F-18.3 h r . The amoebae were screened and counted a s t h e y we:>e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e chambers. A f t e r t h e amoebae and psramecium were l o a d e d , t h e chambers were f i l l e d w i t h TBAM g l y c y l g l y c i n e b u f f e r , w i t h a s m a l l a i r s p a c e l e f t . The f i x a t i o n s were a c t u a t e d 5 t i m e s i n f l i g h t . A t r e c o v e r y , t h e organisms were counted, examined f o r m i t o t i c forms, food v a c u o l e s counted and t h e g r o s s morphology d e s c r i b e d .

-EQUIPMENT:

Experiment packags w i t h 24 chambers, each d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e 5-ml compartments c o n t a i n i n g e i 5 h e r amoebae, paramecium o r f i x i t i v e . The chambers were mounted on magnesium p l a t e s . Four o f t h e chambers c o n t a i n e d t h e r m i s t o r s .

RESULTS: The amoebae f e d normally w h i l e i n o r b i t , and specimens f i x e d ia o r b i t r e t a i n e d t h e o r d i n a r y h e t e r o p o d a l shape. Growth r a t e s o f o r b i t e d amoebae, both f e d and s t a r v e d , were slower t h a n c o n t r o l s f o l l o w i n g r e e n t r y and r e c o v e r y procedures. I n continuous-fed organisms t h e r e was l i t t l e o r no e f f e c t of f l i g h t d e t e c t a b l e i n growth r a t e o r a c t u a l number o f d i v i s i o n s . E l e c t r o n micrographs showed no a b n o r m a l i t i e s and few d i f f e r e n c e s between f l i g h t and c o n t r o l organisms. CONC1,USIONS: The w e i g h t l e s s environment d i d n o t produce any g r o s s i r r e v e r s i b l e a l t e r a t i o n s i n t h e normal p h y s i o l o q i c p r o c w s e s o f t h e amoebae. PUBLICATIONS :

1 , 43 1

-T.IGATDR(S)

:

W. Ross Adey, and P. M. Hahn

p B: i o s a t e l l i t e I11 R e s u l t s

&&$SI.FICATIQN:

Animal

-

P i g - t a i l e d monkey (Mecaca n e m e s t r i m )

pISCIPLINE(S): Neurosensory, B e h a v i o r a l s c i e n c e , M u s c u l u s k e l e t a l , U r o g e n i t a l , Chronobiology

QHJECTIVES: To c r e a t e a s m a l l l a b o r a t o r y w i t h a s i n g l e environmental s h i f t which cannot be d u p l i c a t e J on e a r t h ( w e i g h t l e s s n e s s ) and o b s e r v e t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s on a p i g - t a i l e d monkey. PROTOCOL: The animal was s u r g i c a l l y implanted w i t h deep-brain e l e c t r o d e s and t h e r m i s t e r s , two a r t e r i a l and two venous v a s c u l a r c a t h e t e r s and a sup-apubic u r e t h r a l c a t h e t e r i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n n e u r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l , c a v d i o v a s c u l a r , and r e n a l f u n c t i o n d a t a . Subcutaneous e l e c t r o d e s were used t o o b t a i n ECG and ZPN d a t a . The animal was a l s o t r a i n e d t o perform a s e r i e s o f psychomoter performance t a s k s d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t . A d d i t i o n a l p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t s t u d i e s i n c l u d e d a ~ s e s s m e n t so f body composition, s k e l e t a l m i n e r a l and h e m a t o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f l o n g - d u r a t i o n space f l i g h t . EQUIPMENT: B i p o l a r e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h e l e c t r o d e s , e l e c t r o o c u l o g r a p h i c s e n s o r s , electromyographic l e a d s , h e a r t f u n c t i o n and r e s p i r a t i o n s e n s o r s , v a s c u l d r c a t h e t e r s , temperature s e n s o r s i n b r a i n and p e r i t o n e a l c a v i t y , u r i n a r y c a t h e t e r , t r a n s d u c e r s , l i f e s u p p o r t system, visuomotor and delayed matching t a s k equipment.

DL,=:

The mission was t e r m i n a t e d on t h e n i n t h m i s s i o n day a f t e r t e l e m e t s r e d d a t a i n d i c a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t p h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e a n i m a l . The animal d i e d approximately 8 h o u r s a f t e r recovery. The a c u t e c a u s e o f d e a t h was v e n t r i c u l a r f i b r i l l a t i o n . Data t e l e m e t e r e d d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t i n d i c a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t (2-3 cm H203 e l e v a t i o n s i n c e n t r a l venous p r e s s u r e coupled with normal a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e s and 3 e a r t r a t e s . EEG d a t a showed a p r o g r e s s i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n c o r t i c a l f u n c t i o n through t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e f l i g h t . Temperature, h e a r t r a t e and r e s p i r a t i o n d a t a showed a d e s y n c r o n o s i s with p e r i o d s o f g r e a t e r t h a n 24 hqurs. Blood p r e s s u r e rhythms were n o t l a r g e r than 24 hours. Autopsy (10 h o u r s a f t e r d e a t h ) showed a b r u i s e d s p o t on t h e h e a r t , p e t e c h i a l hemorrhages i n t h e i l e u m , c o n g e s t i o n and edema o f t h e l u n g s , and thrombi i n t h e c i r c u l a t c r y system.

C O N : I t was surmised t h a t t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e animal p r i o r t o recovery was due t o d e h y d r a t i o ~and an a s s o c i a t e d e l e c t r o l y t e imbalance.

m

-ESTIGAIOR(S1

:

R. E. A l l e n , G. H. Bai1low, Ivlilan B i e r , P. E. B i g a z z i , R . J. Knox, F. J. M i c a l e , C. V . F. Seaman, J . id. V a n d e r h o f f , C. J . Van Oss, W. J . P a t t e r s o n , F. E. S c o t t , P. H. Hhodes, B. H . N e r r e n , and R . I. H a r w e l l

p E, lectrophoresi: s Technology, MA-011

PROGRAM/MISSION: :-

DISCIPW(S):

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t Hunan, Animal

Cell b i o l o g y

QBJEC-: To c o n d u c t e n g i n e e r i n g and o p e r a t i o n a l ' e s t s o f a s p a c e - r a t e d s t a t i c e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s s e p a r a t i o n a p p a r a t u s and t o f u r t h e r c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s t h r o u g h s e p a r a t i o n o f simiJ.ar c e l l u l a r s p e c i e s .

PROTOCOL: An c l e c L r o p h o r e s F s o r i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s column was removed from i t s s t o r a g e l o c a t l o n and i n s t a l l e d i n t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n i t i n s p a c e . F l u i d c o u p l i n g s were s e c u r e d t o e a c h e l e c t r o d e chamber o f t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s columns o n l y . The s l i d e c o n t a i n i n g a s p e c i f i c f r o z e n sample was n e x t removed from t h e c r y o g e n i c f r e e z e r and i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e column. A camera mounted on t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n i t c o v e r p h o t o g r a p h e d c m i t i c a l c o n t r o l p o s i t i o n s and d i g i t a l r e a d o u t s d u r i n g e a c h column o p e r a t i r ~ n . F o l l o w i n g e a c h e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s s e p a r a t i o n , t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s columns were f r o z e n by t h e t h e r m o e l e c t r i c module and t h e n removed from t h e c r a d l e . The crewman t h e n removed e a c h e l e c t r o d e chamber from t h e columns and p l a c e d t h e column j.n t h e c r y o g e n i c f r e e z e r f o r r e t u r n t o E a r t h . The i s o t a c h o p h o r e s i s columns were n e i t h e r f r o z e n lor r e t u r n e d , b u t o n l y photographed i n o r b i t d u r i n g t h e i r o p e r a t i o n . EQUI?MENT: An e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n i t , a c r y o g e n i c f r e e z e r , e i g h t e x p e r i m e n t columns ( s i x e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s , two i s o t - c h o p h o r n e s i s ) , and e i g h t sample insertion slides.

m: S e p a r a t i o n

o f human, r a b b i t and h o r s e e r y t h r o c y t e s was a c c o m p l i s h e d . Human k i d n e y c e l l s c o u l d be c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t o u r o k i n a s e (UK), human g r a n u l o c y t e c o n d i t i o n i n g f a c t o r (HGCF) and e r y t h r o p o i e t i n f r a c t i o n s . Human lymphocytes were i n c o n c l u s i v e . For t h e i s o t a c h o p l ? o r e s i s p a r t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t , s e p a r a t i o n o f humar~ e r y t h r o c y t e s f r o u hemoglobin o r d y e s was a c h i e v e d . S e p a r a t i o n o f human and r a b b i t e r y t h r o c y t e s o r r a b b i t and s h e e p e r y t h r o c y t e s was n o t a c h i e v e d .

CONCLUSIONS: With t h e s u c c e s s o f s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d p a r t i c l e s , i t was shown that; e l e c t r c ~ h o r e s i sc a n be performed under zero-g c o n d i t i o n s . The a b s e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t e l e c t r o - o s m o s i s , t h e l o a d i n g and r e t u r i n g o f a s t e r i l e s y s t e m , t h e c a p t u r e o f t h e r e s u l t i n g s e p a r a t i o n , and t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f

the viable c e l l s i n orbit and during the subsequent. return represents many " f i r s t s n for space. The newer methods of separation by isotachophoresis proved the f e a s i b i l i t y of conducting large-particle precessing by t h i s method. Unfcrtunately, the experiment was not t o t a l l y success:ul because the fluid l i n e s in some of the columns were blocked.

A,

INVESTIGATOR(S1: E. R . B a l l i n g e r , and James P. Henry

t

4

EXPERIMENT-: PBOGRAM/MISSION:

Aerobee 2

CLASSIFICnTIm: Animal mPLINE(S).: :-

- Rhesus nonkey (am), Mice

Behavioral s c i e n c e , Environmental h e a l t h

To s t u d y t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f c -s cf w e i g h t l e s s n e s s .

-

DOTOCOL: The monkey was a n e s t h e t i z e d while t h e mice were n o t . They were t s h n t o a h e i g h t of 236,000 f t . Heart r a t e , r e s p i r a t i o n , a r t e r i a l and c e n t r a l venous p r e s s u r e s were measured. Nine mice were placed i n a s e p a r a t c compartment t o s t u d y e f f e c t s of cosmic r a d i a t i . m . Two mice were placed i n a s e p a r a t e drum r o t a t i n g a t 12 rpm. One mouse was normal and one was labryinthectomized. The mice haC t o climb over a small paddle while performance was recorded on f i l m

.

ECG e l e c t r o d e s , small polyethylene c a t h e t e r s connected t o statham p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s ( f l u s h e d by 2 automatic s y r i n g e s a t 4 ml/hr with heparinized s a l i n e ) , photography equipment, r o t a t i n g drum.

:

RESULTS:

I n t h e o r i e n t a t i o n experiment, t h e l a b y r i n t h i n s - d e f e c t i v e animal d i d not become d i s o r i e n t e d d a r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , while t h e normal animal had o r i e n t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t y . There was a d e l a y i n r e t r i e v i n g t h e c a p e u l e , and t h e monkey died.

COI.JLUSIONS: During zero-g, t h e t:ormal animal f e i l e d t o u s e h i s v i s i o n and touch s e n s e t o supplement missing balance cues.

1 -

: Richai-d E. B e l l e v i l l e

PROGRAM/MISSION:

CLASSIFICATION: C

v

:

Aerobee 150A Animal

-

Rat

B e h a v i o r z l s c i e n c o , ~ i n v i r o n m e n t a l i1c3lth

OBJECTIVES:

To d e t e r i m i n e t h e g r a v i t y p r e f e r e n c e of a s ~ 1 animal 1 when subjected t o an a r t i f i c i a l gravity f i e l d .

EBQTWL: The w h i t e r a t s (2) were p l a c e d i n a s o u n d i n g r o c k e t f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 m i n u t e s . They were p l a c e d i n a c a g e where t h e r . ~ i m a l sc o u l d make a c h o i c e of g r a v i t y f i e l d s from - 3 5 t o i.60 " g ' s " d u r i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i v e minutes of zero-gravity t r a j e c t o r y . Tke a n i m a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l chambers were compmed o f two h i n g e d t r a z k s , deployed d u r i n g f l i g h t ta 15 d e g r e e s from v e r t i c a l s p i n a x i s , a s s o c i a t e d i n s t r u m e n t a t i c f i and environmenLa1 c o n t r o l equipment.

:

RESULTS:

'3e r a t s p e n t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e time i n .8g.

UUCLUSIONS:

S i n c e t h e time o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s and a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y was limited, these r e s u l t s a r e not conclusive.

1 -

: L u c l i n S. Browning

G e n e t i c E f f e c t s o f . t h e Space Environ;nent on t h e p: R e p r o d u c t i v e C e l l s o f Drosouhila AduPts and Pupae,

P- 1159 :::-

B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 Animal

-

F r u i t f l y ( D r o s w melanonaster)

Radiobiology , G e n e t i c s , E e h a v i o r a l s c i e n c e

OBJECTIYES: To s t u d y p o s s i b l e t r a n s m i s s i b l e g e n e t i c damage i n t h e f r u i t f l y caused by e x p o s u r e t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s p a c e f l i g h t combined w i t h c o n t i n u o u s ionizing radiation. I r r a d i a t e d ( 85S r : 1200-1500r) and n o n i r r a d i a t e d female a d u 1 . t ~and l a r v a e were compdred w i t h ground c o n t r o l s . R e c e s s i v e l e t h a l , v i s i b l e m u t a t i o n s a t s p e c i f i c l o c i , t r a n s l o c s t i o n s , l o s s o f dominant Y marker, c r o s s - o v e r i n males, and n o n d i ~ j u n c t i o nwere s t u d i e d .

:

m:Experiment

package, 8 5 ~ sro u r c e .

RESULTS: I n c r e a s e s i n r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l f r e q u e n z y i n m a t u r e sperm, t r a n s l o c a t i o n s and l o s s e s o f dominant m a r k e r s Y and B from t h e Y chromosome i n pupal s t a g e were f o u n ~i n t h e i r r a d i a t e d f l i g h t specimens.

:ONCLUSIONS:

The changes c a u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o v i b r a t i o n , a c c e l e r a t i o n , o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f t h e n a p s u l e atmosphere w i t h formaidehyde, g l u t a r a l d e h y d e , and e t h y l e n e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e t h a t w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , a c t i n g e i t h e r a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n , can produce g e n e t i c e f f e z t s , b u t n e i t h e r c a n i t be excluded as an i n t e r a c t i n g a g e n t w i c h o t h e r f a c t o r s .

: Brenda Buckhold, John V. P l a t e r , I. L. S i l v e r , Tracy C. H. Yang, and C. A. Thomas

EXPERIHENf: Some E f f e c t s o f S p a c e f l i g h t on t h e F l o w B e e t l e ,

DUQUUBm,P-1039

PRQGBAWMISSION:

B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 Animal

:-

:-

- Flour

beetle ( 1-

confusum)

Radiobiology , G e n e t i c s , Rehavioral s c i e n c e

OBJECTIVES:

To s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s and t h e combined e f f e c t s of ganma r a d i a t i o n and w e i g h t l e s s n e s s 3n somatic wing development, germ c e l l s , and t h e pupal period i n t h e f l o u r b e e t l e .

wm

720 pupae between 19 and 27 h r s o l d were o r b i t e d , h a l f i n t h e presence o f S r and h a l f s h i e l d e d from i t . Two-thirds o f each pupae group had r e c e i v e d a p r e r a d i a t i o n dose (1350r; o f 180 keV 8-rays. Identical E a r t h c o n t r o l s were maintained. A l l were maintained a t 85 F. Upon r e t u r n , pupal p e r i o d , wing a b n o m a l i t t e s , and g e n e t i c damage was determined by mating experiment beetlc.s with t h e c o n t r o l s .

:

m:Thrr e

housing compartments, LiF d i s c d o s i m e t e r s , 8 5 ~sro u r c e .

RESULTS:

Pupal p e r i o d , wing a b n o r m a l i t i e s , and dominant l e t h a l i t y were s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d . " S p l i t n mutation i n c r e a s e d from ground v a l u e s of 30% t o 45%. Some f a c t o r i n space f l i g h t , probably ireightl s s n e s s , e i t h e r f a c i l i t a t e d t h e development o f r a d i a t i o n inducer', chromosome ) r e a k s and/or DNA damage i n t h e m e i o t i c c e l l s ( o o c y t e s ) o r h i r 4 e r e d t h e normal c o r r e c t i o n o f such e r r o r s . Another p o s s i b l e expl.anatian i s a temperature drop o f t h e f l i g h t samples t h a t occurred between s e p a r a t i o n and r e t r i e v a l o f t h e f l i g h t c a p s u l e .

(;ONCLUSIONS:

:-

101, 102, 503, 104, 105, 479, 480, 48 1 , 546

PRINCIPAL):Donald R. Ekberg, E l a i n e C. S i l v e r , J u d i t h L. Buuhnay, and Eduard W. D a n i e l s p Nuclear : and C e l l u l a r D i v i s i o n i n

carolinensis Duping W e i g h t l e s s n e s s , P-1035 B i o s a t e l l i t e I1

:-

Animal

:-

-

Amoeba -(

1-

Cell b i o l o g y

:-

m:To v

s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on n u c l e a r and c e l l u l a r d i v i s i o n i n a s i n g l e c e l l , u s i r g t h e g i a n t m u l t i n u o l e a t e amoeba Pelomvxa

_carolincnsis.

PROTQCOL: The anoebae were c u l t u r e < and s u b c u l t u r e d , p l a c e d i n a b u f f e r and f e d paramecium. F i v e complete u n i t s o f 24 chambers were assembled 2 d a y s b e f o r e launch. The organisms were l o a d e d a t F-18.5 h r s . The amoebae were s c r e e n e d and ccunted as t h e y were s e l e c t e d f o r t h e chambers. After t h e amoebae and paramecium were l o a d e d , t h e chambers were f i l l e d w i t h TH.W g l y c y l g l y c i n e b u f f e r , w i t h a small a i r s p a c e l e f t . The f i x a t i o n s were a c t u a t e d 5 times i n f l i g h t . A t r e c o v e r y , t h e organisms were coun-ed, examined ?or m i t o t i c forms, food v a c u o l e s c o u n t e d , and t h e g r o s s morphology d e s c r i b e d . h p e r i m e n t p a c k a ~ ew i t h 24 chambers, e a c h d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e 5 m l compartments c o n t a i n i n g e i t h e r amoebae, paramecium o r f i x i t i v e . The chambers were mounted on magnesium p l a t e s . Four o f t h e chambers c o n t a i n e d t h e r m i s t o r s .

:

RESULTS:

There were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n d i v i s i o c r a t e s between f l i g h t and c o n t r o l g r o u p s . There was a t r e n d toWard a h i g h e r d i v i s i o n rate i n well f e d &d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . Nuclear d i v i s i o n d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s was synchronous, as i n t h e c o n t r o i z . No d i f f e r e n c e was a p p a r e n t i n t h e p o s t f l i g h t c e l l d i v i s i o n r a t e s of t h e f l i g h t g r o c p when compared t o t h e c o n t r o l s .

CONCLUSIONS:

S l i g h t v i b r a t i o n and a c c e l e r a t i o n had no o b s e r v a b l e e f f e c t upon n u c l e a r o r c e l l u l a r d i v i s i o n o f amoebae.

p: E f f e c t o f Space F l i g h t on t h e in-

Combining

C a p a c i t y o f A n t i g e n and Rntibody ::U%I&LYE(S):

D i s c o v e r e r XVII Human, Animal Cell b i o l o g y , Hematology, R a d i o b i o l o g y

OBJECTIVES: To d e t e r m i n e t h e s p e c i f i c r e a c t i v i t y between a n t i g e n s and antibodies during spaceflight.

