Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-1980

FLUCTUATIONS

OF GLACIERS

1975-1980

with addenda from earlier years

This volume continues the earlier works published under the titles FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1959-1965 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1967 FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1965-1970 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1973 FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1970-1975 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1977

FLUCTUATIONS

OF GLACIERS

1975-1980 (Vol. IV)

A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme

Compiled for the Permanent Service on the Fluctuations of Glaciers of the IUGG-FAGS/ICSU by Wilfried Haeberli Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich

International Commission on Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences and UNESCO, Paris 1985

Published jointly by the International Association of Hydrological 19 rue Eugène-Carrière, 75018 Paris

Sciences

and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris . Printed by Vontobel-Druck Feldmeilen, Switzerland

AG,

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers . concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory.

(C) IAHS/UNESCO 1985 Printed in Switzerland

IAHS UNESCO: ISBN 92-3-102367-5

PREFACE

In many mountainous regions of the world, observations on glaciers have been undertaken for centuries for scientific as well as practical purposes.

The main international purpose of these observations has focused

on a better understanding

of the evolution

local level the prediction become fields of primary

of climate,

while at the

and reduction of glacier catastrophes have

concern.

During this century, the task of

assessing the influence of perennial ice masses on the water cycle has gained considerable interest.

Regular glacier observations, which were

originally limited to the more densely'populated mountain regions, have now become regular international undertakings. for instance,

have played an important

International

Hydrological

national

Hydrological

Snow and ice studies,

role in the activities of the

Decade (IHD, 1965-1974) and of the Inter-

Programme

(IHP) which

followed

the Decade.

Evidence is now accumulating that man's energy consumption could have strong impacts on the global climate in the near future.

Changes of

climate would seriously affect all forms of ice on earth and could lead to considerable problems related with, for example, water management in semi-arid regions irrigated by glacier meltwater.

For this reason, it

has become evident that land ice can be considered a sensitive indicator of ongoing changes in the energy balance at the earth's surface. It is in this context that Unesco and UNEP support the activities of the international services which collect and publish standardized data: the Permanent

Service on the Fluctuations

glacier

of Glaciers and the

Temporary Technical Secretariat for the World Glacier

Inventory, both

located at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich.

To

guarantee the continuity of the observations and to further improve the use of the resulting information,

steps are presently

being taken to

merge the two services. The present report, Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers" is published by IAHS with the support of Unesco. those of the contributors

The opinions expressed herein are

and do not necessarily

the organizations. UNESCO, D~vision of Water Sciences, Paris, 1985.

reflect the views of

FOREWORD

The International

Commission

dent of the former which world

International

was created in order

.Although

to monitor

results

to

the

permanent and

this

vicissitudes

and taken

by a single

adds to the value the changes

sensitively

to for

of scientists,

to be necessary. of

two

volunteers

World

Thanks in

Wars,

changes

is the latest

changes .

is too long

generation

a legion

survived

(1894-1927),

respond

appear~d

descen-

all around the

to climatic

glaciers

part in the dramatic

This volume

each addition

many

economic

in ac í.ence during

in a distinguished

of those previously

in the priorities

series,

published,

and methods

of

investigation.

The general be

that

of

has

at the same time reflecting scientific

relations

service

efforts

service

the past century. in which

early

to be obtained

enthusiasm

on Glaciers of gla~iers

the time ·scale òf this response

and an institutional,

countries,

their

recognized

in climate,

significant

Commission

the fluctuations

to understand

it was

variations

on Snow 'and Ice (ICSI) is a direct

pattern

r ecognised

geographic

in

observed the

observations

was on investigation

in the dev~lopment

study

and descriptions

of regularities

surveys

and quantitative

predict

and. explain

of each geoscience

o f q Lac iers.

At

were

made.

of structure

measurements;

the behaviour

the

beginning,

Next, the em~hasis

and motion

at this stage

of glaciers

can on ly

by precise

some

in terms

"l.aws" to

of climate,

g r a d i en t e t c . wer e s u_gg e st e d b Y Pe n c k a n d B r ü c k n e r, A h l m a n n , R i c h a rd Finsterwalder, approach

ical models

and calo~ics.

by Sebastian

Finsterwalder

of modern

Chamonix

in

glacier

1958.

Although

against

modelling be

of.glacier

behaviour

to a problem were devised

from

the

that

problems

and in the ~ollowing

in 1906, we may date the ICSI

symposium

mathematical somewhat

held

in

modelling

earlier

years, many new observational

such as VHF sounding,

·ice core drilling,

metry

which,

II

This

and mathemat-

than to

in most other geosciences.

MeaDwhile,

have

logistics,

observations.

the first such models

noted

to glacier

field

of physical

in 1903 and Weinberg

It may

t echn.ì que s were applied problems

and tested

by the development

to reduce the complexities

in mechanics

start

and others,

has been followed

appeared,

have provided

together

a wealth

or satellite

with

imagery

a tremendous

of reliable

techniques and alti-

development

and detailed

in

information

about glacier characteristics

and behaviour

that wa~ not possible

before. The,study of glaciers, an important brancn of geoscience in its own right, and closely related to climatic studies and hydrology, has also become

important

to petrology,

~aterials

science,

cosmology,

regional pollution, northern navigation and other areas of science and human affairs.

Con.sequently, leSI has considerably broadened its scope,

and its initial major activity of monitoring fluctuations of glaciers has become a Permanent

Service of the Federation of Astronomical

and

Geophysical Services (FAGS) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), under the tutorship of ICSI. These developments do not mean that the monitoring of glacier fluctuations has become

less important

or obsolete.

Today more than ever

before, glaciologists need reliable and representative data on glacier behaviour to tune their models or to test their theories.

A heàlthy

dialectic has started between the Service which gathers the field data and the users of these data who ask for more data or for improvements in the way they are collected.

Each piece of information

obtained by

systematic on-the-ground measurement is more laborious to acquire and more expensive to the data user than any piece of information obtained from an orbiting satellite;

but data obtained by remote sensing will

not replace direct field observations,

although it can enhance their

value.

Satellite imagery is of va¡ue to glacier studies in its own

right;

it can be used to give generalized information when field data

are missing, and can further enhance the significance of ground measur~ments by providing comparative observations of nearby glaciers or recording the timing of events between field observations. teers for field observations

Teams of volun-

and efficient people to gather the data

according to established

procedures are more useful than ever to the

modern study of glaciers.

It is the work of these teams that is presen-

ted in this volume. In any discussion about glacier fluctuations, it is usual to stress the .ì mp ort ance

of monitoring these fluctuation,s in order to allow better

management of water resources, or to detect world-wide climatic changes at an early stage.

The recent broadening

of glacier studies to be

relevant to a wide range of sciences and important human problems has been noted above.

Without minimizing in the least these important and

obvious goals and developments,

we should like to draw attention to a

more idealistic bu~ nonetheless vital role.

III

The hoble ~~jective of,UNESCO, UNEP and other agenqies forming part of the United Nations system is to foster international cooperation in the advancement

of science and exchange of information,

peace, for the development

for the sake of

of less favoured countries,

and for the

b ene f it o f m ankind . At its m odes t. rank, th e PSFG con tributes to th is objective. tropics

,Glaciers are found in many parts of the world, from the

to the poles,

and their presence

and their value to world

science bears no relation to political systems or the economic development of the countries in which they are located.

Through its requests

for data from all glacierized regions, ,the PSFG

brings isolated agen-

cies and geosciences community.

from many lands into the world-wide

Being involved ina continuing

scientific

study backed by an inter-

national agency helps the institutions and their staffs. to obtain facili~ies for fi~ld studies, travel. t

ì

f

ì

to produce scientific

publications

and to

They contribute important information to a world-wide scien-

ce n t e rp r se , and exchange scientific ì

glacier scientists in other countries.

data directly with leading

In its small way, the PSFG helps

scientists in many countries realize, perhaps, that it is not necessary to have a large budget in every branch of science or a,NASA or a CERN on their doorstep in order to be able to contribute significantly to that most important undertaking of mankind: the advancement of the scientific understanding of our shared environment. We are therefore happy to present this fourth volume on glacier fluctuations, which materializes years of patient work, and which is published with the high standards of its predecessors We congratulate

over coordination difficulties,

and of IAHS publications.

its principal author, Dr. Wilfried Haeberli, who took of the enterprise

after a number

and by his energy and dedication

of delays

and

has brought it to a

successful conclusion.

E.F. Roots President, leSI 1979-1983

ottawa and Grenoble, 1985

IV

L. Lliboutry President, ICSI 1983-1987

PROLOGUE AND THANKS Efforts to monitor land ice on a global scale date back to the last century.

Between 1895 and 1913, world-wide glacier observations were

summarized by the International Commission on Glaciers. This Commission was succeeded by the International Commission on Snow and Ice (ICSI) of the International subsequently

Association

established,

of Hydrological

in 1967,

Sciences (IAHS) which

the Permanent

Service

on the'

Fluctuations of Glaciers (PSFG) as one of the services of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical, Sciences of the Int.e rnat i onal Council of Scientific

Unions

(FAGS/ICSU).

Three volumes

containing

glacier

fluctuation data have already been published by the PSFG: Vol. I:

Fluctuations of Glaciers 1959-1965 (P. Kasser)

Vol. II:

Fluctuations of Glaciers 1965-1970 (P. Kasser)

Vol. III: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975 (F. MUller) The objective of the periodic PSFG publication series is to reproduce a global set of data on the fluctuations of glaciers which - affords a general view of the changes - encourages more extensive measurements - invites further processing of the results - facilitates consultation of the further sources - serves as a basis for research. To aid standardization on an international level, UNESCO, together with IAHS and ICSI, published a series of "Technical Papers in Hydrology". These publications

were aimed .at the study of snow and ice as natural

resources, and at the study of the mechanisms

of glacier fluctuations

and their relationship to climatic variations.

Some of these "Guides"

have been updated in recent years, and the following ,relevant

for this present

volume

(Volume

are those most

IV) of "Fluctuations

of

Glaciers":

v

l. Variations

of Existing

Glaciers.

Practices for their Measurement.

A Guide to international Technical Papers in Hydrology

No.3, UNESCO 1969, which is in part superseded specific by: Instructions

for Submission

of Data

and made more

for "Fluctuations

of

Glaciers 1975-80", issued by the PSFG in June 1983. 2. Perennial

Ice and Snow Masses.

Assemblage

A Guide for Compilation

of Data for a World Glacier Inventory.

and

Technical

Papers in Hydrology No. l, UNESCO 1970, which is in part superseded by: F. Müller, T. Caflisch and G. Müller, 1977: Instructions Compilation

and Assemblage

of Data

for a World

for

Glacier

Inventory, and by: TTS (1983): Guidelines for Preliminary Glacier Inventories, both issued by the Temporary Technical Secretariat for World Glacier Inventory

of ICSI,

Hydrology

and Glaciology

Technology 3. Combined

now

at the Laboratory

of Hydraulics,

(VAW), Swiss Federal

Institute

of

(ETH), Zürich.

Heat,

Ice and Water

Balances

at Selected

Glacier

Basins, Part I: A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for Glacier Mass Balance Measurements. Standards No.5,

and Data Exchange.

Part II: Specifications,

Technical

Papers in Hydrology

UNESCO 1970 and 1973.

After the publication of PSFG Volume III in 1977, the unexpected, tragic death of its director, Prof. Dr. Fr itz Müller, interrupted until 1983. cult

acti vities

This interruption not only lead the service into a diffi-

financial

situation

but also

discontinuity

in the contacts

collaborators.

Neve rt.heLe ss , thanks

response from glaciologists allover

produced,

with national

in some

cases,

correspondents

to the cooperation

a and

and quick

the world, the present volume could

be completed within a relatively short time period. Thanks are due to the parent agency FAGS for the allocation of grants. 'However, the main burden of the operation had to be borne by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich. of many colleagues

VI

at the Laboratory

The help and assistance

of Hydraulics,

Hydrology

and

Glaciology, ETH Zürich is most gratefully acknowledged.

In addition to

the Director, the PSFG team consisted primarily of two people who were responsible (computer

for a major part of the work involved programming

and data

management)

- Peter Müller

and

Pamela

Alean

(administration and text) who, throughout the production of this volume, showed

the sort

of initiative

which

contributed

greatly

efficiency with which this publication could be completed.

to the

They were

ably assisted in their tasks by Willy Schmid (maps), and by Werner

Nabs

and Jiri Pika (data input). Karl Scherler, Executive Secretary of the TTS, provided valuable back-up expertise and implemented a step towards the future coordination of the TTS and the PSFG by assigning WGI-numbers to all glaciers in the PSFG data bank. M. Kuhn (Innsbruck), 'M.F. Meier (Tacoma) and L. Reynaud (Grenoble) acted as scienti fic consultants, Group

for PSFG/TTS

and the members

- D. Vischer

of the Swiss Coordinating

(Zürich),

A. Ohmura

(Zürich),

H. Röthlisberger (Zürich) and B. Salm (Davos) - as well as C.C. Wallén, consultant to UNEP, helped with administrative measures.

Their efforts

greatly facilitated the work of the PSFG office during the preparation of "Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-80".

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE

I

FOREWORD PROLOGUE

II AND THANKS

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VIII

LIST OF ANNEXED MAPS CHAPTER

X

l - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preparation of Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers"

l

1.2 Organization of the Present Vo~ume

4

CHAPTER

2 - GENERAL

INFORMATION

ON THE OBSERVED

GLACIERS

2.1 The Parameters

6

2.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

7

CHAPTER

3 - VARIATION

IN THE POSITION

AND ADDENDA

FROM EARLIER

OF GLACIER FRONTS 1975-80 YEARS (TABLES B AND BB)

3.1 The Data

14

3.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

15

CHAPTER

4 - MASS BALANCE

STUDY RESULTS

AND ADDENDA

FROM EARLIER

YEARS (TABLES C, CC AND CCC) 4.1 The Data

23

4.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

23

CHAPTER

5 - CHANGES

IN AREA, VOLUME AND THICKNESS

OF GLACIERS

5.1 The Data

29

5.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

29

CHAPTER

6 - SPONSORING

AGENCIES

FOR THE GLACIER 6.1 Introduction

VIII

AND NATIONAL

CORRESPONDENTS

STUDIES 31

6.2 Sponsoring Agencies and Sources of Data for the Various Countries

31

6.3 National Correspondents

and Collaborators of the PSFG

CHAPTER 7 AND TABLE F - MISCELLANEOUS

40

43

CHAPTER 8 - THE ANNEXED MAPS Bondhusbreen, Southern Norway, by B. W~ld

65

Hellstugubreen,

66

Southern Norway, by B. Wold

Austre Memurubre, Southern Norway, by G. 0strem

67

Thickness Changes of Swiss Glaciers, by P. Kasser and H. Siegenthaler 68 Gepatschferner Hintereisferner

1971, by K. Brunner

75

1979, by M. Kuhn

77

Vernagtferner 1979, by H. Rentsch

79

Langentaler Ferner 1971, by K. Brunner

81

Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 1969-1979, by R. Finsterwalder and H. Rentsch

84

Issik Glacier, by G. Patzelt

85

Batura Glacier, by Xie Zichu

88

CHAPTER 9 - PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE

89

REFERENCES

91

APPENDIX l: Data sheets and notes on their completion

95

************************************************************************ TABLE A

- GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS

117

TABLE B

- VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS: 1975-80

137

TABLE BB

- VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS

TABLE C

- MASS BALANCE SUMMARY DATA: 1975-80

157

169

IX

TABLE CC

- MASS BALANCE SUMMARY DATA ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS

181

TABLE CCC - MASS BALANCE VERSUS ALTITUDE FOR SELECTED GLACIERS

185

TABLE D

- CHANGES IN AREA, VOLUME AND THICKNESS

221

TABLE E

- AVAILABILITY OF HYDROMETEOROLGICAL

237

TABLE F

- SEE CHAPTER 7 (PAGE 43)

DATA

249

ALPHABETIC INDEX ************************************************************************

LIST OF THE ANNEXED MAPS Bondhusbreen (1:10,000) Hel1stugubreen

(1:10,000)

Austre Memurubre (1:10,000) SdIvret.t.a,Verstancla and Chamm glaciers (1:10,000) Limmern and Plattalva glaciers (1:10,000) Gries glacier (1:10,000) Gepatschferner 1971 (1:10,000) Hintereisferner

1979 (1:10,000)

Ver~agtferner 1979 (1:10,000) Langtaler Ferner 1971 (1:7,500) Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 1969-79'(1:20,000) (with accompanying sheet) Issik Glacier (1:25,000) Batura Glacier (1:60,000)

x

CHAPTER l

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preparation of Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers" The present volume of Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-1980 continues the series of ,publications started by Kasser (1967, 1973) and Müller (1977), - referred to here as Volumes

I, II and III.

Volume III saw a major

development towards standardization of data and the installation of a data bank; it appears that this standardization is, in general, acknowledged by the glaciological community to be both appropriate and useful. It was felt that changes in terminolgy, format and types of data should be kept to a minimum term series.

in order to preserve the coherency of this long-

The format of the present volume

therefore

strongly

resembles that of Volume III. Data sheets were "sent to national correspondents in summer 1983. These sheets saw only minor changes compared to those distributed during the compilation of Volume III. The question of mass balance terminolgy may be the most delicate point. Some mass balance terms used in Volume III, such as "net accumulation", not only give correspondents the freedom to present their sp ecí.aL'k nd of observations, í

uncertainty

when interpreting

recommended

that national correspondents

but may also lead to some

mass balance data~

It was therefore

define what they actually

measured by using, whenever possible, the terminology developed by Mayo et al. (1972); this recommendation was, unfortunately, not followed by most national correspondents. puristic point of view;

This is certainly regrettable

it may, however, be of less importance

respect to the practical use of long-ter~ records.

from a with

The data sheets also

requested information on the availability of hydrometeorological data, even though the actual data are not published in PSFG volumes. A noteworthy change with respect to Volume

III is the fact that length

variations of glacier tongues are given as total displacements (m) and not as mean velocities

(m/year) of advance or retreat,

sometimes

over long time intervals;

interpolated

which were

this change was

suggested by Patzelt (1979). For the first time, correspondents

were

asked to supply information about unusual events, such as glacier surges or large glacier floods;

such information

in national reports (e.g.,

Kasser and Aellen 1983, Rist 1984) has proven to be very useful despite the fact that it is often qualitative and incomplete.

The request by

the PSFG on this point was considered as

a'

pilot study on the question

as to whether or not such observations should be included in future PSFG volumes.

The weak echo to the request probably indicates that informa-

tion on unusual events is not easily obtainable

and cannot yet be

collected for regular publication on a whrld-wide scale. reasons, it was decided not to include bibliographies

For similar

and results of

short-term energy balance studies. Computer programmes were developed to not only represent the actual data but also to process it further in order to summarize later date and to form a basis for making developments.

the results at a

assessments

on current

A system was developed to store all the data received on

data sheets, magnetic tapes, punch cards and print-outs.

Information is

most complete on the original data sheets where, for example, specific remarks pertinent to the measurements of individual glaciers can sometimes be found. measurements, this volume.

Other information,

such as the dates of individual

was stored on the magnetic tapes, but is not printed in This means that information more complete than that prin-

ted in the tables is available.

Computer work was done using the CDC

computer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich.

Proofs

of the tables and the text were sent to national correspondents at the end of 1984 and beginning of 1985. The present

volume

contains

information

on 691 glaciers.

Data on

"Positians of Glacier Fronts" for the period 1975-1980 were received for 626 glaciers, with "Addenda from Earlier Years" for 105. "Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data" were submitted for a total of 76 glaciers, with detailed "Mass Balance versus Altitude" data for 20 glaciers.

Data

relating to "Changes in Area, Volume and Thickness" are presented for 36 glaciers.

Although some information

is available

from glaciers

in

Africa, South America, Asia and Antarctica, the bulk of the data comes from North America, Europe and the USSR. For the first time in the PSFG series, data on Chinese glaciers is included, but no fluctuation data Bolivia,

Chile,

Argentina, Spain, Turkey, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Bhutan.

was

obtained

from

Mexico,

Venezuela,

Columbia,

In some

cases, the PSFG was not able to establish contacts (e.g., Chile), in others programmes seem to have been suspended (e.g., Afghanistan) or to have st a rt ed after 1980 (e.g.,Spain).

2

A special

section,

Chapter 7, has been included

in this volume

to

represent important information which does not fit into the standardized format of the tables.

This section mainly concerns balances estimated

using "index measurements" on remote glaciers and polar ice sheets.

The

scarcity of fluctuation data from the largest ice bodies on earth still represents the chief limitation to global land ice monitoring today. The tradition of including examples of special glacier maps continued volume.

with the inclusion

.ì abe

i.nq

of 13 maps in the back pocket of this

The collection of maps in PSFG volumes not only reflects the

"state of the art" in the field of glacier mapping, but is also thought to document

especially

well-studied

glaciers and qLac ers in remote ì

areas. The value of such maps for interpreting glacier fluctuation data is certainly beyond any discussion.

The PSFG is extremely grateful for

the fact that most of the maps included

here were donated.

Brief

descriptions of the maps are given in Chapter 8. A reference list for the present volume is to be found after Chapter 9, immediately

before Table A. It should be noted, however, that refer-

ences pertinent to the map texts are found at the end of each text and are therefore not included in the general reference list. As a result of requests for the standard PSFG'data sheets from various scientists

and authorities,

it has been decided to include the data

sheets which were used for the collection of data for this volume in Appendix l, together with the corresponding explanations.

3

1.2 Organization of the Present Volume The data presented in this volume consist of the following types: Table Ä:

General Information on the Observed Glaciers

Table B:

Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts, 1975-80

Table BB:

Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts - Addenda from'earlier years

Table C:

Mass Balance Summary Data, 1975-80·

Table CC:

Mass Balance Summary Data - Addenda from earlier years

Table CCC: Mass Balance versus Altitude for Selected Glaciers Table D:

Changes in Thickness, Area and Volume

Table E:

Availability of Hydrometeorological Data

Table F:

Miscellaneous Data presented in Chapter 7

Sources of data and comments

can be found in Chapters 2 to 7.

each data type, the glaciers are organized

according

where they occur with, in same cases, sub-division graphical

units, e.g., Austrian

glaciers

Within

to the country

into smaller geo-

are divided into Il groups

according to natural sub-divisions of the country.

