Economic, Social and Civic Contributions of First and Second Generation Humanitarian Entrants

About the Research Economic, social and civic contributions of first and second generation humanitarian entrants National Centre for Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems, University of Adelaide People who arrive under Australia’s Humanitarian Program display considerable personal courage, often having overcome extraordinary hardship and traumatic situations. While there are costs involved in resettling refugees, they bring significant benefits to Australia. This research therefore seeks to answer the question: what are the economic, social and civic contributions to Australia of first and second generation Humanitarian Program entrants? It involves analysis of Census data, interviews with families and in-depth discussions with organisations such as employment, education and refugee service providers. Key messages The research found the overwhelming picture, when one takes the longer term perspective of changes over the working lifetime of Humanitarian Program entrants and their children, is one of considerable achievement and contribution. The Humanitarian Program yields a demographic dividend because of a low rate of settler loss, relatively high fertility rate and a high proportion of children who are likely to work the majority of their lives in Australia. It finds evidence of increasing settlement in nonmetropolitan areas which creates social and economic benefits for local communities. Humanitarian entrants help meet labour shortages, including in low skill and low paid occupations. They display strong entrepreneurial qualities compared with other migrant groups, with a higher than average proportion engaging in small and medium business enterprises. Humanitarian settlers also benefit the wider community through developing and maintaining economic linkages with their origin countries. In addition, they make significant contributions through volunteering in both the wider community and within their own community groups. The research provides valuable insight for all organisations that assist with and plan for the settlement of Humanitarian Program entrants and seek to enhance their contributions to Australian society. Policy Innovation, Research and Evaluation Unit June 2011

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CIVIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION HUMANITARIAN ENTRANTS by Graeme Hugo ARC Australian Professorial Fellow, Professor of Geography and Director of the National Centre for Social Applications of GIS, The University of Adelaide with the assistance of Sanjugta Vas Dev, Janet Wall, Margaret Young, Vigya Sharma and Kelly Parker

Final Report to Department of Immigration and Citizenship May 2011

CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ xiii GLOSSARY

................................................................................................................ xvii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ xx EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ xxi CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1

1.1

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1

1.2

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................ 3

1.3

AUSTRALIA’S REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 4

1.4

DATA CONSIDERATIONS: SECONDARY DATA ................................... 12 1.4.1

Introduction........................................................................................ 12

1.4.2

The Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Approach ................ 13

1.4.3

The Second Generation...................................................................... 18

1.4.4

Linked Census and Settlement Data Bases........................................ 23

1.4.5

The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Australia (LSIA) ........... 25

1.4.6

The Australian Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Recent Migrants Survey ................................................................ 29

1.4.7 1.5

Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study ..................................... 30

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION ................................................................. 30 1.5.1

Introduction........................................................................................ 30

1.5.2

Survey of Households ........................................................................ 32

ii

1.5.3

Limitations of the Survey................................................................... 35

1.5.4

Qualitative Studies ............................................................................. 38

1.6

MODELS OF MIGRANT INCORPORATION .............................................. 40

1.7

OUTLINE OF REPORT .................................................................................. 43

CHAPTER 2.

THE DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT OF REFUGEE-

HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION............................................................................ 44 2.1

INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 44

2.2

TRENDS IN REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA ................................................................................................... 45

2.3

THE AGE STRUCTURE OF THE REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN POPULATION................................................................................................. 61

2.4

GENDER COMPOSITION ............................................................................. 73

2.5

FERTILITY...................................................................................................... 75

2.6

SETTLER LOSS .............................................................................................. 79

2.7

THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS....................................................................................................... 82

2.8

2.7.1

Introduction........................................................................................ 82

2.7.2

Interstate Settlement........................................................................... 87

2.7.3

Metropolitan vs Non-Metropolitan Settlement.................................. 92

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 98

CHAPTER 3.