PROTOCOL:

Samples o f human gamma g l o b u l i n and r a b b i t a n t i s e r u m s p e c i f i c f o r human ganma g l o b u l i n were d r i e d on small s q u a r e s o f f i l t e r p a p e r and mounted on b o t h emulsion s u r f a c e s of n u c l e a r t r a c k p l a t e s . The s q u a r e s were i m n o b i l i z e d by means o f a t h i n L u c i t e p l a t e and t h e e n t i r e package wrapped i n b l a c k c o v e r i n g . On r e c o v e r y , materials were e l u t e d frcm t h e p a p e r i n s a l i n e , and r e a c t i v i t y was d e t e r m i n e d by means o f p a s s i v e h e m a g g l u t i n a t i o n .

: M i l l i p o r e f i l t e r p a p e r , n u c l e a r emulsion t r a c k i n g p l a t e s , b l a c k wrapping, t h i n i u c i t e p l a t e s , c h e m i c a l d o s i m e t e r s , a l a n i n e , a l b u m i n , s i l v e r p h o s p h a t e g l a s s r o d s , n e u t r o n s e n s i t i v e f i l m , antimony f o i l .

The o n l y e f f e c t o b s e r v e d was i n i n c r e a s e i n r e a c t i v i t y i n b o t h a n t i g e n and a n t i b o d y i n t h e f l i g h t package.

-:

The o c c u r r e n c e of g r e a t e r r e a c t i v i t y is n o t u n d e r s t o o d , b u t i t may bc %;hat s u b - i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f cosmic r a d i a t i o n may have a s t i r n u l a t o r y e f f e c t on p r o t e i n r e a c t i v i t y .

=Tnu:

=INVESTIGATOR&.):

O t t o H . G a u e r , and David Simmonds

Blossom 3

:-

-.

Ariimal

- Rhesus

monkey -(

mulatta)

.Behavioral s c i e n c e , Environmental m:To t e s t t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f P

.

health rocket f l i g h t .

m T O C O L : The monkey was k e p t a t t h e Aero Medical L a b o r a t o r y u n t i l f l i g h t t i m e . A t F-45 m i n u t e s , t h e monkey was g i v e n a n e s t h e s i a , e l e c t r o d e s were i m p l a n t e d i n its s k i n , and i t was p l a c e d i n t h e c a p s u l e . The c a p s u l e was mounted on t h e V-2 a t F-30 min.

EQyUBXL: V-2 nosecone r e d e s i g n e d as an a n i m a l c a p s u l e , e l e c t r o d e s , EKG, oxygen c y l i n d e r , a u d i o a m p l i f i e r .

RESULTS:

The r o c k e t r e a c h e d a s p e e d o f 3,000 m i l e s p e r h o u r . The p a r a c h u t e d e p l o y e d , b u t d i d n o t o p e n , w i t h t h e monkey d y i n g on i m p a c t . No i n f o r m a t i o n was r e c o v e r e d o r t e l e m e t e r e d . T h i s f l i g h t p o i n t e d o u t some o f t h e problems o f r e l i a b l e i r strumentstion.

:

PRINCIPAL:-

C l o i d D. Green

PROGRAM/MISSIOK: L i t t l e J o e 3

v: Animal DISCTPLINE(S):

Rhesus monkey

(Muaamulatta)

Behavioral s c i e n c e , Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: To o b s e r v e t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n on a s m a l l p r i m a t e and c h e c k t h e s a f e t y o f t h e P r o j e c t Mercury f l i g h t e q u i p m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e l a u n c h a b o r t s y s tern.

PROTOCOJL: A performance t e s t t h a t i n v o l v e d t a p p i n g a t e l e g r a p h k e y - l i k e s w i t c h e a c h time a r e d l i g h t f l a s h e d i n t h e c a p s u l e was i n c l u d e d . :

Rhesus monkey c o n t a i n e r ( b i o p a c k )

.

RESULTS:

The monkey was s e n t t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 84,000 m. The p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t was a s u c c e s s . T h e r e were no o t h e r f i n d i n g s o f n o t e .

~ 1 , U S I O N S : T h i s e x p e r i m e n t v e r i f i e d t h e adequacy o f f l i g h t equipment t o b e used i n P r o j e c t Mercury, and showed t h e b i o m e d i c a l e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e d d u r i n g t h e a b o r t o f a Mercury f l i g h t a f t e r l i f t o f f n o t t o b e adverse.

P R T N C I P A L . 1 :

-

Cloid D. Green

EXPERIMENTTITLE/NUMBER: PROGRAM/MISSIOH: L i t t l e J o e 4 n

CLAS3IFICATION: Animal -(S_r:

- Rhesus monkey

(Macaca m)

Behavioral s c i e n c e , Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: To observe t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n on a small

primate, p a r t i c u l a r l y I n t h e a r e a s applying t o t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e r a p i d o n s e t o f r e v e r s e a c c e l e r a t i o n d u r i n g a b o r t a t maximum dynamic p r e s s u r e .

A performance t e s t t h a t involved a : s w i t c h each time a r e d l i g h t f l a s h e d i n t h e

urn: Rhesus

t a p p i r q a t e l e g r a p h key-like c a p s u l e was i n c l u d e d 3

monkey c o n t a i n e r (biopack)

.

RESULTS: The monkey was s e n t t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 14,700 m. test was a success.

The per;'ormance

There were no o t h e r f i n d i n g s o f n o t e .

I h i s txperfment v e r i f i e d t h e adequacy o f f l i g h t equipment t o be used i n P r o j e c t Mercury and SI >..ed t h e biomedical e f f e c t s o f a c c e l e r a t i o n experienced d u r i n g t h e a b o r t o f Mercury f l i g h t a f t e r l i f t o f f n o t t o be advc 3e.

:-

PUBLICATIONS:

351, 477

PRINCIPAL) : T o r q u a t o G u a l t i e r o t t i , F. B r a c c h i , and E. T:-IT

O r b i t i n g Frog O t o l i t h Experiment (OF01

CLASSIFICATION: Animal :-

bnna

-

B u l l f r o g (Bans ca;lestiaI!a)

Neurosensory, Behavioral s c i e n c e

Q 9 J . J . : To o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e b a s i c a c c e l e r a t i o n s e n s o r mechanism ( h a i r c e l l s o f t h e o t o l i t h o r g a n ) t o weightlessness. PBQTOCOL: Two b u l l f r o g s were c o m p l e t e l y immersed i n w a t e r . A c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s were r e c o r d e d from f o u r v e s t i b u l a r n e r v o f i b e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e g r 9 a v i t y s e n s o r s o f t h e i n n e r e a r . A c e n t r i uge b u i l t i n t o t h e e x p e r i s e n t c a p s u l e s u b j e c t e d t h e s e n s o r s t o a r a n g e of 10 g d u r i n g w e i g h t l e s s n e s s and p e r i o d i c a l l y up t o 0 . 6 g o f s t i m u l a t i o n .

-5

ECG e l e c t r o d e s , Frog O t o l i t h EQUIPMENT: Neutral-buoyancy electr:.:;Equipment Package ( c o n s i s t i n g o p s ? i ~m o t o r , a n i t - v i b r a t i o n m o a n t s , m u l t i p a s s g a s e x c h a n g e r , e v a p o r a t o r , t h e r m o s h t i z v a l v e , w a t w s u p p l y , oxygen r e s e r v o i r , C02 a b s o r b e r , a m p l i f i e r s , and s p a c e m a f t d a t a h a n d l i n g s y s t e m ) .

RESULTS:

During t h e f i r s t few d a y s o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , t h e o t o l i t h showed 1 ) f l u c t u a t . i o n cf t h e a c t i v i t y a t r e s t up t o 2 0 t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n on t h e g ~ o u n d , 2 ) a change of g a i n and mode o f t h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c e n t r i f u g e s p i n c y c l e s ; t h e mode changed from t o n i c t o p h a s i c and v i c e v e r s a . The chango 1 ) g r a d u a l l y d i s a p p e a r e d i n 4-5 d a y s , t h e a c t i v i t y a t r e s t r e t u r n i n g t o normal. The change 2 ) was m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l i g h t n o t showing t r e n d t o normalizatio~.

CONCLUSTONS:

Shows an i n d i c a t i o n of a n o n l y p a r t i a l a d a p t a t i o n o f a b a s i c n e u r a l c o n t r o l p r o c e s s t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s w h i l e some a l t e r a t i o n r e m a i n s . (Revealed p a r t i a l a d a p t a t i o n p r o c e s s a t t h e b a s i c r e c e p t o r l e v e l o f l i v i n g organisms t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s ) .

PRINCIPB'mESTIGATOR(S1: 6

P . M. Hahn, Takashi Hoshizaki, and W. Ross Adey

Circadian Rhythms o f t h e Macaca nemestrina Monkey i n p : R i o s a t e l l i t e I11 B i o s a t e l l i t e I11

-":

v: Animal - P i g - t a i l e d Chronobiology

:-

OBJECTIYES:

monkey (Macaca nemestriDaj

To s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on c i r c a d i a n rhythms.

PBPTOU: P l o t t i n g t e c h n i q c o s were used t o e s t i m a t e p e r i o d i c i t y . 7.5 c y c l e s f o r 24-hr. p e r i o d s were used. Day m e r a g i n g was t h e most common method used. Data obtained d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t were i n t e r p o l a t e d t o f i x e d 1.5 hour i n t e r v a l s . EQUIPMENT:

On-board f l i g h t r e c o r d e r , camera, magnetic t a p e .

pCGZ (measurement o f mey.abolism and r e s p i r a t i o n ) had a p e r i o d i c i t y o f g r e a t e r t h a n 25 h o u r s as d i d t h e s u b j e c t ' s temperature and h e a r t r a t e . The blood p r e s s u r e rhythms were n o t l a r g e r than 24 hours. The 4 c o n t r o l animals had rhythms of 24 hours.

RESULTS:

:ONCLIL'iIONS: I n t e r n a l d e s y n z t r o n o s i s of temperature, c a r d i a c an? r e s p i r a t o r y c y c l e s from t h e blood p r e s s u r e and t h e e x t e r c a l desynchronosis from t h e i.np0Se.d 24 hour d a i l y r o u t i n e may have been d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e well being o f t h e f l i g h t s u b j e c t . The derangement of t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r system suggested a s a concomitant of space f l i g h t , and t h e desynchronosis folmd i n t h e f l i g h t s u b j e c t may w e l l have a c t e d s y n e r g i s t i c a l l y t o b r i n g about i t s r a p i d d e t e r i o r a t i o n . There was no evidence o f t h i s desynchronosis i n t h e ground c o n t r o l s . This l e a d s t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a g r a v i t y dependent mechanism i n t h e c o n t r o l of c i r c a d i a n rhythm.

PUBLICATIONS:

239, 285

PRINCIPkL) : J. Hanley, and

EXPERIMENT-:

W. Ross Adey

S l e e p and Wake S t a t e s i n t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I11 Monkey: V i s u a l and Computar A n a l y s i s o f T e l e m e t c r e d E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c D a t a from E a r t h O r b i t a l Flight

PROGRAM/MISSION: B i o s a t e l l i t e 111

CLASSIFICATION: -(S):

Animai

-

P i g - t a i l e d monkey (-

Chronobiology, Neurosensory

B J E C T I V U : To s t u d y +.he s i e e p and wake s t a t e s i n a complex mammalian s y s t e m i n a w e i g h t l e s s environment.

PROTOCOL:

Ten EEG, two EOG a n d two EMG c h a n n e l s were m o n i t o r e d . D a t a was t e l e m e t e r e d t o e a r t h t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s a t t h e r a t e o i 22.4 k i l o b i t s / s e c . , and c o l l e c t e d e v e r y 97 m i n u t e s . The monkey was a c c l i m a t e d t o 1 2 h o w d a y and 12 hour n i g h t c y c l e i n t h e c a p s u l e .

e: EEG, E@G and

EMG, e l e c t r o d e s .

E

m : There Here r a p i d t r a n s i t i o n s i n s t a t e , b r e v i t y o f s t a t e , and u n u s u a l t r a n s i t i o n s from one s t a t e t o a n o t h e r . The monkey n e v e r a c h i e v e d i t s normal t e r r e s t r i a l c y c l e . T h e r e was a d r a m a t i c r e d u c t i o n i n REM and S t 2 g e 4 s l e e p . Eye movements: n o r m a l l y s e e n o n l y i n REM, w e r e o b s e r v e d d u r i n g S t a t e I1 and I V s l e e p . Eye movements d e c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g f l i g h t time, and c e a s e d by o r b i t 126, accompanied by a c h a n g e i n EEG. None o f t h e c o 9 t r o l s d i s p l a y e d t h i s phenomenon.

CONCLUSIONS:

The b i o l o g i c a l s i g n a l s s t u d i e a f o r c o r r e l e a t e s o f t h e s l e e p and wake s t a t e s o f t h e p r i m a t e were d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t e d by t h e w e i g h t l e s s s t a t e . EEG, EOG, and EkG were a l l m a r k e d l y d i s r u p t e d by t h e z e r o g r a v i t y c o n d i t i o n s . Moreover, t h e c h a n g e s began c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h t h e o n s e t o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s and were n o t s e c o n d a r y t o a l t e r e d f l u i d b a l a n c e o r body t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e was a complex r e s p o n s e t o t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f w e i g h t l e s s n e s s , w i t h a s u d d e n d e c l i n e on day 8 a t t r i b u t a b l e t o f l u i d l o s s a?d r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b l o o d i n t h e t h o r a x consequent t o t h e z e r o g r a v i t y s t a t e .

:&I-

K. Hanning, and H. Wirth

W E R I M E N T : E l e c t r o p h o r e s i s Faperiment , ::-

M A 4 14

Apollo-Soyuz T e s t P r o j e c t T

'I

:-

Humati, Animal Cell biology

To i n v e s t i g a t e and e v a l u a t e t h e i n c r e a s e i n sample f l o w rate and sample r e s o l u t i o n a c h i e v a b l e i n s p a c e .

OBJECTIVES:

The a p p a r a t u s f u n c t i o n e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , r e q u i r i n g minimal crew i n t e r v e n t i o n . Samples o f r a t bone marrow c e l l s , s p l e e n c e l l s , l y ~ p hnode c e l l s w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f human e r y t h r o c y t e s as markers and a m i x t u r e o f human and r a b b i t e r y t h r o c y t e s were s t u d i e d . It was n o t n e c e s s a r y t o c o l l e c t t h e s e p a r a t e d b i o m a t e r i a l f r a c t i o n s . An o p t o e l e c t r o n i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n was p e r f o m e d . A p r e p a r a t i v e s e p a r a t i o n was n o t used. R q u a l i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n ( b y u s e o f a n o p t i c a l system) was s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a p p l i c i b i l t t y o f t h e method and t o scudy t h e s h a r p n e s s o f separation.

:

lUU3W.Z:

S e p a r a t i o n chamber c o n s i s t i n g o f two c o o l i n g p l a t e s . provided t h e e l e z t r i c f i e l d .

Electrodes

RESOLTS:

The experiment l a s t e d f o r one E a r t h o r b i t . The o p t i c a l system produced a l i g h t t h a t was t o o b r i g h t t o d i s c e r n t r u e c e l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s , b u t f i n a l a n a l y s i s o f s c i e n t i f i c d a t a by computer p r o c e s s i n g showed t h e e x p e c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n of separated c e l l s . The a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f f r e e - f l o w e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s under zero-g c o n d i t i o n s was confirmed. The t e c h n i c a l problems a r i s i n g from t h e s p e c i a l environmental c o n d i t i o n s i n a S p a c e l a b can be c o n t r o l l e d . It waa demonstrated that b u f f e r flow systems o p e r a t e d d e s p i t e t h e more d i f f i , , l t c o n d i t i o n s imposed by a c l o s e d system. The e f f e c t i v e removal o f g a s e s f r o n t h e e l e c t r o d e b u f f e r by t h e measures used was a n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f t h e experiment. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f s e p a r a t i n g l i v i n g c e l l s under zero-g c o n d i t i o n s was demons t r a t e d . The c e l l a g g r e g a t i o n s t h a t formed i n t h e c e l l s u s p e n s i o n s need n o t correspond t o a d e c r e a s e i n v i a b i l i t y .

:-

fi-

I N V E S ~ U & & ) : Webb Hayna~er,Bonne C. Look, a n d Eugene V . B e n t o n TITLE/NUMBER: P o c k e t Mousz Expe.-iment (BIOCORE), MI21

wASSI:::ICATION:

Animal

-

P o c k e t Mouse (pero-

w e m b r i s )

I2ISCIPLINE(S): R a d i o b i o l o g y

OBJECTIVES: To d e t e r m i n e whec!ler a s p e c i f i c p o r t i o n o f t h e h i g h Z-high e n e r g y (HZE) g a l a c t i c c o s m i c r a y p a r t i c l e s p e c t r u m , e s p e c i a l l y p a r t i c l e s w i t h Z n o less t h a n 6 , c a n p r o d u c e m i c r ~ o s c o p i c a l l yv i s i b l e i n j u r y o f b r a i n , e y e a n d other t i ~ s u e s . F i q s pocket mice w i t h p l a s f i c d o s i m e t e r s implanted beneath t h e s c a l p underwent e x t e n s i v e gi30und t e s t i n g f o r s p a c e f l i g n t e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . Two c a n n i s t e r s were p r e p a r e d o f f i v e m i c e e a c h , o n e f l i g h t , o n e back-up t o be u s e d a s a c o n t r o l , u n d e r g o i n g t h e same stresses a s t h e f l i g h t mice. Upon r e t u r n , t h e m i c e wera s a c r i f i c e d a n d f i x e d w i t h FAM. The a n i m a l s ' h e a d s were f i x e d and s l i c e d i n t o 160G s e c t i o n s e a c h , and compared w i t h t h e s i m e t e r s placed on h e a d s o f t h e s a c r i f i c e d c o n t r o l m i c e ( w h i c h had had p a p e r t h e i r h e a d s , and h o l e s d r i l l e d t o s i m u l a t e t h e HZE p a r t i c l t p a t h s t h a t were e n c o u n t e r e d by t h e f l i g h t m i c e ) .

:

WIPMEU:

Pouse f l i g h t c a c n i s t e r , l i f c s u p p o r t system, d o s i m e t e r s .

RESUJZ: Four bf t h e f i v e f l i g h t mice r e t u r n e d a l i v e ; two i n a c t i v e a n d e x c e l l e n t c o n d i t i o n ; two d o c i l e a n d hunched up. The f e m a l e was most s u b d u e d and u n c o o r d i n a t e d on w a l k i n g . E i g h t y c o s m i c r a y p a r t i c l e s were r e c o r d e d i n t h e f i v e d o s i m e t e r s which p r o b a b l y r e c o r d e d 50% o f t h e h i t s t h r o u g h t h e b r a i n . The body t i s s u e s o f t h e f o b r l i v e m i c e showed no c h a n g e d u e t o HZE. The o l f a c t o r y e p i t h e l e u n was s e v e r e l y damaged i n f o u r o f t h e m i c e , l e s s s e v e r e l y i n o n e . I n t h e f l i g h t and back-up m i c e , t h e r e was hemmorhage i n t h e m i d d l e e a r c a v i t y b i l a t e r a l l y ( r e c o v e r y c o n d i t i o n d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e amount) . T h e r e were 13 t i n y l e s i o n s i n t h e s c a l p s o f t h r e e f l i g h t m i c e . F i v e p a r t i c l e s x e r e r e c o r d e d t h r o ! g h t h e e y e s . No r e t i n a l l e s i o n s were f o u n d . T h e r e w e r e no p a t h o l o g i c a l changes t o t h e ! v a i n menninges o r c a l v a r i u n r e l a t e d t o f l i g h t . W J S I O N S : A l t h o u g h d e t a i l e d s t u s i e s were p e r f o r m e d i n a n e f f o r t t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r H Z E c o s m i c r a y p a r t i c l e s a r e i n i t i r i o u s t o b r a i n and o t h e r t i s s u e , i t s h o u l d be n c t e d t h a t t h e l a c k o f d e m o n s t r a b l e l e s i o n s d o e s n o t n e g a t e t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y . S u b s t a n t i a l l y less s h i e l d e d e x p o s u r e s t o c o s m i c r a y p a r t i c l e s a r e n e e d e d i f t h e e f f e c t s ( o r l a c k o f e f f e c t s ) o f t h e p a r t i c l e s on b r a i n t i s s u e and o t h e r t a r g e t s t r u c t u r e s a r e t o be z s t a b l i s h e d .

