Morrison, Alexander (1985) Rural settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850

Morrison, Alexander (1985) Rural settlement in the Scottish Highlands, 1750-1850: a comparative study of Lochtayside and Assynt. PhD thesis.

http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5112/

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RURAL SETTLEMENT A COMPARATIVE

IN

THE SCOTTISH

STUDY

HIGHLANDS,

OF LOCHTAYSIDE

1750-1850:

AND ASSYNT

VOLUME I

ALEXANDER MORRISON

\\

11

Thesis submitted for the degree of Arts of the

in accordante the requirements with in the Faculty of Doctor of Philosophy University February, 1985of Glasgowq

60

ý6: RnRitl 4

As

04%

llllýý,

0-

-jx-----

ide Glentar

n @b

fall

Location

of sites

studied.

-i-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I introduced to

the

and

to

this

Professor

critical at

in For

Leslie

Glentarken.

I

Castle

useful

Curator "I at the

of

farmers whose

my wife

P. G.

discussions

and

for

Auchindrain

Museum

of

Office

and

were and

names

crofters would

a student Sigrid

always

more who

make thank

I in

the

who has

are

with

for

the

or

of

National There

pointed

out

and

who were

my parents

who

encouraged

been

place, more

than

and

complete

lastly

patient.

and site

at\the i co-operation

Glentarken.

1 thank

list

first

the

his

Life.

helpful.

talked

to

Factor

Country

also

constructive me

107

I

me to

plans

Plate

than

a long

My thanks

Muthill,

photograph

Record

think

Farquhar,

Offices,

draw

I

introducing

as

settlements,

encouraged

and

disinterested. become

who

who helped

Mr

Estate

Scottish

Edinburgh

thank

me to

allowing

well

as

a colleague,

study.

enthusiasm.

and

who

Highland

present

Alcock

research

commentp

Drummond

his

of

as

deserted

the

on

Fairhurst,

later

and of

me off some

of

Dr Horace

study

started

piece

thank student

fascinating

absorbed

due

to

mev as-a

who

have

like

would

Mr R. The

Smith,

staff

Libraryq were told

many ruinsly

never me to I

thank

ii

-

-

CONTENTS 1

VOLUME

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE

i

OF CONTENTS

ii

SUMMARY

xi xiii

INTRODUCTION

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

1

SOURCES AND METHODS

1.1

Sources

1.2

Methods

2

SCOTTISH RURAL SETTLEMENT A BRIEF REVIEW

3

9

THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS --169o-185o: AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY

27,

3-1

Access

27

3*2

The Jacobite Consequences

3-3 3.4

Chapter

STUDIES:

and

Improvements Sheep

Farming

4

LOCHTAYSIDE: HISTORY Physical

4.2

Early

4.4

Early The

for

and

their

Population

Increase

Profit

LANDSCAPE AND EARLY

on Lochtayside

40

49

58 63

Maps Campbells

34

49

Landscape Landowners

30

42

Clearances

Highland

4.1

Uprisings

and

3-5

4-3

Climate

of

Glenorchy

68

iii

-

-

Page

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

5

LOCHTAYSIDE HOLDINGS

IN

1769:

LANDS

AND,

72

5-1 .

Population

72

5.2

Land

73

5-3

Rents

5*4

Tenancies

5-5

Crofters,

5.6

Cattle,

5-7

Other

6

THE AND

LOCHTAYSIDE ITS REMAINS

6.1

The

Towns

6.2

The

Settlement

Clusters

101

6-3'

The

Settlement

Remains

log

6.4

Lochtayside,

Shielings

123

6.5

Lochtayside

Mills

134

7

ASSYNT:

7-1

Physical

7.2

Early

Landowners

7-3

Early

Maps

8

ASSYNT IN

8.1

Population

1.54

8*2

Land

155

8-3

Rents

8.4

Tenancies

163

8.5

Non-Tenants

166

8.6

The Cattle

8.7

Other

Divisions Size

and

Holdings

of

75 84

Pendiclers, Sheep,,

Cotters

89 95

etc.

Occupations

97 SETTLEMENT

PATTERN

99

Farms

or

99

LANDSCAPE AND EARLY HISTORY Landscape

of

139 in

Assynt

Assynt

1774:

LANDS AND HOLDINGS

Division

and Size

139

of

Holdings

145 149 154

158

Trade

169

Occupations

173

iv

-

-

Pa, -e

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

9

ASSYNT IN THE LATE 18th CENTURY: THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND ITS POSSIBLE REMAINS

177

9.1

The

Towns

177

9.2

The

Settlement

Clusters

178

9-3

The

Settlement

Remains

182

9.4

The

'Sheelings'

9.5

Assynt

10

LOCHTAYSIDE AND ASSYNT IN THE 18th CENTURY: A COMPARISON

192

Mills

214 LATER

219

10.1

Geography

219

10.2

History

221

10-3

Population

222

10.4

Tenancies

10-5

Settlement

10.6

Conclusions

233

11

pRE-IMPROVEMENT AND PRE-CLEARANCE SETTLEMENTS IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS: SOME COMPARANDA,

236

11.1

Lix,

236

llo2

Rosalp

11-3

Kilphedir, Sutherland

11.4

11-5

Chapter

Farms

or

224

Landholdings

and

Pattern

and Remains

Glendochartg

Perthshire

Strathnaverp

Sutherland

Strath

of

Easter Glentarken, Perthshire Some Comparative and Forms

Kildonan,

230

241 247

Lochearnsidet

251 Building

Sizes

259 265

12

CONCLUSIONS

12*1

Settlement

Groupings

265

12.2

Houses

Buildings

272

12-3

Some General

and

Conclusions

279

BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscript

Sources

Piihl"Ishp.

ci Rmirnp.. q -- -

282

-

VOLUME

2

FIGURES 1.

Lo chtayside

Relief

2.

Cross-section

3-

Lochtayside

around

4.

Lochtayside

in

Late/Post

5.

Lochtayside

in

the

6.

View

trom

Taymouth

7-

View

from

Killing

8.

West

end

9*

Settlement Lochtayside,

1600.

11'9

Ballindalloch

12o

Ardvoile

13.

Remains'of

14.

Tommachrochar,

15-

Cluster

Times* Century.

(Pennant).

Tayo Territorial

and

Officiary

of

Divisions

1769o

Ballemore.

northernmost

on Ardvoile.

cluster

1769.

A on Tommachrocharo

16o Blarliargan,

1769.,

17o Surviving

remains

on Blarliargan

18o Surviving

remains

on W and E Kuiltyrieo

190 Remains

on

Terartaro

Marrag-ness,

and and

Medieval

Mid-Eighteenth

Pattern 1769o

Farms

Lochtaysides

of

(Pennant).

Loch

10.

in

Transect

and

of

Drainage.

and

of

Cluster

F in

and Rheninchuleigho

Blarliargano

20.

Surviving

21.

Remains

of

northern

22.

Remains

of

Cluster

23-

Wester

24.

Remains

of

Cluster

B on Wester

Kuiltyrie.

25.

Remains

of

Cluster

A in

Kuiltyrie.

26.

Wester

part

and

of

Easter

Carawhin,

Cluster part B in

D in of

A in

Cluster

Blarliargan. 1769.

Kuiltyrie,

1769.

Blarliargano

Easter

-

Blarliargan.

- vi

27-

Part

of

Marragdow

farms

The

29*

Surviving

30-

Cuiltirannich,

32.

Miltown

Miltown

35.

The

1769.

Of Part

Cl'uster

of

Parks

of

Village A,

Farms

( 379 Farms

of

Old

the

left

in

the

valley

of

Farm,

39-

Cluster

A on Newton

Farm.

40.

Cluster

B on Newton

Farm.

41.

Remains

of

42.

Newtown

Farm.

43-

Cluster

A on Newtown

Tullich

45-

Farms

in

46.

The

47.

Remains

48.

Surviving

49.

Glentalnage

49a*Structures

A on

of of

Burn.

Ardeonage/Newtown

Burns.

Suckoch.

Farm.

Ardeonage

eastern

officiary Craig,

Cluster remains and above

and

western

Ardtalnagep

Tomindason.

and

the

Ardeonage

1769.

Cluster

44. Wester

the

the

of

Century).

19th

Lawers.

of

bank

Century).

19th

(End of

Lawers,

Newtown

in

1769.

l8th/Early

38.

43a-Farms

(Lawers).

B on Cuiltirannich

of Lawers.

Village

on

farm

farms.

Lawers

Lawers,

(Late

Lawers

of

'Old

five

of

B on Miltown

35a*Buildine 36.

Lawers,

1769.

or

33. Cluster 34.

at

structures

319 Remains

Carawhin.

on Wester

cluster

1769.

27a. Croftantayanp 28.

-

of

Ardtalnagej

1769.

Ardtalnage. B on

Craig

on Tomindasong Glencloyp head

dyke

Farme etce

1769. on South

Lochtayside.

1769.

- vii

-

and

Drainage*

Cross-section

and

Transect

52e

Assynt

1600.

53-

North-west

54.

The

'Ancient

55-

The

farm

townships

of

Assynt

56.

The

farm

townships

of

Assynt,

57-

Assynt

50*

Assynt

51-

Relief

around

in

Scotland

58a. Clashnessie

in

mid-18th

century.

1774.

Peninsulav

Assynt, farms,

Clashnessie,

1774.

59.

The township

60.

Surviving

61.

Clashnessie

62.

Clashmore

63-

Clashmore,

surviving

64.

Clashmore,,

settlement

of

remains

C on rig.

and Bellachlatachp

6.5. Clachtoll'1774

'1774. 17 74.

Clashnessie.,

on

Clupter -

'60.

1774.

remains. cluster.,

Clachtoll, -

survivinig

remains.

1774.

67-

Auchmelvich,

68.

Achmelvich,

69.

Remains

70-

Sketch

71-

Building

E in

72.

Culackp

1774.

73-

Culackv

surviving

74.

Batachrianan,

1774.

75-

Batachrianano

surviving

76.

Batachrianan

buildings -

remains.

surviving Group

on former of

the

and neighbouring

6. Auchmelvich,

century*

Assynts

of

Stoer

the

mid-17th

1774.

sheelings,

58. -Parms in

the

Division'

Assynte

of

X (Fig.

67)-

'Glananter

Sheeling'.

remains

on former

surviving former

'Glananter

'Glananter

Sheeling'.

remains.

remains* in

Cluster

A.

Sheelinal.

- viii

the

to

78.

Farms

79*

Eastern

80.

Kirktown

81.

Post-1774

82.

Representations

83-

Repr esentations

84.

John

85.

Remains

86.,

Lix

87-

Middle

88.

East

89.

Strath

go*

'The

91.

Rosall

92o

Rosal

93-

Strath

94.

Kilphedir,

95.

1774.

and Layn,

77-, Stonecruby

and south

east

Loch

end of

Assynt,

1774.

1774. remains.

surviving

on Kirktown

buildings

B.

Sheeling

of

buildings

on John Home's

Plans,

of

buildings

on John Home's

Plans.

sketches

re-drawn.

horizontal

of

Loch

of

Assynt,

and Inchnadamph,

Home's

in

-

mill

Achmelvich.

near

1775-

Lix

Lix

East

and

Naver

settlements

Heights

in

remains

Glentarken,

98.

Easter

99.

Some Highland

A.

Clachan.

ýýettlement Iron -

complex

c. 1810-15-

deserted

97.

1811.

cluster,

Kildonan,

Kilphedir

evictions.

remains.

northern

96.

to*the

prior

Strathnaverl,

of

surviving

of

remains.

(EL/III)'.

cluster

north

-

surviving

-

the

Strath

of

Kildonans

Age settlement.

1810.

Glentarken

rural

Cluster

C.

settlement

patterns.

APPENDICES 1. 2. 3.

Lochtayside

Statistics

of

Crofts

Pendicles

Lochtayside

and

-

Size

Farms,

on of

South

Farms

1769. 1769.

Lochtayside, and

Height

of

Head

Dyke,

1769.

ix

-

61

4.

South

5. .

Details

6.

Heights of Lochtayside,

Settlement 1769.

Example

Breadalbane

Lochtayside.

Lochtayside

of

of

89

LochtaySide

9.

Tack

Rental,

of

Names

12.

Statistics

of

Assynt

13*

Assynt

1718-

Lochtaysi

of

Farms,

Farms.

1774-75-

Shares

14.

Size

Population

15.

Population

of

16.

Non-Tenant

Population

in

Assynt,

1774-75*

17.

Non-Tenant

Population

in

Assynt,

1774-75

18.

Details

of

Assynt

19.

Heights

of

Settlement

20-

Sheelings

21.

Areas

22.

Distance

23.

Heights

24.

Home's

25.

Renderings

26.

Building

27-

Some Highland

28*

References

29.

Scottish

of

of

of

Assynt,

Assynt

Units

Sheelings Sheelings,

Names

from

Main

Farmsp

Assynt

Farms*

of

Settlements,

1774.

1774.

on Assynt

the

Houses of

1774.

Assynt,

1774.

1774.

Highlandse

Settlement-Cluster to

1774-75-

Clusters, in

Proportions-

1774.

Observations

in

Farms.

Clusters

Sheelings,

Assynt

Sizes

Assynt.

Settlement

Assynt

of

in

1755-1861.

Assynt,

Assynt of

Farms

-

1774-5.

13a. Tenants'

of

1769.

de after

Lochtayside

Tenancies,

and

in

Dyke,

1771-

Renderings

and

1769.

1734.

11.

Rentals

Head

Clusters'and

and Cotters'on

10. Crofters

1769.

Clustersq

Settlement

Charter,. Succoch,

of

and Valuation,

Rents

and

Settlements

Measurement.

Sizesj

1750-1850in

Scotlandl

1436-1911.

-

VOLUME PLATES

Plates

1 to

Plates

57

Plates

100

to

102.

Remains of Glendochart,

settlement Perthshire*

at

East

Plates

103

to

104.

Remains of Strathnaver,

settlement Sutherland.

at

Rosal,

Plate

56.

to

99-

105-

Material remains Lochtaysidee

of

settlements

on

Material Assynto

Of

settlements

in

Plan

of

remains

Glentarken,

Plates

106

to

107-

Hip-roofed

Plates

108

to

113-

18th and 19th century' houses and buildings.

Lix,

Lochearnside,,

1810.

illustrations

of

buildings,.

xi

-

-

SUMMARY The

forms

settlement in

the

remains,

-their

the

.

in

of

historical

major

Lochtayside

its

and

of

and

Assynt

historical

references Survey)'and

agriculturep

history The

discussed

in

5p

6 examines

and

earlier

settlement

pattern

shielingsq

of

with

rents

discuss

mills,

-

es the etc.

its

of

is

the 4

to setting by

covered the

and.

Military'

Glenorchy/

to

in

1769

population,

occupations.

field

townships, The

study

Lochtayside

and

the

3-

physical

of

reference

17th

Chapters

1769

to

Campbells

tenancy,

of

with

in

on

late

Chapter

Pont

landscape

rural

Chapter

forms

the

the

surveys

in

main

a bearing

land

(particularly

the

and

comparative

a

prior

of

Chapter

clusters,

dealt

covered

1750-1850

had

in

Lochtayside

maps

early

the

Breadalbane.

on

development

to

is

based is

is

from

reviewed

A

settlement

century,

which

thesis

this

and

17th

field

of

settlement

period

settlement

the

part

4 introduces

Chapter

the

are

explained.

rural

the

of

and

are

Highland

Highlands

century

1769-1774

10.

is

19th

early

period

the

population

The Of

developments

in

forms

interpretationsg

and

in

the

1 and

Scottish

evidence

documentary

and

particularly

origins

century

documentary

of

analysis,

into

rural

19th

early

and

means

and

the

examine

manuscript

approaches The

to

Chapter

yearsp

events

the

in

research

their

agriculture, to

main

100

2.

some

18th

The

changing

Chapter

had

of

past

the

and

later

recording

review

over

is

by

described

are

study

Highlands

remainse

sources

brief

the

of

Scottish

field

and

this

of

object

physical

remains

of

settlement landscape

the

-

Assynt

of

Chapter

and 7 and

The

picture

from

John

with

a discussion

pre-1774

landowners

the

evidence

of

Assynt

rural

the

Home's-Survey

surviving

role

century

Assynt-agrarian

A direct

comparison

is

1774

made

similarities

the

in

Chapter

in

physical

interpreted

as

in

Chapter

tenants'and the

of

18th in

discussed

are

Lochtayside

1769'. or

differences

at

historyp

geography,

Chapter

Assynt'in

and

looking

and

late

the

8

non-

settlements

Isheelings'*in

10,

discussed.

presented

divisions,

economy of

is

maps

is

in

examined

landscape

remains

of

are

early

1774

of

of, land

The

special

-

its

of

tenants. the

xii

population I

densityl of

landholding

is and

in

Assynt.

Chapter

and

11

buildings

a summary

and of

on in

10

the

settlement areas

thesis and

in

survival,

sitesp

Lochtayside forms

groupings,

studied

are

', which

in

terms

of are

survival in

excavated

with

compared

generalisations,

the

variation

and

two

and

sites

other

in-cluding -,,

Conclusions

12,

development,

Chapter

forms

settlement

evidence-from

Sutherland,

and

examined

houses

are

Some extra

remains.

Perthshire

systems,

made

in

themselves

settlement presented. I

of

xiii

-

-

INTRODUCTION

following

The of

the

rural

in

the

18th

to

early

and

appropriate some detail.

to

18th

later

four

Sutherland, the

to

18th

conducted In

The

seeking

necessary questions

answered possible

look

of

of

the

evidence

is

importance

those

of

have has

writer

present

function

as many

landscape for

the

of

and

only

account their

be as

elements concerned

areas

documentary

which

into

elements

can

genesis

and

been

has

patterns.

settlement

reconstruct

time

it

diversity

than

more

taking

available,

and

(Chapter

results

the

the

settlements

included

been

regional

to

of

period

deserted

where

in

Perthshire

of

excavation

one

at

cultural

of

and

the

field

relative rate

variable

of

-

The

main

township,

also

including

the

within

to

attempting

the

survival

determino

formp

occupation

in

studied

survey.

to

by

for

and

field

a small

human

have

and and

published

were

with

century

fieldwork

where

been

already

19th

and

These

comparison

wider

regions

other

early

three

found

For

century.

appeared

environments

of

comparison

such

any

Assynt

and

physical evidence.

allow

where

for

reasons

Lochtayside

differing

documentary

the

Highlands

identifyj

to

and

and

of

regions

somewhat

offer

century,

some

reconstruct

Scottish

the

of

variations

The

variýLtions.

19th

to

attempt

an

pattern

settlement

regional

possible,

is

study

the

unit

head

of

referred buildingsq dyke,

examined

settlement to the where

'farm'

as

arable this

or lando

existed,

is

here

the

farm

and

woods

'township', meadows and

the

common

xiv

-

pasture the

land

hill

and

barony,

earlier

beyond.

(Chapter

officiary

are

-

The

5.2), .

possibly

less

much

landscape

of

the

convenient

groupings

of

townships

the

townships,

examination

in

and form,

size,

seem

that

also

regarded the

In is

and

to that

for

had

to

so

than

left

an

enduring

"Durch

The

imprint

be

obviously

society

for

close of

varied

widely ý,It

would

not

always by

recording

such

as

in

these

survive

they

not

in

opposed

this many

tradition

and evidence

imply

not

parts

Assynt,

the

of

but

areas

die

human

does

are

environment,

of des

Grenzen

(Trollp to

given

-

preconditions

Einwirken

über

environment,

physical

the

with

starkes

historical

of

elements are

terms

hinauswachsen"

weight

purposes.

was

exact

natural

In

auch

Raumeinheiten

human

were

clachan

township

the

of

control.

regions

Kulturlandschaften

of

and

preservation.

merit

but

besonders

ein

these

seen,

settlement

to

come

in

role

certain

human

more

must

the

environmental has

be

to

enough

overall

selected the

the

the

administrative

cluster,

of

of

the

century

element

state

portion

referring

necessary

man

location

in

for

will

from

as

surveyors.

accepted

strict

As

such

evolved

18th

major

Gailey.

this

land

later

settlement

important

as

early

it

the

was

Fairhurst

the

units

important

settlement

Within

larger

he

house

and

settlement

to

economy

and

nowhere has

Menschen

also

können

natürlicher Due the

and

socio7economic suggests

Highlands

difficulty.

1950). choice

any

that forms

environment.

weight demands

conditions. traditional only

where

XV

-

The as

much

the

of

survived

Harald

important

but

fields,

-

of

the

exploration

functions and

small,

will

yield

real

the

historical the

will

as

woven

and

fOllow'some

Only

of

natural these

facts". guide-lines

of

settlements

Only

detailed the

evaluation (e. g.

basic-units of

with

all

the

forms

its

natural

this

within

An attempt the

and

framework

gain

certain

in

of

,social the

a settlement

a manifestation

is

pattern

least,

complex,

landscape

of

"It

land-use,

understanding

appearance

significance

to

' but

implications.

formal

social

cultural

not

whole

conditions.

of

of

but

natural

these

whole

a township)

last

and,

etc.

commons,

some

settlement

the

to

the

always

and

down

suggested:

research

examine

as has

in

research

the

to

laying

In

(1962,182)

include

future,

landscape

ground.

comparative

pastures

structure,

the

on

Uhlig

to

in

settlement

restrict

not'to

themselves,

of

and

be

will

and

rural

for

rules

structures,

the

past

on paper

tentative

their

been,

has

task

-

closely has present

real interbeen

made

study.

-1CHAPTER SOURCES

ONE

AND METHODS

Sources The

two

major

documentary

materials

sources

be

can

early,

later

end

Rollsp

to

demonstrate in

and

the

ministers

for on

Killin

no involved. and in

Assynt

different

Luckily in

were

used.

medieval

period

Great

and

Seal,

Exchequer

are

which in

most

listed

be used

can

their

cases

place-names

published The in

greatly on

the

the

accounts

Perthshire

and

contained

tenanciesp General

been

in

and

sites.

the

Sources.

vary

Sutherland

counties

of

study

depending

Kenmore

agriculturep

Agriculture's

and

Accounts.

doubt

The

consulted.

patterns,

important

can

as

continuity,

Scotland

this

books

maps. also

the

the

as

in

such

early have

maps

of

Manuscript

parishes

information,

and

were

documentary

sources

continuity

for

more

material

indicate

been

maps

New Statistical

different

of

have

indicating

of

Among

such

early

important

most

records

settlement

Biblioaraphy

Old

few

are

lies

to

etc-9

published

through

included

study

The

plans

settlements

been

Retourso

value The

OS 1: 10,560

this

remains*

manuscript

ofIthe

various

There

into.

papers,

to

have

this

field

in

evidence

estate

references

and to

of

'editions

Early

and

original

and

collections

of

sub-divided

jourqa1sv

and

sources

populationp

Views also

of

the

important,

very

sources

for

reports depth

the

are

and

interests

the

of

for

the

the

parishes that

particularly useful etc.

material The

Agriculture and

of

quality

of in

Board the

particular

of

-

the

account

by

Wm. Marshall

to

house

Record

Office,

owners

or

their

study

are

this regions

half

second

(1769-1774) for

a set

The

Margaret

of

Survey

in

Survey

1936, Assynt,

of

and

descriptions

are

included

was

and

the

farms

of in

the

vast

Papers

in

the

Scottish

listed

in

the

Bibliography

been

possible

to

among

Assynt of

Survey

John

Home's

Scottish plans

the

Record and

notes

of

from

Record, of the

Breadalbane

are

and

Office. by

including

the

These

and

was

by History

John

1960.

The

have

been

Adam

(1960)

has of

Home's

The

these

plans Survey

Estate are

also It

by

Court

and

Castle,

has

reference

originals

the

of but

deposited

copies in

1766

the Home's

supplemented 17599

been

already

Scottish

reports

period

produced

edited

information

notes

Rentals

5-year

Sources.

Dunrobin

the

Lochtayside

Manuscript

Papers.

during

Breadalbane

of

Officeq

at

Assynt.

published

1769

estate in

have

1769,

factors

held

still

plans

the

the

examined

notes

in

Scottish

same

surveys

Adam,

Survey

tenants,

of

and

Society

R*J.,

of,

the

by

collection

augment

lists

rentals,

Books

to

two

published

by

the

surveyed

plans

same

edited

were

Lochtayside,

of

in

parish

within

the

of

M. McArthur,

Society

they

mapsv

the-collections

are

main-areas

the

century

Studies

area.

published,

18th

all

possession

two

and

because

the

of

the

The

Lochtayside

and

each

in

factors,

of

references

many, now held

plansp

chosen

with

materials

and

Highlands

techniques.

some, still

were

Central

is'first-class,

important

papers

the

of

building

and

most

estate

agriculture

(1794)

types

The of

the

of

and

1775P

i

-

lists

of

Factor

of The

than but

tenants

and

4ssynt, documentary

inhabitants,

most

there

are

shortcomings

Chapters-4

to

10).

settlement

in

the

for

material

for

recorded

the

accounts

the

two

areas

the

of

1764-1773-

that

information

and

Highland

by

estates in

the

Reviewing Highlandsp

the

land

is

in

the

18th

type

and

amount

surveyors

the

documentary

Gray

(1962,146-7)

greater

century, of

involved

(see

record

for

observed:

the finds the documents full student of ... The working tools'tend exasperating gaps. to break they when are wielded... shifts the tenantry do not among necessarily record human Even real the that townships changes. in view remain be comprehensively steadily cannot from the understood joint They records. were farms and the names on the rental may not indicate the full roll even of jointof people tenant status; and the rent who do of those does indicate appear on the roll not necessarily their true the Below agricultural status. joint-tenants, they whether or not on appear the there be untold record, will normally numbers of subtenants, cottars and servantse The numbers be of such people cannot even for there guessed was no recognised proportion between tenantsy numbers of direct and indirect between no normal the the relation size of holding it and the numbers who worked or were to it. Thus the full attached delineation of numbers of families or population or even of holders to of land, and certainly any attempt disentangle the the social relationships of families the constituent township, is of impossible from the Fortunatelyp normal rent-toll. impulse the to plan and rearrange estates included the sometimes counting of heads and there occur occasionally more complete enumerations in of population to land, relation sometimes descriptions complete even the tenurial of the families. conditions Complete of all instantaneous here pictures are revealed and but there, they once they revealed are gone; be followed through time. cannot And partial the revelation, such are obvious capricious

-

differences instances, among the recorded the impossibility merely emphasises of , Finally, the maps Of farms generalisation. too generalised; if are normally out picked it in detailed is without indication rigs, holdingso Indeed the whole of individual farm conception of the Highland as a set of to particular shares unrelated generalised to periodical portions of land and liable lotting is against changes any effective holdings. Altogether, mapping of individual the. systematic both plotting of settlements as aggregates of families or as social intricate internal microcosms with relationis fraught difficulty". ships with is

This

a

somewhat

documentary

sources;

of

which

evidence

limitations

as

details the

of

from

the

periods,

-

the

survive,

consist

farm

tools, the

clusters

drying

kilns

corn-drying kiln-house.

dry-ýstofie

ruins

of

of

Remains

associated

with built

occasionally Apart

and

from

the

This

source

of

where

they

the

houses

long

cotters'or-crofters for

outhouses

'stock-

rick-,

buildings.

were kiln

barns

for

the

of

major

remains,

byres, were

second

These

houses

still a version

areas

remains.

smaller

There

the

in

some detail.

and with of

is

produce

certain

strict

has

howeverp

it

and to

form

particularly

above#

region,

for

study

the

of

servants, etc.

the

material

byre-dwellings,

and

or

by

stated

of

ofýa

but

'and

evidence,

different

evidence

or

documentary landscape

enhanced

As

value

one

untapped

to

region

cultural

be

can

is

continuity, '

the

of

.picture

virtually and

from

the

rural at

still

settlements.

varies

view

overall

detail

actual

quality

possible, of

the

is

to

pessimistic

or

or

into

buildingsq

kail-yards

within

lime-burning

of one

ploughs,

more the

or

clusters, end

there

cornthe

of

a building

are

sometimes

-5-

traces

of

farm

of

arable,

rigs

and

meadow

woodland

and

There

component

are

the

of

huts

and

head

dyke

from

rough

vestiges

of

hill

or

separated

grazingj

moor

the

of

of

bothies

constructed

(in

distant

pastures small

and

detached

more

the

remains

areas,

which

that

pattern, or

outfield

Assynt

shieling

round,

oval

or

turf

of

and

stone. The to

site stone

condition In

site.

show

some

instances

height

have

survived.

some

remains

but

in

former

of

inland be

only

These

have

thick

bracken)

19th

same

been

except

as

a byre

or

building

a

In

the

as

etc.,

so

made that

much

on the

and over

use

there, a hundred

sometimes (e.

g.

Plates

land

present rough

of

the

on

many

former

coastal

crofting settlement

on

of

ago

for

which has

preserving 58,60

close

have

recognition

building

years

or

structures all

by

the

materials

earlier

old

in

system

existing

use

pasture.

concealed

out an

examplep

well

of

altered

for

often

of of

gable

found

the

of

roughest

traces

or

storehouse, technique

to

be

existedp

to

Assynt,

of

dry-

of

once up

can

continuity

and

here

parish

remains

courses

cluster

(though

change

sites

a house or

where

the

two

or

from

varies

buildings

of

the

better

the

one

clusters

described

than

remains

settlement

remains

obliterated

where, been

where

preserved

rebuilding, often

only

settlement

where

the

general

survived

century

to

surviving

townships,

could

townships

the

of

walling

have

also

occasional

sub-rectangular dry

the

of

grazines

with

infield

settlement

so distant)

system,

former

boundaries

mountain.

not

the

of

been an

and

61).

old

might retained style

-

1*2

Methods The

their

descriptive

main

types

sizes,

agriculture, Assynt

for

material been

the

the

some information

is

still

Estates

at The

the

twelve

held

in

of

the

sizesq some

surveyorst inch

one

to

the

of

an

has

interpolated

Scots

six

of

one

whereas

19th

century Castle

inch

to

inches'to

Assynt

plans

is

and

this

location

map has of

townships have

been

the

reduced 50-foot

drawn

location,

thus

only

of beside

the

boundariesp boundaries

their

redrawn detail contours.

on of

the the

G. S., 6-inch

the

and

Assynt

Scots

1/4

of

the

comparison

of

etc. and G. S.

building

61,

O. S.

18th

scale

For

difficult. first

chain

(1: 21,346).

mile.

century

number

orientationg

surviving with

one

the

at

approximately

Imperial

extremely

are

plans

twenty-four

makes

section

been

or

(1: 5337)p

mile

from

redrawn

Lochtayside

chains

three

equivalent

were

The

Imperial

one

remainsp

locations which

to

and

the

Papers

Drummond

of

already

on Lochearnside

early

-

townships

plans.

a scale

at

comparison

areas,

18th

the

11 has

Estates

Office

individual

of

orientation

surviving

-

and

Some of

Chapter

-

of

Breadalbane

Glentarken

later

Factor's

plans

sites

the

in

Forfeited

the

Lochtayside

(1: 10,560) for

the

area

townships form

Office.

sites

one

for the

approximately scale

for in

from Record

farm

tenants,

of

extracted

Scottish

the

Muthill.

plans

are

The of

plans

inches

plans or ,

and

original

a scale

numbers

comparative but

are

1

in

publishedv

documents

was

-

papers

land,

of

etc*

for

material

of For

plans buildingsq larger

settlement 1: 25,000

sheets

plus

map

-

Fieldwork the

in

various

trace

in

the

a number

of

sites

recorded

by

possible

was

not

have

18th

the

been

involved

in

too

low

to

Buildings

in

the

plans

simplicity, did

in

not,

structures

exist.

True

walling.

In

and

interiors

the

selected

cases,

remains

represent

for

the

inaccuracies

But

there

settlements

or

where

recorded

most

many

the

other

is

as

offsets table that

would

speed

of 88

these

wall 92.

and

the

as

by

obscured

checked

table.

and where

buildings

sites,

the

of

angles

were

plans.

doubt

no as

the

fallen-

their

locations,

against

the'O.

on

where

clearly old

S.

present

(and

allowing

old

estate

no

trace

at

exist is

the

the

marked

remains There

that

depicted

time)

sites

were very

old

as near

maps.

of

which

remains

surface,

Figures

of

were

settlements

seemingly on

exteriors

there

many

area

ranging'poles

right

in

seen

of

1: 10,000

each

representations

the

orientations

In

of-time

for

shown, and

of

or

of

be

can

planning

are

been

factp

dimensions

In

have

the

was

plane

replacing

from

walls

actual

1: 10,560

be visible

The

an

what

taking

and

amount

and

straight

were

dimensions

great

placing

angles

site

of

of

tape

steel

length.

with

and

Measurements

the

11 in

The

detail.

or

its

the

of

on ruins

in

of

along

because

century*

a linen

centre

4 to

remains

examined

running

an, examination

Chapters

19th

early

-

intervals used

in

of

surviving

wa%

across

regular

at

consisted

possible

surveyed

were

main

discussed

sites

to

attempt

the

on

the

which

obviously

plans* all

old were

remains plansp not

some reason

-m

-

to

the

question but

surveyors instructions

consistency

in

fairness

or may not

buildings

which

Firstly,

on

the

estate the

been

know

in

recorded or

partly

their

what

have

might

deserted

were

and

individual

these

survivals

sites

and,

the

appearing

been.

Non-

some areas,

while

ruined

probably

first

editions

peat-covered

and

straggling

early-

systems.

the

around

were

plans or

of

of the

mid-19th

or

later

even

the

be

determined

and none

O*S.

maps, century

they

but

having clusters

the

have

surveys

been

earlier

structuresq

(1: 10,560)

maps

Thirdly,

low,

which

the

buildings

after

turf-

foundations

subrectangular of

in

Secondlyp

surviving

century.

dykes,

pre-18th

dry-stone

but

'611 O. S.

remains.

of

built

plans

of

recorded

planse

were

old

some

can

old

which

rectangular field

as

the

on the

with

courses

on

types

settlements

far

as as

appear

alone

and

estate

lower

structures

do not

recorded,

the

of the

orientation

three

revealed

plans:

same

same

of

have

fieldwork

the

on

we do not

of*the'land

completely* Briefly,

old

accuracy

intentions

exact

dwellings

ignored

or

appear

on

the

might

be

traces

which settlements

and

field

old

-

-9CHAPTER SCOTTISH

RURAL

The

and

of

descriptions

tools

and

days?.

The the

and

themselves

Old

but

research,

which

historians

and

in

example

Seebohm's

and

of

field

The

writings

His

extent*

later

Sir

the.

book,

Village

collection

of

six

lectures,

and

a

comparison

of

the

law

from

the

and

a discussion

'tribal suggests

system' that

organisation

of clan among

Teutonic

(including

Hindoost'

(Lecture

section

on

the

the

of

the 5)-

tribal

of

the

to

in

the

the

settlement century.

influenced a

certain

East

Westv

and

jurisprudence

on

in

organisation Scotland,

apart

Lauder,

developed

Scandinavian)

and before

but

family of

the

race's

of

the

book

(1883)

in

Ireland

and

and

the

Maine

communities

Seebolim's system

at

discussed

"cultivating

With

1871)

Acrestat

is

organisation the

(e-g-

on

'Burgess

by

look

landholding

little

landholding

to

mainly

of

quantity

settlements

geographers

and is

There

west.

English

not

are

century.

Communities

a

various

appreciated

quarter

Maine

the

a vast

came

and

was

India

of

or the

of

Accounts

be

last

Henry

anecdotal

of

l9th

writers

historians

settlement

to

some

agriculture,

are

provide

study

in

of

these

agriculture

began

various

its

Statistical

the

are

primitiveness

they

(1883)

development

and

later

others

systems,

origins

New

and

information

original

the

on

There

one.

of

the

of

reports

rural-settlement

of1society,

many

terms

REVIEW

Scottish

a long

type

but in

A BRIEF

into not

the

of

couched

counties, in

is

habitations,

sometimes

STUDI. ES:

research

economies

early

told

SETTLEMENT

history

patterns

TWO

also Scotlandv

had

a but

10

-

there

is

little

Skene's

Scottish

Celtic

John

Rae

paper

on

Review

'The

in

village

Court

the the

reached

sense

most

his

is

included

The in

its

its in

work

conclusions. he

Statistical quotes in

of

his

study

use

of

for

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1795,

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and

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the

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one

b)

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extract

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(1890a).

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on Harris

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extreme

Reports

agriculture

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more

description 28).

village

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Marshall's

between

working

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archaic

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(Appendix

lawq

of

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in

the

was

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examples,

settlement

William

Perthshire

community:

to

of

28.

Gomme (1890a, Scottish

Accounts

the

Appendix

Board

discussed

Seebohmp

and

settlements.

of

makes

theme

main

his

regional

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appreciating

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G. L.

discussion

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by

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chapter

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by

the

estate".

and

worship

consideration

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arguments,

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lot

rights

India,

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kinshýpp

and all,

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village

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Gomme weakens Scottish

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displacement

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of

worth

archaic

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labour

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societyp The

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161).

archaic

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-1890a,

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conclusion

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the

tenancy

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houses

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above.

book,

social The

influenced This

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-12

1)

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2)

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3)

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4)

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village

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community the

of dealing

of

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elements

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the

ý,

evidence;

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-,

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The 6)

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Again

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Martin

basically

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India.

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the ship".

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of

blood' the

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Harris

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Archaic

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all

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surviving in

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non-

Time,.

distance,

swept

aside

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"non-Aryan"

are

customs of

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community or

suggested

are their

retention

development

the

village

ceremonies

(PP-113-114)o

independent

villages

of

as -

proved:

communities

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seen

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show

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ceremony

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be

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isle

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possibly

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interesting

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much that

-

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13 -

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racial

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atid

had'far-

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officer,

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plus

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maps

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publication

juýdicial

a Prussian

as

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scale

scale

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und

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a large

on

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(3 volumes

work

Siedlung

following

used

capacity

mainly'document'ary/histo'rical' material

whose

effects

often

augment

cartographic

Meitzen,

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Slavs

quite

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14 -

Celtic

settlers

th e Romans lived

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west,

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to

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(1915)0

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to

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environment.

open-field

systems

colonization

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a highland Scotland

of

economies

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impose

that

traditions

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to

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problem

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settlement

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the

of

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Weser,

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houses

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heart

the

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than

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counted

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as

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theory

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possession

of

possession

Caesar

clearly

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the

(vici)

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is

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in

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in'the

Britain;,.

