Conceived in Liberty.pdf - Ludwig von Mises Institute
October 30, 2017 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era 428. 59. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt ......
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Murray N. Rothbard
LvMI MISES INSTITUTE
The first edition was published in 1979 by Arlington House Publishers. A four-volume hardback edition was published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute in 1999. Single-volume edition © 2011 Ludwig von Mises Institute and published under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 Published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute 518 West Magnolia Avenue Auburn, Alabama 36832 mises.org ISBN: 978-1-933550-98-5
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv VOLUME 1 A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PART I—Europe, England, and the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. New World, New Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 PART II—The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . 41 3. The Virginia Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4. From Company to Royal Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 5. The Social Structure of Virginia: Planters and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6. The Social Structure of Virginia: Bondservants and Slaves . . . . . . . . . 60 7. Religion in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 8. The Royal Government of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9. British Mercantilism over Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 10. Relations with the Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 11. Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 12. Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 13. The Carolinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 14. The Aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion in the Other Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 15. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 16. Virginia After Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
v -15 v
PART III—The Founding of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 17. The Religious Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 18. The Founding of Plymouth Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 19. The Founding of Massachusetts Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 20. The Puritans “Purify”: Theocracy in Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 21. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Roger Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 22. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 23. The Further Settlement of Rhode Island: The Odyssey of Samuell Gorton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 24. Rhode Island in the 1650s: Roger Williams’ Shift from Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 25. The Planting of Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 26. The Seizure of Northern New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 27. Joint Action in New England: The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 28. The New England Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 29. Suppressing Heresy: Massachusetts Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . 227 30. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: Disintegration of the Fur Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 31. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: The Failure of Wage and Price Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 32. Mercantilism, Merchants, and “Class Conflict” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 33. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy: The Failure of Subsidized Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 34. The Rise of the Fisheries and the Merchants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 35. Theocracy Begins to Wither: The Half-Way Covenant . . . . . . . . . . 261 36. The Decline and the Rigors of Plymouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 37. The Restoration Crisis in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 PART IV—The Rise and Fall of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 38. The Formation of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 39. Governors and Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 40. The Dutch and New Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 41. New Netherland Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 42. The Fall and Breakup of New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 PART V—The Northern Colonies in the Last Quarter of the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 43. The Northern Colonies, 1666–1675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 44. The Beginning of Andros’ Rule in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 vi -14 vi
45. Further Decline of the Massachusetts Theocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 46. King Philip’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 47. The Crown Begins the Takeover of New England, 1676–1679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 48. The Crown Takes over New Hampshire, 1680–1685 . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 49. Edward Randolph Versus Massachusetts, 1680–1684 . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 50. The Re-Opening of the Narragansett Claims, 1679–1683 . . . . . . . 363 51. The Rule of Joseph Dudley and the Council of New England . . . . 365 52. New York, 1676–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 53. Turmoil in East New Jersey, 1678–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 54. The Development of West New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 55. “The Holy Experiment”: The Founding of Pennsylvania, 1681–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 56. The Dominion of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 57. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1689–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 58. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies, 1690–1692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 59. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt and Stoughton’s Rise to Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 60. The Liberalism of Lord Bellomont in the Royal Colonies . . . . . . . . 454 61. The Aftermath of Bellomont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 62. Rhode Island and Connecticut After the Glorious Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 63. The Unification of the Jerseys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 64. Government Returns to Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 65. The Colonies in the First Decade of the Eighteenth Century . . . . . 497 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 VOLUME 2 “SALUTARY NEGLECT ”: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Introduction The Colonies in the Eighteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 PART I—Developments in the Separate Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 1. Liberalism in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 2. Presbyterian Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 vii -13 vii
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Libertarianism in Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Land Tenure and Land Allocation in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 New Hampshire Breaks Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 The Narragansett Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 New York Land Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Slavery in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 Land Conflicts in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 The Ulster Scots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 The Pennsylvania Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Pennsylvania: Quakers and Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 The Emergence of Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 The Paxton Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 The Virginia Land System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 The Virginia Political Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Virginia Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Slavery in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Indian War in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 The North Carolina Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Royal Government in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Slavery in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Proprietary Rule in South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 The Land Question in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 Georgia: The “Humanitarian” Colony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
PART II—Intercolonial Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 26. Inflation and the Creation of Paper Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 27. The Communication of Ideas: Postal Service and the Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 28. Religious Trends in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 29. The Great Awakening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 30. The Growth of Deism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 31. The Quakers and the Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 32. The Beginning of the Struggle over American Bishops . . . . . . . . . . 679 33. The Growth of Libertarian Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 PART III—Relations with Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 34. Assembly Versus Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 35. Mercantilist Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 36. King George’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 viii -12 viii
37. Early Phases of the French and Indian War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 38. The Persecution of the Acadians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 39. Total War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 40. The American Colonies and the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 41. Concluding Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 42. Administering the Conquests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 VOLUME 3 ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION, 1760–1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 PART I—The British Army and the Western Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 1. The Stage Is Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 2. The Ohio Lands: Pontiac’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 3. The Ohio Lands: The Proclamation Line of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 4. The British Army and the Grand Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 PART II—Enforcement of Mercantilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 5. Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 6. The White Pine Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 7. Molasses and the American Revenue Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 8. Reaction in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 9. Reaction in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 10. Reaction in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 11. Reaction in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 12. Reaction in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 13. Reaction in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 14. Enforcement Troubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 15. The Newport Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 PART III—Ideology and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 16. The Threat of the Anglican Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 17. The Parsons’ Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 18. Wilkes and Liberty, 1763–1764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 PART IV—Edge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 19. Passage of the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 20. Initial Reaction to the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 21. Patrick Henry Intervenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 22. Sam Adams Rallies Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 ix -11 ix
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
Rhode Island Responds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 Response in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Response in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 Response in Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 Response in Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Response in the Carolinas and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Official Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 The Stamp Act Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Ignoring the Stamp Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 Government Replaced by the Sons of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902 Repeal of the Stamp Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 Aftermath of Repeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
PART V—The Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 35. The Mutiny Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 36. The New York Land Revolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 37. Passage of the Townshend Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 38. The Nonimportation Movement Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 39. Conflict in Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 40. Wilkes and Liberty: The Massacre of St. George’s Fields . . . . . . . . . 941 41. British Troops Occupy Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 42. Nonimportation in the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948 43. Rhode Island Joins Nonimportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 44. Boycotting the Importers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 45. The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 46. Conflict in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 47. Wilkes and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 48. Partial Repeal of the Townshend Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 49. New York Breaks Nonimportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 PART VI—The Regulator Uprisings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989 50. The South Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 51. The North Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 PART VII—Prelude to Revolution, 1770–1775. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 52. The Uneasy Lull, 1770–1772. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 53. The Gaspée Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 54. The Committees of Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019 55. Tea Launches the Final Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024 x -10 x
56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69.
The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 The Other Colonies Resist Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033 The Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 The Quebec Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 Boston Calls for the Solemn League and Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 Selecting Delegates to the First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . 1049 Resistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 The First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060 The Continental Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 The Impact on Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 The Tory Press in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079 Massachusetts: Nearing the Final Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082 Support from Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087 “The Shot Heard Round the World”: The Final Conflict Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
PART VIII—Other Forces for Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 70. The Expansion of Libertarian Thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097 71. The Vermont Revolution: The Green Mountain Boys . . . . . . . . . . 1104 72. The Revolutionary Movement: Ideology and Motivation . . . . . . . 1114 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121 VOLUME 4 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR , 1775–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127 PART I—The War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 1. Spreading the News of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131 2. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 3. Guerrilla or Conventional War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137 4. The Seizure of Fort Ticonderoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 5. The Response of the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144 6. Charles Lee: Champion of Liberty and Guerrilla War. . . . . . . . . . . 1148 7. The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154 8. Washington Transforms the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157 9. The Invasion of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160 10. Paper Money Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167 11. The New Postal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 12. New York Fumbles in the Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 xi -9 xi
PART II—Suppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177 13. The Suppression of Tories Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179 14. Suppressing Tories in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . 1185 15. Suppressing Tories in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 16. Suppressing Tories in the Middle Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192 17. Virginia Battles Lord Dunmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194 18. Battling Tories in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199 PART III—The War in the First Half of 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203 19. The British Assault on Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205 20. Forcing the British Out of Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208 21. Privateering and the War at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 22. Commodities, Manufacturing, and Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215 23. Getting Aid from France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223 24. Polarization in England and the German Response to Renting “Hessians” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229 PART IV—America Declares Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 25. America Polarizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239 26. Forming New Governments: New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 27. New England Ready for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 28. The Sudden Emergence of Tom Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249 29. Massachusetts Turns Conservative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 30. The Drive Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264 31. The Struggle in Pennsylvania and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275 32. New Jersey and Maryland Follow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284 33. Independence Declared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289 34. New York Succumbs to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295 PART V—The Military History of the Revolution, 1776–1778 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299 35. The Invasion of New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301 36. The Campaigns in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 37. Planning in the Winter of 1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 38. Rebellion at Livingston Manor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318 39. The Burgoyne Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321 40. Howe’s Expedition in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 41. Winter at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 xii -8 xii
42. The Battle of Monmouth and the Ouster of Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341 43. Response in Britain and France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346 PART VI—The Political History of the United States, 1776–1778 . . . 1355 44. The Drive for Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357 45. The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1367 46. Radicalism Triumphs in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371 47. Struggles Over Other State Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377 48. The Rise and Decline of Conservatism in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . 1387 PART VII—The Military History of the Revolution, 1778–1781 . . . . 1391 49. The End of the War in the North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393 50. The War at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 51. The War in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402 52. The Southern Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 53. The Invasion of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421 54. The Capture of Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427 55. The Emergence of Guerrilla Warfare in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . 1430 56. Gates Meets the Enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1434 57. The Battle of King’s Mountain and the End of the 1780 Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1438 58. Greene’s Unorthodox Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442 59. The Race to the Dan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446 60. The Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449 61. The Liberation of South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452 62. The Final Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456 63. After Yorktown in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463 64. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466 65. Making Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470 PART VIII—The Political and Economic History of the United States, I778–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481 66. Land Claims and the Ratification of the Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483 67. Inflationary Finance and Price Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 68. Conservative Counter-Revolution: Massachusetts and Pennsylvania in 1780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1498 69. Robert Morris and the Conservative Counter-Revolution in National Politics, 1780–1782 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502 xiii -7 xiii
70. 71. 72. 73.
Robert Morris and the Public Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508 The Drive for a Federal Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514 The Newburgh Conspiracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 The Fall of Morris and the Emergence of the Order of the Cincinnati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 74. The Western Lands and the Ordinance of 1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527 75. The Republic of Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530 PART IX—The Impact of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 76. Oppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1537 77. Tory Lands in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1543 78. Elimination of Feudalism and the Beginnings of the Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548 79. Disestablishment and Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553 80. Was the American Revolution Radical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555 81. The Impact in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
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Preface
What! Another American history book? The reader may be pardoned for wondering about the point of another addition to the seemingly inexhaustible flow of books and texts on American history. One problem, as pointed out in the bibliographical essay at the end of volume I, is that the survey studies of American history have squeezed out the actual stuff of history, the narrative facts of the important events of the past. With the true data of history squeezed out, what we have left are compressed summaries and the historian’s interpretations and judgments of the data. There is nothing wrong with the historian’s having such judgments; indeed, without them, history would be a meaningless and giant almanac listing dates and events with no causal links. But, without the narrative facts, the reader is deprived of the data from which he can himself judge the historian’s interpretations and evolve interpretations of his own. A major point of this and the other volumes is to put the historical narrative back into American history. Facts, of course, must be selected and ordered in accordance with judgments of importance, and such judgments are necessarily tied into the historian’s basic world outlook. My own basic perspective on the history of man, and a fortiori on the history of the United States, is to place central importance on the great conflict which is eternally waged between Liberty
The preface in each of the four original volumes was, in large part the same, differing only by a couple of paragraphs with information relevant to the story told in that particular volume. All of the information has been combined here into one complete preface. xv -5 xv
and Power, a conflict, by the way, which was seen with crystal clarity by the American revolutionaries of the eighteenth century. I see the liberty of the individual not only as a great moral good in itself (or, with Lord Acton, as the highest political good), but also as the necessary condition for the flowering of all the other goods that mankind cherishes: moral virtue, civilization, the arts and sciences, economic prosperity. Out of liberty, then, stem the glories of civilized life. But liberty has always been threatened by the encroachments of power, power which seeks to suppress, control, cripple, tax, and exploit the fruits of liberty and production. Power, then, the enemy of liberty, is consequently the enemy of all the other goods and fruits of civilization that mankind holds dear. And power is almost always centered in and focused on that central repository of power and violence: the state. With Albert Jay Nock, the twentieth century American political philosopher, I see history as centrally a race and conflict between “social power”— the productive consequence of voluntary interactions among men—and state power. In those eras of history when liberty—social power—has managed to race ahead of state power and control, the country and even mankind have flourished. In those eras when state power has managed to catch up with or surpass social power, mankind suffers and declines. For decades, American historians have quarreled about “conflict” or “consensus” as the guiding leitmotif of the American past. Clearly, I belong in the “conflict” rather than the “consensus” camp, with the proviso that I see the central conflict as not between classes (social or economic), or between ideologies, but between Power and Liberty, State and Society. The social or ideological conflicts have been ancillary to the central one, which concerns: Who will control the state, and what power will the state exercise over the citizenry? To take a common example from American history, there are in my view no inherent conflicts between merchants and farmers in the free market. On the contrary, in the market, the sphere of liberty, the interests of merchants and farmers are harmonious, with each buying and selling the products of the other. Conflicts arise only through the attempts of various groups of merchants or farmers to seize control over the machinery of government and to use it to privilege themselves at the expense of the others. It is only through and by state action that “class” conflicts can ever arise. Volume 1 is the story of the seventeenth century—the first century of the English colonies in North America. It was the century when all but one (Georgia) of the original thirteen colonies were founded, in all their disparity and diversity. Remarkably enough, this critical period is only brusquely treated in the current history textbooks. While the motives of the early colonists varied greatly, and their fortunes changed in a shifting and fluctuating kaleidoscope of liberty and power, all the colonists soon began to take on an air of freedom unknown in the mother country. Remote from central xvi -4 xvi
control, pioneering in a land of relatively few people spread over a space far vaster than any other they had ever known, the contentious colonists proved to be people who would not suffer power gladly. Attempts at imposing feudalism on, or rather transferring it to, the American colonies had all failed. By the end of the century, the British forging of royal colonies, all with similar political structures, could occur only with the fearsome knowledge that the colonists could and would rebel against unwanted power at the drop of a tax or a quitrent. If the late seventeenth-century Virginia Rebel Nathaniel Bacon was not exactly the “Torchbearer of the Revolution,” then this term might apply to the other feisty and rambunctious Americans throughout the colonies. Volume 2 is the history of the American colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century. It is generally dismissed in the history texts as a quiet period too uneventful to contemplate. But it was far from quiet, for the seeds were germinating that would soon blossom into the American Revolution. At the beginning of the century, the British government believed that it had successfully brought the previously rebellious colonists to heel: royally appointed governors would run the separate colonies, and mercantilist laws would control and confine American trade and production for the benefit of British merchants and manufacturers. But this control was not to be, and, for most of this period, the colonies found themselves to be virtually independent. Using their power of the purse, and their support among the bulk of the population, the colonial Assemblies were, gradually but surely, able to wrest almost complete power over their affairs from the supposedly allpower governors. And, furthermore, as a result of the classical liberal policies of “salutary neglect” imposed against the wishes of the remainder of the British government by Robert Walpole and the Duke of Newcastle, the Americans happily discovered that the mercantilist restrictions were simply not being enforced. Strengthening their spirit of rebellious independence, the colonists eagerly and widely imbibed the writings of English libertarians, writings which inculcated in them a healthy spirit of deep suspicion of the designs of all government—the English government in particular—on their rights and liberties. Consequently, when after midcentury the English, having deposed Walpole and Newcastle and ousted the French from North America, determined to reimpose their original designs for control, the Americans would not stand for it. And the great conflict with the mother country got under way. Volume 3 deals with the stormy and fateful period from the end of the French and Indian War until the outbreak of war at Lexington and Concord in 1775, the period that incubated the American Revolution. With France driven from the North American continent, and with the classical liberal Whigs out of power, the British government moved quickly to xvii -3 xvii
impose a system of imperial control over the fractious and hitherto virtually independent colonies. These fifteen years are a record of mounting American resistance to such efforts by the mother country, a resistance that finally erupted into full-scale war at Lexington and Concord. Inspired by libertarian ideals, the colonists increasingly forged a unity that was to result in the first successful national revolution against Western imperialism in the modern world. Although other, largely unrelated, armed rebellions also erupted in this period—North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Vermont—these years are essentially the story of the development of the American Revolution up to the outbreak of actual armed conflict. Volume 4 deals with the exciting events of the American Revolution, perhaps the most fateful years in American history. While the military history of the war necessarily takes first rank, it is not simply a recital of the battles; intertwined with the tactics and the strategy of the war were ideological conflicts over how the war should be fought, and what sort of government and society should emerge after the war was over. In particular, important light is shed on both the battles and the military strategy of the war by incorporating the latest historical researches applying what we now know about the importance of guerrilla vis-à-vis conventional interstate warfare for the waging of a revolutionary armed struggle. The military histories of the Revolution written before the 1960s are hopelessly inadequate because they fail to grasp this vital dimension in explaining the course of the fighting. In addition to the history of the warfare itself, volume 4 discusses the political history of the period, in particular the conflicts over the kinds of state governments to be constructed, and the drive of the Nationalists for a strong central government. This period culminates in the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and in the rise to power of Robert Morris. Also discussed are the oft-neglected financial history of the war, the ruinous inflation and price controls, and the political-financial manipulations of Morris and his associates. The this volume also deals with the Western lands question, which will take on fateful importance in the nineteenth century; it concludes by assessing the impact of the Revolution on America and Europe, and by asking the question: was the Revolution truly radical? My intellectual debts for Conceived in Liberty are simply too numerous to mention, especially since an historian must bring to bear not only his own discipline but also his knowledge of economics, of political philosophy, and of mankind in general. Here I would just like to mention, for his methodology of history, Ludwig von Mises, especially his much neglected volume, Theory and History; and Lord Acton, for his emphasis on the grievously overlooked moral dimension. For his political philosophy and general outlook on American history, Albert Jay Nock, particularly his Our Enemy the State.