.

INVESTICATOR(S1: James P P e n r y

EXPERIMENT: :-

: -&

Aerobes 3 Animal

-

m a : Behsvioral

Capuchin monkey

(Cebusalbifrons), mice

s c i e n c e , Environmental h e a l t h

OBJECTIYES: To s t u d y t1.e e f f e c t s o f w f g h t l e s s n e s s on both o r i e n t a t i o n a n a t h e physiology o f t h e s u b j e c t .

PB-:

The two monkeys were s e a t e d , a n e s t h e t i z e d , and o n e p l a c e d t o r e c e i v e +G and t h e o t h e r p l a c e d t o r e c e i v e +Cx. ECG wa: t a k e n from b o t h a n i m a l s . B t t e m p t s were made t o measure a r t e r i a l and venour p r e s s u r e s . Two m i c e , one normal and one l a b r y r i n t h e c t o m i z e d , were ?lac,d i n a r o t a t i n g drum ( 4 rpn) and photographed.

ZQUEMlW:

R o t a t i n g mouse drum (wi'h s p e c i a l s h e l f on o n e s i d e ) , camera

n m : Roth monkeys and mice s u r v i v e d t h e f l i g h t w i t h o u t d e m o n s t r a b l e ill e f f e c t s . The measuremerzts o f a r t e r i a l and venous p r e s s w e 3 f a i l e d . The l a b r y n t h i n e - d e f e c t i v e mouse d i d w e l l , i f g i v e n a f o o t h o l d i n t h e r o t a t i n g drcm w h i l e t h e normal mouse clawed t h e a i r t l - r i n g t o g e t h i s b a l a n c e . These w r e tP.e first l i v i n g c r e a t u r e s t o s u r v i v e s p a c e f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s . Minimum u n c o o r d i n a t i o n and d i s o r i e n t a t i o n i s e x p e r i e n c e d as l o n g a s t h e s u b i e c t r e t a i n s t a c : i l e and h a s v i s u a l r e f e r e n c e s .

: -

.I . .

)SOGiRTAITSEYNI- f

:

James P. Henry

PROGRAM/MISSION: Blossom 5 Animal

& -:

-

Cynomolgus monkey (Bacaca-)

IZISCIPLINE(S): Behavioral s c i e n c e , Environmental h e a l t h OBJECTIYES:

To s t u d y a c c e l e r a t i o n e f f e c t s on a monkey.

WTOCQL: The monkey was k e p t a t t h e Aero Medical Laboratory u n t i l f l i g h t time. A t 45 minutes b e f o r e f l i g h t , t h e monkey was g i v e n a n e s t h e s i a , e l e c t r o d e s c t i n i t s s k i n , and placed i n t h e c a p s u l e . The c a p s u l e was p l a c e d on t h e V-2 r o c k e t a t 30 minutes b e f o r e f l i g h t . Telemetry d e v i c e s f o r h e n t b e a t and r e s p i r a t i o n , V-2 nosecone redesigned as a n animal c a p s u l e , e l e c t r o d e s , EKG, oxyean c y l i n d e r , a u d i o amnlifier

:

.

The r o c k e t reached a speed o f 3,000 m i l e s p e r hour. m: degloyed, b u t d i d not o?en, w i t h t h e monkey dying o? impact.

The p a r a c h u t e Some i n f o r m a t i o n

was t e l e m e t e r e d , showing normal r e s p i r a t i o n and h e a r t rate. CONCLi;SIC".S:

Space f l i g h t seemed t o have no a d v s r s e e f f e c t on t h e physiology

o f t h e monkey.

and Soyuz c r e m e c ~ b e r sa n d from 15 areas o n t h e i n n e r s u r f n c c s 01' each s p a c e c r a f t &t s p e c i f i c times p r e - , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t . S a l i v a a n d b l o o d s a m p l e s were a l s o c o l l e c t e d p r e - and p o s t f l i g h t . A n a l y s e s i n c l u d e d d l l u t i o n and :latiof' s ~ e c i m r nm a t e r i a l s , i s o l a t i o n o f m i c r o b i a l c o l o n i e s , and c v a l u a t i o n OS g r o w t h p r o p e r t i e s on t P e i n i t i a l i s o l a t i o n media. :

H l c r o b i a l c o l l e c t i o n and s t o r a g e d e v i c e .

A v a r i e t y o f p o t e n t i a l p a t h o g e n s was recovered from e a c h o f t h e cmuuember's p r e - and p o s t f A l g h t However, n c d i s e a s e e v e n t s were r e p o r t e d . .adpipa aibicans and 3 were shown t o bc t r a n s f e r r e d from :

.

o n e c r e m e m b e r t o a n o t h e r durin+g f l i g h t . c h a n g e s were o b s e r v e d .

WUW.

No o t h e r m e d i c a l l y ~ i g n i t ' i c a n t

The p r o p o s e d simp1 i l ' i c a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f mz,!i,-.~l ly i m p o r t a n t n i c ' r o o r g a n i s m s a n 1 t h e t . h e o r i z e d p o s t f l i g h t m i c r o b i a l s h o c k 21-~ l d n o t be s u p p o r t e d by t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y .

D W P A L lNVESTL.ATOR(S):

EXPERIFANT T I T L E / u - a :

CLASSIFICATION:

G e r a l d R . T a y l o r , R o n a l d T . k r e n n , Yalter L. E l l i s , R i c h a r d C. Simmonds, A . M. H e i m p e l , R . A . Long, B. I;. F o s t w , D. O. L o v e t t , J . S p i z i z e n , J . E. I s h e r w o o d , Horst B u e c k e r , G . H o r n e c k , H. W o l l e n h a u p t , P. A. Volz, 1. C. k s u , D. E. J e r k e r , J . L. Hiser, 2. M. V e s e l e n a k , E u g e n e V . b e n t o n , M. 6. P a r s o n , J . V e r n o n B b i l e y , R o b e r t A . E n g l i s h , b e n n i e C. C o o l e y , a n d C h a r l e s E. C h a s s a y Mi,-robial Response to Spa?? Etlvironment

hicroorganism

-

( 6 a c i ; l u s t h u r i n a i c n s i s , Aeromonas p r o t e o l v t i c a , B a c i l l u s s u b t i l l i s , s t r a i n s HA 131 ( 5 9 ) , h. 101 (59)F, a n d 1 0 6 , k s c h e r i c h i a c u T-7 ~ h a g e ,m e t o m U T r i c h o ~ h v t o qJerrestre, R h o d o t c r u l a r u b r a , $ a c c h a r ~ n v c ecerovi-) ~

DISCIPLINECS~: R a d i o b i a l o g y , G e n e t i c s , C e l i b i o l o g y ObJlXTICcS: T r z i r a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f a p a r t i c u l a r s p a c e f l l g h t c,, t h e survivril r a t e o f d i f f e r e n t microbial species. PROTOCOL: E a c h m i c r o b i a l s a m p l e c o n t a i n i n g 130 t o 1 m i l i l o n l i v e c e l l s , l i a s ho3st.d i n ct?ambers o r 2 u v e t t e s f o r f l i g h t a n d g r d u n d ; o r , t r o l s . Micrches could bi s u s p e n d e d i n 5 0 ~ 1o f f l d r d o r dri-:d .?n 3 c a r r i e r , e x p o s e d t o vacuum a f s p a c e z r r e t a i n e d a t 1 a t n . An o p t l c a l f i l i e r l n g s y s t e m c o n t r o l l e d tqe t o t a l s y s s e m s f r o m a minimum o t 4 x 1 0 ' I - a d i a n t - e n e r g y r e a c h i n g e x p o s e d .LC:: b ergs/cmL t o a maximum cf d x 10 E r g s , cm'. EWIPKENT: H ~ c r o b i a l e c o i o g y e v a l u a t i o n d e v i c e (MLEP) c o n t a i n i n g 7 4 6 ? ~ v c ' , t e s , 140 n e u t r a l d e n s i t y ~ ' i l t e r s ,2d b a n d p a s f . f i l t m s , d r e c o r d i n g t h e r m o m e t e r s , o n e h i ~ h - c n ~ r. n~ uyl t i s h a r g c d p a r t i c i c d c s i r n s t c r , 0 4 p o t a s s l u m f e i - r i o x a l a t e a c t i n o ~ n t r j c u v e t t e s , Q 4 p h o t o g r a p h i c f i l m cuvc ~ t e s ,a ~ 16 d therffioluminescent d o s i m e t e r c u v e t t e s .

RESULTS: U=cillus i h u r i r , q i e n s i s showed n a c h a n g e i n s u r v i v a l :-dre a r ' i e r e x p a s u r e t o s o l a r u l t r a v i a l e t i r r d i a t i o n a t 2 5 4 , :03, >OL' nm. S i g n i l ' j , : a n t d e c r e a s e i n s u r v i v a l r a t e a f t e r e x p o s u r e t o f u l l s u n l i g h t was o b s e r v e d b u t is n o t c o n s i d e r e d a n a m & l ~ u sS c h a v i ~ r . i i e r ~ ) w > n a ap r o t e o i v t i u z e i i s were e v 3 l u a t e d f o r s t i r v i v a ? ar,d q ~ n n t i t . 3 :i v t : Y t e s t e d f o r a l t e r a t i o n s i n t o x i n p r o d ~ c t i o r : . P o s t f l i g h t , t h e r e was n o significant d i f f - r e n c e b e t u e e n t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e s o f i n f l i g h t a n d g r o u n d zsat r o l s

.

The l e t h a l e f f e c t s of i r r a d i a t i o n cn Bacillus HP. 101 (59) s t r a i n s a t peak wavelengths of 254 and 280 nm were g r e a t e r f o r drLed spores than those i n water suspensions. The F s t r a i n was more s e n s i t i v e a t both wavelengths. 168 were Greater l o s s i n v i a b i l i t y was found when spores o f Bacillus exposed to space vacuum and s o l a r UV i r r a d i a t i o n a t 254 nm. No change i n survival w l t h vacuum alone was noted.

Escherichia

T-7 bacteriophage was r e s i s t a n t t o space vacuum. There was some s e n s i t i v i t y to s o l a r U V i r r a d i a t i o n a t 254 nn!. The dose response curve had the same shape a s the ground controls.

showed an i n s i g n i f i c a n t t e r r e s t w and SaccharomYces ~ e r i v and decrease in v i a b i l i t y t o s o l a r UV i r r a d i a t i o n . C h a e t e -tort& rubra demonstrateJ no s i g n i f i c a n t change i n survival r a t e . The r e s u l t s of the dosimetry erperiments indicated t h a t the o p t i c a l f i l t e r components of the HEED performed i n a manner which allowed c r i t i c a l evaluation of exposed biological t e s t systems. COHCLUSIQNS: No s t a t i s t i c a l l y valid differenccs could be detected i n the survival of f l i k h t samples when compared t o corresponding ground controls. I n general, these evaluations were based on multiple observations of from 10 t o 30 r e p l i c a t e s of up t o one million c e l l s each. While the r e s u l t s ~f t h i s experiment c o n f l i c t w i t h those of c e r t a i n other space f l i g h t investigations, i t must be observed that the conditions of a p a r t i c u l a r space f l i g h t cannot be exactly duplicated, and therefcre r e s u l t s from d i f f e r e n t f l i g h t s a r e not d i r e c t l y comparable.

1NVESTII;ATURlS);

EXPERlMEEtT TT I:-

CLASSIFIW: DlSCIPLlNE(S1:

G e r a l d R. T a y l o r , Royce Y. B r o c k e t t , James K . F e r g u s o n , R i c h a r d C. G r a v e s , and k r n a r d J . Mieszkuc S k y l a b E n v i r o n m e n t a l and Crew IYicrobiology S t u d i e s

Human, M i c r o o r g a n i s m Envirormental h e a l t h

OBJECTIVES: 1'0 d e t e c t t h e p r e s e n c e o f p o t e n t i a l l y p a t h o g e n i c m i c r o o r g a n i s m s on t h e cre:fincmbers and t h z i r s p a c e c r a f t and t o o b t a i n d a t a which would c o n t r i b u t e t o a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e r e s p o n s e cf t h e c r e w ' s m i c r o b i a l f l o r a t o t h e s p a c e env i ronment

.

PfiOTlJCUL: M i c r o b i a l f l o r a s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d from s e l e c ~ e ds i t e s i n ~ k b i t a lWorkshop, Command Hoduie, on creK body s u r f a c e s and from u r i n e and f e c e s , p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , and p o s t f l i g h t . EQUlPMENT:

Caicium a l g i n a t e s w a b s .

RESULTS: A p p r o x i m a t e l y 10,000 m i c r o b i a l i s o l a L i o n s were o b t a i n e d , i d e n t i t ' i e d ~ n dc h a r a c t e r i z e d . V a r i a t i o n o c c u r r e d i n m i c r o b i a l r e s p o n s e b e c a u s e of c s o l o g i c a l r e l n t i o n s h i p s , h o s t susct-pt i b i 1 l t y a n d e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l t'act ~ r s . S p r e a d L.!' ;7t h o g e n s bet w w n crt wmen u n s common. While ths- t o t a l numbcr of' 3rr'ckt:~ was I;,unl! t o i n c r e c l s p , t h e s p e c i a s and n ~ m b c t 'ot' an.jer-obcs Litx-rcased. CONCLUSlONS: D.?cn showed t h a t , l i ! . ~ l egvss c o n t a r n i n a t i o n o f t n c S k y l a r , cnv ironment h.~mcit~mot;s>r;i: ed and t h c r e were s e v e r a l i n f 1 i g h t ~ii s e a w e v e n t s , s u c h e v e n t s .,re m t 1 i m i t irlg t ~ a z s r d sfor. l o n g tt.t.rn rnanncd s p n c c 1'1 ight::. I n t c r c r e w t ...rrisfer- of' pnt.hosens WAS dcrncnst r a t c d , n l t houph evidenct- a1' p o s t f 1 i q h t m i c r o h i r i l s h o c k was n ~ 7 t t'ound.

:1-

R . C. von brstel, R. H. S m i t h , Anna A . k h i t i n g , and D. S. Z r o s c h

v

m

PROCRAH/Hm:

: Hutational

and P h y s i o l o g i c Responses o f i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 11, P-1079

~

O

~

~

~

B i o s a t e l l i t e I1

-

Animal, M i c r o o r g a n i s m P a r a s i t i c wasp ( b a b r o b r a c o q Mu), B r i n e s h r i m p c y s t s ( A r t e m i a s&Ug) , M i c r o o r g a n i s m -( c e r e v .l s .i a e1

:-

Radiobiology , Genetics , Behavioral s c i e n c e

:-

QBJECU!&: To s u r v e y m a t u r e sperm a n d a l l d i f f e r e n t stages o f o o g e n e s i s fo.* n i i t a t i o n s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y dominant l e t h a l i t y ) , r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l a n d v i s i b l e r n u t a t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s , and i n h e r i t e d p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y u n d e r t h e combined c o n d i t i o n s o f r a d i a c i o n and wcigIlclessness.

qfe

and f e m a l e wasps w e r e i r r a d i a t e d p r e f l i g h t , i n f l i g h t , o r n o t PROTOCOL: Sr a t 4000 R , 2000 R , i O O O E, 5 0 0 R o r 0 R. T h i r t y p a r a m e t e r s a t all w i t h of g e n e t i c , m u t a t i o n a l , b i o c , i e m i c a l , b e h a v i o r a l , a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r , were m e a s u r e d . Artemis salina c y s t s were u s e d s i n c e t h e y are s e n s i t i v e t o v i b r a t i o n . ~ c c h a r o m v c e s r e v i s i a e v e r e used t o d e t e c t s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n .

EQUIPMEN'1:: IJabrobracoq f l i g h t c o n t a i n e r s , "5, dosimeters.

s o u r c e , LiF powler , g l a s s rod

HESULTS: S p a c e f l i g h t e f f e c t s were e n h a n c e m e n t o f f e c u n d i t y a n d h a t c h a b i l i t y o f prim.i t i v e and t r a n s i t i o n a l o o g o n i a , d i s o r i e n t a t i o n o f male mat iilg S e h 3 v i o r , i r ~ c r e a s e d l i f e s p a n of f e m a l e s and d e c r e a s e d x a n t h i n e d e h y d r o g e n a s e a c t i v i t y i n males. The e f f e c t s o f r a d i a t i o n w e r e d e c r e a s e d h a t c h a b i l i t y and e n h a n c e d f e c u n d i t y of eggs. The o n l y m u t a g e n i c e f f e c t found was a t h r e e f o l d e n h a n c e n e n t of t h e r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l m u t a t i o , ; f r e q u e n n y i n t h e n o n i r r a d i a t e d sperm i n t h e o r b i t e d m a l e s . No d i f f e r e n c e was f o u n d i n J n t r a g e n i c o r i n t e r g e n i c r e c o m b i n a t i o n e n d p i n t s c o m p a r i n g f l i g h t and g r o u n d c o n t r o i S a c c h a r o m v c e ~ . The Artemia c y s t s were o t i n f l u e n c e d by s p a c e f l i g h t o r gamma radiation rezeived i n f l i g h t . LUSIONq.: The enhancement o f s p o n t a n e o u s r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l f r e q u e n c y i n sperm was ~nducledby some f a c t o r o f t h e f l i g h t , p r o f i l e o t h e r t h a n w e i g h t l e s m e s s . The e x c e s s o f d e a t h s f o u n d among t h e o f f ' s p r i n g from f e m a l c s flown mighL have been from a m i x t u r e o f chromosome i m b a l a n c e phenomm? and r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l m u t a t i o n s i n d u c e d by t h e s p a c e f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s . The i n c r e a s e d f e r t i l i z i n g c a p a c i t y a p p e a r a e d + o be a n e n h a n c i n g e f f e c t o f r t d i a t i o n c o s b i n e d w i t h ~ e i g h t i e s s n e s s . The s t r o n k t r e n d f o r ennanced emergence from Artemu c y s t 3 m i g h t h a v e beer. c a u s e d by v i b r a t i o n . f .

PUBLICATIONS* 2 2 6 , 9 2 7 , 2211, 229, 230, 5 4 5 , 5 4 b , 547, 5 4 b , 549

C

Q

I

I

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1 D.

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Beaujean, R . , W. Enge, H. Herrmann, and K. P. Bartholomae Study w i t h a m u l t i - t h r e s h h o l d HZE-particle d o s i m e t e r u s i n g p l a s t i c detectors i n A p o l l o BIOSTACK e x p e r i m e n t . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space R e s e a r c h X I V . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e open m e e t i n g of t h e working g r o u p o n Space B i o l o g y , m y , 29-June 7 , 1975, 2nd Symposium o n G r a v i t a t i o n a l P h y s i o l o g y , , Varna, B u l g a r i a , May 3 0 , 3 1 , 1975. Pergamm P r e s s , Oxford p. 219-224, 1976.

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Benton, E. V., R. P. Henke, D. D. P e t e r s o n , J. V. B a i l e y , and C. A. Tobias F l u x of h i g h - l e t cosmic-ray p a r t i c l e s i n manned space f l i g h t . L i f e Sciences and Space Research X I I I . Proceedings of t h e 1 7 t h plenary meeting, Sao Paulo, B r a z i l , J u n e 17-July 1 , 1974. AkademieVerlag, B e r l m , p. 121-128, 1975.

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Bergman, S. A . , R. L. Johnson, and G. W. H o f f l e r Evaluation of t h e e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r system a f t e r prolonged w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . BiomedicA R e s u l t s from Skylsb. NASA SP-377, p. 351-365, 1977. ---

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B e r r y , i. A . , and J . L. HomicL F i n d i n g s a n American a s t r o n a u t s b e a r i n g on t h e i s s u e of a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y f o r f u t u r e manned s p a c e v e h i c l e s . &?space Medicine. 44: 163-163, '973.