Table A provides the

reader not only with general information on the glaciers of a particular country or region, but also lists which data are available glaciers in other tables.

for these

An alphabetic index of glaciers is given at

the end of this volume to allow easy location of the data for anyone glacier within the various tables A to F. Glaciers are identified with a name of up to 15 alphabetical and numerical characters

and a "PSFG Number" of four or five digits

alphabetical prefix denoting the country.

with an

The order in which data from

the different countries are presented, together with the corresponding prefixes, is shown in the following table: Country:

Prefix: ---

Country:

Prefix:

Canada

CD

France

F

U.S.A.

US

Switzerland

CH

Peru

PE

Austria

A

Greenland

G

Italy

I

Iceland

IS

Kenya

KN

Norway

N

U.S.S.R.

SU

S

China

CN

Antarctica

AN

Sweden

Germany (Fed.Rep.) D

4

Although

in some cases it was necessary 'to abbreviate

the names of

glaciers, it should always be possible to compare data for any particular glacier in the present volume with data in previous volumes.

This

volume sees the inclusion of the PsFG number for each glacier in every data table, including the index. Glacier

Inventory

In addition, the corresponding World

(WGI) code number

for each glacier

is given in the

index in order to facilitate work with both data sets (PsFG and WGI) in the future.

It should be noted, ,however, that the WGI numbers printed

in the present volume are those which were being used by the TTs at the end of 1984.

Some of these may be changed in the final publication

of

the WGI and a corrected list will appear in PsFG Volume V. Although all data are tabulated in Tables A to E, it is not recommended that they be used without consultation of the relevant sections in the tex t ; in th e cas e o f Tab le F, th e da t a are given w ith in th e te xt o f Chapter 7.

Furthermore,

when citing data from this volume, references

to the original sources of the data - given in the relevant chapter of the text - should be quoted wherever possible.

5

CHAPTER 2 - GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS

2.1

The Parameters

The inçluded parameters consti~ute a useful minimum of information about each observed available

glacier.

Emphasis

is placed upon basic information

from a national glacier inventory carr ied out according to

internationally agreed speci fications.

A list of the parameters given

in Table A, together with their abbreviations as used in the Table can be found on the cover page of Table A. each glacier

The 3-digi t classi fication of

(CODE) is based on the following

scheme

(UNESCO/lASH,

1970) :

Digit l: Primary Classification O

Miscellaneous

l

Continental Ice Sheet

2

Ice-field

3

Ice Cap

4

Outlet glacier

5

Valley glacier

6

Mountain glacier

7

Glacieret or snowfield

8

Ice-shelf

9

Rock glacier

Digit 2: Form

6

O

Miscellaneous

l

Compound basins - two or more glaciers coalescing

2

Compound basin - two or more accumulation basins

3

Simple basin

4

Cirque

5

Niche

6

Crater

7

Ice apron

8

Group

9

Remnant

Digit 3: Frontal

2.2

°l

Miscellaneous

2

Expanded

3

Lobed

4

Calving

5

Coalescing,

6

Irregular,

mainly clean ice

7

Irregular,

mainly debris covered

Piedmont foot

non .contributing

8

Single lobed, mainly clean ice

9

Single lobe, mainly debris covered

Sources of Data and Comments

Indi vidual each

Characteristics

investigators

country

agencies

Canada

for the Various

and their

in Chapters

3 and 4.

and organizations

holding

Countries

sponsor ing agencies The addresses

original

are gi ven for

of the sponsoring

data are given in Chapter

6.

(CD)

Data for 43 Canadian

glaciers

Surface Water Division, porating

the

standard

Ommanney

was assisted

glaciers

are mostly

(NTS) at a scale

were

provided

by C.S.l. Ommanney

of the

Ottawa (SW), in the form of a manuscript PSFG

data

by J. Jackson

derived

sheets

(Ommanney,

and J. Zi to.

from the Canadian

Data on individual

Topographic

Map Series

of 1:50,000.

All of Canada has been flolNn with low level aerial photography for mapping missions

at a scale of 1:50,000.

have

been

1:10,000 or better. are available

incor-

unpublished).

flown Flight

In several cases,

for the mapping line information

special

of glaciers

suitable air photo

at a scale

and the individual

of

prints

from the: National

Air Photo Library,

Surveys and Mapping

Branch,

615, Booth Street, Ottawa,

Ontario,

KIA OE9

7

The Surveys

and Mapping

Canada

at a scale

sheets.

Having

glacierized

Branch

of 1:50,000

a somewhat

areas

is striving

and to update

lower

of Canada

to complete

are available

Canada

ottiwa,

based digitizing

system

to Z

=

been

assigned

of a glacier

determined Canada.

boundaries

for Canadian

division,

using

26 .. and w ith unnamed

position

reports

or submitted

NTS maps sheets

with the "Automap"

approximate

allocation

alphabetic

have

KIA OE9

using

data,

a computer-

software.

For the large ice

were drawn

on the 1:1,000,000

maps of Canada and the areas measured.

The PSFG number

digits

scale.

Branch,

from published

off the most recent

initial

at the larger

and

Avenue,

Ontario,

have been taken

scale glacier

NTS

of the mountain

from the :

Surveys ,and Mapping

when not taken

scale

of

Map Office,

130, Bentley

caps and icefields,

1:250,000

many

have yet to be mapped

Maps at all scales and indices

Area values,

the

priority,

its mapping

from

features

name

within

has been based on the

of 1-99

at 50... based

its particular

listing

of named

with the subscript

.ì ,e , A = Dl ..

two digits,

starting

at a scale

the latest

Glacier names

glaciers

the first

The last

two

on the relative

alphabetic

glaciological

west, south-east

block,

as

features

in

and east etc.

refer to the fact that only one lobe of the main tongue was observed.

The Canadian reports

manuscript

published

to work published

contains

or produced

a b~bliography

from

which

lists papers

1975 to 1980 inclusive.

since then are available

from the national

and

References correspon-

dent.

Data

for

3 additional

R. LeB. Hooke

U.S.A.

Data

(UM) and A. Ohmura

in

NWT

Canada

were

submitted

by

(GIETH).

(US)

for 106 U.S. glaciers

the U.S. Geological denotes

Survey

were

provided

to the PSFG by C S. Brown

of

(USGST).

The first digi t of the PSFG number

the state where the glacier

is located; the second digit denotes

the range, the mountains

8

glaciers

or a specific

mountain.

1st digit O, l

Alaska 0001-0199

2

5

Brooks Range

0200-0399

Alaska Range, Aleutian Range

0400-0599

Kenai Mountains

0600-1099

Chugach Mountains

1100-1299

Wrangell Mountains

1300-1799

St. Elias Mountains

1800-1999

Coast Mountains

Washington 2101-2150

Olympic Mountains

2002-2012

Mount Baker

2014-2019

Glacier Peak

2020-2040

Mount Rainier

2050-2065

Mount Adams

2075-2090

Mount St. Helens

Montana

Peru (PE) Data for 4 Peruvian glaciers were received from M. Zamora Cobos of the "Unidad de Glaciologia" of the "Empresa Electricidad del Peru" in Huaraz (ElectroperujEP). Data for Quelccaya Ice Cap were sent by C S. Brown of the U.S. Geological Survey.

Greenland (G) Mass balance

data for 3 glaciers

in Greenland

were received

from

A. Weidick of the Geological Survey of Greenland in Copenhagen (GGU)

9

Iceland (IS) Frontal variation data for 49 Icelandic glacier tongues were provided by S. Rist of the Hydrological Survey, National Energy Authority in Reykjavik (OS), and compiled Reykjavik.

by H. Björnssnn of the University

of Iceland in

The Icelandic letters ö and ~ appearing in glacier names

have been transliterated in the data tables as o and d respectively. Norway (N) Data were received from three sources: from B. Wold of the Norwegian Resources and Electricity Norwegian

Board (NVE) in Oslo, from

o. t est e I of the ì

Polar Research Institute (NPI) in Oslo, and from J. Jania of

the Silesian University in Sosnowiec, Poland (SUP) - for Spitsbergen. The Norwegian

letters ~ and ~ appearing

in glacier names have been

transliterated as oe and aa respectively. Sweden (S) Data

for 15 Swedish

glaciers

were

received

from

V. Schytt

and

P. Holmlund of the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University (NGSU). Shortly before this volume went to press, the PSFG office received the sad news of the death of Professor Schytt. early pioneers

to start glacier

mass balance

As one of the

measurements

and as

national correspondent for Sweden since the very beginning of the PSFG publication

series, he holds a special place in the history of this

service and will long be remembered for the active role he played. The PSFG numbers for the Swedish glaciers are the last four digits of the IHD index numbers given by Gaffeng (1971). The Swedish letters ä, ö and ~ have been transliterated as ae, oe and a respectively. The names of the following glaciers are taken from topographical maps and are corrections of the names appearing in Volume III

10

PSFG number

Name

Name in PSFG Volume III

S 767

Ruotesjekna

S 796

Passusjietna

W

Pasustjietna W

S 797

Passusjietna

E

Pasustjietna E

S 798

Karsojietna

Ruotesglaciaeren

Karsajoekeln

Germany, Federal Republic (D) Data for 3 Bavarian glaciers were received from Commission

for Glaciology,

Bavarian

Academy

o.

Reinwarth

of Sciences

of the

in Munich

(CGBAS). France (F) Data for 7 French glaciers were received from L. Reynaud of the Laboratory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics in Grenoble (CNRS). Switzerland (CH) Data on 114 Swiss glaciers were received from M. Aellen of the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH), and additional, mass balance data for Rhone glacier was sent by M. Funk of the Geographical Institute of the ETH in Zürich (GIETH).

The main source of general information

was the Swiss Glacier Inventory by Müller et al. (1976). Austria (A) Data for a total of 120 Austrian glaciers were sent to the PSFG from three sources: Research

from G. Patzelt of the Institute

in Innsbruck

(IHG), from H. Slupetzky

Institute, University of Salzburg (GlUS), and from

for High Mountain of the Geographical

o.

Reinwarth of the

Commission for Glaciology in Munich (CGBAS). The main source of information was the Austrian Glacier Inventory; the data in Table A (General Information) were, in most cases,

taken from this inventory and refer

to the situation in 1969.

11

The first two digits of the PSFG numbers for Austria denote the mountain groups as shown in the following table: Di~it

Mountain Group

Digit

Mountain Group

Dl

Silvretta Gruppe

07

Glockner Gruppe

02

Oetztaler Alpen

08

Sonnblick Gruppe (Goldberg G. )

03

Stubaier Alpen

09

Hochkönig

04

Zillertaler Alpen

10

Ankogel-Hochalmspitz Gruppe

05

Venediger Gruppe

Il

Dachstein Gruppe

06

Granatspitz Gruppe

Italy (I) Data

for 60 Italian

glaciers

were received

from G. Zanon of the

Department of Geography, University of Padua (DGUP).

The main sources

of information were the World Glacier Inventory (in preparation) and the Italian Glacier Inventory. Kenya (KN) Data on 6 glaciers on Mount Kenya were received-from

S. Hastenrath of

the Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A. (UWDM). U.S.S.R. (SU) Data on glacier fluctuations

in the U.S.S.R. were received in the form

of a manuscript report in Russian by K.G. Makarevitch (unpublished), of the Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences in Alma Ata (ASKASSR). Some additional data were taken from various Soviet glacier inventory publications.

Data are given on a total of 87 Soviet glaciers in this

volume. China (CN) Data on 27 Chinese glaciers were sent to the PSFG by Shi Yafeng and Ren Binghui of the Lanzhou (LIGC) .

12

Institute

of Glaciolology

and Cryopedology

Antarctica (AN) Data on 32 Antarctic

and Sub-Antarctic

glaciers

were received

from

T.J. Chinn of the Ministry of Works and'Development in Christchurch, New Zealand (MWD) and from I. Allison of the Antarctic Division, Department of Science, University of Melbourne, Australia. There is considerable difficulty fitting Antarctic ice sheet data into the present format of the PSFG volumes for two reasons: knowledge of the ice sheet is still only rudimentary

and both the spatial scale of the

glaciers and the time scales of the variations those of mountain desi qned.

glaciers

are much greater than

for which the PSFG format

was largely

(See Chapter 7 for further comments.)

13

CHAPTER

3

- VARIATION ADDENDA

3.1

IN THE POSITION FROM EARLIER

OF GLACIER

YEARS

FRONTS

(TABLES

1975-80

AND

B AND BB)

The Data

Data relating the period included same

to the position

1975-80.

in Volume

cases

volumes

BB also

but which

front in metres.

data

which

were

to be stationary; to be in advance;

=

glacier

of

for cases

there was some frontal activity

appears

SN

in the position

period:

appears

glacier

in

in earlier

data are also given

glacier

=

were not

volume;

reported

the variation

+X = glacier -X

1975 which

or updated.

Qualitative

were made although

in the reported

=

preceding

have now been corrected

where no measurements

ST

gives

data in Table B represent

the glacier

observed

fronts are given in Table B for

III are given in Table BB of the present

Table

Quantitative

of glacier

The data for periods

appears tongue

to be in retreat; is covered

with snow so as to make the survey

impossible. In all cases, for which

the qualitative

either

other hand, quantitative tions

should

data should

quantitative

data following

be understood

last quantitative

refer

or qualitative

a series

as referring

The data given in Table B are not homogeneous

annual

recommended in Kasser sporadic

of qualitative

to the whole

period

year On the

observasince

the

measurement.

of observation regular

to the preceding

data are available.

used.

In some

or biennial

by the Glacier (1967,

p , 20-26).

or casual

cases,

surveys

rather

than theodolite

In other

better

than about

survey.

with respect

methods

of the Swiss cases,

based

±0.5m and may be much

are

similar

Academy

to those

methods

of the data will d~pending

by

are more

photogrammetrie

worse,

made

of Sciences

the measurements

upon

The accuracy

to the method

measurements

following

Commission

and are often

the

rarely

be

on the m~thod

used.

Dates

14

of survey

are omitted

from

Table B simply

on account

of shortage

of space. made

In almost

at or near

Austral

Autumn

between

annual

variations,

all cases

it can be assumed

the end of the balance seasons.

Deviation

surveys

will

from

cause

interval

the limit

or

of 365 days

in the calculation

lie within

are

i.e., in the Boreal

a time

errors

but they will usually

that the surveys

year,

of annual

of errors due to

other causes.

3.2

The

Sources

of Data and Comments

methods

glacier

used

fronts

according

a b c d e

to investigate

are given

6.

Canada

(CD)

geodetic

in Table

Canadian

BB.

position

in the text which

of

follows,

glacier,

(e. g. , visual)

glaciers

ways

agencies

in Canada

over

or determined

the

have

years.

given

can be found in

been Early

the mean variation

Some of the systematic reported

1970-75),

measured

in a

investigators

from a number

glacier

in the previous

also included

studies

Canadian

regular

of

ground

of

around

PSFG report photography

photo stations.

In 1945, the Dominion the variations

or no information

from one fixed, know~ point to the outer limit

the turn of the century,

'from established

tape etc.)

are given in Table B and for 21 glaciers

variations

fixed point measurements.

(for fluctuations

(theodolite,

used for the sponsoring

Glacier

measured

survey

of a, b or c

different

traditionally

British

in the

photogrammetry

other methods

of

the visible

variations

key:

ground

combination

Data for 25

number

Countries

aerial photogrammetry terrestrial

The key to the symbols Chapter

the

for each glacier

to the following

= = = = =

for,the Various

Water and Power

and rate of movement

Columbia.

Up to 1960, changes

method

and thereafter

by a baseline

cussed

in the previous

report.

Bureau started

of several

were determined method.

The Water

routine

glaciers

by a snout

The methodology

Survey

surveys

in Alberta

of and

area

was dis-

of Canada has been the

15

only agency in Canada measuring glacier variations systematically on an annual or biennial basis.

Unfortunately,

their programme

in British

Columbia has been suspended and that in Alberta is under review.

1978

marked the last year of the biennial terrestrial photogrammentric surveys on Bugaboo, Kokanee, Nadahini, Sentinel and Spinx glaciers and those on Athabasca and Saskatchewan

glaciers were suspended in 1979.

Fortunately, the Çalgary Office of the Water Survey of Canada has continued snout surveys on these latter two glaciers in even-numbered years. The plaque-line, glacier movement survey of Saskatchewan glacier was discontinued in 1978, 'but that on Athabasca glacier continued. In the previous Canadian report, figures for the retreat of Athabasca and Saskatchewan

glaciers were annual rather than biennial

Hence corrected values are given for these two glaciers. the figures listed for these two glaciers volume are variations

over a two-year

values.

In additian,

in Table B of the present

period, since there were two

differents sets of biennial surveys. The investigators for the Canadian glaciers, together with their sponsoring agencies, are as follows: Athabasca/c

- WSCC and I.A. Reid and

J.D.G. Charbonneau (WSCO); Berm/a, Elkin/d, Fleur des Neiges/a, Griffin East and West Tongues/a, Staircase East and West Tongues/a, Thunderclap East and West Lobes/a,

Tsoloss West

K. Ricker (RICKER and ACC); Sentinel/c

and Sphinx/c

Clendenning/d,

Tongue/d

Bugaboo/c,

and Caltha

Kokanee/c,

Lake/c -

Nadahini/c,

- I.A. Reid and J.D.G. Charbonneau

(WSCO);

Havoc/a, Surf/d, and Wave/d - K. Ricker, K. Hunt and

L. Jozsa (RICKER and ACC); Emerald/c - R.J. Rogerson (MUN); Friendly/c - J. Lixvar and K. Ricker (RICKER and ACC); SouthWest

SJC and ACC); neau (WSCO); and ACC); ACC);

"New Moon" North West and

Lobes /a - K. Ricker, L. Jozsa and D. Kennedy (RICKER, FCC, Saskatchewan/c - WSCC, AHD, I.A. Reid and J.D.G. CharbonTchaikazan/c

- J. Lixvar, K. Ricker and N. Carter (RICKER

Terrific/a - K. Ricker, J. Clarke and A. Post (RICKER and

Wedgemount/d - W.A. Tupper, K. Bracewell. J. Leroux and K. Ricker

(BCIT and RICKER). U.S.A. (US)

Data for 102 U.S. glaciers are given in Table B and for 18 glaciers in Table BB.

16

Sources of data and sponsoring agencies for the U.S. glaciers

in the order in which they appear in Tables B and BB are:

Falling to

Meares - W.O. Field (WOF/mostly

Columbia-

M.F. Meier

b but also a, c and e);

and A. Post (USGST/d),

W.O. Fißld (WOF/d),

G.K. Gilbert,

Shoup to Saddlebag

- W.O. Field

U.S. Grant and D.F. Higgins (b,e,e); (WOF /a, b, c and e);

Betseli to Chetaslina

- C. Benson, M. Sturm and

P. MaeKeith (UA/a, c and e); Geikie to Wright - W.O. Field (WOF/a, b, c and e);

South Cascade - R.M. Krimmel (USGST/e); Carbon to North Mowieh

- C. Dr ie dg er (U SGS T/a); (USGST/a and c);

Shoestrinq - M. Brugg m an and M .F. Me ier

Carrie to Ice River -·R.C. Spicer (USGST/a and b);

Blue - Table B data from W.B. Kamb and K. Eehelmeyer data from (UW/e),

W.B. Kamb

F Dickinson

R.P. Sharp

(CAL/e);

et al (CAL/e),

E.R. La Chapelle

and G.O. Fagerlund Black

(CAL/e), Table BB

to Queets

(ONP/e),

and R. Hubley C.R. Allen

- R.C. Spicer

and

(USGST/a,b);

Grinnell - Table B data from W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH/e), Table BB data from M.E. Beatty

and A. Johnson

(USGSH/e),

G.C. Ruhle (GNP/c); Sperry - W.A. Blenkarn

M.J. Elrod,

Dyson

.Ll.,

and

(USGSH/e)

Peru (PE) Individual investigators for the Peruvian glaciers, together with their sponsoring agencies and method of investigation are:

Queleeaya/e - l.G.

Thompson (NSF); Broggi, Yanamarey, Uruashraju and Santa Rosa/e - unspecified members of EP. Greenland (G) Measuremer:ts of variations

in the position of glaciers

PSFG-sense

are not performed

of measurements

photogrammetrie

determinations

fronts in the

in Greenland.

However,

of the snout positions of Qamanârssup

(lCH21002) sermia lead to the conclusion that this outlet was approximately stationary between 1968 and 1980, whereas its northern neighbour, the outlet of lCH21002, period.

Nordbogletscher

started

to increase

its volume

(lAG05001) and its neighbour

in the same Nordgletscher

(lAG07008) have been considerably increasing in volume since the 1940's; on the other hand, Valhaltindegletsehet

(lAG05008-09)

has apparently

thinned slightly over the last few decades (Clement 1981, Andreasen et al. 1982).

The main

photogrammetrie

investigations

are made

by

N.T. Knudsen, Aarhus University, for the GGU.

17

Iceland (IS) Frontal variation data for 49 Icelandic glacier tongues are given in Table B. Method c was employed for all glaciers. The individual investigators,

all members

of OS, 'are: Jökulkrokur,

fellsjökull - A. Piihl;

Gigjökull and Haga-

Sidujökull E. - O. Jenssan;

Hyrningsjökull and

Jökulhals - H. Haraldsson; Kaldalonsjökull - A. Johannsson; jökull - I. Eiriksson; jökull - K. Johannesson; jökull

Solheimajökull

Nauthagajökull

fjardarjökull

- B. Thorsteinsson; Baegisarjökull

Svinafellsjökull,

W. - F. Björnsson;

Hoffellsjökull

Leirujökull-

- H. Gudmundsson;

and Falljökull

Fjallsjökull

Breidam.jökull

Reykja-

- H. Björnsson; Skaf-

Virkisjökull

G. Gunnarsson; Kviarjökull, Hrutarjökull, jökull

Skeidarar-

and Mulajökull - M. Hallgrimsson;

- G. Jakobsson;

tafellsjökull,

Oldufells-

Skeidararjökull W. - E. Hannesson;

E. and Morsarjökull

S. Jonsson;

- V. Johannesson;

Gljufurar-

-

and Breidam.-

E. - S. Thorhallson;

Tungnaarjökull

- H. Haflidason;

Eyjabakkajökull, Bruarjökull and Kverkjökull - G. Stefansson. Norway (N) Individual investigators Norwegian

glaciers

Austerdalsbreen,

for the frontal variation measurements

are: Buarbreen,

Briksdalsbreen,

Bondhusbreen,

Faabergstoelbreen,

of

Styggedalsbreen, Nigardsbreen and

Stegholtbreen - unspecified members of NPI (method c); Aalfotbreen and Engabreen - unspecified

members

of NVE (method c); Werenskioldbreen/b

and Hansbreen/c - J. Jania (SUP). Sweden (S) Frontal variation data for 15 Swedish glaciers are given in Table B. The individual investigators were not specified and all investigations were carried out under the sponsorship of NGSU. The methods used for these investigations

are as follows: Salajekna,

Partejekna, Mikkajekna, Ruotesjekna, Suottasjekna, Passusjietna W. and E. - a and c;

Ruopsokjekna - a;

Vartasjekna, Stuor Raeitaglaciaeren,

Rabots glaciaer, Isfallsglaciaeren, Storglaciaeren and Karsojietna - c; Kuototjakkagl - e.