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villages

he

which

of

in

clean-cut of Wales by

Midlands

the

and

Scotland.

racial

factorso

environmental

workv

Baker

factorst

(1965)

noted:

15 -

"Having called

the

system

Celtic,

in

Kentish

having

the

responsible Basin

hybrid

of

which

were

most

the

Gray's

of

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regions it

whence (Barrow, linguistic the

A pioneer

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(1924a)

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Strath

Spey

there

the

Life

on

estate

anýOld

the

seeking

'largely

influenced

...

11

rural

comparatively is

', it

many

known

that

non-Celtic England,

of

north

a late (1966)

date

has

used

for

origin

many

agriculture. documents

Highland

account

systems

conditions

agricultural'society on

`

infield-outfield old

the

without'danger

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a

changes

50): .

a Germanic

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used

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was

then

into-Scotland-at 1973)--

the

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system

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1952)*'

associated

Her

is

research

spread

to

of

early

acceptance

Dodgshon,

Grant.

upper

to, ascertain

1961)

fields

(1915,

own words

Kirbis,

Uhlig,

in

to

attempting

wide

evidence terms

relativelyýlatev

system

may have 1962;

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late-evidence

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times

ig

races

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systems",

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his

tryi;

gained

settlement

of

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work

recent

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of

Kentish

similar

Danesq

open the

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infield-outfield

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enigmatic

complete

place.

method

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prototype,

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for

method,

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midland

'retrospective'

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Anglian

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system Roman,

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system

the

to

origin

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labelled

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book

was

of

Isobel

1769-1782'

economy William

in Mackint6sh

16 -

lacks

of

Balnespick.

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farming

tenants

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1926a)o of

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major

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process

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History

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11...

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whether

(ý926b)*

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writers

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surveys.

was

agrarian

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acceptance

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the

agriculture

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development

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studies

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than

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these

states:

agriculture

rather

no

examination

Economic The

and

society

is

There

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first

1925,

Aberdeenshire

and

(1930)

1603

Before (1934),

Scotland

Social

were

thorough

effects in

estatesq

(1924b,

organisation.

social

the

on Highland

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enclosure

and

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in

change

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of

papers

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paper

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17 -

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Talamh

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ve

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notes

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agriculture

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of

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of

late

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land,

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of-

Angles,,

origins as

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of

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(1961),

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-

agriculture,

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to

viz.

primitive

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to

allied

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tlwo-most,,

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so dependent

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manorial

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1'. **

they

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temporary

-

the

did

the

of

which

agriculture

for

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wet

exceptionally

an

-

agriculture,

of

upon

(1930,108):

tillage

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conditions

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-

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etce

corn

land".

cannot

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system

in

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settlement

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light

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& Stell

that

field

of bridges

roads, (1984).

after

-

non-British

the

source

material

being

by

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Kirbis

(1952)

patterns of

to

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greatly

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studies

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1962) roads

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from

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1957).

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19.55),

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use

researchers used.

lea

papers,

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many

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was

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with

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1961,90).

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Britain research.

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19629

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1964)

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knowledge

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-

20 -

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on

hamlets

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and

and and

remains metres

The

Rum. for

the of

in

at

OD and

future

a suggestion'that

by variation

a whole work.

Rum (Love,

huts

regions

produced

as between

of 380

of time.

of

some regional

possible

least

partial

various

was

survey-as

shielines

detailed

period

bothies

shbwed

MaoSween

superimposition

particularly

basis of

it

throughout of

the

and

Orkneys

and

Whitaker

work

a considerable and

Scotland

of

produced

slte-showed

systems,

survey

recent

area,

the

shieling-system

shielines

The

that

in

Hebrides

and

to,

Skye

grounds

(1967),

structures

the

reconstruct

onwards.

on

(1959,1960)

Gaffney

references

over

shieling

Miller

North

site

Highlands,

Victor

North

integral

structures

shieling.

Banffshiree

in

1944)

structure'on'Lewis

in

1500

was

as'an

Strathavon

from

same

shieling

the'north-east

mapped

century

(1943,,

''Kissling

in

a shielifig-hut

of

18th

centuries

tran, shumance

of

excavation huts

to

(1959,1961)

evidence

of

House,

documents

recorded

the

been

study

socio-economic

and

Black

the

serious ago.

of

influence

the

particularly

(19ý9)

little

importance

the

estate

-

have

system since

40 years

settlement and

shieling

but

about

the

systems-in

outfield

natives

and

below)

9.4

and

attempted

in

Highland

by visitors

6.4

used

the

of

and

Europee

Central

and

described

infield

with

from

sea cellular

Assyntp is

an A

1981) level huts

21 -

-

oldest,

followed

work

Gailey

the

were

by

chambered

rectangular

and

forms. The

to

proceed suggest

forms

and

deserted

many

buildings

finding

field the

of

nature

involving

surviving

no

in

or

be

took

that

in

forcefully

narrow forms.

wider the

peasant

century.

The

difficulties

to

correlate

of

in

the landscapel

Scottish

the

(1964),,

Caird

by

than

old

by

explained

a paper

rather

a revolutionary

of

remains

loný

shorter

partly place

documentary

seen\-, as

and

attempting

can

to

example 18th

the

pre-date

change

than

older

as

form,

Map

Roy's This

were

which

able-

settlements,.

papers,

visits

in

been

and

Survey*

with

clusters,

remains

explained

a change

field

remains

such

with

plans

the

that to

known

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in

suggested

noted

also

house

of

Ordnance

research

He has

estate

the

than

more

documentary

clusters

'Linear/Rectangular'

were

Gailey

for from

settlement

or

amorphous

as

checked

was

evidence

of

maps

for

fieldwork.

with

Argyllshire,

various

1963)

b,

need

patterns

and

in

particularly

hand

in

hand

the

the

emphasises

else

anything to

of

(1960,1962a,

evolutionary

a slow

process. Among

the in

settlement

of

his

in by

these

(see

Sutherland investigations on

the

ground

Lix

at

Chapter were

and

to

belonging

to

of

to

attempted in

Perthshire

11 below). show

that

that

3ýural

The

a period

many

results

earlier

could than

the

of some

solve and

nothing

(1960,

Fairhurst

He defined

1971).

paper

excavation

be

must

1968,19699 1960

on Highland

work

years

recent

b,

1964,1967a, problems

most

important

Rosal of be

in

these traced

the

last

quarter

l9th

early the

was

Lix

could

possible

to

iTi

be

could On the

in

spite

of

of

could

found

made a very

sites than

the

by reason

traces'of

of

massacre,

plague,

fertility. archaeologists

that

such

places

and techniques

must

be developed

were

The problems

of

diecussed

at

a conference

in

1969

Group

Research made'to runrig

proVide arise?

operate? by?

The

to

of

for

runrig

operate?

destroyed? were

that

fieldfinding

the

with'them". of

Agrarian

runrig Landscape

Attempts

-, Where

some general

were

How did

questions;

What

soil

of

of, the

(Whittingtonv--1970)the

prematurely

even loss

faith

deal

the

earlier

on periods

and definitions

origins

How wasrunrig conclusions

somewhereý

be. there

must

have,

ourselves

or

a

suitable'

occurred

the

some'answers-to How did

light,

famine,

should-be

that

before

surelyt

desertion

it

settlement

is

-We

but

least

At

neither'at-, medieval

purpose.

to -throw where

policy.

The probability

beginning,

century,

evidence

settlementp', I

practice,

be necessary

18th

clusters.

structures

century

we find

survived

the

the

all,

the

of

part'of-deliberqte

pre-18th

this

was

complexity

century

"In

for

small

have

will

this'was

will

of

and

of

Above

stated:

fieldwork

are

the

reorganiSation

search.

prolonged of

localities. only

150)

detail

structures

mid-18th

for

evidence

l8th/

fieldwork'alone, of

and118201s.

late

greater

various from

the

when

Rosal

at

of

something

by

to, the

and

However,

completely

(1967a,

deal

great

show

obliterated

Fairhurst nor

how

Lix

bederived

1790's

the

lack

Lix

Rosal.

about

just

revealed

at

functions

and

brought

century at

than

changes at

century

dimensions

obtained it

18th

the

of

-

22 -

was

did runrig

answers

runrig replaced could-be

23

-

for

provided individual fill

studies

the

over

runrig

earlier

the

to

distifiguish

of

the

the ridge

the system,

noted

that

ation

on runrie

from

in, and

and

in

Adams'&

and

Scotland's

documentary

The work 1975,1976a,

of

b,

importance

landscape'v

Office.

of

landscape

the

Scottish

the

duration

speedv

revolution'

in

1975;

& Parry,

Mills data

'early

and

relation

on'changes

th e 17th

as

century from

history the

again'on

Adams (1966,1967,,

1979,1980)

has plans

greatly

descriptive

that

for

need

more

change

has

in

the

of

study

the

in

plans

papers

influencing

emphasis of

the

in

the to

rural

Scottish

the

on the

on

in, his

researcher

contribution

been'Adams'

surveyor

the

continued

lists

1971P 1973P

19681,1970P

aided

' An'interesting

land

date'when

advanced.

and'different

of'estate

of

in

produced-useful

was

inform-

by, 'd6riving

research.

and he has

publication Record

well

furrow) 'Whyt, e also

already'late

emphasis

(infield-

(ridge'and',

increased,

settlement'-as

the

elements

(runrig),

of

to

'due

a failure

system

ploughing

were

distinct

but

ofýEngland,

the

as

been

1978)

to

and

field

(Whittington,

Whyte,

a4riculture

detailed

the

confusion

as being,

but-distinct

reaýpraisal

England

of

the'infield-outfield

ploughing

Scottishlagricultural

of'the

on

describe

enclosure

and

Discussion

1976;

to

sources

causes

main

organisation had

confusion

changes

Whyte

of

land

necessary'to

(1978)

by

such

technology of

consolidation

to

The

furrow

and

landscape

outfield),

impact

term

detailed-

were'still

between'inter-related

rural

the

areas

summed up

were

or

small

that

but

questions,

knowledge.

our

misuse'of

system

and

of

in

gaps

these

of

all

history role

some features

of of,

24 -

-

f-

9

that

change.

the

the

as

an innovator

land

increase 18th

in

is

in

(e. g.

years findings

(1981a)

Whyte's

the

in

differences the

same

on

climatic

may also the

size.

change have

early

shieling many

to

17th

The

limits

This

of

in

the

research

in

climatic

1976,1981), Scotland

southern

future for

in

work

expansion

an

during

Lammermuirs

the

former

of

colonisation by

of

of

abandonment the

during deterioration

as

16th a possibly

I

value

demonstrated

in

the,

particularly

with

factor.

conditions

followed

settlementsp

centuries,

the

example

image"of-,

1975P

for

around

the

of

settlements

evidence

with

was

in

settlement

produced

recent

concealed-

(eeg.

offer

rural

for

stereotyped

even

to

in

out

Highlandsp-

possibly

upland

period

sites.

significant

this

high

medieval

marginal

the

Parry

of

He has

settlement

the

work

of

evolution,

carried

the,

that

some pointers

Highlands.

the

in

work

the-

and'.

and-, some

structure,

and

of

improvement.,

been

Iferm-tount

The

half

and

warning

social

second

change

to

pre-Improvement

sheer

the-progress

1975,1979,1981apb)

relevant

Adams

the

of

has

by

but

evidence

into

provided

examined

the

Lowlands

Whytel

are

a recorder,

research

of

the

as

being

in

landscape

deal

assess

information,

is

surveyors

further

of

the,

he

than of

unfortunately,

of

since

numbers

century

settlement

and

variability

rather

A great

of

and

surveyor,

development

in

studies

qualities

by

do not,

The

Forfeited

Estates

Highlands

after

John

has

been

Mason's continued

paper

papers the

145 was

published more

in

recently

elucidating amply in

1947, in

the

and work

2.5 -

-

of

Virginia

of

statistics types from

Estatess

tenantst

of

families, etc.,

(1973,1978).

Wills

the

of

Reports

the

of

1980a,

1981)

development

of

in

medieval early

of

'Easter'

modern

and

townships.

'Wester'

prefixes

the

emphasis

on

land

of

west

and

division

and

economic

the

Scotland

and

the

(1977)

to

similar

has

the

a mass 'North'

of

that

suggested been

have

might

evidence

yielded

a scarcity

and

the

the

has

1979t and

also

during

This

names

1977P

nature

particularly

Dodgshon

east

Annexed

1975Y

of

organization

of

elements*

social

study

periods,

the

of

(19739

in

township

splitting

'South'

a form

infield-outfield

early

and

the

of

Gaelic'speakers,

of

the

of

Dodgshon

continued

Scottish

and

for

has

structure

Commissioners

study

any

Highlands.

bý

changes

the

of in

numbers

tables

produced

of, holdings,

size

land-, heldp

invaluable

history

She has

due

Scandinavian

to

solskifte

system. brief

This

has

settlements generalisations

developed about

viewpoint.

For

a long

the

of

individual

origins by

affected of

regional

there

was

is

regions,

different

transhumance

now

often

time

this

patterns stress

research)v systemsq

stability through

evidence

single

vernacular

study

sweeping

the

search

forms.

was

and

for

continuity and

thus

explanations. studies

(fieldwork,

buildings,

rural

lethnogenetic'

an

time,

elements

of

many

that

on detailed of

or

from

monocausal

concentrating types

of

settlement the

on

the

meant

rural

to

that

a period

origins,

settlement a tendency

shown from

over-emphasis

Research

documentary

has

survey

of

small

archaeology,

(field

systemst

demographic

26 -

studies,

climatic

settlement will

lead

important elements past.

fluctuations,

complex. to than

a clear the

functioned

Whether answer growing together

or on

etc.

)

not

this

at

different

of

rural

method is

origins

knowledge

the

of

of

less

probably

how

the

times

research

various, in

the

27 CHAPTER THE

AND THEIR

the

Some of

18th of

rural

them

facets

can of

ently,

and

be

and the

back

might

which

the

improved

of

the

17th

have

and

farm

these

conservatism

and

independ1978)

new, cropsp

and

but_other tradition,

the

0 re-

events

and

shaped

factorsp slowed

considerably.

Access

as

organizational,

historical

changes,

some main

-Two

Whytev

later

for

enclosurep

structures

Various

the

until

introduced

and

implements;

Scottish

provisions

been

(Adams

the

century.

of

of

many

Highland

the

place

introduction

society.

rural

take and

by*Whyte

as

in

changes

not

to

DEVELOPMENTS

AND ECONOMY

evolution

traced

accelerated

process

the

modification

of

including

3-1

did

such

rotations

shaping

landscape

suggested

technical,

as

spectacular

change,

were

such

most

but

century,

HISTORICAL

ON SETTLEMENT

EFFECTS

Highland

1690-1850:

HIGHLANDS,

SCOITISH

THREE

Climate

1690, the population "Around of, Scotland' the fifth numbered about of a million one much more present numbers, and distributed than is the case today evenly ... like their To imagine looked what world imaginrequires an effort of the historical To begin from ation. with, one must efface the map almost traces all of the existing it for road system, a network and substitute between of tracks, meandering settlements the hooves routes of animalsp pockmarked with fit-for for cattle, suitable pony a tough , its back, with panniers or drawing slung over the slimy a sledge over mud, but normally impassable to four-wheeled carts *so North however, of the Tay, even the main like the one rather described routes, grandly King's on Edward's map of Angus in 1678 as 'the Way betwixt Dondei were not and Brechin', to wheeled The state passable vehicles. of land communications was both a reflection Had there and a cause of peasant subsistence* been more goods to move, there have would

the,

28 -

-

to improve the roads. been an incentive been better, farmers Had the roads would to sell. have attended markets more readily It was not until the 18th century grain* the vicious that circle was broken".

their

(smout, '1969, ý119-120) last

The crops

the

consumed for

than

oth6r

But

climate

was

the

decades

around

of

Parker'

notes

sightings

the

of

same period. in

atmosphere

for

increase

in of

with

the

from

came century

the

Scotland

to

the

In

his

The

"In the their

retained

its of

the

and

climate

their

in

location" recent

an

annual

growthassociated for

noted

the

bad-weather in the

summer

(Parker, Lamb

17th

Grampians round;

year

all

polar

historyl

diminished"*

and

of

peaks

the

recorded

snow-cover on

of

earth's

travellers

Faroes'recorded

present

the

records'of

main

rarity in

; was

usually

been

Europe,

sea-temperatures

south'of study

has

energy,

that

noted

the

a phenomenon

1715.

and

been of

records

-

Scotland,

in

also

content

solar

the

'energy

radiocarbon

aget

of

in

Age',

Ice

Little

and

'-even

have

sources:

Cairngorms

Shetland

of

known

various

between

as

1715,

and

the'sunts

radiocarbon

1645

taking

if

Cri'siso

total'absence

boreali-s,

period

in

mariners

1645

amount

of

between

about

was

this

a reduction

period

and

the

trees

almost

aurora

-11It

Variations

an

in

than

so

more

'The

Scotland.

of

Euroýe'fn

headed

section

not'produced

were

never

book

, and

south-east

and and

his

In

the

between

sunspots

rings

1690. in

'-'they

east

factor,

a crucial

(1979)p

Geoffrey

the

townships

farm

the

reasons;

in

why'grain

reason

another

within

climatic known

quantities

1598-1648

suggest

sentences

mostly

were

why, in

few

voyages

water

far

1979,21)o (1982,212)

29 -

the

noted

from

...

in

situation 1670

about

tremendous

with losses drifting

in

snow

1674.

in

sheep

of

Worse

when

between

failed

in

over

years

Some whole were

the

Parry's

work

rainfall

of

l7th/early

18th

century.

identified

four

have

(AD 1150

optimum' to

1550),

a cold

in

loc.

Death

a mass

gravee

).

cit.

His

temperature

Figure

4),

albeit

Over major

a medieval

(1550

to

1700)

based

on

the he

periodl a

in and

includes

a longer phases:

Martin

limits

settlement

which

-

countryside

out.

a decline

died

Black

the

of

Old

the

population

this

1250),

period

all

the

parishes

people I the over

and

show

to

when

the

buried

(Lamb,

1975,

records,

upland in

parishes of

century, oats)

change

bears

(Parry,

the

all

times

tracts

time"

the

of

(largely

than

being

whole

this

incomplete

to

"In

fear

calendar)

years-later

these

places

climate

curves

in

huge

and

modern

100 to

againp

continuously

years

eight

many

and

Scotland;

year

harveits

in

Scotland

south-east

the

two-thirds

at on

of

to

villages

depopulated

days

last

food.

one-third

was

that

writing

for

and

the of

nettles

disaster

great

out

referred

a greater

the

1700

and

in

(by

in

come

Account

from

country

frosts

March

in

deteriorated

thirteen

Ministers

Statistical fought

to

1693

seven

the

farming

situation

and

early

was

Scotlandt'.

of

the

snows

to

relation

late

claims

'secondary

climatic

(1250

deterioration and recent

amelioration. Evidence register

(1953P

kept

33)-

for by

The

18th a Dr

two

century Reid

decades.

of

weather Peebles

before

in was

1740

the

form

listed

had

been

of by

a

Handley

warmer

-

30 -

bad

the

drier,

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this

Wet Days

Year

were:

Year'

WIe't Days

+174o

1774

209

+1756

1775

200

169

1776

192

'190

1777

203

198

+1778

227

1769

200

i779

159-

1770

202

1782-83

1766 1767 1768

181

+1796'"

1772

203

+1799-1800

1773

171

be

might

were

partly

turf

or

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that

durable

move

to

the

decline

conditions.

3.2

Jacobite

Apart last

real

took

place

between when enforce

from

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John his

conditions for

of the

clan

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at

Campbells

Campbellp claims

of first to

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of

be

in

1715

Breadalbane of

Earldom

the

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to

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nam, Mearlach

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in

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Consequences

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risings

years

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famine"

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approaching

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distress

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construction

were

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the

less

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of

responsible

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\

1771

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following

years

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clan

warfare

Caithness,

the

Breadalbanev of

the

1745,

CaLthness.

Sinclairsp tried An

to

31 -

interesting were

on

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fully

double

out

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marching

men northq

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the

of

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not

so much

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that

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the

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in

were

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The

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extent:

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or

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the

them

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no

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position

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of

When follow

inter-clan

or

loss

The

clan

in

chiefs

territoriesp

the

engaging

wqre

clansmeng

their

common

to

the

was

These

over

of

223)''

bywhich

Crown

scourging,

legally

possibility and

limits

;,

1745-*46

1747'.

powers

fines,

interference

could

the

arbitrary

19699

of

in

from

within

was

rising

jurisdiction's originally

vassals punish

the

of

exercised

or

and, could

was

held

powers

chiefs,

result

of heritable

feudal

clan

Jacobites,

II.. * provoked to the Stewart\ not by loyalty of the great cause but by hatred clan Campbellv at whose steady aggrandisement the expense less of smaller, weaker'and minded clans politically was a cardinal objective of Government policy: after the political all, managers of Scotland from 1725 to 1761 were Dukes successive this of Argyll, and the idea of using its to hold down 'and civilise clan had been part policy neighbours of royal the days of James VIII since

abolition

of

1938,161).

strongholds

been

in

Highlands,

but

main

test

_

the

differences

the

performed, and

half

in

is

(Gillies,

first

unrest

this

armed

plaid

The of

aside

their

warfare drastically by

Samuel

32 -

Johnson

in

rogatives,

turned

their

revenues,

have

station of

of less

homage no hope

ceases,

their

When

...

the

forfeited

thoughts

to

and

expect

the

power

but

remains

were

this

lost

land

set

and

pre-

of

the rent

more

from

birth

the

as and

prevalence

Treasury

the

a-considerable

14.5, and by the

Annexation

Jacobite

and landowners

chiefs

a much

and

the

the

estates

proper

and to

plans

and

different

and

Disadvantages

1733,

"Through

be

system,

extended

to

of

the

upon

begun a greater

S, S. P. C. K.

(Scottish

Knowledge,

founded

Manufactures

(Board

the

and

Manufactures

the

Committee

in-Scotlandq of

Forfeited

rupt

up

-

which

the

to

Extent Advantages

and

1726

the

in

1709),

the

Board

of

Trustees

Estatest

new

for

and

Act

and

Highlands.

for

in

what

the

of

Society

established

and

several

(terms

the

administer

the

Wade between of

lands

surveyedp

Situation,

area

of

Commis-sioners

was

the

same"

by

their

-the

forth

setting

their

number

of

be

to

Grounds,

1729,

the

After

a greater

set

lands

thereof,

from

made

was

in

commissioners

deprived

were

such

of

road

Christian

Trustees

cause

be maqe

1752,

Estates

arising may

The was

'?..,,,

bank,

the

of

of

body

Forfeited

Qualities

Improvements

17.52).

or

The, estates -

sum of, moneye

Act

competent

more

Annexed

part

Scottish

and

these.

became,

who

chiefs

of

English

of

administer

speculators on

a number

a group

to

up

mismanagement

the

1715,

of

estates was

to

sold

and

uprising

their

commissioners

of

their

money"* After

of

of

divested

chiefs,

necessarily

improvement they

"The

1773:

of

Fisheries

1727), more

Propagation

and strenuous

of

33 -

efforts

Lowland It clan was

would

brought

be wrong and about

its

the

convert

(Smout,

values"

system

to

made

were

population

that

end

to

1969,225)e to

assume

by

the

economic

associated solely

Highland

the

and

Jacobite

of

social

the

Highland traditions

I

uprisings*

held that is commonly the old Highlands "It in 1746, died of Culloden and on the field t]; Lat the subsequent statutes abolishing followingsp jurisdictionsp hereditary military the dressv Highland destroyed and the rest is a naive This system. and superficial clan view., which a study on any part of the Highlands What show to be false. would destroyed the old Highland social and structure was its political growing involvement in the general influence cultural is to the south, that of their neighbours England Lowlands. This and the Scottish influence, in speech, expressed. mannersy religion, clothes, political and sympathies tradeq seasonal activity, and so migrationp before long on, was at work in the Highlands its. 1745 and reached climax after". considerably

Checkland for

social

(1964)

saw'the

organisation

clan in

the

as the

only

(Cregeen,

19689

possible

system

Highlands:

"Not for the first time or last a society in a closed from which was-involved circle escape was only possible was broken when-, it by forces itself* tragedy The great outside because was that, upon placed of the premium fighting supporters, such a society produced labour-intensive to an almost activities ludicrous degree, together with an element be hard to that of under-employment would Moreover isolation rival. made' difficult the extension of the Presbyterian church in the Highlands; there Roman Catholicism was revived over considerable areasp and the Episcopalians in pockets. were strong inured Here was a reservoir of manpowert to minimal highly conditions, susceptible to the cry of loyalty, by no means the established of the accepting church incapable landq the of reasoning about implications to do, of what it was asked were at least and to whom weapons as customary as tools".. (Checkland,

1964,306)

165)

34 -

Other

factors

beginning was

of

to

take

longer

no

the

pacification just

effect for

required

the

of at

internal

the

Highlands

time

when

the

Improvements

and

Agricultural

change

mid-18th

Population had

manpower

warring.

"The bringing the of peace released from the iron Highlands circle of insecurity in its within which, it had been bound. Demographic chaos, forces, the perhaps at work before by mid-century, accelerated, aided 'the introduction of the potato; at that time the very men were made , themselves they made redundant more numerous". (Checkland, locs

3-3

its

were

cit.

Increase also

begun

than

earlier

much

century.

"One of the fundamental human decisions has shaped the present landscapes which Acts of Enclosure was the series of 16619 1685t 1695, and the Division of Commonties Act of 1695 passed by the Scottish Parliament. The pre-1707 these Acts effect of was that any laird his lands could enclose without to negotiating recourse with agreements his tenants the long orl as in England, process of securing an enabling Parliamentary Act authorising individual These Acts to enclosures. were basic the speed of transformation of individual that estates, as was the fact at the time 8000 considerable there than were fewer in Scotland"s proprietors ,-

(Cairdp

'Act

The to

anent

consolidate

Commonties waste

or

Lands and

Act

of

uncultivated

lying enclose

the

Runrig' their

of

1695

lands,

same year

empowered

land

as pasture

used

the

19641 73) enabled

proprietors

Division the

of.

division

among

of

proprietors

35 -

I-

who had the

only no

Acts

no

not

late

in

1723.

for

abolition

selective

stock

be

the of

Highlands

tradition farming

to

tended

rising

were

already

fighting they

North

needed,

when

higher

rents

were

rather

than

conform

their

sub-tenants

America*

the

the

gap

or

recruiting

no

longer

the

in

new

to

form

agriculture

Lowlands coincided

Highland

of

society

who

land

for

from

groups

the of viable;

economically

low

paying the

chiefs, to

preferred

conditions. new

of

standards

troubles

tacksmen

the

in

isolationp

agriculture,

many

them

began

to

services-to

to

tools

tacksmen,

grants

in

set

cropst

and

of

or

military

with

part

The

involved

much

ior

were

return

emigrate took

been

not

supplying

in

rents and

for

in

some members

tacks

in

Jacobite

redundante

root

proprietors

Highlands

the

of

and

received

return

that

Edinburgh

planting,

farming

change

the

in

rotation,

due

so

Agriculture

of

tree

enlightened

period,

end

becoming had

was

until

landowners

little

between

The

men when had

of

was

this

population

generations in

lands

living

widen.

with

chiefs

at

of

and

Highlands

Knowledge

improved

and

there

the

liming,

conservatism,

and

was

processes

such

enclosure,

runrig,

of

But

in

of

on the

Lowlands*

there

made;

the

of

enterprising

breeding,

practised

the

of

introduction

The

be and

parts

Improving

a group

fencing,

to

many

There

century*

Society by

dividej

or

in

18th

the

founded

was

enclose

undertaken

The

in

to

to

involved

Purthermorep

sub-tenants.

changes

Acts

land.

the

of

or

the

these

However,

proprietors

enabled

only

them.

tenants

of

obligation

were

the

of

rights

consideration

the

in

common rights

Some

communities

in

36 -

in

crowded to

due the of

and

the

of

official

-1

rT-

!7t

l 1 0 M

,

for

I

41F

. -

rr

T lf

-Li

77 -

T-

T

-T

I-AL 01

Id -

I --R

ýT od

Ross

ff

1

1 50

the. six

Inverngsst

Perth,

l T

OM

"'46o,ooo,

first

T1 ii

i

I-4

the

on

-r'r

r""7

r. j

and

based

Caithness).

and

T

i

is

(1801-1861)

spread smallpox;

graph

(1755)

(ArGyll,

counties

from

deaths

of

was of

the

and

centuryp

Webster

Census

Sutherland

Cromarty,

T

from

This

introduction

following

The

over-

century* the

number

children.

Highland

18th

the

of

becoming

were

including

the

figures

the

of

middle

reducing among

mainland

half

the

popillation

Highlands

factorst

of

inoculation

60 years

the

second

about

especially

I.

the

a number

potato

the

in

townships

Many

-

T

:ffFT

I, -F

iT

2 0 4 1

ýT-44

.ý11 7

ý7, The

decade and their and

-; 6 -

-

7 g 3

It t

percentages

children survive.

t3 T -1,

I the

show

thereafter.

sub-tenants

-T

7- 7Y

In

many

divided would

increase

and have

parts

1755-1801 of

the

re-divided

something

to

and

for

Highlands

each tenants

their

land

so

that

allow

them

to

marry

4 ti t,8i I

37 /

became "Highland society overwhelmingly ... large by very dominated of-tenants numbers in very holding small of land very pieces few among them who conditions, with crowded be regarded or either could as capitalists Herep instead of, peasant as proletarians. disappearing of as the result society different it became. changel simply a agrarian based kind societyq on the smallof peasant Since instead farm* holding of the joint the the peasants nor, ultimately, neither they had been than landowners were better off it to be the one instance before, must be judged to improve". failure in Scotland of the improvers'

(Smout, 1969,347) development

This

in

place

Attempts models

in

(Chapter

have

been

made

drastic the

(1957),

a the

18th

and

sector'

model This

century. there

is

principles

of

modern

...

of of and

a

the

sectorp

profit

or

social

needs

incapable

implies

sector

of

resource rather

of

engaging

the

use, than

in

reacting dynamically

in

is and

with

maximisation

towards to

and

security

concerned

oriented

in

the

which

economy

interested not

to sepa3ýate

another

for

political

according

peasant

change,

economy one

within

and

between basis

the

Highland

that

been

has

as

model

1963)v

dichotomy

seen

operating

capitalism

than

this,

Scottish

oriented,

rather

(1969)

society

traditional

conservatively

continuity

of

(19329

Smout

is

the

An economic

Hamilton

of

social

and

place'in

centuries*

In

the

took

which

and

a modern

taking

alread3ý

economic

produce

works

(1971)-

framework

opposed

the (1968)

Carter

a traditional 'dual

in

Gaskell by

discussed

to

19th

and

was

8 below).

changes

18th

implicit

supposedly Gray

1774

the

Highlands

holdings

small

in

Assynt

for

very

of

the

international trade

and

satisfaction forcesp commerce"

38 -

(Belshaw, in

the

1965,96, Highland

variables forces'

economy

the

of

(1957,246)

talks

individualism

the

the

describing sector

the

on

in

the

population

western 1815t,

until

and

of

their

work

such

numbers

labour-intensive An important

improvements

allowed which

made up

of

entailed

an

be

could

for of

to

about estate, to

creditor

to

include

enclosure new

crops

and and The

was

under

the

been

where

would

easier have

model. resources

Highlands use

good

wherep

some

of

the

of in

sub-tenants

and

of

way

economic

the

promoting

one-third

of laid

out

creation

Highland long-term

of

the-money

of

the

of

larger

of

most

the and

of

more

system were

conditions

be

made

introduction

these

landholding leases

to

were

the

to

estate The ý

runrig,

proprietor

improvement

spent.

provisions

estates

Any

on

rural

This

entailed

country.

heirs

succeeding

leases,

on

money

the

1770.

in,

out the

in

changes

passed

carried

implementation

holdings.

of'

as'kelp-making.,

consolidation the

'dual

of

make

of

longer

industrial

stretching

be

who

powerful

economy'

the

Entail,

of

the

in

in

of-three-quarters

extent

were

Act

Gray

forceful

but

tenants

measure the

was

economic

sophisticated

areas

could

independent

commercially

was

coastal

landowners

increasing

landscape

sector

two

traditionaliým

semicommunal

the

changes

197l)-of

of

a fanciful of

peasant

fast-growing

The

weaker,

effect

impact

rationalism

fringe",

recalcitrant

(Carter,

total

The

'impersonal

the

and

the

I'soo

by

affected

economy

economic

the

on

civilisation

sector of

and

thus

pressure

dual

1971)-,

Carterp.

were

population

-

in

quoted

held,

economic

changes than

it

39 -

there deal "Although was a great of runrig, were owned by single many of the townships there and even where proprietors, were a feuars, that of owners or number number far than the number smaller was usually of in an English or copyholders manor. owners there Also, although were a good many common the number of actual of grazings owners Such was generally common rights smalle , exchange and redistribution as was' of land to the creation farms necessary of compact be carried out by private could arrangementsl by a simple law. *. Moreover process or at . township the Scottish was often of a, conven-' two three forý ient hundred size or acres into farm. conversion a modern commercial it Generally if was an easy, a sometimes thing, to turn ruthless of small out a, group tenants to make way for and poor a capitalist farmer there and the new husbandry. ýFinally ' fences to tear were no up, no and almost that buildings The were worth preserving*to lay next man, when he came, could proceed ' his farm almost had been the land out as if open prairie".

(Watson, Act

This of

Entail

of

Breadalbane

lands

surveyed

of

at

in

producing

agrarian East

consolidation

came

about

(Chapter

and

later

farms

division

of

leaseso

with

tenancy

on

farms

and,

multiple the

replanned

in

three very tenancy

the

probably being

estates".

of

picture

by

evidence of

process

summarised

"Enclosure tenant

at

the

replaced

a

The

provide

changes:

Earl

3rd

Lochtayside

(1980,209)

Caird

waysq

the

landscape.

below)

stages

the

his

a detailed

11.1

of in

who had

settlement

improvement.

complexities on

below),

and

Lix

and

the

of

1769,

by

anticipated

5.1

intermediate

some

probably

(Chapter

pre-improvement remains

was

1929,7)

reductionp termination by

single

thus by of

I

4o, -

3.4

Sheep But

the

improving

Highlands,

of

who

la: nd.

Highlands

to

kept but

were

no

black

cattle.

The

industries

had

hastened

the

Borders

farming as

in

demand

increased

farmers

sheep

Dunbartonshire,. up

by

the higher

paid afford, was By

the

and

cash by

appreciated the

end

of

central

areas

Lintons

or

traditional mix. feeding; graze.

than

rents

the

18th the

of

Cheviots.

required sheep

Unfortunately,

cropped

region

the

many

Highlands

of

grass was

had

been

the

Borderst

part

and too no

way

that

farming landlords.

of

the

and

the

could

cattle

close

could

black-faced

sheep,

farmers

small

taken

Highl-and

sheep-farming

attention

-there

of

under

the

in

lands

of

was of

suitable,

branch

greater

form

be

farmers

the

century

sheep

tenant

number

woollen

Inevitablyp

to

from

new

increasing

the

Yorkshire,

hill

small'local this

dominated

economy

of

Argyllshire

sheep local

for

wool

seen

the

of

century,

century.

of

with of

areas

the

of

leases

of

less

by

clearance

market

was

farmerst

This

and

mid-18th

and

cattle-rearing Sheep

the

value an

the

of

and

These

appreciated

18th

milk

g the

to'do

many

later

demands

the

north

of

the

increasin until

commercialisation

Perthshire 1760s.

and

growing

and

moved

relocation

part

by

was

little'else

meato

the

the

in

spread

felt

farming

conversion

for

on

'see

Until

sheepwalk.

consumption, by

the

to

changes

new

of

slow

were'little

could

process

traditionally

of

the

of

with

general

region

apparently

began

population

were

effects

of-the

The

in

were

the

and

some aspects

landowners their

Profit

ideas

density

population value

for

Farming

needed for the

cattle existing

not winter to

41 -

tenants traditional

sheep

of

"Sheep

two

The

Lnd

joined, this

chance

many

landowners

client

and

was from

profit

former

and

functions

economic

once

about

to

their

seemingly

for

and

were

The

almost

grasping

barren

hills, thelir

chaneed

all.

noted:

now In

succumb*

role

(1966,50)

Wolf

86)

farmers"s

small

chiefs

profitable

(19579

economy'

clan

by

defined

was

'dual

the

of

weaker

to

for

large

system

new

As Gray

means.

the

the

of

the

make

opportunities

sectors the

possession

to

their

to

alternative

the

necessary

no

created

this

since

beyond

usually

in

part

farmingg

numbers was

take

could

of

socio-

patron Itypes.

under

of

domain': .II is

"Patrimonial domain land over exercised is control of occupants where of land in the hands placed of lords who inherit to the the domain right of, as members kinship groups or lineages, and where implies, this to receive the control right tribute from the inhabitants in for return their the The domain-becomes occupance. their right of a line of lords, patrimony".