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S e r r y , C. A. P h s r r u a c e u t i c a l s i n s p a c e m e d i c i n e . Jou r a s l of- - t h e America? Phann2c e u t i c a l A s s o c i a t i c - n . NS5: 358-360, 1965.

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Berry, C. A. , and A. D. C a t t e r ~ o n t s u l t s . SASA 'iM P r e G e r n i G X e d i c d l P r e d i c t i o n s v e r s u s Geinini P1 i ~ h & X-74'19, 1967.

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Berry, C. A. Skylab medical c o n t r i b u t i o n s and s i g n i f i c a n c e t o manned spacef l i g h t . Sky l a b Science E x ~ e r i m e n t s . Proceedings of t h e symposium, San F r a n c i s c o , CA, Feb. 2 8 , 1974. Tarzana, CA, American A&, r o n a u t i c a l S o c i e t y , p. 117-1 26, 1975.

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Berry, C. A. Space t r a v e l and l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n ~ 4 i c a problems. l Science Jou r n a l . 5: lO3-lO'/, 1969.

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C. A. S t a t u s r e p o r t on s p a c e medicine i n t h e United S t a t e s . A e r c s ~ a c eMedicine. 40: 762-769, 1969.

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Berry, C. A. Summary and c o n c l u s i o n s concerning medical r e s u l t s of t h e Gemini 7 manned s p a c e t l i g h t . 4 Review of Medical R e s u l t s of Gemini 7 and R e l a t e d F l i g h t s . NASA TM X-60589, p. 250-280, 1966.

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Berry, C. A., J. Billingham, A. G r a y b i e l , E. F. M i l l e r , and R. Waite V e s t i b u l a r experiments i n Gemini f l i g h t s 5 and 7. L e c t u r e s i n Aerospace Medicine. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, p. 150178, 1 % 7 .

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Berry, C. A. , and H. R. H a i r A summary of t h e medical e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e Apollo program. Proceedings of t h e I A A O r b i t a l I n t e r n a t i o n a l Laboratory and Space S c i e n c e s Conference, Cloudcroft, NM, Sept. 28-Oct. 2 , 1969, p. 375-423, 1970.

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Berry, C. A. U. S. view of human problems t o be addressed f o r long d u r a t i o n space f l i g h t . Revue de Medecine Aeronautique e t S p a t i a l e . 1 2 : 225-233, 1973.

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Bzacchi, F., e t a 1 Mu1 ti-day recordings from t h e primary neurons of t h e s t a t o r e c e p t o r s of t h e l a b y r i n t h of the b u l l f r o g . The e f f e c t of an extended period of " w e l g h t l e s s n e i ~ " on the r a t e of f i r i n g a t r e s t and i n response t o s t i m u l a t i o n by b r i e f periods of c e n t r i f u g a t i o n (OFU-A o r b i t i n g experiment). &a 0 t o l a r v n n . Suppl. 334: 1-26, 1975.

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Brown, L. R. Study t o d e t i n e and v e r i f y t h e p e r s o n a l o r a l hygiene requirements f o r extended manned s p a c e f l i g h t . O r a l p h y s i o l o g ~and microbiology i n Skylab manned s p a c e f l i g h t . Annual Report, 1 J s l y 1974 - 30 June 1375. NASA CR-144361, 1975.

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Genetic e f f e c t s of t h e space environment on t h e reprodvctive c e l l s of Drosophila a d u l t s and pupae. & T Xx~eriments9f B i c s a t e l l i t p I1 NASA S?-204, p. 55-78, 1971. L Browning, L. S., B. Buclchcld, D. S. Gmsch, I. I. Oster, J. V. S l a t e r , R. 8. Smith, 8. C, von B o r s t e l , aud A. R. Whiting Nutational responses of i n c e c t s in t h e 3 i o s a t e l l i t e I1 experiment. L i f e Sciences and Space Research V1I. Proceedings of t h e 1 1 t h plenary meeting, Tokyo, Japan, May 14-16, 1968, North Holland Fub., Amoterdam, p. 70-76, 1969.

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102. Buckhold, B., and J. V. S l a t o r E f f e c t of temperature and X - i r r a d i a t i o n on pupae of t h e f l o u r b e e t l e , ~ r i b o l i & confusum. b d i a t i o n ~ e s e a r c h i37 : 567-576, 1%9. 103. Buckhold, B., J. V. S l a t e r and C. A. Tobias E f f e c t on a f l o u r b e e t l e of i r r e d i a t i o n during space f l i g h t . Bioscience. 18: 595-5 97, 1968. 104. Buckhold, B., J. V. S l a t e r , I. L. S i l v e r , T. Yang, and C. A. Tobias Some e f f e c t s of space f l i g h t on t h e f l o u r b e e t l e , Tribolium con= fusum. --The Experiments of B i o s a t e l l i t e II.NASA S3-204, p. 7995, 1S71. 105. Buckhold, B., J. V. S l a t e r , and C. A. robias Space f l i g h t enhancement of i r r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s i n t h e f l o u r b e e t l e , Tribolium confusum. Radiation Research. 39: 68-81, 1969. 106. Buderer, M. C . , D. G. Mauldin, J. A. Rummel, E. L. Michel, and C. F. Sawin Exercise c a r d i a c output following Skylab missions The second

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manned Skylab mission. A v i a t i o n , S ~ a c e . icioe. 47: 365-372, 1976.

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107. b u d e r e r , M. C., J. A. Rummel, C. F. Sawin, and D. G. Mauldin Use of t h e s i n g l e - b r e a t h method of e s t i m a t i n g c a r d i a c o u t p u t d u r i n g ~ 44: 756-760, 1973. e x e r c i s e - s t r e s s t e s t i n g . & - o s ~ a cMedicine, 108. Budinger, T. F., C. A. Tobias, R. H. Huesman, F. T. Upham, T. F. Weiskamp, and R. A. Hoffman Apol lo-Soyuz l i g h t - f l a s h o b s e r v a t i o n s . Life S c i e n c e s & Space Reaearch XV. Proceedings o f t h e 1 9 t h p l e n a r y meeting of Cospar, P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, J u n e 8-1 9 , 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 141-146, 1977. 109. Budinger, T. F., C. A. Tobias, R. H. Huesman, F. T. Upham, T. F. Weiskamp, J. U. S c h o t t and E. Schopper Ekperiment MA-1 06. Avo1 lo-Sovuz Test Light f l a s h observations Proiect Summary Science R e ~ o z - t . NASA SP-412, p. 193-209, 1977.

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110. Budinger, T. F., C. A. Tobias, R. N. Huesman, F. Wieskamp, and J. U. S c h o t t L i g h t f l a s h o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g Apollo-Soyuz, n a u t i c a l Federation, International Astronautical Anaheim, CA, Oct. 10-16, 1976. IAF P a p e r 76-032,

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111. Budinger, T. F . , C. A. Tobias, 3. T. Lyman, P. K. Chapman, L. S. Pinsky, H. B i c h s e l , J. D. Denney, and W. B. Nelp L i n h t f l a s h phenomenon s e e n by a s t r o n a u t s . NASA TM X-68419, 1971. 112. Budinger, T. F., C. A. Tobias, E. Schopper, J. U. S c h o t t , R. H. IIbesman, F. T. Upham, T. F. Wieskamp, J. M. Kucala, F. S. Goulding, and D. A. Landis Q ~ a n t i t a t i v eo b s e r v a t i o n of l i g h t f l a s h s e n s a t i o n s - Experiment MA106. Auollo-Sovuz T e s t P r o i e c t . P r e l i m i n a r y S c i e n c e ReD0rt. NASA TM X-58173, 16p. , 1976.

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113. Buecker, H., and G. Horneck The b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s of HZE-particles of cosmic r a d i a t i o n s t u d i e s i n t h e Apollo 1 6 and 17 BIOSTACK experiments. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposiw on B a s i c Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5th, Washi n g t o n , DC, Nov. 27-30, i 9 7 3 ) . A s t r o n a u t i c a . 2 : 247-264, 1975. 114. Buecker, H.,

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E. H. Graul, H. P l a ~ ( e 1 ,J. P. S o l e i l h a v o u p , P. Cuer, and R. K a i s e r Biomedical experiments, P a r t A. BIOSTACK experiment. Apol l o P r e l i m i n a r y S c i e n c e R e ~ o r t . NASA SP-315, l o p . , 1972.

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115. Buecker, 8. BIOSTACK A s t u d y of t h e b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of HZE g a l a c t i c cosmic r a d i ~ t i o n . Biomedical R e s u l t s of Apol lo. NASA SP368, p. 343-354, 1975.

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116. Buecker, E. , R. F a c i u s , and M. Schaef e r The BIOSTACK a s a n approach t o h i g h - l e t r e s e a r c h . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research XIV. Proceedings of t h e open meeting of t h e working group on Space Biology, May 29-June 7 , 1975, and Symposium on G r a v i t a t i o n a l Physiology, Varna, B u l g a r i a , May 3 0 , 3 1 , 1975. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 233-239, 1976.

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117. Buecker, H . , G. Horneck, E. Reinholz, W. Ruether, E. H. Graul, H. P l a n e l , J. P. S o l e i l h a v o u p , P. Cuer, R. K a i s e r , and J. P. Massue Apol l o 1 7 f l i g h t . Apol l o 1 7 P r e l i m i n a r y BIOSTACK experiment Science R e ~ o r t . NASA SP-330, l o p . , 1973.

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118. Buecker, H., G. Horneck, 0. C. A l l k o f e r , K. P. B a r t h o l a m e , R. Beaujean, P. Cuer, W. Enge, R. F a c i u s , H. F r a n c o i s , and E. H. Graul The B1OST'-2K experiment on Apollo 1 6 . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research X I . Proceedings of t h e 1 5 t h p l e n a r y meeting, Madrid, Spain, May 10-24, 1972. Akademie-Verlag , B e r l i n , p. 295-305, 1973. 119. Buecker, H. The BIOSTACK experiment 3 I and I1 aboard Apol l o 1 6 and 17. L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research X I I . Proceedings of t h e 1 6 t h p l e n a r y meeting, Konstanz, West Germany, May 23 - J u n e 5 , 1973. AkademieVerlag, Be-rlin, 8p. , 1974. 120. Buecker, H., G. Horneck, H. Wollenhaupt, G. Bowman, E. Schopper, G. Henig, J. U. S c h o t t , E. Reinholz, W. Ruether, and E. H. Graul The BIOSTACK experiments I and I1 flown onboard Apollo 1 6 and 1 7 . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress on A v i a t i o n and Space Medicine. 2 1 s t , Munich, Wes; Germany, S e p t . 17-21, 1973, p. 105-110, 1973. 121. Buecker, H . , R. F a c i u s , D. Hildebrand, G. Horneck, G. R e i t z , U. Scheideman, M. Echaefer, C. T h w a s , B. Toth, and A. R. Kranz BIOSTACK 111. Fxperiment MA-107. Avollo-Sovuz T e s t P r o i e c t , . P x l i m i n a r y Science Report. NASA TM X-58173, 1976.

Buecker, H., M. Delpoux, S. Fogel, M. F r e e l i n g , E. H. Graul, G. Borneck, A. R. Kranz, H. P l a n e l , W. Ruether, U. Scheidemann, C. Thanas, C. A. Tobias, B. Toth, T. Yang, 0. C. Allkofer, R. Beaujean, E. V. Benton, W. Enge, R. Facius, H. Francois, W. Heinrich, D. Hildebrand, C. Jacquot, R. Kaiser, J. P. Massue, E. Obst, D. D. Peterson, R. Pfohl, G. P o r t a l , G. R e i t z , E. Schopper, M. Schaefer, J. U. Schott, and G. Seigmon BIOSTACK 111 Experiment MA-1 07. Apol lo-Sovuz Test Proi e c t Summary Science Report. NASA SP-412, p. 211-226, 1977.

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Buecker, H., G. Bornec k, and H. Wol lenhaup t E f f e c t s of space vacuum and s o l a r u l t r a v i o l e t i r r a d i a t i o n (254 nanometers) on t h e colony foneing a b i l i t y of B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s spores. Proceedings of t h e Microbial Eesponse of Space Environment Svm~osium. NASA TM X-58103, p. 87-97, 1973. Buecker, H., D. Hildebrand, G. Reitz, and M. Schaefer L o c a l i z a t i o n and t r a c k e v a l u a t i o n of hLE p a r t i c l e s . L i f e Sciences & Space Research XIV. Proceedings of t h e open meeting of t h e working group on Space Biology, May 29 - June 7 , 1975, and Symposium on Gravitat i o n a l Physiology, Varna, S u l g a r i a , May 30, 3 1 , 1975. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 241-246, 1976. Buecker, H., F. Facius, D. Hildebrand, and G. Horneck Results of t h e B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s u n i t of t h e BIOSTACK I1 experiment Physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of i n d i v i d u a l cosmic HZE p a r t i c l e s . L i f e Sciences and Space Research X I I I . Proceedings of t h e J u l y 1, 1974. 1 7 t h plenary meeting, Sao Paulo, B r a z i l , June 17 Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, p. 161-1 66, 1975.

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Buecker, H., G. Horneck, 8. Wollenhaupt, M. Schaefer, and G. R. Tay l o r V i a b i l i t y of B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s spores exposed t o space environment i n t h e M-191 experiment system aboard Apollo 1 6 . L i f e Sciences and Space Research X I I . Proceedings of tine 1 6 t h y l e w r y meeting, Konstanz, June 5 , 1973. Akademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , West Germany, May 23 p. 209-213, 1974.

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Cockett, A. T. K., A. P. Roberts, and W. R. Adey The u r o l o g i c a l problems i n space f l i g h t . Journal of t h e Oklahcma S t a t e Medical Assn. p. 182-186, 1972.

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Conrad, H. M., and S. P. Johnson Biosatellite The e f f e c t s of weightlessness on p l a n t growth program and e f f e c t s of weightlessness on p l a n t growth. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 11: 17-24, 1968.

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Conrad, H. M. A study of t h e e f f e c t of w2ightlessness on t h e biochemical response of a monocotyledonous seedling. Experiments of B i o satellite , I & NASA SP-204, p. 189-212, 1971. Crawford, G. W. Radiobiological experiments i n Discoverer s a t e l l i t e s : I. Physical dosimetry. Lectures in Aerospace Medicine. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, 9p., 1 % 1 . Criswell, B. S. Experiment MA-031. Apollo-Sovuz Test C e l l u l a r immune response P r o i e c t . Preliminary Science R e ~ o r t . NASA TM X-58173, 7p., 1977.

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138. Cruty, M. R., E. V. Benton, C. E. T u r n b i l l , and D. E. P h i l p o t t Cosmic r a y p a r t i c l e dosimetry and t r a j e c t o r y t r a c i n g Cosmic r a y t r a c k a n a l y s i s f o r Apollo 1 7 BIOCORE. A v i a t i o n , Space acd Environmental Medicine. 46 : 537-552, 1975.

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139. C u r t i s , H. J., and H. H. Smith Corn s e e d s a f f e c t e d by heavy cosmic r a p p a r t i c l e s . Science. 141: 158-160, 1%3.

, and T. L. Roberts Microbiologic e f f e c t s of space r a d i a t i o n . R a d i o b i o l o n i c Fhveriments D i s c o v e r e r S a t e l l i t e XVII. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooke AFB, TX, p. 25-30, 1962.

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141. Davis, I. R a d i o b i o l o g i c a l experiments i n D i s c o v e r e r S a t e l l i t e s , 11: C l o s t r i d i a s p o r e l a b i l i z a t i o r : A b i o l o g i c a l system t 9 q u a n t i t a t e r a d i a t i o n . L e c t u r e s & Al-Jrospace Medicine. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Z'X, 22p., 1 % 1 . 142. DeBusk, A. C. Biosatellite project Mutation by r a d i a t i o n and b i o p h y s i c a l s t u d i e s . NASA CR-50046, 1963.

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143. DeBusk, A. G. G e n e t i c and p h y s i o l o g i c a l . s t u d i e s of N e u r o s ~ o r ac r a s s a a f t e r lower r a d i a t i o n b e l t exposure. Aerospace Medicine. Vol. 3 2 , 7p., 1 % 1 . 144. DeSusk, A. G. G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n t h e lower r a d i a t i o n b e l t . NASA CR-52493, 1960. 145. d e S e r r e s , F. J. E f f e c t s of r a d i a t i o n d u r i n g s p a c e f l i g h t on microorga~iisms and p l a n t s on t h e B i o s a t e i l i t e I1 end Gemini 11 missioue. u e S c i e n c e s and Space Resezrch V I I . Proceedings of t h e 1 1 t h p l e n a r y meeting, Tokyo, Japan, May 14-16, 1968. North Hol land Pub. , Amsterdam, p. 62-66, 1965.

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E f f e c t s of weightleesness on simple l i f e forms i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 11. Presented a t t h e 56th annual meeting of t h e Federation of American Society f o r Experimental Biology, A t l a n t i c City, NJ, April 9, 1972. Conf-728441, 8p. , 1972. 147. de S e r r e s , F. J . E f f e c t s of weightlessness on sinlple l i f e forms i n I i o s a t e l l i t e 11. The Physiolonist. 16: 225-228, 1973.

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148. de S e r r e s , F. J., 0. E. Reynolds, and -1. F. Saunders The experiments on B i o s a t e l l i t e 11. Gravity and t h e Organism. U. of Chicago Pr., p. 443-450, 1971. 149. de S e r r e s , F. J . , I. R. M i l l e r , D. B. Smith, S. Kondo, and M. A. Bender The Gemini X I S-4 experiment 11. Analysis of s u r v i v a l level s and f orward-mutation frequencies i n Neurosvora crassa. Radiation Research. 39: 436-444, 1969. 150. de S e r r e . , F. J . , and B. B. Webber Genetic e f f e c t s of 85Sr i r r a d i a t i o n on Neurosvora c r a s s a on t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 mission. Radiation Research. 35: 499-500, 1968. 151. de S r r r e s , F. J., and B. B. Webber The induction of r e c e s s i v e l e t h a l mutations under weightlessness i n t h e &urosvora experiment on t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 mission. Radiation Research. 43 : 452-459, 1970.

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152. de Seoreu, F. J. Mutagenic e f f e c t i v e n e s s of known doses of r a d i a t i o n i n combination w i t h z e r o g r a v i t y on Neurosvora crassa. Experimeats of B i o s a t e l l i t e & NASA SP-204, p. 325-331, 1971. 153. de S e r r e s , F. J. Neurosvora experiment p-1037. F i n a l r e p o r t , NASA CR-112355, 1970. 154. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and E. S. H a r r i s Sioassay of body f l u i d s Experiment M005. Gemini Program Biomedical Science Exveriments ~ u k r v N . ASA TM X--74, p. 1 2 5 145, 1971.

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155. D i e t l e l n , L. F., E. Harris, and H. S. Lipscomb Biochemical a n a l y s i s of body f1u.i.d~. A Review of Medical Results

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156. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and W. V. J u d y C a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n i n g . A Keview of Medical R e s u l t s of Gemini 7 and R e l a t e d F l i g h t s . NASA TM X-60559, p. 1-35, 1966. 157. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and W. V. Judy Exseriment M001. Gemini Pronraq Cardiovascular conditioning Biomedical S c i e n c e Experiments Summary. NASA TM X-5%74, p. 33 0 , 1971.