18

France

Data

(F)

for

6 French

Argentière/e,

glaciers

are

Mer de GIace/c,

given

Bossons/c,

Blanc/c

- no individual

carried

out by members of CNRS.

Switzerland

Frontal

data

tions,

with

Cantonal persons.

as follows:

R. Epinay,

Marlétaz;

Forestry

Glarus

W. Rohrer; of

Rauch,

Service

of Canton

and

work was

Method

c was used

glacier

front

investigated

Laui Ie ) and

de

Mauvoisin

- M. Barter,

-

A. Boden-

A. Tscherrig Besançon

of Canton

Berne

o.

-

Stahel;

of

Gallen

Bisaz,

Forestry

H. Vogt,

Canton

Service

- J.l.

R. Danuser, B. Parolini,

of Canton

Ticino

-

Forestry

hydro-electric Blanc,

-

Forestry

and F. Viviani;

Oberhasli

of

Obwald

- W. Suter;

A. Colombo,

G. Viglezio

and

Service

J. Könz, C. Mengelt,

power

V. and H. Boss,

W. Wild and R. Zimmermann.

the

variation

Swiss glacers;

the

as indicated:

Oberaar(a), Fee,

Forestry

Service St.

investigators

methods,

- R. Straub,

and F. Zurbrügg;

F. Juvalta,

to investigate

Blümlisalp(e);

Matrices

are

H. Siegen-

Vaud - J.P.

P. Mercier,

Pierredar(e),

programme

M. Torrent,

Forestry

for most of the

in cooperation power companies

in this

Valais

of Canton

Uri - K. Oechslin;

by other

Martinets(e),

Forces

of Canton

private

supervised

M. May, M. Peter,

C. Valeggia,

E. Hodel,

out

B and

of observais

H. Röthlisberger,

of Canton

Blumer;

and J.

carried

involved

P. Kasser,

Graubünden

- A. Flotron;

A. Godenzi,

Bis - all

-

Service

Service

G. Ciseri,

Commission,

observers

Service

H. Klöti,

A. Sialm

G. Corti,

plant

- E.

Canton

O. Hugentobier, L,

all

in Table

The programme

hydro-electric

R. Zumstein

Forestry

given

BB.

are

H. Widmer;

Forestry

are

Services,

Service

T. Kuonen,

K. Steiner,

Service

glaciers

Gebroulaz/c but

Glacier

measurements

and

Forestry

and P.A. Wenger;

Canton

Swiss

Forestry Individual

W. Schmid

U. Vogt,

Sorlin/c,

glaciers

in Table

by the

VAW- M. Aellen,

A. Mathier; mann,

For these

were specified,

114 Swiss

Fee glacier

VAW; many of the

or private

J.P.

for

supported

various

thaler,

Saint

investigåtors

data

for

largely

by the

B.

(CH)

variation

addenda

in Table

Garner,

in the position following Giétro(a),

Unteraar(a),

glaciers

were

Allalin(a),

Tri ft(e),

Unte Grindelwald,

of the

Rosen-

Basodina

and

method d.

19

Austria (A) Frontal variation data for 119 Austrian glaciers are given in Table B. The sponsoring Club.

agency for these observations

The indi vidual investigators

is the Austrian

for the glaciers in each group are as follows: G. Grass;

Oetztaler

Alpen:

Alpine

and the methods of investigation

Weissee

Silvretta

Ferner

Gruppeie

-

to Ka rLe s Fernerle

-

G. Patzelt, Hochjoch Ferne~ to Vernagt Fernerle - H. Schneider, Rettenbach Ferner to Mutmal Fernerle and e-A. e-G.

Gross;

- A. Laesser;

Venediger

Granatspitz Gruppeie and e-H.

Karlinger

Stubaier Alpenie and

Zillertaler Alpen: Wildgerlos Keeslc - W. Slupetzky, all

other glaciersie walder;

Schöpf;

Keeslb and e, Klockerin

Gruppeie

Slupetzky;

and e-L.

Ober-

Glockner Gruppe:

Keeslc, Pasterzen Kees to Pfandl-

schartenie, Eiser Keeslb and e, Griesskogl Keeslb and e, Schwarzkoepfl Ke esz'c - H.

H. Riedl

(1979),

G. Patzelt (1980), Baerenkopf Ke esz'c- G.Patzelt, Oedenwinkel

Slupetzky,

Kees to

Teischnitz Kees/b

H. Tollner

and e-H.

(1976,

Slupetzky;

Sonnblick Gruppeie - H. Tollner

(1976, 1978) and N. Hammer

(1979,1980);

(1976,1977)

(1978-80);

Dachstein

and R. Mayer Gruppe:

Hallstaetter G./c

Gr. Gosau

1978),

Hochkönig/c Ankogel

Gruppeie

and Schneeloch

G./c

and Schladminger G./c

- J. Goldberger G./c

- H. Lang; - R. Moser,

- R. Wannenmacher.

Italy (I) Frontal variation data for 59 Italian glaciers are given in Table B. The sponsoring logical

agency for these observations

Committee

is the Italian Glacio-

(CGI) in Turin, with financial

"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)", Rome. all cases. in which

from the

The individual investigators for the glaciers in the order they appear in Table B are as follows:

E. Armando, W. Monterin;

C. Lesca, A.V. Cerutti, Piode - W. Monterin;

I

and A. Mazza; C. Smiraglia;

Agnello

to Lys -

F. Bach, A. Cotta Ramusino

and

Belvedere to Camosci - L. Tettamanti

,

Ventina to Dosegu - L. Buzzetti, C. Saibene, G. Catasta,

C. Smiraglia, I. Bellotti and A. Pollini;

Pisgana Dec. - C. Saibene and

Mandrorie to Amola - V. Marchetti;

Dcc. - V. Marchetti,

F. Secchieri,

R. Serandrei Barbero.

Presanella to Gigante

G. Zanon, U. Mattana,

R. Serandrei Barbera and V. Giannoni;

20

support

Method c was used in

E. Zanella,

Dcc. di Montasio ta Canin Dcc. -

Kenya (KN) Frontal variation data for 6 glaciers on Mount Kenya are given in Table B.

All were investigated by S. Hastenrath (unsponsored), using methods

a and c. U .S.S.R. (SU ) Data for frontal variations of 77 Soviet glaciers are presented in Table B and for 51 of these glaciers in Table BB. Individual investigators and their sponsoring agencies are as follows: Marukhskiy/c - A.l. Krenke and V.M. Menshutin

(IGAN);

Y.U.G. Ilichev

(UGKS-NC);

Alibekskiy

to Kozitsiti/c

A.G. Sannikov and V.N. Vladimirov (UGKS-T); and Turpakbel Nizhn to Akbulakulkun/c Sh.K. Fayzrakhmanov Kyzylkul/c

(SANII);

- (UGKS-T);

Pakhtakor/all

c

- V.O. Panav, and

No. 503 to Oiakhandara/e

-

Raygaradskogo to Batyrbay/e

by V.F. Suslov, G.E. Glazyr in and

Golubina/e

Kalesnika/c,

and GGP/e

- N.V. Maksimov

(UGKS-K);

Tokmaksoldy-l/c and Karabulak to

- Sh.K. Fayzrakhmanov

(SANII);

Tuyuksu Tsentra./c,

Shokalskogo/c, Talgar Yuzhnyy/c and Molodezhniy/c - K.G. Makarevitch and A.K. Makarevitch (ASKISSR);

(ASKASSR);

Karabatkak/c

- A.N. Oikikh and E.K. Bakov

Koltar Vostoch. and Kolpakovskogo

Kuzmichenok

and A.N. Oikikh

Kuzmichenok

and A.N. Oikikh (ASKISSR);

(ASKISSR);

to Bordu/all

Aksu/e

e - V.A.

- R.O. Zadirov,

Shumskogo/c

V.A.

- P.A. Ehe rkasov

Mal yy Berelski y le - N.V. Erasav, N. Ospanov an d G.A. Tok ma-

(ASKASSR); gambetov

(ASKASSR);

Kozelskiy

to Mutnovskiy

Grechishkina/e SW/e

- V.N. Vinogradov

- V.N. Vinogradovand

(OVNTS);

Ya.D. Muravev

(DVNTS). China (eN) Frontal variation data for 12 Chinese glaciers are given in Table B and for 10 glaciers

in Table BB.

The sponsoring

agency was 'the lanzhou

Institute of Glaciology and eryopedology (lIGe). The individual investigators are as follows: Zichu et al.; laohuguo/b Sigonhe Urumqihe

No. 4/c

Shuiguanhne

No. 4/a

- Sun Zuozhe;

- Wu Guanghe;

Sigonhe

and Qiyi/b and e - Xie

Tuergango/c-

Su Zhen et a Iv ;

No. S/c - Zhang ehangqion;

Source No. l/b and e - Wang Wenjing et al. and Sun Zuozhe et

al.; Quntailan/e, Tugebieligi/c, Muzhaert/c and Sayigapeir/c - Su Zhen;

21

Kalageyule

Wuk./c - Zheng Benxing

Deshing ;

Rongbu and Qiangyong/a - Xie Zichu, Zhang Wenjing and Zheng

and Su Zhen;

Qierganbulak/c

- Mi

Benxing. Antarctica (AN) Frontal variation data for 27 Antarctic and Sub Antarctic glaciers are given in Table B.

The individual

investigators

and their sponsoring

agencies in the order in which they appear in the table are as follows: Schlatter

to Victoria

Lower/b

- T.J.H. Chinn (MWD);

Allison/a - P. Keage and I. Allison (ANARE).

22

Baudissin

to

CHAPTER 4 - MASS BALANCE STUDY RESULTS AND ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS (TABLES C, CC AND CCC) 4.1

The Data

Mass balance study results are presented

in the following

tables: in

Table C summary data are given for the years 1975-80, Table CC contains data from years prior to 1975 which have not, as yet, been published in a PSFG volume or corrected/updated values of previously published data, whilst more detailed data for mass balance versus altitude are given in Table CCC.

Data in Tables C and CC were extracted

"Mass Balance

Study Results - Summary

from the completed

Data" standardized

PSFG data

sheets whilst the data in Table CCC were sent to the PSFG in various formats as no specific PSFG data form was prepared for this purpose. A list of the type of data given in each of the Tables C, CC and CCC, together with an explanation of the abbreviations and symbols used can be found on the cover measurement

sheet of each table.

Where

the system

(SYS) is given as STR, it can be assumed

of

that balance

quantities relate to BW, BS and BN respectively (stratigraphic system), for SYS = FXD (fixed-

whilst they relate to AC, AA and BA respectively date

system).

Where

the system

is given

as OTH (other)

or

**

(unspecified) the situation is admittedly ambiguous. 4.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries. Canada (CD) Data for 15 Canadian glaciers are given in Table C and for 2 glaciers in Table CC.

The investigators

for these glaciers,

sponsoring agencies, are as follows:

together wi th their

Alexander, Andrei, Sykora/Bridge,

Helm, Place, Sentinel, Sykora, Yuri and Zavisha - O. Mokievsky-Zubok (NHR); Devon Ice Cap and South Ice Cap - R.M. Koerner (PCSP); Ice Cap - W.Paterson, J.M. Power (NHR); Baby Glacier

K.C. Arnold and R.M. Koerner

Meighen

(PCSP), Peyto -

Barnes Ice Cap - R. LeB. Hooke and K.A. Brugger (UM);

- J. Alean (McGill,

PCSP and GIETH);

White Glacier

-

K. Wyss et al. (McGill, PCSP and GIETH).

23

Mass balance versus altitude data for 2 of the above glaciers are given in Table CCC.

The investigators are the same as those given above.

There have been some changes in the Canadian mass balance programme since the last report (Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-75).

Some of the

IHD projects have been terminated (e.q., Ram River glacier and Woolsey glacier) while others have been started.

Included here for the first

time are the results of a series of mass balance studies, undertaken in connection with hydroelectric developments in the Coast Mountains, in the Bridge River and Iskut River areas.

A study of two glaciers in the

Homathko River area commenced in the early 1980's. The present report also includes some information covering the period prior to 1975-76 which was not reported earlier.

Data on the mass

balance of Meighen Ice Cap, measured since 1959, and the South Ice Cap of Melville

Island, both missing from the last Canadian report, are

included, together with somewhat more detailed information on the Devon Ice Cap and Peyto glacier. Mass balance results for the Axel Heiberg glaciers (White and Baby) and for Coburg Island were collected Institute, ETH Zürich (GIETH);

(and are held by) the Geographical

White glacier data have been carefully

reinterpreted by K. Wyss (1984). Measurements of mass balance have been made on Barnes Ice Cap along the trilateratian net flow line during each of the years covered by this report; the reduced data were made available by R. LeB. Hooke (UM). More detailed comments on Barnes Ice Cap investigations are given in Chapter 7. On Ellesmere Island, studies of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf have been taken over by M. Jeffries and those on the small ice cap north of St. Patrick Bay by J. England.

No data from these studies were made available for

this report. In 1980, four glaciers in the Torngat Mountains, Labrador - Superguksoak, Minaret, Abraham and Hidden - were visited by R.J. Rogerson of Memorial University and mass balance investigations begun.

It is hoped

that data from these studies can be included in the next Canadian PSfG report.

24

U.S.A. (US) Mass Balance data for 4 U.S. glaciers are given in Table C, for l of these glaciers in Table CC, and mass balance versus altitude data for 2 glaciers in Table CCC. (cf., also Chapter 7.) The investigators and the sponsoring

agencies for these glaciers are: Gulkana and Wolverine

L.R. Mayo and D.C. Trabant (USGSF); M.F. Meier (USGST);

Columbia

-

- L.R. Mayo (USGSF) and

South Cascade - R.M. Krimmel (USGST).

Greenland (G) Data for Valhaltindegl,

investigated

by P. Clement (GGU), are given in

Table C, and data for Nordbogletscher, also investigated by P. Clement, in Table CCC. (cf., also Chapter 7 for data on Qamanârssup serm'ia.) The present line of glaciological observations started in 1977 and only three glaciers are covered by mass balance measurements for the period in question.

Two of the three glaciers are outlets of the Inland Ice.

This means that the magnitude

of the glacier area and, hence, of the

total mass balance cannot be given.

Mass balance versus altitude data

for Nordbogletscher (Table CCC) refer to parts of the ablation area only (hydrological basin of the glacier). Norway (N) Data for 13 Norwegian

glaciers are given in Table C and mass balance

versus altitude data for 9 glaciers in Table CCC. tigafors

and sponsor ing agenc ies are

Hellstugubreen, Graasubreen, Nigardsbreen, Engabreen, NVE;

Trollbergdalsbreen

.a s

The individual inves-

follows:

Bondhusbreen,

Aalfotbreen,

Hoegtuvbreen,

and Graabreen - unspecified members of

Hardangerjökulen, Storbreen, Au. Broeggerbreen and M. Lovenbreen -

unspecified members of NPI;

Werenskioldbreen - M. Pulina, J. Pereyma

and J. Kida (SUP).

25

Balance data for 1979-80 only are given for Werenskiold glacier and the investigators report that these are approximate.

Ablation

was calcu-

lated from hydrometric measurements, together with stake measurements in the ablation area and observation

of summer precipitation

and evapo-

ratio~. Sweden' (S) Data were received for l Swedish glacier, Storglaciaeren, and are given in Table C. They were submitted by NGSU;

the individual investigators

were not specified. France (F) Data for 3 French glaciers are given in Table C. (cf., also Chapter 7.) Argentière and Saint Sorlin were investigated by unspecified members of CNRS, and Sarennes was investigated by F. Valla (CEMAGREF). Switzerland (CH) Mass balance data for 6 Swiss glaciers are presented in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for 4 of these in Table CCC. gators and their sponsoring agencies are as follows: (GIETH); Grosser Aletsch - M. Aellen (VAW);

The investi-

Rhone - M. Funk

Gries, Limmern, Plattalva

and Silvretta - H. Siegenthaler, M. Aellen and H. Röthlisberger (VAW). The mass balance data sets presented for the Gries, Limmern, Silvretta and Plattalva glaciers are the results of direct observations on stake networks.

The sum of the annual mass changes, determined using direct

glaciological observations (a change of method having been introduced in 1970), was checked against the total change in mass determined geodetically from a comparison of maps.

In order to do this, it was necessary

to homogenise the observations made on the stakes, as well as the way of establishing the annual balances over the whole observation period.

The

revised values, differing slightly from those published in former PSFG volumes,

are presented

in Chapter

7 for the three glaciers

Gries,

Limmern and PlattaIva; the corresponding values were given in Volume III for Silvretta glacier.

26

For Aletsch glaciers (PSFG Nos 5,6 and 106), whose measurements relate to a whole complex of about 3 dozen glaciers

(see Volume III), mass

changes are derived from hydrological balances for calendar months and hydrological

years (from October 1st to September

30th), using the

equations and model described in earlier PSFG volumes.

The balance

model, calibrated geodetically for the period 1927-57, will soon have to be checked again for the next 30 year period. Austria (A) Mass balance data for 5 Austrian glaciers are given in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for 2 of these in Table CCC.

Differences

in altitudes with respect to the information given in Table A are due to different reference years. The investigators and sponsoring agencies are as follows:

Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner - unspecified members

of IMGUI (sponsored by Austrian Academy of Sciences);

Vernagtferner -

o. Reinwarth (CGBAS); Sonnblick Kees and Filleck Kees - H. Slupetzky (GlUS). Italy (I) Mass balance data for Caresèr are given in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for this glacier in Table

ccc.

was G. Zanon who was sponsored by CGI, additional

The investigator financial support

being given by the "Ente Nazionale Energia Elettrica (ENEL)". Kenya (KN) Mass balance data for Lewis glacier, investigated by

s. Hastenrath of

UWDM (unsponsored), is given in Table C. U.S.S.R. (SU) Mass balance data for 22 Soviet glaciers are given in Table C, and

cc. Mass balance versus altitude data Table ccc. The individual investigators are

addenda for 19 glaciers in Table are given for 2 glaciers in as follows: Obrucheva Khakel

Kupol

Vav Lova ì

- L.C. Govorukha

- A.C. Guskov, VDV. Gokhman

- V.O. Panov

(UGKS-NC);

(AANII);

and Yu.A. Charushnikov

Dzhankuat

Igan and (IGAN);

- M.B. Dyurgerov

and

27

V.V. Popovnin

(FGMGU);

(SANII);

Golubina

Tuyuksu

and

P.F.

Mametovoy

Shabanov

Malyy

(UGKS-K);

Visyachii-l

-

Yu.K.

and

and V.K. Nozdryukhin

Tuyuksu K.G.

Tsentra. Makarevitch

Molodezhnyy

Narozhnev

SW - V.N. Vinograpov

Igli and

- A.N. Dikikh

(TGU); and

and

Grechishkina,

Ya.D. Muravev

(DVNTS);

NE - Ya.D. Muravev

China

(CN)

Mass

balance

data

for

5 Chinese

addenda

for

one of these

studies

was

LIGC and

No.4,

- T.M. Kamnyanskiy

Karabatkak

Aktru

and Mutnovskiy

Mutnovskiy

the

to

(ASKASSR);

(ASKISSR); Kozelskiy

Abramova

- N.V. Maksimov

Yanglonghe utilization

the

in

Table

CC.

are

are

and Laohuguo

and snow in the

given

The sponsoring

investigators

No 5, Qiyi of ice

glaciers

as

- the

Qilian

in

Table

agency

follows:

for

all

Shuiguanhe

investigation

Shan;

C, and

Urumqihe

team Source

on No.1

- Zhang Jinhua.

Antarctica

(AN)

Estimates

of

basins

28

are

the

given

overall in

Chapter

mass 7.

budget

of

various

ice

sheet

drainage

CHAPTER 5

5.1

The Data

, Data are

CHANGESIN AREA, VOLUMEAND THICKNESS OF GLACIERS

relating given

to changes

in area,

in Table

D for

periods

and the

uni ts

used

tabulated

volume

and thickness

up to 1980.

A list

be found

on the

can

of 36 glaciers

of the cover

type

of data

sheet

of this

also

Chapter

table.

5.2

Sources

Canada

Data

7 Canadian

They were

derived

from

Water are

Survey

the

in

Various

Countries

in Table

D. (cf.,

data

last

to' appear

on the

project

U.S.A.

1975b,

volumetric

pending

1979a,

changes

been of

1979b,

of Canadian

det ai Ij . the

review,

also

results

1978,

and

photogrammetrie

have

published

in such

will

S. Ommanney (unpublished) terrestrial

The data

the

1975a,

.a r e given

from

biennial

of Canada.

This

programme

glaciers

received the

included

Charbonneau

the

and Comments for

(CD)

for

7.)

of Data

Water

it

mainly by the

from

the

surveys

1980;

Reid

glaciers

Survey

and in any case

taken

were

surveys

maps which (Reid

et

and

al.,

1978).

may well

be the

of Canada is doubtful

has that

suspended the

same

be continued.

(US)

The data

for

the

2 U.S. glaciers

by C S. Brown (USGST). (cf., follows:

Variegated

Cascade

- R.M. Krimmel

Germany,

Data

for

from

o.

Federal

also

Chapter

- C.F. Raymond

in Table 7.)

(UW) and

D were

sent

to the

The investigators W.O. Harrison

PSFG

were (UA);

as

South

(USGST).

Republic

3 Bavarian Reinwarth

given

(D)

glaciers

which

are

given

in Table

D were

received

(CGBAS).