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As for my personal debts, I am happy to be more specific. This series of volumes would never have been attempted, much less seen the light of day, without the inspiration, encouragement, and support provided by Kenneth S. Templeton, Jr., now of the Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Indiana. I hope that he won’t be overly disappointed with these volumes. I am grateful to the Foundation for Foreign Affairs, Chicago, for enabling me to work full time on the volumes, and to Dr. David S. Collier of the Foundation for his help and efficient administration. Others who have helped with ideas and aid in various stages of the manuscript are Charles G. Koch and George Pearson of Wichita, Kansas, and Robert D. Kephart of Kephart of Libertarian Review and Communications, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia. Historians Robert E. Brown of Michigan State University and Forrest McDonald of Wayne State University were kind enough to read the entire manuscript and offer helpful suggestions even though it soon became clear to them and to myself that our fundamental disagreements tended to outweigh our agreements. To my first mentor in the field of American history, Joseph Dorfman, now Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, I owe in particular the rigorous training that is typical of that keen and thorough scholar. The last chapter in volume 3 was included at the suggestion of Roy A. Childs, Jr. of New York City. But my greatest debt is to Leonard P. Liggio, editor of The Literature of Liberty, San Francisco, whose truly phenomenal breadth of knowledge and insight into numerous fields and areas of history are an inspiration to all who know him. Liggio’s help was indispensable in the writing of volumes 1, 2, and 3 in particular his knowledge of the European background. Over the years in which this manuscript took shape, I was fortunate in having several congenial typists—in particular, Willette Murphy Klausner of Los Angeles, and now distinguished intellectual historian and social philosopher, Dr. Ronald Hamowy of the University of Alberta. I would particularly like to thank Louise Williams and Joanne Ebeling of New City for their often heroic services in typing this manuscript. The responsibility for the final product is, of course, wholly my own. Murray N. Rothbard 1973–1978
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VOLUME 1
A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Whenever the legislators endeavour to take away and destroy the property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary power, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any farther obedience, and are left to the common refuge which God bath provided for all men against force and violence. John Locke
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PART I
Europe, England, and the New World
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PART II
The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century
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PART III
The Founding of New England
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PART IV
The Rise and Fall of New Netherland
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PART V
The Northern Colonies in the Last Quarter of the Seventeenth Century
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VOLUME 2
“ SALUTARY NEGLECT”: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY By Liberty, I understand the power which every man has over his own actions, and his right to enjoy the fruit of his labour, art, and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any members of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him from enjoying what he himself enjoys. The fruits of a man's honest industry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by natural and eternal equity, as is his title to use them in the manner which he thinks fit: And thus, with the above limitations, every man is sole lord and arbiter of his own private actions and property. . . . Indeed, Liberty is the divine source of all human happiness. To possess, in security, the effects of our industry, is the most powerful and reasonable incitement to be industrious: And to be able to provide for our children, and to leave them all that we have, is the best motive to beget them. But where property is precarious, labour will languish. The privileges of thinking, saying, and doing what we please, and of growing as rich as we can, without any other restriction, than that by all this we hurt not the public, nor one another, are the glorious privileges of Liberty; and its effects, to live in freedom, plenty, and safety. . . . Alas! Power encroaches daily upon Liberty, with a success too evident; and the balance between them is almost lost. Tyranny has engrossed almost the whole earth, and striking at mankind root and branch, makes the world a slaughterhouse. . . . Cato's Letters 509
510
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PART I
Development in the Separate Colonies
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PART II
Intercolonial Developments
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PART III
Relations with Britain
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VOLUME 3
ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION, 1760–1775 Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending; if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained,ówe must fight! I repeat it, sir, ó we must fight! An appeal to arms, and to the God of hosts, is all that is left us. Patrick Henry
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PART I
The British Army and the Western Lands
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PART II
Enforcement of Mercantilism
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PART III
Ideology and Religion
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PART IV
Edge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis
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PART V
The Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770
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PART VI
The Regulator Uprisings
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PART VII
Prelude to Revolution, 1770–1775
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PART VIII
Other Forces for Revolution
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VOLUME 4
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775–1784 These are the times that try menís souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but be that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. Patrick Henry
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PART I
The War Begins
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PART II
Suppressing the Tories
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PART III
The War in the First Half of 1776
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PART IV
America Declares Independence
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PART V
The Military History of the Revolution, 1776–1778
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PART VI
The Political History of the United States, 1776–1778
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PART VII
The Military History of the Revolution, 1778–1781
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PART VIII
The Political and Economic History of the United States, 1778–1784
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PART IX
The Impact of the Revolution
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1575
1576
Index Abercromby, James, 745 Abingdon, Earl of, 1351 abolition. See slavery, abolition of Acadians, 736–42, 763, 790 Acton, Lord, 1556 Acts of Trade and Navigation, 1217 Adams, John, 836, 871, 899, 919, 944, 947, 957, 962, 970–71, 1014, 1021, 1031, 1037, 1049, 1060–61, 1080, 1082, 1084, 1099–1100, 1132, 1143, 1146, 1147, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1170, 1217, 1230, 1248, 1256–57, 1280, 1311, 1337, 1344, 1359, 1377, 1473, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1504, 1519, 1525, 1132, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1181, 1190, 1205, 1212, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1224, 1230, 1239, 1240, 1244, 1248, 1256–58, 1259, 1269, 1270, 1274, 1275, 1280, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1311, 1322, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1359, 1361, 1362, 1374, 1377, 1378, 1471, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1492, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1525, 1549, 1561, 1562, 1574; Thoughts on Government, 1257, 1269, 1383, 1384, 1387 Adams, John Quincy, 1099 Adams, Samuel, 802–03, 812, 814, 868–73, 893, 896, 919, 924, 933, 937, 944–46, 958, 961, 964–65, 970, 980, 1013–14, 1018–22, 1030, 1043–45, 1049, 1060–61, 1065, 1082, 1086–87, 1091, 1099 Adams, Samuel “Deacon,” 803 Administration of Justice Act, 1039 Administration of the Colonies, The (Pownall), 856 Adriaensen, Maryn, 295, 296 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 716, 721, 724 Albany Convention Treaty (1754), 745 Albany Plan, 731–32, 856, 1062 Albuquerque, Alfonso de, 17
Alden, Abraham, 1069 Alden, Col. Ichabod, 1407 Alden, John R. (Charles Lee: Traitor or Patriot?), 1149, 1152, 1570; (The American Revolution, 1775–1783), 1181, 1305, 1313, 1417, 1435, 1569 Aldridge, Ellen, 188 Alexander, James, 335, 545, 548, 645, 646, 649 Alexander, John M., 1383; Mecklenburg instructions, 1383 Allen, Ethan, 1105–11, 1113, 1138, 1141–42, 1143, 1160, 1161–62, 1163, 1166, 1279, 1371, 1530–31, 1532, 1533 Allen, Capt. Heman, 1297 Allen, Ira, 1109, 1531, 1533 Allen, James, 721 Allen, Samuel, 418, 419, 454, 456, 457, 463 Allen, Thomas (Rev.), 1260, 1261–62, 1263, 1500 Allen, William (Chief Justice), 565, 566, 568, 723, 808 Allen, William, Jr., 885 Allen, William, (killed at St. George’s Fields), 943 Allicocke, Joseph, 879 Allyn, John, 408, 419, 433 Alrichs, Peter, 307, 325 Alsop, John, 983, 1049, 1230, 1296 Ambrose, Alice, 81, 237 Andros, Sir Edmund, 139, 326, 328–30, 343, 344, 363, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 380, 381, 386, 389, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 424, 425, 426, 435, 437, 446, 456, 468, 501 Anne, Queen, 125, 131, 141, 464, 470 Appleton, John, 406, 407 Appleton, Samuel, 360n Archdale, John, 128, 129, 132, 276 Argall, Samuel, 50, 54, 86 Arlington, Lord, 92, 83, 136
1577 1577 1577
Ambruster, Anthony, 651 American Historical Review, 1149, 1538, 1574, 1575 American Philosophical Society, 565 American Revenue Act, 807–09, 811–12, 814–16, 825–26, 831, 853, 855, 859, 867, 873, 892, 908, 934, 980, 1016, 1115 American Revolution, compared to Bacon’s Rebellion, 1556; Belgian Revolution of 1789, 1562; English Revolution, 1555; French Revolution, 1539–40, 1545, 1555, 1556, 1557–58, 1567, 1574; Russian Revolution, 1555 American Weekly Mercury, 649–50 Amherst, Jeffrey, 745, 746, 747, 751, 757, 784–84, 790, 796 Amicable Society, 950 Andrews, John, 810, 828 Andros tyranny, 519, 628 Andth, Maj., 1396 Anglican church, 574, 616, 654, 655, 660, 663, 664, 679, 680, 682 Anglican Society for the Preservation of the Gospel, 836 Anglicans, 523, 538, 556, 558, 609, 644, 650, 659, 664, 668, 681, 1183, 1266, 1285, 1286, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1553, 1558 Anglo-French Treaty of 1783, 1477 Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1783, 1477 Angus, George, 886–87, 898, 1429, 1458 Arieli, Yehoshua (Individualism and Nationalism in American Ideology), 1294 Aristotle, 1080 Arminianism, 656, 657, 662, 663, 668–69 Arminius, Jacob, 284, 656 Armstrong, Laurence, 737–38; articles of association (S.C.), 601 Armstrong, Maj. John, 1334, 1491, 1519, 1520–21; “Newburgh Address,” 1519, 1520 Arnold, Anthony, 101 Arnold, Benedict, 203, 338, 341, 1141–42, 1143, 1160, 1161, 1164–66, 1205, 1307–08, 1315, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1329–30, 1337, 1394; and treason, 1396–97, 1410, 1441, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1467 Arnold, Dr. Jonathan, 1516, 1521
Arnold, William, 178, 189, 190, 194, 196, 197, 198, 203, 205 Articles of Confederation, 1358, 1360, 1361, 1363, 1367–79, 1483, 1485, 1486, 1503, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1512, 1515, 1521, 1523, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1562, 1563; Article Two, 1367, 1368; Article Twelve, 1369 Arundel, Sir Thomas, 32 Ashe, Gen. John, 1423 Asheton, Robert, 653 Ashfield, Richard, 546 Ashley, John, 1260, 1261 Ashurst, Sir Henry, 462, 470 Atherton Company, 533 Atherton, Humphrey, 268 Atkinson, Isaac, 1193 Attucks, Crispus, 963, 965 Auchmuty, Robert, 1018 Atwood, William, 463, 464, 465 Ausubel, H. (The Making of Modern Europe), 1574 Austin, Ann, 228, 229 Avery, John, 868 Avery, Waightstill, 1383; Mecklenburg instructions, 1383 Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, 26
Bache, Richard, 1364 Backus, Isaac, 667 Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 116, 134 Bacon’s Rebellion, 84, 92–103, 116, 348, 501, 685 Bailyn, Bernard, 74n, 1119–20, 1556, 1575 Bainbridge, Edmund, 547 Bainbridge, John, Jr., 547, 549 Baker, Remember, 1107, 1109–10 Baker, William, 909, 912, 941 Balboa, Vasco de, 16 Baldwin, Nehemiah, 546 Baldwin, Samuel, 546 Ballard, Thomas, 103 Baltimore Committee for Safety, 1206 Baltimore, Lord, 71, 72, 75, 105, 106, 107, 117, 121, 122, 136, 137, 498, 581
1578 1578 1578
Bank of North America, 1505–07, 1523–24 Banking, commercial, 622; deposit, 622; government, 622; merchant, 622 Banks, fund, 627; land, 627, 628, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638; loan, 627, 631, 632, 636; silver, 634 Banyar, Goldsbrow, 539 Baptists, 519, 523, 524, 652, 662–63, 664, 666, 1183, 1185; General, 662–63; Isaac Backus, 1259; Particular, 663; Regular, 663; Separate, 663, 666–67 Barclay, Robert, 383, 387 Barefoot, Walter, 237, 351, 352, 353, 356 Barlow, George, 265 Barnwell, John, 587–88 Barons, Benjamin, 810 Barre, Isaac, 848, 857, 873, 916, 943, 1038–40 Barrington, Lord, 1090 Barton, William, 1505 Bass, Henry, 868, 1031, 1065 Basse, Jeremiah, 476, 477, 478 Basset, Robert, 213 Bassett, John S., 998 Batter, Edward, 230 Battle of Alamance, 1008 Battle of Golden Hill, 968, 982, 987 Baudeau, Nicolas, 1348 Baxter, George, 304, 305 Bayard, Nicholas, 313, 328, 422, 423, 425, 427, 433, 435, 436, 457, 463, 464, 465 Bayard, William, 749 Beale, John, 62 Beard, Charles, 1118 Beaumarchais, 1473 Beatty, John, 1529 Becker, Carl, 501, 1118, 1255; The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, 1298, 1572 Beckford, William, 715, 754, 756, 760, 857, 912, 915, 920, 941 Bedford, Duke of, 549, 717, 722, 724, 725, 728, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 783, 788, 792, 835, 911, 917, 924–25, 936, 942, 976–77, 1037 Beekman, Dr. Gerardus, 424, 436, 455 Beekman, James, 983
Belcher, Jonathan, 530, 548, 549, 550, 631, 633, 634, 708, 709, 741 Belcher, Jonathan, Jr., 740, 742 Belgium and the American Revolution, 1563, 1567, 1568 Bellingham, Richard, 228 Bellomont, Earl of. See Robert Coote Bellomont, Lady, 465 Bemis, Samuel Flagg (The Diplomacy of the American Revolution), 1574 Benezet, Anthony, 675 Bengal famine, 1027 Bennett, Richard, 75 Benson, Egbert, 1545 Berardi, Gianneto, 15, 16 Berkeley, John Lord, 111, 112, 128, 313, 315, 323, 326 Berkeley, Sir William, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 111, 118, 134, 138, 267, 501 Berkin, Carol (Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey of an American Loyalist), 1573 Berkshire Constitutionalists, 1260, 1377, 1379, 1500 Bernard, Francis, 748, 802, 827, 854, 866–67, 869–70, 872–73, 891, 894, 900, 903, 936–37, 945–46, 962, 1038 Berry, John, 385 Beverley, Robert, 103, 136, 137, 1072 Beverly, William, 576, 726 Bezanson, Anne (“Inflation and Controls, Pennsylvania, 1774–1779”), 1573 Biddle, Owen, 1491 Bigelow, Joel, 1533 Billias, George A. (George Washington’s opponents: British Admirals in the American Revolution), 1184, 1213, 1571; (George Washington’s Generals), 1147, 1209, 1570; (“Horatio Gates: Professional Soldier”), 1308, 1327, 1435, 1570 Bingham, William, 1225, 1506, 1509 Bird, Capt. Henry, 1411, 1412 Birkenhead, 62 Bishop, George, 234, 236 “Black Boys of Cabarrus,” 1007 “Black Regiment,” 803
1579 1579 1579
Blackman, Capt., 411 Blackstone, Rev. William, 154, 158, 1099– 1100, 1252–53, 1258 Blackwell, John, 398, 399, 400, 401, 485, 486, 489, 491, 492, 628 Bladen, Martin, 706 Blair, Rev. James, 139, 140, 141 Blake, Daniel, 710 Blake family, 603, 604 Blake, Joseph, 128 Blakiston, Nehemiah, 122 Bland, John, 80 Bland, Richard, Jr., 824, 840, 842, 863, 948, 1087 Blathwayt, William, 346, 364, 367, 417, 445, 456, 457, 470, 574–75 Block, Adriaen, 285 Blommaert, Samuel, 290, 301 “Bloody Law,” 1110 Bloody Marsh, Battle of, 615 Blunt, Tom, 587, 588 Board of Commissioners of the Customs, 931, 937, 945 Board of Proprietors (S.C.), 600 Board of Trade (British), 549, 550, 568, 585, 602, 603, 604, 704, 705, 706, 708, 710, 721, 722, 725, 732, 736, 737, 739, 788–89, 794, 796, 805, 820, 936, 1104 Bogardus, Rev. Everardus, 295, 298 Bollen, James, 480 Bollan, Thomas, 649 Bollan, William, 717, 718 Bond, Phineas, 651 bondservants. See indentured servants Boone, Daniel, 1365 Boone, Thomas, 617 Boorstin, Daniel, 1119 Borden, Richard, 480 Boston Caucus Club, 803 Boston Chronicle, 957, 959 Boston Committee of Correspondence, 1160, 1170 Boston Evening Post, 644 Boston Gazette, 642, 803, 867–69, 895, 900, 919, 958, 961, 963, 965, 973, 982, 1019, 1079 Boston Independent Advertiser, 720