(quoted Wolf which

land

landowner

which

could

the

of

of

be of

the.

was

land*

more

areas

the

clan roles

sold

With into

capital-raising to in

be

passed

Highland

domain

and

the

under the

of for

which

from

exacted

by

the

landlord

as

Highland

assets

society

a

chiefs

sheepwalk

down

1971)

Carter,

property

be

regarded

the

-

as

and

could

the

as

private

bought

rent

lands

altered

domain'

as

turning

clan

regard

idea

rent

capital

landowners

as, something the

form

I on his

return

to

regarded

This

occupants.

and

was

in

tribute

'mercantile

defined

also

by

and

than

rather

through is

coming

descendantsp close

to

42 -

-

(1971,114)

Carter's to

the

regard

suggested history

recent

from

patrimonial

3-5

Highland

Clearances

The

1792

the to

year

Year

the

of

drive

flocks

the but

the

south,

The

move

and

profitable.

Sir

and

in

tenants

the

the

former

traditions

of

landlords

sheepfarms

run

by

of

sheep

development of

the

Countess

of

'relocation$

eviction-and subject

sometimes

landowners.

of

Ulbster, in

this

not

was

a serious

the

the

remains that

a tragedy

harness

to

attempt

the

to

the

from,

assistance

tenants"

Highland

of

The

happens

joiut-farm

groups

urged Highland

in

grazing

the

' a far-ýsighted

Caithness,

did

it

relerýtless

was

of

to

1969,359)-

The

the

and

sheep

t. o create-with

and

soldiers

"Finally, made

ideal,

back

of

already

ever

authority

improving

estates

were

attempted

and

incorporation but

Caorachl

hills

sheep-farming

townships.

co-operative

(smout,

Sinclair

economyq

a change

Ross

men of

by

spread

the

clansmen'

in

no-one

of

as

nan

their

off

the

and

new

hundred

stopped

John

pioneer

'four-footed many

were and

development

slower

of

they

sheep

sense

domain".

'Bliadhna

as

A few

of

futile

was

improver

Sheep.

makes

Highlands

mercantile

knowu

was

the

of

to

domain

!'It

model:

of

a vast

hysterical,

serious

mistakes

resettle

tenants

were and

Sutherland of

many

literature, even made,

on a large

walk

1800,

after of

her

-bitter

decades-after -particularly

sub-tenants-removed

scale

and

tenants

have

and

often

the

events.

in from

the

on

the the been

emotional,

attempt's townships

Many t6 in

43 -

inland t

cases

was

had

of

contact

in

the

that

and

dissemination

the

evicted

were

announcements

and

that

evictors

and local

language

ignorance views

the

of

and the

and

notices

of

had traditions,

It

and

its

is

to, failure

higher only

speakers were

little no

points

levels good

tenants*

eviction

often

speed'and

and from

small

Gaelic

the-land

cleared-0,

were

protested

its

mainly

confusion. period

in the

and

ideas,

which for

conditions

areas

of

regime,

officials

interests

instructions

of'precise

Sutherland

improved

many

for

unprepared

evicting

This,

availablet

a lack

to

perhaps

the

in-many

which

or-completely

financial

which

with

lands

coastal

Some of

personal

to-beoome

callousness

and

fanning*

and

undoubtedly

on

unsuitable

either

were

settlement

that

straths

and

glens

doubt

The and

often,,

knowledge

to

fact

the in

Englishp

of

the

the

increased

interesting

intentions

read

different

events.

"As there for was every reason concluding that the mountainous parts of the estate (were) the maintenfor as much calculated for the ance of stock as they were unfit habitation be no doubt of man, there could them into as to the propriety of converting be PROVIDED the people sheep walks, could in situationst at the same time, settled by the exercise honest7 where, of their industry, they decent livecould obtain'a lihood and add to the general mass of they national should not wealth, and where be exposed to the recurrence of those privations, which so frequently, and so terribly them when. afflicted -situated the among mountains An advantage nature of no ordinary will be obtained by this concentration of is, population upon the coast# which that the benefits all of education and instruction to moral can now be extended formerly be obtained all, which could only by a portion".

(Loch,

1820,70-73

& 113-114)

44 -

James of

Loch

(who

Stafford

1785)

in The

18139

England

Burnings,

the

of

of

Sutherland

and Sutherland

from

1812.

the

of

Kildonan

of

Strath

township

remains

and Rosal

(Chapter

Losjjaidhl of

Strathnaver

such

those

side

eastern

as

the

estates

Countess

1814,133liadhna-an

the

leavinj

the

married

clearance

and in

for

commissioner

was

-

was

in

Year

of

the

cleared,

(Chapter

Kilphedir

at

in

begun

was

the

Marquis

11-2).

"Alas, I have lived to see calamit alas) ?r the Sutherlandersý upon calamity overtake For five the successive years, on or about has scarcely term day, been seen anything but removing the inhabitants in the most cruel and unfeeling manner, and burning the houses they forefathers which and their had occupied time immemorial* The since by, the smoke of the country was darkened burnines, and the descendants of those who drew their Sheriffmuir swords at Bannockburnp the and Killiecrankie children and nearest the honour relatives of those who sustained field of the British name in many a bloody the heroes Corunnal Toulouse, of E:gyptp Sýalamanca, and Waterloo - were ruined, trampled dispersed, to upong and compelled the Atlantic; seek an asylum across while those from inability to who remained deprived the comforts emigrate, of all of life, became paupers beggars disgrace -a to the nation whose freedom and honour many by their of them had maintained valour and their blood". cemented with

(Macleod, Donald where

Macleod

was

he witnessed

observations

on

a stonemason, the

the

born

Much

evictions.

clearances

at

was

written

Rosal of

his

18.57, in

Letter.

Strathnaver

impassioned

decades

later.

1)

4.5 -

1811 et l1annee 1820, "Entre*llannee ces habitans, formant environ mille quinze familles, trois ont ete chassesp mille l1expression de Me Loch, adoucie ou, selon & 4cart4s, 11operation, presid6 qui avait (removed)p de tout llint6rieur du 'deplaces Tous leurs villages ont ete demolis comte. leurs champs convertis et tous en ou brulesp , Une etait operation semblable paturages. faite, simultanement, sept par les a peu pr4s le seigneurs autres qui possedaient ou huit du comte de Sutherland, ou une etendue, reste de deux cent de plus cinquante acres mille les bien tous seigneurs presque plusp anglais; de meme, de 1'Ecosse du nord agissaient alors -. Me tarderent suivre exemple. pas a cet ne ou de Loch assure cependant que la marquise bien d1humanite Stafford plus qul\ a montr4 du elle occupee slest aucun de ses voisins; leur deplacait, de ceux quIelle a. elle sort terres; sur ses propre une retraits offert *s leur reprenant sept cent et en quatre-vingtils de terre, dont mil le acres quatorze ' depuis en possession etaient un temp immemorialp leur laisse en a genereusement six mille elle ou deux acres environ, par famille. de Ces six mille ouverts servir acres pour tenanciers auparavant refuge aux petits etaient rien au proprietaire. et ne rendaient en friche, Celui-ci ne les a cependant pas concedes il les a une rente a assujettis gratuitement; de deux shillings et moyenne et demi par acrep il fait de baux plus longs n1a point que pour le de renouveler sept mais il a promis ans; bail se sept autres si la terre annees, pour trouvait bien cultivee.. il de si Toutefois ya chose absurde quelque et de si revoltant comme un a considerer la de la destruction du bonheurg prqgres liberte, de llexistence nationp meme dfune de la llavantage richessell. pour

(Sismondi, Simonde

J. C,, Lo first

half

possessed Sutherland Stafford many

of

de the

Sismondi 19th 14

tenants,

who

estates, family

European

landowners.

Unlike

century. tended

Sismondi

itself,

a Swiss

was

to

blame

struck

them

comparing His

out

was

1837,2o4,221-222)

economist many the at

of

agents the

unfavourably

a humanitarian

of

the

the

disthe

of

Sutherland/ with view

in

46 -

the

or

of

opposition in

economy,

which

Ichresmatistic' He saw

idea

of

two

economic

the

socio-economic by

organised

was

country

his

age;

a materialistic

doctrines

-

sector'-was political

structure

regulation

the

doctrine,

'dual

the

and

simple

of

a region

order,

and of

acquisition

wealth.

'the

latter

IlThe entire programme of clearance and had come to rest redevelopment on The people compulsion* remained at times sullen either or actively all hostile. The Countess of Sutherland were genuinelyand her advisers to plans at this response astonished they regarded which as-wise and bene-They believed the common volent. were ungrateful people and-foolish. for The plan the sincerity resettlement, is not open to doubt, of which was in botched* The lots were not ready time the people to receive and they too little time to prepare were given their crops". (Richardsj 19829 ý,

304p

the

Sutherland

estates

as

oper ating

the

doctrine.

the

None

of

they

reflect

the

Crofterst

from

is

entirely

attitudes

of.

accounts the

Commission

I eye-witnesses

as well

of

accuratep the

1884

timee,

The

show, just

as-undoubted

in

but

reports

as many

hearsaye

"Sutherland was not-Morayshire. -Excellent rationalisation of the as the attempted there capital economy was, was not enough farms, to, establish really viable coastal let herring alone an adequately-equipped in the face fishery competition of stern fishermen* from North-East established the lame. Industry Above all, proved to in-prices collapse general extended 18201820, wool after and in the decade 30 wool half only prices were on average

308)

this of extremes

47 --

they had been in the decade before what is that The tragedy 1820. the house of Sutherland its effectively subsidised Its family while making estates principal Dunrobin Castle, seat, a symbol of., tyranny. Too much has probably been made of the They were case of the Sutherland estates. in their unusual size and especially afterthe when wards, system, of financial control , the Scottish was tightenedp was estate treated as part of an integrated complex lay in heart of assets whose main producing The few surviving England. traditional great dynasties such as those of Sutherlandt Breadalbane, themselves and Argyll, were by 1850 exceptions in a Highlands the where in ownership turnover of land rapid". was very (Lenman, The half

the

of

with

areas

little

centuryl

remains

of

former

as

it

subsequent

regions,

as

forest

in

for

clearance were Having

admitted

is

very

Highland

parts

to

still

introduced

in

impact of might

drastic

time, these

1830s

been

has

there To

areas*

the

the

and

inlandp

agricultural

since.

in

the be effect

facets

some

and

1840s,

for

deer

clearances

of

century

and them

separate

change,

of

beginning

the

landscapes

which

most

the

rural

breakdown

sheep,

two

at

greater

latel

first

particularly and

of

145)

comes

to

the

in

Breadalbane

came

difficult

the

manyt

settlement

were,

of

sheep

that

had

leaving

the

through

continued

recolonisation

organizationalp be

sheep

l9th

'frozen'#

activity

its

for

clearances

1977P

this

befor.

their

in clan

the

but

system,

regarded on

the

changes

Highlands,

as

on

the

it the

through

introduction

of

change, pattern

to

probably

particularly

a technical

settlement

has

e 18.50

effect

Organizational

and

it

chapter,

a half in

technical

and

had the

48 -

structure Highland on many in

of

these

1769

environment

the

the

and

commissioning

pre-improvement

Assynt

had

in

1774. -

doubt

a delaying

A terminus

changes.

was

showed in

and

climate

is'little

There

society.

rural

some areas

usually side

of

post of

situation,

effect

quem

a land

that

for

survey, as

in

changes which Lochtay-

49 CHAPTER

LANDSCAPE

LOCHTAYSIDE:

4.1

has

and

m).

above

sea

sloping

The

north

northern

mostly

(1214

feet

to

2500

of from

main

Allt

Tir the

and

Quaich,

flowing

Artair,

Allt

Lawers

Mheinn,

loch

from

Loch

Tay

plant who

Ardtalnaig

Burn The

south.

Rivers

from

its

eastern

end

at

Kenmores

is

metamorphosed

nutrients"

of

(Miller, through

travelled which

rock

are

mainly

mica

sediments decay

nearest

area the

are

in

Burn,

and

Lochay

and

the

schist

-

the

enter

River

Tay

a. complex

break-up

under abundant

Faujas

de

1784,

noted:

and

into

flow

Burn

whose

lake

Edramucky

Ardeonaig

yields-relatively

1967)the

north

of

Killin,

geology

Beich.

Burn

at

solid

Glen

the

end

heights

to

and the

Dochart

at

Lochtayside

from

Acharn

and

is

dominating rises

i Breaclaich,

Allt

forms

Ih Glenlyon

Tay

western

processes

mountains

Loch

the

whiý

Lawers

Lednock

its

schiStsp.

normal

Glen

of on

and

separating

at

The of

m),

into

The

ridge

watershed

alMhoirneasp

Burn.

the

southern

Almond,

Glen

Ben

m) with

immediatelyl

watersheds

The

m)

pockets

Lochtayside

(760-850

streams

Allt

issues

The

m).

2800 feet

Glen

The

(610

(105

rises

Occasional

km)

a mile

feet

side

the

(23

length of

350

either

2)e

between

feet

is

to

1 and

watershed

over

on with

(Figures

2000

loch

steeply,

more

south

and

land

in

three-quarters

the

firstv

at

15 miles

and of

of

the

and

then

land,

3984

surface,

level

14

breadth

average

gradually

level

the

between

is

Tay

an

(1200

AND EARLY HISTORY

Landscape

Physical

Loch

FOUR

Saint-Pond,

enclose

"The it

on all

50 -

sides, mixed

In

This

wet could

have

still

little the

is

limed

thol

almost The

stone". Kenmoreg

"The

extends

nearly

soil,

is

of

the in

hills the

The

is

chiefly

average

barley)v return

best

in

width

hilly

rains

spoils

coarse

is

produce

the

beans,

good

oats i

is

unfriendly

are

the

potatoesq

3 or

4,

and

a light-mossy to

and of

vegetation*

product

water-carried

bear

oats,

Grounds; and

excellent

of

or lint.

barley

of

course

higher

general

and

crops are

pease,

not

vallies

country Tay.

the

of

'

this

animals

consists

grasses, but

in the

from

of

of'Loch

hasp

land-chiefly naturally

sides

decayed

of

in

land

on both

the

been

(1794-95,

Account

by

usedlIp

never

the-Parish

of

cultivated

cultivated

of

Minister

texture,

the

thol

is'excellOnt'lime-

them

a loamy

apparently

B'allindalloch;

have'never

Statistical

and

down

muirs; etc.

glens

Old

of

with

and

and

grains

rowed

the

which

bent,

Heath,

Macvean,

which was

to

limerock

throf

Colin

but

reference

outfields

rock

a mile

The soil,

-

richest

enriched

"The

every

carr, ied

vegetables. kind

in

which

been

time,

Rev.

wrote

464-. 5):

The

Kuiltyrie

numerous

Farquharsonpsurveyýr

in of

with

limestone

the'landp

a

1784,

creates

which

John

stated

is of

depths

varying

on

when

latter

garnets,

outcrops'of use

the

(Saint-Pond,

of

abundance

great

Wester

of

good

lochsidep

here

to

nature

1769,,

used'in

a, few

texture'?

abundant to

put

northern

"There and

been

are

'

matter; found

covered

clayey

There

areas.

I

coarse

inter-

micaceous'rocko,

quartzose rock

is

complex the

schistus

and

and

drift,

glacial

a

this

configuration

171).

and

spar

abundant.

bad

of

felt

with

most

of

composed

are

soils

grasses. (four-

big

The 4 or

of

51 -

The

return (see

lippie

leyl

and

from

mostly Under

such

great

progress".

Highland

the

aericulture:

well

cultivated;

not

reaped

very

tall;

time

I

inches.

I

sides

are

windings

of

the

mountains".

exhibit

soil,,

of

only oats,

(Saint-Pond,

feet entirely

when

fruitful,

lakeý

The the

to

the

and

views

he

present

and the

and

only

1784,170).

the

the

the

five

its

are

at

feet

who visited banks

six this on

diversified appearances

sides

aspect,

and

This

are oats

found

longest

of

in

which

and

various

image

customp

tolerably

down

finely

make

mentioned

cut

both

upon

to

These

"that

says,

dreary

same

be

is

which

also

oatsp

Knox,

with

a

is

is

stalksp

populous,

the

of

is

each

problem

October.

of

agree

me,

after

major

mountains

several high,

it

Saint-Pond

produce

not

proprietor.

that

beginning

only

measured

do not

the

patches

middle

be. four

by

and

the

I

sometime

both

about were

passed; to

place

only

does

expected

be

the

oats

commonly

which

the

of

is

the

of

the

is

of

suggestion

but

they

farm

duration

will

land

with

the

time.

foot

infield

have

that

this

at "The

till

shortest

the

a good

outfield

cannot

environmentp

agriculture

the

is

make

tenants

agriculture

Here

the

These

the

at

from

the

a practice

bargaint

year,

a systemp

than

rather

to

year

the Each

tenants,

verbal

general

namely,

and

approbation. or

in

continued@

several

flax

of

rotation,

alternately,

highest lease

separate

a stone

Potatoes of

general

among

the

29).

bear

in

is

subdivided merit

commonly

system

old

and

oats

is

Appendix

The

return. with

lint

of

are a few

too

scattered

an ungrateful

somewhat

confinedl

jaundiced

52 -

view, earlier

days,

the

day

of

and

his

prejudices,

lack

The

west

the

is

in

his

of

Scotland

looh

less

the

had

mind

degree

to

the

even

of

the

hills;

farther

It.

is

of

observing,

however

not

information

satisfactory

climate

even

or Heights

than

of

the

of

day in

that

shortness

Highlandsl

the

season

difference,

I

and

Indeed

but

the-severity

snow,

the

winter

and the

later;

somewhat

Morelands

of of

in

harvest

apprehend,

mountains

a natural

frostt

under would

of

between

between

Perthshire,

nakedness

and

be

expected*

had

opportunity

an

such the

the, Braes

of

severe

more

not

disadvantage is

here,

of perhapst

and continuance

strength similar be

the

The comparative

general

the

Highlands

to'doubt,

is

is

quantity

Central

made with

reason,

Yorkshire.

the

Marshall,

latitude,

have

I

of

in

William

to

miGht

Highlands,

spring,

to

observations

"Braedyallapin",,

the

of

or-

east

height

the

I

no

observer

560 401 North);

what

lhave

of

barrier,

in, factq

enquiries

Breadalbane,

of

Scotland,

the

the

comfort,

the

climate

From

from

and

of

the

of

and

of

found.

the

west.

interesting,

vallies;,

a severity

of

from

"Considering

the

of

weather

mountain

Agriculture

some

in

lodgings.,

(Lochtayside 55 and 56 degrees lies,, . latitude 5619 251 North, and latitude elevation,

the

increases

areas

'Climature's

the

on

the

due

in

of

(1794)9

of

rainfall

than

by

evening's

but,

View

General

state

previous

Highlands

provoked

perhaps

average

the

in. the

been the

or

annual

rainfall

make

journey,

at

along I

have,

could

the

it,

of

travellers

so many

as with

of

vegetationp the

managemento

difficult unýler

of

to proper

trace. managementp

53 -

would

I

notp

Devonshire,

in

with

thosep

and

generally the

of

the

a distance

4

difference

of

Central

those

western

moistness

the

length

of

climature,

of Loch

of with

harvest,

of

climate,

England;

even

fifteen

Tay,

to

respect

and

comparatively

the

excepting

extreme

as

and a drier

enjoy

climature; in

Cornwall

of

harvest;

corn

Highlands

which,

margin

western

approaches in

short

so

the

miles, is

moistness,

great, Another

variety

is

observable.

of

Loch

in

they

of

Glen

Tay

whichg

is

side,

Breadalbane.

in

their

relative

Fruechy,

it

do

for

Loch 350

that

Glen

probably

(It

for

feet

for

Quech

the

by

the

higher

2 and

be

with

cold,,

stock

to

is,

the

9). snow

The

being

arable

lying

lowest-lying

is

along

Marshall's for

which# to

appears

high

ob*ýriously

areas

Despite

better

for

crops;

is

Tayp

be

1794,17-18).

hours

sunshine

Strath

Breadalbane

(Marshall,

says

which

climature,

of

that

than

as. compared

to

arable of

Loch

of

tradition

respect

as

accounted

higher

a sheeling

crops;

so kindly

be

level;

south

maturing

ripen

surface

sea

The

for

of

perhapsl

above

in

than

slopes

(Figures

feet

climature

of

do not

may,

Tay).

suited"

number

capable

considerably

formerly

was

south-facing

shown

is

Loch

the

less

season, This

pasturage

well

The

and

870

It

nevertheless, perfectly

later

to, the

lies

which

elevation.

is

rights

fitted

(Quaich)q

dis, trictt

this

within

Quech

is-possible,

Tay

with

climaturep

backward

a cool

in

of

behind

season

a drier

the

to

very

the

distriotg

nearly

be

apprehendq

considerable

grazing

areas.

for most

the

the

regionp

favoured

northern

words,

winters

periods,

as lochside can confining

54 -

The recent

v6getationp (1982)p

survey

rush

pastures

Much

of

18th

century

h; Eid been Sir

Keeper

of

in

Papers

bent-fescue

mire

deteriorated

the

appointment

of

has

Forest

family

are

in

to

of

for

of

in

Glenorchyp and

early was

this

The

generations. the

the

late

the

and

from'an

among

woodlands.

Glenorchy/Breadalbane

o,f

Mamlorne

a document

grassland,

disuse

Campbells

ýaird

Institute's

land

quality

afforestation

7th

the

good

Macaulay

some broadleaved

and

due

The

with

Royal

S,

as

sheep.

Campbelly

in

remained

consists

regarded

associated

Duncan

the

was

of

-introduction

in

sedge

and

what

listed

as

period.

appointed office

details

of

the

Estate

Breadalbane

House:

Register

I'Schir Duncane Campbell of Glenurquhay ... of ye forrest of Mamlorne and vtheris daitit 1609.. withinwreittin xi of Januar And to hauld the court within and plante foirsaidis keiping for wodis and forrest to And als of the same in gud ordour tak and apprehend searche seik waird and punisch quhatsumever or persones persone that happen to be fun or tryit sall haunting the saidis or frequenting wodis be nicht and forrest or day weiraris of hagbuttis or quhatsumevir vther , gunis that maner or ing-yne of wapinis may do hurt to the same wodis or skaith and forrest deir and rae thairof and sicklyk to intromet with ypone and dispone all manner of bestiall sic as horssismeiris that happen scheip nolt goate or svyne sall to be fund thairintill pasturing and feiding And to inbring the same the ane half thairof to oure Vse and the vyer half of the same to him self forsaidis to be and his wsers be thame at thair vseit vpone and disponit pleasure ... The

same

Sir

Duncan

formed

plantations

to

all

get

his

was in

tenants

a

his and

'Planter'

in

own parks, even

the

his

and cottars

own right: he

also to

"He

endeavoured plant

young

55 -

trees

every

The

laird's

plane

to

as

they

in

the

were

rate

of

cutting

three

for

information

to

winter

the

40s.

fined Stix".

on to

the

The

626

appeared

to

that

natural

be

woods

a few

about

the

five

alders years

in

this

and old.

that

to

Court

for

the

forester

of

Lochtay)

charged

Letterallan

all

Another in

be

man

the

wode

township

of

fences

of

the

were

cut. Survey

is

acres

for

176ý

it

was woods"

small

Lochtayside. north The

side. and

the

The

the

of

side best

noted

inclined part

patches

to

consisted of

and woods

Farquharson

location

Some

a reward

that

the

one

cutting

fines

of

the

trees

young

stated

size

lochside

planted

Tay,

they

south

soon

and

the

to

of

in

be

lead

wood1l.

"within

Soots

the

along

swyne

overall

for

acres

in

of

after

430

records

goat the

recorded

the

Port

Loch

of

cattle

woods

and

of

as

255).

1615,

a lease

side

years

with

McArthur

and

north

of

comparison

the

1776p

as

five

area

Farquharson

hurt P11 . "suffering

great

pasture

first

their

and to

and

and

saplings

would

offences In

ash

The

X200

1938p

woods.

of

oak,

holdings.

wantonly of

that

Stronfernan

for

As late

the

oak

of

of

These

a fine

(Gillies, various

their

were

found

one

to

offender" note

they holding.

Any

11halding

men with

Borland, , Porbidden

and

liable

(between

Letterellan

hazel

was

of

"kailyardsllp

the

of

them

time

saplings

up

statute.

de stroying

and

taken

area

a piece".

the

by

an

the

of

in

part

offered

the

pennies

be

suitable

protected

Books

"two

of

ready

most

conviction

in

the

to

C10 was

for

supplied

were

of

of

gardener

first

destroying

was

to

be planted

or

last

proportion

the

at

were

in

year

birchy of

woodland

birch can

56 -

-

be

on Farquharson'

seen

lists

no woods

Stronfernan, which

loch,

low-lying of

been

"There

is

birch,

by

(Anderson,

1967,

On the tenants

farm

but

side

were

around

the

some

allowance

of

is

the not

by

his

the it

the

ro ofs

the

use

obviously

is

of

saving of

of

of

ho uses

the more

timber and

by

been

a forest the

on

gradually

the

planted

course

of

to

any

the

corn

kind

from

being

blown

it

might

produce".

down

woods

being

would

which

shelter

strong

from

better

as

emphasised

Ardeonage;

to

be

wood

the

of is

belts

such

been

"The

service

of

use

standing

the

officiary

little

have

production.

shelter

ought

and

kilns

stated:

for

as

houses

must

lime

for

cutt

woods

probably

their

there

on

plantings

lime-burning

of

the

that

noted

and

for

ways

the the

woods

several very

break

would

a means

of

and

as

the

of

cultivation"

McArthur

is

bare

advantage

Also

fuel

very

of

grass

for

in

be

the

number

a hill

is

had

of

end

ash

McArthur

timber

on

I'Meolinnoch

whole

with

and

townships,

but

value

comments

great

loch,

Ardtalnage

cutt

The

country".

the

the

wood of

regularly

grazing

slopes

western

wooded

forest

of

allowed

former

officiary

this

preserve

From

dotted

For

of

to

implements.

the

probably

and

417)-

Iq

bound

land,

that

that

He

unbroken

the

than

12.

and Lawers

smooth

heavily

alderp

effects

south

were

their

the

been

10

between

exposed

have

and

farms

doubt

and

parts

eliminated

more

must

Figures

at

relatively

little

hazel

fertile

most

of

have

ground

oak,,

all

a stretch

might

the

at

s plans i for the

of winds

to

cattle

cattle. and

shaken,

be and

notwithstanding The than

south the

side northp

had as

57 -

be

can many

(e. g.

ash

the

from

seen

in

in

many

north atý the and

it

The

road

as

the

expense

of

had

was

north

side

along

the

when .,

a note

Records. droving

and

to

Comrie.

petitioned

the

Highlands made

of

into

over

Earl

and

Commissioners

Scotland

in

road: the

that

Comrie, from

for 1807

"To

Country it the

has

to

49)

an

important

lst

Marquis

Roads

and

the

and of

cattle-

glen

past

of

Breadalbane

drove

the

in

Bridges

road

Loch-Tay, frequently

Loch-Tay

thence

and

inconvenience

along

long

side

the

County

Glenlednock

this

and

-as 1753P as old Perth

up

a

date

Its

the

to

situated

South

46 - and

in

have

remove

been

450

as

is

south

to

plans

it

roads#

farms

4th

The

a Road

main

Ardeonage

Newtown

a true

around

mentioned

these from

by

open

is

the

of

The-road

communication.

but

certain,

repairs

experienced

to

not

shown

inferior

probably

44-,

It'is

).

etc.

built

alone.

plans

on McArthur's

of

the was

1769.

in

16,

43a,

line

were

on Lochtayside

w,as

shown

they

(1752-1782)

Breadalbane

14t

loch

is

impor-t"ant

ran

12y'

not

along

Farquharsonts

(Figures

Apart-from

Braeintrine down

It

track

of

road

llp

were

Kenmore

Pennant

across

of'th'e

side*

is

include

as

A road

bridges

Thomas

10,

side

of construction

century

of

32

running

(Figures

a less

18th

Killin'and

3rd'Earl

by

meandering

perhaps

the

admired

sOUth

Lochtayside

Highlands.

between

than

line

northern

more

loch

the

of

the

of

fewer

no

a double

the

parts

of

side

half

second

other

lochside-which

in

communications

and

the

the

along

43a).

Figure

Transport so bad

strips

near

route thus and

by

proposed the

58 -, -

village The

Ardeonich-through

of

be,

would Centre

to

Killin

of

20 miles

than

in

was

E600

mile

per

to

1962).

Another

the

trackp

lochsidep

There

were

from

Milton

of

plan

shows

at

'Lawers

Tombrechts

written

'Passage

was

from

upper

past

Shee

Boat

Harbour?

aild

Ardeonage,

to

(Haldane,

Loch

Ardtaluage,

down

came

Tayt

Tullich,

general

one

McArthur's

where

and has

Farquharson

where

to

-Ardtalnage.

-to

across

on his

being

1811

Ardtalnaig,

of

case"* less

offer

Almond,

Glen

latter

side

on Easter

Ardeonacht

no

by

up

two-ferries to

but

Distance

the

neither

given

46 miles

Total

in

the

map of

the

side.

landp

by

supervised

from

Toyerp

Deisir

Tay)p

looking

and

Wardropar,

medieval

His Locha

Tuathair

Regum

Scotorum)

"receiver,

I'Desschiere

who title

of

collected was

(,the,

Tatha Locha

Loch"Tay).

Lochtayside

period

a baillie

of

side

Scaccarii

on Lochtayside

justice.

administered

under

idea

to

or

of

mile,

andt

across

", 4,, 2o Early Landowners k For much of, the

Loch

per

through,

Kenmore

12 miles

of

C300

least

Lawers

between

and

at

...

by

es.,

Stirling

a reduction

was'received

change,

southern

north

former

estimated

willing

the

the

Comrie

carried

from

54 miles being

to

being

Distance

from

34 miles,

Road

of

the

reduce

to

cost

Line

Loch-Tayp

of

by

The

this

of

effects

Glenlednaig

have fermes"p

' et, Twyere":

revenues

Bailie

of

north

or

(the

souýh

Exchequer

Rolls

Tatha The

was

an

account in

1475

of to

Crown and

Discher

sunny or

one 1476,

si de north-

(Rotuli Thomas listing

and of

59 -

-

idem onerat "Item, d. se de vj li. xiij s.. iiij (£6-13-9--4d. ) de firmis de le Port terrarum infra jacencium dominium de Desschiere-et de duobus terminis Tvyere hujus Et compoti. de (L6ý de Estirende de Ardgollane. Et'de (£ý-13si-4d*) de Westirende infra torrentes. in Nethirgolly. Et de ( 3) de Killochane Et ) de deeim de (L6-6s. de marcatis residui -8d. Ardgollane, et viginti marcate que sunt dietarum terrarum in manibus residuum sunt Cartusie. Et de £6-13s. et conventus prioris -4d* tercia de firmis de Ardtollany. Et de partis de firmis £6-13s. de Clochranee Et de -4d* de Corycarmak. £3-6s. -8d. Et de £6-13s--4d. de Moernychs de firmis de Et de 53s. -4d. Et de £6 de Tulloch Tirray. et Dalgardy. de Terrarteray. Et de £5-6s. -8d* Et de de Kiltery. 53s--4d. Et de £26-13s--4d de Laweris terrarum terminis de duobus hujus de Ardgolly. -%Et de 20s. compoti. molendini de firmis Et de 26s. -8d. foreste de Mamelorne. Et de 26 stukmartis de Desschiere et Twyere Summa hujus de anno compoti. £96-13--4d-p oneris in manibus Cartusiensum". viginti marcatas preter Some

Lochtayside

here:

Port

listed to the

in

It

1429.

is

(RMS 1057), in

balliatus

the

dictis Older

suggested

Virtue'

in

John

possession

earundemt olim

(Kuiltyrie)

(40-merk)

et prope

Priory

10th

de Perth

in

founded

Perthp

as 1642

Laird

of

Glen-

cum officio

ad domum Vallis

ceterorum

house

only

lands:

various

The

land.

as late

a charter

burgum

their

near

Campbell,

of

Laweris

and

to

or

(Morenish)v

Moernych

be

mentioned

(Ardtalnage

Ardtollany

must

mentioned

confirming

Carthusien. in

of

beine

already

as a 1:26-13s.. -4d

Carthusians

'Vale

are

Kiltery

here the

farms

(Clochran),

(Terartar),

'reference kScotland,

orchy,

of

Lochtay)o

Clochrane

Terrarteray

,

and

(Port

Ardtalnaig)p

(Lawers)

lands

situatam

Virtutis spectantium

dominiistle forms. by

of

references

land

holding to

Crannich

or

land on

stewardship the

northern

are side

of

6o -

Loch

Tay

Cranyk

a former

as

Cranyk".

vocat.

side,

(RMS, 1057)

Seal

office

of

The

possibly

defined'by

Jackson

identified

with

identified

in

the

title

of

set

over

his

position

its

with and

the

Barrow

put

literally used

of as

clan son

name of

of

the

From

the

the

the

the

possession

the

early

14th

the

of

his,

charged

administration the

of

quite

simply

(1983,

course

'chief',

but

Ithanel,

a

earlp.

holding in

duties thanedom

and taxest

of More

recentlyl

11.. * toiseach

''93):

frequently

Scotland officer

From

an

of

lands#

therello

the

was

this

Mackintosh

-

noble

or-petty office

the

comes

Mae-an-Toisich,

p

toiseach.

or

century

onwards

or

granted

About

1400,

of

thane

collection

in

shirelle-

Chattanp

14th

from

his

of

9% justice,

or

borrowed

with

was

was thane,

or

was

mormaer

the

king,

lordts

an It

toisech

Scottish

The

earl.

and

of

the

so

official

organisation,

feued Crowns

earl,

was

the

as

terminology_with

territory

Clan

"Just

(usually)

of

thane

purchased, to

the

a thanedom

managing

toscheachdoraschipe

de

112-113):

Anglo-Saxon

equivalent

Great

Scotland.

administration it

the

in

Scottish

military

of

origin

comes,

the

south

pre-medieval

of

with

Register

the

toisich

hereditarily,

connection

the

de

on

or

early

a stated

Ar, dtaluage,

toisech

the

officer

thanagii

toiseacht

another

subordinate

in

terras

cum officio

(19729

like-that

England

1642

to

"-

as:

de Ardtholony"s

11... -.

In

referred

still

was

thanage

the

ce-atury,,

to

Lochtayside families

various

Finlarig

was

Drummondsq

later

Robert

Menzies'af

lauds

were

for

services

a 10-merk Earls

of

land

in

Perth.

Weem was

granted

In

61 -

part

Morenish

of

Robertsons

of

of

15th

centuryp

Wester

Merchiston:

the

from

Fernan

thanage

(Clan

Strowan

land

of

the

and

the

Crannich.

of

Donnachaidh) 15th

early,

Ardeonage Great

held

the In

century.

was

Seal

The

by

owned

the

the

for

records

30-merk later

Napýers

21st

June,

1512: "Rex

Alexandro, NpLpar militi concessit terrarum de Ardewnane ac dimedietatem I terras. de'Tullechannanp 1 Mydill-. viz. Thrid de Ardewnan le Ten-Merknuncupat. Land, dimedo occidentalem de le Halch de Ardewnan, cum dimedietate molendini ac multuris et sequelis earundem, ooo

The

references (Halch)

Haugh the

and

to

are

Ardeonake

of

'Middle

Wester

Third'

or

Ardeonage,

of

(no. 14

on Figure,

'the

upland

of

Easter

Ardeonage

was

century.

It

included

Eilean-ilamlBreaba"n

on

the

Carie

15th and

loch. 1609

The and

domini

165ý'as

Ardewnack

called etc..

Carquhine'and

called of

the

Ardewnane,

I "The'half

-

Succoth, of

Haldanes

the

superiority

the

with. fishing

of

(Inquisitionum archivis lands

and

of

Hauch,

tennandries

Loch

Gleneagles Carwhin,

of

the

Lawers

in

ad

capellam

scotiae

adhuc

Ardewnan

theladvocatioune of

trithinn

of side

Campbells

Tay".

the

in

an

of

opposite

Finglene,

Ardewnan

Canrie, and

the

publicis

Ardewnane),

retained

brýLigh

-

the

Retours,

retornatarum'in

milne,

a name

by

the

solý'to in

ýor

(Carie),

Kirk

listed

regis

servantur) wayes

are

were

held

the

(Ardewnang

9), of Braeintrine I third part'.

the

lands

Tullichcanj

Ardeonaig

farm

in

Easter

and

I

other-

Canrie thereof of

the

-

62 -

(Ardgollanev

Eddergoll Wardropar's a Crown

Rental

at

old

an

Callelochan

(: Figure

,

the

1769

held

by

of

the

south da

The

by-at

fhichead

with

the

south

when

w.as

Colin

side

to

Campbell,

money of

that

rents, Loch

6th

the

loch

time

of was

land

name

at

was time

the

(no. 62 on'the Town')

or

land).,

note,

of

the

(IMacnaughton's

(. 'forty-shillingt

interesting

It-is

along

it

iisted

of

by"the;

and

of,

Burn

in-Edderooll

land 1480

1556) .

in

end

use

of

tenant,

one

1769

sgillin

to

out

as Ballamacnachtane

side)

2200)

gone

in of,

-the Auchroich

eastern

Macnaughton-in least

in

Survey

the

at

A forty-shilling

Donald

one

Kenmore

Thomas

Chronicle

and--Eddergooyllyt between

name had

Surveyo

held

still

and

4).