29

Switzerland (CH) Data for the 3 Swiss glaciers presented in Table D were received from M. Aellen (VAW). The investigators were H. Siegenthaler, M. Aellen and H. Röthlisberger (all VAW). The data presented

are based oiltopographic

maps drawn at a scale of

1:10,000, and showing the situations at the beginning and at the end of the observation periods. Austria (A) Data for Gepatschferner (1886-1953) were received from K. Brunner (PK), and for Gepatschferner (1971-1979) and the other 9 Austrian glaciers in Table D from O. Reinwarth (CGBAS). Data for Gepatschferner 1953-71 can be found in PSFG Volume III. (cf. also the map text Gepatschferner, and Finsterwalder 1953, Finsterwalder and Rentsch 1976, Kutta 1901).

U.S.S.R. (SU) Data for Il Soviet glaciers, presented in Table D, were received from K. Makarevitch (unpublished - ASKASSR). were as follows:

The individual

investigators

Dzhankuat - M.B. Dyurgerov and V.V. Popovnin (FGMGU);

Koltar V. to Bordu - V.A. Kuzmichenok (AS5155R). Antarctica (AN) Data on area changes of Heard Island glaciers are given in Chapter 7.

30

CHAPTER 6

SPONSORING

AGENCIES

AND NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS FOR THE

GLACIER STUDIES

6.1

Introduction

The data in the present volume were supplied by national correspondents of the PSFG and individual

glaciological

workers.

The tabulations

in

Tables A to F are intended to be useful to the glaciological community. However, advisable

these data should not be used uncritically;

it would be

for users to consult the PSFG about the existence of extra,

unpublished, archival material and to consult with the individual investigators and sponsoring agencies.

In order to facilitate contacts with

the various bodies involved, a key to abbreviations used in the text for spo ns or i nq agencies,

together

with their addresses

and those of the

national correspondents is given in the following section.

In almost

all cases it can be assumed that the data are held by the sponsoring agencies. 6.2

Sponsoring Agencies and Sources of Data for the Various Countries

Canada (CD) - ACC

Alpine Club of Canada P.O. Box 1026, Banff, Alberta. TOl OCO.

-AHD

Applied Hydrology Division, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE7.

- BCH

B.C. Hydro, Hydrology Department, Burnaby Mountain, 970, Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6Z lY3.

31

- .BCIT

British Columbia Institute of Technology, Survey Department, 3700 Willingdon, Burnaby, B.C.

- FCC

Forintek Canada Corp., Western Laboratory, 6620 Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C. V6T IX2.

- GIETH

See GIETH - Switzerland.

- McGill

Axel Heiberg Expedition, Rm CI02A Old Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal. H3A 2K6.

- MIN

Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.

- MUN

Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland

- NHR

Alb 3X5.

National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

- PCSP

Polar Continental Shelf Project, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 880 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE4.

32

- RICKER

Karl E. Ricker Ltd., 3369 Craigend, W. Vancouver, B.C. V7V 3Gl.

- SJC

St. Joe Canada Inc., 553 Granville Street, Vancouver, B.C.

- SW

Surface Water Division, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

- UBC

Department of Geological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6339, Stores Road, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2B4.

- UM

University of Minnesota, Department of Geology and Geophysics, 108 Pillsbury Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.

- WSCC

Water Survey of Canada, Calgary District Office, Fisheries and Environment Canada, Calgary, Alberta.

- WSCO

Water Survey of Canada, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

33

U.S.A. (US) - CAL

Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA 91109.

- ONP

Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA.

- OSU

Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.

- UA

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701.

- USGSF

u.S. Geological Survey, Cold Regions Hydrology Project Office, Federal Building - Box 11, 101 12th Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99701.

- USGSH

U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Building, Room 428, 301 South Park Avenue, Drawer 10076, Helena, MT 59626.

- USGST

U.S. Geological Survey, Project Office - Glaciology, 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 450, Tacoma, WA 98401.

- UW

Geophysics Department, University'of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.

34

- WDF

William D. Field, P.O. Box 583, Great Barrington, MA 01230.

Peru (PE) - EP

Department of Glaciology, Section of Glaciology and Lake Safety, Electroperu, Jr. Huaylas No. 143, Huaraz (Ancash).

- DSU

See U.S.A.

Greenland (G) - GGU

Geological Survey of Greenland, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-135D Copenhagen K.

Iceland (IS) - OS

National Energy Authority, Hydrological Survey, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik.

35

Norway (N) - NPI

Norwegian Polar Research Institute, P.O. Box 158, 1330 Oslo Lufthavn.

- NVE

Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Bo~rd, Glacier Division, P.O. Box 5091, Mj., 0301 Oslo 3.

- SUP

Institute of Geography, Silesian University, ul. Mielczarskiego 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.

Sweden (S) - NGSU

Department of Physical Geography, Glaciology Section, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm.

Germany, Federal Republic (D) - CGBAS

Commission for Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Marstallplatz 8, 0-8000 Munich 22.

- PK

Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Moltkestrase 4, 0-7500 Karlsruhe.

36

France (F) - CEMAGREF

Snow Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Domaine Universitaire, B.P. 114, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex.

- CNRS

Laboratory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics, Domaine Universitaire, B.P. 96, 38402 Saint Martin d'Héres Cedex.

Switzerland (CH) - GIETH

Geographical Institute ETH, University of Zürich - Irehel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-80S7 Zürich.

- VAW

Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092. Zürich.

Austria (A) - CGBAS

See CGBAS - Germany

- GlUS

Geographical Institute, University of Salzburg, Akademiestrasse 20, A-S020 Salzburg.

37

- IHG

Institute for High Mountain Research, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 4, A-6020 Innsbruck.

- IMGUI

Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck.

Italy (I) - DGUP

Department of Geography, University of Padua, Via del Santo 26, 1-35100 Padova.

- CGI

Italian Glaciological Committee, Via Accademia delle Scienze 5, 1-10123 Torino.

Kenya (KN) - UWDM

Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, 1225 West ·Drayton Street, Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, U.S.A.

38

U.S.S.R. (SU) - AANII

Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute, Leningrad.

- ASKASSR

Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences Kazakhian SSR, 100 Kalinina 67, SU-480100 Alma Ata.

- ASKISSR

Academy of Sciences Kirghizian SSR, Pokrovka.

- DVNTS

Institute of Vulcanology DVNTS of Academy of Sciences of USSR

- FGMGU

Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Michurinsky Prospekt, SU-117234 Moscow.

- IGAN

Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., Staromonetny 29, SU-I09017 Moscow.

- SANII

Midasi.an NIl, Tashkent.

- TGU

Tomsk Geography University, Tomsk

- UGKS-K

UGKS of Kirghizian SSR, Frunze.

- UGKS-NC

UGKS of North Caucasus, Rostov/Don.

39

- UGKS-T

UGKS of Tadjik SSR, Dushanbe.

China (CN) - LIGC

,Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, Academica Sinica, Lanzhou.

Antarctica (AN) Ministry of Works and Development,

- MWD

P.O. Box 1479, Christchurch, New Zealand. - ANARE

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions, c/o Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania.

6.3 National Correspondents and Collaborators of the PSFG In the following

list, full addresses

are only given if they do not

appear in section 6.2; abbreviations therefore refer to those presented above. Argentina

(RA): L. Espizua, IANIGLA/CDNICET,

Casilla de Correo, 5500

Mendoza. Australia

(AUS): I. Allison, Antarctic Division - Glaciology

Section,

Earth Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052. (for Antarctica)

4'0

Austria

(A): G. Patzelt, University

Institute

of Innsbruck

for High

(IHG);

Mountain

H. Slupetzky,

Research,

Geographical

Institute, University of Salzburg. (GlUS) Canada

(CD):

C.S.l. Ommanney,

Surface

Water Dd v i si.on, Environment

Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (SW). China

(CN): Ren

Binghui,

Cryopedology, France

Institute

of Glaciology

laboratory

of Glaciology

and Environmental

St. Martin d'Héres (CNRS).

Germany, Federal Republic (D): O. Reinwarth, Commission Munich Greenland

and

lanzhou (lIGC).

(F): l. Reynaud, Geophysics,

lanzhou

for Glaciology,

(CGBAS).

(G): A. Weidick, Geological

Survey of Greenland,

Copenhagen

(CGU) . Iceland

(IS):

S. Rist, National

H. Björnsson,

Science

Energy Authority, Institute,

Reykjavik

University

(OS).

of Iceland,

Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik. Italy (I): G. Zanon, Department of Geography, University of Padua (DGUP) Japan (J): K. Higuchi, Water Research

Institute,

Nagoya University,

Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464. Kenya (KN): S. Hastenrath, University of Wisconsin, Madison,

Wisconsin

(UWDM) . New Zealand (NZ): T.J. Chinn, Ministry of Works and Development, Christchurch' (MWD). (For Antarctica) Norway (N):

o.

Lì eat.zíl , Norwegian Polar Institute, Oslo (NPI); B. Wold,

Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo (NVE). Peru (PE): M. Zamora C., Department

of Glaciology, Electroperu,

Huaraz

(EP).

41

Poland

(P):

M. Klappa, Tatra J.

Spain

CE):

Mountains,

Jania,

(for

(S):

of

ul .

Institute

Hydrology

and

Sienkiewicza

26c,

of Geography,

Meteorology 34

Sosnowiec,

500

of

the

Zakopane;

Poland

(SUP)

Spitsbergen).

E. Martinez

Universidad

Sweden

Department

de Pisan, Autonoma,

P. Holmlund,

Department

Madrid

Department

of

Physical

Geògraphy,

Geography,

Stockholm

34.

of Physical

(NGSU)•

Switzerland

(CH):

M. Aellen,

Glaciology,

United

Kingdom

(GB):

The

U.S.S.R.

(SU):

C

s.

42

of Hydraulics, of Technology,

Physics of

Department,

Hydrology Zürich

(VAW).

Chancellor's

Birmingham,

P.O.

and

Box

Court, 363,

B15 2TT.

Brown,

U.S. Geological

K.G. Makarevitch,

Al ma Ata

Institute

J.W. Glen,

University

Birmingham

U.S.A. (USA):

Federal

Laboratory

(ASKASSR).

Academy

Survey,

of

Tacoma

Sciences

(USGST).

Kasakhian

SSR,

CHAPTER

7 AND TABLE F - MISCELLANEOUS

This chapter standard

includes

important

PSFG format.

unprocessed complex

information

The intention

data, but to document

observations

remote

glaciers

studied

using

which

index measurements

are not possible.

stake networks,

tions or ice dynamics

In the case of Wolverine

glacier

of mass balance terminology

Canada

(CD)

The following

report

1975 to 1980 was

on mass

sent

concern

here

statistical

Glacier

are

considera-

de Gébroulaz,

(U.S.), the application

system

or

which are systematically

and where

(e.q.,

are applied

uncalibrated

in cases where more

Of primary

(polar ice sheets) and glaciers reduced

does not fit into the

is not to publish

France).

of the combined

is demonstrated.

balance

to the PSFG

measurements

on Barnes

by R. LeB. Hooke

and

Ice Cap,

K.A. Brugger

(UM) .

Mass

balance

measurements

have been made on Barnes

1962 (Loken and Sagar,

regulari ty since

The most recent measurements utilizing from

a series

the divide

of this

(1975),

Hooke

density

of stakes

around

and others

were

five measurement

Accumulation ice. meters

flow

margin

(1980),

of the dome.

on Barnes

been

and Hooke

latter

placed

areas,

area

south dome.

Wherever

and refre~zes,

Summer

firn is present,

filling

any voids

(1980).

square

strain

water and transformed

The

nets with

thus providing

in the form of superimposed within

present.

two kilo-

it may extend

melting

meltwater

about

several

occurs over the entire percolates

down

Thus i t is unusual

into it to find

firn more than one or two years old; older layers have been saturated percolating

of

and in the areas

the holes,

any regularity,

further down glacier.

studies

by Holdsworth

small area.

Ice Cap is usually with

Other

and Hudleston

of the divide. During cold years, however,

kilometers

therein).

line extending

published

around

points in a relatively

Firn only appears,

a flow

in the ablation

In these usually

set along

line have

was highest

deep boreholes.

100 m diagonals

Ice Cap with some

and references

were made on the south dome of the ice cap,

of 30 to 40 stakes to the north

characteristics

1967,

by

into solid ice.

43

Near the margin,

snow

accumulates

snow is often 2 to 3 times 1973). the

Mass balance

past. few

specific

The technique distance

used

determined

in this wedge

for its presence

balance

measurements

measurements

excavated

measured.

density

firn layers

The specific function

is crude;

winter

present

balance

was determined

The firn

Snow pits were

and

stratigraphic

estimates

measured

used

to convert

were commonly before

Where

made between

that accumulation

usually

starts

(accumulation)

~5%.

although

on the glacier

Snow pit

late May and mid

The random

The winter

for the hydrological was made,

the

points

to a water

to be 5% to 10% low.

is reported

the measurement

volume

the end of the winter

are likely

several

was taken.

this

of data is approximately

30 Sept) in which

snow depths as a

a line connecting

the average

As measurements

thus

each

any low to medium-

by plotting drawing

a borehole),

were

due to the scatter

balance

density

penetrated

the line.

(e.g., around

these

however.

the area under

a half to one month

season,

and

along the flow line,

measurements

equivalent.

around

and

was made to drive the probe

of the firn, i f any.

locations,

the

present.

and determining

density

the thickness

These pi ts normally

of distance

points,

in

in the

was measured,

of four places

were often inconsistent,

in one to three

profiles

at a minimum

area, an attempt

and thus determine

thickness

error

is made

the

(Hooke,

c~lculations.

for the mass

In the accumulation

June,

have not been made

allowance

and net balance

thickness

stake.

were

but

in which

on the glacier

from the top of the stake to the snow surface

the snow

deeper

than elsewhere

measurements

years,

winter

in a w ind-dr i ft wedge

thicker

year

snow

(l Oct.-

it should be noted

in late August

or early

September.

The net accumulation

and ablation

were calculated

elevation

of the firn (when present)

reference

and plotting

line. entirely lines,

The

reference

ice.

and the areas

used to estimate

used

between

the volume

of first year firn present, ice by refreezing

44

and ice surfaces

these elevations

Comparable

was

the

points

(per metre the volume

against

1975

were

successive

of percolating

by determining

meltwater,

were

normal

of second

along the flow

surface,

connected

surfaces width,

above an arbitrary

distance

summer

then

the

with

which

was

straight

determined

and

to the flow line)

year firn converted

and the volume

to

of ice or

firn lost below the equilibrium line.

These volumes were converted to

water equivalent using measured firn densities and a density of 900 Mg/m3 for ice. The resulting figures were divided by the total length of the flow line (not just the length in the accumulation

or ablation

area) to obtain the specific net accumulation, specific net ablation and specific net balance for the hydrological year preceeding the measurement year.

The specific

summer

balance

was estim.ated from the

difference between the specific winter balance and the specific net balance. The total balance of the nearly circular south dome of Barnes Ice Cap could be estimated by multiplying the specific balance in various altitude intervals by the area of the ice cap within that interval, and summ~ng

over all altitude intervals.

However, the specific balance

within any single altitude interval is a function of exposure, particularly at low elevations.

More melting occurs on the south side of the

dome (Loken and Sagar, 1967).

Thus the uncertainty in such estimates

would be large. The values

obtained

by the methods

described

above are given in

Table F l U.S.A. (US) Mass balance flowline

versus altitude information

of the surge-type

Variegated

is given for the central glacier,

investigated

by

C.F. Raymond (UW) and W.O. Harrison (UA), in Table F 2. Tables F 3.1 and F 3.2 were provided by L. Mayo (USGSF) and compare the results obtained by using the combined fixed date/stratigraphic system of mass balance measurements with those obtained using the stratigraphic system only (Mayo et al. 1972). The data refer to the hydrological year ending on September 30th. Thickness changes along regularly observed profiles are given for the following glaciers in Tables F 4 to F 8: Nisqually, Shoestring, Blue, Grinnell and Sperry.

45

Table F l:

Mass Balance

of Barnes

Budget 1975-76 l. Specific

Ice Cap (CD 0201),

Year (approx. 1976-77

1975-81

l Oct. to JO Sept.)

1977-78

1978-79

1979-80

winter balance

(from sno~ depths measured budget

in May-June year)

2. Specific

of

(a)

330

370

210

30

320

230

***

190

O

50

O

***

O

120

20

60

***

30

230

10

60

***

370

-80

380

230

***

-40

-600

-90

-100

***

600

760

560

600

***

ice added

above previous

year's

surface

4. Specific

470

volume of

super-imposed

summer

520

volume of firn

added

3. Specific

410

volume of void

space in second year and older firn filled to form superimposed

5. Specific

volume of ice

lost in ablation

6. Specific

ice

area

net balance

(2. + 3. + 4. - 5.)

7. Minimum

(b)

summer balance

(6. - l.)

8. Equilibrium altitude

line

(m)

All values are in mm of water (a) Winter

balance

(equivalent)

may be underestimated

since at least one significant

storm often occurs in late June, after measurements (b) Values may not sum exactly

46

due to roundoff

error

are made.

Table F 2. Mass balance versus Altitude

: Variegated

(US 1302)

1974-79

1974-75

1975-76

1976-77

1977-78

1978-79

m a.s.l. mm

m a.s.l. mm

m a.s.l. mm

m a.s.l. mm

m a.s.l. mm

1326

3000

1038

-1300

1827

4900

1816

2200

1814

-2600

1103

1800

1101

-400

1812

4600

1778

3300

1778

3200

1038

2600

80H

-2000

1776

5700

1766

2500

1761

2200

791

-300

724

-2700

1771

4900

1755

2600

1754

2900

777

-800

620

-3100

1759

4300

1742

400

1710

1600

777

-1300

597

-3100

1751

4900

1705

1400

1616

2500

776

-800

553

-3300

1739

3800

1597

2700

1591

2400

775

-700

552

-4200

1705

3300

1594

2100

1552

2300

730

-1400

509

-4100

1609

5600

1553

1300

1506

1300

690

-1500

458

-3900

1539

410'0

1545

2000

1492

2400

647

-1700

392

-4100

1490

4000

1479

2600

1431

2100

604

-2000

361

-4400

1454

3600

1410

1500

1382

2000

559

-1700

329

-4500

1424

3700

1294

900

1351

-200

559

-2300

295

-4500

1395

3100

1238

1300

1340

1500

557

-2100

240

-5200

1367

3500

1187

-600

1281

900

555

-2300

1345

3400

1155

1300

1237

1000

555

-2700

1320

3200

1136

-600

1190

-200

515

-1300

1285

3000

1097

-600

1143

-400

465

-3000

1229

2500

1085

-800

1054

300

407

-2600

1206

2200

1047

-200

1015

-100

405

-2800

1182

1800

1012

-800

949

-700

397

-3600

1162

1900

953

-1000

927

-1800

395

-1600

1138

1900

921

-1600

818

-2500

392

-2700

1097

1700

716

-2300

757

-3800

363

-3500

1046

1400

632

-2600

711

-2800

333

-3300

1014

1600

542

-3400

649

-2300

300

-3600

721

-1800

496

-4000

626

-2300

246

-3800

593

-2600

444

-4800

579

-2800

548

-3100

535

-4000

503

-3800

489

-5000

452

-3600

436

-5200

357

-4100

373

-6000

324

-4600

345

-6300

-4200

311

-4700

277

-5500

222

-5800

290

47

Table F 3.1

Mass Balance Data by the Combined System: Wolverine glacier (US 0411) 1976-80

Symbol

Explanation

Units

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

ba(f)

Annual new firn balance

mm

210

2310

1470

100

3030

ba(k)

Annual internal accumulation

mm

120

40

110

140

70

ba(i)

Annual old firn & ice balance

ba(fik) Annual firn & ice balance

mm

-1010

-320

-580 -1240

-220

mm

-&80

2030

1000 -1000

2880

ca

Annual accumulation

mm

2100

4750

3540

2220 4950

aua

Annual surface ablation

mm

2570

2850

2920

3400

2110

ba

Annual balance

mm

-350

1940

730 -1040

2910

bO(s)

Initial snow balance

mm

70

400

310

40

O -30

bO(i)

Initial ice balance

mm

-80

O

-10

-10

b Lí l.s )

Final late snow balance

mm

40

310

40

O

30

bl(i)

Final ice balance

mm

O

-10

-10

-30

-50

AAR

Accumulation/area ratio

--

0.51

0.80

0.70

0.44

0.89

ELA

Equilibrium line altitude

m a.s.l. 1240

1020

1100

1267

906

bm(s)

Measured snow balance

mm

1000 4640

3500

1550 4670

tm(s)

Date of bm(s)

3.06

8.03 4.06

tx

Date of balance maximum

---

17.06 25.05

tnO

Date of initial balance min.

--

28.10

tnl

Date of final balance min.

--

S

Glacier area

km2

48

25.02

8.09

7.07 8.09

5.06 29.05

5.06

6.09 24.09 30.09

6.09 24.09 30.09 16.09

17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62

Table F 3.2 Mass balance data by the Stratigraphic System: Wolverine glacier (US 0411) 1976-80 Explanation

Units

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

Beginning of balance year

28.10

8.09

6.09

24.09

30.09

End of winter season

17.06

25.05

5.06

25.05

5.06

5.81

41.4

27.8

4.23

54.6

650

2940

2260

550

3480

Winter balance

Not defined

Summer balance

Not defined

Net accumulation total Mean specific net accumulo

106m3

mm

Net ablation total

106m3

16.4

5.81

10.2

22.2

4.23

Mean specific net ablation

mm 106m3

-2220

-1550

-1930

-2180

-1820

Net balance total

-Il

35.6

17.6

-18

50.4

-600

2020

1000

-1020

2860

km2

8.99

14.10

12.33

7.75

15.68

Ablation area

km2

8.63

3.52

5.29

9.87

1.94

Total area

km2

17.62

17.62

17.62

17.62

17.62

1250

1020

1100

1267

906

Mean specific net balance

mm

Accumulation area

Equilibrium line altitude m a.s.l. Firnline altitude

Not defined --------------------------------

Date of firnline All

quantities

glacier surface. tion

8.09

6.09

24.09

given in Tables F 3.1 and F 3.2 are averaged

30.09

over

16.10

the

They are calculated from index station data. Informa-

similar to that in Table F 3.2 can also be calculated in the FIXED

DATE SYSTEM from the COMBINED SYSTEM DATA.