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158. D i e t l e i n , L. F . , W. V. Judy, and C. Vallbona E f f e c t of o r b i t a l f l i g h t on t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e c a r d i a c c y c l e and i t s phases. A e r o o ~ a c eMedicine. 41 : 529-537, 1970. 159. D i e t l e i n , L. F., W. V. Judy, and C. Vallbona E v a l u a t i o n of phonocardiographic d a t a of a s t r o n a u t s during o r b i t a l f l i g h t s . NASA CR-101981, 1969. 160. D i e t l e i n , L. F. , and W. V. Judy Experiment M-1, c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n i n g . Gemini Midpronram Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 3 81-3 91 , 196 6 . 161. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and R. M. Rapp Experiment M-3 , I n f l i g h t exercise-work t o l e r a n c e . Gemini Midprogram Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 393-396, 1966. 162. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and C. ' a l l b o n a Experiment M-4, I n f l i g h t phonocardiogram. Gemini Ir:. i ~ r o n r a mConf erencel NASA SP-121, p. 3 97-402, 196 6. 163. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and E. H a r r i s Experiment M-5, Bioassay of body f l u i d s . Gemini Mldpronrm Lo= f erence. NASA SP-121, p. 403 -406, 1966. 164. D i e t l e i n , L. F., aad R. LY. Rapp I n f l i g h t e x e r c i s e and work t o l e r a n c e - Experiment M003. Gemini Program Biomedical Science Experiments S-mmary. NASA Tbi X-58074, p. l i l - 1 2 4 , 1971. 165. D i e t l e l n , L. F. , and F.. M. Rapp I n f l i g h t exercise-work t o l e r a n c e . A Review of Medical R e c u l t s of

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166. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and C. Vallbona I n f l i g h t p h o a o c a r d i o g r m . A Review of Medical R e s u l t s of Gemini and R e l a t e d F l i n h t s . NASA TM X-60589, p. 48-67, 1966.

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163. D i e t l e i n , L. F.

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168. D i e t l e i n , L. F., and C. Vallbona Measurements of t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e c a r d i a c c y c l e and i t s phase i n t h e Gemini o r b i t a l f l i g h t s . MSC, 2nd Annual Biomedical Research Conference. NASA TM X-61984, p. 1-13, 1966. 169. D i e t l e i n , L. F. Spaceflight deconditioning An overview of manned s p a c e f l i g h t results. Hvpo~ravic Hvpcdvnrmic Environments. NASA SP269, F. 1-26, 1971.

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170. Dozier, W. G., W. W. G i l c h r i s t , P. B. Mack, L. D. Rike, B. G. S t o v e r , and F. B. Vogt S k e l e t a l d e n s i t y t e s t s d u r i n g t h e Apollo 7 and Apollo 8 missions. NASA CR-99646, 1968. 171. Durham, R. M . , E. Campeau, and R. R i n g l e r B i o s a t e l l i t e p o s t - f l i g h t experiment. Sume e f f e c t s of f o r c e d e l e c t r o l y t e imbr.lmce i n Macaca nemestrine. Aerospace Medicine. 42 : 177182, 1971. 172. Durham, R. M., R. Tejada, M. P a r k e r , ;nd A. T. K. Cockett Reduction of u r i n a r y p r e c i p i t a t e s through m a n i p u l a t i o n of d i e t i n Macsca nemestrina. Aerospace Medicine. 41 : 259-263, 1970. 173. Dyer, T. W. ( e d . ) BiosatelP r o i e c t H i s t o r i c a l Summary I ? e ~ o r t . Ames Research Center, 1 9 1 9 . 174. Edwards, B. F . , and S. W. Gray B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 w e i g h t l e s s n e s s experiments. B u l l e t i n of t h e G e o r g i a Academy of Science. 27: 79, 1969.

175. Edwards, B. F., a n d S . W. Gray C e l l u l a r c h m g e s i n wheat s e e d l i n g s d u r i n g o r b i t a l . f l i g h t . L i f e i zr',Space Rcsearch IX. Proceedings of t h e 1 3 t h p l e n a r y Scienc~ meeting, Leningrad, USSR, May 20-29, 1970. Akademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , p. 113-118, 1971. 176. Edwards, B. F., and S. W. Gray C e l l u l a r r e s p o n s e s 20 w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . Anatomical Reccrd. 166: 301, 1970. 177. Edwards, B. F. , and S. W. Gray E f f e c t s of w e i g h t l e s s n e s s a n 1 , o s i s , c e l l l e n g t h and n u c l e a r volume i n wheat s e e d l i n g s . B u l l e t i n o t t n e Geornia Academy pf Science. 28: 58, 1970. 178. Edwards, B. F. G r a v i t y r e c ? p t o r s and w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . Anatomical Record. 100: 344, 1958. 179. Edwards, B. F . , and S. W. Gray P l a n t r e s p o n s e s t o c h r o n i c a c c e l e r a t i o n . G r a v i t y and the'Drpanism U. of Chicago Pr., p. 341-369, 1971. 180. Edwards, a. F. , and S. W. G r ~ y Preliminary r e s u l t s f o r t h e f i r s t successful b i o s a t e l l i t e . B u l l e t i n of t h e Geornia Academy of Science. 26: 64, 1968.

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181. Edwards, B. F. Weigb.tles:;ness e x ~ e r i m e n t son B i o s ? t e l l i t e 11. L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research VII. Proceedings of thc ! l t h p l e n a r y meeting, Tokyo, Japan, May 1 4 - i o , 1968. North Holland Pub., Amsterdam, p. 84-92, 1969.

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184. E l l i s , J. T., L. M. K r a f t , C. C. Lushbaugh, G. L. Humason, W. S. H a r t r o f t , E. A. P o r t a , 0. T. B a i l e y , R. 0. Greep, C. S. Leach, and T. L a i r d E v a l u a t i o n of v i s c e r a and o t h e r t i s s u e s - Cosmic r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s . Aviation. Space, and Environments; Medicine. 46: 639-654, 1975. 185. Znge, W., R. Ileaujean, K. P. B a r t h o l o m e , an,.' K. Fukui The charge spectrum of heavy cosmic r a y n u c l e i m e a s u r e d onboard Apollo 1 6 BIOSTACK xsing p l a s t i c i a c e c t o r s . L i f e S c i e n c e s Space Research X I I . Proceedings of t h e 1 6 t h p l e n a r y mzeting, J u n e 5 , 1973. hkademi: bonstanz, West Gemany, May 23 Verlag, B e r l i n , l o p . , 1974.

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186. Enge, W., R. Beaujean, K. P. B a r t h o l a a a e , and K. Fukui Medium and heavy cosmic r a y n u c l e i measured onboard Apollo 16. I n t e r n a ~ i o n a lCosmic Ray Conference, 1 3 t h , Denver, CO, August 17-30, 1973. Proceedings, Vol. 1, p. 129-133, 1974.

187. English, R. A., R. E. Benson, J. V. B a i l e y , and C. M. Barnes Apollo experience r e p o r t . P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t r a d i a t i o n . NASA TI?-D70Pn, 1973. 188. Facius, R . , B. Buecker, D. Hildebrand, G. Horneck, G. Hoeltz, G. R e i t z , M. Schaefer, and B. Toth R a d i o b i o l o g i c a l r e s u l t s from t h e B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s BIOSTACK experiments w i t h i n t h e Apollo and t h e ASTP s p a c e f l i g h t s . Cospar. 2 0 t h plenary meeting, Tel Aviv, I s r a e l , June 7-8, 1977, 6p., paper, 1977. 189. Ferguson, J. K., G. W. McCollum, and B. L. Portnoy A n a l y s i s of t h e Skylab f l i g h t crew h e a l t h s t a b i l i z a t i o n program. Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skylab. KASA SP-377, p. 45-52, 1977. 190. Ferguson, J. K., G. W. McCollum, snd B. L. Pvrtnoy A n a l y s i s of t h e Skylab f l i g h t crew h e a l t h s t a b i l i z a t i o n prog r m . Proceedings _of t h e Sky l a b L i f e Sziences Svmvo~ium. NASA 2H X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 99-119, 1974. 191. Ferguson, J. K. F l i g h t crew h e a l t h s t a b i l i z a t i o n program. Apol lo-Sovuz T e s t P r o i e c t . Medical Report. NASA SP-411, p. 41-43, 1977.

192. Ferguson, J. K:, G. R. Taylor, and B. J. Mieszkuc M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . Biomedical R e s u l t s NASA S P 3 6 8 , p. 83-103, 1975.

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193. F i s c h e r , C. L., C. G i l l , E. K. Cobb, C. A. Berry, S. E. Ritzmann, and J. C. Daniels E f f e c t s of t h e space f l i g h t environment on man's immune system. I - Serum p r o t e i n s and immunoglobulins. Aerospace Medicine, 43: 856-859, 1972. 194. F i s c h e r , C. L., J. C. Daniels, W. C. Levin, S. L. Kinaey, E. K. Cobb, and S. E. Ritzmam E f f e c t s of t h e space f l i g h t ~ n v i r o n m e n ton maots immune system. I1 - Lymphocyte counts and r e a c t i v i t y . Aerospace Medicine, 43: 1122-1125, 1972. 195. F i s c h e r , C. L., and S. L. Kiutzey Hematology r e s u l t s on Gemini and Apollo m i s s i o n s . Proceedinns of t h e 1970 Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center Endocrine Program Ccnference. NASA TM X-58068, 1 4 p . , 1971. 196. F i s c h e r , C. L., P. C. Johnson, and C. A. B e r r y Red blood c e l l mass and plasma volume changes i c manned space f l i g h t . J o u r n a l of t h e American Medical I s s o c i s t i o n . 200: 579-583, 1%7. 197. Floyd, U. B. S t u d e n t experiments on Skylab, AIAA/AGU Conference on s c i e n t i f i c experiments of Sky lab. H u n t s v i l l e , AL, Oct. 3 0 Kov. 1, 1974. AIAA paper no. 74-1251, 1974. 198. Flume, J. L. E f f e c t of space f l i g h t on i n v i t r o combining capac!.ty of a n t i g e n and antibody. R a d i o b i o l o n i c a l E x ~ e r i m e n t sin Discoverer S a t e l l i t e XVII. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, p. 43-46, 1%2. 199. Flume, J. L. I n v i t r o a n t i g e n i c i t y of human serum albumin f o l l o w i n g -o r b i t a l space f l i g h t . B i o l o n i c Svstems of Discoverer S a t e l l i t e s XXIX and XXX. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, p. 43-49, 1 % 2 .

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200. F o s t e r , S. G. Aeromonas p r o t e o l y t i . b a c t e r i a i n a e r o s p a c e environments P o s s i b l e g e n e t i c a l t e r a t i o n s and e f f e c t s on man. NASA CR-134328, 1974. 201. F o s t e r , B. G. Lf f e c t of s o l a r i r r a d i a t i o n on e x t r a c e l l u l a r enzymes of Aerarimas p r o t e o l y t i c a . Proceedinns of t h e M i c r c b i a l _Response t o Space Environment Symposium. NASA TM X-5 8103, p. 137-1 51, 1973. 202. F r o s t , J. D. Automated e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h y system and e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c Sleep c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . c o r r e l a t e s of s p a c e motion s i c k n e s s , P a r t 2 F i n a l Report. NASA CR-151106. Nov. , 1976.

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203. F r o s t , J. D. Automated e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h y system and e l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c c o r r e l a t e s of s p a c e motion s i c k n e s s , P a r t 3. F i n a l Report. NASA CR151210. Feb., 1977. 204. F r o s t , J. D., W. H. S h w t e , J. G. Salamy, and C. R. Booher Experiment MI.?;. X e e p m o t i t o r i n g on Skylab. Biomedical R e s u l t s from Sky lab. NASA SP-377, p. 113-1 26, 1977.

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205. F r o s t , J. D. Skylab s l e e p m o n i t o r i n g experiment ( ~ x p e r i m e n tM133). F i n a l Report. NASA CR-141886. Jan. , 1975. 206. F r o s t , J. D., W. H. Shumate, J. G. Salamy, and C. R. Booher Sky l a b s l e e p m o n i t o r i n g experiment (Experiment Ml33). P r o c e e d i n n s of t h e Skvlab L i f e S c i e n c e s Symposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1 , -p. 239-285, 1974. 2C7. F r o s t , J. D., M. R. Delucchi, W. H. Shumate, and C. R. Booher The Skylab s l e e p monitoring experiment - Methodology and i n i t i a l r e s u l t s . ( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lSymposium on Basic E- ironmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). Acta AstronauLica. 2: 319-336, 1975. 208. F r o s t , J . D., W. H. Shumate, C. R. iwuner, J. G. Salamy S l e e p m o n i t o r i n g - The second manned Sky l a b m i s s i o n . A v i a t i o n , Space, and Environmental Medicine. 67 : 372-382, 1976.

209. G a r r i o t t , 0. K., and G. L. Doerre Crev e f f i c i e n c y of f i r s t exposure t o zero-gravity. R e s u l t s from Skv lab. NASA SP-377, p. 155-162, 1977.

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255. Haymaker, W., H. A. Leon, W. F. Barrows, K. S u r i , L. M. K r a f t , C. E. T u r n b i l l , D. B. Wet,ter, W. Ashley, B. C. Look, and R. C. Simmonds Results of e a r examinatj on In Apol l o 1 7 BIOCORE pocket mice. Aviatio?, Space, and EnviroIImtdtal Medicine. 46 : 582-606, 1975.

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256. Haymaker, W., W. Zeman, C. E. T u r n b i l l , R. K. Clayton, 0 . T. B a i l e y , T. Samorajski, F. S. Vogel, B. Lloyd, M. R. Cruty, and E. V. Benton R e s u l t s of examination of the calvarium, b r a i n , and meninges, i n Apollo 17 BIOCORE pocket mice. Aviation, Space, 2nd Environmental Medicine. 46: 613-623, 1975. 257. Heinrich, W. C a l c u l a t i o n of the r a d i o b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of heavy ions on eggs of Artermia s a l i n a flown .in t h e BIOSTACK experiments. L i f e Sciences and Space Research. Proceedings of t h e 1 9 t h plenary meeting of Cospar, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-1 3 , 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 157-163, 1977. 258. Henig, G., E. Schopper, J. U. Schott, and W. Ruether AgCl d e t e c t o r s i n t h e BIQSTACK I1 experiment aboard Apollo 17. L i f e Sciences and Space Research X I I . Proceedings of t h e 1 6 t h plenary meeting, Konstanz, West Germany, May 23 June 5 , 1973. Akademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , 6p. , 1974.

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259. Henry, J. P., E, R. B a l l i n g e r , P. J. Maher, and D. G. Simons Animal s t u d i e s of t h e subgravity s t a t e during rocket f l i g h t . Journal of Aviation Medicine. 23: 421-432, 1952.

260. Henry, J. P., and C. D. Wheelwright B i o i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n i n MR-3 f l i g h t . R e s u l t s of t h e F i r s t U. S. M a ~ e dS u b o r b i t a l Svace F l i g h t . NASA TM X-51380, p. 37-43, 1964. 26:. Henry, J. P., W. S. Augerson, R. E. B e l l e v i l l e , W. K. Douglas, M. K, Grunzke, R. S. Johnston, P. C. Laughlin, J. D. Mosely, F. H. Rohles, R. B. Voas, and S. C. White E f f e c t s of w e i g h t l e s s n e s s i n b a l l i s t i c and o r b i t a l f l i g h t . Aerospace Medicine. 3 3 : 1056-1 068, 1962. 262. Henry, J. P. P h y s i o l o g i c a l e t f e c t s of space f l i g h t i n animals and men. B i o a s t r o n a u t i c s . Macmillan Co. , NY, p. 314-329, 1964. 263. Henry, J. P. Psycho-physiological hazards of s a t e l l i t e f l i g h t . High A l t i t u d e and S a t e l l i t e Rockets. College of A e r o n a u t i c s , Royal Aeron a u t i c a l S o c i e t y , London, p. 107-114, 1958. 264. Henry, J. P. Synopsis of t h e r e s u l t s of t h e MR-2 and MA-5 f l i g h t s . R e s u l t s f t h e P r o i e c t Mercury B a l l i s t i c & O r b i t a l Chimvanzee F l k h t s , NASA SP-39, p. 1-2, 1963. 265. Henry, W. L., S. E. E p s t e i u , .I. M. G r i f f i t h , R. E. G o l d s t e i ~ ~ , and D. R. Redwood E f f e c t of prolonged space f l i g h t on c a r d i a c f u n c t i o n and dimens i o n s . Biomedical ~ e s u l t sfrom sky lab. NASA SP-377, p. 366371, 1977. 266. Henry, W. L., S. E. E p s t e i n , J. M. G r i f f i t h , R. E. G o l d s t e i n , and D. R. Redwood E f f e c t of prolonged space f l i g h t on c a r d i a c i u n c t i o n and dimens i o n s . Proceedings of t h e Skvlab L i f e S c i e n c e s S~mvosium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2, p. 711-721, 1974. 267. Herron, R. E. S t e r e o m e t r i c body volume measurement. F i n a l Report. NASA CR147399, 1975. 268. ::mitt, J. E. R a d i a t i o n exposures d u r i n g t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 f l i g h t .

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269. Higgins, P. W,, J. C. L i l l , and T. T. White R a d i a t i o n environment a t h i g h o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e s . Gemini Summary Conference. NASA SP-138, p. 149-1 57, 1%7. 270. H o f f l e r , G. W., R. L. Johnson, and R. A. Wolthuis Apollo space crew c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e v a l u a t i o n s . Aerospace Medicine. 45: 807-820, 1974. 271. H o f f l e r , G. W., and R. L. Johnson Apollo f l i g h t crew c a r d i o v a s c u l a r e v a l u a t i o n s . Biomedical R e s u l t g of Apollo. NASA SP-368, p. 227-264, 1975. 272. H o f f l e r , G. W., A. E. Nicogossian, S. A. Bergman, and R. L. Johnson Cardiovtiscular e v a l u a t i o n s . Apol lo-Soyuz T e s t P r o i e c t Medical Report. NASA SP-411, p. 59-62, 1977.

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273. H o f f l e r , G. W., S. A. Bergman, and A. E. Nicogossian I n - f l i g h t lower limb volume measurement. Auollo-Soyuz Medical Report. NASA SP-411, p. 63-68, 1977.

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274. H o f f l e r , G. W., R. L. Johnson, A. E. Nicogossian, S. A. Bergman and M. M. Jackson V e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h i c r e s u l t s from Skylab Medical Experiment M092: Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e . Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skvlab. NASA SP-377, p. 313-323, 1977. 275. H o f f l e r , G. W., R. L. Johnson, A. E. Nicogossian, S. A. Bergman, and M, M. Jackson V e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h i c r e s u l t s from Sky l a b Medical Experiment M092 : L m e r Body Negative P r e s s u r e . Proceedinns of t h e Sky l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s S ~ m ~ o s i u mNASA. . TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 597-621, 1974. 276. Hoffman, R. A., L. S. Pinsky, W. Z. Osborne, and J. V. B a i l e y Visual l i g h t f l a s h o b s e r v a t i o n s on Skylab 4. Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skvlab. NASA SP-377, p. 127-130, 1977. 277. Hoffman, R. A., L. S. Pinsky, W. Z. Osborne, and J. V. B a i l e y V i s u a l l i g h t f l a s h o b s e r v a t i o n s on Sky l a b 4. Proceedinns of t h e -5kylab L i f e Sciences Sym~osium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1 , p. 287295, 1974.

378. H m i c k , J. L. and E. F. M i l l z r Apollo f l i g h t crew v e s t i b u l a r assessment. Biomedical R e s u l t s _qf Apollo. NASA SP-368, p. 323-340, 1975. 279. H m i c k , 3. L,, M. F. Reachke: and E. F. M i l l e r The e f f e c t s a£ prolonged exposure t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on p o s t u r a l e q u i l i b r i u m . ~ i o m e d i c ~~ le s uts l from Sky lab. NASA SP-3 77, p. 104-112, 1977. 280. Homick, J. L., M. F. Reschke, a n d E . F. M i l l e r The e f f e c t s of prolonged exposure t o w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on p o s t u r a l P o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s i s . P r o c e e d i m s o f t h e Sky l a b equilibrium L i f e S c i e n c e s Sym~osium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 2f!-238, 1974.