1531p

for-theIand

name

the

in

Eddirgolly

above;

Eddirzowell'in

(Fortingall)v

Fothergill was

1480p

of

Ardgolly

1476, mentioned

of

account

Nethirgollyp

in

Laird

payments

a charter of in

of

Glenorchy, kind

for

1574

(RMS

the

listingg

lands

along

Tay:

4 lib. 8 sol-11 bina de-Clocherane parte 44 5.1/2 pro tertia sol. parte earundem _den., den., 18 sol. et 3 lib. casei pro 26 petris (26 stones de Pro 3 margatis of cheese). 4 lib., Ardtollony 7 marcatis pro a1iis 4 4 den. lib. 13 sol. Pro Eddergole earundem 5 sole 12 bollarum pro qualibet ordei contusi (12 bolls barley), 5 sol. of ground pro (5 5 bollarum farine qualibe't avenatice albe bolls 5 sol; of white pro(qualibet oatmeal)v 12 bollarum 12 bolls farine nigre avena ice of dark oatmeal), earundem pro molendino 6 lib. 4 4 den*, 13 sol. den. et pro qualibet (36 chickens). 36 pultrearum Pro Auchlekhech 6 sol. 8 den. 5 lib. Pro 2 marcatis de Remony "Pro

4 den., 4 33 sol. 5 bollarum Sol- pro qualibet et (4 bolls 5 sole of barley polente molite meal), 2 bollarum pro qualibet albe farine avenatice (2 bolls 5 sol. of white oatmeal)f pro qualibet (4 4 bollarum bolls farine nigre of dark flour 40 or meal), solidatis pro aliis earundem 5 lib8 den. Pro Duncane Reochstoun Pro Skeag 26 sol. 8 den". 26 sol.

63 -

4-3

Maps

Early

first

The

a rough

comes'from Scotlandv from an

hand

Volume

.5

River interest south relating listed

Tay

sides to

Pont, (North

of

shape

attempts

place-names lochq

of

the

the

the

National"Library 16th

and

map

tBreadallaban'

9f

of

the

loch

have

been

with

the

of

version

c. 1600

the of

is made

River on

for

in

the

distorted

rather to

the

Of and

north but

Survey.

the

show

Lyon.

located 1769

probably may be

This

Novus, p published

some wrongly

1769

century 1907).

and'siýes

farms

of

(Cash,

Atlas

confluence

the

many

herewith

The

three

the

are

the

of

Blaeuts

its

near

of

Pont

part

1654*

and

end

the,

on Lochtayside

sites

of

in

now

Timothy

of

in 3)

the

Joannis

of

Amsterdam (Figure

of

draft

early

map,

to

dated

the

impression

graphic

still They

are

names:

Survey, 1762

Side) Finlaryg Tyrarter (there is Tyrey Glenlochay) Mo3.rinche Tomnarour Kouiltyr Greuintaggan 2 Krannichs Caerwhun W. Lawers E* Lawers Ardlawers Logyfaernan Logy-Ty-Moir Fairnan Stron-fernan Letyr yllen Port

Finlarig Tirarthurp a Tiral

Terartar

in Morenish Tommachrochar Kuiltyrie Margcraggan Cvannich Carawhin

Lag-Fern Tommantaymore Stroan-Fernan Letterellan Port of Loch-Tay

(7

64 -

Pont, (South

1600

c.

Sur, vey,

Side) Achamoir Clochreran' Kamezvourich Tallichkan Sococh A.rdeunaig AchcaKarry

Achmore Clochrane Cambuschurich Tullichcan Suckoch Ardeonage, Ardeonaig Twenty-Shilling Land of Carie

Letyr Ardeunaig Heglish Vikecharmick

Heaglais or Cill-mo(church Charmaig on Land) Twenty-Shilling Finglen Glental-paig Callelochane

Finglen Gl: en-Tailnaig Kalulachen (misplaced Kailling Achainich Waird Kreitmartin Achacharn Pierkoull Balnaskiaig Keand-moir Ballach Some of the

the

1769

Croit

Martin

"a

king

drowned

EEles

in in

as

such

is

on Pont's castle-like

the

of

the

the,

in

Loch no

"in

the

indication'-of The

barons

or

lairds

the

Tay",

and

doubt'taken to

yere

of

large of

Gaelic

'Croftmartagel

map include

"Fair

the from

the

-

pattern

shown

period.

comment

647"-

Lord

houses,

Salmonds,

'Donwald'

settlement are

of

the

a king our

the

or

to

the

place-names

symbols

a little-more

closer

Chroniclesý -

map.

is

than

on

Lochtay'll

Holinshed's

little

much

from

differently

quite there

Croft,

'Lochtaiel is

spelled

sometimes

written

ýn

turretedv seats

are

and'pearles

drowned

There

Kenmore Balloch

'Martin's

Notes

reference,

Croftmartage Acharn

but

-

Survey.

Troutes,

Achianich

Kreitmartin

eg.

)

for'Killin'?

place-names

versions,

accuracy,

the

1769

against

possibly An example

65 9

type

the

of the

surviving

and

Plate'32).

and

Etramuckie

side

the

of the

at

in

were

d chamber, two

if

from

or

18889

94-95.

16th in

them

by

which

large

enough

specimens,

the

tenants

their

some

house the and

John

"Although

of

of

a house that

entertain

their

a country. these due

of

houses

a hallp

understood

in

lesser

King's

maintain

compliment'is

circumstances"

the with

The

many

some

obtained

necessary

foundersp

be

even'less-,

contented

to

a

might

manuscripts1of

hall-houses no

of

mortared with

was

or

the

loch

comparison

and

lofty

their

the

of

were

build

south

impression

imitation

howeverp

easy

the

construction. to

33

structures

centuries,

notp

in

complete

perhaps

was

of

the

Mains

a comment:

houses

of

on

century

and

bound

judge

Finlarig

of

It

liberality and

or

is

a kitchen,

be

in

18th

of

at

shores

set

stone

15th

remains

two-storeyedy

expensive

we may

well-born

the

(Figure

general,

the

be

could

Lawers'

at

dwellings

there

some remaining

taste

In

simple

built

storeys.

Indeed,

been

majority

and

should

may have

the

specially

castle and

when

in

less

a simpler,

of

side,

dry

of

in

whof

a great

feuars

also

strongly-built

feu-farm,

barons,

hall

'grandt

Ochtertyre

of

'House

along

the

1W. Lawers'

at

map.

that

made

people

lands

of

which

materials*

Ramsay

of

north

houses

in

sub-tenants,

the

the

Pont's

of

less

durable

were

seemed

poorer,

of

There

loch,

one

may have

remains

the

large

of

a false

indicated

on

time.

number

house

of

times to

whom were

(Allardyce,

the

66 -

After

a gap

definite

1747-1755.

This

(1: 144,000). that

land

is

the

north stage

seen

around

32).

Port

by

groups

the

to

some

small

(Plate map

the

whole

', buildings the

sites

compare

however, Finglen and

and

in

the

Newton

Glentalnaig; locations*

names

given

is

a

the

with

Roy's

Map,

Burn

There no other

'Fichet

running

are

many

unnamed those

sourcese

fichead

Map

1769p

20 years. e. g.

sgillin

of

5 and

as

shows they

might

Some namesp

in

the

from sites clusters of

out

number

Figure

of

on

red

averaCe

the

Roy's

south

to

documentary -

to

some named

resemblance

Skilant

Survey

around

represented

show the

they

5)o on

of

elsewhere

bear in

settlements

recorded

(Figure

are

always

close

lairds

(Ardeonage)

farms

but

at

the

coloured

(Appendix

1769

from

the

do not

quite

period

missing

wrong

there

well

'Mains

a cluster

as

within'a are

They in

settlements

reasonably

expected

1).

in

cluster

of

LIawers

rectangles,

Loclitayside

of

per

or

buildines

of

Finlarig,

on

along

limited by

clusters

oblongs

depicted

are

(Taymouth),

Kenmore

Arable

5). .

tree-planting at

different

greatly

is

a road

to

inch

the

(Figure

Improvements and

to

not

maps

and

houses

Settlement

number

for

larger

is

relevant

1000 yards

of yards

Tay

Survey

loch.

Lochtayv

of

Loch

enclosure

their

original

exact

be

of

Achmore.

and

the

side

4000

the

Sc'otlanýd.

of

a scale

at

trig-shading'

by

of

edited

Ordnance

map with is

Survey

at

of

first

Lochtayside

Military

outline

on modern

this

the

and

The

shown

for

was surveyed

(1: 36,000)

inch

from

Map,

the

years,

evidence

Roy's

of

150

about

settlement

section

the

of

the For -

of

glens

Ardeonagel are

in

and known examplep Itwenty

the some

-

67 -

-

shillings

(land)'

the

where

loch,

no

at

different

the

gaps

Survey

Thomas Lochtayside loch little

and

his

very

three

makes (slopes high

?)

South

are

lakes

and

rivers

There

are

two

and from

show 7),

in

with

'Killing'.

small

are

the

are

its

perhaps

on

which 1769

the

is

each

side

just

by

plantedo

the

habitations if

as

disgrace

of

his ends

some

rigs

lofty

mountains; Those

finely

cultivated

the

Highlandersp

loved

and

travels of

broadq

a mile

they

(Pennantq

glory"

pointed*

of

North

Loch showing

the

on

peasants

and

mean

of

He made

beauty.

its

well

small,

west

the

about

to

adds

from

and

below).

the

of

year

population

sometimes

lake

groupsp 'very

are

east

on

with

engravings

the

in

the

the

of

were

"The

in

Scotland

comments

which

and

opposite

Map and

Roy's

5.1

bends

chimnies,

records

11,

settlements

Tay:

they

Survey

as Appendix

(Chapter

great

but

singly,.

which

his

the

the

of

side

place-names

on

bounded

on

But directly

remarks

lone,

"or. clanship: or

the

interspersed

up;

not ,

useful

to

Loch

north

seen.

Surveyp

to

the

Lochtayside

included

touring

but

fifteen

and

of

was

Lochtaysidep Referring

Ardeonage,

Pennant

reference

on

existed.

between

clearly

are

sides

in

differences

be

can

name

is

periods and

Crannich

A comparison

sidel

south

such Land

a Twenty-shilling the

in

shown

society windows

without Britainp

as 83-84).

1774t through Tay in

its

Breadalbane

(Figures the

view

6

68 -

4.4

a

The

Campbells

The

later

history

extent

bound

great

expansion marriage ment,,

Sir

with

older

Colin

Argyll.

of

1432,

during

Lochtaysidee Balloch from

the

ý1473

by

his

the

eastern

, murderers a charter

Achmore

III

for

of

James

of

1525

I-

of

the

his

part

mentioned

first

lochp

and

Priory

in

Barony

the

capture

whose Dukes

and

in

lands endt of

part at

Perth,

of

Lawers

on and Ardtalnage

in

the

of

50 years

almost

second

Earls

western

the

Granted

began

Lochawep

the

at

lands

Glenorchy

of the

Virtue'

of

He was

of

Laird

the

of

line

Aat)

acquired

'Vale

above. James

became

end

the

Glenorchyq

of

ancestor

lifetime

Carthusian

mentioned

the

He rented

at

('Duncan

Establish-

including

Laird

to

purchasep

contemporary

The-Glenorchy

first

Campbell

by

whop

estates

loch.

is

territorial

and

the

of

vast

was

Colin

and

support

Campbell

Archibald

rise

Glenorchy

of

Campbell,

Duncan

son

the

with

the,

of

on Lochtayside

settlement

acquired

shores.

Sir

of

up

Judicious

and

the

of

Campbells

gradually

, along

son

the

of

Glenorchy

of

in

later

(RMS 315):

40 marcatas terrarum le Thre Lawaris ... Laware-moir, nominat., Laware viz. manach jacen. in Discheir et Clene-lawaris, de Lochtay, Perth; Jac. vic. quequidem per oe. III. Campbell de regem quondam Colino Glenurquhay bono militi pro servitio ese dicti Col. facto in captione quondam Thome Chalmer proditoris, qui interfuit orudeli interfectioni Jac. 111. regis

Lawers

40-merk was a

Thomas Wardropar's It

is

charter

named the of

1480:

land list

'Three

and had been of

farms

Lawers'

Lawarmoir,

in

listed

1476,

mentioned

and was so divided

Lawarmanach

in

as such

above. in

and Glenlawar

a

69 -

(Westir

Estir).

and

included

Croftantayan,

Miltown

and

Lawers'

included

units

the

of

(1973P

1977),

limprovements's,

century

younger

son,

Sir

Duncan Bailie

appointed

1492

of

the

of

Eddergoll:

lands

of

line

of

the

and

Tuathair)

by

charter

he

acquired

a feu

the

Port

of

Lochtay,

to

given

Dodgshon any

was

lands

from

of

James

from

charter

Lawers.

of

Glenorchy,

Crown

an

Colin's

Campbell

of

of

(RMS 2091)

in

was

Laird

second

by I* k befo re

well

of

to, be

discussed

place

cadet

Middle

number

appears

Chamberlain

or

(Deisir

Toyer

the

Campbellp

increased

type

Lawers

founded,

who

the

taking

obviously

Cleunlaurv

divisions

of

Lurroginbuie,

Cragganruarye

Wester This

three

'middle

or

Duallano

included

original

and

Lawermanach

Cleunlaur.

Lawers'

Cuiltirannich.

Shaunlarochp,

'town-splitting'

example

'great

or

Lawernacroyl.

Glenlawar

Easter

and

under

18th

Lawers.

of

Mahuaim,

or

Lawermoir Drimnaferochq

Marragintrowan,

Clene-lawaris CleunlaiAr

Tombp

Parks.

or

Drummaglassq

and

By 1769p

Callelochane

Discher IV.

the

CrjDwn

and

part

"Rex

dimisit et ad-feodifirmam - concessit Campbell de Glenurquhaj armigero suo Duncano heredibus 10 ejus et assignatis, mercatas terrarum de le Port de Lochtay, cum insula 8 lacus de Lochtay; ejusdem, et piscatione terrarum finis, de Eddirgole mercatas orientalis Jacen. terras de Balloch; propinquius et juxta 4 mercatas 6 solid. 8 den. terrarum de Callilloquhane, in dominio de Deschore et Toyere, Perth: Reddend. 22 vie. annuatim -

mere. Feuferme in

tenancy, to

preference

(1969,136-7) and

much

on

a basis

6 sol.

-8

mentioned the

older

explains: less of

pristinely cash

den.

rather

nomine herep

was

system

of

"Feuferme feudal than

feodifirme".

was in of

developing

Smout

wardholding. more

character, personal

time

this

at

recent since obligation.

in

origin it

rested It

70 -

was

by

obtained known

payment the

as

paying

Ifeu-duty'

that

heritable

perpetual

in

form

older

obligation

It

became

first early

In

1503,

10-merk and

the

paid the

the Sir

land

merks

purchased in

1623

to the

of

the lands

in

James

Campbell,

Alexander 12-merk of

Itosheadorshipt the

of debt-ridden

from

of

and

or casualty.

the

late

crown

and in

fifteenth the

in

of

of

Weem in

the

1604

for

of of

office

Robertsons

1506.

Glenorchyp

thanage

Ardtalnage.

the

Stobhall

Tolgarth

former

of

part of

church

a hurry".

Laird

and

the

military

Drummond

Menzies

Morenish

differed

bought

7th

land,

conferred

incomes

Muschet

in

normally

of

Lairdý Lord

fixed

as

of

the

known

a rent

arbitrary

course

second from

part

from

the

large

Duncan

Achmore, or

any

the

from

28jOOO

toisech

of

money

remainder

Crannichp

payment

for

Finlarig

charters

trace

when

of

Sir

it

centuries

Duncan,

Another

but no

popular.

need

regarded

it

with or

by

wardholding

occupation,

sixteenth

felt

like

be

down-

sum as

followed to

came

carrying

judicial

alike

'grassum'v

Feuferme

perpetuity.

and

the

as

a large

a superior

He also of

(RMS 536): "..., Roberti Robertsoun de Strowane cartam D. Duncano vendidit Campbell de Glenurquhy heredibus milliti, ejus et assignatis 1000 quibuscunque, redimabilem pro merc. dimidietatem'4 terrarum de mercatarum Stronfernan jacentem lie super south side ejusdem, cum lie girssingis et scheillingis,, ' Perthe. in baronia de Strowane, 40 vic. ... terrarum de Thometay-voir in Fernan, solidatas in dictis baronia cum lie scheillingisletc., et vic".

Strowan

71 -

In

a list

the

of

(RMS 1058),

the

titles

ancient

in

lands

Glenorchy

of

Crannich

for

1642 Ardtalnage

and

mentioned:

still

are

Campbell

de Morinche, terras Eddremuckiev Terras Cranyk, vocat. Achmoir thanagii-de Cranykt de Cendknok), et Candkinox(vel cum officio toscheachdoraschipe de Ardtholonyq cum in baronia 'lacubusl molendinis, maneribusq de Weymes (Weym), Perth"* Vic. 40-merk

The Campbellq

their

Strathearn,

the in

The

extent

early

18th

Appendix

missing

century

7.

from

By

Campbell

Fernan

were

held

by

noted,

from

the

15th

Strowang 174,5.

a strong Fernan

Forfeited and

by

control

was

1769 of

the all

seen

from

only

the

Robertsons

severed in

Fordie

on Lochtayside

in

for

1718

a Rental

obtained

from

the

lost

of

as

already

3rd

Earl

of

Glenorchy/Breadalbane sides

of

of

of after

for

Commissioners

the

was

lands

lands

his

by

on both

Fernan

Robertson

Alexander supporter,

of

area

Strowang

of

Jacobite

lands

half

and

at

30-merk

The

century.

Campbells the

be

ownership.

in-1767

Estates

of

Lawerse

stage

the

Lawers

settled

possessions

can

this

and

Earl

first Carwhin

of

lands

1693Pý' to

in

acquired

in

founded th6se

of

and

the

by

was

sale

Campbells

renamed

Campbell

of

time

Lochtayside

was

which

the

Glenorchy

The

with,

connections

cadet

same

Ardeonages

family

Lochtayside,

of

the

held

been

had

compelled

Laird

wholat

landslof

that

beyond

llth

Breadalbaneg the

debts

possessions

Campbell,

John

Lawers

of

since

mountine

other

and

Lawers

of

but

1_473,

lands

the

Breadalbanep

Loch

were Tay.

in

72 I CHAPTER

5*1

Act

to

meant

by

this

the

Lochtayside

before

than

greater

side

square

sixteen

the

on

souls;.

the of

each

be

similarity

side, in

be

but

and in

he his in

2148 is

probably total, the

the

that

there

still

eightY-six

and

tenants

358

is

given.

then in

Lochtayside

is of

of a

1769

figure

Pennant's

villages is

If

member

one

otherwise,

the

In

of

or

writes:

in

for

a familY9

than or

included

figures.

to

less

accurate

so

head

for

persons 838

loch

much

very

hundred".

a total

persons

immediate

(1769),

populous;

the

The

IScotland

the

of

18th.

was

which

of

the

density

twelve

as

six

source,

made.

hundred

1,

regarded

This

his

17699

in

quarter

of

about

sides

estimating of

fore-knowledge

of

very

Appendix

south

suggested.

2986,

Kenmore

seventeen

figure

population

known

are

can

of

a picture

were

Tour

miles

these and

his

of

plus

Laird

suggested

emerges

a density

is

other

13th

surveyed

a population

Loch-Tay

north

a familyp

of

in

recorded

statistics

changes

is

Pennant,

north

third

todayt

of

been

with

lands

th -ere

the

major 9)

that

increasing.

in

was any

has

reforms. of'1769

(Figure

impression

"The

Survey it

Campbellv

Lochtayside

was

agricultural

It

Breadalbanet

51)

c.

particularly

John

of

with

as

century,

of

his

proceeding From

for

Earl

had

Act,

IM

Geo.

landowners.

that

xx)

3rd

and

of

Scottish

1936,

Glenorchy

(10

1770

improvementep

encourage

(McArthurt

before

Entail

of

improvements,

can

LANDS AND HOLDINGS

Population The

of

1769:

IN

LOCHTAYSIDE

FIVE

Killin

a reasonable

not and

73 -

Divisions

Land

5*2

Pennant "I

Estate: so it,

that

fetching at

of

which

reaches

to

the

wrote

his

General

to ,i

to

highly

to

to

into

or

the

of

between

some of

medieval

times 4 and

Marshall officiaries lands

each;

the

lands,

so

each

arbitrary

modern

circumstances

of

the and

the

1769

"The

are

words larger of

estates

suited

The

of

late

can

be

ancient

an

better

estatd"s

officiaries

are

in

and

consisting

baronies

Lochtayside

Central references

his

divisionp the

in a cordp

the

earlier

that

study:

they

Marshall

his

of

many

such

which

by

of

some

present

Lord,

William

decades

OFFICIARIES:

an

present

Figures

was

Breadalbane

relevant

barony,

it

but

care.

travelling

Agriculture

1794,

his

fastened

next".

each,

over

etc*

backsp

being the

the

of in

as

the

divided

are

of

View

situation

general

head

Scotland

of

the

horse

districtsp

their

Criefv

from

on horses

one

to

each

some

into

men under

from

coal

own expencep tail

hundred due

has

presides

on

end

an

also

divided,

officer

was

estate

miles

he

where are

five

duties

the

Highlands

Sea,

bringing

peat,

strings,

West

or

the

a hundred

ride

Breadalbane

Breadalbane's

properties

four,

their

Lord

a ground

He superintends

do,

the

great

three,

has

that

the

of

sub-divisions

could

Officiaries:

called

as

he as

These

islands*

and

far

as

even

informedv

was

extensive

the

noted

also

similarities post-

and seen

in

Tay',

these,

9. continues:

contain with

from their

ItOn the one

to

proportions

banks three

of

Loch

square of

hill;

miles

of

comprising

'valley

74 -

from

ten

twenty

to

being

township,

petty from

two

the

farms

to

six

or

remain

original

entirety",

in

the

1769,

"towns"

entireq

in

number;

or

have

On the farms

of

North

-

5 farms

-

1 farm

-

2 farms

-

3 farms

-

5 farms

Crannich Lawers

-

Fernan

-

16

5 farms 20

farms

Ardtalnage

-

21

farms

-

19

farms

can

mean

of

these

one

had

Carawhin, (Figure

and 26)t

tenant.

towns

tenancies to

ten

separate

Marragnaha,

e. g.

one

the

only

from

varied

to

each

or

cluster

Croftvellich but

being

(Appendix

Ifarmlets'

Blarmore sub-divisions

which

and

A few

1).

a town

within

Marragphuil

these

Achmore)

including

holdings,

tenants'

names

and of

(not

sub-divided*into

on Lochtayside

Marragdow,

follows:

as

farms

Ardeonage

reference

was

Side

Clochran

Marshall's

their

to

9 farms

South

Taymouth

back

Side

Morenish

Carawhin

instances,

few

some

on Loýhtayside

townships

5 farms

Kuiltyrie

generally

brought

Terartar

Etramuckie

in

or,

offioiaries

or

or

farmlets;

been

12

farm,

each

into

subdivided

eight

number

farms;

or

Tombour

on Easter had

farmp

or

on Wester Carawhin

more

than

75 -

"In

each

generally

that

to

extensive

from

the

the

kept

in

who of'the

the

and 1794v

The

the

transactions

5-3

from

in

called to

with

Size

A part

of

the

tenants'

rent

to

two-thirds

of

one-third

I'Mony,

meall,

Rent

chickens". as

bear,

the

harvesting,

the the

observed, tenants

Another (Appendix

7),

of

cutting

bringing

of the

the

landlord

the

(Marshallo was

estate

most

ofý

etc.

rent

quite

as

of

for

mentioned

in

the

tenants

By

this

capons#

servicesq

harrowing

and

and,

as Pennant

peats

on

in:

boarsp

Crieff,

be working

varying

being

onerous

horses

from

kind,

A Lochtayside

lambsv

carriage

coals to

steelbow

total.

the

men and

of

is

the

in

in

paid

butter,

and

needed tenant

between

tenanciesp

was

lists

due

was, also

most

type

7)

wedders,

provision

(at

Holdi-ngs

of

(Appendix

1718

Eýppraisers

who handled

rentalsp

and

etc.

officer

on'the

Breadalbane,

settling

etc.

tenant"

official

exempt)v

the

sworn

ground

and

but

himself

etc.

disputes

tenant

for

dealing

the

orders

tenants,

of

BIRLEYMENIby

important

most

is

more

*but

tenants;

he

which

settle

between

the

dispatches,

Rents

of

when

are

Chamberlain

Rental

such

officiary

or

to

removal

of

manor,

distributes

only

(from

forwarding

somewhat

an English.

not

the

is

office

factorg

or

manager)

25). Earl's

he

lord

are

tenants,

the

of

repair,

each

valuers;

bailiff

performed

the

Also

request

the

in

disputes,

whose

useful:

services

roaýs

of

or

more

a GROUND OFFICERO

resides

tenant; the

of

and

notices,

sees

officiaries

a principle

similar

or

these

of

often their

times

at

own land.

Rental system

of

1718

the

landlord

76 -

at

tenant

his

gave

to

entry

the

century

and The

merks,

not

Loch

farm

on

the

south

lands

Croft

at

the

value

and

122-123)

(see

were

of

Morar

and them

the it

holdings

59 lowest

the

with

in

Ardeonage,

Boat-Croft

of

Tullich,

on

4-merk

havine

Portbanet

Kenmore

farms,

the

are

each

ano

the

rent,

of

north

for

Croft

pendiclers

the

the

crofters holding

each

conformed, of

davoch

national

equation or

1930,46-47;

real

8-3

land and

had

of

below).

one

of

between been

assessment".

made

the

a third.

them

seems

to

conform,

and to

merklands

by units

gross

The

terminology

The

(1969, shared

evidently.

merkland.

formed

throughout

uniformity

denominationt

a 1973t

Macpherson

were

the

been

Dodgshonp

evidence

perhaps

clearly

long

merklandshave

Highlands

of

Knoydart was

of

Chapter "The

while

originst

no

systems

which

system

is

states:

of

they

but

for

Mill

the

and

(Grant,

there

regional

between

the

Scots,

valuation,

The

sizes

and

Highlands

two

and

4d.,

in

given,

recorded

terms

highest

three

discussion

of

10-13)t

the

usually

lands.

The source

for

18th

Survey..

entirely

Callelochane

Dunard

1/4-merk

at

In

respectively*

are

13s.,

at the,

during

is

townships

except

the

with

1769

the

iron

and

be, r, eturned

disappearing

McArthur'has

4).

timber to

had

this-detail

side,

Fingleng

valuation

the set

1 and

8 tenants

and

in

whereas

south

side

of

mentioned

omitted

Tayq

this

was

originally

(Appendix

Glebe

but

of

horses,

cows,

It

value

has

of

the

is

a value

side

land,

tenancy.

rental

Farquhwýson

seed,

his

work the

of

end

stock,

pennyland The

distinction

of

historical-

indicate to

a single on

South

that

'

77 -

Lochtayside in

terms

cases,,

of

of

out

the

and

55

of

acreage

the

this

1*05

the

per,

locality

in

and

the

tradition

sub-division

of

the

quarter-land

or

quarter

with

(one-eighth to

the

fits

plough

or

terms

South

Loch-

100-75

acres

or, half

of

ploughland

well a formal

was

8--3 below)v

a

two

a plough),

ýinfield

reasonably

a davochvýcontainina

of

ploughsv In

and

in,

(see'Chapter

davoch

25 years-after-the

in

stated

subdivisions contain,

the

auchtens

was'equivalent

and

on a parp -2i

'of

side

necessary.

is

of

north

side-and--by

information

accuracy* the

south

for

the-north

the

ploughs

but

to

supplied

discuss

McArthur

lists

but

side,

side, were

size

closer

by

John

of

south

number

Farquharson

does

this

does

occasionally

although

divided

he

(Appendix

1)0

of

which

it

is

complete

ploughs only

details

the

for sidej

with

the

the

differing

Farquharson

holdings

the

for at

and

the

for

look

of muir".

acres'of

proportions

variability.

McArthur the

the

off

do not

4 acres

75

about

a much the

of,

John

with

"The,

infield,

of

William

tenants

present

5acres

far

Surveyp

Account:

the

Of

waste,

not

-Because

forms

Statistical

than

more

Loch'Tayp

of

difficult

Old

woody

generalisation

Lochtayside

holdings

orreal,

outfield, il,

is

-This,

27

merklaud*'

Marshall

south

the

a davoch

of

Writing

This

that

of

of

the

10-70

area

In

plough.

infield

of

an

number

one

plough

4).

and

taking

acres

1769e

l

to

merklandp

had

merkland

of'one

the

equal

merklands

1078-303

of

equivalent

(Appendix,

merklands

infield

totals

the

about

capacity

is

of

merklandsp, in

be

working

average

tayside

to

seem

land

of

on

intermittently state McArthur

how does

not.

78 -

The

plough

or

land

that

could

to

horsegangs

the

as

to-keep

to note side by

is

called

(see

5.6

farm,

each

ploughs,

e. g.

9 tenants

the

number

of

for

side

(e. g.

Figure

at

holdings. in

writing

the

of

farmsp, a farm,

of

that

there

and

8 when

carried

but

it

on in

for

Statistical populations: but is

one*

among

the

no

Account

(1793,

"The

tenantel

every

whole

relevant

the

work

north or to

Kilmartinp

of

vol.

8,97)9

particularly

of

tenants,

and the

fourth

the

only

a horsegang; farm,

by

reference

possessions,

The

the

crofters

pari. sh

here

A

all.

for

the

called

4 upon

a large

common

small

that

recorded

on

of

4 horse-

at

at

mentions with

names

for

shown

mention

not

so

-

recorded

are

but

minister

generally is

none

held

the

are

and

occasionally

what

there

horsegangs

2)

Lochtay-

does

ploughs

9f

Stroan-Fernan),

or

are

mention

people

interesting

is

horses

of

a horsegang"

assume2+

four

south

pendiclerstholdings

36)p

have

for

gives

grey;

a horsep

Farquharson he

(Appendix

side

Old

township

part

and

The

describes arable

no

Farquharson

(e. g.

cotters

we can

crofters' south

-

or

It

numbers

4: 1.

"Each

On

area:

for

common

ploughs

the

but

of

-4

this,

-each (1774,92).

the

of

note

makes

the

where

their

Etramuckie,

plough

McArthur,

I, plans

at

the

farm.

him

a ratio

a year.

white

is

it

with

in

with

to

gangs

that

exactly

in

furnishing

a horse-gangtl

almost

amount

of

generally

small, them,

below)

the

into''horsegangst remarked

and

between

as

a plough-team

Pennant,

'very,

are

reckoned

divided,,

was

little,

are

farms

agree

by

worked

a plough.

a plough

this

and

was

plough

horses

the

and

be

the

Lochtayside

11...

plough-gate

so sometimes

farm with

6

is their

wives

79 -,

They

children.

and

8.. 5 below)v are

The

to

age

tenants With

47 farms

give

an

-details

the

excluding and, 176

tenants,

perhaps

a reflection

Discher.

Deshoir

sunny

or side

Average

of

giving

the

holdings

farml

for

but

this

On the are

Side

infield

22.00

acres

outfield

116.00

acres

grassp

164.95

acres

per-farm

North

listed

'the -.;

north

47

--

farm

per meadow,

infield

5.68

acres

outfield

17.31

acres

grass,

acres

per

per

farm

head,

dyke

wood

below

the

tenants

182

Side

acres

farms

farm

per

6.96

follows:

as

tenant

per per

tenant

meadowp wood per

tenant

below

the

tenant

head

no

south

dyke

side,

farm

per

density

population

Locha_Tatha)

would

52 farms

tenants

3-38

of

Portbane.

we have

there

greater

may be

acres

29.95

per

10

8

side,

Tay'.

26.95 4

and

is

Etramuckiev

tenantsq

182

average

(Deasir

Loch

children

side

south

and

pendiolersp

an of

9 for

holdings.

and

North

1

side

tenants

crofters

north

On the

crofter/pendicler

the

by

Callelochane

north

3.87

of

average of

the

on

the

on

followed

for

recorded

were

tenants

of

Stroan-Fernan.

and

Chapter

assistance".

Blarliarganp

Carawhin

Wester

any

their

when

occasionallyp

number

of

any, servants

employ

only

give

greatest farm

the

for

such

and

of

not

seldom

(see

of or

-

80 -

South

Side

farms

52

19.67

acres

infield

13-08

acres

outfield

per

6o. 43 acres

grass,

meadow,

93,18

per

acres South

farm

per

farm

farm wood per

farm

the

dyke

below

Side

head

176 tenants .

5o8l

acres

Infield

3.86

acres

outfield

per

17-85

acres

grassv.

meadow,

27-52

acres

per

tenant

per

tenant

tenant wood

below

tenant

per

the

head

dyke I

The by

difference the

in

omission

Farquharson's

and

the arable

land.

It

south

side

than

the'tenants Averages tenant

single of

infield,

would

the

do not, Finlarig

455,

head'dyke

of

who

had

shares

one

'horsegang'

or

1/4

4.23

acres

of

dyke

of

12.08

acres.

the

along

cannot,

since

crofters

doubt

about

south

side

the

on averagel of

the of

of

quantities

2 acres

the

' give the

north

outfield

whereas

the

according

to

tenants less

outfield

true

side,

60 acres

had

a total

acreage

10

tenants

of

Farquharson's

each

outfield

and

extremes

had a

3-10

total

did

below

Blarliargang (each

notes acres below

not

The

picture.,

and

plough),

These

from

side.

on

of

is'no

lesser

of-course,

the

infield,

farms

almost

'north

this

holdingsp

thatq

appear

hadýeach

53 acres

equal

the

explained

holdings but

side,

There

outfield. of

partly

pendiclers'

proportionately

of

of

and

the north I in outfield

size

be

might

of

no

their

and

the

crofter"s'

had

smaller

loch

holdings

difference

pendiclers

generally

of

of records

the

explain

infield

exist

of the

on

head

the

81 -

south

side,

where

apart

from

Tomour

farm.

Milton

infield, head

of

sharesp

had

2.91

acres

dyke

of

of

in

among

further

1-78

no

figures the

five

was

although

each

made

emphasise

the

Lochtayside

....

was

of

four-fifths

some

much of

in

other

this

two-thirds 47

farms,

(e. g. infield,

of in

that

of

14 had

Crof tantayan, but

This

68.67

Scotland

1769 the

the

or

at

On the

27a, of

some

had

outfield).

of only

These on

outfield

the

Lscusses (1932) that

probably

Scotland

being

earlier

north

for

time,

but

only

about

side,

44.99

out to

outfield

The

true

been

was

who

outfield

infield,

figure

proportion

Figure

of

croftj

a shared

of

the

is

suggests

Survey.

may have

outfield

infield.

a greater

acres

than

a

and ' This

wood.

generalised

land

arable

category".

areas

on Lochtayside

but

extent

whole

eachj,

Hamilton

quotes

be

to

xlvi-xlvii)-d;

and

greater

the

head

Rovu, ckyg

infield

rather

in

the

side,

proportion

(1936,

acreages

the

but

infieldp

of

outfield

of

this

of

acres

and

the

assuming

acres

meadow

absence

proportion

the

1.41

small

McArthur

noted

of

tenancy,

is

side.

acres

grass,

a normal

mention

south

of

below

below

the

on

giving

the

4.62

acreage

7-062

of

but

all,

infield/outfield

comprised

had

25 acres

Callelochane,

a total

and

grazing

acreage

8 tenants

of

tenantsp

not

again

south

each

it

that

of

tenanto

One farm

acres

smallest this

for

had

a total

and

one

acres,

divided

that

for

a large

was

Croftdow

with

holdings

single-tenant

which

outfield

outfield

39-13

unusual

the

of

large

no

Ardtalnage

of

47-04

dyke

were Suckoch,

and

3 acres

equal

was

there

acres

south

side

of

infield of had

82 -

farms than

52 where

of

out

but

infieldy For

small.

16

Figure

9

Tomour

42,

and 43

3.6oo

Tomindason

11.156

3- 969'

Milton of Ardtalnage and Croftdow

25*112

3-056'

Lickbuy

Shenlarich

19.419

6.037

46

lKeprannich

18.681

5.144

65

]Kenmore

on

the

south

be

side

infield/outfield

minister

of

and

bear

follows

equal

the

from

is

it,

was

Parish

in

was

mostly

"The

there

former

in,

oats.

This

the

cattle

makes

lie

ley,

is

in

Next

and

sheep

in

The for

upon

oatsv

and

sometimes

and

cropping

is

continued,

agriculture

in

resto

of

this

is

generally

winter.

folded

are

the potatoes

and

rotation

pasture,

another

yearg

bearg

being

manure

in

or

into

bearp'

is

land

arable

in-field

potatoese the

Account,

Statistical

old

oats last

crops,

of

in,

the

2 running

process

of

year;

cattle

same

the

by

explained

clearly

these

smaller

were

scarcee

the

to

to

allowed

the

one

potatoes,

dung

milk

and

is

year

the

are

general

third

which

continued

the

system

out-field;

'in

the

was

8, -1793,258-259):

parts;

division

there

(vol.

holdings

farms'and outfield

in-field-and

three , \ýatsv

and

Kilmartin

quoted,

divided'into

that

and

1.4,5o

9.6oo.

Glebe

that

repeated

The

field

5.944

-16.181

6-788

thus

and

Suckoch

and

23-375

can

limep

Outfield

Infield

Skiags

It

the

very

were

20-775

-44 45

already

greater

sizes

Farm

28

the

was

the'outfield

general

17

and

40

proportion

example:

in

No.

in

outfield

out-

2 years, it:

Then 3,

taken

being

country", A

of the

83 -

The on many Easter of

outfields

were

squeezed

south-side

farms

(e. g,

Figures

had

actually

Tallich

outfield

plan)

head

shieling

and

the

(arop

6 farms

McArthur

east

and

there

are

the

1769

head

48p

Plates

land,

of

the

outfield, be

could south

'intakes'

suggesting of

the

Ardeonage

in

the

vall.

McArthur Mains

ey

of

notes

14

64 roods".

It

intake

the

contemporary undertaken t]4e

the

Newton

the

is

and

from

had

on

outfields mile

Burn

lochsideo

its

outfields Burn

moor

be

from the

was

The by

of to

the

on

the

above

Easter

farm

at

well

37

38).

know

and the

and rýstricted

above line 1 mile

road

when if

was

mouth up

straight

just

part

the

detached

the

type

eastern dyke

by

of

possibility

heýtd

particularly

population

farms"p

that

of

It...

farm

course

initiatedp

pressure

of

area: the

their

east

52).

in

(Figures

by

bothies"Just

Mains

interesting

increasing

relieve

the

of

By

roods.

with

moor.

listed

are

scarcity

areas

raor)

Revane

above

farms

the

detached

would

to

plan

outfield

side

The

(roer,

colonised

the

projecting from

level*

51 and .