Table F 4: Changes in Thickness of NisguaIl~ glacier (US 2027), 1976-1980 Investigator: C. Driedger (USGST) ALTITUDE

1976-77

1977-78

1978-79

1979-80

m a.s.l. 2080

--

2300 mm

-8900 mm

1835

-4500 mm

1400 mm

--

-5900 mm

1620

-1500 mm

4600 mm

--

-8000 mm

--

49

Table F 5:

Changes in Thickness of Shoestring glacier (US 2075), 1979-80

Investigator: M. Brugman (USGST) ALTITUDE m a.s.l. 2370

THICKNESS CHANGE mm 5700

2300

6900

2220

-18800

1990

-1300

1895

1500

1780

200

1720

-9500

1670

-12500

1600

-9000

Table F 6: Changes in Thickness of Blue Glacier (US 2126), 1957-78 Investigators:

R. Spicer (UW), B. Kamb and K. Echelmeyer (CAL)

ALTITUDE m a.s.l.

THICKNESS CHANGE mm

1650

10000

1600 1575

12000 14000

1540

16000

1505

16500

1480

16000

1450

16000

1425

19000

1400

20000

Table F 7: Changes in Thickness of Grinnell glacier (US 5000), 1969-76 Investigator: W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH) ALTITUDE

1969-70

1970-72

1972-74

1974-76

m a.s.l.

50

2028

-1700 mm

3500 mm

1100 mm

700 mm

1980

-1000 mm

1200 mm

1800 mm

400 mm

1974

-2000 mm

1100 mm

1600 mm

-100 mm

Table F 8: Changes Investigator:

in Thickness

W.A. Blenkarn

ALTITUDE

of Sperry glacier

(US 5001),

1968-75

(USGSH)

1968-69

1969-71

1971-73

1973-75

1971-75

m a.s.l. 2341

-2300 mm

1400 mm

--

--

3600 mm

2295

200 mm

200 mm

-100 mm

4200 mm

--

2272

-700 mm

-700 mm

-500 mm

3600 mm

--

Peru (PE)

Balance

observations

stations

shown

Table F 9:

for Quelccaya

Ice Cap were

reported

for the index

in Table F 9.

Mass Balance

versus

altitude

data for Quelccaya

Ice Cap (PE 001)

1975-80 Investigator:

L. Thompson

ALTITUDE

(OSU)

1975-76

1976-77

1977-78

1978-79

1979-80

m a.s.l. 5670

1030 mm WE

5600 east

--

5600 west

--

5450

--

5250

--

Greenland

for individual

versus altitude index stations

observations

applying

-----

1350 mm WE

1230 mm WE

1110 mm WE

--

1230 mm WE

--

--

1370 mm WE

--

--

1130 mm WE

--

--

490 mm WE

--

(G)

Mass balance

The

880 mm WE

the linear

are

being

balance

information

for Qamanârssûp

sermia

is given

in Table FIO.

continued model

and

(Lliboutry

analysis

is performed

by

1974).

51

Table

F 10: Mass

balance

versus

altitude

data for Qamanârssûp

sermia

CG 003) 1979-80 Investigator:

R. Braithwaite

(GGU)

ALTITUDE

mm WE

m a.s.l.

France

1000

-1980

940

-2500

930

-2340

910

-2330

880

-2750

790

-3050

790

-4090

760

-3490

320

-5400

190

-4390

110

-5150

CF)

Balances continuity

of

Glacier

equation

de

Gébroulaz

applied

1907 to 1950 by Eaux et Forêts given by Reynaud

et al. (1983).

Il where b represents deviation

52

office.

(b =

been

calculated

of the glacier Details

The balance

the specific

from the mean

have

to a sector

using

surveyed

of the calculation

values

are given

the since are

in Table

mass balance of the sector and ßt the

-1800 mm of ice).

Table F 11

YEAR

Balance values of Glacier de Gébroulaz(F

b

St

mm

mm

1908

-3100

-1300

1909

-1300

500

1910

-300

1400

1911

-500

1300

1912

-200

1620

1913

-1000

800

1914

-900

900

1915

~1000

800

1916

-1100

700

1917

-1000

800

1918

-1400

400

1919

-1600

200

1920

-1500

300

1921

-2300

-500

1922

-2830

-1000

1923

-2250

-400

1924

-2100

-300

1925

-3200

-1400

1926

-2100

-300

1927

-1900

-100

1928

-2100

-300

1929

-2400

-600

1930

-1800

O

1931

-1900

-100

1932

-2100

-350

1933

-1400

400

1934

-1400

400

1935

-1500

300

1936

-1400

400

1937

-1600

200

1938

-1750

O

1939

-1770

O

0009) 1908-50

53

Table F Il continued

YEAR

ßt

b mm

mm

1940

-2100

1941

-2300

-500

1942

-2600

-800

1943

-2800

-1000

1944

-2700

-900

-300

1945

-2800

-1000

1946

-2800

-1000

1947

-2560

-800

1948

-2300

-500

1949

-2200

-400

1950

-2000

-200

Switzerland

(CH)

Time series

of mass balance

glaciers

have recently

54

from Gries,

been revised and updated.

ted in Tables F 12 to F 14. and Aellen

results

Further

information

Plattalva

and Limmern

These data are presencan be found in Kasser

(1979, 1980, 1981) and Kasser et al. (1982, 1983).

Table

F 12:

Revised

values

of summary

mass balances ,of

Gries

glacier

(CH 0003), 1961/62 - 1978/79

MEASUREMENT

YEAR

AREA

NET BALANCE total 106m3 WE 2)

km2 l)

EQUILIBRIUM

mean altitude

mm WE

m a.s.l.

from

to

3.10.61

2.10.62

6.690

-5.664

-847

3010

2.10.62

3.10.63

6.690

1.306

195

2740

3.10.63

2.10.64

6.690

-6.587

-985

3010

2.10.64

5.10.65

6.690

4.636

693

2685

5.10.65

3.10.66

6.595

-0.408

-62

2735

3.10.66 13.10.67

6.380

2.073

325

2695

13.10.67

11.10.68

6.375

3.614

567

2680

11.10.68

7.10.69

6.371

2.966

466

2705 2970

7.10.69

12.10.70

6.366

-3.426

-538

12.10.70

9.10.71

6.362

-6.766

-1064

3145

9.10.71

9.10.72

6.360

2.830

445

2710

9.10.72

7.10.73

6.354

-7.056

-1110

3135

7.10.73 18.10.74

6.350

-0.988

-156

2835

18.10.74

6.10.75

6.348

1.779

280

2740

6.10.75 30.09.76

6.342

-6.700

-1056

3100

30.09.76 29.09.77

6.341

8.078

1274

2530

29.09.77

26.09.78

6.340

6.082

959

2670

26.09.78

25.09.79

6.337

-5.609

-885

3070

l) Area at the end of the balance rammetry since

(flight

dates:

1966 for annual

submerged

period

LINE

specific

as determined

by aerial

photog-

20.09.61, 1.09.67 and 15.08.79), interpolated

losses

due to melting

at the snout which became

for the first time in this year by the water

in the storage

basin.

2) Ice losses

from

the frontal

into the artificial

ice cliff

lake) were

taken

(caused by melting

or calving

into account.

55

Table F 13:

MEASUREMENT

Revised

YEAR

from

to

values of summary

mass balances

(CH 0078),

- 1976/77

AREA km2 l)

1947/48

NET BALANCE

of Limmern

EQUILIBRIUM

total

specific

mean altitude

mm WE

m a.s.l.

1.10.48

2.718

1.088

400

1.10.48

4.10.49

2.718

-4.540

-1670

2945 2960

2640

4.10.49

6.10.50

2.718

-3.638

-1346

6.10.50

10.10.51

2.718

1.011

372

2610

10.10.51

1.10.52

2.718

-1.389

-511

2860

1.10.52

30.09.53

2.718

-0.354

-145

2900

30.09.53

1.09.54

2.718

1.315

484

2650

1.09.54

24.09.55

2.718

1.973

726

2540

24.09.55

24.09.56

2.718

-0.720

-265

2790

24.09.56

25.09.57

2.718

0.152

56

2710

25.09.57

25.09.58

2.718

-2.273

-836

2870

25.09.58

25.09.59

2.546

-2.636

-1035

2940

25.09.59

28.09.60

2.546

-0.068

-27

2730

28.09.60

21.09.61

2.546

0.514

202

2680

21.09.61

12.09.62

2.546

-0.350

-137

2860

12.09.62

17.09.63

2.546

-1.167

-458

2875

17.09.63

15.09.64

2.546

-3.553

-1396

2985

15.09.64

16.09.65

2.546

2.805

1102

2325

16.09.65

9.09.66

2.546

2.224

874

2315

9.09.66

15.09.67

2.546

1.369

538

2490

15.09.67

10.09.68

2.546

1.986

780

2420

10.09.68

5.09.69

2.546

0.844

332

2670

5.09.69

6.09.70

2.546

-0.404

-159

2825

6.09.70

11.09.71

2.546

-3.390

-1332

2955

11.09.71

11.09.72

2.546

-0.574

-225

2735

11.09.72

12.09.73

2.546

-2.655

-1043

2960

12.09.73

3.09.74

2.546

0.100

39

2640

3.09.74

9.09.75

2.546

1.374

540

2455

9.09.75

8.09.76

2.546

-2.542

-998

2980

8.09.76

8.09.77

i.524

1.989

788

2555

11.09.59

56

by aerial

and 15.09.77.

LINE

106m3 WE

28.09.47

l) Area determined

glacier

photogrammetrie

surveys

of 28/29.08.47,

Table

F 14:

Revised

values of summary glacier

YEAR

MEASUREMENT

AREA km2 l)

(CH 0114),

mass balance 1947/48

data of

NET BALANCE

EQUILIBRIUM

specific

mean altitude

mm WE

m a.s.l.

to

28.09.47

1.10.48

0.756

0.357

472

2660

1.10.48

4.10.49

0.756

-1.072

-1418

2890

4.10.49

6.10.50

0.756

-1.026

-1357

2880

6.10.50

10.10.51

0.756

0.289

382

2620

10.10.51

1.10.52

0.756

-0.376

-497

2890

1.10.52

30.09.53

0.756

-0.049

-71

2840

30.09.53

1.09.54

0.756

0.266

352

2655

1.09.54

24.09.55

0.756

0.479

634

2620

24.09.55

24.09.56

0.756

-0.129

-171

2775

24.09.56

25.09.57

0.756

0.038

50

2730

25.09.57

25.09.58

0.756

-0.718

-950

2950

25.09.58

25.09.59

0.741

-0.759

-1024

2960

25.09.59

28.09.60

0.741

-0.288

-308

2800

28.09.60

21.09.61

0.741

-0.079

-107

2770

21.09.61

12.09.62

0.741

-0.266

-359

2825

12.09.62

17.09.63

0.741

-0.413

-557

2860

17.09.63

15.09.64

0.741

-1.065

-1437

2)

15.09.64

16.09.65

0.741

0.730

985

3)

16.09.65

9.09.66

0.741

0.629

849

3)

9.09.66

15.09.67

0.741

0.372

505

2560

15.09.67

10.09.68

0.741

0.640

864

3)

10.09.68

5.09.69

0.741

0.284

383

2655

5.09.69

6.09.70

0.741

-0.019

-26

2760

6.09.70

11.09.71

0.741

-1.042

-1406

11.09.71

11.09.72

0.741

-0.269

-363

2800

11.09.72

12.09.73

0.741

-0.730

-985

2)

12.09.73

3.09.74

0.741

0.140

189

2710

3.09.74

9.09.75

0.741

0.488

659

3)

9.09.75

8.09.76

0.741

-0.712

-961

2875

8.09.76

8.09.77

0.860

0.468

544

2620

of l), 2) and 3):

LINE

total 6 10 m3 WE

from

Explanations

Plattalva

- 1976/77

2)

see next page

57

Explanations

for Table F 14

l) Area determined

2)

Equilibrium

glacier 3)

by aerial

photogrammetric

line at higher

Equilibrium

altitude

than uppermost

line at lower altitude

Data

The following

report

Antarctic

Division,

Data presented

than lowest

and tables

were

for a number

of sectors of the Antarctic

format than that for other glaciers consequence

up to one million of tens

predominantly

of the different

by iceberg calving

The data presented budget

of years)

in Tables

delineated

from

ciological

and Geophysical radio

boundary

Antarctic tians

and are subject

short periods

58

area.

surface

loss or

made

is derived

and the delineation

2000

m surface

Similarly, from

melt.

The

of ice

the International across

large

sec~

contour)

have

been

only every

50 km or more

the accumulation

a few isolated

some

are mass flux

measurement

within

The fluxes

measurements

sources .. Mass

and bottom

of recent

data from

flux across

The loss terms

mostly

(lAGP).

(e.g., the velocity

mass

have been

Insti tute's Gla-

and other

ablation

because

Project

to large errors.

tion over the basins

basins

of topographic

relevant,

defined

and ice sheet velocity,

from surface

(response

(mass

of the overall

Drainage

programmes,

where

are possible

of the ice sheet

estimated

basins

at the surface

(such as the Scot t Polar

and,

into the

Glaciological

basins.

Folio of Antarctica)

out of the area and sometimes

thickness

scales

of budget

F 15 to F 18 are estimates

echo sounding

flux estimates

temporal

and type

This is a

(drainage

with little ablation

drainage

compilations

are accumulation

scales

ice sheet.

of the various

large-scale

ice sheet are of

in this volume.

spatial

or more square kilometres),

of thousands

of the Antarctic

arbitrary

of the glacier

sent to the PSFG by I. Allison,

different

bottom)

limit

Australia.

necessary

mass

of the

(AN)

East Antarctic

inputs

limit

m a.s.l. in 1947).

Antarctica

mass

of 28/29.08.47,

(ca. 2980 m a.s.l. in 1947).

(ca. 2545

time

surveys

and 15.09.77.

11.09.59

distribu-

measurements

of the area of the basins

(from

over sur-

face contours) various

may also be subject

input and output terms

Only the overall

positive,

consideration the time

even

scales.

with

The measured

however,

and the record

annual

ice sheet

will

errors.

must

rather

Antarctic

ice sheet.

However,

any

also take into account

thickness

and velocity

the integrated history.

ice cores shows

dynamic

and

effect

The accumula-

that accumulation

in the mass budgets

rate

are a large percentage

they represent

only a very small

of this

and

the

large

response

future data for large Antarctic

probably

urements

which is signifi-

over huge areas, and are not detectable

Because

ice sheet,

this series

from

can be found in

on a time scale of tens of years or larger.

mass exchange,

elevation

technologies. Antarctic

100%.

are the means over at the most a few tens of

from some

the imbalance

in surface

to the large of this

ice fluxes, represent

can vary significantly

the total

regard

of years of ice sheet environmental

Even though

of the

The measurements

on errors

show a mass budget

of the implications

tion measurements, years,

discussion

basins studied

hence the calculated of thousands

approaching

are presented.

and further

The estimates

cited.

Most of the drainage cantly

may have errors

budget estimates

which these are derived the references

to large error.

than

represent

a direct

a refinement

measure

of the

of

change

by present time

drainage

in the presented fluctuations

of the

basins

in

measof

the

59

Table F 15:

Estimated Mass Balance - Lambert Basin (AN 5500) Interior

Basin

(Inland of 2000 m) Area (103k'm2) Accumulation (Gt'a-l)

1090

Lambert

Glacier

Total Basin

System 62

+60

1152

+60

Ablation, bottom melt (Gt a-l)

-7

Inflow (Gt a-l)

-7

+30

Outflow (Gt a-l)

-30

-Il

-Il

Budget (Gt a-l)

+30

+12

+42

+30

+190

+40

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) References:

60

Allison (1979) , Budd et al. (1982), Morgan and Budd (1975).

Table F 16:

Estimated Mass Balance - Kemp Land (AN 5450)

Interior

Basin

Coastal Sector

Total Basin

(Inland of 2000 m) (coast to 2000 m elev.) Area. (103km2)

67

39

106

Accumulation (Gt a-l)

+9.1

+8.1

+17.2

O

+4.6

O

Inflow (Gt a-l) Outflow (Gt a-l) (includes allowance for bottom melt) ice stream: ice sheet: Budget (Gt a-l)

-8.8

-8.8

-4.6

-1.3

-1.3

+4.5

+2.6

+7.1

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) References :

+70 Allison et al. al. (1982).

+70

+70

(1982), Morgan and Jacka (1981), Morgan et

61

Table F 17: Estimated mass balance - Wilkes Land (Eastern) (AN 5750) Area (xl03km2) inland of 2000 m

159.4

Accumulation (Gt a-l) inland of 2000 m

+21.3

Outflow (Gt a-l) across 2000 m contour

-21.7

Budget (Gt a-l)

O

Average net balance mm a-l (WE)

O

References: Table

F

Jones and Hendy (1985), Young (1979), Young et al. (1982).

18: Estimated mass balance - Wilkes Land (Western) (AN 5735)

Data given for the interior region only (generally above 3000 m) bounded by Dame B, Dame C and Pionerskaya. Area (xl03km2)

421

Accumulation (Gt a-l)

+23

Outflow (Gt a-l) across Dome C Pionerskaya line

-19

Budget (Gt a-l)

+4

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) References :

Budd

+10 and

Young (1979), Morgan and Jacka. (1981),

(1979), Young et al. (1982).

62

Young

Table F 19: Glacier Name

Changes in Area of Heard Island Glaciers PSFG No.

Area

(km2)

1947

1980

Change

Baudissin

AN

105

17.43

17.04

-0.39

Vahsel

AN

106

12.45

12.40

-0.05

Winston

AN

109

14.45

11.93

-2.52

Stephenson

AN

110

34.39

31.89

-2.50

Brown

AN

III

11.66

11.21

-0.45

Compton

AN

112

16.86

13.14

-3.72

Jacka

AN

113

1.20

0.95

-0.25

Mt. Dixon

AN 1010

5.80

1.98

-3.82

Anzac Peak

AN 1020

2.35

1.75

-0.60

Mt. Olsen

AN 1040

2.50

1.45

-1.05

Nares

AN 1120

3.70

3.50

-0.20

Challenger

AN 1130

5.45

5.00

-0.45

Mary-Powell

AN 1140

2.91

2.49

-0.42

Downes

AN 1150

16.74

16.42

-0.32

Ealy

AN 1170

17.54

17.34

-0.20

Allison

AN 1350

6.57

6.50

-0.07

63

CHAPTER 8 - THE ANNEXED MAPS The following 13 maps can be found in the back pocket of this volume.

A

brief description of each map, giving information regarding the purpose of the particular map, content, accuracy, and details of the surveying, cartography and reproduction follows in this chapter. l.

Bondhusbreen, Southern Norway

2.

Hellstugubreen, Southern Norway

3.

Austre Memurubre, Southern Norway

4.

Silvretta, Verstancla and Chamm Glaciers, Switzerland

5.

Limmern and Plattalva Glaciers, Switzerland

6.

Gries Glacier, Switzerland

7.

Gepatschferner, Austria

8.

Hintereisferner, Austria

9.

Vernagtferner, Austria

10. Langtalerferner, Austria Il. Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 12. Issik Glacier, Pamir-e Kalan, Afghanistan 13. Batura Glacier, Pakistan

64

BONDHUSBREEN,

SOUTHERN

NORWAY, ·1 : 10,000

(Aerial photogrammetric B. Wold, Norwegian

In connection

Water Resources

with the hydro-electric

the ice cap Folgefonni,

various

map)

and Electricity

power scheme

glaciological

One of the more recent of these studies subglacial

water

intake

start mass balance arranged

structed

network

Norwegian

Water

consisted

Resources

logical

ridges,

Mapping

held

1875, same

certain point

diversion

from

in ottawa

information

old photographs

system,

1904

and

points

1971,

within

established

with

contour

Particular

all triangulation

glacio-

etc.

according on Glacier

side of the map has some

as frontal

some

marked.

points

are marked Symposium

the glacier and

the

by the

etc., have been specially

such

to

from 6,100 m a.a.L

of 1:10,000,

The reverse

showing

necessary

Board.

and UTM coordinates

in 1965.

with the

A/S on a B-8 plotter.

points

the International

on the glacier,

in 1891,

Wider¢e

at a scale

large blocks,

Both geographical

to the recommendations

were initiated.

The map was then con-

and 20 m elsewhere.

such as crevasses

moraine

are plotted.

detailed

and Electricity

in 5 colours

features,

In addition,

were taken 1:30,000.

tr iangulatian

of 10 m on the glacier

water from

photo flight was therefore

of two triangulation

and five new

The map is printed intervals

the pictures

S. Haga at Fjellanger

control

National

studies

and it proved

A special

scale was approximately

by Bjoern

The ground

1979;

collecting

was done in connection

Bondhusbreen,

investigations.

on 11 August

and the picture

under

Board, Oslo

variations

front taken

information

since

from the about

the

etc.

65

HELLSTUGUBREEN, SOUTHERN NORWAY, l : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetrie map) B. Wold, Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo

The valley glacier Hellstugubreen

in Jotunheimen

was first mapped by

Koller, Solheim & Werenskiold in 1941 using terrestrial photogrammetry, and Randi Pytte re-mapped

it in 1962 us nq plan-table technique; this ì

latter map was used for mass balance investigations during the period 1962-67. A photogram~etric map was constructed in 1968 by the Norwegian Polar Research Institute based upon aerial photographs taken that year. A new set of aerial photographs was taken on 26 September 1980 and a map constructed by Olav Liest¢l ~sing a Wild A-7 stereo plotter. The map is printed at a scale of 1:10,000 with contour intervals of 10m on the glacier and 10m and SOm in the surrounding terrain.

The map has

UTM coordinates as well as geographical coordinates, and was made according to 'the recommendations from the International Symposium on Glacier Mapping in Ottawa in 1965. The map is printed in four colours. References for the earlier maps, together with additional information are given on the reverse of the map.

66

AUSTRE MEMURUBRE,

SOUTHERN

NORWAY,

(Aerial photogrammetrie G. 0strem,

In 1968,

Norwegian

Austre

Water

Resources

Memurubre

taken on 21 July 1966.

was

mapped

Survey

topographical

map series

(1:50,000)

areas,

could

a glacier

features

could moraine

the map.

in the

of this

is estimated

part

boulders

to be better altitudes,

for

of southern

Norway.

for the purpose

of

glaciological

procedure.