LABOUR FORCE ENGAGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION....... 100

3.1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 100

3.2

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION .......................................................... 103 3.2.1

The Longitudinal Survey of Immigration in Australia (LSIA)........ 103

3.2.2

Labour Force Participation at the 2006 Census ............................... 107

iii

3.2.3

Labour Force Participation Among the Second Generation ............ 110

3.2.4

Labour Force Participation According to Length of Residence in Australia....................................................................................... 113

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.2.5

Gender Differentials......................................................................... 115

3.2.6

Labour Force Participation – Survey Evidence ............................... 118

UNEMPLOYMENT ...................................................................................... 121 3.3.1

Introduction...................................................................................... 121

3.3.2

Unemployment of Humanitarian Settlers at the 2006 Census ......... 123

3.3.3

Other Studies of Unemployment Among Humanitarian Settlers .... 125

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.................................................................. 127 3.4.1

Introduction...................................................................................... 127

3.4.2

Ability to Speak English at the 2006 Census................................... 130

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND .............................................................. 135 3.5.1

Introduction...................................................................................... 135

3.5.2

2006 Census Data on Educational Achievement of Humanitarian Settlers....................................................................... 138

3.5.3 3.6

3.7

OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY ............................................................... 145 3.6.1

Introduction...................................................................................... 145

3.6.2

Findings from the 2006 Population Census ..................................... 145

3.6.3

Evidence of Occupational Skidding................................................. 148

3.6.4

Industry ............................................................................................ 150

INCOME ........................................................................................................ 152 3.7.1

3.8

Current Education Attendance......................................................... 143

Introduction...................................................................................... 152

HOUSING ...................................................................................................... 156

iv

3.9

THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (GFC) ................ 159

3.10

DISCUSSION OF HUMANITARIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET...................................................................................... 161

3.11

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 171

CHAPTER 4.

REFUGEE-HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS’ ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION BEYOND LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION ............... 173 4.1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 173

4.2

HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS AS ENTREPRENEURS............................ 173

4.3

DO HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS FILL PARTICULAR EMPLOYMENT NICHES? ........................................................................... 193

4.4

4.5

ECONOMIC LINKAGES WITH ORIGIN COUNTRIES............................ 200 4.4.1

Development Effects on Origin Countries....................................... 200

4.4.2

Fostering Trade ................................................................................ 210

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 213

CHAPTER 5.

THE SOCIAL AND CIVIC CONTRIBUTION OF

AUSTRALIA’S HUMANITARIAN SETTLERS ................................................. 215 5.1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 215

5.2

VOLUNTEERING......................................................................................... 215

5.3

COMMUNITY GROUPS CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 224

5.4

PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH THE WIDER COMMUNITY............................................................................................... 229

5.5

BARRIERS TO SOCIAL PARTICIPATION ............................................... 242

5.6

SATISFACTION WITH LIFE IN AUSTRALIA.......................................... 244

5.7

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 248

v

CHAPTER 6.

CONCLUSIONS................................................................................... 249

6.1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 249

6.2

THE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION........................................................... 250

6.3

SOCIAL AND CIVIC CONTRIBUTION ..................................................... 255

6.4

THE IMPORTANCE OF A LONGER TERM PERSPECTIVE................... 256

6.5

POSITIVE RECEPTION AND RESETTLEMENT AS A FOUNDATION FOR CONTRIBUTION ...................................................... 257

6.6

CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 262

APPENDIX I: INSTRUCTION PROVIDED TO ORGANISATIONS AND RESPONDENTS ...................................................................................................... 264 APPENDIX II: THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................... 274 APPENDIX III: OFFICIAL KEY INFORMANTS....................................................... 298 APPENDIX IV: HUMANITARIAN VISAS .................................................................. 301 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 302

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1:

Australian Immigration Program: Planning Levels 2005-11 and Outcomes 2005-09 by Migration Program Category....................................... 7

Table 1.2:

Australia: Humanitarian Program Outcomes: Visas Granted, 1994-95 to 2008-09 ...................................................................................................... 10

Table 1.3:

Generation Structure of Australian Immigrant Groups Developed by Price (1955, 1963).......................................................................................... 19

Table 1.4:

Modified Generation Structure Classification Developed by Price (1979, 1982)................................................................................................... 19

Table 1.5:

Variables Used to Link SDB and Census Files for Gold and Bronze Standards........................................................................................................ 24

Table 1.6:

Number of SDB Records Available for Linking and the Numbers Linked for Gold Standard and Each Level of Bronze Standard .................... 24

Table 1.7:

Relative Frequencies (Percent) in Each English Proficiency Category, for Gold and Bronze Standard Linked Data Compared with SDB................ 25

Table 1.8:

LSIA: Response and Non-Response in Wave 1 ........................................... 28

Table 1.9:

LSIA: Cohort 1: Primary Applicants in Wave 1 by Interview Status in Waves 2 and 3................................................................................................ 29

Table 1.10:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey, 2009-10: Respondents by State................................................................................................................ 37

Table 2.1:

Australia: Number of Persons Born in a Country Which Has Sent Significant Numbers of Refugees to Australia and Australia-Born Persons Indicating Their Ancestry was in One of These Countries, 2006................................................................................................................ 55

Table 2.2:

Australia: Selected Refugee Groups by Country of Birth, 2001-08 ............. 59

Table 2.3:

Ancestry Multi Response: Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, 1986, 2001 and 2006...................................................................................... 60

vii

Table 2.4:

Australia: Visa Category by Mean and Median Age, 2003-04 to 200809.................................................................................................................... 63

Table 2.5:

Australia: Settler Arrivals by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2008-09 .............. 63

Table 2.6:

Australia: Birthplace and Ancestry, Percent 0-14, Percent 65+, Percent 75+ and Median Age, 2006............................................................................ 72

Table 2.7:

Australia: Sex Ratios by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2008-09...................... 73

Table 2.8:

Australia: Refugee-Humanitarian Groups, First and Second Generation Sex Ratios, 2006 ............................................................................................ 74

Table 2.9:

Australia: Total Fertility Rate of Selected Birthplace Groups, 2008............ 75

Table 2.10:

Australia: Humanitarian Birthplace Groups by Settler Arrivals and Permanent Departures, 1991-92 to 2008-09 .................................................. 81

Table 2.11:

Australia: Indices of Dissimilarity for Selected Refugee Birthplace Groups, 2006.................................................................................................. 85

Table 2.12:

Australia Major Capital Cities: Index of Dissimilarity, 2006....................... 86

Table 2.13:

Australian States and Territories: Percentage Distribution of the Population by Birthplace and Overseas-Born Arriving in the Last Five Years, 2001 and 2006 .................................................................................... 87

Table 2.14:

Australian States and Territories: Natural Increase, Net Overseas Migration, Net Interstate Migration and Total Population Growth, Financial Years, 2001-06 ............................................................................... 89

Table 2.15:

Australian Settler Arrivals: Visa Category by State/Territory of Intended Residence, 2003-09......................................................................... 90

Table 2.16:

Australian States: Percentage of Population Made Up of First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, 2006........... 93

Table 2.17:

Australia: Birthplace Groups With the Highest Concentration in Major Cities, 2006 .................................................................................................... 93

Table 2.18:

Regional Refugee Settlements ....................................................................... 98

Table 3.1:

Labour Force Participation Rate and Unemployment by Visa Category (Percent)....................................................................................................... 104

viii

Table 3.2:

Australian Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, First and Second Generation: Labour Force Participation and Unemployment, 2006........... 109

Table 3.3:

Australia: Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups – People Who Arrived Aged 12 Years and Above and Those Aged Less Than 12 Years: Labour Force Participation and Unemployment, 2006 .................... 112

Table 3.4:

Australia: Country of Birth by Year of Arrival in Australia by Labour Force Status, 2006........................................................................................ 114

Table 3.5:

Country of Birth of Person by Sex and Labour Force Status, 2006 ............ 116

Table 3.6:

Australia-Born, Ancestry Multi-Response by Sex and Labour Force Status............................................................................................................ 117

Table 3.7:

Australia: Labour Force Participation Rates for Immigrants by Visa Category, 1970-2007.................................................................................... 118

Table 3.8:

DIAC Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study (SONA) and HSS: Work Status by Visa Category, 2009........................................................... 119

Table 3.9:

Summary Statistics for Humanitarian Program Migrants, by Period of Residency..................................................................................................... 120

Table 3.10:

DIAC Settlement Outcomes of New Arrivals Study (SONA): Satisfaction with Job by Visa Category, 2009 (Percent of those working)....................................................................................................... 120

Table 3.11:

Unemployment Rates of Immigrants by Year of Arrival, Visa Group and Age Group, 2004................................................................................... 122

Table 3.12:

Australia: Unemployment Rate of Refugee-Humanitarian Migrants, 1993-2007 .................................................................................................... 122

Table 3.13:

Visa Type of Arrivals 2001-06 by Labour Force Status in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All migrants Aged Over 15 Years ......................... 124

Table 3.14:

Australia: Unemployment Rates for Immigrants by Visa Category, 1970-2007 .................................................................................................... 125

Table 3.15:

Unemployment Rates, Canterbury Local Government Area, 1991 and 1996 by Language and Birthplace ............................................................... 126

ix

Table 3.16:

Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by English Proficiency in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years......................... 128

Table 3.17:

Summary Statistics for Humanitarian Program Migrants, by Period of Residency..................................................................................................... 129

Table 3.18:

Humanitarian Settlement Survey: How Settlers Got Their First job in Australia, 2009............................................................................................. 129

Table 3.19:

Australian Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups, First and Second Generation: Ability to Speak English, 2006 ............................................... 131

Table 3.20:

Vietnam-Born and Year of Arrival in Australia by Labour Force Status, 2006.................................................................................................. 132

Table 3.21:

First Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: Proficiency in Spoken English by Labour Force Status, 2006......................................................... 133

Table 3.22:

Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: Proficiency in Spoken English by Labour Force Status, 2006............................................ 134

Table 3.23:

Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Post-School Qualification in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years.............. 136

Table 3.24:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups and Australia-Born Unemployment Rate and Labour Force Participation Rate by Level of Education, 2006 ................... 138

Table 3.25:

First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups: PostSchool Qualification, Age 20+ Population, 2006 ........................................ 140

Table 3.26:

First and Second Generations Still Attending Education by Age, 2006...... 144

Table 3.27:

Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Occupation in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years......................... 146

Table 3.28:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Groups – Percent of Labour Force in Professional and Unskilled Occupations, 2006.............................................................................................................. 147

x

Table 3.29:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Percent of Workers with Bachelor or Higher Qualifications in Managerial or Professional Occupations, 2006 ............... 149

Table 3.30:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Percent of Workers Employed in Manufacturing, 2006.............................................................................................................. 151

Table 3.31:

Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Individual Income (Weekly) in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years.......... 153

Table 3.32:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Birthplace Groups Gross Weekly Individual Income, 2006........................ 155

Table 3.33:

Visa Type of Settler Arrivals, 2001-06 by Tenure of House in 2006: Proportion (Percent) of All Migrants Aged Over 15 Years......................... 157

Table 3.34:

Australia: Percentage of First and Second Generation RefugeeHumanitarian Birthplace Groups Who Own Or Are Purchasing Their Own Home, 2006 ......................................................................................... 158

Table 3.35:

Barriers to Employment for Refugees as Identified by Key Informants ..... 164

Table 4.1:

Australia: Small Business Operators by Birthplace, 2004.......................... 175

Table 4.2:

Australia: Australia-Born and First and Second Generation RefugeeHumanitarian Birthplace Groups, Percent Owner/Managers, 2006 ............ 176

Table 4.3:

Recently Arrived Settlers: Percent Who Are Running Their Own Business or Setting up a Business, 2009...................................................... 179

Table 4.4:

Australia: Australia-Born and First and Second Generation RefugeeHumanitarian Birthplace Groups, Percent Owner/Managers by Sex, 2006.............................................................................................................. 185

Table 4.5:

South Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Labour Force Status of Settlers Before Migration, 2009 (N=252).................................................... 188

Table 4.6:

Australia: First and Second Generation by Percent Employment Type, 2006.............................................................................................................. 190

xi

Table 4.7:

National Policies for Regional Dispersal of Asylum Seekers and Refugees....................................................................................................... 198

Table 4.8:

Australia: Remittances Sent to Relatives by Immigrants According to Visa Category of Arrival.............................................................................. 203

Table 4.9:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Frequency and Amount of Remittances Sent.......................................................................................... 204

Table 4.10:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Monthly Household Income According to Whether They Provide Financial Assistance to Others ......... 204

Table 5.1:

Percent of Australia-Born, First and Second Generation Humanitarian Settlers Who Are Volunteers by Age........................................................... 220

Table 5.2:

Immigrant Settlers Arriving Between 2001-06: Percent who Engage in Volunteering Work by Visa Type, 2006...................................................... 221

Table 5.3:

Australia: First and Second Generation Refugee-Humanitarian Settler Birthplace Groups: Percent Who Do Voluntary Work for an Organisation or Group, 2006 ....................................................................... 222

Table 5.4:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Volunteering.............................. 224

Table 5.5:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Description of Networks Within Their Ethnic Community ................................................................. 226