Boston Masonic Society, 803 Boston Massacre, 963, 964, 966, 968, 978, 1014, 1018, 1086 Boston News-Letter, 642 Boston Port Act, 1037–38, 1043–44, 1046, 1051, 1054 Boston Public Occurrences, 642 Boston Resolves, 1020–21 Boston Tea Party, 1031–34, 1036–37, 1043, 1047 Boucher, Jonathan, 1080 Boulainvilliers, Comte de, 1101 boundary disputes, 530, 532, 538, 539, 545–50, 573, 617, 633, 725 Bouquet, Henry, 783, 785–87 Bourne, Nehemiah, 259 Bowdoin, James, 919, 961, 1499 Bowen, Catherine Drinker (John Adams and the American Revolution), 1146, 1573 Bowler, R. Arthur (Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America, 1775– 1783), 1570 Bowne, Andrew, 477, 481, 482, 484 Bowne, John (N.J.), 323 Bowne, John (N.Y.), 310 Bownes, Rev. Samuel, 489 Braddock, Edward, 566, 567, 732, 733, 734, 746 Braddock, General, 796 Bradford, Andrew, 563, 564, 649–50 Bradford, William (Pa.), 487, 488, 489, 563, 645, 649, 885, 1491 Bradford, William (Ply.), 151, 152, 154, 263, 264 Bradstreet, Dudley, 366 Bradstreet, John, 745, 787 Bradstreet, Simon, 236, 276, 332, 358, 359, 360, 362, 366, 414, 415, 527 Brailsford, H.N., 388n Brasher, Abraham, 436 Brattle Street Church, 519–20, 521 Brattle, Thomas, 446, 519 Brattle, William, 519, 520 Braxton, Carter, 1225, 1268, 1269–70, 1274, 1483; Address to the Convention of Virginia, 1269–70 Bray, John, 479
1580 1580 1580
Bray, Thomas, 609, 679 Breakenridge, James, 1105–06, 1110 Breedon, Thomas, 260, 275 Breed’s Hill, 1155, 1209 Brend, William, 231, 232 Brent, George, 70, 90 Brent, Giles, 89, 100 Brenton, Jahleel, 450, 451 Brenton, William, 450 Brewster, Margaret, 239 Brian, Hugh, 598 Brian, Jonathan, 598 Briant, Lemuel, 668–69 Bridger, John, 708 Bridgewater, Earl of, 453 Brief Narrative (Allen), 1108 Brief Remarks (Otis), 816 Brinckerhoff, Dirck, 1544 British Constitution, 1120 British Currency Act of 1764, 831, 856 British Iron Act of 1750, 1221 British Prohibitory Act, 1213–14, 1216, 1217, 1264, 1267 Brockholls, Anthony, 330, 374, 378 Brodhead, Capt., 317, 318 Bronck, Jonas, 293, 295 Bronner, Edwin B., 398n, 399 Brooke, Chidley, 435 Brooke, Lord, 208 Broughton, Nicholas, 1211 Brown brothers, 817 Brown, E. Francis (Joseph Hawley: Colonial Radical), 1500, 1573 Brown, Gerald S. (American Secretary: Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain), 1571 Brown, John (Col.), 1017, 1160, 1162, 1163, 1166, 1329 Brown, Moses, 890, 1022 Brown, Nicholas, 807, 815 Brown, Richard Maxwell, 993; (The South Carolina Regulators), 1183 Brown, Robert E., 438n, 441n; and B. Katherine (Virginia 1705–86: Democracy or Aristocracy?), 1271 Brown, William, 360n Brown University. See Rhode Island College
Browne, John, 164 Browne, Samuel, 164 Brunhouse, Robert L. (The Counter-Revolution in Pennsylvania), 1572 Bryan, George, 1371–72, 1550 Budd, Dr. John, 1383 Buchanan, George, 1097 Buckingham, Duke of, 149, 214 Bulkeley, Peter, 360n, 361, 366 Bulkeley, Rev. Gershom, 419, 471 Bull, Alderman, 1037 Bull, Henry, 420 Bull, Thomas, 344 Bull, William, 826, 886, 897, 901, 994 Burch, William, 957 Burgh, James (Political Disquisitions), 1262–63 Burke, Aedanus ( Judge), 1525, 1526 Burke, Edmund, 848, 911, 914, 930, 971, 978, 1028, 1038–40, 1042, 1058, 1076, 1098, 1150, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1321, 1348, 1468, 1565; The Vindication of Natural Society, 1253; Letter to the Sheriff of Bristol, 1349, 1350 Burke, Dr. Thomas, 1359–60, 1367, 1369, 1472, 1514–15; Orange instructions, 1383 Burke, Richard, 911 Burke, William, 755, 762, 910–11, 914 Burgoyne, Gen. John, 1154, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322–23, 1324, 1325, 1326–27, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1332, 1338, 1339, 1348, 1349, 1381, 1405, 1459 Burling, William, 673 Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 1053 Burnett, Edmund Cody (The Continental Congress), 1169, 1571 Burr, Aaron, 667, 695, 1165, 1302, 1303, 1305, 1344, 1550 Burrington, George, 590 Burrough, Edward, 236 Burroughs, Rev. George, 444, 448 Burton, Mary, 544 Bute, Earl of, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 788, 792, 794, 796, 844, 847, 869, 907, 911, 913, 917, 942 Butler, John (Col.), 1405–06, 1407; Butler’s Rangers, 1405, 1406, 1407
1581 1581 1581
Butler, Walter, 1407, 1408, 1415 Butler, William (Col.), 1000–02, 1004–05, 1008, 1407 Butterworth, Moses, 480 Byfield, Nathaniel, 450, 451, 453, 462, 470 Byllinge, Edward, 326, 327, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 474 Byrd family, 840 Byrd, Valentine, 118 Byrd II, William, 59, 63, 92, 95, 114, 115, 119, 140, 576
“cabin right,” 553 Cabot, John, 15, 25 Cabot, Sebastian, 15, 17, 19, 25 Cabral, Pedro, 16 Cadamosto, Capt., 12 Calef, Robert, 449 Calhoun, Robert M. (The Loyalists in Revolutionary, America, 1760–1781), 1573 Callahan, North (“Henry Knox: American Artillerist”), 1209; (Royal Raiders), 1537, 1571 Calvert, Benedict, 125 Calvert, Cecilius, 104, 105, 106, 109 Calvert, Charles, 125 Calvert, Leonard, 105, 106 Calvert, Philip, 108, 116 Calvinism, 523, 524, 553, 644, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 668, 669, 680, 681 Calvinistic Methodists, 659 Camden, Lord, 916–17, 925, 977–78 Camm, John, 839–43 Campbell, Col. Archibald, 1421, 1422, 1423 Campbell, Col. Arthur, 1484 Campbell, Dougal, 901 Campbell, John, 642 Campbell, Neil, 385, 386 Campbell, Col. William, 1439, 1459 Canada, 567, 714, 717, 719, 724, 732, 735, 738, 746, 748, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 760, 762, 764–65 Cannon, Prof. James, 1277, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1375;
Philadelphia Committee of Privates, 1372 Cano, Sebastian del, 17 Canonchet, 337, 340, 341, 342 Cao, Diogo, 13, 15 Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia), 559, 631, 634, 713, 714, 725, 735, 736–42ff., 745, 755 Cape Fear Loyalists, 1006 Carden, Maj. John, 1431 Carleton, Guy (Gov.), 765 Carleton, Gen. Guy, 1160, 1161, 1163, 1164, 1166, 1191, 1307, 1308, 1315, 1325, 1468, 1532 Carleton, Maj. Guy, 1410 Carlisle, Earl of, 1352 Carlisle Commission, 1352 Carpenter, Isaiah, 1105–06 Carr, John, 314 Carr, Sir Robert, 273, 274, 276, 314 Carrier, Martha, 445 Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 1286, 1287, 1364, 1385 cartel, compulsory, 581 Carter family, 783 Carter, Landon, 584, 632, 824, 840, 842, 1072, 1253, 1549 Carter, Robert (“King”), 69, 576, 726 Carter, Samuel, 479, 480 Carteret, James, 324, 480 Carteret, John. See Granville, Earl of Carteret, Peter, 117 Carteret, Philip, 315, 323, 324, 326, 329, 380, 381, 382, 383, 476, 479 Carteret, Sir George, 111, 313, 315, 323, 327, 329, 330, 380, 381, 382 Cartier, Jacques, 17, 18 Cartwright, Maj. John, 1352; Take Your Choice, 1352 Cartwright, George, 273, 276, 314 Cary, Archibald, 824 Cary, Thomas, 587, 132, 133 Caswell, Col. Richard, 1199, 1360, 1435 Catherine the Great, 1234, 1471 Cato’s Letters (1720s; Gordon) , 649, 686, 690–93, 702, 1120 Catterall, Eleazer, 480
1582 1582 1582
Causamon, 335 Causton, Thomas, 612 Cavendish, Thomas, 30 censorship, 639, 643, 644, 648, 673, 720 Chaleur, 830 Chalmers, George (Plain Truth), 1278 Chamberlain, Richard, 351, 352 Champagne, Roger J. (“New York’s Radicals and the Coming of Independence”), 1173 Champernowne, Francis, 276, 352, 366 Champlain, Samuel de, 34 Chandler, Robert, 942 Chandler, Thomas, 1067, 1080 Channing, Edward, 399 Chaplin, Ebenezer, 1085 Charles I (King), 104, 112, 135, 157, 159, 214, 223, 253, 314, 493 Charles II (King), 103, 107, 111, 135, 138, 236, 238, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 311, 312, 315, 324, 325, 326, 345, 346, 349, 352, 355, 356, 359, 366, 372, 375, 382, 392, 457, 945 Charles III of Spain (King), 1227 Chase, Samuel, 1063, 1216, 1224, 1287, 1363, 1364, 1491 Chase, Thomas, 868 Chatham, Lord, 1136, 1232 Chatham, Earl of. See William Pitt Caucus Club, 868 Chauncy, Charles, 660, 668, 669, 686, 871, 904, 1044, 1085 Checkley, John, 644 Chesseldine, Kenelm, 122 Chessick, Robert, 62 Chew, Larkin, 576 Chew, Justice Benjamin, 1334 Chicherley, Sir Henry, 134, 135 Child, Dr. Robert, 227, 228, 259, 273 Chittenden, Col. Thomas, 1297, 1531 Chitwood, Oliver, 273 Choiseul, Comte Etienne Francois, 1346 Chodorov, Frank, 993 Christian, Matthew, 942 Christison, Wenlock, 235, 236 Church, Benjamin, 342, 944–45, 970, 1014, 1091, 1133, 1145, 1181
Churchman, John, 675 Cicero, 1080 Cider tax, 793–94, 844–45, 848, 869, 941 Circuit Court Act, 996 Civil Government (Locke), 1099 Claiborne, William, 71, 72, 106, 107 Clarendon, Earl of. See Edward Hyde Clark, George Rogers, 1365–66, 1402–03, 1404, 1405, 1408, 1411–12, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1457, 1464, 1465 Clark, Mary, 231 Clark, Thomas, 425, 434, 458 Clarke, George, 466, 535 Clarke, John, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 269, 270 Clarke, Nathaniel, 408, 417 Clarke, Richard, 1030 Clarke, Samuel, 669 Clarke, Walter, 341, 409, 420, 468, 469 Clarke, Samuel, 669 Clarke, William, 732 Claver, Pedro, 65 Cleverly, Stephen, 868 Clinton, Gen. George, 535, 1389, 1478, 1501, 1512, 1530, 1533 Clinton, Gen. James, 1408, 1410 Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1190, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1265, 1301, 1303, 1310, 1311, 1317, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1352, 1353, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1397, 1410, 1414, 1424–25, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1438, 1441, 1451, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1468, 1544, 1546 Clutton, William, 61 Clymer, George, 1506 Cochran, Robert, 1106–07, 1110, 1112 Cockayne, Alderman, 155 Coddington, William, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 231, 247, 248, 339, 340, 341, 408 Coercive Acts, 1037, 1039, 1042–43, 1048, 1055, 1057–58, 1061–63, 1071, 1075, 1111; of 1774, 1151, 1258, 1352, 1416 Coerteus, Myndert, 436
1583 1583 1583
Coffell, Joseph, 995–96 Coggeshall, John, 184, 248, 420 Coke, Sir Edward, 176 Coke, Chief Justice, 802 Colden, Alexander, 820 Colden, Cadwallader, , 534–35, 670, 820, 878–79, 903, 1046, 1104–05, 1111–12 Colden family, 926, 929 Coleman, Ann, 237 Coleman, Henry, 325 Collected Works (Voltaire), 1100 College of Philadelphia, 1047 Colleton, James, 126, 127 Colleton, John, 111 Collins, John, 1516, 1521 Colman, Benjamin, 521, 718 Colman, John, 630, 631, 633 Colonel Dismounted, The (Bland), 842 Columbia University, 13, 1180. See King’s College Columbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15 Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Colve, Anthony, 325, 326 Colville, Admiral Lord, 809–10 Commentaries, 1099 Committees of Inspection, Philadelphia, 1217, 1218; Newark, 1218; New London, 1218; Hartford, 1218; Providence, 1218 Committee of Fifty-one, 1046, 1049–50, 1067 Committee of Forty-five, 1069 Committee of Forty-three, 1047, 1050, 1066 Committee of Mechanics, 1046, 1049, 1059, 1067 Committee of Nine (Mass.), 515–16 Committee of One Hundred, 1173–74 Committee of Safety, 1083–84 Committee of Sixty, 1067, 1070, 1173–74 Committee of Sixty-six, 1066, 1071 Committee on the State of the Province, 1083 Committees of Correspondence, 823, 825, 839–40, 843, 1019, 1031, 1034, 1037, 1043–48, 1057, 1068, 1074, 1098 commodities, marketable, 581, 589, 593, 621, 625, 632, 633 commodity money, 621, 625, 632
Common Council (Ga.), 609 Commonwealthmen, 848 Conant, Roger, 153, 154 Conciliatory Plan, 1076 Condorcet, Marquis de, 1298, 1561 Conestoga wagons, 555 Congregationalists, 1246, 1259, 1379, 1553 Congregationalism, 521, 523, 654, 661, 664, 665, 666, 669; New Light, 660, 662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 695; New Light Separatist, 663, 665–66; Old Light, 660, 663, 664, 666; Separatists, 664 Congress (national), 1361, 1362, 1368, 1369 Congreve, William, 59 Connecticut, 527, 528, 532, 551, 657, 710, 731, 741, 750; after Glorious Revolution, 471–73; Assembly, 660, 664–65, 731–32, 1188, 1370; conscription, 524, 559, 568, 587, 589, 599, 729, 734, 744, 749, 750; founding, 208–13, 700; General Court, 523; militia, 719; money in, 625, 627, 631, 635; postal service in, 640; prohibition of slavery 676, 1550; religion in, 523, 553, 654, 660, 663, 664, 665–66, 680, 695 Connecticut Gazette, 882, 895 Connolly, Dr. John, 1194–95, 1200, 1464 Consensus school of history, 1119 Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, 1052 Constitutional Post, 1170–71 Constitutionalist school of history, 1119–20 Continental Army, 1145, 1146, 1152, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1167, 1181, 1190, 1209, 1221, 1230, 1239, 1244, 1290, 1295, 1303, 1307, 1311, 1312, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1337, 1338, 1394, 1406, 1408, 1409, 1416, 1433, 1434, 1436, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1455, 1458, 1459, 1495, 1519, 1552; disintegration of, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1408, 1413, 1454, 1455, 1462, 1479, 1488, 1489, 1518, 1521 Continental Association, 1063–69, 1071– 74, 1076, 1082, 1172, 1179, 1180, 1202, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218
1584 1584 1584
Continental Congress, 1132, 1142–43, 1144–47, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1158, 1160, 1161, 1166, 1167–69, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1180, 1181, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1192, 1195, 1201, 1202, 1206, 1211, 1214, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1221, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1229, 1230, 1239, 1240, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1258, 1264–65, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1271, 1273, 1274, 1276, 1280, 1281, 1286, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1304, 1305, 1307, 1312, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1327, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1343–44, 1347, 1352, 1357, 1359, 1360, 1363, 1365, 1367, 1375, 1377, 1380, 1381, 1386, 1396, 1397, 1406, 1408, 1434, 1442, 1453, 1456, 1457, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1501, 1512, 1514, 1524, 1525, 1527; Articles of Confederation, 1483; Board of War, 1337; Committee of Foreign Affairs, 1473, 1503, 1504; Committee of Secret Correspondence, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1473; Continental bills, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1494, 1496; Departments of War, Marine, and Finance, 1503–04; military pensions, 1518–22, 1523, 1524; Ordinance of 1784, 1528; Secret Committee, 1216, 1223–24, 1225; slavery, 1552; taxation, 1503, 1509, 1511, 1514, 1517, 1524; Tories, 1538, 1540; Treaty of Paris, 1478; Vermont, 1531, 1532, 1533 Continental Congress, First, 1048, 1051, 1054–57, 1060–67, 1069, 1072, 1074–75, 1079, 1082, 1085, 1087–88, 1112 Continental Congress, Second, 1085 Continental Navy, 1212, 1353; and privateering, 1212–13, 1399 Continental paper, 1168, 1493, 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1508; inflation, 1169, 1395, 1487–89, 1491, 1492, 1493, 1494, 1557; loan certificates, 1495, 1496; price controls, 1489–93; Quartermaster and Commissary certificates, 1509–10, 1511, 1512
Convention of El Prado (1739), 715 Conway, Gen. Sir Henry, 848, 858, 907, 911–13, 917, 925, 977, 1038, 1149, 1337, 1344, 1434 Coode, John, 117, 122, 432 Cook, Arthur, 399, 400, 401, 492 Cooke, Elisha, 416, 439, 457, 461, 515 Cooke, Elisha, Jr., 515, 628 Cooke, George, 916 Cooke, John, 265 Cooke Nicholas, 1185, 1211, 1247 Cooley, Simeon, 954 Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley (Earl of Shaftesbury), 111, 112, 119, 128, 277, 333, 349, 358 Cooper, Myles (Rev.), 1080; (Friendly Address to All Reasonable Americans), 1152, 1173 Cooper, Samuel, 803, 871, 947, 961, 982 Cooper, Timothy, 371 Cooper, Thomas, 603 Cooper, William, 961, 1020 Coote, Robert (Earl of Bellomont), 454–61, 463, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470, 520, 525 Copeland, John, 231, 232 Coram, Thomas, 609, 616 Corbin, Francis, 591 “corn right,” 552–53 Cornbury, Lord (Gov.), 464, 465, 466, 467, 483, 542, 554, 820 Cornwallis, Edward, 738, 739 Cornwallis, Gen. Charles Lord, 1205, 1310, 1313, 1333, 1334, 1343, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1432, 1433, 1435, 1436, 1438, 1439, 1440–41, 1443, 1444, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1454, 1456, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 17 Corry, William, 535 Corssen, Arendt, 292 Cortez, Hernando, 17 Cosby, William, 534, 645, 646 Cotton, Rev. John, 168, 176, 180, 182, 192, 201, 247, 339 Council of Elders (Mass.), 518 Council of Proprietors (N.J.), 545, 547
1585 1585 1585