Many

suggested. have

side

sea

immediately

been

and

a patch

here.

farm

con. sidering

and

above

shieling

had

area

46)

on McArthur's

south

possible

dyke

Aro

"immediately

the

shieling

of

the

Craig,

a similar for

on

dyke

(Figure

Tullich

interesting

of

at

45

head

Raor

for

is

remains

the

colonised

metres)

a shieling

Tullich

Easter

it

of

as having

440

word-elements airidh)

to

up

(named

dyke (335

feet

Gaelic

of

and

by

the

1100

about

combination

one

46)

above

at

that

(.Figure

right

it

perhaps arable

this were

84 -

There dyke

the

on

patches

are

north

side

on Rheninchuleigh

north

(457

Carawhin

Cary

and

Farquharson's 'new

head

"grass

as head

from

mostly

Claggan

Leadour

5.4

the

the

the

on

valleys

1900

(nos-

Glentalnage

listed

týem

the

sidep

south

(305

feet

Ardeonage

(580

where

a higher

and

1000

at

feet

3)v

and at

metres)

in

35

and

36

tenant

in

the

Tenancies

the

the

tacksmanp

Argyll

lands

to have

known

of

held

there the

directly

a recent

study

(1979b)

1674,

61% having

only

classes

seems to be rare were

in

noted

leases.

where Earl,

leases of

39% had written

verbal

family,

the

of written that,

Breadalbane

tacksmen

1769,

from

of

in

Breadalbane

on Lochtayside

evidence

Whyte

best

Although

period.

in

or

reaches in

land

I between

just

Easter

Appendix

dyke'

1500

about

and

head

Along

Cuiltir-

and

3)-

One of

In

the

muir".

in

except

where and

26), the

it

told

the

on

of

in

16

and

metres)

highest

Wester

at

head

on wester

greatest

level

an

below

Ardtaluage,

Appendix

,

shows

(290

Rheninchuleigh its

14,15

the

metres)

dyke'is

between

(nos.

taken

contour,

head

sea

(Figure

-as (305

below feet

950

reaching

dyke'

just

feet

above

plan

is

dyke

metres)

3),

metres)

as

high,

The

loch

(Appendix

annich feet

26). the

of

side

outfield

1000

and

(Figure

Carawhin

of

mentioned

on the

tlýey

not

the

the

A few

or

tacks

in

appear

intermediaries. 17th

leases, were

were

tenants

119 Breadalbane tacks

this

at

without in

Highlandsp

century,

Estate the being

tenants other given

85 -

1769 and part

after is

shown in

Appendix

(1782-1834)p

Earl

as 1845 in

in

varied

consensus

seems to have

and were

The observations Old

Statistical

McDiarmedp -1 bordered to

of

man possesses his

is

the

reap

or

injustice

towards

or

houses

Doune

that

ignorant

tenants,

themselves words

1794:

"Few

Holding

their

tenureq

they

dependance

so

are their

kept

100

but

fools',

before

of

the

enjoy

possessions

landlords.

manifest erect

yearsp

and

madmeng

who of

dikes give or

impassioned

were

Kirkmichael

leases

of

their

a short a state be

and of

poor

would

of

must

of

to

laird,

more

in It

is

parish

by

continually

minister

their

Even

will

little

have

bound

least

None

absurdly",

tenants

him

a

the

The "It

make

While

uncertain

altogether

1797:

at

lease.

small

on

to

last

minister the

of

in

hindrance

great

at

can

industry".

shuddering

the

of

his

is

of which

leases.

yeart he

case'here)

observed

to

to

James

The Rev.

of

the

in

writing

ttAnother

want

year

practices.

Weem, part

of

long

nowhere

farming

good

the

but

region,

noting.

the

as he of

ought

a 19 years

the

the

Leases

were

1792-3:

in

a tenant

him-only

bind

is

as late that'-

ministers

parish

from

only

fruits

Kilmadock

to

worth

is

improvementq

for

to

the

general,

(which

they

4th

the

reported

to

region

of

wrote

a'farm

landlord

spirit

Tayq in

agriculture

are

of

, of

reforms

granted"*

that

a number

minister Loch

from

obstacle

Account

on

rarely

been

a major

agreement

Statistical'Account

but

length

obviously

enough

,

been

SuCh'an

Kenmore

at

(New)

of

the

minister

Second

as yet

substance

'Despite

9.

the

the

have

"leases

the

of

in

farms* uncertain abject

manifest

to

every

86 -

that

observer, thus

retainedt

of

or

skill,

tenants to

years#

is

itj

one

of

superiority,

of

their

inferiors, to

In

their be

1769

north

even patches about

176

strips

called

possessors

of

the

or

butts, are

constitutes

changed

be

late

occupied

with

a societas

in

intervals

every

second arandi,

in

the

exercise

dependence

servile

of

182 been

these

1807,

also

where several

across

Headrick,

on

notedv

should timep

the

scattered

as

be

cannot

already

and

James as

power

and

they

writing stated:

run-rig,

or

betwixt

them,

or

third

or

township,

of

little

on Lochtaysidep

system

outfields

is

that

that

a number are

fipdp

extremej

might

for

or

it

is

Or

they

which

As has

run-rig

on Arran land

money

which

tenants

the

holding

having

on whom wealth

south.

in

varied

situation

cultivated

the

on

infield

of the

were

small

"The

farm

358

are

from

not

receiving

there

landlords

themselves

a gratification

terms

a very

in

the

"Freeze

improvements? bind

quench

themselves

superiority,

relinquish?

and

in

of

and

to

men,

iI

holdings seen

kind

to

the

that

with

that

-that

spontaneously

and

'tenants

to

Or

it

exertions

patriotism,,

a HiGhlander;,

benefit

making

cultivation

that

persuaded

for

of

conferred

the

or

their

modes

acquainted?

grows

Is

no

unwilling

are

which of

soul".

deriving

industryp

of

are

the

repress

independencet

and

peasantry

ardour

breast

of

to

tendency

soill

the

the

leases;

granting

have

in

the

which

the

native

of

current

ýapprehensive

in

extinguish

freedom

of

spirit

the

a strong

warmth

such

genial

t

has

his

to

attachment

the

situation

to

of-industryp

with

the

year.

in

narrow whose Each

where

a

87 -

number

'famiiiess

of

fifteen

to

divide

the

twentyt

to

agreed

the

remaining

after

of

or

interest is

that

sort

family

4th

from

Earl

landp

which

they

t ime be

then

is

done

would

judge

to

this and

sp ent but

so in

also

actually

divide be; of

lots

cast

may do less

work

which

time

is

lost

troublesome

and

on year

after

go

contending

not

the

in

which

double

into

than

perhaps

own share

they

manner the his

might contentions

heighto

or

only

done often

Further,

occupy

and

what

work is

to

all

by

one. arise

by

this

that

for it

again

o.

often

more

is

first

to

done

than

be

and

go

to

By

this

to

ground parts

reaps

execution,

neighbours, be

to

yearo

it

of

eight

and the

plow

sppt,

the

have

farm

into is

to

farms

the they

field

each

by

Papers

labour

his

sows

or

divisions

"Many

First

what

the

to

Estate

equa 1 quality

for

marks

illustrated

Argyll:

every

each

carry

none

and

they

by

A ridge,

well

Breadalbane

together.

works

ridge

or

1807,309)T

are

tenants

whole

harvest

system

these

their

in

(Headrick,

eight

a butt

to-twenty

fifteen

it"

regulations

certain

farm.

whole

in

on all

After

the

the

be

either

corresponding

with

the

to

subdivided

Chamberlain

carry

crop.

is

who

them,

among

his ...

and

-it

in

cultivationp

there

par'cels

upon

among

tenants

shares

if

and

of

1783

eight

or

according,

seen

drawbacks of

or

has

marked

a letter

usage,

into

frequently

The

butts

from

of

its

or

division,

sticks,

each

patch, of

the

in

ridges

themselves;

among

stoný,

old

the'extent

concerned

are

different

according

to

sometimes

that

a piece

of

much

a disagreeable

method

there

is

88 -

no

for'one

encouragement than

his'neighbour,

fall

to

his

industrious

reaps

no

more

indolent

his

lands

better

year

may-not

of was

system

'"A

tasted

by'the

lower

and

strength

support the'most severe wheat

a principal and have

bestowed

more

than

great Home areas subject

the

of

the

land is

the

it

saved the

into

Redcliffe

potato 9 below)

cultivation. Salaman's

supporting superior

makes

no

part

of

-

diet;

their

latel

ordinary

that

havingo

the

miseries

are

mentioned

The History

in modern

it

is

of

famine".

by

and

winter; times

probable, The writersy

many in

usefulness great

become

have

potatoes

blessing

its

bread,

especially

people,

in

namelyp

shape,

the

Of

the

-especially

similar

a

to

four-rowed-barley,

or

bannocks;

from

In

great

probablyl

much

in

greatest

isýthe

is,

and

rarely

be

into

common

is

food

to

big

country;

(Chapter

mentions

-

productions$

Oatmeal

-

found

lairds.

food

of

is

its

and

the

tenantso

of

foods*

eaten

or

once

milk

and

on a farm.

land

the'food

present,

gentry,

on

benefits

of

vegetable

called

considered

are

qualities

of

Highlanderg

largely

cakes,

the

of

even

of

peasqýtoot'ar'e

flaccid

thin

of

tenantry.

the

"Beer"

enters

bread:

advantage

Animal

of

it

food.

nevertheless,

major

with

of

whichp'-at

Highlander's

in

order

exercise,

flour;

lazy

discussing diet,

substantial bodily

all

and

most

the

the'Highlandse

throughout

prevails

of

this

occupies

diligent

The

next.

'The

sharing

vegetable

he

benefite'than

(1794,21)

MaVshall observed:

share

his

manure

and

as what

neighbours"o its

in

improve

to

man

study Social

bringing on

this

Influence

89 -

of

the

he

states:

of

a miracle:

Potato

"But

journey

600yearsp

by

magic

food

the

carpet

cornerstone

nor

Church,

the

Highlanders, the

of

the

nor

have

them

been

found

require

5-5

croftersq

held

only

a few

wood, the

acres

(17949 the

as

33) farms

...

till

April; family

of

cattle Their

of

the

distress

by

Boswellp Farmer),

Gentleman potatoes

is

of

a

are

to

importance have

they

years has

proved

a

they

are

easily

cooked

milk"11.

the

joint-tenants so

infield also

hold

which land

were was

refers

to

as:

I'*.

are

they

outfield meadow

fixed.

and

those

with

of

in

re-allocated

* a species

respectively

no

grass,

herded

not

remained

they

because

called

some

but

them

on Lochtayside

tcroft',

or

tenants',

which

or'protect

which as

the

to

Statep

help

as

late

of

become

Cotters

could

a few

it

peoplep

to

Neither

The

It...

'acre-menlp

or

joint-tenants.

same way

on

had

low

(in

wrought a new

of

was

so admired

1776

potato:

or

to

They

moor. and

kiln

_ inferior

the

in

a poor

Pendiclers,

were

no

many

use

to

not

not

ignorant

not

Kamesp

round even

neither

A class

and

year

answer to

Crotters,

the the

for

the

to

Law Lord

of

food all

were

Drummond

planting

support

great land

The

by-the

intervened

they

economic

centuryp

structure.

opinion,

the

made

rejectedp

and

short

A miracle

but

social

though

people

sixty.

scorned

Highlandsv

little

was

the'eighteenth

machine,

public

Blair

comfortable

a million

than

their

Scottish

occurred

to

less

once of

from

urges

of

time

or

peoples

writing

in

which,

the

fact,

thirteenth

but

stuff

in

what,

the

to

reference

a quarter

from

in

in

where,

the

Marshall of

subtenants

attached.

Besides

go

-

one

two

"cows

sheep,

they

or

four outfield

holdings", have

muir),

or

a few

in

return,

perform

the

works

of

harvest

and

home

the

Old

the

is

tenant

of

a piece

of

arable

land,

from

1,

to

2,

with

grass

next

farm".

who were Croft,

Mill

Boat

Ale-House

Croft

a service

to

McArthur

on

directly

land

from have

who

could

the

joint-tenants up

points be

wished

the

value

that

this

larger,

extent,

make

it

when

of more under

this

mode as

could

it

1 man,

is with

productive, the

probably

held

direction

become found,

that

ordinary in

proportion, of

a greater

and than

to

were

and

general,

a piece care

by

Kilmartin

"It

more

their

placed of

holding:

by

unlisteds

others,

minister

of

providing

named

undoubtedly

type

e-g*

Croftq

and

were The

and

persons

2);

numerous,

of

Tay

the

of

cattle

place-namesp

(Appendix

themselves.

management

will

Earl

mea 6uredp'

Ferrier's

listed

Loch

may be

which

schoolmasters

indicate

Those

He occupies

the

and

Croft,

Kilmartin, "The

-

himselfq

to

tenant

of

briefly:

common with given

of

minister

generally

not

as

the

possession. for

Croft,

cultivate;

services;

peatal

of The

out

Piper's

side

the

been

the

made

crofts

him

to

obliged

farmers,

Baker's

south

no

of

explained

in

communitys

the

(but

certain

often

Croft,

the

land

to

though

full-time

and

infield is

marked

were

not

or

smaller

2 cows,

Crofts

three

casting

a still

1 or

of

share"*

3 acresp

or

pasturage

tenant

Account,

crofter

others

the

crofters'

Statistical

for

acres

the

which

they,

in

the

and

and

fetching

-

of

landl

indust7l a larger

number".

the in

91 -

Anotherý,

the

few

by McArthur

listed holders

the

on

crofters'

is

and might

south

shown at Figure. Lowest

the

of

tenants

which,

were In

some

who

cotters of

carried

Kilmartin

known

group,

grazing,

McArthur side

what

of

two

in

2)e

An example

a-

'official'

the

of

officiary

'dry only

or

the

1793:

infirm

house

by

the

tenants

"The

only

from

the

all

Tay and Farquharson

only

The

cotters

the

are

cotters

tradesment

the

tenants,

and,

a small

house

and

and even potatoe tenants"@

had neither

of

manY

and r

Another

on the

mentions

land

corn

(Mason,

and a kailyard

a house

the

this

for

labourers.

grass,

cotters'l

at

hill.

comprehended

possess

purchase

the

return

reduced

a cow's

a cow on

harrowed

or

tenants*

the

joint-tenants

servants

are

holdingsp of

will

Joint-

the

from

graze

peats.

joini7tenants'

pendiclers'

the

In

which old

at

and

in

the

infield

occupied

whp

cottarsp

ploughed

for

without

he must

but

only

to

The cotters

as

been

on

of

moved

wrote

makes no mention Loch

or

farm

the

sometimes

nor

factq,

class,

gardenp but

cotteries

theright

their

of

widows.

outfield.

or

or

be

services

several.

only Those

no

crofters'

home

day labourers,

land,

the

was

in

numerous

most

had

in-ArdeonaGe

cotters

acre

land

were,

minister

the

had

performed

them

the

they

Their

also

have

(Appendix

and. could,

areas

pastures.

an

unlike

fixed

not

croftersl

holdings

were

held

They

attached

the

like

again

cott-houses

farms.

land

36.

all

cottagesl

the

of

grass,

side

were

pieces

some

pendiclers'

and

crofters

or

They,

infield

of

acres

the

pendicles

township.

farm

to,

similar

who had

pendiclers, to

group

1947). south

them in

passing

92 -

for

Fernan

Port

and

they

Although

in

numbers

the

later

regarded

as

a large

stratum'

of

the

tenants J relatives,

18th but

giving

tenants"land to I was gradually which the

the in

19th

the

of

years

Breadalbane

Officiary

have

cotters

1817 by whose problem'was changes.

the

previous

hands

in

4,

and

of

can of

one

some

8

this

of

is,

period, 2 or

tenants

3

which

until

the

subsistence. early

list

the

farms

now

the

since

were

formerly but

the

year

The

explained"-

not

improvements in

the

1793

of

population of

out being

five

twenty

that

wrote

laying

Killin

for

list

affected

among

on Lochtayside

by agriciýltural

the

eachq

of

appears

Kilmartin

other

sub-division

cotters

is

or

population

Officiary

has

"What

sons

means

the

of

end "It

in

their

from

seen and

aggravated

grazier, by

peak

or permission

years:

pasture;

be

the

minister

that

its

result-of

increasina its

appended:

placed

The

an

the

Isubthese

a further

simply

crofters

At

sanction

20

within

entirely

century

obviously

and

most,

reach

is

been

been

not

10).

a note

to

be

or

element

Some of

land

in

greatly

whatýmight

as

over-stretching

Papers

(Appendix

1822

forming

accommodate

did

problem

were

of

Breadlabaneq

increasing

created

piece

Survey,

from

concealed

been

may have

others

the

population.

have

of

That

often

a small

in

directly

century,

agricultural

could

sub-tenancies

hold

sub-. tenant

of

side.

north

mentioned

to

appear

types

these'latter

the

on

barely

are

they

where

except

Loch-Tay

of

'Stroan

Ballinuarn,

Tommantaymorep

Easter'Kuiltyrie,

some

into

thrown

the by

som6

possessedý residence

lands

of

only

a

93 -

herd very

short

with

the

to

it

not as

in

order

the

number

that

laid

are

tenants after

the

"Upon

many as

retained

found

the

cotters,

necessaryp

former

mode

II\ particularly ýopulation,

of

it

but

tenants,

This

The

minister

some others they

some

future the

occupying

in,

particularly

the

the

of

no lookine

noted: are the.

preserve it

case

be

might the

to

return tenantsp

small

list

His

numbers

had

to

to

tillage".

for

adapted

by

farm

also

good

possessors

in

period,

of

farms

the

also

called,

are

that

to

occupants

only

put

are

general,

It

farms

former

the

of

in

holds

some

has

This

of

remark

where

Kilmartin

adapted

are

adds

some

upon

often

as

inhabitants.

the

but

as at

and

against of

7 years

population

Batachrianan),

and

farms

out

below)

farmsq

biggingsp

or

pasture.

are

8.5

Grazings. of

in

pasture".

(e. G.

all

at

houses,

in

out (Chapter

Assynt

,for

laid

the

they

as

cottagersp

farms

are

5 to

from

only such

class of

which

tenants)v

so much

a particular

against

(being

alwaysp

howeverp,

operatedp

the

of

leases,

the

of

country,

almost

are,

the-end

at

this

lower

reduces

.

And

two:

or

of

parish

of

is

non-tenantsp

interesting: Situation Inhabitants

of

Number Families

6 100 24

Gentry

Tenants Crofters Crofters or cottagers Change-keepers The

numbers

here,

but

developing

of

on Lochtayside

Total

66 600 144 665 63

5 nearly 7

and state

Persons

11 6 6

133 9

crofters

a similar

Average of in_each

cotters

of and

may be unusually seems

affairs in

other

to

Highland

have

great been

regions.

94 " -

the

That

the

by

considerably

on Lochtayside

population

crofter/cotter

l9th

early

the

mentioned

with

reference

to

but

must

have

considerable

there

A case

1769. of

Finlarig

the

Farquharson's between

Survey,

of

be

for.

(The 1769 version

have

and

a list

of.

of

the

difficult disappeared

and

clusters on

existed

discrepancies

other

a

piece

of

information

Barony

the

for

it

before family:

Breadalbane

No. of Persons

Cotters

22

3

12

4

23

2

3

4

25

1

3

4

21

1

1

3 6 10

17 33 55

2 12

5 25

2

11

1

2

the

to believe by 1769,

farm that only

of

came

3

of

the

by

collected

1755-56,

be

could

'non-listed'

having

No. of Persons

was

clusters

Estates in

tenant

settlement

statistics

Forfeited Strowan)

one

settlement

of

Miltown

of

8 yards

This

5)o

One further

Tenants

Tomintyvoir (Tonunantaymore) Balinearna (Ballinuarn) Corrochern (CorrIcherrow) Croftnaline (Croftinaien) Balmenach (Ballimenoch) Borland Stroan-fernan Lagfernan (Lag-Fern)

is

buildings

townships

possession

Farm

It

19

many

the

(Robertson the

where

4 separate

and

from

added:

Commissioners Fernan

but

Population.

sub-tenant

only

where

tenants

by

explained.

side,

(Appendix

plan

numbers

partly

into

north

in

already

township

the

10,

Appendix

numbers

grown

been

already

in

figures

be

might

altogether

containing

might

point

on'the

in

listed

in

been

has

century

had

name is

in

this

cotter

13 years

brackets)

later,

population or

that

could no

95 -

other

cotters

the

of

loche

does

Perhaps

occasionally "Here

Kuiltyriet at

2 cotters

etc.

1 Croft";

at

town

is

in

Cattle, The

is

a true the

figures

calculating and Also

excluded. Tomour

and

for

follows: (young

the

south

for

the

holdings stock,

excluded

from

This

single-tenanted

500 sheep,

horses)

and

a

non-

Locýtayside

for

figure

mentioned

north for

30

1393 4703 366 327'

be

to

by

the

south

where

taken

farmsp

side

above.

is

from

since

John'Farquharsone side,

separablet

figures

the

crofters',

have

been

farm

of

Lochtaysidep for unusual I farm with as stock grazing

was

4 horses,

30 harrowers

goats. Average

.

Sheep Horses Harrowers

town's

each

Lochtayside

the

farm

Total

Cattle

and

figure

have

holdings

cotters'

200 cows, unbroken

Pennant's

stock

Suckoch.

a large,

being

of

this

of

Crofters

perjenant

7,P9 26.8 2.09 1.8

"I

Ballinuarn:

7 cotteries

possessor

seven

indication

etc, at

"Likewise

it

Easter

catters,

2 cotters";

"The

in

At

etc.

average

pendiclers'

are

population

to

]Farquharson

besides

Loch-Tay:

of

be close

_Sheep,

these

He has

lists McArthur's for (I is not mentioned this In

families

important

as

element.

missing

Stroan-Fernan:

at

then

numbersl

1769 would

5.6 .

"; Port

this

If

tenant

seven

Campbell.

Col:

Cotter".

are

side

regarded

although

this

"Besides

Tommantaymorp:

and

at

northern

not

were

separately,

hint

the

alone

potters

be mentioned

to

enough

in., evidende

were

96 -

The

number

were

held

of

goats

recorded

24

Claggan

Finglen

12

Leadour

-

24

30

Tullicliglas

-

24

24

Tomflour

-

24

The use

the

numbers

of

or-ploughland

goats

glen'

of

stocked

on

be

the\plough

farm:

No.

Noo

Plouahs

of

Lurg

12

Callelochane

16 6

Aleckich

was

is

farm

per

plough the

the farm

mainly

few

that

were the

5th

to

is

obvious

that

Lochtayside

was

industry Tomour

and that

was it

although 2nd

that

the

more

on

3-94. even

However,

and

so

probably

dominate,

Earl

10 horses

only

farmsp Finelen

fit

not

0

side

south

cattle,

farms

decades.

all

does

cattle-droving

grazing

next

had

the

of

Suckoch

of

almost farm

average

was

general

for

but

holdings

it

side,

north

of

same

a 3-Plough

With

The

the

An occasional

horses

to

i4

4: 1.

about

Horses

of

8 4

2

Tomindason

ratio

the

to

related to

therefore

Newtown

This

higher-

the

Ardtalnage.

and

could

and

each

Farm

only

Ardeonage

plough

capacity

held

were

at

horses

four-horse

the

of

that

'up

farms

36

&

be noticed

lying

and'they

Newtown

Achomir will

small,

was

8 farms:

on only

Suckoch Tomour

It

(198)

Marquis

of

shows to

a trend

develop

was it

the

was

towards

rather not

contributing

Highlands.

greatly

sheep

until

of. Breadalbane

the

over than the

larger, the cattle time

(1834-1862)

97 -

that

large

any

Morenish,

Clochrane, were

converted

5-7

Other The

were

Kuiltyrie sheep

in

to

trades

farming

the

it

is

not

millers

were

had

a croft

on

mill

crofts

are

Schoolmasters three

These

and

the

in

1769.

craftsmen

to

important the

also

18th

Boat-Croft

there

and

an Ale-House

Ardeonage

century

by

the

the

occupations

early

Lochtayside these

were

l9th in

at

of

of

the

century 1769,

tailorsp

but

be

and 10)

'invisible'

weaversp

the

on

might

crofters

(Appendix

the

labourers,

the

There

was

who

listed

the

have

existed

surveyors.

a "wood

herd'19

a

operated and

that

suggested

cotters

first in

Society

sidet north in Ardeonage.

could to

loch.

the in

up

ferryman

on Finglen it

of

Knowledge. the

Several

Farquharson

set

and

ge'derally

Survey.

side

been

Lawers

Tynaline

the

5.5 Survey.

they

stood.

north

Church

the

in

land;

of

for

probably

information,

further

the

(see

and

mill

names

whose

croft

in

had

Christian

Miltown

Croft

the

along

Tullichp

at

the

pieces

at

a school

those

them

Lochtayside

given

schoolhouses

from.

specialised

rendered

community

where

for

who

distinguish the

been

have

a particular

in

township

listed

those

apart

with

Propagating

of

Quaich

Lochtayside

of

Therelmust

and

possible

were

ihalf of the \Scotland_for

Lacking

Glen

inhabitants

but

associated

The

shows

of

community,

were

between

in

farms

run.

majority

traýdesmenp

above)

in

over

and

the

when

placep

Occupations great

services or

to

engaged

others,

took

clearances

some for on Among

98 -

shoemakers, were

important

all

not

normally

Old

Statistical

Kenmore

45

Killin the sides

and

that

would

Kenmore

a mainly for

in

Loch

the

1793

20

in

as

were

flax

centres

but

some would

of

Killin

2 bakers

and

as

the

50

north

tailors#

smiths, 1 dyer.

villages be

undoubtedly the

The and

99 weavers,, 16

along

would

survey.

dressersq

such

These

a midwife.

a whole

parishes

there

population Tay.

and

agricultural

4 hosiers,

be but

ferrier" community

shoemakers,

non-agricultural of

in

up

7 merchants, these

of

the

Account

showed

8 coopeýs,

to

show

50 wrights,

Many

a "Boat

smiths,

part and

of of south

99 -

CHAPTER

SETTLEMENT

THE LOCHTAYSIDE

Towns

The

-6*1

division

in

considerably side to

Loch

of

dyke

dyke.

was Scots

acres,

(313

largest

farm

north

the

on

with

35

acres;

on

with

28

acresq

and

and

Sucýcoch,

below

the

were

head

the'head

holdings)

was

The

Survey

units

has

spread related

that

been

acres

These

pendiclers'

and

acres. the

townships,

of

Scottish

1977)o modern

townships

Scottish

farms or

into pairs

suggested

the to

the

earlier

has

before

attention

groups

of

equivalent

He draws

These

time

the

Dodgshon

pairs.

330

crofters'

R*A.

or

Tomour

a township

above.

of

Tomindason,

of

mentioned

arrangement

the

Cleunlaur

1769,

the

many

on

in

than

of

farms

the

single-tenanted

size the

aside

was

of

smaller

(Dodgshon,

groups

a total

average

head

dyke)

Wester

already

were

splitting

century

105

possibility

1769

the

about

the

the

29 acres,

with

largep a

was

north

the

were

on Lochtayside

(leaving

dyke

had

this

exception

however;

extremes,

below

but

head

smallest

Land,

side,

below

and

major

references

below

smallest

acres

the

Ten-Shilling

dyke., an

33

south,

south

The

sides

(all

29)

the

the

on

acres

acres

below

with

the

on

farmg

grazing

south

the

324

the

varied

largest

Appendix

see

acres

These

455

with

with

Marragintrowan

were

the

9):

Finlarig,

Callelochane

farm.

or

(Figure

Stroan-Pernan

and

REMAINS

mentioned,

previously

township

size

in

as

towng

Tay

area s are

head

officiary,

the

was

PATTERN AND ITS

Farms

or

the

Within

SIX

18th

the

wide-

small, are

usually

100

-

by

distinguished Lower,

Nether, Beg. as

Such the

the

many

examples,

possibly

the

to

that

favoured.

-The

heritors,

to

splitting

was

early

modern

desire

complexityv

division

between

examples

of

the

on

to the

combat

holding

Wester

problems

co-heirs Easter

were

Carawhin

and

side

of

and

Loch

Tay,

and

Easter

Tullich,

Wester

and

Easter

Croftmartagep

Wester

'Three in

fragmented tayside

century into Survey

The Tay

Easter

and

(Chapter

charter 16 in

typical

Lawermanachp

farm

townships

Acharn

Easter

the

mentioned

had

above) time

The

side.

south

Glenlawar)

4.4 by

Tullichcano

Lurglommano

and the.

Cleunlaur

Easter

and. Easter

on

Easter

Easter

and

Wester

Ballinlaggan

(Lawermoir,

Lawers'

a 15th

Loch

and

Wester

Possible

Kuiltyriep and

Wester

or

a part-.

Wester Middle

Wester,

land-

alienation

play

all

is three

or or

scale

growing

was

cause two

between

through

could

it

No single

of

for

throughout

Process

runrig

it

evidence

evidencep

periods.

remove

"Wester

and

an

sources

cases,

select

this

ongoing

fragmentation

this

north

towns.

of

and

I From

the

existed

documentary

direct

regarded

various

majority,

a few

or

during

out

Howeverp

in

locate

Mor(e)

been

carried

Midq

Westv

like

always

the

century.

splitting

medieval

and

runrig

possible

concluded

have

nineteenth

of

eighteenth

earl-k

farms

split

East,

suffixes

or

and

the

was 'even

Meikle

and

like

prefixes

divisions I centuries.

product

-that

before

Upper

seemingly

eighteenth show

place-name

-

of

been the

Loch-

shore

of

1769. township

stretched

had uphill

a frontage to

the

head

on

the

dyke

(cross-sectiong

a

101

-

Figure

There

2).

(rigure

11), '

Caryp

the

north as had

shorep Ardeonage 49).

30)

were by

other

the

use

driven

north

farms of

'loaning'

a

head

completely The

30),

this

they

as

are

(1962), quite no

vary high,

more

stone

of

than

termed

the

walling,

orientation

farm

by

the

dyke

for

called

be

could

or

grazings Miltown

with up

of the

against

whole

outfield

(Figure

38)-

in

area

in

or

one

on

grown the the

over

buildings

1769

'clachans'

and

Survey

some

cases, . others

two

or with

or

the far

dry-

peat.

same

from

are

of

courses

turf

have is

Gailey Some stand

preservation.

gables

foundations

that

of

of

element

clusters'or

(1960,1964)

the

of

surviving

These.

degree

sometimes

buildings

other

major

Fairhurst

complete

as

and

pattern*

greatly with

whose

the

houses form

settlement

Demonstrating and

the

on Lochtayside former

right

29

Clusters

The*remains tenants

from

case

and

head

the

moor

the

Mains,

side#

cattle

reach

grazing

and

separated

Settlement

to

south

usually

by which

particularly

a detached

(Figure

dyke

6.2

was

had

which

track farms

adjoining

This

This

28p

from

at

37

(Figures the

Loch

valleys

(Figures

Lawers on

the

and

the

separated

them*

or

them

side

Mains

were

above

Lawernacroy,

and

between

of

and

but

29)

south

Miltown

side,

lying

throuCh

Lawers,

e. g.

Drimnaferoch,

penetrating

the

on

loch%shore

shielings.

was

Ardtalnage

the

the

on

farms

Marrag-ness

Tombp

farms

other

various

farms,

on

Nester,

this:

3 on Figure

had

the

and

Other

and

last

side,

to

exceptions

Craggan

(the-

Cuiltirannich on

were

-

sites

easyp

but

102

-

it

has

found

been

lack

The

seen. between the

to

recons

examples only

buildings

at

the

of

time

unqualified seen

on

27. buildings

and

Farquharson's

buildings

barnsp

on

townships.

have reminder

Wester

Tullich

oblongs

are

The of in

of

labelled

statistics settlement Appendices

or

this

of

has

of been

shaded function

the

of

re-drawn

the

given

sake

unroofed

one

27a .

of

44),

Of

cluster

unshaded;

are

but

the

A

clarity.

on McArthur's

(Figure

can

plan

where

of

some

houses". heightp

size,

etc.,

on both

clusters 5 and

in

Figure

for

taken

convention

all at

be

against

2 buildings

side

"sheep

caveat

a

where,

is

south

even

27a)

in

might

a standard

as

(Figure

been

on

disused

are

on Etramuckie)

clusters

were

of

there

but

shown.

the

seemingly Most

are

some

on

haphazardp

etc-9

This

However,

whereas

areasp

even

black

2-building

small

another

plan

useful

given

houses,

solid

at

and

buildings

and

shaded

Croftantayan

most

of

some

shown

are

orientation

in

upon

orientation

Survey.

acceptance

layoutp

relied

which

the

plans

methods

field

from

pattern

surveyors'

outlines

indicate

number

the

and

shletch-like

are

unshaded

to

be

be

more

(e. g.

attempting

drawbacks

and

oblongs

in

major

representing

Farquharson's

McArthur

the

indiscriminately

scattered

John

of

McArthur's

can

seem much

oblongs

where

42*

and

side

two

be

as will

approach

north

settlement

locations

townships

of

cases,

the

the

buildings

Farquharson's

black

one

of

and

of

number

some

on

former

Samples

Figures-10,12

some

is

the

truct

in

possible

standardisation

of

side

south

remains.

be

Farquharson

John

on

to

-

6o

The

sides

heights

for of vary

a selected Loch

Tay

considerablyp

are

103 -

the

concentration

main

between

450

the

north

on

in

area

side, were

concentration

of heiaht

is.

general there

of

at

the

Ordnance

The

cluster

and

is

in

due

to

increasinf;

all

is

It

and

colonise

have

the

highest

Only

17

(244

metres); glen

highest (366

the

lochside

of

the

soil

in

These

not

are

Howeverv

shown

Cary'

of in

surveyed

O. S.

the

on

1862. map

settlement

of

expansion

17)

on

edition

map,

a Post-1769

in

side

6).

the*first

on

The

(X on Figure

on Blarliargan

named

that

note on the

occur

the

on

of

133

glens

head

dyke

Ardeonage,

on Leadour

can some

are

perhaps of

these

on

the in

small

explained

lower-lying

including

800 side

south

lies

areas.

-5

in the

about

1200

clusters

poor

3)-

feet

where

at of

by

with

(Appendix

above

number

This

penetrate

area,

Glentalnagev 49)

more

Ardtalnageq

and

lie

(Figure

be

to

necessity

of

loche

the

of

on Lochtayside

11

relatively

its

with

settlement

selected 16

side

Ardeonage

at

heights

greatest

side.

the

by

and

thesel

from

north

arable

clusters

the

south

determined

The

to

(Appendix

metres)

'Upper

the

of

metres).

north

is

higher

cluster,

the

clusters'on

(6-inch)

but

into

south

1769.

but-are

to

been

the

in

greatest

population.

stretch

of,

an

on Lochtayside

feet.

O. D.

above

Cuiltirannich,

and

1: 10,560

interesting

a consequently

the

Cary

229 metres)

lying'

farms'and-the

clusters 930

60)

thaii

largest

(251

plans,

aspect,

\seems

I

feet

about

do not

to

the

probability

settlements favourable

located

of

Survey on

Ardvoile

settlement

1769

Farquharson's

between

825

about

on Cary

and

(137 1 and

population

remains

are

clusters'

750'feet

and

which

greatest

of

(more

drainage

close

feet

io4 -

The

number

of- clusters

-

farm

per

(Etramuckie)

8 clusters

I

6 clusters

3 farms

(Tommachrocharg Carawhin), all

5 clusters

3 farms

(Ardvoile Carawhiný,

4

2 farms

(Milton,

clusters

farm

the

on

8:

I'to

north

side

Blarliargan, on the north

Easter side

East er Xuiltyrie, on the north all

Wester side

Ballemore), side

north

both

the

on

3 clusters,

11

farms,

3 on south

the north side

side,

8 on

2 clusters

ý19

farms,

8 on south

the north side

side,

11

5 on the north South side

side,

8 on'the

1 cluster

From

in

13 farms,

this

numbers

of

the

Appendix

and

same

area

Callelochanet

side

with

sample

in

average

3.16

clusters

clusters

per

1769

of

any

had

10

and the farm

6 settlement

only

the

Shilling

than

south

there

the

on farm,

Land,

largest

Achomir

the

south

were and

the

several

Tullicholas)

the

other

South in

on

there

the

the

From

the

were

on

1.86

side had

north,

in

Apart

the

farms

side,

north

included

settlement

number At

on

side

Blarliargan,

clusters.

side,

north

of

farm

clusters.

on'the

number

the dyke.

no

the

largest

the on

the

on

head

not

were

on

Etramuckiep

there

high

and

3 settlement

per

the

are

but

on Lochtayside.

tenants,

farm

5 clusters here,

largest

that

largest

detailq

farme

seen

the

was

and

more

studied

per

farms

which

sample

in

large

of

discussion

side'with

be

can

clusters

8 tenants

under

south

5 it

settlement

from

on

from

ranges

9 tenants

clusters the

also

on

1769

Survey,

end

of

(e. go Mains, with

2

the

north, but scalev

Twentytenants

per

-10.5

farm

and

only

isolated

an

settlement

one

building,

no

joined

farm

grazing

exception

under

one

only

was

a large

tenant

and

probably

I

variation

can

also

townships

witi,

79

be noted

in

the

Side

A sample

of

25 farm

479

buildings,

plus

and

4 isolated

yards.

3.16

clusters

6

buildings

19.8

buildings

1.6

yards

per

farm

(including

per

(including

containing

isolated

16

buildings

of

29 farm

townships

buildings,

plus

77 yards.