Crevassed

are marked

are given

orientation

taken

modern,

particular

plotting

areas have been plotted

photographs

for a new,

out independently

of spot elevations

better than 5 m for absolute

aerial

were originally a basis

consequently,

for topographic

Ice-free

The accuracy

and,

Board, Oslo.

vertical

to form

and predominant

A large number

may be valuable glacier.

map

be carried

be emphasized cover

from

The aerial photographs

Geographical

making

map)

and Electricity

the Norwegian

Thus the plotting

l : 10,000

separately

for points

and triangulation

with a minimum

on

which on the

of detail.

than 2 m for relative

altitudes,

and better than 5 m for horizon-

tal positions.

UTM coordinates in the map

(zone 32) and some

geographical

coordinates

are plotted

frame.

67

THICKNESS CHANGES OF SWISS GLACIERS (Aerial photogrammetrie maps) Silvretta, 1:10,000

Verstancla

and Chamm

glaciers,

surveys

1959 and 1973;

(1976)

Limmern and Plattalva glaciers, surveys 1947 and 1977; 1:10,000 (1981) Gries glacier, surveys 1961 and 1979; 1:10,000 (1984) P. Kasser and H. Siegenthaler, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), Zürich l. Introduction The maps present some of the results from investigations carried out in connection with the technical consultancy work of the VAW for hydroelectric power companies.

In the cases of Limmern and Plattalva glaciers,

studied since 1944, measurements

of precipitation

and discharge from

springs were combined with studies on the glacier mass balance in order to find out why the discharge volumes from the river, measured at the Pantenbrücke run-off gauging station, were much lower (by some 30%) than those computed on the basis of measurements in surrounding areas.

The

studies on Silvretta glacier, which started in 1959, were necessary in order to evaluate the available water mass in high altitude catchment basins. Gries glacier has terminated,

since 1966, in an arti ficially

dammed lake. For this glacier, hydro-glaciological studies were started in 1960 with two main aims: a) to predict the probability of a glacier advance as far as the dam site, as a function of time (cf. Bindschadler, 1981), and b) to estimate the frequency of particular annual ruo -o f f volumes. In addition to the studies outlined above, all these mapped glaciers belong to the network of long-term

observations

on glacier

fluctuations in Switzerland (Kasser 1981). The maps were analysed in order to get values of total changes in area, volume and mean thickness (computed from 100 m altitude intervals) as an overall check for the mass balance study results, which were obtained from glaciological measurements on stake networks installed on 4 of the 6 mapped glaciers.

The main results of such comparative

studie~ on

Gries, Limmern, Plattlava and Silvretta glaciers have been published in the glaciological yearbooks of the Swiss Glacier Commission, in which

68

the

maps

were

also

originally

published

(Kasser

et al. 1982,

Siegenthaler 1983 and 1984). 2. The contents of the maps The maps are printed in 6 colours at a scale of 1:10,000.

All the

glaciological measurement points are numbered and the.entire hydrological catchment basin is shown with contour intervals of 10 m, and extra contours at 5 m intervals in the very flat areas. The topography of the first survey is shown in black lines on all maps, and lakes are black hatched.

The contours, glacier borders, crevasses and lake edges from

the second survey are given in red, and the lake areas in blue. intervals

of 20 m, the areas between

old and new contour

At

lines of

identical altitudes are shown in green (increase in glacier thickness) or in yellow (decrease in glacier thickness). outlined in violet, as are all the measurement

The catchment

basin is

points on the glacier.

The numbers with these points indicate the average annual specific mass variation horizontal

for the time

period

between

the two surveys

flow velocity of the stakes for one particular

and the

year.

The

positions

of the glacier margins are given for both surveys and all

glaciers;

the limits of firn and of fresh snow are given for both

surveys in the case of Gries glacier, but only for the second survey for the other glaciers. shown

Likewise, moraines and conspicuous

for both surveys for Gries glacier only;

missing to some extent on the other maps.

boulders are

these details are

The survey stations on the

glacier margins are shown in black. 3. Mass balance results From the maps, volume and mean elevation changes were determined

for

each 100 m altitude interval. Averaged over the whole glacier, the mean annual elevation change, which is identical to the change in thickness, can be compared to the mean annual mass change or annual mass balance of the same period. The mass balance was determined independently from the measurements

made on the stake networks.

A comparison

of the values

obtained from both the geodetic and the glaciological methods is given in Table l, where the respective values are summarized

as totals or

annual means for the periods given for eac~ glacier (values for mass change are specific annual means).

Detailed data for 100 m altitude

69

intervals are given in Tables CCC and D of this volume (cf. also Tables 17 to 20 in PSFG Volume I (Kasser 1967) or tables in publications cited earlier). The general tendency and variability

of mass change during the time

period between the two surveys are indicated in Table 2 in terms of mean, maximum and minimum values of the annual mass balance, equilibrium line altitude and accumulation area ratio. These values result from the glaciological

measurements

on the stake networks.

each year are published in the glaciological 1982, Siegenthaler 1983 and 1984).

70

Detailed data for

yearbooks (Kasser et al.

Table

l: Changes in area,

volume, thickness and mass of the

mapped

glaciers for the time period between the two surveys Glacier

Silvretta

Time

Area at

period

start of

1959/73

Verstancla Limmern

1947/77

Plattalva Gries Table 2:

961/79

CHANGE IN AREA

period (km2)

total annual

3.22

-0.07

-0.2

1.04

-0.06

-0.4

2.72

-0.20 -0.2

0.76

+0.10

6.69

(km2)

-0.35

~~

VOLUME

THICKNESS

MASS

total

annual

annual

(106m3)

(cm)

(mm)

-4.60

-10

-81

-0.48

-3

-11.39

-14

-145

+0.4

-4.82

-23

-171

-0.3

-11.25

-10

-83

Maximum, minimum and mean values of the annual mass balance of

the mapped glaciers, with corresponding values of

the

equilibrium line altitude and accumulation area ratio (AAR) Glacier

Time

Annual mass balance

period

Year

Value

altitude

(kg/m2)

m a.s.l.

-81

2767

0.52

2490

0.97

Minimum 1963/64 -1409

3019

0.04

-145

2729

0.48

Maximum 1964/65 +1102

2325

0.94

Minimum 1948/49 -1670

2945

0.11

ca.2770

ca.0.48

1947/77 Mean

Plattalva 1947/77 Mean Maximum 1964/65

-171 +985

Minimum 1963/64 -1437 Gries

AAR

Maximum 1964/65 +1338

Silvretta 1959/73 Mean

Limmern

Equilibrium line

[equilibrium line

1.00

loutside glacier

0.00

2842

0.53

Maximum 1976/77 +1274

2530

0.97

Miminum 1972/73 -1110

3135

0.10

1961/79 Mean

-83

71

4. Glossary English

German

glacier boundary

Gletschergrenzen Firnschneegrenze

limit of firn

Neuschneegrenze

limit of fresh snow

Einzugsgebietgrenze

limit of catchment basin

Grenze der (Oberflächen-)Moränan

(surface) moraine boundary

Seen

lakes

Unterschied

zwischen

den Gletscher-

Changes of the glacier's

ständen der l. und der 2. Aufnahme,

surface between 1st and 2nd

dargestellt

surveys, repre~ented by hor-

durch

horizontale

Schnitt-

izontal areas corresponding

flächen:

to the shift in contour lines: (grün) Bei Zunahme der Gletscherdicke

(green) incr. in thickness

(gelb) Bei Abnahme der Gletscherdicke

(yellow) decr. in thickness

Vermessungsstationen:

survey stations:

Triangulationspunkt

triangulation point

Fixes Stativ

fixed theodolite mount

Permanente Signaltafel

permanent signal plates

Messpunkte auf dem Gletscher:

Measurement points on the glacier:

Pegel zur Messung des spezifischen Massenhaushalts b (kg/m2.Jahr)

stake for measuring specific net balance b (kg/m2.yr) and

und der Horizontalkomponente der Geschwindigkeit Vh (rn/Jahr)

horizontal velocity Vh (m/yr)

Pegel mit alljährlich

annually repositioned stake

gleicher

Ausgangslage Pegelbezeichnung

72

stake identification

5.

Technical Details

The

following

government

institutions and

private

civil

surveying

offices were involved with the aerial surveys and photogrammetric mappings: Glacier

Aerial Survey Date

Photogrammetric

Flight by

Mapping by the Office of

Silvretta

31.8.59

Bern (V+D) 12.9.73

Chamm

Limmern

Joas & Co., Davos

of Cadastral Surveying,

+

Verstancla +

Swiss Federal Office

Swiss Federal Topographical Survey, Bern (L+T)

28+29.8.47

A. Flotron, Meirin!gen

V+D

M. Zurbuchen, Bern

L+T

A. Flotron,

+

Plattalva

15.9.77

Meiringen

Gries

20.9.61

Swissair Photo AG,

H. Leupin, Bern

Zürich 15.8.79

V+D

H. Leupin, Bern

The editing and graphical design of the maps, as well as the preparation of the lettering

and colour plates

were the responsibility

of the

authors, assisted by other colleagues from the glaciology department of the VAW. 6. Acknowledgements Special thanks go to the Swiss Federal Topographical Survey for printing the maps, and to the Glacier Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences for financial support.

73

REFERENCES Bindschadler,

R., 1981:

The predicted

behaviour

of Griesgletscher,

Wallis, Switzerland, and its possible threat to a nearby dam.

Zeit-

schrift fUr Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 16 (l), p. 45-59. Kasser, P. (1967): Fluctuations

of Glaciers 1958-1965.

Published by

lASH (ISCl)/UNESCO, Tables 17-20, p. 32-38. Kasser, P. (1981): Rezente Gletscherveränderungen Alpen. Jahrbuch der Schweizerishcen

in den Schweizer

Naturforschenden

Ge~ellschaft

(SNG), wissenschaftlicher Teil, S. 106-138. Kßsser, P., Aellen, M. und Siegenthaler, H. (1982): Silvrettagletscher Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen 1973/74 und 1974/75.

Glaziolo-

gisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission der SNG, S. ¡46-l57. Siegenthaler, H. (1983): Glaziologische Beobachtungen an den Gletschern Limmern und Plattalva - Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1975/76 und 1976/77. Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission

der SNG,

S. 184-201. Siegenthaler, H. (1984): Glaziologische Beobachtungen am Griesgletscher (Wallis) - Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen 1977/78 und 1978/79.

Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission der SNG (in press)

74

GEPATSCHFERNER 1971, l : 10,000 (Aerial/terrestrial photogrammetrie map) K. Brunner, Department

of Cartography,

Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Federal

Republic of Germany The tongue of the Gepatschferner

in the Oetztal Alps, Tyrol (Austria)

was first surveyed in 1886 and 1896, and earlier surveys of the whole glacier took place in 1922, 1940 and 1953. Survey 1971 The new map "Gepatschferner 1971", scale 1:10,000 is based mainly on a photogrammetrie aerial survey. normal

angle camera

The photo flight was carried out with a

in August

1971.

Coverage

of the area of the

Gepatschferner involved the production of five photo strips representing 27 photogrammetrie

models (photo scale was about 1:15,000).

In addi-

tion, the southern Italian part of the glacier was surveyed by means of terrestrial photogrammetry in 1973. The scale of the photogrammetrie stereoplotting was 1:7,500. Cartography The aim of the map was to give a detailed representation of the glacier, the ice-free land, and the exact limit of the active glacier.

The areas

of ice, firn and old snow are separated by the (temporary) firn edge and the old snow line. The colour coding on the map is as follows: (l) Black lines:

planimetric representation and contours

on

rocky

areas (2) Blue lines:

contours on glacierized areas, limit of the active glacier, hydrographic features

(3) Blue-green lines: crevasses (4) Grey lines:

firn line and firn edge,

contours

on

debris-

covered areas (5) Brown lines:

contours on vegetation-covered areas

(6) Green tint:

vegetation

(7) Grey tint:

rocky areas.

The vertical interval o f the contour lines is 10m.

75

Glaciological results In 1971, the surface area of the Gepatschferner (northern part) was 17.782km2 and the ratio Sc/Sa was 1.29 (corresponding to an AAR of 0.56). The southern part of the glacier had a aur f ace area of 3.842km2 in 1973.

In 1971,

approximation

the mean

altitude

of the equilibrium

of the firn line

- as an

line - was found to be 3055m a.s.l.

The mean changes in the thickness of the Gepatschfern~r for the periods 1886 - 1896 - 1922 - 1940 - 1953 are given in the table on area, volume and thickness changes; corresponding data for the period 1953-71 can be found in PSFG Val. III.

LITERATURE Blachut, T.-J. and Müller F., 1966: Some Fundamental Considerations on Glacier Mapping.

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No.6,

p. 747-759. Brunner,

K., 1978: lur neuen Karte "Gepatschferner

1:10,000. Zeitschri ft für Gletscherkunde

1971", Massstab

und Glazialgeologie , Bd.

14, H. 2, p, 133-151. Finsterwalder, Ri., 1951: Zur Geschichte der Gepatschferner-Vermessung. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Alpenvereins, Bd. 76, p. 9-16. Kasser, P. and Röthlisberger, H., 1966: Some Problems of Glacier Mapping experienced with the 1:10,000 Map of t~e Aletsch Glacier. Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No.6, p. 799-809.

76

Canadian

HINTEREISFERNER 1979, l : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetric map) M. Kuhn, Institute of Meteorology, University of Innsbruck. Hintereisferner was survèyed on August 14 and 30, 1979 using an aircraft of the "Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen", Vienna, which flew at an altitude o f 6100 m a.a.L, wide-angle

Photographs of 23x23 cm were taken with a

lens of 15.2 cm focal length, and they overlapped

by 60%

longitudinally and by 8-40% laterally. The area evaluated extends from the lowest point in the Rofen valley at 2200 m a.s.l.to the peak of the Weisskugel

at 3731 m, so that the average scale of the photographs

varied from l:15,000 to 1:27,000. The map was produced

by H. Giersig at a scale of 1:10,000 with 10 m

isohypses, using the colour blue for snow, ice and water and brown for all other surfaces. All points used in the trigonometric

work done by

H. Schneider have been entered on the map, as well as the meteorological stations and the precipitation gauges.

Remnants of moraines from the

glacier advances of about 1850 and 1920 have been mapped by G. Patzelt. The map, being designed for glaciological work, does not speci fically indicate areas of rocks or of di fferent vegetation patterns. However, conspicuous rocks and boulders have been entered and are designated by the letter S. Footpaths and trails are represented regardless

of their dimension

or state.

by dotted lines,

Thin, broken lines separate

grassland from bare ground wherever these features were clearly distinguishable - the lines are therefore not necessarily continuous. the "Reutherweg", broken lines are used to show conspicuous,

East of parallel

features at the surface. The firn edge and transient snow line have been entered east (14 August survey) and west (30 August survey) of the line connecting the Langtauf'er er Spitze w ith the survey point "Vietoris". The transition

from bare ice to debris-covered

ice is generally

gradual in nature than can be reproduced on a map. places on Hintereisferner

where it was justifiable

more

There are, however, to indicate such

limits by a broken blue line - for example on the middle moraine between Langtauferer-Joch-Ferner and Hintereisferner.

The margins of Hintereis-

77

ferner are heavily debris-covered.

Along the left margin the glacier,

by,its shape, is clearly distinguishable however,

on the right margin,

from the lateral moraine;

the transition

between

active

ice,

stagnant ice and/or ice-free lateral moraine is less easy to define. As a result, the right margin of the active glacier tongue was assumed to coincide with the furrow of the surface runoff channel. The broken blue borderline between ice and ice-free terrain encompasses ice or snow areas that may not be part of the glacier proper; such are avalanches that have accumulated at the glacier margin, or temporarily snow-covered areas that are ice-free in other years. On 14 August, 1979, the transient snow line was situated in the altitude .interval 2790-2850 m a.s.l. By the end of the accumulation season on 21 September, it had retreated further, reaching a mean altitude of 2970m. The low position of the firn edge is explained balances 1977/78

in the

=

two

years

+410 kg m-2, 1978/79

previous:

=

by the positive

1976/77

= +760 kg

mass m-2,

-220 kg m-2.

Earlier maps of Hintereisferner by Blümcke and Hess (1:10,000, 1899) and Hess (1:10,000, 1924) have been supplemented

by maps of the terminus

alone (19~5, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1922). For historic references and further details of the present map see Kuhn (1981). The map was produced with support by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. REFERENCE Kuhn, M., 1981: 1:10,000.

Begleitworte

Zeitschrift

Vol. 16 (l), p, 117-124.

78

zur Karte des Hintereisferners

für Gletscherkunde

1979,

und Glazialgeologie,

VERNAGTFERNER 1979, l : 10,000 (Orthophoto map) H. Rentsch, Commission

for Glaciology,

Bavarian Academy of Sciences,

Munich For .the production

of the orthophoto

map of Vernagtferner

1979, scale

1:10,000, photographs from the flight "Hintereisferner 1979" were used. Two printing originals were prepared, the first for the contour lines (at intervals of 20m) and planimetric representation (map frame, grid sections, survey points, map lettering and technical installations), and the seco.n d for the orthoPh oto . Th e ph otograph s wer e found to be ver y suitable for differential rectification.

Four of them had to be recti-

fied in order to cover the whole area of the Vernagt- and Guslarferner. The aerial photographs were taken on 14 August, 1979 at midday.

Their

mean image scale was 1:20,000 (focal length 153mrn). The stereoscopic evaluation of nine stereopairs was carried out with the analytical plotter Planicamp C-IDO, and the differential recti fication with the orthoprojector

Orthocomp

Z2.

The Planicamp

C-IDO and the

Orthocomp Z2 (both made by Zeiss/West Germany) are connected to computers (in both cases a Hewlett Packard 1000). The reference data for the computation of the profiles (40 m intervals) for the differential rectification were recorded simultaneously with the one-line

plotting

of the contour

lines.

A slit aperture

of 0.2mm x

4.0mm with a scanning speed of 20mm/sec was used for the projection by the orthoprojector.

The four orthophotas were of good quality, and each

of the four contributed nearly the same area to the map face. The sheet assembly of the four orthophotas was carried out by a phototechnical procedure. orthophotas

A complete picture was made by projecting all four

adjacent to each other, so that the four imagescoincided

along irregular,

curved boundaries.

time as the above projection.

A screening was done at the same

The print was done in black for the two

copies on offset paper and art paper.

The processes

reduced the contrast of the images considerably

of reproduction

- a unicolour

printed

orthophoto cannot replace a photographic contact print.

79

Different

methods

for

efficiency

and quality

obtaining

contour

under the following

mean image scale

1:20,000

mean slope

230

plotting

scale

1:10,000

contour

interval

plotter

lines

were

compared

for

conditions:

20 m Planicamp

C-IDO with hand wheel

operation

Method

l. one-line

plotted

time/area

Effectiveness

2.0 h/km2

faithful

contours

2. derived

graphy,

contours:

0.7 h/km2

reproduction regardless

only faithful

a) from a digital-

topography

ized grid with a

terrain

of the topo-

of terrain

reproduction

in gradually

type

of the

changing

40 m grid width

b) same as a) with additional

2.4 h/km2

ing of break

limited graphy

record-

reproduction in steep,

but otherwise

lines

of the topo-

rugged

faithful

duction

The one-line

80

plotted

contours

were used for the orthophotomap.

terrain, repro-

LANGTALER FERNER 1971 (OETZALER ALPEN), l : 7,500 (Orthophoto map) K. Brunner, Department

of Cartography,

Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Federal

Republic of Germany. To prepare orthophoto maps is an economical alternative as regards the expensive and time-consuming construction of conventional topographical maps (so-called line maps). Orthophoto maps are widely used for glaciological studies because glaciologists are experienced in the interpretation of aerial photographs. Aerial photographs and differential rectification A photo flight in August 1971 took normal angle photographs

of high

quality and covered the area of the Langtaler Ferner (Oetzaler Alps, Tyrol/Austria) with three photo strips. using three photogrammetric models.

Orthophotas could be prepared

For the differential rectification,

an Orthoprojector Gl l of Carl Zeiss Co. (West Germany) was used according to the principle projection.

of central-perspective

correlation

by optical

The orthophotas were obtained using a strip width of 4 mm

and a special slit aperture with a slit width of 0.3 mm at a scale of 1:8,000; the orthophotas did not show any distortion. Screening and sheet assembly Reproduction quality.

of orthophotas

necessarily

involves some loss in image

For the offset lithography, the photos were enlarged and then

screened by a hal ftone screen with 60 lines per cm. (A larger screen density would have flattened the image.) The screened orthophotas were assembled along the 2km-grid lines of the Austrian national qrì d , which was shi fted 100 metres to the north and which is marked

with heavy black lines.

There is no other way of

obtaining perfect agreement along the edges of adjacent photos if this method

of differential

rectification

is used and if there are no

elements of cultural landscape in the photo.

81

Cartography The cartographic' representation is achieved by the use of three colours: l) Grey:

orthophoto image

2) Black:

framework including grid intersection and graticule ticks, survey

points,

ablation stakes,

lettering

and

contour

lines (vertical interval 20m) 3) Blue tint: glacierized area (active glacier and dead ice). Stereoplotting gave the glacierized area and the contour lines. Glaciological results Que to the high quality of the images from the photo flight in 1971, it. is poss~ble to identi fy the structural

characteristics

surface

very well.

it is possible

between

the areas

following

In particular, of old snow,

results:

firn and ice.

the area of the Langtaler

o f the glacier to discriminate

This leads Ferner

to the

in 1971 was

3.478km2; the mean altitude of the firn line - a close approximation to the equilibrium

line - was 2895m a.a.Lj

the ratio of accumulation area

to ablation area (Sc/Sa) was 1.29, wh~ch corresponds to an accumulation are a r at io (AAR)

Q.

f O.56.

LITERATURE B r u n n e r , K ., l 9 7 6 : O r t h o P h o t o k a r t e n ver g l e t sc h e r t e r G e b.i e t e . Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, H. l, p. 63-67. Brunner, K. and Rentsch R., 1977: Orthophoto Gepatschferner, 1:7,500, in Müller F., 1977 : Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975. ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris, Vol. III, 262 p , Brunner, K., 1979: Begleitworte 1971" im Massstab Glazialgeologie,

82

zur Orthophotokarte

"Langtaler

1:7,500. Zeitschri ft für Gletscherkunde Bd. 15, H. 2, p, 195-199.

Ferner und

Pillewizer, W., 1977a: Orthophoto Glacier Map of the Grossvenediger, in Müller F., 1977, Fluctuations

of Glaciers 1970-75. ICSI/IAHS and

UNESCO, Paris, Vol.lll, 262 p . Pillewizer,

W., 1977b: Hochgebirgskartographie

und Orthophototechnik.