Council of War (R.I.), 524 “Country Party” of Maryland, 1285–86 “Court Party” of Maryland, 1285–86 Cox, John, 885 Coxe, Dr. Daniel, Jr., 391, 474, 476, 545–46 Coxe, William, 878 Crandall, Samuel, 875–77 Cranfield, Edward, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 361, 364, 369, 407, 418 Cranston, Samuel, 468, 469, 524 Craven, Charles, 599 Craven, Peter, 1001 Crawford, William, 1464 credit exchanges, 622 creditors, 527, 528, 582, 624, 633, 637 Crews, James, 92, 97 Croghan, George, 560–61, 1364 Cromwell, Oliver, 75, 107, 108, 202, 203, 204, 206, 213, 225, 228, 258, 305, 332, 945 Crook, Robert, 875 Crosby, Brass, 974 Crown Point, 1142, 1143, 1160, 1161 Cruger, Henry, 971, 1042 Cudworth, James, 265, 266 Culpeper, John, 98, 118, 333 Culpeper, Lord, 82, 83, 103, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 363, 364, 576, 726 Cumberland, Duke of, 724, 732, 744, 912 Cunliffe, Marcus (“George Washington: George Washington’s Generalship”), 1147 currency. See paper money Currey, Cecil B. (Code Number 72/Ben Franklin: Patriot or Spy?), 1474, 1574 Curry, Michael, 846, 848 Curtis, John, 381, 382 Cushing, Thomas, 946, 1014, 1019, 1049, 1063, 1065, 1146, 1230, 1248, 1259, 1378 Cushing, Chief Justice William (Commonwealth v. Jennison), 1550 customs, royal, 590, 700, 704 Cutler, Timothy, 680 Cutt, John, 351
Cuyler, Hendrick, 422 Cygnet, 830, 876 d’Ailly, Cardinal Pierre, 11, 13 d’Aulnay, Charles, 224 d’Estaing, Adm. Charles Hector, 1353, 1425, 1426, 1427 d’Hinoyossa, Alexander, 307 Daggett, Naphtali, 882 Daille, Rev. Peter, 436 Dale, Sir Thomas, 50, 51, 52 Dalrymple, William, 962 Damhouder, Josse de, 299 Danby, Earl of, 345, 349, 416 Danforth, Thomas, 358, 359, 360, 362, 407, 439 Dangerfield, George (Chancellor Robert R. Livingston), 1573 Daniel, Robert, 131 Danson, John, 132 Dare, Virginia, 29 Dart, Benjamin, 973 Dartmouth, 1030–31 Dartmouth, Lord, 912, 917, 953, 1037–39 Dartmouth College, 1246, 1381 Daughters of Liberty, 905 Davenport, James, 660 Davenant, Sir William, 107 Davenport, Rev. John, 166, 211, 212, 220, 270, 271, 272 Davis, Hugh, 66 Davis, John, 28, 30, 31 Davis, Samuel, 662, 695 Davis, Silvanus, 405 Davy, Humphrey, 360n Davyes, Wiliam, 116 de Beaumarchais, Caron, 1226, 1227 de Bonvouloir, Archard, 1226, 1227 de Galvez, Bernardo, 1415 de Grasse, Adm., 1460, 1461, 1462, 1475 de Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann, 1336, 1434, 1435, 1436 de Montesquieu, Baron, 1375 de Nemours, Dupont, 1561 de Peyster, Abraham, 464 de Peyster, Pierre, 1105
1586 1586 1586
de Vattel, Emerich, 813, 1099 de Vries, David, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300 Deane, Silas, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1230, 1346, 1347, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1485, 1503 debasement of money, 622, 625, 626, 627 debtors, 527, 528, 582, 609, 610, 624, 630, 637 decentralization, 524–25 Declaration of Independence, 1291–94, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1351, 1371, 1382, 1556, 1562 Declaration of Rights, 1062 Declaratory Acts, 915–16, 918–19, 980, 1233, 1349 Dee, “Doctor” John, 28, 46 deism, 662, 668–71, 686, 694 DeLancey family, 538, 645, 646, 683, 749, 757, 926, 1174, 1183, 1543 DeLancey, James, 789, 837 DeLancey, Oliver, 983 DeLancey, Peter, 887 Delanoy, Peter, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429, 436, 437, 455, 456, 463 Delaware, 554, 561, 564, 573; Assembly, 1283, 1370; Delaware Constitution, 1385, 1549; proprietary in, 700; religion in, 654 Delke, Roger, 83 Dellius, Rev. Godfridus, 455, 457, 458, 460, 539 demand deposits, 623 democracy, 525, 533, 578, 579, 593 Denison, Daniel, 360n Dennis, Samuel, 381 Denny, William, 570, 748 Denton, Rev. Richard, 212 Derby, Capt. John, 1135 Derby, Lord, 1467 Derk, John, 1235 Desbrosses, Elias, 984 despotism, 517, 603, 646, 651, 652, 691 Detroit, 784–84 devaluation. See debasement of money Devinney, Samuel, 1004 Devonshire, Duke of, 847, 856 Devotion, Ebenezer, 883
Dewey, Jedediah, 1105 Diaz, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15 Dickerson, Oliver, 965 Dickinson, John, 796, 822, 892, 934, 944, 970, 972, 1014, 1027, 1046–47, 1050–51, 1063, 1144, 1145, 1147, 1224, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1375 Dinwiddie, Robert, 586, 728–31, 733, 734, 783, 796 Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 1102 Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences (Rousseau), 1102 disenfranchisement, 533, 551, 566, 568, 650 Dissenters, 538, 616, 654, 665, 681, 794, 838, 841 Dixon, Jeremiah, 573 Dobbs, Arthur, 591 Dockwra, William, 481 Dominion of New England, 366–69, 402–12 Dongan, Thomas, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 408, 410, 411, 414, 429, 437 Donne, John (Gov.), 68, 641 Dorchester Heights, 1154, 1209, 1220 Dorfman, Joseph (The Economic Mind in American Civilization), 1400 Douglass, Elisha P. (“German Intellectuals and the American Revolution”), 1236, 1575; (Rebels and Democrats: The Struggle for Equal Political Rights and Majority Rule During the American Revolution), 1374, 1378, 1572 Douglass, William, 637, 720 Dowdeswell, William, 912, 971, 1038 Downer, Silas, 901, 919, 953 Downing, Emmanuel, 259 Drake, Sir Francis, 27 Drayton, William Henry, 955–56, 973, 1066, 1089, 1201, 1267, 1370, 1382, 1552 Drosius, Rev. Mr., 310 Drummond, James, 383 Drummond, John, 405 Drummond, Sara, 99 Drummond, William, 97, 98, 99, 100 Dry, William, 897–98 Drysdale, Hugh, 585
1587 1587 1587
Duane, James, 539, 831, 879, 1049–50, 1060–62, 1104, 1107, 1145, 1173, 1190, 1230, 1248, 1274, 1295, 1296, 1368, 1502, 1503 Duane manor, 537 Duberman, Martin (The Anti-Slavery Vanguard), 1529 Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 1101 Dudingston, William, 1017, 1023 Dudley, Charles, Jr., 1016–17 Dudley, Joseph, 358, 360, 362, 364, 365–69, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 415, 435, 436, 443, 450, 451, 466, 462, 463, 464, 469, 470, 471, 501, 520, 521, 527, 628, 642 Dudley, Paul, 630, 718 Dudley, Rebecca, 367 Dudley, Thomas, 160, 162, 181, 182, 222, 228 Duer, William, 1368, 1473, 1519 Dunbar, David, 708–09, 796 Dunbar, Thomas, 733 Dunmore, Lord (Gov.), 1052, 1088–89, 1105, 1193, 1194–95, 1196–98, 1200, 1211, 1268, 1365, 1551, 1552 Dunn, Richard S., 344, 347n, 445, 472n Durant, George, 117, 118, 119, 120 Durkee, John, 905 Dutch Reformed Church, 658, 661 Dyer, Eliphalet, 796, 815, 1063 Dyer, Mary, 183, 186, 231, 233, 234, 330, 445 Dyer, William (N.Y.), 330, 374, 396 Dyer, William (R.I.), 184, 200, 202, 203, 231, 330
East India Company, 1024–30, 1037, 1043, 1047, 1051 Eastchurch, Thomas, 118, 119 Eastland Company, 29, 155 Easton, John, 336, 468 Easton, Nicholas, 184, 200, 202, 203, 338, 408 Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia (Pickering), 1084 Eaton, Theophilus, 211, 212, 220, 222, 231, 302
Eaton, Thomas, 59 Eckly, John, 400 Economic-determinist school of history, 1118 Ecuyer, Simeon, 786 Eddis, William, 1080 Edes, Benjamin, 868 Eden, Robert, 1206, 1240, 1265, 1287 Edmundson, William, 349 Edmundston, William (Rev.), 672 Edsall, Samuel, 383, 424, 436 Edwards, Jonathan, 657–58, 659–60, 661, 662 Effingham, Lord, 1135–36, 1232 Egremont, Earl of, 783, 786, 789–90, 793–95, 845–46 Eldridge, John, 327 Eliot, Andrew, 680, 687, 871, 1098 Eliot, John, 342 Elizabeth, Queen, 25, 28, 147 Ellery, William, 721, 875–76 Ellis, Welbore, 793 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1093 Emile (Rousseau), 1100 Endecott, John, 158, 164, 170, 192, 197, 218, 224, 229, 232, 233, 235, 238, 332, 527 England, immigration policy, 539–40; international policy, 751–53; land policy, 530, 532, 549–50, 602–04; monetary policy, 626–27, 631, 633, 634, 635–36, 638; postal service, 639, 640, 641; religious policy, 679–83; relations with France, 559, 607, 713–14, 717, 721, 724–26, 743, 754; relations with Spain, 607, 615, 644, 714–16; religion in, 670–71, 684, 694 Enlightenment, 655, 677; enumerated list, 595, 703, 704, 706, 708 Enos, Lt. Col. Roger, 1164, 1166 Ericson, Leif, 15 Erskine, Gen. Sir William, 1313 Essay on Civil Government (Locke), 893 Essay on Man (Pope), 846 “Essay on the Trade of the Northern Colonies” (Hopkins), 815 Essay on Woman, 846–47 Evangelicals, New Side, 661; Old Side, 661, 663–64, 665 Evans, John, 455, 457, 496
1588 1588 1588
Everard, Richard, 590, 591 Eyre, Littleton, 900
Fabricius, Rev. Mr., 327 Fairbanks, Richard, 640 Fairfax County, 1151, 1270 Fairfax Resolves, 1270 Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 576, 577, 726, 727, 1541 Fanning, Edmund, 999–1002, 1004–06, 1008 Farmer, John, 673 Fauquier, Francis, 783, 881, 896 Fay, Jonas, 1109 Fay, Stephen, 1109 Feake, Tobias, 310 fees, feudal, 535 Feller, Abbe, 1563, 1568 Fendall, Josiah, 108, 116 Fenwick, George, 210, 211 Fenwick, John, 326, 327, 387, 389 Fenwicke family, 603–04 Ferguson, E. James (The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance 1776–1790), 1496, 1515, 1520, 1573; (“The Nationalists of 1781–1783 and the Economic Interpretation of the Constitution”), 1573 Ferguson, Patrick (Maj.), 1439–40 Ferguson, Thomas, 973 Fernandes, Joao, 15 feudalism, 535, 536, 537–38, 555, 606, 686 Few, James, 1008 Few, William, 1008 Field, John, 205 Field, William, 196 Finley, Samuel, 665 Fish, Elisha, 1085 Fish, Joseph, 695 Fisher, Mary, 228, 229 Fiske, John, 298–99, 313–14 Fitch, James, 419, 471, 472 Fitch, Thomas, 815, 883 Fleeming, John, 958–96 Fleet, Thomas, 644 Fleming, John, 863 Fletchall, Col. Thomas, 1201
Fletcher, Benjamin, 437, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 464, 465, 466, 467, 471, 475, 488, 489, 490, 491, 496, 536, 649 Flick, Alexander C. (Loyalism in New York During the American Revolution), 1180 Florida, 599, 600, 605, 606, 614, 615, 617, 761, 763; as haven for runaway slaves, 597, 607; forced labor in, 763–64 Foner, Eric (Tom Paine and Revolutionary America), 1490, 1491, 1572 Forbes, John, 745–46 Fort Constitution (Fort Lee), 1305, 1309, 1310 Fort Edward, 1322, 1323 Fort Miller, 1323, 1324 Fort St. John’s, 1142, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1165 Fort Stanwix, 1191, 1325, 1326, 1414 Fort Sullivan, 1205, 1207 Fort Washington, 1305, 1306, 1309 Founce, John, 408 Fothergill, Samuel, 675 Fowle, Daniel, 644–45 Fowles, Henry, 122 Fox, Charles James, 713, 1038–40, 1231–32, 1233, 1298, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1467–68, 1475–76, 1477–78 Fox, George, 108, 115, 339 Fox, Henry, 724, 732, 762, 790, 793, 1231 France, 558, 559, 566, 570, 605, 606, 610, 617, 621, 654, 685, 696, 713, 714, 724–35, 736, 737, 738, 739, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 755, 756, 758, 760, 763, 765 France and the American Revolution, 1393, 1399, 1400, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1425, 1430, 1459–60, 1461, 1462, 1561, 1567 Franco-American Treaty, 1470, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1478 Franklin, Benjamin, 556, 562–70, 572, 636, 642, 643, 646, 650, 652, 659, 670, 731, 732, 733, 755, 757, 790, 792, 808, 821–22, 855–56, 858, 866–67, 882, 884–85, 904, 906, 911, 916, 923, 930, 982, 1029, 1036, 1062, 1135, 1170, 1171, 1217, 1224, 1226, 1227, 1250, 1282, 1290, 1291, 1346–47, 1359,
1589 1589 1589
1360–61, 1363, 1364, 1371, 1400, 1472, 1473, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1485, 1493, 1515, 1525, 1526, 1527; as minister to France, 1474, 1561, 1574 Franklin, James, 642–43, 644 Franklin, William, 755, 808, 823, 904, 1192, 1240, 1284, 1285, 1364 Franks, David, 789 Franks family, 1364 Franks, Moses, 789 Fraser, Simon (Gen.), 1330, 1410 Free American Fire Company, 958 freedom of the press, 642, 644, 645, 646, 648, 649, 650, 682, 696 freedom of religion, 666, 667, 737. See also religious liberty freedom of speech, 652, 696 freeholders, 536, 589 Frelinghuysen, Federick, 1542 Frelinghuysen, Theodore J., 658, 661 French, Allen (The First Year of the American Revolution), 1570 French, Philip, 465 French, William, 1112 French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War), 555, 566, 586, 617, 632, 638, 662, 724–35, 743–47, 748, 749, 751, 752–53, 781, 788, 791–92, 796, 801, 810, 1083 French Enlightenment, 1100 Fretwell, Peter, 478 Friend, Isaac, 61 Friends of America, 1080 Friends of Liberty and Trade, 983 Frobisher, Martin, 28 Frontenac, Comte de, 429, 433 frontiersmen, 527, 528, 552, 568, 569, 573, 655, 708 Fuller, Dr. Matthew, 264 Fuller, Rose, 857, 912, 915, 919–20, 1038–39 Fuller, William, 107 fur trade, 539, 552, 706, 714, 717, 724, 728
Gadsden, Christopher, 886, 892–93, 918–19, 949–50, 955–56, 973, 986, 1015, 1034, 1054–55, 1063, 1066,
1073, 1082, 1217, 1249, 1267, 1382, 1383, 1428 Gage, Thomas (Gen.), 786–87, 796, 866, 879, 924, 929, 946, 985, 1018, 1038, 1044–45, 1048–49, 1056, 1058, 1065, 1068–69, 1083, 1090–92, 1135, 1136, 1140, 1141, 1154, 1155, 1159, 1160, 1173, 1184, 1200, 1233 Gaine, Hugh, 648, 1079 Gale, Christopher, 590 Gallop, John, 218 Galloway, Joseph, 822, 854, 867, 884–85, 906, 911, 934, 937, 982, 1022, 1050–51, 1060–63, 1144, 1175, 1192, 1312, 1316, 1364 Gama, Vasco da, 15 Gardiner, Lyon, 218 Gardiner, Thomas, 478 Garth, Charles, 855, 857 Gaspee, 1017–18, 1022–23 Gates, Gen. Horatio, 1150, 1151, 1153, 1161, 1164, 1240, 1307, 1308, 1311, 1312, 1321, 1322, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1332, 1336–37, 1339, 1341, 1344, 1394, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1442, 1479, 1519 Gates, Sir Thomas, 49 Gay, Ebenezer, 669 Gedney, Bartholomew, 360n, 366 General Committee of Charleston, 1054, 1066, 1073 Geneva and the American Revolution, 1564, 1566, 1568 George, Capt., 414 George II (King), 801 George III (King), 836, 864, 907, 953, 959, 973, 977, 1037, 1052, 1111, 1150, 1151, 1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1271, 1275, 1280, 1282, 1293, 1297, 1302, 1311, 1319, 1322, 1380, 1406, 1419, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1476; declares war on the Dutch, 1400 Georgia, 707, 716, 741; as proprietary colony, 607, 609, 614; as royal colony, 616; Assembly, 614, 616, 617; , 1382; Association movement, 997; Council, 616, 617; Council of Safety, 1202, 1265;
1590 1590 1590
dictatorship in, 611–12, 613; humanitarianism in, 607–18; militia, 700; Liberty Society of Savannah, 1382; money in, 636; newspapers in, 652; religion in, 654, 670; settlement of, 605, 607, 609, 610, 611; silk in, 612–13, 614, 616; slavery in, 612, 613, 614, 616 Georgia Gazette, 895, 1055 Gerard, Conrad, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474 Germain, Lord George, 1233, 1302, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1340, 1353, 1425, 1467 German Enlightenment, 1099 German settlers, 566, 568, 569–70, 610, 654, 672. See also immigration, German Germany and the American Revolution, 1561 Gerrard, Thomas, 117, 122 Gerry, Elbridge, 1020, 1083, 1146, 1248, 1264, 1525 Gibbs, John, 126 Gibbes, Robert, 596 Gibson, James, 572 Gilbert, Adrian, 28, 30 Gilbert, Felix (To the Farewell Address: Ideas of EarlyAmerican Foreign Policy), 1347, 1348, 1574 Gilbert, Jonathan, 995 Gilbert, Raleigh, 33 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 27, 28, 33 Gilbert, William, 598 Gildersleeve, Richard, 309 Gill, John, 958 Gillam, Samuel, 943 Glen, James, 730 Glorious Revolution, 413–41, 628, 688 Glover, William, 132 Glynn, Serjeant John, 845, 941 Godyn, Samuel, 290 Goddard, William, 874, 1170, 1171 Godechot, Jacques, 1560; La Grande Nation, 1568; France and the Atlantic Revolution of the Eighteenth Century, 1770–1799, 1568, 1574–75 Goetwater, Rev. Ernestus, 308 gold, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629 Gooch, William, 576, 585, 586, 661, 727, 728
Good, Sarah, 444 Goodman, Christopher, 1097 Goodyear, Stephen, 255 Gookin, Daniel, 337, 360n Gordon, John, 956 Gordon, Thomas, 477, 649, 681, 686, 690–93, 848, 1097, 1120 Gordon, William, 1085 Gore, John, 962 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 32, 33, 35, 149, 153, 162, 165, 214, 215, 216, 276, 346, 348 Gorges, Thomas, 215 Gorton, Samuell, 187–99, 223, 340, 408, 525, 532 Gottschalk, Louis (“The Place of the American Revolution in the Causal Pattern of the French Revolution”), 1568, 1574 Gould, Thomas, 239 Gourgues, Dominique de, 27 Gouverneur, Abraham, 436, 450 Gove, Edward, 353, 354, 356, 418 Grafton, Lord (Duke), 847, 912–13, 917, 925, 942, 953, 976–78, 1150, 1233 Grand Design, the, 791–92, 795, 835, 870 grant-in-aid, 565 Grant, Charles, 527–28 Grant, James, 1090 Grantham, Thomas, 100 Graham (shipowner), 826 Granville, Earl of ( John Carteret), 130, 131, 591, 714, 728, 757, 760 Gratz family, 1364, 1483; Bernard Gratz, 1527 Graves, Adm. Samuel, 1212, 1233 Graves, Rear Adm. Thomas, 1460–61 Gray, Edmund, 616–17 Great Awakening, 621, 657–67, 668 Green Mountain Boys, 1105–12, 1138, 1141, 1160, 1161, 1162 Green Mountain Rangers, 1161, 1163 Green, Roger, 111 Greene, John, 190, 194 Greene, Nathanael (Gen.), 1206, 1240, 1247, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1309, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1333, 1334–35, 1336, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1396, 1442, 1443, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451,
1591 1591 1591
1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1462, 1479, 1480 Greene, Thomas, 107 Greenland, Henry, 382, 383 Grenville, George, 790, 792, 794, 801, 804, 808, 822, 844–45, 848, 853, 854–56, 858, 882, 907–15, 917, 920, 923–24, 930, 976, 978, 1037 Grenville, Richard, 29 Gresham’s law, 629, 630, 637 Grey, Gen. Charles, 1333, 1419 Groom, Samuel, 384 “Grotius,” 1080 Grotius, Hugo, 46, 286, 813 Grover, James, 323 Growdon, Joseph, 400, 494 Gruber, Ira D. (“Richard Lord Howe: Admiral as Peacemaker”), 1184, 1213, 1571; (“Lord Howe and Lord George Germain: British Politics and the Winning of American Independence”), 1303, 1316, 1571 Guilford, Lord, 125