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281. Hordinsky, J. R. Sky l a b crew h e a l t h - Crew surgeons' r e p o r t s . Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skylab. NASA SP-357, p. 30-34, 1977. 282. Hordinsky, J. R. Sky l a b crew h e a l t h - C r e w surgeons' r e p o r t s . Proceedinns of t h e Skylab L i f e S c i e n c e s Symposium. XASA TM X-58154, Vol. i , p. 6173, 1974. 283. Horneck, G., R. F a c i u s , W. Enge, R. Beaujean, and K, P. Bartholomae Microbial s t u d i e s i n t h e BIOSTACK experiment of t h e Apollo 1 6 Germination and outgrowth of s i n g l e B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s mission s p o r e s h i t by cosmic HZE p a r t i c l e s . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Svace Research X I I . Proceedings of tile 1 6 t h p l e n a r y meeting, Konstanz, West Germany, May 23 J u n e 5 , 13?3. Akademie-Verl-9, B e r l i n , p. 75-83, 1974.

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284. Horrigan, D. J. Metabolic r a t e c o n t r o l d u r i n g e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y ~ i m u l a t i o n s and measurement t e c h n i q u e s d u r i n g a c t u a l EVA' s. JSC 8 t h Conference on Svace Simulation. NASA SP-379, p. 741-748, 1975.

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285. Hoshizaki, T. Biorhythms of a nonhuman p r i m a t e i n space. C h r o n o b i o l o n ~ . Tokyo, Lgaku Shoin, Ltd., p. 424-428, 1974. 286. Hoshizaki, T . , P. M. Hahn, and W. R. Adey C i r c a d i a n rhythms and sleep-wake a c t i v i t y i n t h e B i o s a t e l lit e

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monkey. The P h v a i o l o n i s t . 16: 202-208,

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287. Huber, C. S., N. D. Heidelbaugh, R. M. Raup, and M. C. Smith N u t r i t i o n systems f o r p r e ~ s e u r es u l k s . P s r o s ~ a c eMedicine. 44: 905-909, 1973. 288. Humphreys, J . W., and C. A. Berry C i o a s t r o n a u t i c a s p e c t s of Apollo biomedical o p e r a t i o n s . Proceedings of t h e 2 0 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Congress, Mar Del P l a t a , Argentina, Oct. 5-10, 1%9. Pergamon P r e s e , Oxfordi p. 831-849, 1972. 289. Jackson, C. B., W. K. Douglas, J. F. Culver, G. R u f f , E. C. Knoblock, and A. G r a y b i e l R e s u l t s of p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t medical examinatione. R e s u l t s of t h e F i r e t U. S. Manned S u b o r b i t a l Space F l h h t . NASA TM X-51380, p. 31-36, 1964.

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290. Johnson, P. C . , P. C. Rambaut, and C. S. Leach Apol l o 1 6 b i o e n e r g e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . N u t r i t i o n i s m . 16: 119-126, i974.

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291. Johneon, P. C., T. B. D r i s c o l l , and A. D. LeBlanc Blood volursL changes .Biomedical Re m l t s f rm Sky lab. NASA S P 3 7 7 , p. 235-241, 1977. 292. Johnson, P. C., T. B. D r i s c o l l , and A. D. LeBlanc Blood volume changes W e i g h t l e s s n e s s e f f e c t s . Proceedinns of th e Skvlab Lift? S c i e n c e s ~vmposium. NASA TM X-51154, Vol. 2 , p. 495-505, 1974.

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293. Johnson, P. C., C. S. Leach, and T. B. D r i s c o l l Endocrine c o n l i d e r a t i o m i n t h e r e d c e l l mass and plasma volume changes of t h e Sky l a b 2 and 3 crews. Proceedinns of t h e 1973 NASA TM XL ~ n d o nB. Johnson Space Center Endocrine Conferenc& 58155, 1975. 294. Johnson, P. C., C. S. Leech, and P. C. Rambaut E s t i m a t e s of f l u i d and energy balances of Apollo 1 7 . & i - o s ~ a c e m i c i n e , 44: 1227-1 LO, 1973. 295. Johnson, P. C., and T. B. D r i s c o l l The medical a s p e c t s of space f l i g h t s e e n from t h e viewpoint of

n u c l e a r medicine. Proceedings of t h e 1971 Manued S ~ a c e c r & Center Endocrine Program Conference. NASA TM X-5 8093, 1972. 296. Johnson, P. C., S. L. Kimzey, and T. B. D r i s c o l l Post-mission plasma volume and r e d c e l l mass changes i n t l ? crews of t h e f i r s t two Skylab missions. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on B a s i c Environmental. Problems of man i n Space, 5 t h Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). A s t r o n a u t i c a . 2: 311-317, 1975. 237. Johnson, P. C. Red c e l l mass and plasma volume changes observed i n a s t r o n a u t s t h r e e Gemini and t h r e e Apollo m i s s i o n s . Proceedings of t h e 1970 Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center Endoc.rine I o ~ r a mConference. NASA TM X58068, 1971.

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298. Johneon, R. L., A. E. V i c s g o s s i a n ; S. A. S ~ r g m a : ~ ,and G. w. H o f f l e r Lower Body Negative P r e s s u r e - The second nann A Skylab m i s s i o n . A v i a t i c n : Sijaie, x d Environmental Medicine. 47 : 347-353, 1376. 299. Johnson, R. L., G. W. H o f f l e r , A. E. Nicogossian, S. A. Bergmiin, and M. M. Jackson Lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e : Third manned Sky l a t mission. biomedical R e s u l t s from Skylab. NASA SiJ-377, p. 284-312, 1977. 300. Johnson, R. L., G. W. H o f f l e r , A. E. Nicogossian, S. A . Bergman, and M. M. Jackson Lower body n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e - Third manned Sky l a b m i s s i o n . Proceedings. of t h e sky l a b ~ i f sec i e n c e s Svrnposium. NASA TM X-58154, Voi. 2 , p. 545-595, i9?4. 301. JoSnson, R. L., G. W. H o f f l e r , A. E. Nicogossian, and S. A. Bergman Sky l a b experiment MO92. R e s u l t s of t h e f i r s t marned mission. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1977). Acts As t r o n a u t i c a . 2: 265-296, 1975. 302. Johnson, S. P., J. A. Green, and 3. K. Chapman Biochanical changes i n t h e endosperm of ?heat s e e d l i n g s i n t h e w e i g h t l e s s s t a t e . The Experiments of B i o s a t e l l i + e 11. NASA SP204, p. 213-221, 1971. 303. Johnson, S. 3 . , T. W. T i b b e t t s , J. A. ,;,$en, and D. K. Chapusn The l i m i n a l a n g l e of p1agiogeot;ropic organ under w e i g h t l e s s n t s s . The Experiments o r B i o z a t e l l i t e I I.NASA SP-204, p. 221-248, -

304. Johnston, R. S., F. 8. Samanski, M. W. L i p p i t t , and M. I. Radnof sky L i f e support systems and biomedical instrumentation. Results of t h e F i r s t United S t a t e s M a ~ e dO r t i t a l Space F l i n h t , NASA, p. 31-44, 1962.

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305. KatzSerg, A. A. Effect of cpace f l i g h t on human c e l l s . Badiobioloaic E x ~ e r i ments i n Discoverer S a t e l l i t e X V I I . School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, p. 31-41, 1 % 2 .

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306. Kntzberg, A. A. The e f f e c t s of space f l i g h t on I i v i n g human c e l l s aboard t h e Discoverer vehicle. Lectures i n k r 0 3 p a c e Hedicinc. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TIC, 8p. , 1961. 307. Katzberg, A. A., a n d L . H. Mori Organ and t i s s u e c u l t u r e s , embryonic chicken h e a r t and h m a n c e l l . Biolonic Systems of Discoverer S a t e l l i t e s L a X and XXX. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, p. 25-27, l % 2 . 308. Katzberg, A. A. Radiobiclogical experiments i n Discoverer s e t e l l i t e s . I11 e f f :t of s p a c e f l i g h t s on l i v i n g human c e l l s aboard t h e Discoverer vehicle. Lectures i n A? r o s ~ a c eMedicine. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, 22p., 1%1.

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309. Kellaway, P. Analysis of inf l i g h t s l e e p , experiment M008. The Gemini Pronram Biomedical Science_ E x ~ e r i m e n t sSummmv. NASA TM X58094, p. 147-154, 1971. 310. Kellaway, P. , and R. L. MaulaS) Electroencephalogram during o r o i t s i f l i g h t - Evaluation of depth of sleep. MSC Second A u j v a l Biomedical Research C o n i ~ r e n c e . NASA 7% X-61934, y. 77-92, 1966. 311. Kellaway, P. Experiment M-8, Inf l i g h t Sleep Analysis. Gemini M i d ~ r o m -.Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 423-429, 1966.

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312. kellaway, P., and R. L. h u l s b y I n f l i g h t s l e e p a n a l y s i s . A Review of Medical R e s u l t s Gemini 7 and R e l a t e d F l i n h t s . NASA TM X-60589, p. 166189, 1966.

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313. Kimzey, S. L., L. C. Burns, and C. L. F i s c h e r Experiment M15. S p e c i a l t..ematologic e f f e c t s Dynamic changes i n r e d c e l l shape i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e s p a c e f l i g h t environment. P r o c e e d i m s of t h e Skv l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s S v m ~ o s i NASA t ~ TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 519-544, 1974.

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314%. Kinaey, S. L., and P. C. Johnson Hemacological and i m w n o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s . Avo1 lo-Sovuz P r o i e s t , Medical Report. NASA SP-411, p. 101-115, 1977. 315. Kimzev-, S. L., C. L. F i s c h e r , P. C. johnson S. E. Ritzmann, and C. E. Mengel Hematology and immunology s t u d i e s . E i m e d i c a l R e s u l t s of Avollo. NASA SP-368, p. 197-226, 1975. 316. Kimzey, S. L. Hematology and i m u n o l o g y s t u d i e s . B i m e d i c a l R e s u l t s from Skylab. fiASA S P 3 7 7 , p. 249-282, 1977. 317. Kinuey, S. L., P. C. johnson, S. E. Ritzmann, and C. E. Mengel Hematology and immunology s t u d i e s - The second manned Skylab Mission. AV i a t i o n , Space, and Environmental Medicine. 47 : 383-3 90, 1976. 318. Kinaey, S. L., S. E. Ritzmann, C. E. Mengel, and C. L. F i s c h e r Hematology s t u d i e s . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Skylab experiment r e s u l t s Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Astronautica. Washington, DC, Nov. , 27-30, 1973). 2: 141-154, 1975.

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319. K r a f t , L. M . , F. S. Vogel, B. Lloyd, E. V. Benton, M. R. Cruty, W. H a p a k e r , H. A. Leon, J. Billingham, C. E. T u r n b i l l , and V. Teas R e s u l t s of examination of t h e n a s a l mucoea i n Apollo 1 7 BIOCORE pocket mice. A v i a t i o n , Space, and Environmental Medicine. 46 : 561-581, 1975. 320. Kubis, J. F., and E. J. McLaughlin Skylab t a e k and work performance - Experiment Ml51. Time and motion s t u d y . ( I n t e r n a t i o r a l Symposium on Beaic Environmental Problems of

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Kubis, J. P., E. J. NcLaughlin, J. N. Jackeon, R. Rusnak, G. I. XcBride, and S. V. Saxsa Tabk and work p e r f o r m n c c on Skylab missions 2, 3 , and 4: T h e Experiment Kl51. Biomedical R e s u l t s Skvlab. and ~ o t i o nstudy NASA SP377, p. 136-154, 1977.

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Kubir, J. F., E. J. NcLaughlin, R. Rusnak, G. H. NcBride and S. V. S u o n Task and work performance on Sky l a b missions 2 , 3, and 4. Experiment M51. Proceedinns of Time and motion study Stcvlab L i f e Sciences Svwosium. NASA 1 ' 14 X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 307-339, 1974.

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LaChance, P. A., P. B. Black, F. B. Vogt, and G. P. Vose Bone demineralization. A Reviev of Medical R e s u l t s of G 7 and Related F l h h t s . NASA TU X-60589, p. 83-126, 1966.

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LaChance, P. A., P. b. Mack, F. B. Vogt, andG. P.Vose Bone demineralization of f o o t and hand of Gemini-Titan I V , V, and Y I I a z t r o n a u t s during o r b i t a l f l i g h t ,n -A JournaL pf Roentnenolonv, Radium Tnerapy Nuclear Medicine. C: 503511, 1967. Lachance, P. A., and P. B. Mack The e f f e c t s of recumbency and space f l i g h t on bone density. MSC, 2nd Annual Biomedical Research Conference. NASA TM X-619t4, p. 57-75, 1%6.

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LaChance, P. A., E. L. Michel, and R. A. Nanz Evolution of space feeding concepta during t h e Mercury and Gemini space progrclms. Food Technolonv, 21 : 52-58, 1967. LaFevers, E. V. , A. E. Nicogossian and W. N. Hursta Electrcnnvonraehjc Analvsis of S k e l e t a l Muscle Chamces A r i s i w from 2 Davg qf Weinhtlessnesa i n t h e A ~ olo-Sovuz l S ~ a c eMission. NASA Tn X-58177, 1976. LaFevers, E. V., A. E. Nicogossian, W. N. Hursta, and J. T. Baker Electromyographic a n a l y s i s of s k e l e t a l muscle. A ~ olo-Sovuz l Test P r o i e c t . Medical R e ~ o r t . NASA SP-411, p. 53-57, 1977.

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329. LaFevers, E. V., A. E. Nicogossian, G. W. H o f f l e r , W. H c r s t a , and J. T. Baker S p e c t r a l A n a l y s i s of S k e l e t a l Muscle Channes _Resulting frcm 59 Dnvs of W e i s h t l e s s n e s s ig Skvlab 2. NASA TH X-58l71, 1975. 330. Lange, K. O., and R. E. B e l l e v i l l e G r a v i t y s e l e c t i o n by animals i n f i e l d s of c e n t r i f u g a l a c c e l e r a t i o n superimposed o r w e i g h t l e s s n e s s d u r i n g sounding r o c k e t f l i g h t s . Proceedings of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Space Technology and Science. 9 t h , Tokyo, Japan, !fay 17-22, 1971, p. 1109-1122, 1971. 331. Lange, K. O., R. E. B e l l e v i l l e , and F. C. C l a r k S e l e c t i o n of a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y by a n i m a l s d u r i n g s u b o r b i t a l r o c k e t f l i g h t s . Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 46: 809-813, 1975. 332. Laughlin, C. P., E. P. McCutcheon, R. M. Rapp, D. P. Morris, and W. S. Augerson P h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s of t h e a s t r o n a u t . R e s u l t s _cfF i r s t United t a t e s Manned G r b i t a l Space F l i n h t . NASA, p. -S93-103, 1%2. 333. Leach, C. S . , P. C. Rambaut, and P. C. Johnson A d r e n o c o r t i c a l r e s p o n s e s of t h e Apol l o 1 7 c r e v members. Arrospace Medicine. 45: 529-534, 1974. 334. Leach, C. S., P. C. Rambaut, N. D. F e r r a n t e Amino a c i d u r i a i n w e l g h t l e s s n e s s . Acta A s t r o n a u t i c a . S u b n i t t e d November 1, 1977. 335. Leach, C. S . , and P. C. Rambaut Biochemical o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g 28.dayb of s p a c e f l i g l e . Proceedings of t h e 1973 Lvndon B, Johnson Space Center Endocrine Conference. NASA TM X-58155, 1975. 336. Leach, C. S., and P. C. Rambaut Biochemical o b s e r v a t i o n s of long d u r a t i o n manned o r b i t a l spacef l i g h t . J o u r n a l of t h e American Medical Women's A s s o c i a t i o n , 30: 153-172, 1975. 337. Leach, C. S . , and P. C. Rambaut

Biochemical responses of t h e Sky lab clewmen: an overview. Biomedical Results from Skv lab, NASA SP-377, p. 204-216, 1977. 338. Leach, C. S., and P. C. Rambaut Biochemical responses of t h e Sky l a b crewmen. Proceedians f: t h e Skylab l&e Sciences Svm~osium. NASA TM X-58l54, Vol. 2 , p. 427454, 1974. ;

: 339. Leach, C. S. Biochemistry and enducrinalogy r e s u l t s . A ~ olo-Sovut l zeal Medical Report. :USA SP-411, p. 83-1 00, 197 7.

340. Leach, C. S., and P. C. Rambaut The biochemistry of body f l u i d s . Skv Lab Stczion 3.,2 3.24, 1974.

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4 Biomedical

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341. Leach, C. S., W. C. Alexander, and P. C. Johnson Endocrine, e l e c t r o l y t e , and f l u i d volume changes a s s o c i a t e d with Apollo missions. Biomedical Results of A ~ o l l o . NASA SP-368, p. 163-184, 1975. 342. Leach, C. S. Endocrine l a b o r a t o r y r e s u l t s of Apollo missions 1 4 and 15. & ceedinns of t h e 1971 Manned Spacecraft Center Endocrine Pronram Coaference. NASA TM X-58093, 1972. 343. Leach, C. S., and P. C. Rambaut Endocrine responses i n long-duration manned space f l i g h t . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). & Astronautica. 2: 115-127, 1975. 344. Leach, C. S. , and B. 0. Campbell Hydrocortisone and ACTH l e v e l s i n manned spacef l i g h t . Chronob i o l o m . Tokyo, Igaku Shoin, Ltd., p. 441-447, 1974. 345. Leach, C. S., J . I. Leonard, P. C. Johnson, P. C. Rambaut Measurement of evaporative water l o s s i n Sky lab a s t r o n a u t s . American I n t e g r a t i v e and C o m ~ a r a t i v ePhvsioJournal of Phvsiolonv: ]onv ( I n P r e s s ) . 346. Leach, C. S., P. C. Johnson, and P. C. Rambaut Metabolic and endocrine s t u d i e a The second manned Skylab mission.

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Aviation, Space and Environmental _Medicine. 47: 402-410, 1976. 347. Leach, C. S., P. C. Johnson, and T. B. D r i s c o i l Prolonged weightlessness e f f e c t on p o s t f l i g h t plasma t h y r o i d hormones. Aviation, Space. and Environmental M e d i c i n e 48: 595-5 97, 1977. 348. Leach, C. S. P r o j e c t Mercury, Gemini progrclm and Review of endocrine r e s u l t s Apollo progras. Proceedinrs of t h e 1970 Manned S v a c e c r s f t Center Endocrine Pronram Conference. NASA TM X-58068, 1971.

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349. Leon, H. A., K. S u r i , M. McTigue, J. W. W. Ashley, A. R. Behnke, and J. F. P r e f l i g h t s t u d i e s on t o l e r a n c e of I - Physiological s t u d i e s . A\ :ation. Medicine- 46: 514-520, 1975.

Smith, W. Cooper, J. Miquel, Saunders pocket mice t o oxygen and heat. Space, and Environmental

350. Lindberg, R. G., L. M. K r a f t , R. C. Simmonds, 0. T. Bailey, W. A. Dualap, and W. Haynaker C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t o l e r a n c e s of the pocket mouse a r d incidence In experiment prepzrat :y t o s p a c e f l i g h t s . Aviation, of d i s e a s e Space. and Environmental Medicine. 46: 482-493, 1975.

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351. Link, M. M. Space Medicine

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352. Lockhart, L. H. Cytogenetic s t u d i e s of blood. (Experiment M.111). B i m e d i c a l Results from Slcylab. NASA SP-377, p. 217-220, 1977. 353. Lockhart, 5 . H. Cytogenetic s t ~ d i e sof blood. (Experiment H111). Proceedians of t h e Skylab L i f e Sciences Svmposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. -2 , p. 455-465, 1974. 354. Long, R. A . , W. L. I n f e c t i v i t y and ed by space f i i z h t Microbial Response p. 51-64, 1973.

E l l i s , and G. R. Taylor egg production of Nematospiroides dubiua a s a f f e c t and u l t r a v i o l e t i r r a d i a t i o n . &oceedinas of t h e t o Spacc Environmeqt Symvosiuin. NASA TM X-58103,

355. Look, B. C., J. W. Tremor, W. F. Barrows, H. R. Zabower, K. S u r i , E. G. Park, J. A. Durso, 8. A. Leon, H. Haymaker, and R. G. Lindberg

Engineering a s p e c t s nf t h e experiment and r e s u l t s of animal t e s t s Apol l o 1 7 b i o l o g i c a l c o m i c ray experiment. AviaS~ace, ~ v i r o n m e n t a lMedicine. 46 : 500-5 13 , 1975.