4 isolated

yards.

isolated

isolated

buildings)

yards)

Side

1*86

clusters

I 5.5

cluster

farm

sample

and

per

cluster

South

clusters

farm

per

yards

Also

yards.

per

5.2

\297

126

buildings

,

11-3

buildings

1.42

yards

2-79

yards

North

and

A total containing buildings

per

cluster

per

farm

per

South

sample 776 and

54

Also

clusters

31

containing

isolated

buildings

(including

isolated

buildings)

cluster farm

per

with

farm

per

(including

isolated

yards)

Lochtayside of

54

farm

one

this

clusters:

North

,A

Suckoch

but

all,

time.

A considerable

of

at

had

Tomour

clusters

clusters

to

the

at

.-

townships

buildings,

plus

8 isolated

yards*

203

with yards.

133

clusters

Also

47 isolated

size

lo6 -

2.46

clusters

5.83

buildings

15*24

buildings

1*52

yards

3-9 The

onlyp

per

an

oversight

mention

was

it

in

names

cluster

cluster

on Easter on Wester

This

latter example

together,

2 buildings locho

was

the be

Gailey

on

from

is

on Cary,

small

stack-yard

had

Carawhin

groups

smallest are

stock-

or

farm

kail-yard,

"Under

runrig,

be

classed

kail-yard.

those

growing A on only

on both.

sides

settlement of

which

were

discussed

the

only

other

an was

of

pattern

They

as This

may be

wit4

a number

township.

10 buildings.

Cluster

thesý

the

element-of

next

it

and

produced

of

had

24)

or

are

he

Cluster

and

"agglomerating"

several

the

no

Croftvellich

separate

clusters

is

where

this,

buildings,

may have

which

farm,

been

have

there

buildings.

to

outline B on

simply

the

23 and

difficult

there

or

11

(Figures

is

eac4

16

with

in

since

Apart

conceivably

could

surveyor,

of

(1963,108):

which

might

6 tenants.

An important

seen

the

cluster

Cluster

smaller

This

A on

this

building

on

The

stack-,

much

Cluster but

every

notes

smaller

and

buildings,

The

Kuiltyrie

Croftantayan.

been

have

with

of

buildings)

yards)

Farquharson's

cluster of

to

unshaded.

part

a process

the

with'27

also

the

on

largest

A-B-C

27a)

unshadede-

farm

the

gives

appear

Farquharson

by

isolated

isolated

would

(Figure

of

(including

(including

cluster

completely same

to

per

farm

farm

drawn

the

an

cluster

cluster

Croftantayan been

per

per

largest

had

farm

per

yards

-

enclosure a common

were by

feature was but

anot

107 -

had

but

'one,

only

little

enclosureso

has

these

called

little

estate

the

Highlands'may

these

had

often

frequently

field

dwellings

has

of

the

that

long

site

may reflect

the'number

that

joint-farm,

on

separate who had in

to

relation

the

sample

the

south

and

even

only

studiedv

on

there

these

to

Attempts

relationship. numbers

of

tenants

have

(Figure

14)

had

6, tenants'and

probablý single-tenant in

general

farms was

also

equate

had no

only

of

have

clusters

no

but'this

settlement

with

Tommachrochar

I be'expectedp'a

tenant/cluster

on

tenantsq

as

fruitless.

6 clusters

one

in

y'ard/tonant

numbers

proved

12

side,

which

simple

true

partly

of, yards

a.

a cottar

townships

farm

clusters

no

'As miGht

coincidence.

there

some

are

had

from

only

the-north

on

same number

' So thereý'is

yards.

associated

the

have

side)

(6

18

54

held

joint-tenant

is

is

it

on a particular

him

the

Of

Lochtayside. I

From

which

each

statement

they

generallyl

distinguishing,

latter

The

none".

their

of

shelter.

enclosures

that

by

because

joint-tenants

of

basis

thus

stack-yard

these

in

field

the

partly for

maps

settlements

Perthshire

of

". *. These

6.11 trace

them

these

of

Fairhurst

contemporary

in

disappearedo

number

more

clachans,

joint-farm

after

western

the

on

identified

round

planted

even

1960):

ruined be

remain

evidence

possible

many

or

Highland

appear

rapidly

trees

three

(Fairhurstv

Igarths'

which

garths

two,

discussing

and

Some settlements

clachans.

had

In

plansp

associated

Highland

others

enclosures

and

the

in

feature

uni. versal

was number

cluster,

equation.

of but

A good

lo8 -

was Milton

example -

tenant-but

one

This

McArthur

and

secondly, the

. described

suggests,

possibly

the

that

only

the

Rectangular' buildings

built

were

to

each

other,

or

more

lines

approximately

Analysis

of

clusters

showed

the

advanced

,

more

clusters process,

the

of

presentation

and

by

to

say

accurately

these

the

and

linet

often

laid

out-

in

out

to

joined

each

two

other.

linear/rectangular the

with

landlords,

more

-

'Linear/

angles

associated

therefore

clachan

houses

or

right

a re-arrangement

the of

McArthur with

be

to

estates

part thaýn

recent

the

of I

these

that

suggesting as

of

the

improvement

amorphous

1962,162-163)-

Because the

to

improving

are

(Gailey,

groups

them

the

gable,

of

be

Argyllshire,

as

a straight

at

distribution

represent and

layoutq

of

might

other-than

described

in

some

survey*

in

he

a common

sharing

1769

century

what

either

of

referring

discernible

this

Lochtayside;

of

functions the

points:

Farquharson

(1962)p

form

only 19

on Lochtayside

18th

late

In

forms.

of

Gailey

was

clusters

amorphous

plans

the

clusters

amorphous.

as

of

the

of

majority

from

population of

with

important

information

sure

the

on

shown

sidep altogether

two

emphasise

non-tenant be

only

north

containing

partial

the

we can

The

forms

only

as-to

buildings

to

the

on

4 clusters

serves

we have

firstly,

Finlarig

of

with

buildings:

-

on

any or

differences

certainty

not.

by

detail the

Most

already

south

Farquharson side

whether of

of the

Farquharson's

between

mentioned,

Loch

on Tay,

7 clusters

the

north

it are

settlement

is

side difficult

shown groups

ý

log

-

to

seem

be

ically.

More

re-arrangement

extent

on

first

A on Tomindason

hundred

Marquis

6-3

a miners'

Breadalbane

of

The Settlement "One

I

thing

a Distance,

of

there

the

the

Ruins Of

of

those

not walls

garden

for

Spot.

By

in

those

little

Houses,

Houses

was

grown

but, a fit

Towns

You are

a greater

would

in

the is' the

has

lando

that mine

to

group this

this

be

just

the

a

second

1862.

until

out

when I

discovered

in

and, was

were pretty n toldp

Timber,

they

let

anew

conclude.

that

Stone

and

valuable",

(Burtl

Numbers* when

bften

built

very

great

(i.

to but

nothing

they

they

-

condition

served

that

Kale-Yard

large,

the

decayed,

the

saw

through

which

a Distance,

and

I

passed

that

and

not

Towns

Out-Skirts,

for-a

Enclosure,

may

which

and those

old

the

seemed to be very

but

Reasong

taking

Coleworts)v this

on

all

they

them at

of

as

improvement

to

45);

cluster,

the

and all

the

stand

that

a linear

Plate

of-almost

extent

itg

a linear/

of

inconsistent

a copper

a Meanness

asked

repair

be

north

of

is

the

Appearance;

I

this

it

wasq that

appeared

of

row

observed

which

the

44,

worked

Inhabitants:

increase

(Figure

diagrammat-

Remains

and Made a-handsome them,

be

example

from

uphill

yards

the

might

drawn

proceeded

on

and

to

suggest

had

which

An interesting

of

to

than

been

seem

this

use

settlements

evidence

appearance few

clusters

Lochtayside

south

place.

Cluster

to

of

over-interpret

at

but

may have

some

McArthur's

of

formp

rectangular or

but

amorphous,

-

one

did the

e.

a little

upon,

another

Ground-rents

1754,11

28-29)9

110

-

Burt's

If

were

observations

township

settlement

clusters

possible

to

that

abandoned

had

or

possible

the

present

century

century are

day

which

as many Before

or

provoke

they

that .,,

10

the

the

On Ardvoile,

buildings covered

remains

are

recorded

so

they

Their all

have

must orientation

that

survive

is

left

steep

are bank

west

plan

the

when to

18th

confuse 18th

with

there

where or

evidence,

but

and

partly just question:

the

been and the

ignored

as

size

do

1769

the

Allt the

almost

suggest layout*

that

fact

the (9

Artair.

northernmost

12)*,

of

A

feet

Tir

Only

the

the

low,

very

3 structures edition

by 30

2

only,

Cluster

about

only

first

Tay,

explained

showed

have

they These

showing,

of

Loch

4-building

only

(Figure

5 buildings

of

until

agreeingp

of

be

might

buildings

on

field

unanswerable,

side the

of

this

but

11),

survive

now

not

north

Farquharson's

as having

cluster

the

on

2 surviving from

metres)

the

Survey?

a yard

and

been still

remains

often

the

would

serving

remains

which

On Marrag-Ness,

(Figures

field

of

in

on, Lochtayside,

case

documentary

the

and

outp

century

after

buildings

carried

18th

with sites

abandoned

be

might

It

out.

existing.

farm

obviously

already

the

examples

good

agreeing,

is

it

later,

survive-in

comparinig

at

Such

plans.

some

being

were

taken

the

then

had

which

to

were

time,

surveyors

timbers

foundations

attempts

the

of

structures

their

to

applicable

theland

for

surveys

modern

any

those

ignored

century

be

suggest

-

3 western turf-

(Figure

13)

61, O. S.

mapp

obliterated they

Farquharson's

ruins. represent remarks

ill

-

this

on

farm

a township,

but

marches

betwixt

confused

that

it

too

in

Leases

I in

1769.

the listed

as

6.1

in in

survived

(Figure

a much

had

16)

or

925

the

on

in

survived of the

much

the

from the time the

of

18th

century

1862

O. S* surveyors

and

unroofed

but

Survey, of

but than

is

three

the

as

clusters not

crofts these

could

They

shown in

outline

of

The

a

ruins

to

have

on Farquharson's and. abandoned

also

associated

growth.

on

at

known

pre-1769

they

years.

on

remains

ground*

shown

be

settlement

100

(10)

0, D,,

could but

tenants

on Blarliarganj

the

are

size,

Blarliargan

identifying

on

exist

has

its

layout.

of

up

above

they

population

less

way

but

"There

this

a

(A)

15)

1769

.

1773

process

cluster

of

High

They

extension

in

no

that

'splitting'

(Figure

condition

township.

part

is

17)

same

the

the

adds:

metres)

1769,

of

Tommachrochar,

the

ground.

(282

feet

Easter

state

there

by

show

A 2-building

suggest

Estate

Office

greatest'number

(jC on Figure

cluster

by

render

6 settlement

and

Breadalbane

of

Farquharson

although

plan

and

ruined

the

and

besides".

Wester

again

Lochtayside,

plan

would

plan

tenants

among the

above.

orientation

are

"The

so immensely

the

on

within

surveyor:

are

6

had

intensification

and

discussed

14)

Record

Scottish

continuation

about

the

them

of

(Figure

was

his

by

ploughs

a description

Tommachrochar

Papers

and

different

divisions

other

omitted

obviously the

were

complex"*

clusters

farm

there

that

show

-

were

be with

recorded

only Cluster

later

and

late by

the

- unoccupied F on Blarliargan

112

-

has

survived

(Figure the

19

which

very

low

when

the

north

in

repair

that

route

gable-end

of 19th

walls

Cluster

built

and

'Milton

the

Morenishl

(Figures,

17

Buildings

BuildinglB.

(Plate

21).

5),

but

(Plate

buil

t

are

much

more

west,

but

Morenish impossible

they Burn to

are (Alit

had

cluster the

time

A is

buildings built as on

B and with

edge

almhoirneas)

photograph

because

of

is to

part

has of

the

of

dense

feet.

of

the

a loft the

completely window@

officiary of

dry-stone 6 and

stones

buildings

on

12

C are

C (Plates

a steep

supported

O. S_. 61, map

first

trimmed

straight

hamlet

the

farther

moved

suggests

B and 4)

destroyed

show

older

Of

and, it

completely

single-storey the

was

10

some

20)e

were

by

become the

of

remain

milltown

of

Building

strongly

B and, C appear,

the

was

by

and

the

surviving

This

extended

helpful

hillsides.

which

1769*

built.

A on Blarliargan and

a height

while

mortared

3 now

road

after

been

has

plan

(Figure

3 buildings

to

well

locations

structures

The

survive

dry-stone

Morenish

Both

Killin-Kenmore

the

and

only

the

century.

is

is,

1769

2 northern

A which

dry-stone,

in

is

the

on

that

shapes

tree,

rowan

sites,

remains

the

and

extension

building

other

probable

same

rebuilding

and

Building

The

again

shown

the

and

2 yards

and

a large

on Farquharson's

buildings

likely

seems

this

structural

the

6 buildings

the

by

marked

on

is

represent

the

of

D it

Cluster

remains

of

of

4 buildings

only,

3)p

Plate

and

locating

With

by

as

presence

in

foundations

drop east. tree

7)

and from to

mortar. the

the

Although growth,

both

113 -

-

have

a lower

21).

and

in

the

the

mill

have

been

Cluster'B 'shelf'

(Figure

22 and

and

planj

This

may be

match.

to

than

rather resembles western

fireplace*

gable

growing the

with

its

Remains

of

in

survived

good

condition

having

structure

above

the

these

separately

has

been

buildings

of

do

(A)

long-house in

20)

that

its

incorporating

a

'living

response

room'

a hearth

out

on

(Plate

9),

lacking

(7

a

in

adaptation

create

x 161

on townships

been

very

survive

the

mx4.8

m)

suggesting

on many

of

the

(Figure

17)

a lime

(Plate

10)

probably

incorporated The

Burn.

Morenish

On some remains

to

level

cartography

mortared,

preserved

kilns

various

On Rheninchuleigh

ships.

house.

orientatýons

an

may

and

same number

D (Figure

been

for

built

a small

on

The

replacing

size,

openings

Farquharson's

a move

23'

has

miller's

position.

best

other

their

and

buildings

any

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the

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on Farquharson's

similarly

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end

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sketch

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undoubtedly

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plan

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floor

their

1769

into surveyors

kiln

town-

has

because

of bank

a natural did

not

show

plans. the

low

level

of-survival

indeed*

This

of would

settlement

apply

to

114 -

Wester now

mark

the

measures byre-dwelling, building. its

is

roof

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quite

Cluster

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mx5.8 only

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m) one

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locations

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built,

I

All ýz x

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1769

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etco"

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the'remains

25)

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house

the

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mortared

with

windows;

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shows

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(Figure

surviving

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Kuiltyrie

I

26). related

settlement

had

Carawhin

had

49 Marragnaha,

Tombour,

plus

an unnamed

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clusters

naming an

earlier

of

separate sub-division

their

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here the

115 -

township

into

the

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the

who

is

in

were

'.

merkland,

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boundary

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19).

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vicinity their

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16

known,

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along

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27)-

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layout

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(Figure

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as

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emphasised

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and state

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condition

Farquharson,

7)p

-

Marragnaha

a post-1769

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61, map of

between The

dubh

above)

4 merklands,

as

(Appendix

marg

-

5-3 by

accepted

1718

of

(see

Carawhin

be

O. S.

farme

equally

an

Wester

If

merklands,

or

merkland

might

first

suggest

which

in

for

Marragdow

shown

the

the

Rental

the

On the

Margcraggan,

are

listed

e. g.

own name,

ploughlands

with

equatable

mentions_merksp

they

its

component

4 plouighs

never

as

its

of

a

there

between Building

C

116 -

from

like

looks

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a dried-up

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the

(Plate

cluster

bed

stream 1,5).

runs

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north

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in

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right It

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23)

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up large

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level

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(Figures

the

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of

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originally

to

or cut

prevent

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a proliferation

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29)o

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11.4.

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edition

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lands

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30),

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a one 3 clustersy

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117 -

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204)

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118 -

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33

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34).

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31-

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the

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destroyed

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sophisticated

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32)

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with

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37).

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lochside farm

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the

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miles

same location are

the

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sites.

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The

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crofters'

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townships

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38).

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1769

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35

be

36,

35P

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century

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foundations.

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plan

38)

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Adjoining

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40-43)-

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44)

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47),

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Chapter

the

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ruins

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of

below),

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saw a fragmentation of

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Fairhurst

into

25

structure

46).

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for

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free-standing

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kilnsv

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end,

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house

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47

window#

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of

there

(Plate

wall

extended and

rest

thisl

despite

fireplace

the

whereas

but

gable-end-f'ireplace.

a

the

the

older

and

then

1755

plant

clusters a re-clustering

with

123 -

of

buildings

the

end

the

of

Elsewhere,

e. g. been

rebuilding, was

much

6.4

as

desertion at

a time

it

had

Shielings

"It

to

Is

safe

years

in

its

it

received

in

Lowlands"

(Campbellp

any

age

great

bothies,

The

structures, the

antiquity

of

and

grazings

are

(e. g. 11...

girssingis

in

et

south

side

scheillingis,,

possible

accepted

as

of

terrarum

howeverv

ejusdem in

(MacSween

bears

shieling of

(RMS 536) de in

baronia

shieling

ephemeral

charters

1623

of

show

evidence on Skye

site

the to

remains

archaeological

early

'of

not

field

the'

on parts

is

the

until

although

other

Lochtayside's

4 mercatarum lie

Highlands,

generations'earlier

evidence,

system.

reign

remained'unaltered

the

of

usually

settlements

David's

system

a shieling

documentary the

King

It

A charter

above).

super

are

the

or

plans..

from

some

mentioned

dimidietatem

jacentem lie

4.4

1769

from

of

1961),

Gailey,

the

districts

occupation

therelappears

of

some

from

size,

morphology

1896,63)-

apart

shortly

the

continuity

or'

which,

repeated

hilly

the

in

Tomourg

throughout

blow

death

increasing

sheiling

features

its

and

the

1769i

re-occupation

thats

say

agog

essential

Borders

and

on

in

was

subsequent

when

been

process

developing

clusters

and

without

Lochtayside

a hundred

of

Suckoch

Newtonv

this

Lochtayside

of

were

towards

cotters

of

like

extra

clusters

some

and

have

of

evidence

afterwards

to

on parts

place

is

there

number

Something

century.

taking

evidently since

an increasing

with

land

out grounds grants

includes:

Stronfernan Stronfernan, do

Strowaney

cum vic.

124

Perthe"

and

terrarum

out

the

Black

Book

dated

samen sall

put heid

aucht

day

pas

to

and

a kow

that

hauld

is ane

Duncan 'the

nane

and

olden

a liftingv kow

besyd

Campbell time'

at

Kenmore,

of

remane to

thame (1896)

describes

to writing

vividly

the "In

stated:

Court the

nolt

and

scheip

outwith

Maii

and

remane

quhill

seik gif

from

tennant

8 day

the

the

quhill

ane

In

estatess

eviry

cum hame or

carefull3

that

fra

and

were

extract

ordarit

horse

&c",

scheillingis

Highland an

first

yeirlyp

scheillingis yeirly,

in

the

fra

Junii

of

ky

solidatas

system

(1855)

and

heall

dykis

Julii

to

statute

their

out

thair.

is

40

cum lie the

many

1623,

April,

it

court,

of

Taymouth

of

21st

IFernang

operating

documents

the

It ...

charter

in for

regulations in

set

Book

elsewhere

de ThomtaYvoir

The

III

in'the

befoir

ane

milk". the the

Junii

fyftene

man or

in

of

day

uther,

ane

the to of

except,

seik

woman

, 1890's

of

Glenlyoi

meanina

of

trans-

humance: flitting "There was a small and a big to the sheilings. Whenever flitting began to sprout freely grass -spring the young grazings on the hill and yeld which and the horses were not animalsq for farm worky to the were sent wanted to herd boys themt, under with sheilingsp the direction of provisional or permanent Meng too, "airidhichean" or caretakers. hutsp and thatch and to went up to repair last the store from of peats year see that the new peats do until came into use* would heathery The boys pulled which, when packed right end uppermosto standing within close, framesp board of stones or borders on the floorsp beaten was as good to lie clay on mattress, more fragrant* and far as a spring flitting first This made no preparatory the great flitting with compared noise

125 -

dol do'n "Latha ruighe"when the milk their cows, and the women 'with plenish-, ings, On that on. went on the migrati universal excitement occasion prevailed. Horses Children crazy. and dogs went infection. the Mothers were caught harassed with many cares, and fathers It looked, too, the sympathised. as if intelligence slow bovine was stirred memories and anticipations with which turmoil. Milk added to the general churnsp cheese presses, vesselsp pots, salt rennet arks, panso meal bags, blanketso clothing, shoes apparatusp little, used which were and stockings wheels, spindles and distaffs, spinning flax things, with many other and wool, in the light had to be packed peat cart so I big looked baskets not unlike which on that horses low wheelso sure-footed haul When they could anywhere. almost the women and children in had settled huts their respective and enjoyed a feast the men of cream and crowdy, home - peradventure returned rather farming to'the work which gloomily, portion. was their allotted the herding But while work and-other of the lads were important, occupations the womenp old and young, were the busy hives. bees of the sheiling Milking, butter-making dairy cheese-makingt or its took forms the first work in all in their programme; place and after that came the spinning of flax and wool, other with accompaniments, such as the bleaching the yearts of last webs, herbst backs, of roots, gathering and for lichens dyeing, and of other plants for medicinal purposes".

(Campbell, By from

the

1790's,

the

Lochtayside.

Account

of

Central

the

was

a practiceg

to

drive

cows where

other

they

were

I

stock kept

in (1794)

Highlands

commong

and

system

Narshall,

William

it

pastures;

shieling

believe, to

was

disappearing

the

Agricultural

observed: to

distant

during

1896,68-70)

"Formerly#

the_Central SHEELINGSO

six

or

seven

Highlands, or

hill

weeks

in

126 -

the living,

the

the

Within

months.

summer

Loch

of

environs

memory

Tay

of

many

men now in

deserted

were

that

interval.

The discontinuance been

effected

both

of

The

destruction

faced for

breed its

them

By

the

Ij travellers'

on

the

allowed

or

related

top

the

rental

of

the

morklands,

they as

possessed. I in suggested

The

(soume, sum

as the

"as

much

Dwelly

as

locally, grazing gave

The

complex.

into a list

different of

examples

can,

nowt chieflyp

for

from

due

in

is

defined

used by

four the

or

of and the

was

carrying ages Hebrides:

of

in

is

was

much

defined

by

equation,

capacity stock.

1774.

This

system

an

mightp

(1977)

Dwelly

colpachadhp

stock",

arable

Assynt

sheep".

practice

byp

tenants, of

quantity

numbers

regulated

been

units kinds

were

have

in

Grazinas developed

the

which

grazings

suffice

cattle

by

the

and

Highland

holdings

coilpeachadh

converting

account

on arable

sume)

but

"equalizing for

based

as will

statementv

simple

more

ground

to

probably

services or

belowp

suimt

the

evidence

situation

common and

A system 9.4

black-

of

sheelings,

many

system,

soumin

animals

share

that

This

of

their

formerlyp

indicate

the

of

misuse

mountains

documentary.

centuryv

over-stocked.

grossly

the

months.

*

descriptions

through

1.

18th

potatoes;

better,

still

of

and

introduction

whereasq

valuable'?

late

servep

interior

sheep;

with

the

to have

said

the-summer

durine

and

may

the

disuse:

rendered

foxesp

sheep,

of

be pastured

were

of

flax

of

attendance

require

which

is

practice

introduction

the

by

this

of

varying as

Dwelly

regards

-127-

1 horse for

and I

=2

sheep,

cows

= 10

sheep*

Estates

Forfeited

the

(Reportl

Office by

=-16

Argyll:,

horse

From

cows

=2

Skyeq

been

has

region

horse

=I

Kintyre,

Iona,

Islay,

Braes

listl

varying

1969):

of

20

or

sheep;

Athollp

=I

Bute

Sheep

Giaha,

Rannoch,

=I

sheep;

sheep;

-

or

2 cows

or

10

horse

or

2 cows

or

8 sheep;

the

obviously

a major

element makes

of

Loch

Tayp

each

farm

on

(cows,

but the

McArthur

grazings

of

each this

the

shares

of

due

by

tenants,

the the

in

variable,

of

Highland

no

mention

side

(a

would

officiary

the-farms

among

merklands.

the

of

how

calculated

service '

they

economy.

and

harrowers

before

a period

souming

listed

McArthur south

horses,

goats).

of

12

horse

Farquharson

stock

or

-

were

became

2 cows

or Lorne

Nether

2 soums

share

a tentative

-

2 cows

or

horse

=1

Mull,

2 soums

to

Record

Arran soums

side

Scottish

Knoidart

Morven,

Ardnamurchans

the

prepared-(Macpherson,

Kintailp

Lochalsho

2 soums

94,1767)p

vole

in

Papers

Isumes'

the the

type much support

numbers

stock

and

and

related

the

north

allowed

horse),

of

according being

the

on

kinds sheepp

moor

he

allocated

to

the

to

of

service

each

tenant's

128

-

few

Farquharson's shielings "Glens the

Lochtay.

Glen

These

are

son's

overall

The

to

Fernan

Car

(Cari)q

north

Lochtay

and

side

of Riol:

sides

to

Belongs

the

finest

'sheallings

belong

to

allowed

of

side

I

I in this

week

or

was

people

in

them:

shealling

Farquhar-

from

adapted

North

or

The

Corrynabuiack".

9p which

Deshoir

map of

six

Glenlyon.

Corryrockie,

on Figure

shown

in

the

bothy

ruins.

shown

on Figure be

should

the

1960's

by

km)

dated

Lochtayside,

Glenlyon

flattens to

side

steepens

lochside

to

the

that

to

feet

(550

2,000

It

of and

the

a little

the

may recall 'alp'.

is

and

out

1,800

there

then

610

pre-glacial

certainly

the

give

main

valley

carries

Below

ridge.

flattens

most

out

again

symbol

of

down

Lochtayside

"This

this

the

may be if

and of

from a bench

of

the

so

summit

at

around

structural is

genetically

shielings

bench

between

3 miles

about

sepýtrating

something

are

bothies.

of

slope

450

1769

a distance

m).

(Millerv

shieline

crest

were

and about

Farquharson'in

steep

Tay

Miller

Grounds

a Croup

that

noted

Loch

Ronald

triangular

each

indicating

as

the

by

recorded

6f

side

Professor

9v where,

taken

from

northern

65 shieling

Those

Miller

from

of

He identified

1967).

this

the

of

the

on

Fernan.

properly

shielings

examined,

an

lie

(RHP 569). .

1772

but

one

glens

Finlarig

Hessan,

Lochtayside

north

countries.

following

from

the

on

side

to

is

This

Deshoir

Glenlyon

Finlarig

other

The

to

betwixt

Common from

observations

quoting:

common

hills

many

worth

are

-

the about

on

slope 900

feet

129 -

(275

m) and

(Millerp

it" be

can

in

seen

In

altitude

cultivation

or

in

with

incorporated grounds,

the

I

the

this'relief

Miller

Deshoir

an

a farm

their

of

found

farm

of

be

example

is

It

in, view be

atates shieline

Assynt.

can

can

in

remains,

be

found

dwelling,

a

of or

ýnow

howevert in

size

rectangularp

some 18

by

6 ft.,

of

the

flaggy

The

side.,

wall

nature of

so originally, turf,

and

green

mound.

such

banking

and

walls

of

some

shielingýhuts

the

outside

have

from

is

absent

is

53 in

of

howeverl and, the

the numerous hut

turf

is

of

majority

and, conform are

usually

the

centre

builtl'-taking

generally

early

an

the

door-in.

nearly

outside

in

4 They

schists.

is

wall'is the

stone

the

the

stone

the'shieline

of,

The

pattern.

well

of

Ground

presumably

dimple

with are

the,

Thereýareq

what

are

closely

long

most

Plate

surprisingly

the

"On

circular

(cf.,

diameter

from

slightly quantities

seen-of

a low

bothies,

of

vary

lesser.

or

can

now, only

Deshoir

outside

that

evidence

the-structures.

vestiges

5 ft.

inside

Aseyntj

as-in

become

greater

in

type,

some

no

has

coincides of

with

especially

nor

of bothy

forms

ground,

bothy

seen

-

enclosure, which

exactly

2.

particularp

that

last'zone

past"s

The to

not

This

m)o

Some aspects

"We have,

-

bothy

the

almost

thereforep

fte

shieling

which

compariaon

commont

surprising,

2000

(107

1 and

Figures

206-207):

Grounds-are

feet)

1967,2o6).

an interesting

(212-cit.,

not

farmland,

the

constitutes, with

Tay-(350

Loch

e.

advantage the

While

vertical, banked appearance cases

was

or up

in

of

a

where

free-standing

the ...

130 -

Small in

pens

folds

or taking

shape,

free-standing dimension

fold

(of*

the

good

and

a

Cuiltrannich

on

water

Burn

the

Burn

Morenish

McArthur in

his

Clochrane

their

of

Lochtay

overall

and

Officiary

of of

Wester the ,

other

9). Wester

two

sheelings Glencloy

on Figure side

south

of

(on

the

Tomindason's se.

one

sheelings

in

are

shown

south

dated

1769

Under

the

...

side

in

in

officiary.

Choruevine

the

other 49)

and

of

Almond

Easter

Pi'Cure

4j

is

this.

River

the in

The

boundary

is

Glaschorran are

one

the

of

listed,

shielings

"There all

western

sheelinGs

sheelings

Tay,

into

but

on McArthur's

noted:

the

source

no

ground.

the

these

of

officiaries,

based

cattle

of

all

Lochtayside

shown.

Loch

sheelings

Glaschorran

the

is

McArthur

two

Tullich's

and

the

on

---

south-

the

on

are

south

have

of

the

on

56.

of

9 is

drainage

Examples

Plate

moor

bothies

drifte

Edramucky,

farms

of

a sume

near

Burn

the

of

free

with

Lawers

shielings

remains

has

and

that

(the

to

into

cut

sites

of

on

the

the

bothy

officiaries

Ardtalnaget

Tullich

Ardtalnage Figure

from

moor

in

the

Burn

different

shown

map of

(RHP 717)

acres

the

allocation

as

is

The

shown

Ardeonage

and

although

the

on

for

1967,208-209)s are

bothy,

site

the

sometimes

dimension

combined

on

irregular

the

short

which

the

on

mentions

notes

the

are

---

and

to

on

supply.

(Millerp

character"

featuresq

favourite

pasture

Ben Lawers

of

natural

being

stream

a

and

soils

side

this

both

of

edge

sometimes

built

The

convenient

east

the

Plate

along

Thus

of

sometimes

of

found,

often

advantage and

long

is

are

on

same place Tullich

has

in

Glencloy

...

Craig

(has)

131 -

one

on the

sheeling Ardtalnaig)

of

burn".

of

Ardtalnage

are

as

the

Officiary as

McArthur "The

farm

Part

loanning from

their

south

Revane

..; their

dyke in

shee'lings immediately

above

their

that

there

it

can

be

'In were

in

drive

of

their

to

N. E.

to

farm'

on

all

immediately

each

them'has

ýKeprannichp also

and

the

one

way.

above lias'their

Shenlarich 6f

'snout

a road'or

plough

and

'341.

soil.

g6od

cattle

'steepest

have

Glaschorran,

on

Acharn

a'sheel have

Ardrannag'e immediately

a sheel

the

to

the those

and

9hielings a sume

the

Taymouth

as

such',

up

the

in

grass.

shielings

shieling on

of

'y

this

in the

valley

bothies north.

McArthur

but

observes because

officiary

'From

his

map,

howeverp

in

the

uIpper

valley

were

(particularly

Quaich

generalp

Officiar

to of

that BIurn

GI-en

the

about

quality

seen

similar

privilece

the

farms:

the

on

in

NN 740

a very

high

the

farm*

5 acres

were

proven

upper

is

the

of

low'of

ys

Glaschorran

their

nothing

of

in

some

the

a'Chilleinev

(Dunan),

Lickbuyp'Skiags'and

...

notes

the

I of the

to

Gleann

on

farms"s

his

says

again

park

for'they in

above

sheelings

In

the

Glaschorran'and

their

N

have

Lurg *.

sheelings

head

on

pasture

Lochtay

of

at

one'

shielings

or

Dou''nans

is I very

Leadour

the

Glencloy

49)'3.

sheeling..

side

in

except

'of

Most

(FilgUre

They

through

of

undermost

comment

inclosed

Sheechallanages

of

is

Almond

Claggan

of the

of

River

special

makes

snout

other

Glencloy

of

up

the

and

south-side

far

southwest

(Shee

Sheechallanage

the

vicinity of

of The

the

of

NN 75

Taymouth

south remains

Lochtayside show

39)9

Burn.

132 -

rectangular high in

turf,

on

the

head

but

they

south

side*

head the

are

dyke

farther

This

need be

might for

need

line

of

than

the

remains

head

1769

lie

on

track

leading

(Plate

51).

the

the

farm

the

abo. ve

the

48)

by

the

shows

not

lower

mentioned

but-there

are

field

structures

not

used

Y,

the

beside

dyke,

moor

a

shielings

and in

entrances

as built

stone

are

head

to

their

and

a

McArthur,

are

old

up

have

on

outside

X and

the

land

buildings

The

these,

above

ground

from

farms, suggest

Twolof

sloping

to

dykelp

slO'pes

just

Kendrochid

and

those

north-facing,

map

the

on

head

-Just

(Figure

in

sheelings

the

of

shielings,

referred

Z which

dwellings.

permanent

some

their

Lawers

'above

grazing

dyke

are

and

be

the

of

above

Y and

X,

some

'The

Craig

sheelings at

than

for

area*

present.

as having

away

'intermediate'

an

the

to

a factor

farmland

restricted

and

much

said

farms

some above

There Crannich

be

to,

immediately

interesting,

might

which

covered

reference

sheell

Etramuckie,

of

side

'a

is

outlines

The.

oldere

rýmarkably

still

some

sub-rectanoular

having

dykes

officiaries

north

or

much

side

south or

the

oval

other, possibly

farms

structuresp

stone-built

and

-

the

t.

down-slope the

It

is

like ...

gable-end

outside

(Figure

much

and

200

an turf".

dyke

m above

completely

and

bothy

early It

is

the

type,

head

1769

with (see

Miller now

sub-rectangularp

right

against

Kendrochid

above.

covered

by

Z is

Structure

head

mentioned

structure

the

52).,

present

about

reduced'.

presumably in

the

of

48),

the

dimple

(Plate

only

(NN 703

dyke turf,

above) a low

rather as: circular

measuring

384).

133 -

22

c.

feet

wall

the

at

northern

Shenlarich immediately

type

field the

and

'dimple'

of

to

stands upper

course

the

of

older

have

been

idea

shielings,

as

for

for

outfield A glance

at

interesting

The

bothy.

for

milk

level

long

still the

wall

the'bothy

the

of

overgrown

with

fold

types

may not

quite

small

turf

part

or

remains

completely

cheese,

the

of

places

turf

feet

are

iurfýalona

are

Some are and

there the

in

wall

vicinity

near

1400

dimension

with

These'smaller

of

between

an upper

the

seen,

stone-built

fold,

short

4 feett

be'seen

405, sea

structures,

55).

jI ust, have

all

and, may

covered

or

insulation*' of

colonisation

in

Assynt,

the

above

the

are

sub-rectangular

attached

either In

Lochtayside,

suggested

above

55).

circular

stores

m)

about

roof*

forms

for

The

of

(Plate

turf-built

scale

I and Plate

or

the

Isheell

a

bothy

of

in.

53) -

rectangular

NN 716

being

Plate

and

as having

At

with

49a

One can

described been

bothy bothy

or

turf.

with

457

representing

oval

the

a break

with

types.

circular

the

vanished

smaller

here:

and

a height

49a

Two

turf*

(427

(Figure

fold

in

m),

McArthur

farm.

oval,

a large

of

dimension

of

small,

feet

remains

by

remains

covered

1500

and

listed the

mx4.3 (Figure

end

is above

the

among

(6-7

14 feet

by

of cannot

McArthur's uphill

be

head

Mains dyke

Plan 'bulges'

lands

demonstrated

the'possibility

although

detached

the

grazing

at

outfields

in

the

head

even

on has

and

the (5-3

Easi'er'TUllich

8 (Figure'-43a)

6r

shows dyke

any

large

been patch

of

above).

a number at

Margmorep

134 -

Margbeg in

east in

the

that

dyke

surround

6.5

Lochtayside is

establishment

the

labour

evil

lets

his

rental*'

due

to

the

neat

the

bound

for

multitude well afraid

rentp

of

millers;

Statistical

1797,524-5)-

landlord one

I

century

to

was'a

to

his

'by

imposes

the

multurer

for

servitude

of

Accountp'Parish

thirlagep

lasts.

increase

is

tenant

is

free,

the'rent is'obvious:

insolent,

fast

Kilmadock

gives

the Why am I

Because the

multure

do lessens

and

Hence

-

this

The

multures.

same

of

-to

of

grows

tenants#

thirlage

The and

plan,

reason

shoemaker? The

my custom.

of

were-the

The

abstracted and

servitude

amount

mill.

the

farmers*

deception.

but

the

on

and

burdens

double'the

mill,

millers

this

public

is

police

own mill,

Greater

the'master;

of

of

servitude

go

with

my tailor

the

this

here-all

branch

between

supposine,

law-suits

losing and

18th

because

abominable'

as

a rise-rent

by

served

the

never

to

and of

shielings

later,

Yet'no

rule-s

isclassed

to

servicel

the

indicate

might

nearby

corn-mills,

tenants

his

give

being

lbulgest

greaterýattention'tfian

centers.

so long

rent'paid

by'-the

proper

from

arose

mill

drawn

This

in

side

proper

'There

he would

(Old

than

binds

he

the

possibly

requires

year

will-continue

mill

casesp

farther

arable.

object of

neglected

landlord

bad

no

the

of

The

and

south the

others

Mills

the

more

the

all

were,

patches.

moor

increase

"There

and

the

on

to

In

outfield

from

necessary order

and-there

Officiary.