Table 5.6:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Assistance Given to Others in Their Ethnic Community ............................................................................. 227

Table 5.7:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Participation in Ethnic Community Activity .................................................................................... 228

Table 5.8:

Proportion of Migrants Without Family Members and Close Friends Already in Australia, 2010........................................................................... 228

Table 5.9:

Degree of Connection to Local Community Among Recent Arrivals by Visa Category, 2009..................................................................................... 229

Table 5.10:

Recent Arrivals to Australia: Have You Been Treated Well Since Coming to Australia?, By Visa Category .................................................... 230

xii

Table 5.11:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Description of Local Neighbourhood Social Networks................................................................. 230

Table 5.12:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Do You Feel a Part of Your Local Neighbourhood?................................................................................. 231

Table 5.13:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Do You Feel Part of the Mainstream of Australian Social and Cultural Life? ................................... 232

Table 5.14:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Types of Assistance Given to Neighbours................................................................................................... 233

Table 5.15:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Activities Participated in Within Local Neighbourhood ...................................................................... 233

Table 5.16:

Activities Engaged in by Recently Arrived Migrants, by Visa Category.... 234

Table 5.17:

Adelaide Humanitarian Migrants: Where the Migrants Meet Their Friends (n=255)........................................................................................... 237

Table 5.18:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Participation/Membership of Community Groups...................................................................................... 240

Table 5.19:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Involvement in Specific Civic Roles................................................................................................... 240

Table 5.20:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Involvement in Civic and Political Activity Since Being in Australia.................................................. 242

Table 5.21:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Answers to Question ‘I am Happy With My Life in Australia’............................................................... 245

Table 5.22:

Level of Comfort With Living in Australia by Visa Category (Percent) .... 246

Table 5.23:

Australian Humanitarian Settler Survey: Percent Who Value Particular Characteristics of Their Living Situation..................................................... 246

Table 5.24:

Level of Confidence About the Future by Visa Category (Percent)............ 247

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1:

Refugees Entered and Resettled per 1,000 Population in Major Countries, 1996-2009....................................................................................... 2

Figure 1.2:

Top Immigration Countries, 2010.................................................................... 5

Figure 1.3:

Australia: Humanitarian Program Offshore Arrivals, 1976-2009 .................. 6

Figure 1.4:

Refugee and Humanitarian Arrivals to Australia by Region of Birth, 1977-78 to 2008-09.......................................................................................... 8

Figure 1.5:

Australia: Unauthorised Arrivals, 1989-90 to 2010-11 .................................. 9

Figure 1.6:

Onshore Refugee and Humanitarian Arrivals by Region of Birth, 200203 to 2008-09 ................................................................................................. 10

Figure 1.7:

Australia: Migration Program Outcome by Stream and non-Program Migration, 1976-77 to 2008-09...................................................................... 11

Figure 1.8:

Distribution of Origin Birthplace Countries of Refugee Migrants to Australia, 2006............................................................................................... 16

Figure 1.9:

Distribution of Origin Ancestry Countries of Refugee Migrants to Australia, 2006............................................................................................... 16

Figure 1.10:

Developing the LSIA Sampling Frame for the First Six Month Segment for the First Interview of the First Wave ........................................ 27

Figure 1.11:

Data of Collection Strategy............................................................................ 31

Figure 1.12:

Australian Humanitarian Settlement Survey: Age-Sex Structure of Respondents, 2009-10.................................................................................... 37

Figure 1.13:

Estimates of the Contribution of Population, Participation and Productivity to Economic Growth in Australia Over the Past 40 Years and Projected Over the Next 40 Years........................................................... 42

Figure 2.1:

Waves of Refugees to Australia Since 1945.................................................. 48

Figure 2.2:

Refugee and Humanitarian Program and All Indo Chinese Settlers Arriving in Australia, 1974-2009................................................................... 57

xiv

Figure 2.3:

Australia: Age-Sex Structure of Refugee-Humanitarian Migrants, 2003-04 to 2008-09 and Total Australian Population, 2006.......................... 62

Figure 2.4:

Australia: Age-Sex Structure of Refugee-Humanitarian and Total Migrant Intake, 2003-04 to 2008-09.............................................................. 62

Figure 2.5:

Age-Sex Structure All Refugee Birthplace Groups, Australia-Born in Refugee Ancestry Groups, Refugee Groups Who Arrived Aged