Festschrift für Erik Arnberger, Verlag Franz Deuticke, Wien, p. 107124.

83

CHANGES IN ELEVATION OF GLACIERS IN THE EASTERN ALPS 1969-1979; l

R. Finsterwalder, H. Rentsch,

Institute

Bavarian

The map shows (Austria) lines

above the

during

of Cartography,

changes the

in

period

area

is

glaciers

of the

in the

gla6iers

the

glacier

Alps

latest

as

graphically Eastern

in the

Munich

Eastern

1969 (1971) and 1979.

m) represent

displayed

University,

Munich

of eight

between

in thickness

level

Technical

Academy of Sciences,

intervallOO

change sea

eight

metric

for is

The contour

stage.

a function

each

based

Alps

The mean of

glacier.

altitude The map of

on aerial

photogram-

surveys.

On a separate glaciers are

the

(vertical

annual

: 20,000

shown

surveys

sheet,

in the for

longer

in the

1950 (1949,

the

mean annual

Austrian

years

Alps

changes

and three

periods.

The data

1889 (1892)

1953) - 1969 (1970,

in surface

glaciers are

elevation

in the

based

of ten

Bavarian

Alps

on photogrammetrie

- 1912 - 1921 (1920)

- 1932 (1938) -

1971) - 1979 (1977).

LITERATURE

Finsterwalder,

R. and Rentsch,

alpengletschern kunde

Finsterwalder, Mitteilung 25-30.

84

im

Zeitraum

und Glazialgeologie,

R., der

1981:

H., 1980: Zur Höhenänderungen 1969-1979.

Zeitschrift

für

von OstGletscher-

Bd. 16, H. l, p. 110-115.

Zur Höhenänderungen

Geographischen

Gesellschaft

der

Zugspitzgletscher.

in München,

Bd. 66, p ,

ISSIK GLACIER, PAMIR-E KALAN, AFGHANISTAN; 1:25,000 (Terrestrial photogrammetric map) G. Patzelt, Institute for High Mountain Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria This map is a product of the research expedition "Exploration Pamir 75" which was a private scienti fic undertaking

sponsored by the Austr ian

Alpine Club and the Austrian Council for the Promotion Research.

of Scienti fic

The aim of the expedition was to scientifically document and

map an area of the Pamir-e

Kalan (Great Pamir) which included

summits

valley

and the

inhabited

region

of

Wakhan-Darya

the

in NE

Afghanistan. The terrestrial

photogrammetry

for this map of Northern and Southern

Issik glaciers was carried out by R. Kosta and W. Kuschel between and 18th August measurement

1975.

The trigonometrical

of all positions and altitudes

starting

1st

point for the

is P.6281 (Koh-.e He la L) on

the Afghan map 1:100,000. The photögrammetrically determined altitudes are accurate to within units of metres (Senarclens-Grancy 1978).

The cartography,

carried

out

by G. Moser,

and Kostka Innsbruck,

specifically emphasises glaciologically important details, and the rocky areas surrounding the glaciers are therefore only shown schematically in a homogeneous colour. The Koh-e Kalan (Great Pamir) is the southern-most mountain chain of the Pamir range.

The two Issik glaciers are situated on the southern side

of the highest mountains in this chain (Koh-e Pamir 6320 m, Koh-e HelaI 6281 m).

They drain into the Wakhan Darya, eventually forming the Amu

Darya which runs into the Aral Sea. The Issik glaciers display the form of composite valley glaciers typical for the mountains of central Asia.

Their accumulation

areas lie near

steep, exposed flanks, accumulation thus arising mainly via snow and ice avalanches.

The tributary

glaciers

then flow through canyon-like,

deeply cut valleys and meet in the flat, debris-covered glacier tongues. Consequently,

the hypsometric

distribution

is as follows: 66~~ of the

total area of Northern Issik glacier lies below the mean elevation of

85

the glacier; for Southern

Issik glacier, the equivalent

figure is 64~~'

(ErnE in Table l). By mapping the transient snow line and firn line from previous years, an estimation of the altitude of the firn edge could be made: from 4800 m on north-exposed

slopes up to 5400 m on south-exposed

large

(600 m) is characteristic

difference

melting of ice is particularly

slopes.

This

for arid regions.

The

slight due to the large amount of out-

going radiation which occurs at night, and the altitude.

Daily readings

for the net ablation were made at 8 ablation st~kes on relatively cloudfree days; values between 4.2 cm and 3.5 cm were recorded. melting only starts in the early hours of the afternoon.

Significant

The penitentes

forms in the snow and ice are indicators of the fact that evaporation is responsible for a large part of the ablation. Lateral

moraines

and unweathered

light-coloured

debris

show

the

positions of a glacial maximum of the Issik glaciers, which is thought to have occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century (coloured brown

on the map).

The area which has since then become

ice-free

c onstitutes on ly 5.6 ~ò o f the tota l area o f both glaciers today . This comparatively small reduction in area is a result of the debris cover at the glaciers' snouts; dead ice remains for a long time under such cover. The steep, active glacier

snout of Southern

Issik glacier

is at an

altitude of 4360 m, and that of Northern Issik glacier is at 4600 m. The low values

of ablation,

ice velocity,

mass loss and area loss

indicate that the mass exchange is low for these glaciers which exist under cold-arid climatic conditions.

86

Table l: General Information on Northern and Southern Issik Glaciers Name

T Emax

ErnA

(m)

Emin

(m)

(m)

ErnE

Lmax

A

(m)

(km)

(km2)

(km2)

AD

AD ArnE QI IQ

QI IQ

Northern Issik GI.

6

6330

5230

4460

5400

11.3

28.62

4.72

16

66

Southern Issik GI.

3

6070

5030

4200

5140

9.3

15.05

2.26

15

64

T:

number of tributary glaciers

Emax:

maximum elevation

ErnA:

mean elevation of glacier area

Emin:

minimum elevation

ErnE:

mean elevation between Emax and Emin

Lmax:

maximum length, longest flowline

A:

total area of glacier

AD:

glacier area,

ArnE:

glacier area below ErnE.

debris covered

REFERENCE R. Senarclens Akademische

de Graney

and R. Kosta

(Ed.), 1978:

Druck- und Verlagsanstalt,

Grosser

Pamir,

Graz 1978, 400 p., 5 maps

included.

87

BATURA GLACIER, PAKISTAN, 1:60,000 (Terrestrial photogrammetrie map) Xie Zichu, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, China Field work for the production programme

of a glacier

of this glacier

expedition

map was part of the

to Mt. Batura

from the Lanzhou

Inst.ì t.ute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, K.K. Academia Sinica, China in 1974-1975.

The map is printed at a scale of 1:60,000, and took one and

a half years to produce. Base control and stereophotographs A control network of about 45 km wide was established, incorporating a total of 25 survey stations. error of 1/27,700.

The most inaccurate triangle side had an

From the control points of the network,

the main

peaks of the drainage basin were measured by forward sectioning;

thus

the control network covered the whole Batura glacier. Terrestrial

stereophotographs

were taken from 65 photo bases.

average height of the control points and photographic 4000 m a.a.L,, maximum

The

stations

was

and the average length of the photo bases was 320 m.

The

photographic

distance was about 14 km, the average 8 km.

The

photographic base line had an angular error of 1.1 seconds, and approximately 7% of the terrain was not covered by the photographs.

88

CHAPTER

9

PERSPECTIVES

The revitalisation within since of

FOR THE FUTURE

of the service

and the publication

as short a time as possible 1983.

freedom

in

as the national factory

discussions

A number

desired.

between

However,

in the future

how

helped

only a limited

these

tasks

should

required

clear

and the careful

to all colleagues

a steadier

is fundamental

to a "permanent"

i f the technical

and international

the preparation

expertise contacts

of the next

such a service

also helps

a number

world-wide

Evolution the

glacier

observations

for scientific

general

strategy

of data

to exist

collection

future include

glacier

fluctuation

data in computer-compatible

is

the

(Fluctuations of this volume original

most

urgent

of Glaciers

is scheduled

schedule.

new international

However, glacier

sources,

system

because

1980-85)

and to serve

aspects

of as a

as well as in

form,

for 1987/88 by this time

to bring

of older

and 3) the design

of data collection. preparation

scale.

of the PSFG

2) a reactivation

of

The latter

PSFG

will have to start soon;

monitoring

there-

programme

on an international

bibliographic

and more effective

In recent

: l) a reorganisation

to contain

point

going.

of

considerations.

archive

of a simpler

not

or even terminated

task of the Service,

will have to take place in the technical

Plans for the immediate

in

interruptions

that an appropriate

continues

and environmental

programmes

alive, but the existence

programmes

An important to ensure

Much

of one volume

computer

have had to be reduced

problems.

one of helping

service.

can be re-invested

Avoiding

service

to keep local

of programmes

of economic

acquired,

established

PSFG volume.

only helps to keep an international

basis

that

and one invol-

can be saved

fore, remains

planning

involved

development,

effort and money involved with the production

because

be

as well

as well as evolution.

Continui ty of operation

years,

best

and specialists,

of the time,

developed,

degree

to find what is hoped is a satis-

the speed

needs

remained

consultants

it soon became

the service

ving continuity

to

of scientific

correspondents,

compromise

there

as

IV

have been the two tasks for the time

This being the case,

fulfilled.

of PSFG Volume

Volume

V

publication

the PSFG back to its

the Service

will

be part of a

service.

89

The Permanent Technical

Service

national

for the World

services

glacier

on the Fluctuations

Secretariat

data.

services

which

collect,

service

a new world is presently

documentation

length,

and 3) reach areas (Haeberli

monitoring

programme.

mass

Within

balance

or biennial

selected

mass balance

results

data

glacier

(classification

length

a

in glacier imagery

for

it is planned

to

series containing

time series);

of summarizing of glaciers,

glacier

fluctua-

intercamparisan

of

variations);

- carry out a feasibility observation

2) provide

satellite

publication

(running

the possibilities

two

The new

on changes

by using

an annual

tion

studies,

this framework

- establish

these

as to : l) speed up the

observations

coverage

1985).

standardized

to merge

glacier

a global

- investigate

and publish

it is planned

of the more numerous

remote

are the two inter-

being so designed

of representative

better overview

and the Temporary

Inventory

process

By the end of 1985,

to form

combined

of Glaciers

Glacier

study on the installation

programme

for

remote

areas

using

of a glacier satellite

imagery; - continue yearly

the publication

- complete

The corresponding realized

without

community. this

therefore

90

and update regional

activities

fluctuation

data

and

and proposals

compilation,

most gratefully

glacier

data

at 5-

inventories.

and developments

communication

Criticism

present

of general

intervals;

from

from all colleagues

or who

received.

cannot

feedback

may

be successfully the

scientific

who already

do so in the future,

use are

REFERENCES Andreasen,

J.D., Knudsen,

investigations

N.T. and M¢ller

at Qamanârssdp

J. T., 1982: Glaciological

'Sermia.

Gletscher-hydrologiske

meddelelser nr. 82/4, Gr¢nlands Geologiske Unders¢gelser, 42 p. Allison, I., 1979: Mass budget of the Lambert Glacier drainage basin. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 22, p. 223-235. Allison,

I., Frew, R. and Knight, I., 1982: Bedrock and ice surface of the coastal regions of 'Antarctica between 480[ and

topography 640[.

Polar Record 21 (132), p. 241-252.

Budd, W.F. and Young, N.W,.,1979:

Results form the IAGP flowline study

inland o f Casey, Wilkes Land, Antarctica.

Journal of Glaciology,

Vol. 24, No.90, p, 89-101. Budd, W.F., Corry, M.J. and Jacka, T.H., 1982: Ice Shelf expedition.

Results from the Amery

Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 3, p. 36-41.

Clement, P., 1981: Glaciologiske unders¢gelser i Johan Dahl Land, 1980., Int. Rapp. Gr¢nlands Geologiske Unders¢gelse, 53 p. Finsterwalder , Rìch., 1953: Die zahlenmässige Erfassung des Gletscherrückgangs an Ostalpengletschern.

Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und

Glazialgeologie, 2, 2, p. 189-239. Finsterwalder,

Rüd. and Rentsch,'H., 1976:

änderung von Ostalpengletschern 1969.

Die Erfassung der Höhen-

in der Zeiträumen

Zeitschri ft füt Gletscherkunde

1950 - 1959 -

und Glazialgeologie,

12, l,

p. 29-35, mit einer Kartenbeilage. Gottfeng, G., 1971: Volume.

Hydrological Data Norden: lHD Stations Introductory

National Committees

for the International

Hydrological

Decade in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: Oslo. Haeberli,

W., 1985 (in press):

Global land ice monitoring:

status and future perspectives.

present

In: Glaciers, ice sheets and sea

level: effect of a CO2-induced climatic change. Report of a workshop (Seattle 1984). NRC, National Academy Press, Washington 1985. Holdsworth,

G., 1975: Deformation

and flow of Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin

Island. Environment Canada, Scientific Series No. 52, 19 p. Hooke, R. LeB., 1973: the development

Flow near the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap, and of ice-cored

moraines.

Geological

Society of

America Bulletin, Vol. 84, p. 3929-3948.

91

Hooke, R. LeB. and Hudleston,

P.J., 1980:

Ice fabrics in a vertical

flow plane, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 25, No. 92, p, 195-214. Hooke, R. LeB., Alexander, E.C.Jr. and Gufaston, R.G., 1980:

Tempera-

ture proflies in the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, and heat flux from

the subglacial

terrain.

Canadian

Journal

of Earth

Sciences, Vol. 17, p, 1174-1188. Jones, D. and Hendy, M., (in press): Eastern

Wilkes

Land.

Glaciological

measurements

In: Jacka, T.H. (ed.), Australian

in

Glacio-

logical Research, 1982-1983, ANARE Research Note. Kassel', P., 1967:

Fluctuations

of Glaciers

1959-1965

of Glaciers

1965-1970

(Vol. I).

ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Kassel', P., 1973:

Fluctuations

(Vol.

II).

ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Kassel', P. and A~llen, M., 1979: Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen im

Jahr 1977-78, Auszug aus dem 99. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1979, 55. Jg., p. 197-212. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1980: Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen im

Jahr 1978-79, 100. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1980, 56. Jg., p. 192-209. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1981: Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen im

Jahr 1979-80, 101. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1981, 57. Jg., p, 177-194. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1982: Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen im

Jahr 1980-81, 102. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1982, 58. Jg., p, 163-180. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1983: Die Gletscher der Schweizer

Alpen im

Jahr 1981-82, 103. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1983, 59. Jg., p. 198-220. Kassel', P., Aellen, M. and Siegenthaler,

H., 1982: Die Gletscher der

Schweizer Alpen 1973-74 und 1974-75, 95. und 96. Bericht. Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der GK/SNG, 160 p. Kassel', P., Aellen, M. and Siegenthaler,

H., 1983: Die Gletscher

der

Schweizer Alpen 1975-76 und 1976-77, 97. und 98. Bericht. Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der GK/SNG, 208 p. Lliboutry,

L., 1974:

annual balances.

Multivariate

statistical

Journal of Glaciology,

analysis

of glacier

Vol. 13, No. 69, p. 317-

392. Loken, O.H. and Sagar, R.B., 1967:

Mass balance observations

on the

Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada. Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, Sept.-Oct. 1967, p. 282-290.

92

Makarevitch,

K.G., (unpublished):

1974-1979.

Academy

Fluctuations of Glaciers of the USSR

of Sciences of the USSR-Soviet

Geophysical

Committee, the Section of Glaciology. Alma Ata - Moscow 1979, 23 p. Mayo, l.R., Meier, M.F. and Tangborn, W.V., 1972:

A system to combine

stratigraphic and annual mass balance systems: a contribution to the International Hydrological Decade.

Journal of Glaciology, Vol. Il,

No. 61, p , 3-14. Morgan, V.I. and Budd, W.F., 1975:" Radio-echo sounding of the lambert Glacier Basin. Morgan,

Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 15, No. 73, p, 103-111.

V.I. and Jacka,

Antarctica.

T.H., 1981:

Mass balance

studies in East

IAHS Publication 131, p. 253-260.

Morgan, V.I., Jacka, T.H., Akerman, G.J. and Clarke, A.l., 1982:

Outlet

glaciers and mass budget studies in Enderby, Kemp and Mac Robertson lands, Antarctica. Müller,

F., 1977:

Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 3, p. 204-210.

Fluctuations

of Glaciers

1970-1975

(Vol. III).

ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Müller,

F., Caflisch,

T. and Müller,

G., 1976: Firn und Eis der

Schweizer Alpen. Publication No. 57, Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Müller, F., Caflisch, T. and Müller, G., 1977: Instructions for compilation

and assemblage

Department

of data for a World

of Geography,

Glacier

Inventory,

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,

Zürich. Ommanney,

C.S.l., (unpublished): Quadrennial

Service

on the Fluctuatiuons

variations

and mass balance

report to the Permanent

of Glaci~rs changes.

on Canadian

Surface

glacier

Water Division,

Environment Canada, Ottawa, January 1984 (manuscript report). Patzelt, G., 1979:

Fluctuations

of Glaciers 1970-1975

(Vol. III) -

Review. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 14, 2, p. 251-253. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G., 1975a: Glacier surveys in Alberta 1971.

Inland Waters

Directorate

Report Series No. 43, Water

Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 18 p. and maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G.,1975b: Glacier surveys in Alberta 1970.

Inland

Waters

Directorate

Report Series

No. 32, Water

Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 23 p. and 5 maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, 1972.

Inland Waters

J.O.G., 1978: Glacier surveys in Alberta Directorate

Report Series

No. 54, Water

Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 20 p. and maps.

93

Reid,

I.A. and Charbonneau, 1977.

Inland

Resources Reid,

Br.,

1976.

Environment

Inland

Reid,

I.A.

and

1978. Resources Reid,

I.A., in

Br.,

Alberta

and

L.,

Vallon,

mesures massi

f de

S.,

la

1984:

No.

surveys

63,

-

Water

in Alberta No.

66,

-

Water

23 p. and maps.

L.A.,

1978:

Directorate

Glacier

Report

surveys

Series

Canada,

No. 60,

Ottawa,

17 p.

synthése

des

ETH, ZUrich.

Variations for

du Pare

in

1981,

1982

glacier Swiss

inventories

Federal

by

lnstiture

of

16 p. glaciers.

measurement.

Perennial

and assemblage Papers

in

glacier

Hydrology

A guide

Technical

and snow masses: for

No. l,

Combined

basins, for

ice

of data

UNESCO, 1970/1973:

Part

glacier

I:

mass

to international

Papers

in Hydrology

No.5,

UNESCO/IAHS, Paris.

state

Glaciology,

Measured

of

mass Vol.

N.W., Pourchet,

ice

balance

and data

a guide

glacier

for

compilation

inventory.

Technical

UNESCO/IAHS, Paris.

A guide

standards

N.W., 1979:

a world

heat,

tians,

the

fiques

UNESCO/IAHS, Paris.

UNESCO, 1970:

data

scienti

o f j ökulhlaups

Geography,

of existing

their

de Gébroulaz,

p , 165-172.

preliminary of

et

glacier

Travaux

(Report

for

Analyse le

p. 9-29.

34. Ar, No. 34,

Department

practices No.3,

XIII,

Guidelines

Techno1ogy~

1983: sur

France.

Vanoise,

Jöku Ihlaupaannall

1983:

UNESCO, 1969:

C.,

effectuées

Vanoise,

Jökull,

K.Scherler.

Young,

Series

and Environment

M. ~nd Carle,

de la

and 1983).

Young,

in Alberta

Series

Ottawa,

Waters

-

Water

21 p. and maps.

Glacier

Warner,

Fisheries

glaciologiques

National

TTS,

Inland

Br.,

surveys

Report

Canada,

65,

maps.

Reynaud,

Ri st,

1980:

J.O.G. and

- 1975.

Resources

Ottawa,

Directorate

Environment

Charbonneau,

Water

J.D.G.,

Waters

in Alberta No.

17 p. and maps.

Glacier Report

Canada,

Charbonneau,

surveys Series

Ottawa,

1979b:

Directorate

Environment

Inland

Glacier Report

Canada, J.O.G.,

Waters

Br.,

1979a:

Directorate

I.A. and Charbonneau,

Resources

94

J.O.G.,

Waters

and water for

measurements.

exchange.

velocities

balance

balances

compilation

Part

Technical

of

within

interior the

at

selected

and assemblage

Papers

East

IAGP area.

I I:

of

Speci ficain Hydrology

Antarctica

and

Journal

24, No. 90, p. 77-87. M., Kotlyakov,

V.M., Korolev,

Accumulation distribution in the 900E - 150oE. Annals of Glaciology, Vol.

P.A. and Dyugerav,

M.B., 1982:

lAGP area,

tica:

3, p.

Antarc-

333-338.

of

APPENDIX

This appendix

l: Data

includes

sheets

and

the data

notes

sheets

on their

which

completion

were

used

for the

collection of data for this volume, together with the explanatory notes on their completion: - Data Sheet "General Information on the Observed Glaciers 1975-80" - Notes on the completion of the General Information data sheet - Data Sheet "Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts 1975-80" - Data Sheet "Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts - Addenda from Earlier Years" - Notes on the completion of the Variations data sheets - Data sheet "Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data 1975-80" - Data sheet "Mass Balance Study Results - Addenda from Earlier Years" - Data sheet "Hydrometeorological Data" - Notes on the completion of the Mass Balance data sheets

95

PERMANENT

SERVICE

ON

THE

FLUCTUATIONS

GENERAL INFORMATION OBSERVED GLACIERS

or

GLACIERS

ON THE 1975-80

l. Country or Territory

I I I

I I I I I I I I I/I I.av.

blank

2. Glacier Number (PSFG)

~--l

3. Glacier Number (in alread~ Eublished

4

inventories)

4. Glacier Name 5. Geographical

Location (general)

6. Geographical

Location

7. Geographical

Co-ordinates

(more specific)

15

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

15

o

Latitude Longitude

ol...--..I...-J,

l-..1.--J

L..-....I--L...

m a.sl. year

Elevation

10. Mean Elevation

m a.sl. year

Il. Lowest Elevation

m a.sl , year

12.

L..-..J

L---.J

'----'---L.-...