Taymouth

intakes

were in

and Margnacrannagy

case

he

is

with

wearing or

Doune,

out"

135 -

There

few

are

documents

on the

hardships

and

to

to

The

multure. The

In

cases* for

the

and

ordeanit

27th

cotter,

the

Court

in

to

gang

dowbill

multer,

service;

and

the

serviceg

knevschip,

quhairupon

As well in the An

form

lade,

getting

earlier

8th "The fra

stain

occupies

V. sh.

ane

The

the

1613,

day,

said the

in

said

noted

statitut

to

or

bear

sell

in

to

of

the

tham

gif to

abill

defience

to

pey

aitist of

millar sufficient

tham

gif

anie

multeris

there

were

or

mill,

such

millstones

Barony

of

Skene

payments

as

cleaning

to

the

Court

out

mill,

Book,.

etc.

for

stated:

it is

was

tenantp

corn,

the

bringing

and

note

October,

to

many

taint'*

grinding

services

of

free

in

is

corns,

not

be

was

act for

as multures

the

to

it

as

quhatsumewir

abill

beis

millar

twenty

own millstones.,

Skene

of

sall

being

millar

they

sufficient

thair

with

contraveinar

the

gif

severe

happinis,

milns

person

were

that

the

an

theproduce, their

day,

early

ane. and

5% of

Barony

tenants

miller

provide

said

cumingp

crofter

uther

the

of "The

tym

or

ilk

miller,

Book

all

to

thirlage

1633: .

July,

girsmanp

to

or

the

the

"the

the

mention

quite

e, g,

about

had

ignoring

in

received

and

township

exist

or

tenants

for

tying

or

1447

21stlsheaf

mill

penalties

in

do not

thirlage,

and

Abbey

the

'i. e.

cornelf,

thirline

books

century

that

References

multures

Cupar

of

18th

system

of

mills.

documents lands

agrarian

evils

particular

in

accounts

is

decernit

decexmit

pleuche,

day,

to

and

it

is

that pay

everie

decernit

all

men that

baid

XX. sh.

the

taxmen

cottis

and

croftis

all

cottis

that

away that men,

and

'

136 -

croftis

men and

. myll

in

stain

The

grounds

sall

mill, the

for

21st

is

decernit

the

Baron

Books

reported

to

in

part

It to

Court the

Book

tenentis

bringing

of

Duncane

McEan

McEntyre-'in On 25th !?Item

it

is

ilk

and

the

of

X lib

milnesq

is

"Millers

a note

in

(Hamilton,

were

the

Pourt

of

the

millstone.

the

the

for

for

papers

Book

go with

that

the

the

to pay

a tlick

of

generally

the

best

some periodst

perseivis

quernis

be

and

not

thairat.

ground

Donald

quernis;

lists: be

quarnes thair

thirledp

of

refused

quernis".

that

ar

who had

laird

of

to

mylne

noted

Breadalbane

"The

halding

Court

,to

the

1627:

ordained

1735-1750t

1946).

haill

on south

and at

Again;

for

they

quhairto quoties".

had

men to

the

same

is

Acharn,

convict

cottar

toties

Aberdeenshirep multures,

to

and

and

the

with

at

convict

the

order

miller

April,

Channich

statute

tennant

to

There

1641,

of

there

some areas

Lesmoir

Auchnacrosk May,

the

I

quern.

for

cornis

V 'a

tak

for

d.

xij

tenentis

Breadalbane

in

or

of

thair

to

the

a crime,

announcedt

haill

Tuisdayl

thameganging'

a hand-mill

possess

gangaris

ane,

the

several

the

was also

ilk

that

of

that

1617,

July,

the

XX. sh".

off

Court

to

pey ever

upon

pain

Lochtaysidep take

sall

cumingp

convein

under

In

men

tymes it

day,

said

girs

grindable

under

Monymusk

tenants#

the

cornes paine

Estate,

as well

as

to

the

miller

men in

the

parish"

good will' hated

brokiney

-

137 -

in

On Lochtayside On the

officiary.

1769

northern

there

was

a corn

side

these

were

Officiary

These

Miltown

Morenish

Blarliargan

Carawhin

Croftvell-ich

Crannich

Balnahanaid

Lawers

Miltown

Fernan

Croftinalen 6 mills

Etramuckie mills Morenish mills

were

Lochtayside

the

by

the

to

Carawhin,

shown

are

to

were

mills

eastel,

and

IMI

letter

the

also

on Figure.

and

their

own

toleither The ge

Lochtayside On south,

Mill

A.rdtalnage

Miltown

Taymouth

Wester

Lochtayside

of

corn

mills

Clochrane

Ardtalnage

of

r

Ballinlaggins were

exactly

almost

central

officiaries.

respective

buildings

6,35-37,

Plates

of

located&.

evenly

Finglen

type

have

to

west

Ardeonage

The

-' I

thirled

Middle

their

Lawers

probably

Clochran

south

of

small

Officiary

The

Finlarig

The'officiaries

too

were

tenants

their or

follows:

as

of

8 officiaries.,

for

Kuiltyrie

and

and

each

Mill

Terartar

were

in

mill

at

surviving Blarliargan

can

be

seen

Miltown

and

in of

Figure

21

Lawers. r

As previously probably houses, mortar

mentionedp

much since and

older

than

mills

in

usually

with

most the

remains

of

dry-stone

general trimmed

buildings

mill

ruins

of

the

built

more

strongly

masonry**

Apart

from

were

are tenants' with the

138 -

corn in

Survey

the

mills, Lawers

a 'Walk

and

Taymouth

Officiary.

187-188):

"In

1770

mills to

be

born age

lint also

in

1705 112

of

Before . *. Remony John

to

Sinclair

wool,

and

for

was

he

by

or

in

who

the

fourth

and

introduced

Earl

of

dyeing

Lawers

at These

scutchinG-

their

kind by

This

remarkable

man

1817

at

the

the

Ewen was

extraordinary

people

of

Jack-reels.

mill

was

started

Encouraged pioneer

Breadalbane for

(19389

Gillies

of

the

constructed

taught

Great

in

were

Murray.

plant and

first

fulling

the

by dressed

and

William

Ulbsterp

dressing

and

Lawers,

Remony

at

stones'*#*,

the

were

a waulking

of

mill

460

flax

spinnine-wheels

Kenmore

near

industries, Remony

use

1769

was

at

It

years.

Breadalbane

of

Breadalbaneo-

died

and

amount

Highlands

of

a native

mill)

discussed

were

Killin)

the

milnt-at-Cuiltirannich

(waulk

mill

at in

erected

Cameron,

the

tlint

a

Mill' These

(Cuiltirannich) (one

shows

at by

of'Scottish extended

carding

and

cloth".

4

the spinning

Sir

139 CHAPTER

ASSYNT:

7-1

is

to

east

of

geology

the

Stoer

the

west

1911;

1949;

Stoer

sandstones

forms

the

dissected

Canisp, highs

There

On the

drifts peaty

regions: including (Lennie,

1958;

Macauley

developed

are

such

(847

M) high

is,

much

bare from

peaty

as

rock

2653

and

which

with

lochs have

some peaty

ruggedp

with (808

ft

2399

gneiss

blanket

a broken

of

capped

many

Lewisian rankers

is

&neisses,

Suilveng

and

gleysp

region,

' consists

Quinagp

and

Torridonian

peaty

Foreland

Lewisian

parent

vegetati6n

is6lated*mountains

ft

gleysp

from

lower

of

area The

derived

parish, of

an

cliffs.

Central

of-the

and

derived

is

The, main

The

upland"area

Stoer,

drifts

podzols,

sedimentep 2779

Rhu

on which

part

lowlands

Torridonian

terms

Bastern"Mountains

coastal

are

moors

major

hummocky

the

km)

west

In

main

& Phemistert

or

soils

grits,

heather

and

from

Foreland-area,

and

steep

some peaty

and

(35

't

the

and

22 miles km)

three

coast

acres

Pigs-51).

are

Central

Peninsulap

for

materials

there

west

(87,230-

26 miles'(42

Macgregor

landpwith

undulating

measuring

Cross-section,

coastsp

the

on

110, '000

over

about

the

1982).

The

is

landformsp

north

and

Institutep

bog

50p

Peninsulaq.

Hobson,

peat

and

Fig.

and

parish

hectares),

south,

(Mapp

it

area,

or'44,534

north

to

AND EARLY HISTORY

southernmost

In

acres

from

peat,

the

Sutherland*

Scots

and

LANDSCAPE

Landscape

Physical Assynt

of

SEVEN

m) highp

ft

(731

and

lochans.

developed podzols.

m)

14o -

The

is

vege_tation

Eastern

Mountain

by

the

valley

an

area

of

thrust outcrops

Parent

materials

Ordovician

bog The

clay

the

causing this

the

to

north

about

60 miles,

above

three

and

creeks

John

Home in

harbours of

north the

Inver,

and

flowing

from

the

Loch issuing into

western

the

length

Survey

of

1774

Nedd

Awe into from the

sea

end

of

and

brown

rendzinas,

Natural

peats.

heather

moorv

and

rivers the

throughout

to

comment:

of

the in

be

the

south-east

at

Lochinver;

FionTi

Loch

the

1898).

many

excellent

Loananp end end

of of

the and

lochs

many

the

around

flowing

is

measure

(1ýang,

elsewhere are

line

it'would

the

notes

Edrachulis

cIalled

of

of

extent

a straight

country"

north-west

"The

coasted

reason

the

indentedv

and

sea

the boulder

of

areas

long

by

up

main

Ben More

boundary*

Cambrian

is

'was to

the

run

is

parish

evident

south

into

The

parish. from

it

Lochinvert

at

the

his

if

by

and

peak

the

surfacesp

arm

on

that

times that

the

Glenelg but

rock

writer

from

country

are

coastline

century

the

woodland.

bare

The

by

grassland,

glaciation

lochsp

18th

one

whole

on

of

drifts*

and

and

bent-fescue

dominated

developed

are

Foreland is

Thrust

from

podzols

some hazel

and

effects

in

parish

peaty

includes

blanket

derived

Central It

highest of

The

Assynt.

Loch

Moine

east

on which

soils,

vegetation

the The

just

drifts

are

the

from

geologyp of

m)p

limestones

forest

detailed

heather

and

and

limestone.

(998

ft

River

intrusions

Cambrian

3273

bog

separated

Loanan

and

and

Assynt,

brown

the

complex

of

is

region of

planes

blanket

again

0 moor*

coast

flowing Loch Loch

Kirkaig, into

Assynt; Assynt issuing the

sea

141 -

Inverkirkaig.

at

Assynts are

in

smaller

lochs

The

climate

is

interiore

(1911)

is

as

but

the

lack

of

sunshine

and

are

a very

serious

number

(Hobson,

The

main

This

geology.

Walter

1909)

be

further

nor, Is

noted

with

the

there

hardly describing

difficult

suffices

11...

Atlas

the

the

an

as well

as

the

of

all

are

humidity

year,

agricultural

here

worth

Assyut the

seen

in

land

and

(1654)

all of

is herds

mention,

its

few

Highlands

in

of

scarcity

soils

rugged of

been

stated: pauvrete

the

local

and for

noted 11. Il

ya

for fort

du pays",. (Mitchell,

and uncultivated,

deer,

since

is

suitable

Collections

farmers", 1750

nature

the

de la

a cause

landscape

had is

Geographical

exception

for

to

farm

frost

of

variability

environment

en Assynt

anything

with

high

and the

Assynt),

the

and

level

of

Macfarlane's

is

of

can

Blaeuts

d1habitants

Head at

the

in

handicap

glaciation

The In

Stoer

periods

extreme

to

agriculture.

In

the

due

nature

peu

days

Centigrade)p

rainfall

winds,

varying

1949,28)o

discontinuous

centuries.

there

average

degrees

at

Loch

of

rainy

of

Looh

coast,

on

(8-3

annual

strong

characteristic

fragmentation,

low,

"Prolonged

the

large

but

west

annually

maximum.

snow,

is

range

shore

the

pursuits"

a maritime

inches

and

climate,

of

inches

north

winter

and

rare,

the

on

is

water

Urigill,

Fahrenheit

75

records

Achmore,

autumn

typical

(46

of

loahans.

and

degrees

heavy

rainfall

of

15

body

Loch

and

Temperature

about

Lennie

inland

Cam Loch

many

annually and

by

followed

the

largest

The

cattle

the In

poor

and horses# district

a manuscript

(Langg-1898)t

Assynt

142 -

is

11...

described

as

and

breeds

numerous

not

yield

John on

the

potato as

in

farms

farming

some

spersed lesser is

Mackenziev

rocks

for

which

the

Wo and

aid

at

The

plough

might

the

several

But

the

and

attended

the

do

other

with of of

that

mentions or

cas

land,

in

more

farms

of

these

being less than

be

horses

where

the

chromlhas

at

three

plough to "Some

little

spadesp parishes

other

The

plough

affords

Filin-

degree,

throughout

it

think their of

the tracts

the

easier,

several the

clearing

also

'crooked

plough of

shore*

along

Mackenzie

usedp

go before

labourina

the

and

trouble

ploughs". is

of

others

davo. chs

delve

the

inter-

part

all

there,

to

and

most

stony,

Assint-winterine.

less

numerous

parish,

delving

Little

(Knox,

kindsp

Inver-kirk-ae,

or

expence,

using

He continues:

and

important

stated:

almosi

this

the

a carpet

greater,

Assinto

of

so,

inhabitantsp

of

to

farms

the

noted,

spade

the

of

straight

S*Wo of

Oldneyp

of

of various

some

and

as the

1794,

for

peculiar

the

at

is

cause

crooked

husbandry

Inver,

spade'

stonesp

size

of

soil

and

by

minister

Account

1786, that

was

tilled the

in

I Lochinver

fishing

barely

inhabitantst.

region

of

was

andJhese

wintering,

rocks.

beinig

Statistical

by

this

that

the

does

but

sorts,

all of

north

mossyp

to

or

shores

sandyp

considerable

ground,

through

mountainous

and

of

support

the

of

divisions

the

shorep

performed

N.

cattle

nTuch land

magnitude;

the

rough

whole

with

implements to

that

the

the

gravellyp

of

cultivatedv

William

in

"Along

along

the

patches

246).

writing

travels

and

arable

17879

his

much

was

herds

enouf; h for

corn

Knox,

prodigiously

to

moor

delving expose and

barren

143 -

ground by

are

yearly

potatoe-planting;

and

delved

bear

the

hill

pasture'l

moor

only

one

used

here;

ite

The

other

but

the

the

whole

throughout proportion

crooked

of

whole

cultivation

arable

ground,

hardy

It

that'the

is

manure

is

probably

are

two

the cabbies',

'

last

on horseback

carried

to

yoked

harrowso

these

the

in

some mattocks,

with

is

what

plough

horses

native

ploughed

of

Sootch

old

spades,

creels,,,

not

an hundred,

husbandry'are

of

delving

' and

to The

moose

four

does

parish,

acre

implements

crook-saddles. mentioned

one

and

siraiGht

and

into

everywhere-brought

to

the

field the

Apart'from

bog

and

. there out

were

of

Some town. 9hips the

farms

too

open

area

of

is

and

the

Stoer

wind-sweptg

The ýy

constantly'repe'ated

grass all which

birch

are

about

abound

e. g.

at

of

Oak,

of

Oak

''I.

Ash,

&c",

Birch

the

heavy

But

"The

and

timber

had

and

at

wood rebuilt

trees

full

oo'fine

Assynt

the

of

here

trees

for

Sheeling

his

excellent are Woods to

referred

there

others

grown

trees

to be brought

afford

Natural

mainly

manse*at

which

places

extensive

obviously

shelter

yield

are

mentionedt

consisting

Battachrianan:

was

'a sheltered

"woods

-

12)o

obviouslY

in

IIeswoods

The

but

Knockneach:

Birch"o'

Edges

Grass".

with

minister'of

1771P

the

and'hazelg

and

survey'or

woods

of

particular

were

acres

the

of

Ardvare:

shelterll-j-'ýon

situated

the

44

for

value

in

allp I which

on Reintraid:

shelter"; and

at

acres

mentioned#

(Appendix

acres

Peninsula excep't

already

2902

Scots listed

no woods

Au'chilagarnan.

excellent

the

had

around

909000

over

vegetation

Home lists

sIome woodlands.

a total

of

moor

"Natural scarce; Kirktown

from

Ross;

Woods when in

Adam

I

144 -

(196o, in

Kincardine

2 horses

that

suggest with

mention

and that (see

this.

in

his

had

of

its

fir

corn

lands

the

last

is

its

original

but

the

(1889)

'oak

as

(Awe)",.,

"Great

North

(see one

the

on

and, among

partýof

quarrying within.

thickets'

cut,

the

of

Dykes; the

Housell.

Sutherland'

be

At

a great

North

side

Lands Stones

the

quarry

Human

of

have found and

acres

n6

of

Inver, and

Daulks,

have

been

woods

listed

to

Mackay

by

25).

Production

of At

destruction* of

lately

Kiln the

Loch

next

farm:

same been

upon

has

which

hill the

it

Philin,

translated

the

Baulks

of imagine

to

Rocks

on

agencies, I

full

At

part

observations

the see

tree

of

no woods

"Remains

were:

had

Appendix

"Wood

arable

apt

a bearing

have

are

appears

is

-

cause

his

and-burning the

of

Baddidarroch

Home remarked: been

which

daraich

been

Thanes

with

Roots,

bhadaidh

have

could

lately

Oak

of

forestedv

Norsemen

Infields"o

"osainterjected

production".

-

the

above

to

references

by

ago".

2 acres

a mile

densely

more

remarks

would

which

are

Lands

time

within

Home'notes

Corn

one

some

of

were:

name

Lddbeg,

that

so

Wood

full

Home's

"The

Oak rootsp

mostly

the

of

by

burned

Drumsurdland

listedl

were

the

lime

Trees

of

much

being

John

comments:

altogether

woods

was

forests

examplep'at

but

been

Assynt

Some of

For list

Wood,

Ha

time

Einig

a single

a moss

there

scarcityO

was once a 'forest

it

Roots

with

of

one

hauled

in

Glen

hauled

were

each

found

was

the

at

7@2 below).

on

wood

Despite

manse*

joists

horses

other

Smaller

16

from

brought

was

that

and 32

and

each

the

fir-wood

parish

couple-beam. of

that

notes

xxi)

the above

limed,

by

Grounds the

fragmented

Linn terrain

145 --

situation

exposed

and

a few

of

patches Transport

haveg "There last

were

necessary roads, ,

of

rearing

the In

counties. coast

boggy it The were

be

kfettest

foot

Mackenzie, are 7o2o

yet

the used

In

the

only

Dornoch,

with

part

Edderachillisp

of

humans

south

the

had

or

to

18th

draGeede

As late "..,.

more wasp

1911,128)o

most

to

remove

the

century in

obliterated

first

east

circumstances

later

almost

noted:

minister,

be

carried

as

1794,

neither

had

loads Any

cart

winter to

important on horse William nor

wagon

herelle

Landowners

Early

often

in

the

on

(Lennie,

Su-bherlande

eastern

such

Highland

the

all

a road

Consequentlyo

or

going

to

Assynt

were

horses

under

cattle

as

considered

stones

or

impossible',

seasons.

by

carried

such

were

Drove

along was

of

guides

of

as led

gravel

beeinning

timesp

earliest

of

traffic

sayt

which

communications or

some

across

routes

tracks, the

and

to

visible*

but'it

constructio'n

fling

was

tracks

straths;

the

to

this,,

difficult*

extremely

interior

the of

bridle

Wheeled

needless

main

from

industry

main

and

parts.

is

main

the

boulders

only

Sutherland

the

of

a track

of

been

Sutherland

parts

existed

the

for

sufficient

many

addition

up

and

the

in

coursep,

was

in

roads

vestige

as no

left

western

times,

recent

no made and

in

communications

and

centuryp

have

Assynt

of

woodlands

relatively

until

much

of

12th

and

Creich, Kildonan Durnessp

in

Assynt

13th

Sutherland

centuriesp

Golspie, and

Clyne

Rogartv

Lairgo

Strathnaver

It

did or

not

Farr.

included and

Loth,

include biese

Assyntv were

jL46 -

in

added of

the

in

Sutherland to

referred There

is

12th

by

the

Thane

that

eeg's' the

place-namesp steading)

(Appendix

a female,

married

in

the

14th

a Ma'cLeod

was

The

century. to

Torquil

of

Ithe

4 penny

in

the

island ship

oared

Traligill

into

the

Register

or

of in

manned

4 davoch

and

burned

traced

in

the

Assynt, the

do

the

at

armed

of

Xing's

Lewis

Assynt the

of

records

in

of to

end

Seal

1346,

lands

linel

interruptionsp

Great or

(Una's

MacLeods

the

fir

the

some of

MacNicol

the

of

cattle the

Unapool

the

of

nea'r

MacLeod

and

coast

some

the

1343

thereofp

retrieving

or

Nicolson

or

for

family

until

possession

vassalage

MacNicol

last

with

in

given

River

The

and,

MacLeodp

be

can

25).

century

the

raided

was

Sutherland.

of

a reward

as

influence

was

county

Assynt

recordsp

MacKrycul,

one

and

Thanes

region

ofISutherland

Norse

sheriffdom

the

of

to

who had

new

medieval

the

century

Norsemen

forests.

In

'forest'

a story

the

from

1631-

as a

in

the

of

erection

17th the

grant

of

David

reign

the

with

ffortalicel a 20-

of

service disposal:

di

Davidis "Carta Regis Regis, 2 ejusdem ... Maclode, terre Torkile davatarum quatuor insule de Asscynkte cum forcelata, ejusdem; faciendo servitium navis viginti remorum heredes Torkile-vel sui super quum dictus data" hoc fuerint sine premuniti; carta, est

(Robertson, The secured in

the

1592

same one)

Seal

1.572

that

records

baronies

February,

January, the

Great

of

Assynt

(RMS 2019),

(RMS 2024) resigned

and but

another the

lands

Connonach

Torquil Coigach only

favour

MacLeod charter

later,

MacLeod of

1798)

royal

20 years

Torquil in

by

Colin

(or

IIp

in perhaps Mackenzie

147 -

of

The

Kintmile

1 the

farm

names

charter

of

is

its

for

valuable

record

of

Assynt:

"Rex concessit de et, pro bono servitiop Colino MIKenzie de Kintell, novo dedit de corpore legit. masce ejus et heredibus deficientibus, legit. quibus procreatis, (masc. ) heredibus et propinquioribus Col. dicti de quibuscunque cognominis MIKenzie, et arma domus de Kintaill terras baroniam de ý gerentibus. et Assintp viz. (Elphin)

Alphin Leardmoir

Ardvar

(Ledmore) (Ledbeg)

Leadbeg

(Stronecruby)

Strowchrobe Glasmoir Stoir

(Ardvare) (Glenlirag)

Glenlerik Neyther

(Nedd

(Tumore

Taymouth Brumepak

(Stoer)

Clachoule Inchevandie

(Oldernay)

Uldenyne,

(clachtoll) (Inchnadaff)'

Glasmassie

Auchincarne

Auchmoir

(Auchamore)

Auchinamulvich

Ullebell

(Unapool)

Terbrek

Ravintrait

?)

(Rientraid)

Invererlik

(Auchnaigarnan) (Auchmelvich)

(Torbreck) (Inver

Chirkag)

cum aqua et piscaria salmonum earundemp Lochbannochp Kirktoun insulam de Assint, the Yle et fortalicium nuncupate of Assint locis, fortalic: Lisp cum maneriebus, tam in silviso molendinis piscationibus tenentibus salsis quam dulcibusp aquis &c., capellaniarum advocatione ecclesiarump Invernesivice et benefioiorum earundemp Torquillus MILeude do Lewis, Assint quas in favorem dicti Col. et Cogarch resignavit; rex unica voluit sasina quod - Insuper

de Leardmoir et terras apud villam, Reddend. capienda pro omnibus staret: &c. debit. Jura et servitia cum warda et, consuet"o

148 -

The

names

used

by

John

In

the

Hearth

brackets

in

Home in

list

Tax,

his

of

some of

(Ledmore)q

Laidmore

the

farms

(Clachtoll),

Achmcornic

(Auchnagarnan

(Unapool), Inchdanf

(Inchnadaff),

(Layn).

Once

again,

last

MacLeod

The by

169.5 Assynt

of

the

Seaforth

debt,

mounting

Mackenzie

the

possession

In on

on

the

Mackenzie

the

the

lands

the

state

brackets. 1691-92

ensuine of

in

Mackenzie

in

ownership

the

to

face

of

two

different

and

William

troubles,.

the-house

Ederahalda

the

of

and

Mackenzie

John

Sutherland,

of,

farm

Leind

in,

lands

? )g

Torbreck

or

of

lairdl the

sell

in

is

remained

Earl

'Nuliboull

(Stroncruby),

lost

to

(Clashnessie),

Castle

1774-. version

17th

57),

An unknown-writer

Ardvreck

It

(Clashmore),

(Glenlirag),

Glenleroch

attempted

(Plate

Calda

(mill)

laird

Seaforth.

of

Classnes'sie

last

Williamp

purchasers,

? ),

family.

1736 when the

until

of

in

Chirkag),

Achmalbich-(Auchamelvich),

Stroncrubie

was

(Inver

Classmore

the

the

(Drumsurdiand),

(Stoer),

(Ardvareq

Ardbreck

for

(Knockon),

Knookan

Store

(Drumbeg)p

forms

listed:

are

Invrchircac

(Inver)v

Inbor

(mill)

1693,

Druimsuadorland

Clachcoill

Drumbaie

in

(Ledbeg),

Tubee,

(Philin),

Philind

Hearths

Assynt

the

are

1774.

of

Sutherland

Leadbeg

Donglash-(Duchlash)p

farm-names

Survey

(Knockneach)t

Knockneich

the

after

was

Highlands

in

burned* 1750

commented: ". .. the

country

of

a, family

of

Seaforth's I

of

of the and

Assintv

about

McLeods, of

his

now

name;

80 years the

property

but

it

is

ago

the of

at

property

a near

present

cousin sequestered

14q -

t

for

debt,

(Lanev

an idiot" Assynt for

the

and

was

her

1898)o

in

died

daughter

After

in

purchased

1766

by

the

and

degree

one

Earl

Lady

Strathnavery

Sutherland.

of

estate

above

sequestrationp

of

Katherinel

18th

Countess

Elizabethp

scarce years

1757

Williamp

grandsonp

William

is

proprietor

to

passed

his

year-old

Sutherland.

of

"

7-3

Maps

Early

On maps

of

Assynt

Scotland

of

in 159.5, the region

by

is

real

or the beginning

of the 16th map of

'Assyin'

rather

twidted

What

would

hand

side

Assynt

has

be

correlated

the

of

names

the

of

seem logically

ýlace

to

view

the

north

. Pont's

northern

no

river

issuing

coast. with Map

towards

the end

Pont,

half

to

be

the

on

closer

coast from

its

place

A crude

Pont? ) shows a (Fig,

Assynt

of

west

of

To a certain known

at mapping

as with I Assynt

Timothy

eastern

map provest

the

of

but,

of the 17th. century,

(Master

by M-T*P*

Mercator

and

Shire',

attempts

seem to be the work of Timothy

would

i573

in

shown as 'Assyn

the earliest

Lochtayside,

Ortelius

coast

on

have

to

Assyntv

although

western

end the

left-

the

examinationg

extent,

52)9

Loch

that

names

flows can

names:

Bunlaboll

Home's , Unapool

Loch

Imberboll

Loch

Unapool

Loch

wairr

Loch

Ardbhair

Sur-vey

or

O. S.

Map

?

0

Ard-wairr

Ardvarep

Assynbeg

Assynt

Ardbhair beagg

Little

Assynt

S.

1.50 -

Alt

Calder

beg

Allt

a'

Alt

Calder

mor

Allt

allChalda

Chaille

Druim

mor

Kirktown

Inchindaw

Inchnadamph,

Stronchrowby

Stroncruby,

Avon

River

Traliaill

Loch

Borralan

L.

Borrow-lann

Altnacealf;

Laidbeg

Ledbeg

Laidmor

Ledmore

Straockell

Strath

is

There

an interesting. and, beeare

"On Laidmore

Ledbeg

and

Borralan, that

this farm

the

1774

of

Stroncruby,

The

(septentrionalis Cathenesiap

is

map

little

bottom.

the

the

west

well

to

the of.

to

know

all

River

map:.

name

'Avon

Loananp

and

The

the

south

of

Loch of

north-west,

vicinity

of

Ardvreck

the

on

that

noted

in

1759

mill and on

the

continued Kirktown,

Assynt, in

listed

site

settlement

the,

of

Little

the

of

and

information

Ledmorep

and

the

previously

1.592.,,,

(Figure orat,

to

in

Unapoolp

of

of

horses".

built

useful

Ardvarep

charter

the

in

shown

ach.?

at

a forerunner,,

is

it

Ledbeg

next

lie

Ederahalda,

but

mentioned

be

There

morphology, existence

is

mill',

must of

Survey.

they

fact

on

Stronechrubie

Oykel

given

shown

are.

in

'Ye

loch..

studds

wrongly

Ledmore when

Castle; on

been

has

Tralligirl

comment

Moire

Assynt

of

Aldwyvydling

Mor

Coille

na

Kirktoun

Tralligir

beae

Chalda

ubi

Strath-Naveriae)v

53)

is

provinciae

part.,,. of sunt

a map in

Extima

Scotiae,

Rossia,

John

Blaeuts

Sutherlandiap Atlas

Novus, j

151 -

in

published the

on that

Pont

in

map was

the

(Figure

case

3)*

Gordon

et

descrIpsit")

1901; the

north

here.

the is

been

wrongly

was

shows

shown

sites

end the

on

(Unapool),

(Inverkirkaig).

It

in

no weal. farm has

RMS 2024

a cross Pont

later

error The

(Figure,. Loahtayside

for

indication

names

earlier

is

are on

the

on

part

the

sheet*

the

River

Military

quite The

and

\

in

appeared named has

coastp

again which

(Clachtoll)t Chircaig the

of

farms

but

this

Most'of but

circlet 'Kirktoun' may

'Balna

Ynnaboll

disappeared*

name

seen rouGh

Loanan

Inner

herep

be

Pont's

appears

some

missing

(0+) as had

of

acain

Clawhoill

a small

change

of

On the

that

had

against

The

the

shows

they

twisting

a site

map,

surprising

circle

map.

map of 5.5)

that shown

Assynt,

Torbreck

are

maps

Where, Kirktoun

Tralliairl.

1592

adapted

(Cash,

from

noted

(Auchnagarnan),

(Achmelvich),

The can

4

collegit,,

many, Pont

90 dearees

map# Chapter

& Strath-loch

1968).

seem

Blaeu

later

earlier

Achanagarnau

based

again

map has, been

map and

'Avon

would

in

with

Loch

of

later

Dachamailler

listed

a later

more.

on Pont's

shown

for

already

several

labelled

barely

case

about

the

south-eastern

beg'

it

be

Lochtayside

& Skeltont

-Moir

as

one

and

(11R. Gordonus

through

coast

this

Sootiae

to

appears

map of

as wasthe

As well

map,

early

Extima

1.973;.

It

draft,

a-rough

ofIStraloch

-Moir,

1654.

mentioned

the

of

This

by

in

map already

Pont's

as

at

Amsterdam

is the beg'

'Balna the

on

therefore

be

a

Gordon. Survey,

1747-55,

a different

pattern

settlements

are

for from

as usual

Assynt. the shown

by

152 I

clusters is

one

of

Tay.

This

region

the

obscure

list

Home's

of

from

the

a number

of

not

named,

e. g.

'extra'

also

situated;

is

but

western

No settlement field

the

must

be consideredv

'Inknaduft

of

although

its

the

IMrk

Kirktown

'Inchdanfig

labelled

read

the

Rian on

the

...

of is adding

(possibly

original)

of

on the

Skiag

Burn

herep

same

Assynt). probably the

shown

just

any

by 1774 of

a period

is

The

The

(no

of

east

An difficult

of

a

Stroncruby is

a corruption,

but

the

across doubt

confusion.

is

which

shown

farm

the

at

Inchadamph,

cluster

'Riendorich? is

as

(juinag.

of

settlements.

of

be south.

there

existing

in

are

foot

had disappeared

unlikely

are

Achmorep

of

the

are

a site

filled

farther

at

nor

John

should

farm

in

gaps

There

miles

Stre. tharombiet

to

to

which

Unapool

2-3

of

almost

'Strathcrombiel

which

sitev

the

of

located

is

the

with

region.

where

which

it

of

shows

Survey

Peninsuýla

and proliferation

all,

from

version

but

is

at

Traligill

but

Loch

may be

gaps

Military

recorded

Roy survey

growth

named

these

the

of

25),

Map compared

'Albeall is

of

almost

seemed

(Appendix

The possibility

of

not

side

was ever

time

name

Stoer

regular

cultivation*

shown as a settlement

remains.

population

the

in

of

the

more sides

shading

Some of on

the

land

arable

fragmentation

Survey

clusters

'Inknaduff

hill

Military

names, e. g. 1ý Unapool itself

on the

the

names

1774.

of

by

place

of

south

and

islands

scattered

Survey

north

Roy's

places

table

The

the

pattern

unlike

emphasises

pattern in

the

patches,

alone

arable

and

but

oblongs,

discontinuous

of

strip

the

small

of

Layn.

extra to John

Home

153 .-

a Riancrevich

mentions

Ry-an-cro-vichp

in

On the and is

land

labelled

in

'Ballclachinholell

stone'

(Baile

or

English

is

heard

of

phonetics

as

Inverkirkaig,

Aultnachie,

missingg

difficulties

explanation During

the

the

minority

tutors

or

the

estate

surveyed,

engaged

the-Assynt as his

successor.

to

of

are

of the

to

(Adam, be

this 1960). started

of

far

as shown

not

reasonably

and Polgarvier,

interior some

a partial

farms* of

have

end

anywhere$

may be

Countess to

and

shown

are

South

recorded-

Duchlash

roads

Lowland

the name N is\a matter

Ailfint'Knockan

the

decided

could '

no

omission

and

survey

are

sites

Beanoch,

since

guardians

1771

farms

holed

the

cases

spelling

boundar'yq

has

of

regions,

Drumsurdland,

access

many

coastal

inland

of

town

Highland, and-the

parish

Loch

for

her

was

the

and of

in

in

settlement

Clachtoll

and 'the

The

Batachrianant

Tube, g are the

'bayt)

locally

a number

Knockneach,

a farmp

Bellachlattach

As in

conjecture.

Torbreck,

parish

notes

72)

named,

for

working

'-On but

not

thuill).

chlach

as pronounced

accurately

(Plate

literally

surveyors

or

but

(Gaelic

become

of 1794,

'Achnacarnan

shown

'Camis'

a"

Account

the

and

vicinity.

coast,

west

arable

the

Ledmore

of

part

the' Statistical

in

minister,

as

certain

John

'He and

Sutherlandp

Kirk

died John

in

parts from 1773

of Edinburgh

before

Home was

appointed

154 CHAPTER EIGHT 1774:

ASSYNT IN

8.1

Population

The

inhabitants

of

number

to

easier

than

calculate Assynt

earliere was

spread

the

Sutherland

was

the

'Particular

Papers

Parish

Rental 1775'p

15th

Mayp

some

confusion

with

a Good

x1i)

notes,

to

amend

seem

too

"The

he

came

in

1766; young

is

obviously

for

1801 records

present is

an inflated

2395,

of

The

of 3000 for

15 shows the population

than

Inhabitants

Census of This

15).

likely.

1794 much less to 1861,

figures

when

3000"of

(Appendix 40Yo of

an increase figure

be

List

of 1718 and the firýt

own

inhabitants, to

thought

guess.

his

numerous

number

folks,

old

and

makes Mackenzie's Appendix

The

1794

in

in

persuaded more

some

the'parish

Account

Statistical

a third

(19609

whichpfor

Mackenziep

perfectly

are

a total

1774 gives

Old

is

...

fi&res

William

the

natives

including This

high.

1755

calculationp

as Adam

servev

and

on despite

Thesep in

and

set

as

inaccuracies.

and

the 17741

Assint,

(1960)9

Adam

Webster's

narrator

the

that

November,

population

in

writing

states: mind,

of

Assint,

thisy

from

of

a

by

names

tList

contain

of

years

Lochtayside

Apart

parishes.

is

five

whereas

Estate

published

Give

minister,

the

of

idea

districts,

of

1774-75

Lochtayside

parish

three

in

Assynt

for

a single

Estate of

in

that

least

at

over

Inhabitants a

LANDS AND HOLDINGS

the year

of maximum population* Of the 1718 inhabitants the coastal

farms

32% of the total

(Appendix occupied

in 1774,1175 14),

while

the inland

68% or occupied

543 inhabitants farms*

The most

or

155 -

township

populous in

and

Ardvar

coastal

farms

of

20 inland

were

Ledmore,

8*2

Land The

of The in

"The

in

76,

and

The

and

farms

of

David

perhaps

only

of

3d.

by

2

only

theae

land,

of

the

of

from

Edra-iskq

Old to

parish,

Ard-Assint,

davochs including

Skiak

river

divisions assessment*

all

is

from

revived#

as 1794,

with Account:

Statistical this

day

retained

land,

of

are

which

the

whole

along

the

(Altnac'ealeach),

extends

MacLeod

Torquil

above),

the

into

was

to

as late in

Auld-an-nakal-gach

at

7.2

did

earlier

on fiscal

traditionally,

herev

all

been

granted

(Chapter

II

on Lochtaysidep

perhaps

statement

thereon,

tract march to

&c.