habeas corpus, writ of, 603, 651, 652 Habersham, Joseph, 1202 habitants, 1162–63 Hakluyt, Richard, 28, 29, 30, 33 Haldimand, Frederick, 1110 Hale, John (Rev.), 446 Hale, Nathan, 1306 Halevy, Elie (The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism), 1253 Half-Way Covenant, 520 Halifax, Earl of, 722–23, 725, 732, 755, 760, 794–96, 835, 845–46, 848, 853, 911–12, 917 Halifax, Marquis of. See George Savile Hall, Michael Garibaldi, 346n, 361 Hall, Lyman, 1056, 1067 Hall, Samuel, 816–17 Hall, Thomas, 100 Hallenbeck, Michael, 538, 539 Hallowell, Benjamin, 871 Hamilton, Alexander, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1385, 1502–83, 1505, 1511–12, 1518,
1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525; The Continentalist, 1511–12 Hamilton, Andrew, 386, 474, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 501, 564, 641, 642, 646, 649, 650, 1080 Hamilton, Lt. Gov. Henry, 1403–04, 1405, 1406 Hamilton, James, 566 Hamilton, John, 547 Hamilton, Ninian, 1004 Hamilton, Norman Bell, 1001 Hanbury, John, 727 Hancock, John, 871, 938–39, 947, 957–59, 964, 971, 1013–16, 1019, 1030, 1065, 1083, 1091–92, 1132, 1147, 1153, 1154, 1205, 1230, 1248, 1256, 1259, 1264, 1311, 1377, 1501 Hancock, Thomas, 717, 718, 719 Handlin, Oscar and Mary (“James Burgh and American Revolutionary Theory”), 1263 Hanseatic League, 8–9, 12, 21, 22 Hardwicke, Lord, 681, 756, 757, 759, 762, 845–46, 916 Harley, Thomas, 942 Harrington, James, 803, 1080, 1097–98 Harris, Benjamin, 642 Harris, Thomas, 231 Harris, Tyree, 1000 Harris, William, 178, 187, 189, 190, 205, 207, 338, 339, 340 Harrison, Benjamin, 824, 840, 1087, 1224, 1225, 1230, 1264, 1457, 1483, 1517, 1554 Harrison, Nathaniel, 140 Haskett, Richard C. (“Prosecuting the Revolution”), 1538, 1541, 1574 Hart, Edward, 310 Hart, John, 125 Hart, Thomas, 1006 Hartley, David, 914 Hartshorne, Richard, 385, 386, 476, 484 Hartso, John Philip, 1004 Harvard College, 520, 523, 556, 655, 656, 659, 669, 694, 803, 958, 1098–99, 1180 Harvey, Edward, 1090 Harvey, John, 71, 72, 73, 87 Harvey, William, 596
1592 1592 1592
Hat Act (1732), 706, 801, 809 Hathaway, Simon, 1106 Hatherley, Timothy, 265 Haviland, William, 747 Hawke, David Freeman (Paine), 1572 Hawkins, Sir John, 26, 27 Hawley, Thomas, 534 Hayward, John, 640 Hawley, Joseph, 1083, 1091, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1500 Hayley, George, 971 Haynes, John, 209, 220 Hearts of Oak club, 884 Heath, Sir Robert, 112 Heath, William (Gen.), 1093, 1305, 1309, 1310, 1414 Henderson, Jacob, 125 Henderson, Richard (Judge), 1005, 1365, 1366 Henry, John, 840 Henry, Patrick (lawyer), 841, 863–67, 873, 889, 910, 948, 1022, 1053, 1060, 1062, 1072, 1087–89, 1151, 1224, 1230, 1249, 1264, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1364, 1366, 1403, 1553; Thoughts on Government, 1269 Henry, Patrick (minister), 841–42 Henry the Navigator, Prince, 12 Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 1325–26 Heron, Robert, 826 Hertford, Lord, 858 Hesse, Capt. Emanuel, 1411–12 Higginbotham, Don (“Daniel Morgan, Guerilla Fighter”), 1443, 1570; (Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman), 1570; (War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice 1763–1789), 1570 Higginson, Francis, 164 Higginson, Rev. John, 331, 404, 520 Hill, Aaron, 606 Hill, Edward, 88, 103 Hill, Valentine, 275 Hilliard, Timothy, 1085 Hills (merchant), 954 Hillsborough, Lord, 936, 938, 942, 945, 953, 976–77, 981–82, 1015, 1037 Hilton, Edward, 153
Hilton, William, 153 Hinckes, John, 355, 366, 411 Hinckley, Thomas, 417 Hinman, Col. Benjamin, 1143, 1161 History of England (Macauley), 972 Hoadly, 1098 Hobbes, Thomas, 1103 Hodgson, Robert, 309 Holden, Randall, 190, 191, 194 Holder, Christopher, 231, 232, 233 Hollis, Thomas, 1097–1100 Holme, Thomas, 493 Holmes, Obadiah, 197, 198 Holmes, Rev. John, 265 Holmes, William, 217 Holt, John, 961 Holy League (French), 685 Holyoke, Edward (“Guts”), 669, 1132 Home, John (Reverend), 941, 971, 973, 1135, 1232, 1233 Honeyman, James, 828 Hood, Rear Adm. Sir Stanley, 1460 Hood, Zachariah, 878, 887 Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 162, 175, 208, 209, 210, 211, 221h Hooper, William, 1053, 1266, 1383 Hooton, Elizabeth, 237–38 Hopkins, Edward, 259 Hopkins, Ezek, 1212, 1247 Hopkins, Samuel, 326 Hopkins, Stephen, 815–18, 861–62, 890, 1022, 1051, 1060 Hopson, Peregrine, 739, 740 Hopton, Lord, 138 Hotman, Francois, 1097 Hough, Benjamin, 1111 House of Burgesses (Va.), 576, 578–79, 641, 652, 726, 729, 731 Houston, William, 886 Hovey, Daniel, 695 Howell, David, 1516, 1517, 1523 Howard, Francis Lord, 136, 137, 138, 139 Howard, John (Col.), 1444, 1445 Howard, Martin, Jr., 816–17, 875–76, 917 Howe, Adm. Richard Lord, 1184, 1212, 1213, 1233, 1234, 1301, 1302, 1304, 1311, 1317, 1339, 1353
1593 1593 1593
Howe, Gen. Robert, 1266, 1398, 1421 Howe, Gen. Sir William, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1159, 1184, 1209, 1233, 1284, 1301, 1302–03, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1323, 1324, 1329, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1339–40, 1375, 1419 Howell, Rednap, 1000–01, 1005–06, 1008 Howland, Arthur, 265 Howland, Zoeth, 265 Hubbard, James, 305 Hubbard, Rev. Mr., 239 Hubbard, William, 447 Hudson, Henry, 34, 35, 285 Hudson, Jonathan, 985 Hudson River Uprising (1766), 537 Huger, Gen. Isaac, 1427, 1428, 1446–47 Hughes, John, 866–67, 884–85 Hull, John, 360n, 627 humanitarianism, 607–18 Hume, David, 1116; (History of England), 1150 Humphrey, John, 160 Humphreys, Charles, 1291 Hunie, David, 65 Hunloke, Edward, 475 Hunt, Goodman and Mrs., 212 Hunter, James, 1000–01, 1004–05, 1007–08 Hunter, Robert, 466, 467, 534, 540, 541 Huntington Library Quarterly, 1575 Husband, Hermon, 999, 1001–02, 1004–08 Huske, John, 807, 909 Hutchins, William, 464, 465 Hutchinson, Anne, 180–86, 187, 188, 189, 193, 206, 211, 220, 231, 232, 261, 296, 298, 312, 525, 652, 684, 686, 687 Hutcheson, Charles, 1107 Hutchinson, Eliakim, 717, 718 Hutchinson, Elisha, 628 Hutchinson, Foster, 1058 Hutchinson, Richard, 259 Hutchinson, Thomas, 637, 750, 802, 813, 867, 869, 875, 899–900, 919, 939, 957–58, 960, 962, 964, 966, 981, 1013–15, 1021, 1029–30, 1033, 1036, 1038, 1044 Hutchinson, William, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186
Hutson, J. (Essays on the American Revolution), 1570 Hyde, Edward (Earl of Clarendon), 111, 132, 133, 269, 277, 345, 587 Hyman, Harold M. (To Try Men’s Souls), 1180, 1574
Illinois-Wabash Co., 1363, 1364, 1483, 1527 immigrants, 535, 539, 763–64; German, 539–41, 551, 555–56, 575–76, 615; Ulster Scot, 551–54 impressment, 717, 719, 720, 721 indentured servants, 516, 517–18, 532, 539, 544, 552, 553, 554, 574, 575, 576, 741, 763. See also labor, forced Independent Reflector, The, 681–82 Independent Society of Bristol, 971 Independent Whig, 681 Indian tribes, Chickasaws, 1412; Cherokees, 599, 618, 784, 786, 991, 1200, 1201, 1365, 1366, 1430; Creek, 587, 599, 600, 607, 618; Conestoga, 571; Delawares, 558, 560, 567, 570, 745, 785–87, 1413, 1464; Guale, 605; Hurons, 785; Iroquois, 786, 1191, 1325, 1366, 1405, 1408, 1409, 1414, 1484; Mohawks ( Joseph Brant), 1321, 1325, 1326, 1405, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1413–14, 1463; Oneidas, 1409–10; Onondagas, 1408; Ottawas, 784; Senecas, 784–86, 1409; Shawnees, 785–87, 1194, 1195, 1412, 1465 Indiana Co., 1364, 1376, 1483, 1485, 1527, 1528 Indians, 532, 533, 538, 545, 552, 555, 557–61, 569, 570, 571, 575, 587–88, 597, 598, 599, 601, 605, 606, 607, 610, 614, 621, 625, 639, 728, 731, 739, 1191, 1195, 1308, 1321, 1324, 1363, 1365, 1430, 1462, 1478–79; massacre of, 569, 571, 587–88, 607; Proclamation Line of 1763, 1191, 1194, 1195; slaughter of Moravian converts, 1463; war in the West, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1411, 1412, 1413 indigo, 581, 595, 596,616, 704, 763
1594 1594 1594
inflation, 621–38ff., 719, 721 Ingersoll, David, 538 Ingersoll, Jared, 804, 855, 866, 874, 882, 894 Ingle, Richard, 106 Inglis, Charles, 1080, 1546; The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, 1278–79 Ingoldesby, Richard, 434, 435, 437, 464, 466 Institutiones, 1099 Intolerable Acts, 1043, 1069, 1072 Inquiry, Committee of, 1133 Ireland and the American Revolution, 1223, 1561, 1564–65 Ireland, Shadrack, 668 Iron Act (1750), 706–07, 801 Iroquois Indians, 560, 570, 587, 588, 726, 731, 743, 745 Izard family, 604
Jackson, Richard, 755, 807–08, 814–15, 821–22, 855, 857, 882, 916 Jackson, William, 962 Jacobi, Johann Georg, 1236 Jacobson, David L., 822 Jacobsen, Marcus, 325 Jaffrey, George, 353 James I (King), 31, 55, 59, 68, 70, 85, 135, 148, 149, 153, 155 James II (Duke of York), 121, 137, 138, 271, 272, 276, 277, 283, 313, 315, 321, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 343, 356, 366, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 389, 393, 402, 409, 410, 413, 422, 425, 426, 457, 487, 488 James, Thomas, 879 Jameson, J. Franklin (The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement), 1575 Jameson, Robert, 981 Jamaica, 830 Jarratt, Devereux, 664 Jay, John, 1049, 1062, 1173, 1189, 1224, 1230, 1244, 1275, 1295, 1553–54 Jefferson, Thomas, 864, 948, 1022, 1052–53, 1099, 1151, 1264, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1290, 1291–92, 1293–94,
1363–64, 1366, 1385, 1404, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1475, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1501, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1538, 1548, 1550, 1553–54, 1561; Statute of Religious Freedom, 1553, 1154 Jeffreys, Herbert, 134 Jenkins, John, 117, 118, 119 Jenkinson, Charles, 760, 794, 845, 848 Jennings, Lt. Gov., 14, 830 Jennings, Samuel, 390, 478, 487, 488 Jensen, Merrill (The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781), 1358, 1368, 254, 1571 Jews, 615–16 John Wilkes Club, 1034 Johnson, Edward, 260 Johnson, Sir John, 1191, 1201, 1325, 1405, 1410, 1543 Johnson, Nathaniel, 130, 131 Johnson, Robert, 601, 602–03, 604 Johnson, Samuel (minister), 680, 682, 835; (Taxation No Tyranny), 1233 Johnson, Samuel (Tory), 1098 Johnson, Thomas, 1152, 1216, 1224, 1230, 1244, 1286–87, 1363–64 Johnson, William, 570, 732, 733, 735, 820, 1191, 1325, 1543 Johnson, William Samuel, 892 Johnson, Thomas, 480 Johnston, Augustus, 816, 875, 877, 888, 901 Johnston, Gabriel, 592–93 Johnston, Samuel, 1006 Jones, Griffith, 399, 492 Jones, John Gabriel, 1365–66 Jones, Howard Mumford, 38n, 1100 Jones, Capt. John Paul, 1353, 1399 Jones, Joseph (Congressman, 1400 Jordan, Winthrop D., 65n, 66n Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 1150 Joseph, William, 121 Journal of American History, 1173, 1425, 1571, 1573 Journal of Economic History, 1573 Journal of Occurrences, 961 Journal of the Times, 961 Judd, Andrew, 31
1595 1595 1595
Junto, the Newport, 816–17, 874–75, 877 jury trial, 533, 535, 545, 548, 593, 646, 649, 700, 704
Kames, Lord, 755 Kayaderosseras grant, 820 Keayne, Robert, 248 Keith, George, 487, 488, 489 Kemp, Richard, 72 Kempe, John T., 1104–05, 1107 Kennedy, Archibald, 809, 899 Kent, Benjamin, 656 Keppel, Adm. Augustus, 1135, 1232 Kiefft, Willem, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 309 Kimble, Reverend, 650 King George’s War (War of the Austrian Succession), 559, 560, 561, 635, 713–23, 724, 735, 748 King Philip’s War, 334–44, 347, 363, 370, 408 King’s College, 556, 1080 King’s Friends, 912–13, 917, 1028, 1037 Kinsey, John, 559 Kirk, Thomas, 939, 947 Kirke, Percy, 366 Klyberg, Albert T. (“The Armed Loyalists as Seen by American Historians”), 1181, 1571 Knollenberg, Bernhard, 819, 1120; (Washington and the Revolution: A Reappraisal), 1435, 1570 Knox, Col. Henry, 1208, 1312, 1313, 1334, 1335, 1344, 1462, 1519, 1520, 1524 Knowles, Charles, 720, 721 Kosciuszko, Col. Thaddeus, 1322, 1327, 1454 Kurtz, S. (Essays on the American Revolution), 1570 Kusso Indians, 605 Kuyter, Joachim, 298, 299, 300, 303
La Boetie, Etienne de, 1116 La Luzerne, Chevalier de, 1474, 1475, 1485, 1504, 1516 La Montague, Dr., 295 La Nouvelle Eloise (Rousseau), 1100
labor, forced, 516, 518, 540, 541, 553, 574, 737, 739, 742, 763, 764 Ladd, Nathaniel, 353 Lafayette, Marquis de, 1306, 1337, 1339, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1458–59, 1479 Lamb, John, 879, 884, 905, 929, 967, 1034, 1173, 1174, 1175 Lamberton, George, 213, 302 Lancaster, James, 30, 31 land grants, 526, 527, 530, 531, 534, 535, 537, 575–77, 590, 602, 603, 618; headright system of, 574, 575; joint, 526; proprietary, 602 land monopoly, 534, 538, 541, 550, 575, 576, 602 land speculation, 527, 528, 539, 561, 575, 576, 602, 603, 611, 617–18, 624, 633, 634, 636, 725–28, 755, 758; absentee, 528, 531 Lane, Ralph, 29 Lane, Sir Thomas, 474 Langdon, John, 1085 Langlade, Capt. Charles, 1411–12 Larie, Gawen, 384, 385, 387 Las Casas, Fr. Bartolome de, 19, 65 Lascelles family, 915 Lasswell, Harold, 1119 Laud, Rev. William, 157, 163, 176 Laudonniere, Rene de, 26 Laurens, Henry, 604, 617, 973, 1015, 1253, 1382, 1473, 1475, 1552 Laurens, Col. John, 1344, 1552 Law, Jonathan, 665 Lawrence, Charles, 739, 740, 741, 742 Lawrence, Peter, 358 Lawrence, Richard, 97 Lawrence, William, 424, 475 Lay, Benjamin, 674 Lea, John, 1004 League of Armed Neutrality, 1471 Le Boeuf, Fort, 785 Leddra, William, 270 Ledlie, Capt. Hugh, 1525 Lee, Arthur, 970, 973, 982, 1227, 1230, 1346, 1472–73, 1474, 1475, 1485, 1504, 1519, 1521, 1574 Lee, Charles, 1148–53, 1161, 1166, 1186,
1596 1596 1596
1189–90, 1205–07, 1239, 1240, 1249, 1251, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1269, 1287, 1301, 1302, 1304, 1306, 1307, 1309–10, 1311, 1312, 1337, 1338–39, 1341, 1342–43, 1344, 1394, 1434, 1479–80 Lee family, 789 Lee, Col. “Light Horse Harry,” 1443, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1462 Lee, Richard Henry, 103, 824, 899, 948, 970, 1022, 1051, 1053, 1060, 1062, 1072, 1087, 1089, 1151, 1215, 1217, 1227, 1230, 1249, 1264, 1269, 1274, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1345, 1474, 1359, 1501, 1360, 1521, 1363, 1367, 1457, 1472, 1473 Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 726–27, 728, 783, 1272 Leete, William, 270, 971 legal tender, 623, 624, 628, 630, 632, 636 Leiby, Adrian C. (The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775–1783), 1570–71 Leigh, Egerton, 810 Leisler, Jacob, 373, 419, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 451, 456, 458, 459, 463, 464, 466, 485, 501 Leislerian revolution, 685 Lemisch, Jesse (“Jack Tar in the Streets: Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Revolutionary America”), 1573 Lenin, V.I., 251n Lennox, Earl of, 149 Leon, Ponce de, 16 Leonard, Daniel, 1080 Leonard, Samuel, 479, 480 Leslie, Gen. Alexander, 1441, 1443, 1446 Letter on Toleration, 666, 667 Letter to the Clergy (Bland), 840 Letters from a Farmer (Dickinson), 934, 944, 970 Levant Company, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 155 Levellers, 685, 686 Levellers’ Uprising (1766), 537, 926–27 Leverett, John, 346, 519, 520
Levis-Leran, Chevalier de, 747 Levert, Christopher, 214 Levy, Leonard W. (Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side), 1538, 1573–74 liberalism, 515–22, 523, 655, 656, 657, 659, 660, 664, 668, 669, 685, 696, 713, 717, 756 libertarianism, 524–25, 526, 546, 576, 643, 650, 664, 665, 677, 684–96, 701, 702, 734, 752, 765 Liberty and Power, conflict between, 1140, 1143, 1181 Liberty, 938–39, 1016–17 Liberty Boys, 1201–02; “Savannah Mob,” 1202 Liberty Pole, 919, 954, 967–68 Liberty Tree, Boston, 1030; Charleston, 919, 949, 950 Lidget, Peter, 279 Lidgett, Charles, 404, 414 Lilburne, John, 202 Lillie, Theophilus, 962 Lillington, Col. John, 1199 Lilly, Thomas, 1068 Lincoln, Earl of, 160 Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 1323, 1324, 1344, 1419–20, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427–28, 1434, 1504 Lispenard, Leonard, 983, 1049 Little, William, 590 Littleworth, Capt., 164 Livery Company of London, 1136 Livingston family, 538, 541, 645, 926–27, 929, 935 Livingston, Henry, 1318, 1320 Livingston, Col. James, 1163 Livingston, John P., 1319, 1320 Livingston Manor, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540, 1318–21, 1389; Manor Committee of Safety, 1318 Livingston, Peter, 1173, 1318, 1388 Livingston, Philip J., 831, 1049–50, 1225, 1230, 1295, 1296, 1318, 1389 Livingston, Robert, 370, 377, 378, 425, 426, 431, 432, 433, 455, 458, 463, 464, 465, 466, 470, 536, 537, 540, 879, 892, 1105, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1230, 1275,
1597 1597 1597