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356. Look, B. C., 2. K. Tremor, W. F. Barrows, H. R. Zaboorer, D. L. Winter, G. El. S h i l l i n g e r , G. A. Harrison, D. E. P h i l p o t t , K. S u r i , and W. T. Platt Launch, f l i g 3 t , and recovery Apollo 17 b i o l o g i c a l cosmic ray expsrimet. Aviation, Space. and &nviromnental Medicine, 46 : 529-536, 1975.

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357. Luctey, T. D., H. ti. Bengsou, andM. C. Smith A comparison of b i o l o g i c a l and analyticrzl Apollo d i e t e v a l u a t i o n methods including b i o i s o l a t i o n of mice and gamma r a d i a t i o n of d i e t . Aerospace Medicine. 44: 888-901, 1973.

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358. Lutwak, L., W. Neuman, and G. D. Whedon C e l c i m and n i t r o g e n balance. A Review of Medical R e s u l t s of Gemini 7 and -- Related F l i n h t s . NASA TM X-60589, p. 127-165, 1966. 359. Lutwak, L. Calcium and n i t r o g e n balance s t u d i e s during Gemini 7 f l i g h t . NASA CR-109461, 1%6. 360. Lutwak, L. Calcium and n i t r o g e n balance s t u d i e s during Gemini 7 f l i g h t . Lectures i n Aerospace Medicine. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AEB, TIC, p. 203-232, 1967.

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361. Lutwak, L. Metabolic s t u d i e s of the Gemini 7 14-day o r b i t a l s p a c e f l i g h t . Hypog r a v i c and H~vodvnamicEnvironments. NASA SP-269, p. 51-84, 1971. 362. Lutwak, L., G. D. Whedon, P. A. Lachance, J. M. Reid, and H. S. Lipscomb Mineral, e l e c t r o l y t e and n i t r o g e n balance s t u d i e s of t h e Gemini-VII fourteen-day o r b i t a l space f l i g h t . Journal of C l i n i c a l Endocrinolow and Metabolism. 29: 1140-1156, 1969. 363. Lyon, C. J. Gravity and t h e u p r i g h t p l a n t . 1968. 364. Lyon, C. J.

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Lyon, C. J. P l a g i o t r o p i s m and a u x i n t r a n s p o r t . T r a n s p o r t of P l a n t Hormones. North-Hol land P u b l i s h i n g Co., Amsterdam, p. 251-292, 1 4 8 . Lyon, C. J. Wheat s e e d l i n g growth i n t h e absence ~f g r a v i t a t i o n a l . f o r c e . P l a n t Phvsiolonv. 43: 1002-1007, 1968. Mack, P. B., G. P. Vose, F. B. Vogt, and P. A. LaChance Bone d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . Gemini Propram Biomedical S c i e n c e Experinents Summary. NASA TM X-58074, p. 45-85, 1971. Mack, P. B., P. A. LaChance, G. P. Vose, and Bone d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n of f o o t and hand of V, and V I I a s t r o n a u t s d u r i n g o r b i t a l f l i g h t . of Roentnenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear 511, 1967.

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Mack, P. B. Bone d e n s i t y changes i n a Macaca n e m e s t r i n g monkey d u r i n g t h e B i o s e t e l l i t e I11 p r o j e c t . Aerospace Medicine. 42: 828-833, 1971. Mack, P. B. Bone d e n s i t y changes i n t h e a s t r o n a u t s d u r i a g s p a c e i l i g h t . Hvponravic and - Hypodynamic Environments. NASA SP-269, p. 35-50, 1971. Mack, P. B., G. P. Vose, F. B. Vogt, a n d P . A. LaChance Experiment M-6, Bone d e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . Gemini Midvroeram Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 407-415, 1 % 6 . Mack, P. B., and P. A. LaChance The e f f e c t s of recumbency and space f l i g h t on bone d e n s i t y . MSC. 2nd Annual Biomedical Research Conference. NASA TM X61984, p. 57-75, 1966. Mack, P. B . , and F. B. Vogt Roentgenographic bone d e n s i t y changes i n a s t r o n a u t s d u r i n g r e p r e Roentnenolony, s e n t a t i v e Apol l o space f l i g h t . American , J o u r n a l Radiuq Therapy & Nuclear Medicine. 113 : 621-633, 1971.

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374. Mallan, L. Blossoms and Aerobees, monkeys and space r a t s . Men. Rocket@ and Space Rats- . ? u l l a Messner, Inc., New York, NY, 1955.

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375. Marimuthu, K. M., A. H. Sparrow, and L. A. S c h a i r e r The c y t o l o g i c a l ef f e c t s of space f l i g h t f a c t o r s , v i b r a t i o n , c l inas t a t and r a d i a t i o n on r o o t t i p c e l l s of Tradescantia.. Radiation Research. 42: 105-1 19, 1970. 376. Marimuthu, K. M., L. A. S c h a i r e r , and A. H. Sparrow The e i r ' e c t s of space f l i g h t f a c t o r 8 and gamma r a d i a t i o n on f l ~ e r p r o d u c t ~ o nand microspore d i v i s i o n and d e v e l o p e n t i n Jradescantia, Radiation_ Botany. 10: 249-259, i9TO. 377. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center Student ~ r o i e c treDort. NASA TM X-64866, 1974. 378. Martin, R. R. The e f f e c t s of space f l i g h t on polymorphonuclear leukocyte response Experiment MA-032. A ~ olo-Soyuz l Test Proi e c t Prel imixiScience R e ~ o r t . NASA TM X-58i73, 29p., 1976.

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379. Martin, R. R., G. A. Warr, M. J. Putman, D. H. Kentor, and C. L. Hol ieman Polymorphonuclear leukocyte response Experiment MA-032. A ~ o l l o Sovuz Test P r o i e c t 1 Summary Science Report. NASA SP-412, p. 263279, 1977.

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380. Marwick, C. Bad news f o r a s t r o n a u t s .

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381. Mattoni, R. 8. T. E f f e c t s of space f l i g h t and r a d i a t i c i l on growth and induction of lysogenic b a c t e r i a . -Radiation Research. 35 : 499, 1%8. 382. Mattoni, R. H. T., E. C. K e l l e r , W. T. Ebersold, F. A. E i s e r l i n g , and W. R. Romig Induction of lysogenic b a c t e r i a i n t h e space e n ~ i r o n m e n t . I.NASA SP-204, p. 309-324, 1971. Experiments of B i o s a t e l l i t e I 383. McCutcheon, E. P., C. A. Berry, G. F. Kelly, R. M. Rapp,

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and R. Hackworth Aeromedical s t u d i e s . B. P h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e s of t h e a s t r o n a u t . R e s u l t s of t h e Sec9nd United S t a t e s Manned O r b i t a l Space F l i n h t . NASA SP-6, p. 54-62, 1962. 384. McNulty, P. J., V. P. Pease, and V. P. Bond Comparison o f t h e l i g h t - f l a s h phenomena observed i~ apace dnd i n S c i e n c e s and Space Research l a b o r a t o r y experiments. Proceedings of t h e 1 9 t h p l e n a r y meeting of Cospar, P h i l a d e l p h i a . , PA, June 8-19, 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 135-140, 1977. 385. McNulty, P. J., V. P. Pease, and V. P. Eond Role of Cerenkov r a d i a t i o n i n t h e e y e f l a s h e s observed by Apollo a s t r o n a u t s . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research XIV, Proceedings of t h e working group on Space Biology, May 2 9 J u n e 7 , 1975, and Syznposium on G r m i t a t i o n a l Physiology, Varna, B u l g a r i a , May 3 0 , 3 1 , 1975. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 205-217, 1976.

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386. McNulty, P. J. , R. C. F i l z , and P. L. Rothwell Role of n u c l e a r s t a r s i n t h e l i g h t f l a s h e s observed on Skylab 4 . L i f e S c l e n c e s and Space Research & Proceedings of t h e 1 9 t h plenary meeting of Cospar, P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, J u n e 8-19, 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 129-134, 1977. 387. Meehan, J. P. B i o s a t e l l i t e I11 A p h y s i o l o g i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . L i f e S c i e n c e s Proceedings of t h e ' 3 t h p l e n a r y open meeting and Space Research &J of working group 5, Leningrad, USSR, May 20-29, 1970. AkademieVerlag, B e r l i n , p. 83-98, 1971.

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388. Meehan, J. P., J. Fineg, and C. D. Wheelwright Blood p r e s s u r e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e MA-5 f l i g h t . R e s u l t s t h e P r o j e c t Mercury B a l l i s t i c O r b i t a l Chimpanzee F l k h t s . NASA SP-39, p. 59-68, 1 % 3 .

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389. Meehan, J. P. C a r d i o v a s c u l a r a d j u s t m e n t s observed i n t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e 111 e x p e r i ment. Proceedings of t h e O r b i t a l I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lab. and Space Conf e r e n c e , C l o u d c r o f t , NM, Sept. 28 Oct. 2 , 1 % 9 . p. 318-323, 1970.

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390. Meehan, J. P., a n d R . D. Rader C a r d i o v a s c u l a r observation^ i n t h e Macaca n e m e s t r i n a monkey i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 111. P h y s i o l o n i ~ t . 1 6 : 184-1 93, 1973.

. ).

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392. Meehan, J. P., and R. D. Rader Monitoring c a r d i o v s s c u l a r f u n c t i o n i n t h e p r i m a t e under prolonged w e i g h t l e s sues s. NASA CR-73498, 1970. 393. M e i s t e r , T. I n - v i t r o immunology. S c i e n t i f i c i n v f , t i g a t i o n s on t h e Skylab s a t e l l i t e . A M Conference, H u n t s v i l l e , 'L, Oct. 30 - Nov. 1, 1974. AIAA paper 74-1252, 1974. 394. Mengel, C. E. Red c e l l metabolism s t u d i e s on Skylab. Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skvlab. NASA EP-377, p. 242-248, 1977. 395. Mengel, C. E. Red c e l l metabolism s t u d - e s on Sky lab. Proceedings of t h e Skv la-& L i f e S c i e n c e s Svmposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 507-518, 1974. 396. Michel, E. L., J. A. Rummel, C. F. Sawin, M. C. Buderer, and J. D. Lem R e s u l t s of Skylab Medical Experiment M 7 1 - Metabolic a c t i v i t y . Biomedical R e s u l t s Sky lab., NASA SP-377, p. 372-387, 1977. 397. Michel, E. L., J. A. Rummel, C. F. Sawin, M. C. Buderer, and J. D. Lem R e s u l t s of Ekylab Medical Experiment M171 - Metabolic a c t i v i t y . Pro,ceedinns of t h e Sky l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s _Svmposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 723-762, 1974. 396. Michel, E. L., J. A. Rummel, and C. F. Sawin Skylab experiment M171 "Metabolic A c t i v i t y " R e s u l t s of t h e f i r s t manned m i s s i o n . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). Acta A s t r o n a u t i c & 2 : 351-365, 1975. -

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399. M i l l e r , E. F. E ~ p e r i m e n tM-9, H~mzil o t o l i t h f u n c t i o n . Gemini Mid~ronram Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 431-436, 1 % 6 . 400. M i l l e r , E. F. &

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S. C. White, W. A. Douglas, E. C. Knobloch, and A. Graybiel Aerunedical s t u d i e s . A. C l i n i c a l a e r a n e d i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . R e s u l t s of t h e Second United S t a t e s Manned O r b i t a l Space F l i g h t . NASA SP-6, p. 43-53, 1962.

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J. E. Cook, R. C. Reynolds, J. S. Paul, L. H a y f l i c k , D. Stock, W. W. Schulz, S. L. Kirozey, R. G. T h i r o l f , T. Rogers, D. Campbeli, and J . M u r r e l l The response of s i n g l e human c e l l s t o z e r o - g r a v i t y . Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skylab. NASA SP-377, p. 221-234, 1977.

404. Montgomery, P. O'B., J . E. Cook, R, C. Reynolds, J. S. Paul, L. H a y f l i c k , D. Stock, W. W. Schulz, S. L. Kimzey, R. G. T h i r o l f , T. Rogers, and D. Campbell vitro. The response of s i n g l e human c e l l s t o zero-gravity. 4: 165-173, 1978. 405. Montgomery, P. O'B., J. E. Cook, R. C. Reynolds, J. S. P a u l , L. H a y f l i c k , D. Stock, W. W. Schulz, S. L. Kimzey, R. G . T h i r o l f , T. Rogers The response of s i n g l e human c e l l s t o z e r o - g r a v i t y Proceedinns of t h e Sky l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s S~mvosium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 467-491, 1974.

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406. Montgomery, P. O'B., J. E. Cook, R. C. Reynolds, J. S. Paul, L. H a y f l i c k , W. W. Sch* ' z , D. Stock, S. L. Kimzey, R. G. T h i r o l f , T. Rogers, and D. Campbell The response of s i n g l e human c e l l s t o zero-gravity. S k v l a t Science Experiments. Proceedings of t h e Symposium, San F r a n c i s c o , CA, Feb. 28, 1974. Tarzana, CA, Arnerican A s t r o n a u t i c a l S o c i e t y , p. 71-97, 1975. 407. Nicogossian, A. E . , C. K. L a P i n t a , E. C. Burchard, G. W. HoffLer, and P. J. B a r t e l l o n i C r e w h e a l t h . Avo1 lo-Sovuz T e s t P r o i e c t . Medical R e ~ o r t .NASA SP411, p. 11-24, 1977.

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487. Smith, M. C., P. C. Rambaut, N. D. Heidelbaugh, R. M. Rapp, and H. 0. Wheeler Food and n u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s f o r A p o l l o 1 6 . NASA TM X-58096, 1972.

488. Smith, M. C., P. C. RambauL, and C. R. S t a d l e r Skylab n u t r i t i o n a l s t u d i e s . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research XV, Proceedings of t h e 1 9 t h p l e n a r y meeting of Cospar, P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA, June 8-1 9, 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 193-1 37, 1977. 489. Smith, R . F., P. H. King K. S t a n t o n , D. Stoop, and D. Brown Q u a n t i t a t i v e e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h y d u r i n g extended s p a c e f l i g h t . ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on B a s i c Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washington, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). Acta A s t r o n a u t i c a . 2 : 89-102, 1975. 490. Smith, R. F., P. 8. King, K. S t a n t o n , D. Stoop, and W. J a n u s z Q u a n t i t a t i v e e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h y d u r i n g extended space f l i g h t . The second Manned Skylab Mission. A v i a t i o n , Space. and Environmental Medicine. 47 : 353-359, 1976. 491. Smith, R. F. Research and o p e r a t i o n a l e f f o r t s i n s u p p o r t of Skylab experiment M093. F i n a l Report. NASA CR-119158, 1974. i 9 2 . Smith, R. F., K. S t a n t o n , D. Stoop, D. B r r r ~ n , W. J a n u s z , and P. King V e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h i c changes d u r i n g extended s p a c e f l i g h t (M093): Observations a t r e s t and d u r i n g e x e r c i s e . Biomedical R e s u l t s from Sky lab. NASA SP-377, p. 339-350, 1977. 493. Smith, R. F., K. S t a n t o n , D. Stoop, D. Brown, W. Janusx, and P. King V e c t o r c a r d i o g r a p h i c changes d u r i n g extended s p a c e f l i g h t . P r c r ceedinns of t h e Sky l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s Symposium. NASA TM Y-5815:, Vol. 2 , p. 659-679, 1974. 494. S p a i r ~ ~A. , B., L. A. S c h a i r e r , and K. M. Marimuthu Generic and c y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of T r a d e s c a n t i a i r r a d i q t e d d u r i n g o r r b t a l f 1i g h t . Javanese J o u r n a l of G e n e t i c s . 43 : 470-471, 1968. 495. Sparrow, A. If.,

L. A. S c h a i r e r , and K. M. Marimuthu

Radiobiological s t u d i e s of Tradescantia p l a n t s o r i b i t e d i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 11. Radiation Research. 35: 502, 1968. 4%. Sparrow, A. H., L. A. S c h a i r e r , and K. M. Marimuthu Radiobiologic s t u d i e s of w e s c a n t i a p l a n t s o r b i t e d i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 11. B x ~ e r i m e n t sof B i o s a t e l l i t e I L NASA SP-204, p. 99-122, 1971. 497. S p a r r w , A. H., L. A. S c h a i r e r , and K. M. Marimuthu Tradescantia experiment i n B i o s a t e l l i t e 11. P r o c e d i m s of the Symposium Radiation Binlonv and Space. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress of Radiation R e s ~ a r c h , Evian, France, 1970. 498. Spizizen, J. , J. 3. Isherwood, and G. B. Taylor E f f e c t s of s o l a r u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n s on B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s spores and T-7 bacteriophage. Life Sciences and Space Research X I I I . P r w ceedings of t h e 1 7 t h plenary meeting, Sao Paulo, B r a z i l , June 17 J u l y 1, 1974. Akademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , p. 143-149, 1975. 499. Spizizen, J., and J. E. Ishervood E f f e c t s of space environment on T-7 bacteriepnaqe and spores of B a c i l l u s s u b t i l i s 168. Proceedinns of t h e Microbial Response to Space Environment Svm~osium. NASA TH X-58103, p. 55-85, 1973. 500. Smmerlin, L. B. (ed.) Skylab, classroom i n space. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. NASA SP-401, 1977. 501. Symposium on t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 experiments. Preliminary r e s u l t s . Bioscience. Vol. 1 8 , 1968. 502. Taylor, G. R. Anollo 1 4 microbial analvses. NASA TM X-58094, 1972. 503. Taylor, G. R. The Apollo 16 microbial response t o space environment experiment. Biomedical Results of Apollo, NASA ,?-368, p. 367-380, 1975. 504. Taylor, C. R. Background and general design of t h e microbial response t o space environment experiment (MI 91) system. Proceedinns of t h e ''icrob i a l R e s ~ o n s et o S ~ a c eEnvironme& Svm~osimn. NASA TM X-5 ~i03, p. 3-19, 1973.

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505. Taylor, G. R. C e l l biology e x p e r i m e r ~ t sconducted i n space. Bioscience. 27: 102-108, 1977. 506. Taylor, G. R . , T. D. Rogers, M. E. Bruwer, and K. Kropp J o i n t i n f l i g h t biomedical experiments performed d u r i n g t h e ASTP space f l i g h t - B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l experiments. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astron a u t i c a l F e d e r a t i o n , I n t e r n a t i o n a l . A s t r o n a u t i c a l Congress, 27 t h , Anaheim, CA, Oct. 10-16, 1976. IAE' p a p e r 76-031, 9p., 1976. 507. Taylor, G. R., and S. N. Zaloguev Medical m i c r o b i o l o n i c a l a n a l y s i s crewmembers. NASA TM X-58180, 1976.