~.~

2 km year

Area

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

km year

13. Length

14. Rough Classification 15. Investigator(s)

L...-.L.-...J

,

Accumulation area Ablation area

8. Orientation 9. Highest

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~ L.-...l.-.....j

...........

~

:

__

[IT]

:

16. Sponsoring Agency: 10

17. Type of submitted data: (mark appropriate

box)

Variations in Front Position Mass Balance Changes in Thickness, Area and Volume Hydrometeorological Data Other (specify under "Remarks")

18. Remarks:

Data

96

sheet

compiled

by

:

D D D D

D

GENERAL

INFORMATION

ON THE

OBSERVED

NOTES ON THE COMPLETION

OF THE DATA SHEET

This data

be completed

sheet

should

are submi tted for inclusion

l.

Country

PSFG Glacier Numbering

National

better

once

will

not be changed.

a PSFG

are

Glacier

Number

of Glaciers"

For glaciers

without

for assigning

PSFG Glacier

hand digit(s)

total

= number

to denote

single

of digits

and the deg~ee

might

the glacier

might

exceptional

cases,

IV.

assigned

refer

can

numbers

to

It is intended to a glacier

to earlier

volumes

the PSFG Glacier

the following

it of

Number.

guidelines

of present

interest, glaciers

This could

glaciers used,

are

become

separated

the fi fth digit

it should

be

may arise in

which

is adopted the left-

and the right-hand

each

sub-division.

The

depend

on the size

of the

in identifying

may advance

to identify

several

system

within

2-4, will

A glacier

become

or except-

be done by using

subdivisions,

of sophistication

in future

digits

neighbouring

the numbering

geographical

sub-divisions.

front

which

5 digits.

to glaciers

Accordingly,

it necessary

to give

with max. 4 numerical

"spare numbers".

to number

number

country

assigning

a PSFG number,

the number

leave

digit(s)

has been

that the need to number

future.

asked

for Volume

therefore,

when

ionally,

should

and has proven

names,

the number:

Number

In assigning

of the glaciers

therefore

Please,

"Fluctuations

make

data

is located.

with foreign glacier

data are submitted

that

single

on which 1975-1980".

to remember.

on which

remembered

where the glacier

identification

when dealing

correspondents

glaciers

phical

of Glaciers

Number

allows

be very difficult

the

for all the glaciers

in "Fluctuations

or territory

to be very helpful

given

1975-80

or Territory

Name of the country

2.

GLACIERS

individual

distinct

fronts,

from the main (alphabetic

the

or retreat

geogra-

enough

parts,

to

e.g., a

or else part of

glacier.

or numeric)

In these should

be

used

97

3.

Format:

right justified

Glacier

Number in already

Only where already

a glacier

published

on column

position

published

number

4

inventories

has been assigned

National

Glacier

in connection

Inventory

with

an

should this number

be

given.

Format:

4.

max. 13 digits,

Glacier

Name

The name the

of the glacier

initial

accuracy,

Format:

letter)

be' written

order

max. 15 (exceptionally

impossible,

to

in small

prevent

letters

loss

of

(except

orthographic

17) column

positions,

the name can be abbreviated,

left justified.

but if this is absolutely

a second line may be used.

Geographical By "general very

should

in

e.g., accents.

If necessary,

5.

left justified.

large

Location

(general)

geographical

location", we understand

geographical

large political

sub-division)

tion of the glacier Examples:

entity

without

Western

Alps,

(e.g., a large

which

gives

requiring

the indication mountain

a rough

range

of a or a

idea of the loca-

the use of an atlas or map.

Southern

Norway,

Polar

Ural,

Tien

Shan,

Himalayas.

Format:

6.

similar

Geographical

Location

A more specific group,

to 4 (Glacier Name)

drainage

(more specific)

geographical basin,

scale map of the country

Format:

7.

be found

on a small-

¿oncerned.

Coordinates

The geographical

98

should be given here (mountain

can easily

similar, to 4 (Glacier Name)

Geographical

ablation

location

etc.) which

area;

coordinates for small

should

refer

glaciers,

this

to a point point

may

in the upper possibly

lie

outside

the glacier.

Basically, simal

the latitude

degrees

by the corresponding

Onl~ where a s~all coordinates decimals

8.

and longitude

and minutes

cardinal

glacier

in sexage-

and be followed

may it be necessary

for clear identification.

- and not seconds

to give the In such cases

- should be used.

Orientation The orientation

of the accumulation

should be given using the 8-point

9.

of minutes)

point.

is unnamed

more accurately

of minutes

should be indicated

(no fractions

Highest

area and of the ablation

area

compass.

Elevation

Altitude

of the highest

point of the glacier

and ,the year of survey.

10. Mean Elevation Altitude

of the contour

line which halves

the area of the ~lacier

and

the year of survëy.

Il. Lowest

Elevation

Altitude

of the lowest

point of the glacier

and the year of survey.

12. Area Total

area of the glacier

(in horizontal

projection)

and the year of

survey.

13. Length Maximum

length

tal projection)

of the glacier

measured

along a flowline

(in horizon-

and year of survey.

14. Rough Classificati6n This

classification

"Perennial Unesco/IAHS, - "Primary - "Form"

ice and 1970).

should snow

be given

masses"

The following

classi fication"

in coded

form

according

(Technical

Papers

information

should be given:

to

in Hydrology,

(Digi t l) (Digit

- "Frontal characteristics"COigit

2) 3)

99

Format: boxes

The coded (Digit

information

should

l in first box, digit

be given in the corresponding

2 in second

box, digit

3 in third

box) .

Code:

(from: "Perennial

- Digit l: Primary O

Miscellaneous

l

Continental

classification Any not listed

Inundates

Ice-field

Ice

areas of continental

masses

thickness surface 3 4

(explain)

ice

sheet 2

ice and snow masses")

of sheet or blanket

not sufficient

Outlet

Drains an ice sheet or ice

ice mass with radial

glacier

form;

not be clearly 5

Valley glacier

of

the

a

sub-

topography

Dome-shaped

valley

type

to obscure

Ice cap glacier

size

flow

cap,

usually

the catchment

of

area may

delineated the catchment

Flows down a valley;

area

is

includes

ice

well defined 6

Mountain

glacier

Cirque,

niche or crater type;

aprons and groups 7

Glacieret

and

snowfield

A glacieret

of small units

is a small ice mass of indefinite

shape in hollows,

river beds and on protected

slopes,

which

has

drifting,

avalanching

accumulation marked

from

snow

and/or especially

developed

heavy

in certain

flow pattern

years;

fore, no clear distinction possible. secutive 8

Ice shelf

Exists

glacier(s);

9

Rock

glacier

least

to

a

coast

100

con-

snow accumulation

thickby

on its surface

freezing

A glacier-shaped

slope

two

nourished

mass of angular

rock

cirque or valley with interstitial and

no

there-

from snow field is at

ice sheet of considerable

attatched

or bottom

for

and,

summers

A floating ness

usually

is visible

snow or dead ice,

moving

ice,

slowly

in

a firn

down-

Digit 2:

Form

O

Miscellaneous

l

Compound

2

Compound

Any not listed

basins

basin

Two or

more

(explain) individual

issuing

from

coalescing

(Fig. la)

valley

tributary

Two or more individual feeding

one glacier

3

Simple basin

Single accumulation

4

Cirque

Occupies

a

accumulation

system

and

basins

(Fig. lb)

area (Fig. lc)

separate,

recess which

glaciers

valleys

rounded,

steep-walled

it has formed on a mountain

side

(Fig. Id) 5

Niche

Small glacier gulley generally further

6

Crater

formed in

or

initially

depression

on

more common

than

developed

Occuring

in

craters

which

cirque

extinct

the

glacier

or

V-shaped

mountain

slope;

genetically (Fig. le)

dormant

volcanic

rise above the regional

snow

line 7

Ice apron

8

Group

An irregular,

usually

along a mountain A

number

occurring

9

Remnant

of

thin ice mass plastered

slope or ridge similar

small

masses

in close proximity .and too small to

be assessed

individually

An inactive,

usually

a receding

ice

small ice mass left

by

glacier

f!J ff~ 1a

1b

1c

1d

1e

101

- Digit 3:

Frontal

characteristics

o

Miscellaneous*

Any not listed

I

Piedmont

Ice field formed on a lowland by the lateral expansion several

2

Expanded

foot

(explain)

of

one

glaciers

or

glacier

valley

leaves the confining

and extends

on to a

and more level surface Lobed

4

Calving

coalescence

of

Lobe or fan formed where the lower portion the

3

the

(Figs. 2a, 2b) of

wall of

less

a

restricted

(Fig. 2c)

Part of an ice sheet or ice cap, disqualified as an outlet or valley glacier Terminus into

of glacier

sea

produce

or,

occasionally,

icebergs;

inventory

extending lake water

includes

- dry land calving

recognisable

(Fig. 2d)

sufficiently

from

the

- for

to this

which would 'lowest

be

glacier

elevation' 5

Coalescing,' non-contributing

6

(see Fig. 2e)

Irregular,

mainly clean ice (mountain mainly debris covered

or valley glaciers)*

7

Irregular,

8

Single lobe, mainly clean ice (mountain

(mountain

9

Single lobe, mainly debris covered

*

Adopted

or valley glaciers)*

or valley glaciers)*

(mountain

or valley glaciers)*

from M.F. Meier; not used for World Glacier

~ Y//f"~

tP

/j

\

u

----::.~

J

~

2b

2a

~-rc ",'I'J

--:--'

102

v~

f,l~

\'

,."

'/

Inventory.

2e

2c

2d

15. Investigator(s)

(Source of Information)

(refers to l - 14) If data taken from Inventory:

reference

to the Inventory

If data taken from map:

reference

to the map used

16. Sponsoring If

data

Agençy taken from Inventory:

full name and address where

the original

of the

agency

data Idata

bank

are held If data taken from map: Format:

leave blank

max. 10 column positions

17. Type of submitted e.g.,- Variations Study Results

for the abbreviation

data in the Position

- Summary

of Glacier

Fronts,

Mass

Balance

Data etc.

18. Remarks Any important

information

or comments

not included

above may be given

here. Comments here.

about the accuracy

No fields

for quantitative

data have been given be marked field.

accuracy

on the data sheet;

with an asterisk Only

of the various numerical

significant

data may be made

ratings

especially

of the various poor data should

on the right-hand

side of the appropriate

decimals

be given

should

for

area

and

length.

103

PERMANENT

SERVICE

VARIATIONS OF GLACIER

ON

THE

FLUCTUATIONS

OF

GLACIERS

IN THE POSITION FRONTS 1975-80

l. Country or Terr'itory'

I I I I I I r III I.av.

I I I I

blank

2. Glacier Number (PSFG)

'----'----'--'-

-J 4

3. Glacier Name

'--L_...__,__....__..__.___.__~__,__.__......__..__._1~5

..J. _.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. Observed since

ye ar

5. Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period 6. Variation (Previous Survey to 7. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 8. Date of Survey

1976

9. Variation (Previous Survey to la. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 11. Date of Survey

1977

12. Variation (Previous Survey to 13. Altitude of' Snout/Lowest Point* 14. Date of Survey

1978

'15. Variation (Previous Survey to 16. .Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 17. Date of Survey

1979

18. Variation (Previous Survey to 19. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 20. Date of Survey

1980

day, month, year

Survey)

Survey)

Survey)

Survey)

Survey)

m m a.sl. d •.,mth. ,y. m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y. m m a.sl. d. ,mth • ,y. m m a.sl • d. ,mth. ,y. m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y.

in variations in altitudes

21. Error

&-......I-.L...

L-&...-.I.'--L-.J.L-...L-.J

y

L.-.I....-...l..L.....J

~

L-I...-J.I..-..L......I.7 6

'r'

L-..l..-L-L.....L-...J

~

L-.I.-..J.I..-..L......I.77 ~

'---'-L-...&-J.L....J L-..L.-J.....J.

L-I...-J.L-I........J.78 L.-.I

±

L-L.....t.....J.L....J

~

L-1-.J.'--'--.J.

'-±

7 9

L-J.......;.....L.....J

~

'---'---J.1..-..L......I.80

(m) (m)

:!:

L-..L.-.I-.J.L-.J

+ -

1.........1.-..

22. Method:

I I I I leave

23. Addenda from earlier years

(mark appropriate box)

blank

I I I I I D D

] I· No

24. Investigator(s)

Yes

:

25. Sponsoring Agency: 10

26. Remarks :

* delete inappropriate term

104

Date sheet compiled by:

PERMANENT

SERVICE

ON

VARIATIONS' OF GLACIÈR _

;THE

FLUCTUATIÓNS

OF

A

GLACIERS

IN THE POSITION ,FRÒNTS

ADDENDA

FROM

EARLIER

l. Country or Territory

I I I I I I I I/I I I I I

YEARS

leave

blank

2. Glacier Number (PSFG)

~-I

"

3. Glacier Name

'--'-_J_-'--..I...-..l--L---'-...I--JI..-...L-L--J.-'__"~15

-'-..J

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ year

4. Observed since 5. Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period

day, month, year

6. Variation (Previous Survey to 7. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 8. Date of Survey

Survey)

9. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ 10. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* ll. Date of Survey

Survey)

12. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ 13. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 14. Date of Survey

Survey)

15. Variation

(Previous Survey to ~ 16. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 17. Date of Survey

Survey)

18. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ 19. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* 20. Date of Survey

Survey)

L-L-J-L-J

m m a.sl. d.,mth. ,y~

L..-I....-I.-L-.L-J

L......I-...J.. '---l......J.

m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y.

y

m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y.

y

L--L--I.'---L-.J

I..--I..--J.-.J.L...-I '--'--'--L-.J

L-..L.....J.

L--L--I.I-.-J........I

L.......I..-I...L......I L-1--L.......J.

'---l......J.L-J--I.~

m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y.

~.L-.J..-.J.I-.-J........I

m m a.sl. d. ,mth. ,y.

L-J--I.'---'---I.I...-.I.-.I

in variations in altitudes

21. Error

'r'

~

±

L-...L-..l.--L-.L......I

~

L-...L-..l.--L-.L..J &---I---1-..L-.

(m) (m)

:!:

,

L-..I.-....I-...L-J

+ -

L-.I....--L.-I

22. Method :

I I I I I I I I I I I D D leave

23. Addenda from earlier years

(mark appropriate box)

blank

No

24. Investigator(s)

Yes

:

25. Sponsoring Agency: 10

26. Remarks :

* delete inappropriate

term

Date sheet cómpiled by:

105

VARIATIONS

IN THE POSITION·

OF GLACIER

FRONTS

1975-80

NOTES ON THE COMPLETION Of THE DATA SHEET l.

Country or Territory Name of the country in which the glacier is located

2.

Glacier Number (PSFG) See "Notes on the completion of the data sheet: GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERV.ED GLACIERS"

3. Glacier Name Th e n a m e o f

t, he

g lacie r shou d b e w ritten in s m aIl letters (except ì

initial letter) in order to prevent loss of orthographical e.g., accents. 4.

accuracy,

Surveyed since Year of the first known quantitative survey

5.

Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period As "initial survey" we define the last survey, performed where the position

or the variation

in the position

before 1976

of the glacier

frönt was determined quantitatively. The "initial" survey will normally

be the 1975 survey.

If no survey

was carried out in 1975, or if only qualitative data are available for 1975, the "initial survey" will, of course, be an earlier quantitative one. 6.

Variation (Previous Survey to 19.; Survey) (refers also to 9, 12,15 and 18) Variation in horizontal projection between previous survey and present survey. Units:

metres

Sign:

+

advance

- retreat

106

Missing

data:

If no data are available field should

Qualitative

using

year, the corresponding

data

data:

If no quantitative titative

for a particular

be deleted.

data

data are available

are available,

the following

corresponding

symbols

then placed

for a particular variations

year, but qual-

should

in the left-most

be denoted positions

by

of the

data field:

ST : no apparent + X: apparent

variation

advance

- X: apparent SN: glacier

(stationary)

(numerical

value unknown)

retreat ,(numerical

value unknown)

tongue

is

covered

wi th

snow

so

as

to

make

survey

impossible.

In the case of qualitative be with respect

data,

to the previous

the variations

survey,

whether

will be understood quantitative

to

or quali-

tative.

7.

Altitude

of Snout/Lowest

(refers

also to 10, 13, 16 and 19)

If the

altitude

measured, the

of the

it should

inappropri~te

Point

lowest

point

be indicated term

of the glacier

in the corresponding

(i.e., snout

or

lowest

~as data

point)

also

been

field and should

be

deleted. Missing

8.

data:

dèlete the corresponding

field"

Date of Survey (refers

also to Il, 14, 17 and 20)

For each month,

per for med survey,

please

indicate

the complete

date

(day,

year).

Missing

data: Delete corresponding

No survey: Day unknown

fields

or

day and month

unknown:

Put question

mark(s) in corresponding

field(s).

21. Error Estimated

maximum

error

107

22. Method The following

indications

should

Geometrical

definition

- Variation

of the undermost

of the variation,

- Mean value of 6 linear reference - Change

points

the glacier

point

e.g.,:

of the tongue

measurements

located

in the frontal

across

be given here:

of the glacier

taken in the same azimuth

in front of the glacier

area divided

by the lengt~

from 6

front of a fixed baseline

near the terminus

- etc.

Measurement - Ground

technigue,

e.g.,

survey

- Interpretation

of photographs

- Aerial/terrestrial

taken from the same point

photogrammetry

- etc.

23. Addenda

from Earlier

Years

If data

from

reported

on the "ADDENDA

earlier

years

than

FROM

1975/76

EARLIER

are included,

they should

be

YEARS" data sheet.

24. Investigator(s) Name(s) name(s)

of the person(s)

25. Sponsoring Full

or agency

of the person(s)

or agency

doing

the

processing

field

work

and/or

the

the data.

Agency

name,

abbreviation

and address

of the agency

where

the data are

held. Format:

max. 10 column

positions

for the abbreviation.

26. Remarks Any important g i ven reason,

108

here .

information

or comments,

I f a r e g u l a r s u rvey

this should

be indicated

not included

above,

may bp

h a s b e e n d is c o n t i n u e d f ()r ~;o m f'

here.

PERMANENT

SERVICE

ON

THE

FLUCTUATIONS

Mass Balance SUMMARY DATA

2.

Glacier

Number

3.

Glacier

Name

4.

Observed

5.

Time

Study

OF

GLACIERS

Results 1975-80

1. Country

or

Territory

I I I I I I I I I/I I I I

(PSFG) ~_¡

.i.s...

since

System

(mark

appropriate

D

box)

D fixed

stratigraphic

other (specify

6.

Number

Measurement

of

Points

Beginning of Measurement·

8.

End

9.

Balance/ End of Measurement·

Balance/ Year Season

Winter

of

Year

10. 11.

Winter

12. 13.

Summer

14. 15.

Net

16. 17.

Net

18. 19.

Net/Annua,e

20. 2,.

Accumulation

22.

Total

23.

Equilibrium Line / Equilibrium Annual

24. 25.

Firnline

Balance

total

Balance

total

mth,

day,

mth.

day,

mth.

106m3w.e. m

total

Accumulation

m

total

m

total

m

Date

m

w.e.

km2

Area

km2

Area

lineo

m a.s l.

m

Addenda

27.

Investigator

28.

Sponsoring

29.

Remarks

•

deieie

area

L-.L_j.l__L__j

L-.L_joL..,_1__j

l...-l-Jol__L__j

+~ +~.L--.L.-...I.-' - ~ - L-I.L-..L....I--I

+

+~

+~

+

- ~ -

L._.l.._L_L.,L_

+I.-..J.~

-~ - I.-..J.~

+

L-I.L-.J....._J___¡

- ~ -

L...JoL-...J._,J__J

'T~

¡_'_¡.L...J_J_J

¡_'_¡.L-.l__.l._l

L.....I~

'T

± L.....iL--l.L.L....J__J

L...J.I...--l-.l-,

:I:

L._I._L_..l.._l

l__j__j_J,__J__

Firnline

a.s l,

day,mth.,yr.

L-L__L_L_J

L-1....__L_L_¡

l,.__..1_._J.L....-1...--J.L..L.J .;.y .., ... '...,.,.,.,

26.

Ablation

area

km2

Area

of

w.e.

6 3 10 m w.e.

spec.

Ablation

w.e.

1015m3 w.e.

spec.

Balance

w.e.

3 1015m w.e.

spec. Ablation

w.e.

3 106m w.e.

spec.

"Remarks")

L-'---I_"'--'---'--'--l

day,

spec.

under

'---'----''----'---'----'---'---' I Accumulation

7.

O

D

- date

from

(5)

earlier

years

:

(mark

appropriate

box)

... ".... ,.."".;, ...,....""",.,",l__L__j.l__L__j.~J

D

D

No

Yes

:

Agency

:

:

inappropriale

lerm

Dala

sheet

compiled

by

:

109

PERMANENT

SERVICE

ON

THE

FLUCTUATIONS

Mass Balance SUMMARY DATA

-

ADDENDA

2.

Glacier

Number

3.

Glacier

Name

4.

Observed

5.

Time

OF

Study

,-------

GLACIERS

Results

1. Country

or

I I I I I I I I I/I

FROM

EARLIER

(PSFG)

~_¡

4

.t.a.,..

since

System

(mark

appropriate

D

box)

Number

of

Measurement

- date

other

Points

under

I

19

8.

End

9.

Balance/ End of Measurement-

10. 11. 12.

Season

Winter

of

Balance

Winter

day,

mth.

day,

mth.

total

3

106m

w.e.

m

w.e.

spec. Balance

Summer

total

13.

106m3

spec.

w.e. w.e.

m

..) ..... :

t:

-

I:~,}

....;.:'

.,.:" ::,':"

L-L-I.LL...J.L..L..J

"

:':'_:.,

box)

:

term

L..J.L,_j___L...J

+ L..L......L...1 + L..J.L.J.__J__j

'.,."::':

I>: tri

¡_J.L..L...J._J

:

inappropriate

L.....L-L.....J

-

IILi*·i:~'~:·:ffti~·1*1 ±

~

±±'

:

Agency

-

L...J.L-...l-L_j

.':.'_:

- l.._L__l__l_.._:;:i

·,.H.,

26.

ii

I:~~[III~I -

.:.\:.:,.\ Firnline

£ il}'

'T' ':i'_

L...J.L...L..J__j

L..J.L_j___[__J

km2

Area

.Hf+~ '.'.: +

L..J.L._l__L_J--...,::.:....::

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