1290, 1295, 1387, 1388, 1475, 1504, 1515, 1517, 1523, 1544 Livingston, Robert, Jr., 538 Livingston, William, 649, 655, 670, 681–83, 819, 831, 879, 1105, 1387 Livy, 1080 Lloyd, Caleb, 886–87, 897 Lloyd, David, 399, 493, 494, 496, 557 Lloyd, Thomas, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 486, 487, 488, 490, 492 Lobb, Jacob, 897–98 Locke, John, 113, 128, 456, 546, 552, 656, 666, 667, 669, 671, 681, 686, 687, 688–90, 694, 696, 705, 803, 813, 848, 893, 1080, 1097, 1099, 1101–02, 1120, 1251, 1278, 1292 Logan, James, 494, 496, 557, 559 London, 1034 London Company, 32, 33, 34, 149 London Public Advertiser, 972 Lopez, Aaron, 980 Loomis, Josiah, 538 Lothrop, Rev. John, 264 Loudoun, Earl of, 744, 745, 750, 796 Louis XIII (King), 224 Louis XIV (King), 379, 497 Louis XVI (King), 1227 Louisbourg, Fort, 559, 634, 714, 716–18, 719, 721, 735, 744, 745, 756, 757 Lovejoy, David S., 817 Lovelace, Francis, 322, 325 Lovelace, Governor, 640 Lovelace, Lord, 466 Lovell, James, 1344, 1475, 1506 Low, Isaac, 983, 1034, 1046, 1049, 1144, 1173 Low, John, 547, 549 Loyal Nine, 868–71, 873 Loyalty Pole, 1067 Lucas, Nicholas, 387 Ludlow, Gabriel, 983 Ludlow, Roger, 209, 220 Ludwell, Philip, 103, 125, 126, 128, 137, 139, 141 Lukas, Elizah, 595 Lutherans, 555, 556, 611 Lyde, Edward, 630 Lydia, 871
Lyell, David, 481 Lynch, Thomas, 892, 949, 973, 986, 1015, 1066, 1073, 1217, 1230 Lynd, Staughton (“The Abolitionist Critique of the United States Constitution”), 1529; (Anti-Federalism in Dutchess County, New York: A Study of Democracy and Class Conflict in the Revolutionary Era), 1572; (“The Revolution and the Common Man”), 1390, 1545–46, 1575; (“The Tenant Rising at Livingston Manor”), 1320, 1571 Lynde, Benjamin, 919 Lynde, Simon, 628 Lyons, Peter, 841
Mably, Abbe, 1561 Macauley, Catherine, 972, 1098 MacDonald, Maj. Allan, 1200 MacDonald, Donald, 1199, 1200 Mack, George, 111 MacKenzie, John, 949, 986 Mackesy, Piers (The War for America, 1755–1783), 1401, 1461, 1571 Mackintosh, Ebenezer, 868–73, 1031 Macknight, Thomas, 1073 MacLean, Allan, 1164–65, 1166 Madison, Isaac, 86 Madison, James, 984, 1079, 1385, 1506, 1521, 1523, 1527, 1529, 1553, 1554 Magellan, Ferdinand, 17 Magna Carta, 810, 812 Maham, Col. Hezekiah, 1452 “Maham Tower,” 1454 Maidstone, 830 Mail service. See postal service Main, Jackson Turner (The Anti-federalists: Crisis of the Constitution 1781–1788), 1516, 1571; (Political Parties Before the Revolution), 1572; (The Sovereign States 1775–1783), 1572 Maine, 553, 709; founding, 214–16; settlement of, 638 Maitland, Col. John, 1424 Makemie, Francis, 554 Malcom, Daniel, 934
1598 1598 1598
Malone, Dumas (Jefferson and His Time), 1572; (Jefferson the Virginian), 1294, 1364, 1572 Maltraven, Henry Lord, 112 Manigault, Peter, 973 Mansfield, Lord, 942–43 Markham, William, 392, 401, 485, 486, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493 Marine Committee, 1212 Marion, Francis (“Swamp Fox”), 1431, 1437, 1438, 1440, 1443, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1479 Marshall, John, 1553 Marston, Edward, 130 Martin, Alexander, 1006 Martin, Josiah, 1054, 1199, 1200, 1430 Martin, Richard, 351, 352, 354 Mary, Queen, 147 Maryland, 104–10, 116–17, 121–25, 552, 573, 574, 575, 581, 582, 707, 733, 741, 742; and Articles of Confederation, 1483; Assembly, 733; constitution, 1384–85; Council of Safety, 1206, 1286, 1370; convention, 1171, 1276, 1286, 1287; militia, 730; money in, 626, 627, 632; proprietary in, 700; Provincial Congress, 1151; religion in, 654, 664, 672; Senate, 1485; slavery in, 595, 673, 676 Maryland Gazette, 862, 895 Mascarene, Paul, 737 Mason, Charles, 573 Mason, George, 90, 783, 918–19, 948, 1053, 1072, 1151, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1293, 1294, 1366, 1483, 1484, 1485; Papers, 1725–1792, 1572 Mason, John, 214, 215, 219, 346, 348 Mason, Robert T., 275, 346, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 366, 405, 418, 439 Mason, Thomson, 1053 Massachusetts, 527, 530–31, 533, 538, 548, 551, 553, 566, 572, 573, 616, 632, 657, 706, 710, 711, 716–17, 721, 741, 742, 750, 763; Assembly, 515, 627, 633–34, 637–38, 642–43, 644, 645, 699, 709, 718, 720, 735, 749–50, 760; charter, 1377; Committee of Safety, 1132, 1141,
1154, 1161; constitutional convention, 1499–01; Council, 515, 628, 634, 638, 642, 643, 644, 699, 719, 720, 1260; decline of theocracy, 331–33; economics dissolves theocracy, 241–49, 253–56; education in, 519, 520, 524; General Court, 515–16, 518, 520, 530, 630, 633, 708, 717, 720, 751, 1180, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1370, 1378, 1379, 1498–99, 1526; founding, 155–63; halfway covenant, 261–62; militia, 538–39, 718, 719, 735, 749, 750–51; money in, 625, 627, 628–31, 633–35, 637–38, 717; newspapers in, 639, 642–45, 649, 650; postal service in, 640; proprietors in, 526; Provincial Congress, 1133, 1140, 1143, 1144–45, 1169, 1180, 1248, 1258; army, 1180; religion in, 518–19, 521–22, 523, 644, 654, 655, 658, 660, 663, 664, 666–67, 668–70, 680, 686, 687, 694, 695; Salem witch hunt, 442–50; slavery in, 516–18, 673, 676; suppressing heresy, 172–86, 227–40; takeover by Crown, 345–60, 357–62; Supreme Court, 1549–50; theocracy, 164–71 Massachusetts Charter (1691), 518, 707, 708 Massachusetts Gazette, 816 Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Newsletter, 1079 Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post-Boy, 1079–80 Massachusetts Government Act, 1038, 1057–59, 1083 Massachusetts Historical Society, 1263 Massachusetts Proposals (1705), 521 Massachusetts Resolves, 893 Massachusetts Spy, 1079, 1133, 1134, 1259 Massasoit, 335 Mather, Rev. Cotton, 404, 414, 444, 445, 448, 449, 462, 516–17, 518, 520, 521, 636, 656 Mather, Rev. Increase, 332, 358, 361, 403, 407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 436, 439, 442, 443, 444, 445, 447, 449, 451, 462, 520, 521, 643 Mathew, Thomas, 90
1599 1599 1599
Mathews, David, 1295–96 Mathews, Samuel, 71, 72, 75, 88 Matlack, Timothy, 1279, 1282, 1371, 1375, 1473 Matthews, Gen. George, 1425 Mauduit, Israel, 756, 757, 760, 854 Mauduit, Jasper, 807 Maule, Thomas, 649 Maurice (Prince of Orange), 286 Maury, James, 840–42 Maverick, Samuel, 227, 273 Mauvillon, Jakob, 1236 May, Cornelis, 288 Mayhew, Experience, 668, 669 Mayhew, Jonathan, 659, 669–70, 681, 686, 687, 694, 835–37, 871, 1098, 1100 McCall, Archibald, 885 McCulloh, Henry, 796–97, 853, 886, 997 McComb, John, 488 McDougall, Alexander, 867, 929, 967–1000, 982–84, 1045, 1049, 1067, 1151, 1173, 1175, 1189–90, 1344, 1519 McEvers, James, 878, 887 McGuire, Thomas, 825 McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 1406, 1427 McKean, Thomas, 1280, 1281–82, 1283, 1291, 1376 McKee, Alexander, 1195, 1200, 1464, 1465 McLeod, Col. Donald, 1200 Megapolensis, Rev. Mr., 308, 310, 314 Mein, John, 957–60 Melyn, Cornelis, 298, 299, 300, 303 Menefie, George, 72 Mennonites, 1277 mercantile restrictions, 700, 702, 703–12, 722, 766 Mercer family, 783 Mercer, George, 880–81 Merchant Adventurers, 24, 25, 155 Merchants Club, 803 Merchants Committees of Inspection, 953–55, 957, 979–81 Merchants of the Staple, 9–10, 20 Meredith, William, 858 Merrill, Benjamin, 1008 Meserve, George, 880 Messier, Peter, 1490
Methodism, 664 Methodists, 659, 664, 1183 Metzger, Charles H. (Catholics and the American Revolution: A Study in Religious Climate), 1573 Miamis, Fort, 785 Miantonomo, 191, 334, 340 Michel, Robert, 324 Micklejohn, George, 1001, 1004 Middleton, Arthur, 1362 Middleton, Henry, 617 Middleton family, 604 Middleton, Lord, 845 Mifflin, Thomas, 1046–47, 1152, 1281, 1501 Milborne, Jacob, 426, 431, 432, 434, 436, 437, 451, 456, 458 military grants, 539 militia, 561, 562, 746, 751; “association,” voluntary, 562–63, 565, 569, 572; independent companies, 569. See also individual colonies Miller, Thomas, 118, 119 Miller, Professor John C. (Triumph of Freedom, 1755–1783), 1179, 1569; (Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda), 1573 Milton, John, 200, 201, 972, 1097–98 Mingoe, 142 Minuit, Peter, 213, 288, 289, 291, 294, 301 Minutemen, 1083, 1092 Minvielle, Gabriel, 435, 458 Mirabeau, 1561 Mises, Ludwig von, 251n Mississippi Company, 789 Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, 239 “Mob, The,” 1000 Moderator Movement, 995–96 Moffat, Thomas, 816, 875–76 Mohawk Indians, 541 Molasses Act (1733), 710, 711–12, 801, 805–08, 816, 819, 920 Molineux, William, 1014, 1030–31 Monaghan, Frank (John Jay), 1573 Monday Night Club, 803 money. See individual colonies; paper money “Monks of St. Francis, The,” 847 monopoly, mercantilist, 573 Monroe, James, 1344
1600 1600 1600
Monson, Lord, 705, 722 Montagu, Charles, 992 Montagu (Montague), John, 459, 1017 Montcalm, Marquis de, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747 Montesquieu, Baron de, 65, 1100–03, 1241, 1252–53, 1258, 1278, 1279 Montgomery, John, 534 Montgomery, Brig. Gen. Richard, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1175, 1205 Montgomery, Robert, 606 Moody, Lady Deborah, 296, 309, 310 Moody, Rev. Joshua, 276, 353, 354, 355 Moore, Henry, 900, 927 Moore, James, 588, 601 Moore, Samuel, 381, 385 Moore, William, 650, 651–52 Moravians, 556, 571–72, 615 More, Nicholas, 395 Morellet, Abbe, 1561 Morgan, Cadwallader, 672 Morgan, Capt. Daniel, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1323, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1338, 1339, 1342, 1394, 1408, 1436, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1455, 1479 Morgan, Edmund S. and Helen M., 854, 865 Morgan, Thomas, 670 Morgann, Maurice, 789, 795 Morris, Gouverneur, 1168, 1175, 1295, 1296, 1387–88, 1473, 1493, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1514, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1521, 1523, 1544 Morris Lewis, II ( Jr.), 477, 479, 481, 482, 483, 484, 535, 545, 546, 547, 645, 646, 810 Morris, Richard, 200, 810 Morris, Richard B., 248, (The American Revolution Reconsidered), 1574; (The Emerging Nations and the American Revolution), 1574; (Government and Labor in Early America), 1490, 1573; (The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence), 1574 Morton, Richard L., 74n, 842 Morris, Robert Hunter, 546, 547, 549–50, 566, 567, 569, 570, 732, 741, 885, 1224–25, 1226, 1230, 1268, 1275, 1276,
1281, 1291, 1311, 1358, 1359, 1364, 1368, 1376, 1415, 1473, 1483, 1484, 1491, 1501, 1503–07, 1508–11, 1512, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1573, 1574 Morris, Roger, 1543, 1546 Morris, Samuel, 661 Morton, Thomas, 153, 154, 164, 165, 242 Moseley, Edward, 132 Moultrie, Col. William, 1207, 1422, 1423, 1424 Mowry, Congressman Daniel, 1515 Muhlenberg, Col. Peter, 1334, 1335 Munford, Robert, 863 Munroe, Samuel, 927 Mullenix, Horsman, 673 Murphy, Timothy, 1323, 1330, 1410, 1411 Murray, James, 747, 765 Murray, John (colonel), 814 Murray, John (minister), 1085 Musgrove, John, 995 Muscatellus, Bernardinus de, 299, 300 Muscovy Company, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 156 Mutiny Act, 923–25, 930, 967, 976, 978
Nanfan, John, 463, 464, 465, 466 Narrative Committee, 1133 national debt, 1509, 1511 Nation, Christopher, 1005 naval stores, 530, 539, 540, 616, 704, 707, 708, 710 Naval Stores Act (1705), 707–08 Navigation Act (1660), 703 Navigation Act (1696), 704 Navigation Act (1704), 595 Navigation Acts, 78, 79, 80, 258, 275, 277–79, 332–33, 345, 368, 403, 451–53, 459, 492–94, 699, 700, 703, 704, 705, 801, 808, 859, 920, 937, 986, 1017, 1115, 1215, 1223, 1236 Neal, Thomas, 641 Neale, Walter, 215 Nedham, 1097 Negro slaves, 1181, 1183, 1192, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1293, 1424, 1469,
1601 1601 1601
1549–52, 1558; Ethiopian Regiment, 1197; free voters, 1243; freedom through enlistment, 1551–52; “maroons,” 1551; slavery proviso, 1528–29 Nelly, 828 Nelson, John, 414 Nelson, Thomas, 1271, 1501 Nelson, William H. (The American Tory), 1182, 1277, 1279, 1573 Netherlands and the American Revolution, 1561, 1562–63, 1568 Nettels, Curtis (George Washington and American Independence), 1230, 1572; (“Review of William B. Willcox, Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton and the War of Independence”), 1425, 1571 Nevill, Samuel, 546, 547 Neville, 1097 Nevins, Allan (The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775–1789), 1571 New England Confederation, 220–26, 337 New England, Council of, 365–69 New England Courant, 642, 643, 644 New England Restraining Act, 1076 New France, 542, 570, 713, 732, 744, 745, 748 New Hampshire, 527, 530–31, 538, 539, 553, 707, 708, 709–10, founding, 214–16; Assembly, 631, 652; constitution, 1386, 1550; Council, 530, 709, 1245–46; General Court, 530, 1324; House of Representatives, 1245–46; money in, 631, 635; newspapers in, 652; Provincial Congress, 1218, 1245–46, 1370; religion in, 654; takeover by Crown, 351–56 New Hampshire Grant Lands, 1296–97, 1381 New Jersey, 535, 541, 554, 558, 572, 655, 707, 708, 741, 748, 755; Assembly, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 654, 744, 1192; Committee of Safety, 1219, 1284; Council, 546, 548, 549, 550, 1539; East, 380–86; land conflicts in, 545–50; militia, 546; money in, 626, 631; Provincial Congress, 1285, 1370; religion in, 654,
658, 661, 685, 744; slavery in 543, 674, 675, 676; unification, 474–84; West, 387–91 New Jersey Historical Society, 1181, 1571 New London Gazette, 895 New Netherland, founding, 283–87; government, 288–300; and New Sweden, 301–07; theocracy, 308–10; fall and breakup, 311–18 New York, 531, 534–41, 550, 551, 554, 572, 706, 708, 710, 741, 744, 749, 750, 751; Assembly, 535, 536, 537, 627, 645, 647–48, 729, (of 1779), 1544–45, 1546; boundary disputes, 538–39; Committee of Safety, 1174, 1184; Committee of Seven, 1295; confiscation law of 1784, 1295, 1311; constitution, 1388; Council, 537, 646, (of Revision), 1550; feudalism in, 534–38; founding, 370–79; militia, 538–39, 700, 719, 729, 730; money in, 626, 627, 630, 631, 632; newspapers in, 645–49, 650; postal service in, 640; Provincial Congress, 1143, 1160, 1161, 1171, 1174, 1175, 1180, 1190, 1290, 1295, 1296, 1387, 1518; religion in, 654, 658, 660, 662, 664, 670, 679, 681–83, 685; slavery in, 542–44, 673, 676 New York Gazette, 645, 648, 649, 895 New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, 1079 New York Gazetteer, 1079 New York Historical Society Quarterly, 1320, 1571 New York Journal, 961, 1134 New York Weekly Journal, 645, 646 Newcastle, Duke of, 549, 681, 705, 717, 718, 719, 721, 722, 724, 725, 732, 744, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762, 765, 781, 792, 795–96, 807, 844–46, 907–10, 912, 916–17, 940–42 Newcomb, Silas, 1070 Newcombe, John, 908 Newport Mercury, 816, 865, 874 newspapers, 564–65, 568, 608, 639, 642–53, 761 Newton, Isaac, 655–56, 705
1602 1602 1602
Leisler’s Rebellion, 421–36 Niagra, Fort, 787 Nicholas, Robert Carter, 843, 863, 1268, 1269, 1272 Nicholson, Francis, 138, 140, 141, 410, 420, 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 606–07, 736 Nicoll, John, 828 NiColls patent. See patent, Nicolls Nicolls, Richard, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 328, 330, 343, 383, 384, 480 Nicolls, William, 425, 435, 458 Ninham, Daniel, 926–27 Nisbet, Robert A. (The Social Impact of the Revolution), 1549, 1575 Noble, Robert, 539 Norfolk, Duke of, 112 Norris, Isaac, 559, 567, 729–30 North Briton (Wilkes), 794, 844, 846–48, 941 North Carolina, 111–15, 117–20, 125, 128–30, 132–33, 552, 616, 741; as royal colony, 591, 592–94; Assembly, 589, 590, 591, 592–93; constitution, 1383–84; Council, 589, 590, 592; General Court, 591, 593; immigration to, 590, 592; Indian conflict in, 587–88, 599; militia, 730; money in, 631, 635; newspapers in, 652; postal service in, 641; proprietors in, 589–91; Provincial Congress, 1199, 1200, 1266, 1369–70, 1384, 1526; religion in, 654, 662, 663, 670, 684; slavery in, 595, 673 North Carolina Gazette, 895 North, British Prime Minister Lord Frederick, 847, 912, 936, 976–78, 986, 1037–39, 1041, 1044, 1075–76, 1145, 1150, 1194, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1321, 1348, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1418, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1477; Plan of Conciliation, 1234 Norton, Fletcher, 845 Norton, Humphrey, 264 Norton, Mary Beth (The British Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774–1789), 1573 Norton, Rev. John, 172, 232, 233, 236, 238
Norwich Packet, 1069 Nott, Edward, 141, 142 Nova Scotia. See Cape Breton Island “Novanglus,” 1080 Nowell, Samuel, 360n, 361 Noyes, Nicholas, 520 Nugent, Katherine, 62 “Nutbush Paper” (Sims), 998
Oakes, Rev. Urian, 172, 231, 331 Oates, Thomas, 416, 439 Oates, Titus, 378 “Observations on the Charter” (Mayhew), 835 Ogden, John, 326 Ogden, Jonathan, Jr., 477 Ogden, Robert, 823, 892 Ogilvie, Francis, 763 Ogle, Robert, 598 Oglethorpe, James E., 607–16ff. Ohio Company, 783, 789 Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van, 284, 286 Oldham, John, 153, 208, 215, 217, 218 oligarchy, 516, 519, 522, 526, 528, 530, 533, 534, 537, 549, 561, 574, 578, 579, 600, 603, 617, 626, 628, 645, 685, 686, 726 Oliver, Andrew, 869–69, 896, 919, 1029 Oliver, Peter, 1058 Oliver, Thomas, 389, 390, 1021, 1036, 1058, 1085 Olney, Rev. Thomas, 205, 206 Ondaatje, 1562 Onslow, George, 845–46 Opechancanough, 86, 87 Orange, House of, 1234–35, 1561, 1562 Orange, Prince of. See Maurice Order of Cincinnati, 1524–26 Oriskany, Battle of, 1326 Orkney, Earl of, 141 Ortiz, Bishop Diogo, 13 Osgood, Samuel, 1523, 1525 Otis, James, Jr., 802–03, 812–14, 816, 825, 867–68, 871, 891, 899–900, 924, 932, 937, 939, 944–46, 958, 960–63, 965, 970, 972, 976, 1014, 1020, 1099, 1101
1603 1603 1603
Otis, James, Sr., 802 Oswald, Richard, 1475, 1476 Oulton, John, 630 Overzee, Symon, 110 Owen, Rev. John, 201