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508. Taylor, G. R. Medical m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l m a l y s i s of U. S. crewmembers. A ~ o l l o Soyuz T e s t P r o i e c t , Medical Report. NASA SP-411, p. 69-85, 1977. 509. Taylor, G. R., and S. N. Zaloguev fledicel ly important microorganisms recovered from Apol lo-Soyuz . &TP) crew members. I a f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research LCS; Pr-iect XV. P r ; r o : , i ?d; of t h e 1 9 t h p l e n a r y meeting of Cospar, P h i l a d e l p h i a , FA, J u n i .. ', 1976. Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 207-212, 1977. '7

a

'

510. Taylor, G. R . , and S. N. Zaloguev Methods f o r m i c r o b i o l c ~ i c a l imuno1op;ical s t u d i e s of sDace --f l i g h t crews. NASA TM X-58185, 1978. 511. Taylor, G. R., K. D. Kropp, M. R. Henney, S. Ekblac'., T. 0. Groves, T. C. Molina, J. G. D e c e l l e , C. F. C a m i c h a e l , N. J. Gchring, and E. L. Young Microbial exchange - Experiment AR-902. Apollo-Sovuz T e s t P r o i e c t , P r e l i m i n a r y Science R e ~ o r t .NASA TM X-58173, 31p., 1976. 512. Taylor, G. R., K. D. Kropp, M. it. Eenney, S. S. Ekblad, A. A. Baky, T. 0. Groves, T. C. Molina, J . G. D e c e l l e , C F. Carmichael, N. J. Gehring, E. L. Young, I. I. Shannon, W. J. Frome, and N. R. Funderburk h i c r o b i a l w c h a n g e - Experiment AR-002. Apol lo-SOYUZT e s t P r o i e c t Summary S c i e n c e R e ~ o r t . NASA SP-412, p. 237-255, 1977. 513. Taylor, G. R., C. E. Chassey, W. L. E l l i s , B. F o s t e r , P. A. Volz, J. S p i z i z e n , H. Buecker, R. T. Wrenn, R. C. Simmonds, and R. A.

i

Lox Microbial response t o space environment, P a r t B. A ~ o l l o16 Preliminary _Science R e r m t . NASA SP-315, 6p. , 1972. 7

514. Taylor, G. R., J. V. Bailey, and E. V. Benton Physical dosimetric e v a l u a t i o n s i n t h e Apol l o 16 microbial response experiment. L i f e Sciences and Space R.esearch X I I I . Proceedings of J u l y 1, 1974. t h e 1 7 t h planary meeting, Sao Paulo, B r a z i l , June 17 Akademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , p. 135-1 41, 1975

,.

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515. Taylor, G. R. (ed.) Proceedinns of t h e Microbial Response t o Space Environment. posium. (Conference on Apol l o 16 experiment f o r measuring microbial response t o space environment). NASA TM X-58103, 1973. 516. Taylor, G. R. Recovery of medica1l.y important microorganisms from h p o l l o a s t r o n a u t s . Aerospace Medicine. 45 : 824-828, 1974. 517. Taylor, G. S . , R. C. Graves, R. M. Brockett, J. K. Feteuson, and B. J. M i esz kuc Sky l ~ enviromnental b and crew microbiology s t u d i e s . Biomedical Results from Skylfib. NASA SP-377, p. 53-63, 1977.

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518. Tejada, R. I., P. M. Hahe, a-4 -' R. Adey Anal] sis of 1 0 minutes of ,-.-, i o l o g i c a l d a t a from t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e 111, £ran lif t o f f t o o r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n . Aerospace Medicine. 42: 281-287, 1971.

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519. Thimann, K. V. B i o e a t e l l i t e 11 experiments. Preliminary r e a u l t s . Proceedinns of t h e National Academy of Sciences. 60: 347-361, 1 % 8 . -520. Thornton, W. E , , G. W. Hoffler, and J. A. Rummcl A n : h r o y l e t r i c changes and f l u i d s h i f t s . Biomedical Results from Skvlab. NASA SP-377, p. 330-338, 1977. 521. Thotnton, W. E., G. W. H o f f l e r , and J. .A. Ruuanel .'nthropometric c\anges and f Luid s h i f t s Proceedirae of t h e 3kvlab L i f e Sciences S~mposium. NASA TM X-5$ld4, Vol. 2 , p. 637-658, 1974.

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522. Thornton, W. E.,

and J. W. Hoffler

Hernodynamic s t u d i e s of t h e l e g s under w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . Biomedical R e s --- u l t s from Sky lab. NASA SP-377, p. 324-329, 1977. 523. Thornton, W. E., and G. W. H o f f l e r Hemadynamic s t . u d i e s of t h e l e g s under w e i g h t l e s s n e s s . P r o c e d i n n s of t n e Skvlab L i f e S c i e n c e s Svmvosim, NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. -623-635, 1974. 524. Thornton, W. E., and J. A. Rummel Muscular d e c o n d i t i o n i n g and i t s p r e v e n t i o n i n space f l i g h t . medical R e s u l t s from Sky lab. NASA SP-377, p. 191-197, 1977.

Bio-

525. Thornton, W. E., and J. A. Rummel Muscular d e c o n d i t i o n i n g and i t s p r e v e n t i o n i n space f l i g h t , , P r c r c e e d i n n s of t h e Skylob L i f e S c i e n c e s Svmvosium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 403-416, 1974. 526. Thornton, W E., and J. Ord P h y s i o l o g i c a l mass measurements i n Sky lab. Biomedical R e s u l t s from Skvlab. NASA SP-377, p. 175-182, 1977.

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527. Thornton, W. E., and J. Ord P h y s i o l o g i c a l mass measurements i n Sky lab. Pro c e ~ dn9s i of t h e -~ k v l a bL i z e S c i e n c e s Symposium., NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1 , p. 373-386, 19'4. -

528. Thornton, W. E . , and J. Ord P h y s i o l o g i c a l mass measurements on Skylab 112 and 113. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium o r B a s i c Environmental Problems ~f Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washi n g t o n , DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). &Q A, &, u n a u t i c a . 2: 103-1 13, 1975. 329. Trenor, J. W., and R. S. Young The e f f e c t of w e i g h t l e s s n e s s o t t h e d i v i d i n g egg of Rana v i v i e n s . Bioscience. 1 8 : 609-6 15, 1968. 530. Tremor, J. W., and R. S. Young W e i g h t l e s s n e s s and t h e developing f r o g egg. L i f e S c i e n c e s & Space Research VI. Proceedings of t h e i 0 t h p l e n a r y meeting of t h e working group V, London, England, J u l y 27, 2 8 , 1967. North-Hol land Pub. , Amsterdam, p. 87-93, 1963. 531. U. S. Congress. House Committee on S c i e n c e and A s t r o n a u t i c s

The Future of t h e Bioscience Yronram. Hearings, 9 1 s t Congress, 1st session. U. S. G. F. 0.. Washington, DC, 1970. 532. Vallbona, C., L. F. n i e t l e i n , and W. V. Zudy E f f e c t of o r b i t a l f l i g h t on t h e d u r a t i o n of the c a r d i a c cycle and i t s phases. Aerosvace Mediciue. 41 : 529-537, 1970. 533. Vernikos-Danellis, J., C. M. Winget, C. S. Leach, L. S. Rosenblatc, J. Lyman, and J. R. Beljan. Space motion s i c k n e s s medicstions-Interference with biomedical parameters. I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astron a u t i c a l Congress, 27th, Anaheim, CA, Oct. 10-16, 1976. 534. Vogel, F. S., B. Lloyd, M. R. Cruty, and E. V. Benton Results of acalp examination - i n Apollo 17 BIOCORE pocket mice. Aviation, Space. and Environmental Medicine. 46: 553-560, 1975. 535. Vogel, J. M. Bone mineral changes i n t h e Apol. l o a s t r o n a u t s . HEW I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on ant Xineral Maa::urement. DHEW (#I~)-75-683, p. 352361, 1974. 536. Vogel, J. M., and M. W. W h i t t l e Bone mineral changes - The second manned Skylab mission. Aviation, S ~ a c e ,and Environmental Medicine. 47: 396-400, 1976. 537. Vogel, J. M., P. C. Rambaut, and M. C. Smith Bone mineral measurement from Avo1 lo experiment M-0 78. NASA TM X-58110, 1974. 538. Vogel, J. M., and M. W. Whittle Bone mineral measurement - Exisrlment M--078. Proceedinns of the Sky lab L i f e Sciences Symposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1 , p. 38)-401, 1974. 539. Vogel, J. M. Bone mineraL measurement Skylab experiment M-078. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washingcon, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). Acta Astronautica. 2: 129-139, 1975.

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540. Vogel, J. M., and R. J. Friedman Photon absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral i n Apollo

1 4 and 15. Revue de Medecine Aeronautiaue e t S m t i a l e . 12: 322-326, lQ73.

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541. Vogt, F. B. Bone d e n s i t y a d calcium b a l a n c e s t u d i e s on P r o j e c t Genini. NASA CR-9021&, 1967. '

542. Vogt, F. B. Use of e x t i e m i t y c u f f s a s a nique. NASA CR- 90248, 1% 7.

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543. Volz, P. A. Mycological s t u d i e s housed i n t h e Apollo 16 m i c r o b i a l ecology evalu a t i o n device. P r o c e 4 i n n s of t h e M i c r o b i a l Response t o Space Environment Svm~osium. NASA TM X-5 8103, p. 121-1 35, 1973. 544. von Baumgarten, R. J., R. C. Simmonds, J. F. Boyd, and 0. K. G a r r i o t t E f f e c t s J £ prolonged w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on t h e swimming v a t t . e r n of f i s h aboard Skylab 3. Aviation, Space. and Environmental Medicine. 46: 902-906, 1975.

1;45. von B o r s t e l , R. C. , e t a l . B i o l o g i c a l r e s p o x e s of Habrabracon t o space f l i g h t . L i f e S c i e n c e s and - Space Research V I E . Proceedings of t h e 1 2 t h p l e n a r y m e e ' " ~ g , Prague, Czeczoslovakia, May 11-24, 1969. North Uolland Pub. , Amsterdam, p. 6-11, 1970. 546. von B o r s t e l , R. C., e t a l . T'xperimcnts w i t h Babrobrscon and Tribolium on B i o b a t e l l i t e 11, Jzpanese J o u r n a l -02Genetics. 63: 464, 1968. 547. von B o r s t e l , R. C., e t a i . The H a b r o b r a i experiment i n t h e B i o s a t e l l i t e I1 s ~ a c e c r a f t . R a d i a t i o n Research, 35 : 501, 1968. 548. von B o r s t e l , R. C., 8. H. Sniith, A. R. Whitiiig, and D. S. Grosch Mutatic n l aiid p h y s i o l o g i c a l responses J £ mbroLraco_~!i n Bios a t e l l i t e X I . The Experiments of E i o s a t e l l i t e 11. NASA SP204, p. 17 ,39, 1971. 549. von B o r s t e l , R. C. , e t a l . Mutational responses of i n s e c t s i n t h e Biosa . e l l i t e 11 e x p e r i u e n t . L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research VII.. Proceedings of t h e 1 1 t h -

plenary meeting, Tokyo, Japan, Hay 14-i6, 1968. North Holland Pub., Amsterdam, p. 70-76, 1 % 9 . 550. Waite, R. E. Experiment M-9, Gemini human o t o l i t h f u n c t i o n . HSC. 2nd Annual B i o medical Research Conference. NASA TM X-61984, p. 93-101, 1966. 551. d a l l g o r a , J. M., W. R. Hawkins, G. F. H u b e r t , L. J. Nelson, S. J. Vogel, and L. H. Kuznetz Apol l o e x p e r i e n c e r e p o r t Assessment of m e t a b o l i c e x p e n d i t u r e s E x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y . NASA TN Ib7883, 1975.

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5 5 2 . Waligora, J. M . ,

and D. J. Horrigan Metabolic c o s t of e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s . Biomedical R e s u l t s f r m Skylab. NASA SP-377, p. 395-399, 1377.

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553. Waligora, J. M., and D. J. H o r r i g a n Metabolic c o s t of z x t r a v c h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s . P r o c e e d i m s o f t h e Sky l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s Symposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 2 , p. 775784, Nov. 1974. 554. Waligora, J. M., and D. J. Horrigan Metabolism and h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n d u r i n g Apol l o EVA p e r i o d s . Biomedical R e s u l t s of Apollo. NASA SP-368, p. 115-128, 1975. 555. Waligora, J. M. The use of a model o i human t h e n n o r e g u l a t i o n d u r i n g t h e Apollo and Sky l a b programs. JSC 8 t h Conference on Space Simulation, NASA S P 3 7 9 , p. 749-757, 1975. 556. Walter, D. 0 . B L o s a t e l l i t e program - C e r e b r a l , c a r d i o v a s c u l a r , and behavic-:a1 performance of monkey i n space. NASA, Washianton S~mvosiumon he A n a l v s i s of _Central N e z v ~ aSystem and C a r d i w a s c u b . ; 1 8 2 u s i n g Computer Methods. p. 385-395, 1%5. :57.

; ? a l t e r , D. 0. D i g i t a l computer a n a l y s i s of n e u r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l d a t a f r m B i o s a t e l l i t e 111. Ae.:ospa= M C i c i n e . 42: 314-321, 1971.

558. Ward, W E. Medical and p h y s i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e MA-5 f l i g h t . R e s u l t s

of t h e P r o i e c t -NASA SF-39, p.

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559. Ward, W. E., and W. E. B r i t z Medical and p h y s i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e MR-2 f l i g h t . R e s u l t s of t h e P r o i e c t Mercutv B a l l i s t i c & O r b i t a l C h h a n z e e F l i n h t s , NASA SP-39, p. 25-32, 1%3.

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560. Whedon, G. D., L. Lutvak, W. F. Neuman, and P. A. LaChance Calcium and n i t r o s e n balance Experiment HD07. Gemini Pronran Biomedical Science Experiments Summery. NASA TM X58074, p. 87-110, 1971.

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561. Whedon, G. 3. E F f e c t s of w e i g h t l e s s n e s s on m i n e r a l metabolism d a t e . A s t r o n a u t i c a Acta. 17: 119-128, 1372.

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562. Vhedon, G. D., L. Lutuak, W. F. Neuuan, and P. A. LaChance Experiment H-7, Calcium and n i t r o g e n balance. Gemini M i a ~ r o n r a u Conference. NASA SP-121, p. 417-421, 1 % 6 .

563. Vhedon, G. D.,

J. Reid, L. Lutwak, F. C. Rambaut, H. W. W h i t t l e , Smith, C. 8. Leach, C. R. S t a d l e r , a n d D . D. Sanford Mineral and n i t r o g e n balance s t u d y o b s e r v a t i o n s The second mamed Sky l a b mis3ion. Aviation, Saace, and Environmental M=Jicine. 47: 391-396, 1976.

M.

C.

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564. Whedon, G. D., L. Lutwak, J. Reid, P. C. Rambaut, M. W. W h i t t l e , M. C. Smith, and C. S. Leach Mineral and n i t r o g e n balaxce s t u d y - R e s u l t s of m e t a b o l i c o b s e r v a t i o n s on Skylab I1 28-day o r b i t a l mission. ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on B a s i c Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, 5 t h , Washicgton, DC, Nov. 27-30, 1973). Acta k s t r o a a u t i c a . 2: 297-309, 1975. 565. Whedon, G. D., L. Lutwak, P. C. Rambaut, M. W. W h i t t l e , M. C. Smith, J. Reid, C. S. Ldach, C. R. S t a d l e r , and D. D. Sanford Mineral and n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i c s t u d i e s , Experimex~tM071. Biomedical R e s u l t s fPOpl Skvlab. 3ASA SP-377, p. 164-174, 1977. 566. Whedon, G. D., L. Lutwak, ?. C. Rambaut, M. W. W h i t t l e , K. C. Smith, J. Reid, C. S. Leach, C. R. S t a d l e r , and D. D. Sanford Mineral and n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i c a t u d i e s . Experiment M071. P r w ceedinns of t h e Skylab L i f e S c i e n c e s Svmvosium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 353-371, 1974.

567. Whedon, G. D. , J. Reid, L. Lutuak, P. C. Rambaut, M. W. W h i t t l e , C. S. Leach, and M. C. Smith Mineral and n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i c s t u d i e s on Skylab f l i g h t s and c m p a r i s o n w i t h e f f e c t s of e a r t h long-term recumbency. L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space Research XIV, Proceedings of t h e open meeting of t h e working group o n Space Biology, Hay 2 9 - J u n e 7 , 1975, and Symposium on G r a v i t a t i o n a l Physiology, Varna, B u l g a r i a , May 3 0 , 31, 1975. Pegamon P r e s s , Oxford, p. 119-127, 1976.

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568. Whedon, G. D., L. Lutwak, J. Reid, P. C. Rambaut, M. W h i t t l e , M. C. Smith, and C. S. Leach Mineral and n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i c s t u d i e s on Sky l a b o r b i t a l space f l i g h t s . T r a n s a c t i o n s of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of American P h v s i c i a n s . 137: 95-110, 1974. 569. White, S. C., R. R. Hessberg, and C. A. Berry E f f e c t s of w e i g n t l e s s n e s s on a s t r o n a u t s - A summary. L i f e S c i e n c e s and Space R e s e a r - X. Proceedings of the 1 4 t h p l e n a r y meeting, S e a t t l e , WA, ;une 21 - J u l y 2, 1971. ~kademie-Verlag, B e r l i n , p. 47-55, i472. 570. White, S. C., R. S. Johnston, and G. J. Pesman Review of biomedical systems f o r MR-3 f l i g h t . R e s u l t s o f t h e F i r s t U. S. Manned S u b o r b i t a l Space F l i g h t . NASA TM X-51380, --p. 19-29, 1964. 571. W h i t t l e , M. W., R. E. Herron, and J. R. Cuzzi B i o s t e r e o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s of body form. Biomedical R e s u l t s Skylab. NASA SP-377, F. 198-202, 1977. 572. W h i t t l e , M. W., R. E. Herron, and J. R. "uzzi B i o s t e r e o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s of body fcrm. Proceedinas of t h e S k s l a b L i f e S c i e n c e s Symposium. NASA TM X-58154, Vol. 1, p. 417-424, 1974.

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3. W h i t t l e , M. W., R. E. Herron, and J. R. Cuzzi B i o s t e r e o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s of body f o r 3 - The second manned Skylab mission. A v i a t i o n , Space, and Environmental Medicine, 47 : 410412, 1976. 174. W h i t t l e , M. W. The e f f e c t s of prolonged s p a c e f l i g h t on human body composition. -. P1i.D. Thesis. U n i v e r s i t y of Surrey, England, 1978.

575. Winter, D. L., K. S u r i , J. A. hnrso, F. L. Cota, W. W. Ashley, R. M. Binnard, W. Haymaker, E. V. Benton, H. R. Cruty, and W. 2-n Dosimeter design, c o n s t r u c t i o n , and implantation For recording WE cosmic p a r t i c l e trecks. Aviation, S ~ a c e . and Environmental Xedicine. 46: 496-499, i975.

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576. Wolthuis, R. A., A. D. Leblanc, W. A. P a r p e n t i e r , and S. A. Bergman Response of l o c a l v a s c u l a r volmnes t o lower body negative pressure. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 46 : 697-702, 1975. 577. Wrenn, R. T., R. C. S h n d s , and A. M. Heimpel P o s t f l i g h t a n a l y s e s of B a c i l l u s t h u r i n n i e n s i s organisms exposed t o space f l i g h t conditions. Proceedinns of t h e Microbial R e s ~ o n s eto Space Environment Symposium. NASA TH X-5 iU03, p. 105-1 20, 1973. 578. Young, R. S. Biological experiments i n space - Weightlessness, increased gravit a t i o n a l f i e l d s and r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s on b i o l o g i c a l systems a t organismal, c e l l u l a r , and s u b c e l l u l a r l e v e l s . Space Science Reviews. 8: 665-.669, 1968. 579. Young, R. S., J. W. Trenor, R. Willoughby, R. Corbett, K. A. Souza, and P. D. Sebesta The e f f e c t of weightlessness on t h e dividing eggs of - p i p i e n s . The E x ~ e r i m e n t sof B i o s a t e l l i t e II.NASA SP-204, p. 251-271, 1971. 580. Young, R. S. Frog egg growth, Experiment S003. Gemini Pronram Biomedical Science Experiments Summary. NASA TM X-58074, p. 237-244, 1971. 581. Young, B. S. Gravity and embryonic development. L i f e Sciences and Space Research X I V . Proceedings of t h e open meeting o t t h e Working Group on Space Biology, May 2S - June 7 , 1975, and Symposium on G r a v i t a t i o n a l Physiol.ogy, varna, Bulgaria, May 30, 31, 1975. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. b9-75, 1976. 582. Young, R. S. Sea urchin egg f e r t i l i z a t i o n and development. Gemini Pronrsm diomedical Science_ Experiments Summary, NASA TM X-58074, p. 245-247, 1971.

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