Paca, William, 1286, 1364 Page, John, 1220, 1554 Pain, William, 630 Paine, Joseph, 538 Paine, Reverend Ephraim, 1389 Paine, Robert Treat, 1146, 1248, 1378 Paine, Thomas, 5, 1249–54, 1257, 1269, 1278, 1279–80, 1282, 1294, 1347, 1348, 1375, 1473, 1485, 1491, 1516, 1517, 1550, 1574; “African Slavery in America,” 1250; Common Sense, 1251–53, 1255, 1257, 1261, 1264, 1267, 1278–79, 1540; The Crisis, 1312–13; “Forester’s Letters,” 1279–80; Public Good, 1485 Palatines, 539–41, 576, 645, 710 Palfrey, John, 347, 607 Palfrey, William, 970–72 Palmer, John, 415, 418, 424 Palmer, Robert R. (The Age of the Democratic Revolution, A Political History of Europe and America 1760–1800. Vol. 1: The Challenge), 1539–40, 1560, 1563, 1566–67, 1574 Palmes, Edward, 374, 377, 429, 481 pamphlets, 562, 564, 629, 630, 644, 650, 694, 762 pamphlet war, 572, 573, 754, 755, 756, 757, 760 Panton, Anthony, 82 paper money, 564, 566, 567, 582, 592, 593, 621–38, 717, 719, 720. See also individual colonies Parker, James, 648, 649 Parker, John, 1092 Parks, John, 1071 Parmeter, Joseph, 490 Parsons, James, 973 Parsons, Samuel, 1021 Parris, Rev. Samuel, 454, 459
Partridge, Capt., 210 Partridge, Oliver, 891 Partridge, William, 464, 467 Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 404, 505n, 672 Pate, John, 126 Paterson, Billy, 1112 Patent, blank, 590, 592, 593; Nicholls, 545, 549 Patterson, Eleazer, 1530, 1531 Patterson, Attorney General William, 1538–39, 1542 patronage, 563, 564, 600, 701, 702, 705, 716, 718, 719 patroonship, feudal, 536 Patton, James, 726 Pauw, Michael, 301 Paxton Boys, 571–73 Paxton, Charles, 931, 939 Peale, Charles Willson, 1375, 1473, 1550 Peckham, Sir George, 38, 39 Pelham, Henry, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722, 725, 732, 756, 765, 781, 794 Pell, Thomas, 322 Pemberton, Israel, 559, 567, 568, 570, 675, 745 Pemberton, James, 567, 568, 569 Pembroke, Earl of, 159 Pendleton, Edmund, 824, 863, 900, 1072, 1087, 1220, 1268, 1269, 1483, 1549 Penn, Admiral Sir William, 402 Penn, John, 896, 903, 906, 1240, 1282, 1384, 1541 Penn, Thomas, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563, 570, 572 Penn, William, 337, 384, 392, 393, 395, 397, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410, 411, 466, 480, 495, 496, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 508, 557, 558 Pennsylvania, 535, 541, 549, 551, 573, 576, 707, 741, 745, 746, 748, 749, 750; “Anti-Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1376, 1501; constitution of 1776, 1371–76; “Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1501; Assembly, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 650–52, 672, 729, 732, 733, 734, 1275,
1604 1604 1604
1277, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1371, 1464; Committee of Privates, 1277–78; Council, 562, 569, 572, 650, 661; founding, 402–11; government returns, 495–506; immigration to, 551–52, 555–56; militia, 557, 559, 566, 567, 568, 569, 729, 734, 744; money in, 626, 635, 636; newspapers in, 649–52; Philadelphia Committee, 1280, 1281; postal service in, 640; proprietary party in, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566, 567–68, 570, 636, 650, 670, 700, 755; religion in, 554, 654, 655, 658, 661–62, 670, 672, 684, 685; slavery in, 587, 672, 673–74, 675, 676 Pennsylvania Chronicle, 934 Pennsylvania Gazette, 650 Pennsylvania Journal, 1018 Pennsylvania, University of, 556, 650, 671 People the Best Governors, 1263 Pepperrell, William, 709, 717, 718 Pepys, Samuel, 378 Pequot War, 227–29, 231, 257, 344 Percival, Lord, 614 Percival, Viscount, 610 Percy, Earl, 1093 Perestella, Bartholomew, 22 Person, Thomas, 1008 Pesagno, Emanuel, 21 Peter (slave), 152 Peter, Rev. Hugh, 271, 277 Peters, Richard, 552, 557, 561, 562, 566 Peters, Samuel, 1069 Phelps, Charles, 1381, 1533 Philadelphia, College of. See Pennsylvania, University of Philips, Richard, 737, 738 Philipse, Adolph, 465 Philipse, Frederick, 384, 433, 435, 445, 468, 476, 535, 645, 646, 831 Philipse manor, 535–36, 537 Phillip II (King), 37, 345–47, 352, 353 Phillips, Samuel, 1021 Phillips, Gen. William, 1322, 1458 Philosophical Dictionary and Philosophical History (Voltaire), 1100–01 Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 1101
Phips, Lady, 456, 457 Phips, Sir William, 371, 426, 442, 443, 449, 452, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 479 Pickering, Timothy, 1084 Pickins, Col. Andrew, 1423, 1431, 1438, 1444, 1445, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1454 Pierce, John, 160 Pierce, William, 72 Pierson, Rev. Abraham, 282, 325, 494 Pinhorne, William, 445 Pinckney, Charles, 595 Pirenne, Henri, 31 Pitcairn, Maj. John, 1090, 1092–93, 1155–56 Pitt, Fort, 786 Pitt, William, 715, 724, 732, 744–45, 748, 754–62ff., 792–95, 805, 807, 809, 845, 847, 856, 908, 912–14, 916–17, 920, 924–25, 930, 941–42, 946, 974–76, 978, 986, 1039–40, 1350 Pitt, William the Younger, 1136 Pizarro, Francisco, 27 “Plan of the Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies,” 1061 Plan of Regulation, 994–95 “Plan of 1776,” 1347, 1349 Plantation Duty Act (1673), 704 plantation economy, 574, 594, 595, 596, 616 plantations, 532, 553 Plan of Union, 731 Plowman, Matthew, 431, 433 Plymouth, founding, 160–64; decline, 273–76 Plymouth Company, 42, 43, 44, 159 pocket boroughs, 537, 701, 702 Pointe Aux Trembles, 1165 Polk, Thomas, 997 Pollock, Thomas, 130, 135 Polly, 829, 876 Polo, Marco, 21, 23 Pontiac’s Rebellion, 784, 786, 788, 792 Poole, Robert, 96 Popham, Sir John, 43 Popple, William, 466 Popular (Smugglers) Party, 802 Porter, Edmund, 59 Porter, John, 142 Portland (Whig), 847
1605 1605 1605
Portolano, Laurentian, 21 postal service, 639–42. See also individual colonies Pott, Francis, 82 Potter, Robert, 194 Potter, William, 627 Pownall, John, 789, 856, 1038 Pownall, Thomas, 732, 749–50 Poynet, John, 1097 Pratt, Charles, 845–46 Prence, Elizabeth, 275 Prence, Thomas, 273, 274 Prendergast, William, 927–29, 1107 Prerogative (Court) Party, 802 Presbyterianism, 521, 523, 661 Presbyterians, 551, 552, 553, 554, 573, 654, 658, 661, 662, 663, 668, 683; New Side, 665, 667, 695; Old Side, 662, 664, 1180, 1183, 1201, 1423 Prescott, Samuel, 1092 Presque Isle, 785 press-gangs, 718, 719 Preston, Richard, 72 Preston, Thomas, 963–65 Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426 Price, Benjamin, 487, 489, 490 Price, Reverend Richard (Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty), 1351–52, 1561 Prideaux, John, 746 Prince, Benjamin, 967 Prince, Mary, 239 Princeton (College of New Jersey), 556, 661, 662, 665, 667, 695, 984, 1099, 1165, 1284, 1362 Printz, Johan, 312, 316 Pritchett, Jeremiah, 1006, 1006 Privy Council (British), 530, 550, 568, 602, 640, 652, 700, 705, 709 Proclamation Line of 1763, 788–90, 846 Proclamation of Rebellion, 1231, 1264, 1267 Proctor, John, 666 Proctor, William, 941 Prohibitory Act, 1352 Proprietary, feudalist, 531, 534–38, 552, 686; joint, 526, 527
proprietary rule, 528–29, 557, 558, 560, 561, 569, 574, 589–91, 599–01, 607, 700, 733 proprietors, resident, 545–50ff. proprietorship, 530, 548 Protestants, 518, 539, 598, 610, 654, 664, 686 Providence Gazette, 815, 817, 861, 874, 953, 1017 pseudowarehouse receipts, 622, 623 Prudden, Rev. Peter, 221 Ptolemy, 21 Pufendorf, Samuel, 522, 803, 813 Pugh, James, 1008 Pulaski, Count Casimir, 1234, 1426 Pulaski, Count Joseph, 1234 Puritan church, decline of, 518–19, 520, 521, 655; tax-supported, 518, 519, 523, 666 Puritans, 516, 518, 523, 528, 553, 616, 656, 664, 680, 681, 686 Puritan theocracy, 520, 654, 657 Purviance, Samuel, 1206 Putnam, Israel, 905, 1153, 1155, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1307, 1309, 1330 Putnam, Joseph, 456 Pyle, Col. John, 1449, 1450 Pynchon, John, 233, 370n, 376, 381 Pynchon, William, 219, 233, 252, 253, 269, 286
Quakers, 519, 523, 524, 551, 552, 555, 557–61, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 572, 573, 616, 636, 649, 650, 652, 655, 664, 672–78, 696, 727, 732, 733, 734, 741, 744, 745, 1183, 1192–93, 1250, 1276, 1277, 1282; Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery, 1250 Quaker Committee of Sufferings, 1070 Quarles, Benjamin (The Negro in the American Revolution), 1573 Quartering Act, 1039 quartering troops, 570, 744, 749, 750, 751 Quary, Robert, 502, 503, 504, 796 Quebec, 1163–66, 1172 Quebec Act, 1040–43, 1063
1606 1606 1606
Queen Anne’s War. See War of the Spanish Succession Queen’s Own Loyal Virginia Regiment, 1197 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 970, 1100 quitrent, 531, 545, 546, 548, 552, 557, 568, 575, 576, 577, 581, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 602, 603, 606, 607, 611, 613, 636, 686, 700, 727, 729
Radical ideology school of history, 1119 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 Ramsay, David, 1114 Rand, William, 695 Randolph, Edmund, 1517 Randolph, Edward, 139, 356, 357 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 365,366, 367–72, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 420, 424, 426, 427, 460, 463, 469, 479, 480, 481, 486, 491, 502, 704 Randolph, John, 863 Randolph, Peter, 896–97 Randolph, Peyton, 824, 840, 863, 948, 1052, 1072–73, 1088 Rankin, James, 1281 Ratcliffe, Phillip, 182–83 “Rationalis,” 911 Rawdon, Lord, 1429, 1431, 1436, 1446, 1452–53, 1454 Rawle, Francis, 636 Rayner, Rev. Mr., 198, 247 Reals, Corte, 25 Read, George, 1282, 1385 Reade, Charles, 823 “Redressers,” 1006 Reed, Joseph, 1047, 1276, 1279, 1281, 1304, 1306, 1376, 1397, 1501 Reformed (Calvinist), 555, 556 Regulator movement, North Carolina, 997–1009, 1088, 1106, 1109 Regulator movement, South Carolina, 991–96 Reid, John, 1110 Reid, William, 1016–17 Reich, Jerome, 435n, 475n Relating to Negroes, 673 religious hatred, 553
religious liberty, 518, 519, 524–25, 574, 609, 654, 666, 681, 696, 738, 740. See also freedom of religion “Remonstrance and Petition” (N.Y. Assembly), 819 representation, legislative, 572–73, 593, 600, 609, 637–38, 701–02 “Representation of the Clergy of the Church of England,” 839 Restraining Act of June 1767, 924 Reubens, Beatrice E. (“Preemptive Rights in the Disposition of a Confiscated Estate: Philipsburg Manor, New York”), 1546–47, 1572 Revenue Act. See American Revenue Act Revere, Paul, 173, 1031, 1043, 1045–46, 1061, 1065, 1085, 1092 Revolution, American, 1092–93, 1098–99, 1113–14, 1116–20 Reynolds, Donald E. (“Ammunition Supply in Revolutionary Virginia”), 1457, 1471 Reynolds, John, 617 Rhett, William, 600, 601 Rhoda, 828 Rhode Island, 532, 616, 706, 711, 731, 748; Assembly, 524, 525, 652, 732, 1180, 1185, 1186, 1247; founding, 185–209, 700; education in, 524; militia, 524–25; money in, 631, 632, 635, 636–37; newspapers in, 652; postal service in, 641; prohibition of slavery, 1550; religion in, 524–25, 654, 662, 663, 684; slavery in, 532–33, 673, 676; shift from liberty, 210–17; after Glorious Revolution, 478–81 Rhode Island College, 663 Rhode Island Resolves, 890 Ribiero, Samuel Nunez, 616 rice, 532, 581, 595, 596, 616, 625, 704, 710 Rich, Robert, 43 Richards, John, 370, 371 Richards, William, 885 Richardson, Ebenezer, 962–63, 965 Richardson, Richard, 996 Richardson, Samuel, 410 Richardson, Thomas, 954 Richelieu, Cardinal, 234 Richmond, Lord, 917, 942, 978
1607 1607 1607
Riemersma, Jelle C., 32n Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, The (Otis), 813 Rights of the Colonies Examined (Hopkins), 816 Riot Act, 1008 Risbee, Col., 141 Rising, Johan, 316 Ritcheson, Charles R. (British Politics and the American Revolution), 1234, 1575 Rittenhouse, David, 1279, 1371, 1375, 1473 Rivington, James, 1079–81 Roan, John, 661 Robbins, Caroline (The Eighteenth Century Commonwealthman), 1263, 1352, 1556 Roberdeau, Col. Daniel, 1279, 1281, 1491 Roberts, Amos, 547, 548, 549 Robinson, Beverly, 1389, 1543, 1546 Robinson, Charles, 1002–03 Robinson, Edward, 72 Robinson, George, 538 Robinson, Henry, 627 Robinson, Isaac, 275 Robinson, James, 582 Robinson, Rev. John, 275, 726, 727, 728, 817, 827–29, 863, 864, 876–77, 881, 939, 958, 965, 1016 Robinson, Samuel, 1105 Robinson, Silas, 1106 Robinson, William, 243, 245 Robson, Eric (The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects), 1156, 1571 Rochambeau, Comte de, 1394, 1459–60, 1461 Rockingham, Marquis of, 794, 844, 907–17, 919–20, 939–41, 953, 971, 975, 978, 1028, 1040, 1231, 1468, 1475 Rodney, Ceasar, 1282–83, 1291, 1385 Rodney, Adm. Sir George, 1400–01, 1460, 1475 Rogers, Nathaniel, 962, 965, 983 Rolfe, John, 62 Roman Catholics, 525, 544, 552, 609, 654, 695, 738, 741, 763, 764, 1285, 1373, 1388, 1554, 1565 Rome, George, 816
Roseman, Kenneth R. (Thomas Mifflin and the Politics of the American Revolution), 1573 Rosewell, William, 481 Romney, 938–39 Rossiter, Clinton, 1099, 1119 rotten boroughs, 535, 701, 702 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1100–03, 1235 Rowe, Jacob, 652 Rowe, John, 1031 Royal Commission of Inquiry, 1018, 1022–23 Royal Foresters, 1195 Royce, John, 490 Royle, Joseph, 865 Rude, George (Wilkes and Liberty), 1232, 1575 Rudyard, Thomas, 393, 394, 395 Rugg, Winifred, 195 Ruggles, Timothy, 814, 891–92, 1068, 1070 Rule, Margaret, 458, 459 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 1282, 1337, 1339, 1344, 1359, 1361, 1374, 1492 Russell, James, 370n, 414, 457 Russell, Richard, 245 Rutland, Robert A. (George Mason: Reluctant Statesman), 1273, 1572 Rutledge, Edward, 1054, 1061–62, 1073, 1290, 1291, 1382 Rutledge, John (President), 973, 1015, 1055, 1066, 1073, 1206–07, 1230, 1267, 1382, 1383, 1424, 1527, 1552
Sabbatarians, 525 St. John, James, 602–03 salutary neglect, 705, 721, 723, 749, 757, 765, 766 Salter, Richard, 489, 491 Saltonstall, Nathaniel, 370n, 376, 456 Saltonstall, Rev. Gurdon, 482, 483 Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 208, 234 Saltonstall, Richard, Jr., 370n Salvadore (slave), 152 Sandford, William, 490 Sandiford, Ralph, 673–74 Sandoval, Alonzo de, 75 Sandy Creek Association, 663
1608 1608 1608
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 43, 54, 55, 60, 166 Sassacus, 227, 229 Saunders, Charles, 746 Savage, Thomas, 370n Savannah Indians, 606 Savile, George (Marquis of Halifax), 365, 366 Saybrook Platform (1708), 523 Saye and Sele, Lord, 166, 218 Scarborough, Charles, 147 Schuyler manor, 537, 541 Schuyler, Peter, 435, 436, 465, 473, 476 Scipio (slave), 152 Scotch-Irish. See Ulster Scots Scott, Catherine, 196, 197, 216, 217, 241, 242 Scott, John Morin, 322, 649 Secker, Thomas, 680, 681 Sedgwick, Robert, 236, 253, 269 sedition, 617, 640 seditious libel, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 649, 650, 652 seigniorage, 622, 627 Selyus, Rev. Mr., 446 Separatists, 660 Sequin, 228 settlers, 526, 527–28, 531, 545–46, 575, 592, 602, 618 Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian War Sewall, Samuel, 414, 417, 457, 459, 518, 637, 656 Shaftesbury, Earl of, See Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper Shattuck, Samuel, 246 Shaw, Tom, 152 Shawnee Indians, 745 Shelton, Richard, 600 Shepard, Rev. Thomas, 182, 248 Sherlock, Thomas, 680–81 Shirley, William, 638, 709, 713, 716–17, 718, 719–20, 725, 731, 732, 733, 734–35, 738, 743, 744 Short, Capt., 460 Shrimpton, Samuel, 414, 425 Shute, Governor, 642 Shy, John W. (“American Historians and the Military History of the American Revolution”), 1149 Sidney, Algernon, 686–88, 694
Sille, Micasius de, 324 silver, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629, 630, 631, 633, 635, 636 Sioux Indians, 587 Sisbey, Capt., 72 Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 174, 183 Skene, Alexander, 601 Skene, John, 400 Slater, Edward, 392, 393, 489 slave code, 532–33 slavery, 516–18, 532–33, 584, 586, 587, 588, 599, 605, 606, 612, 714–15, 764; abolition of, 518, 533, 672–78. See also individual colonies slaves, 574, 711, 739; manumission of, 585; rebellion of, 517, 542–44, 585, 586, 596–98; runaway, 517–18, 542, 585, 597, 598, 607. See also Negro slaves Sloughter, Henry, 437, 444, 445, 446, 447, 461 Smith, Abbot E., 72n Smith, John, 59, 62 Smith, Landgrave Thomas, 141 Smith, Matthew, 571, 572 Smith, Rev. Ralph, 183, 198 Smith, Richard, 676 Smith, Sir Thomas, 40, 41, 43, 44, 57, 65 Smith, William, 445, 465, 468, 473, 475, 476, 537, 543, 556, 566, 568, 646, 649, 650, 651–52, 670, 682 Smith, William, Jr., 475 smuggling, 704, 722, 723, 748, 749, 751 Sothel, Seth, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137 Soto, Hernando de, 27 South Carolina, 121–25, 135–38, 140–42, 552, 575, 587, 589, 591, 605–06, 611, 615, 617, 730, 741, 742, 757; as royal province, 601, 602; Assembly, 596, 597, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604; Council 102, 601, 603; immigration to, 598; land grants in, 602–04; militia, 597, 598, 599, 601, 700; money in, 626, 631, 635, 637; newspapers in, 652, 660; proprietary rule in, 599–01, 602, 603, 605, 606, 607, 631; religion in, 654, 662, 663; slavery in, 595–98, 599, 606, 613 South Carolina Gazette, 660
1609 1609 1609
Southampton, Earl of, 65, 159 Southeby, William, 672, 673 Southwell, Sir Robert, 356, 426, 427 Southwick, Lawrence, 240 Spain, 558, 559, 597, 601, 605, 606, 607, 614–15, 616, 617, 621, 625, 626, 630, 644, 654, 714, 752, 756, 758, 760, 763, 765 specie, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637 Spottswood, Alexander, 143, 574, 575, 585, 587, 642, 652 squatters, 527, 545, 546, 549, 552, 560 Squire, Samuel, 705 Staats, Jochim, 436, 473 St. Castine, Baron de, 421 Standish, Miles, 163, 164, 233, 273 Staple Act (1663), 704 Stearns, Shubal, 663 Steenwyck, Cornelius, 338 Stevenson, Marmaduke, 243, 245 Stewart, Lazarus, 571 Stewart, John, 489 Stileman, Elias, 363, 364 Stoddard, Anthony, 269 Stol, Joost, 434, 437, 446 Stone, Capt., 227 Stone, Rev. Samuel, 271 Stone, William, 116, 117 Stoughton, Israel, 172 Stoughton, William, 368, 369, 370n, 372, 374, 376, 416, 421, 424, 425, 449, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461, 463, 466, 471, 472, 628 Stuyvesant, Balthazar, 324 Stuyvesant, Peter, 235, 297, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 332 Sugar Act (1739), 712 supply and demand, 582, 623, 629 Surez, Francisco, 56 Swan, Matthew, 93 Swann, Thomas, 93 Sylvius, Aeneas, 23
“taking up land,” 553 Talbot, John, 679
Talbot, Richard, 132 Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 1428, 1429, 1432, 1436–37, 1440, 1441, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1448 taxes, 525, 529, 536, 549, 550, 553, 555, 565, 567, 568, 570, 574, 581, 585, 591, 593, 594, 612, 629, 632, 637, 641, 644, 680, 700, 704, 713, 719, 720, 730, 733, 734, 750, 754, 761 Taylor, John, 668, , 962, 1069 Taylor, William, 391 Tea Act, 1026–27, 1029, 1036, 1039 Tea tax, 977–78, 980, 986, 1024, 1035, 1115 Tedyuschung, Chief, 570 Temple, Earl, 757, 758, 760, 761, 790, 794, 845, 847, 913–14, 917, 942 Temple, John, 806, 828–29, 882, 908 Temple, Thomas, 270 Ten Eyck, Henry, 1106 tenants, manorial, 535, 536 tenant uprisings, 537, 538, 539, 541, 546–47, 548–49 Tennent, Gilbert, 658, 659 Test Oath, 568, 569 Thacher, Peter, 1085 Thacher, Oxenbridge, 802, 813, 826, 867–68, 873, 893 Thayer, Theodore (Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the American Revolution), 1573 Thomas, Gen. John, 1140, 1209 Thompson, Gen. William, 1166 Thomas, George, 558, 559, 560 Thomlinson, John, Jr., 909–10 Thomlinson, John, Sr., 909–10 Thompson, David, 163, 224 Thompson, Gen. William, 1166 Thomson, Charles, 885, 982, 985, 1046–47, 1064 Thornton, Timothy, 630 Thorpe, Otto, 111, 112 Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (Burke), 1098 Three Rivers, 1166 Throckmorton, John, 215 Throckmorton, Rebecca, 217 Thurston, Thomas, 365 Tilghman, James, 885
1610 1610 1610
Tillotson, John, 671 Tilton, Peter, 370n Timothy, Peter, 956, 973, 1054 “To the Betrayed Inhabitants” (McDougall), 967 tobacco, 532, 574, 581–83, 584, 589, 595, 596, 621, 625, 626, 632, 704, 710 “tobacco notes,” 632 Tolles, Frederick B. (“The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement: A Re-evaluation”), 1575 “tomahawk right,” 553 Tomkins, Mary, 91, 247 Tony (slave), 120 Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, 312 Torrey, Rev. Samuel, 341, 457 Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 23 Tour, Claude de la, 234 Tourtellot, Arthur (Lexington and Concord), 1131, 1570 Townshend Acts, 930–36, 938, 940, 942, 945, 947, 949–50, 960, 962, 977–81, 983, 986–87, 1013, 1015, 1024, 1036, 1044 Townshend, Charles, 790, 794, 796, 805–06, 857, 912, 917, 924–25, 930–31, 936, 976 Townsend, Harry, 319 Townsend, Samuel, 648 Treat, Robert, 429 Treaty of Paris, 1478; United States-Great Britain Treaty, 1477, 1478 trade restrictions, 524, 721, 757 Transylvania Company, 1365, 1402 Trecothick, Barlow, 910–11, 914, 919, 941, 978 Trenchard, John, 649, 681, 686, 690–93, 848, 1097, 1120 Trent, William, 1364 Trevelyan, George Otto (The American Revolution), 1298, 1307 “triangular trade,” 711 Trott, George, 868 Trott, Nicholas, 600, 601 Truman, Thomas, 101 Trueman, Thomas, 1080 Turgot, 1561
Turnbull, Andrew, 763 Turnbull, Col. George, 1431 Turner, Nathaniel, 223 Turner, Robert, 502 Tuscarora Indians, 587, 588, 589, 590, 599 Tyler, Moses Coit (Patrick Henry), 1268 Tyler, Lyon G., 842 Tyler, Royal, 644 Twopenny Acts, 838–40, 842 Tryon, William (Gov.), 897, 951, 999–1004, 1006–08, 1106–07, 1109–11, 1175, 1189–90, 1296, 1315, 1316, 1394, 1396 Tyng, Edward, 376, 377, 415 Tyng, Jonathan, 376, 377, 415, 421 Tyng, William, 253 Tyton, John, 811 Ulloa, Antonio de, 765 Ulster Scots, 551–54, 555, 556, 558, 560, 567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 594, 661, 655, 661, 663 Uncas, 201, 344, 347 Underhill, John, 192, 314, 326 Unitarianism, 669, 694 United Brethren. See Moravians United States Constitution, 1357, 1385, 1388 Upshall, Nicholas, 239, 241, 246 Ury, Jphn, 543–44 Usher, John, 376, 377, 415, 416, 424, 428, 429, 460, 464, 466, 467, 472, 473, 474 Usselincx, William, 296, 311 Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 713, 714, 715, 736, 737 Van Alstyne, Richard W. (Empire and Independence: The International History of the American Revolution), 1574 Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 1105 Van Cortlandt manor, 535, 536–37 Van Cortlandt, 0.S., 374 Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 927 Van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 424, 425, 426, 427, 435, 455, 458, 463 van der Capellen tot de Pol, J. D., 1235, 1562; An Address to the Netherlands People, 1562
1611 1611 1611
Van der Donck, Adrien, 303 van der Kemp, Reverend, 1562 Van Dincklagen, Lubbertus, 292 Van Every, Dale (A Company of Heroes: The American Frontier, 1775–1783), 1415, 1571 Van Meter, John, 576 Van Nieuwenhuysen, Rev. Mr., 373 Van Rensselaer, 927–28 Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 291 Van Rensselaer manor, 535, 536, 538, 539 Van Rensselaer, Rev. Nicholas, 372, 373, 378, 455, 466 Van Rensselaer, Robert, 1319, 1410 Van Schaack, Henry, 888 Van Schaack, Peter, 983 Van Tenhoven, 295 Van Twiller, Wouter, 291, 292 Van Tyne, C. H. (The Loyalists in the American Revolution), 1541 Venango, Fort, 785 Vane, Sir Henry, 180, 181, 193, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 218, 267, 687 Vassal, Samuel, 112 Vassall, William, 263 Vaughan, William, 351, 354, 418, 419, 724 Vauquellin, Robert, 383 Ver Steeg, Clarence L. (“The American Revolution Considered as an Economic Movement”), 1575; (Robert Morris, Revolutionary Financier: With an Analysis of His Earlier Career), 1573 Verin, Joshua, 178–79 Vermilge, Johannes, 436 Vermont, 531, 539 Vernon, Samuel, 875–76 Varnum, Gen. James, 1336, 1515, 1516 Vergennes, Comte Charles Gravier de, 1226, 1227, 1346, 1348, 1349, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477 Vermont, 1296–97, 1530–33; constitution, 1380–81, 1550; “Cow War,” 1530, 1533; General Assembly, 1381, 1532; grants, 1380, 1532; negotiations with Great Britain, 1531 Verrazano, Giovanni da, 17 Vesey, Rev. William, 459, 465
Vespucci, Amerigo, 16, 19 Vetch, Samuel, 736 Vicars, Robert, 382, 383 “Vindex,” 965 Vindication of Natural Society, A (Burke), 1077 Vindication of the British Colonies, A (Otis), 816 Vines, Richard, 215 Virginia, 552, 616, 652, 733, 741, 746; after Bacon’s Rebellion, 134–43; Assembly, 574, 575, 585, 587, 734, 1194, 1198, 1365, 1457, 1458, 1483, 1485; Committee of Safety, 1220; Council of Safety, 1206, 1268; convention, 1198, 1217, 1219, 1269, 1270, 1271–72, 1273, 1363, 1501; Council, 574, 585, 652, 727, 729, 783; General Court, 662; House of Delegates, 1540–41; Indian relations, 85–92; land system, 575–77, 725–28, 732; militia, 585, 586, 729, 734; money in, 626, 627, 631, 632, 636; newspapers in, 652; planters, 57–58; postal service in, 641; proprietors in, 574; religion in, 68–70, 574, 654, 661, 662, 663, 664, 685; servants, 60–62; slavery in, 63–67, 574, 578, 581, 584–86, 595, 673, 676; tobacco crop, 581–83, 584, 595, 632; vote, right to, 525, 574, 585, 764; voting freehold property qualification for, 525, 533, 537, 593, 702; religious test for, 518; royal government, 71–76; secret ballot, 536, 579 Virginia Association, 1053–54, 1063 Virginia Company, 34, 35, 43–54, 55, 56, 73, 86, 150, 156, 161 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1272–73, 1293, 1373 Virginia Gazette, 865, 895, 1053 Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1457, 1571 Virginia Resolves, 864–67, 889 Vitoria, Francisco de, 18 Voltaire, 1099–1101, 1235 von Breymann, Lt. Col. Henrich, 1324, 1329 von Knyphausen, Gen. Wilhelm, 1333, 1395, 1396, 1427
1612 1612 1612
von Riedesel, Maj. Gen. Baron, 1324, 1330 von Steuben, Gen. “Baron,” 1338, 1339, 1344, 1449, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1525
Waddell, Hugh, 1006–08 Wadsworth, Benjamin, 517, 518 Wahanganoche, 90 Wainscott, 828 Waldo, Samuel, 709, 717, 718, 719, 720 Waldron, Richard, III 343, 351, 352, 353, 354, 418, 419, 530 Walker, Henderson, 131 walking purchase, 558, 560, 570, 745 Wallace, Willard M. (Appeal to Arms: A Military History of the American Revolution), 1093, 1159, 1570 Walpole family, 858 Walpole, Horace, 1321, 1401, 1467 Walpole, Horatio, 681 Walpole, Robert, 680, 704–05, 712, 713, 715, 716, 721, 722, 728, 756, 759, 765, 781, 793, 911 Wanton, Joseph, Jr., 817, 1018, 1185, 1247 warehouse receipts, 622, 623, 632 War of Jenkins’ Ear, 714, 715 War of the Austrian Succession. See King George’s War War of the Polish Succession, 714 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War), 539, 559, 575, 631, 706, 715, 736 Ward, Artemas, 1132, 1133, 1140, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1152, 1153, 1154–55, 1156, 1206, 1209, 1506 Ward, Christopher (The War of the Revolution), 1159, 1304, 1435, 1439, 1570 Ward, Henry, 890, 1022 Ward, Joshua, 1383 Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, 166 Ward, Richard, 636 Ward, Samuel, 817–18, 830, 877, 1051, 1060, 1185, 1240, 1244, 1247 Warner, Edward, 327 Warner, Seth, 1106, 1110–11 Warner, Lt. Col. Seth, 1141, 1142, 1160, 1161–62, 1163, 1322, 1324, 1329
Warren, James, 1020, 1083 Warren, Dr. Joseph, 944, 946, 970, 1020, 1030, 1044, 1061, 1083, 1085–86, 1092–93, 1132, 1133, 1135, 1136, 1140, 1144, 1146, 1154–55 Warrington, Thomas, 840, 842 Warwick, Earl of, 54, 194 Washburn, Wilcomb, 93n Washington family, 783, 789 Washington, George, 728, 729, 730, 732, 734, 880, 899, 937, 948, 1037, 1053, 1060, 1072, 1087–88, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1157–59, 1160, 1164, 1175, 1181, 1186, 1190, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1213, 1230, 1248, 1249, 1251, 1256, 1264, 1269, 1270, 1287, 1295, 1296, 1301–02, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1309–10, 1311–12, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1323–24, 1327, 1329, 1332, 1333–34, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1341, 1342–43, 1344, 1346, 1353, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1414, 1419, 1420, 1428, 1434, 1442, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1492, 1493, 1502, 1504, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1525, 1526, 1532, 1533, 1553, 1557 Washington, John, 90, 103 Washington, Lt. Col, William, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1462 Waterhouse, Samuel, 957 Watkins, Hezekiah, 648 Watkins, May, 448 Watson, Charles, 616–17 Watson, Col. John, 1452, 1453 Watson, Luke, 323 Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See Marquis of Rockingham Watts, John, 789 Waugh, Dorothy, 309 Way, John, 927 Wayne, Gen. Anthony (“Mad Anthony”), 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1394, 1397, 1459, 1462 Weare, Nathaniel, 355, 418, 419
1613 1613 1613
Weatherhead, Mary, 309 Weaver, Thomas, 464 Webb, Philip Carteret, 845–46, 848 Webber, John, 876–77 Webb, Stephen Saunders (“Review of the Browns’ Virginia 1705–86”), 1271 Webster, Pelatiah, 1492–93, 1505 Wedderburn, Alexander, 760, 761, 1075 Weekly Post-Boy, 895 Weigley, Russell F. (The Partisan War: The South Carolina Campaign of 1780–1782), 1444, 1571 Weiser, John Conrad, 540, 541, 559, 560 Weld, Rev. Thomas, 183 Wenham, Thomas, 465 Wentworth, Benning, 530, 531, 710, 804, 909, 1051, 1104 Wentworth family, 709–10 Wentworth, John (Gov.), 530, 710, 909, 953, 1107, 1244, 1541 Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, 93n, 172 Wesley, John, 659 West Indies, 605, 625, 710, 711, 712, 713, 715, 716, 721, 748, 754, 755 “Westminster Massacre,” 1112 Western lands, 1362–63, 1364, 1365, 1366, 1367; skirmishes on, 1464–65, 1527, 1548, 1558; Virginia’s claims to, 1483–84, 1485–86 Westo Indians, 605, 606, 760 West, John (Mass.), 402, 403, 405, 408, 414 West, John (Va.), 72 West, Robert, 207 Weston, Anthony, 395 Weston, Thomas, 150 Weymouth, George, 30, 31, 32 Weymouth, Viscount George, 942 Wharton, Edward, 235, 237 Wharton, Richard, 260, 279, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 403, 404, 405, 407 Wharton, Samuel, 1485, 1527 Wharton, Thomas, 1026, 1033, 1364, 1376, 1483 Whately, Thomas, 853–55, 882 Wheelwright, Nathaniel, 831 Wheelwright, Rev. John, 180, 181, 188, 215, 216, 237
Whig Society, 1375 Whigs, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1232, 1239, 1249, 1259, 1296, 1302, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1339, 1348–35, 1350, 1352, 1468, 1476, 1477–78, 1544; attitude toward the Revolution, 1135–36 Whitaker, Rev. Alexander, 69 Whitby, Daniel, 668 Whipple, Abraham, 1017 White Oaks club, 884, 911 White Pine Act, 801, 804; (of 1711), 708; (of 1722), 708 White, Alexander, 840, 842 White, Fr. Andrew, 106 White, John, 29, 30, 153, 158, 160 Whitefield, George, 658–59, 660, 661, 663 Whitehead, Isaac, 381, 477 Whitehead, Samuel, 480 Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 211 Whitney, Peter, 1085 Whittaker, Benjamin, 602 Whyte, George, 1290 Wickham, Benjamin, 817 Wickes, John, 188, 189 Wieland, Christopher M. (Der Teutsche Merkur), 1236 Wigglesworth, Edward, 656, 660 Wilbur, Shadrach, 408 Wilkes, John, 761, 762, 794, 844–88, 941–44, 968, 970–75, 978, 1015, 1135, 1149, 1232 Wilkes movement, 807, 908, 941–44, 971, 973, 977 Will (slave), 143 Willard, Rev. Samuel, 446, 447, 449, 516, 518, 520 Willcox, William B. (Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence), 1571 Willer, Samuel, 480 Willett, Marinus, 1175, 1325, 1326, 1414 Willett, Thomas, 434, 435, 458 William and Mary, College of, 556, 652, 838–39 William and Mary of Orange, 121, 122, 139, 413, 415, 416, 417, 422, 423, 425, 426, 428, 433, 435, 451, 457, 471, 488
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William and Mary Quarterly, 1236, 1303, 1546, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1575 Williams, Abijah, 1057 Williams, Ann, 207 Williams, Col. Otho, 1448, 1449, 1450 Williams, Elisha, 694, 695 Williams, Israel, 1021 Williams, John, 1005 Williams, Jonathan, 1030 Williams, Robert, 205, 207 Williams, Roger, 172–79, 180, 183, 185, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 304, 205, 206, 207, 218, 219, 223, 238, 239, 243, 268, 269, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 408, 525, 546, 652, 684–85, 686 Williamsburg Committee of Safety, 1197 Williamson, Gen. Andrew, 1423 Williamson, Chilton (American Suffrage from Property in Democracy, 1760–1860), 1243, 1559–60, 1575 Willing, James, 1052–53, 1230, 1244, 1274, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1359, 1363, 1364, 1367, 1375, 1376, 1491, 1501, 1519, 1521, 1527, 1415 Willing, Thomas, 1216, 1224–25, 1226, 1275, 1291 Willocks, George, 477, 481 Willoughby, Francis, 259 Willys, Samuel, 419, 472 Wilson, George, 81 Wilson, Rev. John, 181, 182–83, 197, 231, 233, 234, 235, 248, 444 Wing, Mehitabel, 928 Winslow, Edward, 208, 263 Winslow, Josiah, 266, 337, 338, 347 Winthrop, Fitz-John, 326, 364, 366, 367, 369, 408, 409, 419, 433, 456, 471, 472 Winthrop, John, Jr., 159, 160, 162, 166, 170, 171, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 244, 261, 332, 208, 209, 223, 254, 255, 256, 268, 269, 270, 274, 326, 328, 364 Winthrop, John, Sr., 527, 627 Winthrop, Lucy, 367 Winthrop, Martha, 367 Winthrop, Stephen, 261
Winthrop, Wait, 366, 367, 369, 414, 415, 439, 453, 456, 457, 461, 462, 628 Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1271 Wise, Rev. John, 406, 407, 446, 447, 519, 521–22, 631 Wiswall, Rev. Ichabod, 408, 417 Witherspoon, Reverend Dr. John, 1284–85, 1362, 1492 Wolcott, Roger, 710 Wolfe, James, 746, 747 Wolff, Christian, 1099 Wood, Abraham, 88 Wood, Gordon S. (The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787), 1574 Wood, Robert, 757, 846, 942 Wood, William, 811 Woodbridge, John, 627 Woodruff, John, 323 Woodward, Professor Bezaleel, 1246, 1381 Woolen Act (1699), 705–06, 801, 809 Woolman, John, 674–75, 676 Woodmason, Charles, 992, 994 Woolsey, Maj. Melanchthon, 1410–11 Wragg, William, 956 Wright, Gov. Sir James, 887, 898, 1055, 1067, 1201–02, 1422, 1424, 1541 Wright, James, 617 Wright, Louis B., 59n Wright, Robert, 603 Writs of Assistance, 801–02, 804 Wroth, Robert, 737 Wyatt, Francis, 72 Wyckoff, Simon, 547 Wyoming Valley Massacre, 1406, 1408 Wythe, George, 824, 840, 843, 863, 1217
Yale College, 523, 556, 657, 660, 661, 666, 680, 1099 Yamassee Indians, 587, 599–600, 605, 606, 607 Yates, Abraham, 1389–90 Yeardley, George, 50, 87 Yeates, Robert, 811 Yeoman, Plain, 861–62 York, Duke of, 641; See James II
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Yorke, Charles, 845, 858, 912, 915–16 Yoshpe, Henry B. (The Disposition of Loyalist Estates in the Southern District of the State of New York), 1572 Young, Dr. Thomas, 970, 1014, 1020–21, 1108, 1279, 1280, 1371, 1375, 1380 Youngs, Rev. John, 212
Zenger, John Peter, 645–47, 648, 649, 650 Zubly, John Joachim, 1216, 1230
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