Inverkirkaig

four:

of Knockano

to

river

Inver.

davoch, from

shore

whereas

52*

with

seen

based

division

2d davoch, that

the

of

50 inhabitantal .

may have

4-davoch a

to

davoch

Ledmore,

by

11

50p

over

Stroncruby,

There

however,

ancient

lst,

than

56

followed

Altogether

of

sub-division,

Mackenzie's

known

of

with

Assynt.,

reign

and

4th

more

officiary

although

90.

populations

had

reference

William

had

inhabitants#

with

farms

parisho

the

each

4 on Figure

Division

occur the

103

with

Glenlirag,

and

22

not

12),

Appendix

(no.

Clashnessie

was

Row-store Inver

davochl

river

(Rhu

Stoer)v

to

Garve-Auld

Slish-a-chilishp

Clashnessie,

along

Unapool

(as

chilish

parish.

formerly

lies

extended (Garbh

the

coast

represented)

of

Allt)

betwixt

situated Kilis, with

to Glencul

the

along of

said the of

Clashnessies

Garve-Auld march Edra-

of

156 -

The

subdivision

land,

every

32

davoch

is

the

Papers

for

of

Assy-ntp

south

hal-f-davoch the

The

system

of

sown

with

the

there

are

(field),

definition by was or

equated

one

(8

plough

seems equates infield

in

to

have

to

the

areas

In

been

or

the

4 davochs

case 32 by

latter,

acres)

be worked

often than

the

terms

of

these

reckonings

(1886)

regarded

where In

a davoch 8 oxgates

of

Thomas

oxgates.

and

the

meaningp

rather

Assyntv

half-

(ox)

damh

each

was

pecks

Pollichoir"o

could

Captain

davoch

in

previously

where

ploughgatesq

the 104

that

be

could

the

from

a vat

which

which

of

(eight)t

this

acress

for

Ullapool;

land

where

vat,

or

"a. a four

half-peck

ochd

various

rental

to:

in

of

north, or

of

land

came

and

416

oxgates

land

Coigach

the

a year.

4 davochswith only,

the

Lossitmore

(ox)

totalling

that,

noted

area

possibly

are

of

references

4 ploughs

with

oxgangsp

In

Ullapool;

in

the

Achlunachan..,

of

tub

a'large

the

or

of

damh

a plough-team

to 11...

Celticp

There

quantity

further

applied

Forfeited

to:

refers

an old

interpretation

or

on

immediately

quarterlands

measurement#

grain*

peckland in

been

be, the

An alternative a bh

have

rental, of

Rimore

the

Dabhaichg

a vat

six

of

peck

the

was

mentioned of

to

derivations.

grain

1748

the

all

oxgatelft

land

might

Among

54.

for

in

making

A map based

Coigachq

of

Balloan,

of

seems

definition

of

Barony

of

oxgates

such,

eight

Figure

at

a rental

davoch

suggested the

the

...

Pictishp

into

1794,184-185)9

a half

oxgates

of

given

'lands

is

davochs

consisting

description

Estates

four

(Mackenzie,

oxgates"

this

these

of

would

four.

as This

minister arable not

or

157 -

the

accommodate as

a whole.

division

the

1774

this

is

it

(particularly that

11...

crooked

and

in

more

almost

less

farms

of

these

found

by

experience,

corn,

from the

from in

like

in

return"

it

would

real

of

davoch It

is

and 1944v may from

not

earlier

for

had

of

1951; have

been

in

by

become to the

the

where

the

Assynt

the

late

18th

interchangeable cover davoch

all

survival

of

the

only

name

an

of

1930;

but

any

its

use

in

the the

barony. use

McXerrall Assynt

it

administrative had

as

the

centuryp

aspects

1962,1973),

had

cl. earo

with

(Gran tP

sixteen

evidence

and not

Sown

yield

davoch

is

etc.,

of than

bear

this

capacityq

is

it

increase

to

From

ploughing

other

delvinnsp

found

do

might

ground;

Generally

that

Barrow,

times

sown

ploughed

rental,

here

interpretation

simply

of

suggested

possible

1948p

is

that

terms

a unit

as

in

seed

the

by

besidesp

in

24)

Mackenzie

several

greater

much

fbLrms

Appendix

plough

...

1794,185-186).

assessment

(1926)

Grant

delving

seem unlikely in

is

of

sown

(Mackenzie,

meaning

a unit

quantity

quantity spade

straight

there

In

performed

the

shore

11oxgates

the

chroml.

The .,, *

alone

in

variou's

in

is

throughout,

that

the

cas

labouring spades

davochs

same

the

all

Kirktown.

of

Oldernay

with

the

degreep

three

the

worked

to

on

notes of

delving

straight or

Home's

all

farm

by

division

reference the

the

that

this

of

a brief on

Assynt

and known

retained

description was

for

assertion

whatsoever

from

his

Assynt

of

reported:

so,

known

in

much

day

Glendull

and

listed

minister's

from

apart

infield

of

no mention

Camore

case-,

any

". se to

Survey#

Culack,

of

the

is

there

acres

Despite

was

here",

2202

been

retained.

unit

158 -

8-3

and Size

Rents

The rental was

given

farms

these,

Oldernay

valued

units

and for

South

Lochtayside

a great

difference

regions.

The

4-merk

the

with

Finglen,

farms.

In

Assynt,

and Ledbeg,

both

incredible

difference

in

quality published

by to

bring

the

Lochtayside

the

merk

(Appendix

prepared

sterlingj to

1)

gives

In

a plan

William

of shows

a more

to the

total

a figure of

East

Cockburn

10-7

Lix, in

better

1775P

for

bQ an

per attempt From

suggested

that

acres

infield.

of South of

a township for

fragment-

level,

acres

1755

for

possibly

to

figures'for of

less

a "conversion

(1973)

two

seems an

Assynt

realistic

7-9

about

the

shows

all

are

the

appears

Dodgshon

equivalent of

and

13)

South

on

This

farms

of

the

valuations

Rental

at

list

for

considering

which

figures,

average

by

The

lowest

Portbane,

and

on Lochtayside

valuation

was

merklande

value,

The

Aultnachiejý

4 and

farms.

(1960,64-6.5),

Adam Losod.

the

straight

land

the

at

valuation

highest

200-merk

infield.

the

of

merks" to

the

of

highest

the

of

Brackloch

valuation

merk

two

B,addidarroch,

Callelochane

Achmore

ed nature

the

eachp

farms.

(Appendices

Assynt

Ledmore

Only

20 merks,

A glance

each.

valued

160, merka

coastal

at

highest

eachl

each*

merks

are

between

are

merks

Torbreck,

and

lands

The

150

Clachtoll,

40 merks

13)o

at

Bellachlattach,

at

Lochtayside

at

as on Lochtaysidep

Claohtoll

Battachrianan

are

landsq

200

at

and

Kirktown and

and

Cromald

Ledbeg,

and

and

Assynt

Appendix

Stroncruby

merks,

30 merks,

the

of

(Tablet

merks

Oldernay

and

value

Achmore

are

180

at

in

Holdings

of

the

Lochtayside

arable in

per

Glendochartt

Commissioners

F,

159 -

the

for

Forfeited at

4 merks

and

12.68

acres

per

merkland.

quite

different

valued

3830

merks

this

is

face

24).

with

Assynt

the

16'on

Ledmore,

14

and

on

the

much

better

On these A straight

land

'later

Clashmore

and tenant

that

the

landscape

of

the

units

century* farms

per

farm

Unapool These

there

economic

such

tacksmen

for

and

equatep

tenants

totals

for

and

numbers

Lochtaysidep was

obviously

agriculture.

be

listed

as

52*35

acres

infield,

ý38.80 1972.85

acres

sheelings

per

acres

total

farm

farmsp

average

followso

farms per

per

joint-tenancy would

tacksmen

and

single-tenant

joint-tenancy

average

herep

both

Glenlirag.

26

26

as

to

18th

and

in

again

produced

number

of

acres

when

if

rental

money

15 on Clashnessiev

for'Assynt-may

same

Even

classified

originally

the

the

from

merke

attempt

single-tenant

for

per

consistency

no

of

than

suited

Apart holdings

fact

and

diminishes

to

or

areas

Clachtoll,

Eire much-greater despite

is

greatest

infield

land

by'the

the

aside.

49), Of is

There

so drastically

Leaving

out

the

which

conditions

had-changed

(16

on

a

produce

only'2*875

which

to'equatep

merkland'valuations social

as

giving

of

the

in

rises"to

remarks

(Appendix

seems'pointless

and

infield

merk, ' a figure

arable,

acres

of

is

farm

the

figures

Assynt

5 merks'

figure

Home's

John

of

'Infield' it

the

the

to

acres

of

acres

The

'per

13)p

50-7

1969),

'2202-361

0-575

converted

infield

has

results

give

(Appendix

(Fairhurstj

Estates

give

farmfarm

farms the

there

following

were

247

holdings:

tenants.

16o -*

-

5.51 4.08

acres

infield

acres

207.66

acres

sheelings total per

Howeveri

on ,

the

the

north

is

12)

these

precisely

she would

who

gives

this

six

"it

land

was

not?

If

the

of

were

shared a, tenant

that

he or

land

than normal

seems

so

subdivided If

shared.

with

shares

of

picture

when

the

the

division

farmp

the Stoer

it

lands

acres

7o85

acres

sheelings

7.92

acres

infield,

3-92

acres

sheelings

5.94 . 3-96

acres

infield,

2.94

acres

sheelings

acres

infieldv

1.96

acres

sheelings

3/40

tenants

fairly

land

three

and

infield,

1/10

(15),

equated

of

rentp

basis:

l5o85

J/20

each,,

be

1/5

Culack

be

different

a somewhat on

pieces

the

of

This

one-twentieth*

could can

rental

subdivided

6n

tiny

all_qualities the

only

why

share

a greater

Stoer

Using

seem likely

would

(Appendix

suggests:

arable But

it

rent to

paid

where

a system

1hat

the

be entitled

tenant

the

proportions",

of

one-fifth

paid

that

a

merks

one-fifth

(1960,1)

Adam

assume

where

three-fortieths

paying

eachp to

be unwise

would

'in

two

in

1775-

paying

farms

dividedv

rental for

Rental

tenant

one

one-twentieth

the

of

Assynt

the

one-tenth,

paying

the

shares

with

example,

paying

in

in

given

an

five

of

or

1)

there with

three

tenants

one-twelfth

each

were

with and

one-eighth three

4

assume

those

Appendix

unequally

were

to

from

apart

44 in

and

horsegangs

tenants,

the

of

among

we have

where

tenants,

(396P7,12

side

ploughlands

list

as

land

of

per tenant tenant

Lochtayside,

unlike

shares

equal

tenant

per

tenants

are

161 -

with

6.54

1/8

acres

infield,

2.11

acres

sheelings

1.40

acres

sheelings

1/24

=

2.18

infield,

0-70 acres

sheelings.

1/24

(31

many

Assynt,

shares

1/12

figures,

given

John

Home's

many

farms

the

baulks

from

thisp,

the

tenants,

8.5

below),

must

have

infield.

as

a croft

infield

was there

were

been

spread

or

Badnaban

or

pendicle,

The

seemingly

Assynt

may be

growing

population

environment. or

but

The

physically

process moving

the

in of the

head

and

a third

of

Apart'

24).

among

'servants.

'

of

unit

had

(the have

(see

acreages

small

onlY

equivalent been

regarded

townships.

later

18th

of

land

arable

with

century, difficult

a naturally

taking

unrealistic I that on

numbered

shares

or

of

pressure,

would

I

land,

Inverkirkaig,

Highland

minut6-patches

or

arable

The

sheelings

this .

on many

a feature

the

with

no

farms);

on many

as

thinly.

included

moorlýtnd,

not

for

houses

of

(Appendix

from

rather

-

a half

only

as well

yields

quite

stan6es

tenants)p

givesq

account

tillage

townshipp the

into

cases

(34

arableý

are

families,,

extra

of

infield

the

in

This,

the

and

1/16

shares

taken

some or

each that

so

small for

1/72,

tenants),,

tenants).

are,

in

tillable

on

(40

to

1/2

give:

13a*

Appendix

shownin

from,

included

that

or

-some

outfield

remarks

is

(30

and 1/8 very

when

of

were

townships,

total

infield

Assynt

rental-ranged,

tenants)

Badinimban

for

the

of

common

the

acres

pattern

most

dyke

would

infield,

shares

the

This,

rental*

4-36 acres

The

rocky

the

=

detailed

and

of

1/12

The

in

each

one-twenty-fourth

in

land

beyond

dyke

to

a higher

the

head

levelp

162 -

as

seen

same of

land

to

Assynt, were

noted

the

is to

but

dyke, all found

of

Any the

and

limits

parts

to

appear

of

of have

detached each

obviously component

known

the

...

his

for a head

really

scattered

were

t could

land'which less

a

worked

which

other,

the

farm,

land

be

fragmentedp

the

and

as

1770'B,

in or

part had

on LochtayBideand

as

far

by-a

tsheelings' of

in

other

broken

expansion

process which

the

in

Of some

beginning

a development

replaced

within

the

as

- This

allow, ABsynt

be

to

had

and

would

proceeded grazings

farmp

before

Highlands.

not

therefore,

arablev

of

nature

marshy

colonising

of

expansion

existing

would

but

Scotland.

of

regions

in

(1949)

sufficient

land,

distributed

evenly

more

township.

conveniently

within

unusable

and

usable

of

boundary

was

limit

grazing

the

Robertson

cattle

and

boundary

Assynt a township

rather

types

crops

support

all

In

rough

limit

be

could

Ily

an upper

and

the'natural

which

A

pasture.

and

Isobel

the

not

limit,

the

-

physical

on practical

moorland

dyke,

always

land

The

livelihood".

head

not

meadow

boundary

one

the

ide,

a height

was

woods,

pasturep

could

which

was

arable,

limit

man-made

Assynt

as

"it

...

in

used

of

study

boundary

dyke

within

all

of

head

arable,

In 1.her

and

dykee

the

nature

On Lochtays

not

probably

the

the

farmst

the

limit

head

the

as

township

the

landscapep

was

of

Because

Assynte

in

feasible

on Lochtayside,

some farms

on

outfield

parts

of

the

163 -

8.4

Tenancies There in

As synt tenant

the

in

the

against

is

somewhat

eeg,

Loch

meant

-

"This

farm

Run-Ridge

at is

Kenneth

Scobie

William

Mackenziev

Little

Assynt

other

families,

at

most,

Kenneth

is

A Lieutenant in

then

half,

possessed was

the

below). noted

as

corn

farm

in

1774, half

Aultnachie

Home

often are

records: it

who have

of

Little

1794

family

1774,

14

Battachrianan. and

was

still

several

in

shares

Achmore

son

which

and

living:

of

parish"s Kennetht

he

William 1794,

was

Alexander possessed

joint-tenants;

in

the

Accountp

Statistical

Lieutenant of

Cromauldq

'servants'

or

Edrachilish the

on Ledmore, among

Spobie-and.

were

were

Scouryt

Assynto

shared

farms

possessing

his

McLeodj

possessed

actual

Survey:

Home's

of

Kenneth

also

no

probably

and in

still

and

Scobie, of

time

sub-tenants

the

In

good

minister

he

Alexander

with

he

John

the

and

were

then

other

farmal farms.

(_sic)

On these

these

possession

the

tenants

joint-tenants

Mackenzie.

Rientraido

by

lived,

McLeod

joint

these,

where

at

'caretakers'

Scobie

the

tacksman

Tacksman

on Achmore

but

8.5

on

10

Lieutenant

son,

and

but

four

Itacksmen'

lived

see

Rientraid

joint-tenancy

(20),

Alexander

almost

(but

land

26

single

them".

and

John,

son,

by

The

obviously

Beannoch

the

12).

to

in

tenant

of

tenantq

references

when

four

were

and

his

occupied

amongst

There

his

in

Itacksmen'

Joint

being

tenancies

confused

types

three the

there

majority,

to

referring

been

(Appendix

tacksman

6 single

as

have 1770's:

early

the

and

were

to

appear

he Mackenzie when

he

also a

164

the. Assynt

compiled Kirkton

which

'grasskeeperl., as

just

others tenants

four

But

William

in

Itacksman'

a

had

the

on

raising in

of

fact,

also. his

1960,

Filin,

in

lairds

or

of

and

(in.

areas

daoine

uaisle

entrepreneurs the

the

in

formed,

ind#stry"

droving

landowners.

of

the

was

second ousted

tacksmen was

giving

with

no

about were way ties,

lbad,

other

and

the

been,

a tacksman

half from

the

no

1 longer

the

in

relationship

tacksmen of

the

with

as with

old

lands

possessed

as well

and

also

was

connected,

were

18th

the

century in

factorship

military

requiring

influences'

promoting to

had

service

by, landowners

concerned

Ardloch,

of

The

and

Igrasskeeper'

a

was

chiefs.

in

Ardloch

he

or, had

ties

on Ledbeg

family

As-synt

of

former

many. removed

services

and

with

rapidly

only

His

He wast

senset

some

had

estate*

family.

disappearing

1776),

single

mainly

They

lived

Mackenzie

lairds

Mackenzie

(Mackenzie

the

Ardloch

of

generations

traditional the

marketse

which

Assynt

Assyut'for

Sutherland

southern

the

could

been

perhaps

11... specialised

occupations

the

of

have

who

of

regarded

notIbe nor

to

farmsq

a,

x1viii).

possessed family

including

could

seem, simply

headstreams

Mackenzie

former

to

the,

Alexander,

factor in

of, the

one

(Adam,

for

cattle

on itq,,

definitionj

other

on

ýLnd possessed

Mackenzie.

tenants

commercially-minded

glebeq.

families

who

holdings

with

the

accepted

mentionedp

He lived

Account.

contained

also

which

Torbreck,

Statistical

on

tenants

the

The

emigration).

the'new

holders

than

financial,

of

tacksp with

16.5 -

little

Home says

We might

Assynt. but

it

is

to...

comprehending

the

infield

south Oxgates let

the

of

to

the

to

mentioned

above,

Beanochi

"This

it

Run-Ridge

not

been

much

have

been

"formerly

more

direct

Accountq

the

glebe:

"The

part

of

the

lower

(That are

for

half most

of part

that

two

halvesq

towards can

Mackenzie were

as

was

a whole,

from

by

itself; is

the

next

low

grass

the

this from

11

and and

the

Henderson

in of

the

or

fields

is

more (1812)

not

general and

It

be

would

into

divided

a tendency

have

only

explained;

It

'servants'.

halfs

How run-rig

inhabitants

other

run-rig

were would

grass

mountainous;

and

glebe

1794,202). farm.

the

land;

glebee

it

to

relation

called

The

of

1794

the

rocky

here

as

As

who have

Tacksman

dxgate

run-rig,

the

Loch

at

in

field).

(Mackenzie,

a tenantl

four

is

these

Parfof

made

only

what

grounds

not

and

is

partly

little

a single-tenancy

on

32 non-tenants

assumedv

an

every

improvement"

exist

half

fields,

these

desirable equal

is

presently

are

Run Ridgelle'

The'minister, run-rig

gl. bbe

or

in

mentions

the

with

tolle

reference

them".

Loch

his_predecessors

attended

by

each the

of,

Camore

and to

Glendu,

with

end

Kirkton:

at

and

Run Ridge

in

let

occupied

distinct

part,

isq

is

the

Culack

been

Statistical

is

be

have

Farm

terms

R-Lin Ridge

next

and

amongst

it

as both

operation,

Camore,

in

Lands

said

are

Parson

said

Culack,

to

in

was

in

holdings

of

ambiguous

partly

Corn

but

have

is

Glebe

-of Kirk

Camore,

distinctions

somewhat

lies

the

organisation

run-rig

Mansel

which

the

from

in

to

"Part

other".

that

assume

referred

of

the

about

of

the

can

only

remarks

for

from

the

few

11

farm be Sutherland

notes

of

166 -

-

in

that

Home,

John

in

run. -rig

8.5

somelarable.

held

Non-Tenants

is

there the

no

Surveyp

Assintp

of

'List

of

two

augment

the

Home.

John

in

the

in

of

Assint,

16t

Appendix

'shown

and

in

the 17741p

(1960) by

provided in

the these

for

figures

The

shares.

the

Adam

by

families

many

of

Novemberg

used

and

however,

tenants

or

information

meagre

werep

Rental 1775',

Parish

cotters

or

May,

discovered

sometimes

no

'Particular

the

Holdings1v

of

pendiclers

on 15th

documents

who had

listed

crofterst

set

Size

and

to

of

There

townships are

as

Inhabitants

latter

the

tRents

under

reference

Assynt

Estate

to

11and

being

still

1770's-

the

As mentioned

in

was

graphically

in

Appendix

to

be

17These in

non-tenant

Oldernay,

the

the

while

of

high

the

where

Inverkirkaig

of

has

a low

(e. go

farms

joint-tenancy

Knockon)

non-tenants,

and

farm

and had

non-tenants.

large

and

number

Neddq

Aultnachie.

and

at

the

Kirktownp

and 11

'servants'. will

where

consisted

abovep his-wife

of

and

familyp The be

obviously but

tenantsp

some Culackp

Baddiedarroch, Duchlash

of

tenants

proportions

are

numbers

and

servants

Clashuessiel

Badinimban,

The

Assyntq

and inflated

found

Torbreckp

e. g.

Clashnessiev

at

as mentioned

32 non-tenants

were

Ailfin

is

Mackenziev

William

percentage

in

population,

ministerp there

Ledbeg,

non-tenants

were

farms,

single-tenant

farm

populated tenant

actual

of

number

densely

on

Assynt

of

Kirktownq

AuchamOrej

greatest

most

of

numbers

considerable

The

inhabitants

and a high in

Polgarvier, percentage a few

cases

167 -

by

the had

and at

that

fact

Almost

among

theýcoastal

among

the

had

inland

these

A few

Assynt? at

Clashnessie)

'Catechistt

and

the

is

not

t

s*ome of

these

a piece

of

If

Iservants"some elsewhere

as

some

enough comments

to

farms

six

Tenemants

and

Herd

who

Oldernay or

are

this

contain for

their

include:

them.

of

have

in

the

the

and

situation

the

in

There been

other

entitlement

is of to

unclear. buildings be hardly Home's

population.

and

on

this

besides also

287

were

classed

seem

is

Rental Could

of

number

Servants

Islandq

The

here

"'There for

listed

mention

largeýnon-tenant

Cot-houses

resides

no

there

examined,

were

known

standing and

were

information.

surely

households

of

the

of

any

whom would

cottersp'but';

the-number

When bn

of

for

is

'grasskeeper'

a

and' son

live?

crofters

there

sop

a The

widows

Surveyo

extra

the

land

arable

they

did

I and

was

wife

Many

have*no

non-tenýxntsý-be

regions?

with

Home in'the

Inhabitants

of

Highland 'to

by'John

explained

List

and

how

non-tenantsp''bui

(eig.

Padlert'S'

Torbrecke

at

of

population

Glenlirag

Assint

a grasskeeper

non-tenants

among, -the among

and

'Who

Clashmore'there'was

Little

of

Tubeg

and

families

a "traveliing

'occupant

family;

their at

At

and

no' servants@ total

the

millers

'servants';

and

Beanoch

had

and

the

Culack

at

non-tenant his

millers

joint-tenantso

were

and

44Yo of

although

Stroncruby

single

formed

and

'servants'

Loch

Assint

farm

one

Knockn'each

at

had'no

Little

the

on

non-tenants

Polgax-vier,

and

were

had

Torbreck

farmsp

people

e. g.

farms

all

who

resided

another,

farmsv

no non-tenants

were

in

share

a small

Duchlash.

joint-tenants

some

one

possession the

Miller

who

moves

168 -

from

their

to

bound the

her But

tillage,

by

the

them

to

This

may be

the

and

the

But

also.,

at

Baddiedarroch,

chief

whose

one

and at

of

are

belongs

to

Clashmore

as most

of

the

people

was

made

the

Survey

such

answering of

or

Store

at

the

Fishings".

-

weaknesses

or

were and

It...

was

is

lett

not

employed

those

who At

whose

great

there

are

at

Culack business

is

by

the

above

one

a dozen

augmentedg statement on

Tenant

the

home

when

declined

upwards at of

or

Surveyorp

Fishings

... lies

Farml

this

This

to

atthe were

principal

residing

to told

eege

the

upon

Families

sundry

Store,

suagested

emphasised,

whole

questions".

Families

Score

is

the

flaboured'.

besides

It... residing

whether

tenants

single

are

others

are

general.

stated.

sundry

"There

in

probably

Home notes:

Home's I many

allows

single

absentee

the

pursuits

at

laboured

is

trouble".

farms

nowhere

other

employment

butt

Farm,

is

this

Bellachlattach:

this

the-'servants'

keept

Mastex\who

with

for

practice

ground

which

their

for

farms

and

more

their

single-tenant

where

there

Tacksmeno

them

arable

farms,

On coastal

no

and

the

to

Houses

for

enough

non-tenants,

a-share

is

for

for

than

more

"There

pays

explanation,

perhaps

hold?

of

tenant)

single

the

hold

people,

they

cattle

as

taking-

according

about the

so much

and was

Infield

who herd

labour

tenants, There

the

but

people

did

what,

Home says:

On, Reintraidv

the

pleasure

at

remotest

Prestanie, These

Mackay,

the

at

called

thereon.

Jean

serve

Country".

in

farm

growing (Mrs

landlady

are of

Corn

the

of

the

living

now

another,

to

belonging

Sheeling care

to

Sheeling

one

the

of

a

Fishing";

Families

169 -

-

besides

tThe

Fishing".

that

might in

tenants

farms; non-tenants the

land

arable farm

tenant to

flabourl

but

this

tenants

two

where

of

holdings

been

have

to

Assynt

8.6

on

Account,. geared

harvesto winterings

of

or

the

singleallowed

infield,

lot

non-

of

such

as Ledmorep

were

each

only

infield?

ignored

or

one-

may have

There type,

cotter

misýunderstood

on

farms

shares of

the-produce

Home

John

but

level

this

Trade

no

are

this

He doesp

was

cr6fter

missedp

Cattle

There

sheep

inland

acres

the

was

what

of

of

acres

the

where

socie'tye

The

because

95

on inland

been

have

i60

tenants' of

part

seventy-second

seems

tenancy

smallest

qhare

presumably

non-

many

farms

31 non-tenants

But

stated.

noiThere

farmst

non-tenants

adequate

osten'sible

on large'Joint the

have

of

part

an

not

There'was

single-tenant

mubt

the

of

areas for

the

e. ge

Auchamore

of

is

had

if

coastal

subsistence

the

at

a useful,

'the on

the

were

have

might

therefore

alternative

these

of

eleven

was

over-populated

similar

no

are

for

account

employed

chiefly

who

occupation

an already

apparently

of

fishing'

alternative

essential, and

it

upon

residing

was

however, the

farms

figures not

for to

meant

in

the

the

orbeginning (certain

part,

shows of

raising of

In

the

"By cattle

preserved

Assyntp

John to

how much

cattle.

November,

grazings

of

reference

parish.

WilliamIMackenzie to

be

frequent

make

in

livestock

Old of

perhaps Survey.

Home's

and

cattle

Statistical the

economy

the

close

are

sent

to

the

whole

during

of

170 -

three

harvest

they

where at

the

continue

to

they

are

taken

preference

to

time

which

in

milk

cowsp

day,

if

more

bad-days,

Describing

being

Cattle

are

other

that in

put

the

at

need

provender"

also

notes

Assynt. 1771

the

are

thence

bad

a bad

had

of

and

harvest the

of meal

their

limit

to

their

landlord

the I instead,

the

walls

the

and other least

estimated

that

at

lost

this

winter.

when the

and

a severe

money element

out

to

that

works"

the

that

stretched

of

proposing The

proposition

to

the

pay

them

1982,91).

of

becomes rent

were

employing

(Richardsg

heavy

very

leases.

time

one quarter This

their

all

Assynt's the

becomes

lostp

were

that:

step

refused

in

cattle

tenants

extra

to

arrival

so

so great

assistanceby

of

his

extraordinary

tenants

be

Mackenzie

many

of

all

may appear

winter

The

Estate

pasture.

taken

and

renunciation

enter

into

since

was

the

Sutherland

financial

andindirect

severe

notes: to

allowed

they

or

one

doors".

1794,164,177)-

was

by

(as

as

years

the

November,

gradually

good

the

fed;

out-wintering,

in

spring,

thereby,

or

Mackenzie is

for

necessary. took,

gave

bestial

time

harvest

were and

of

over

of

1766

year

to

stone

some

(Mackenzie,

The

imports

but,

there

housed),

through

within

(Oldernay)

no

being

prevented

sparingly

Oldney

and

and

pastured if

or,

preserved

beginning

shortfall

Tutors

time

housed,

are

sent,

February

of

thence, all,

are

without

beginning

moors,

of

cattle

quarter

months,

winterings),

housed

the

island

all

the

the

harvest

the

winter

supported

are

the

"During it,

in

possible,

the

which

for

there

continue

to

months,

rent to

build

It

is

cattle more

duev

were

crucial

because

this

171 -

the

from

derived

was

Assynt

trysts.

was

sale

Charles

Gordon

Sutherland

drover,

had

and

farms

grazing for

the

the

headstreams

as

the

their

pay

Cash

rents.

or

Idoert

in

the

17401sp

of

the

Improvers

the

getting pay

the

the

they

of

Ardlochq

in

1760,

came north

as better

11i,sofor

when

against

the

Assynt

than

landlords

deal

are

the

to

the

Edinburgh

of form

This in

from

of

payment

the of

a period

full Ready credit when

to agents

Mackenzie Law Agent

Edinburgh

cash

of

drovers

Alexander

the

at

dutiesq' from

for

the

or

One method

'to

returning

Tennents

1960,94). the

method

Scotland

factors

was

sales

Factor,

Society

other

among

that,

shown

particularly

A letter

this

a good

squander

cattle

could

in -

resident.

tenants

again.

suggested

tenants

(Adam,

the

whop

not

they

the

of

'doers'

them

estatesp

was from

rent

from

the

these

landlord

cash

money

as

they

from

south

Agriculture

of

estates

the

a Law Agent has

membership

of

in

to

sent

(1980,171)

the

many

Scottish

of

of

one

which

with

normally

Knowledge

lawyersp

revenues where

areas

the

cattle

facto

cattle

of

tenants

29% of

in

sale

Adams

about

commissioners received

was

inland

of in

to

industry".

the

Edinburgh.

Edinburgh

were

to

cash

droving

1766

large

raising

formedp

the

mentionedp

only

in

droving

the

the

"They

the

of

from

describes in

the

a professional

Rientrdid

of

xlviii)

markets:

As already brought

tack

southern to

contributor

specialising

southern

the

at

Skelpick,

of

a

(1960,

Adam

cattle

important

an

industry.

1775,

the

of

gor

the

Assynt

to

them

directly

freedome Money economy ready

as now here they

get"

often cash

was

worked

172 -

becoming Sutherland Survey) this

"Ever

since

wrote:

Rents

1772

year

1773,

and

Vroving

the

during

winter

in

cashier

financial

he

suggest "The

was

of

is

and dry

in

1775

the

make

Sheep

the

is

Captain

Ewes at

their

Dunkeld

a View.

Countess

Tenants,

dry

to

...

more

týie to

the

November

in

serious

Lambs

that

that

usefull

any

in

profit

fix

Edinburgh

Sheep

of

the

I

intend

Animal I

to

a price

wanted

of

A

Sheep".

Law Agent

tryal

always

Drumbeg: for

I

Hill

Heather

being

winter

to

the

with

mixt

excellent

Clashnessie

It...

Culkein.,

on Culkein

remarks

on Au'chnagarnan:

than

surface

the

Home's

and

in

recorded

not

e. g.

directions

than

any

pasture

to

introduce

severe

money

also

farms

at

and

This

(a

1772 and

pay

were

especially

give

with

with

1774

Sutherland

"You'll

in

has

Estate.

on it";

are

clearld

(1960,94)

a very

greenish

lies

Parts

stated:

hundred

Linton

seldom

of

be

only

sheep-farming;

Sheep

their

Droving

of

sheep";

sh ort

payments

again

a smoother

for

for

rocky

from

letter

have

in

came north

on most

of

yields

snow

the

...

thinking

excellent

and

held

preferable

to

cause

in

on

prices)

Sutherland

were

shall

the

of

Tennants

the

droving

drovers

immediate

sheep

by

Captain

year

back

cattle

they

of

grounds

Shianmore

the

the

on

they

pasture rather

and

the'

numbers but

Home,

low

when

the

Adam

the

of

Edinburgh

1765

1773

of

177411.

year

of

(the.

clearld

Rents

to

1774

gradually

failure

was

year

only

of

crisis

Exact

the

a period

December,

the

were

inability

consequent

by

the

February,

falling

this

of

that

suggested

and

been

have

the

So as

by

at-Dunrobin

a letter

in

Ardloch, in

Estate

this

important.

very

can

make

to

among from

173 -

them

(Adam,

myself"

'four-footed before

19th

century

was

most

importantp

oCcupation

to

agriculture, John

sea-fishing.

farmýof

Inver

the

Water

of

safest The

Mr

at

the

being

peculiar

Salt

and

as Herring

sail

once four of alive

did

or

-to

the

months".

Loch

during

the

Fishines

the

place;

',, all

being hai

got

brought

and

the

might

at be

interfere

that

winter

if much

of

variety both

of

perfection Eighty

to

Fifty

here

lying

the

kept

that: attention

in

shoals

Home,

1772-73-

this

very

and

greatest

seen

felt

with

profitable,

people-

sorts

of

Herring

seemingly

probably

due

Coast.

the

by

Sea

the

Western

herring

1773

the

of

esteem'd

and

the

in

of

Oldernay, made,

Bay

great

been

arrival

severe

confluence

himself

from

have

activities

seafaring

equall

was

"The

inver),

the

inýJanuary,

Inver

the

delightsome

all

The

at

ýoccasioned

Fisher

place

Inver:

the

excellent

this

Assynt

of

upon

possessor

Fish which

quantities not

old.

of

is

(of

rarely

on hay-making

commenting larger

to

an

in

with

both

obliging'to

Water

as well

people

thousands

their

picture

farm

here,

once

present

and

Fishing

the

Harbour

it

the

bay

the

of

decades

I to'Kyle's'Cu

next

renders

much,

a, vivid

situated

commodious

excell

the

two

(River'Inver)

which

No thing'can II

or

in

appear

stock-ýraisinjg

on

Shipping

communicative

three

notes

of

it

at

than

and

resort

Campbell,

fresh

more

a few

were

probably'vitalqalternativeý

Assint

most

great

enjoys

to

pleasantly

Inver

and

Fishing,

lies of

Loch

called

were

Home gives

his

Inver-in

Loch

These

Occupations

Other

The

in

li)..

that

clansmen?

the

8-7

1960,

11...

much

were usefull

givent Worko

174 -

the

particularly, .

their

ingross'd

.

labourl,

commented

when

the

seen

occasionally

east

day

than

pleasant crewsp

is

Such

the

the-Assynt

continues:

11... farms,

several numberless the

and

rocks,

advantage

boatsp employed"*

of.

according

four

or

from

from

A few

serene.

Man*

All

trains

fish

of

way

grazings

to

and

fishing..,

"Loch-Nedd

The

their

to

hollows;

number the

of

when

come

from

in

the

no

herringt

of

and at

ride

anchor*

1794,173-4). Mackenzie

locationsq (Rubha view,

Stoer)

has

beat,

point,

interspersed

one,

inhabitants

second

their

evening

busses

the

makes

Howeverg

farm

Every

is

pursuit

Row-store

offer

stones

the

and

itj

netsv

In

(Mackenzie,

farms

to

late

morning.

nine

herring-bussesp

these

great

to

ships

of

part

every

seen

out

our

sometimes

and

coast,

and

may be

therle

score,

come

". *. where,

Inver:

successfully,,

practised"

Describing

in

Loch

of

(1794),

Account

Stornowayt

next

method

Sailors,

Statistical

grand'appearance.

early

the

to

the

Cattlep

of

from

and

set,

etc.,,, till

continue

and

Sale.

as

it,

in

of-Sootland,

and

boats,

crews,

Old

These

this

clear

of,. Orkney

numerous

three,

ooast

the

high

harbour

ships.

of

from

proves

the

offers two,

distant

islands

the

safe

west

and

leagues

less

the

number

a greater

the

in

herring-fishing

Count ry,k

the

by

be

must

Fishery".

Mackenzie,, on

late

advantage

other very

the

at

their

the,

sell

which

to-all

reap

which

employed

also

but

benefit

and

hasof

which

attention:

Masters

Sheep,

others I William ,

Fishing,

general

and

their

especially

the

of

Servants

one, for,

and

cheif

be

to

allowed both

herring

if

with have

all two

more

or

be

fit

to

not

equal

to

175

the

harbour

of

from

every

wind,

may be

land,

less

-than

be at

horses

of using

for to

must the have

inhabitants foot

on

of

accessv

almost

their

familiese

and

iii):

Knockan)

If

mentioned. and

Oldany

(at

the

Culag),

we have

all

himself

thought

scurrying

and

whose that

and

his

Tain.

the

at

absence

predecessor's When

61ashmore

the

of

a

Adam

by

(at

Culag (at

ones

only

(at

Little

Filint

Clashnessiep

Culagp

a travelling

pedlar

and

the

minister, Home

specified. 'mechanic'

illness minister

tenants

the

a tailor

the

are

occupations

by

the

in

difficult

and

weavers

grasskeepers (at

sea.

summed up

are

millers

farms

Home or

Chlais),

Stronechrubie)q

catechist

those

to

five

Dubh

essential

the

in

be made

two

which

obviously,, coastal

was

Stoer)

three

Torbreck),

Glenleraig,

deficiency

(at

we add

was

so remote

rare: (at

a smith a carpenter

to

by

to

or

groundl

fishing,

listed

situation were

divisions

immediate

other

had

everything

several

as their

the

and

and

the

over-populated

a region

"Craftsmen

and

It

were

The

in

the

"But

easier,

clearing

success

land

In

Inhabitants.

Inverkirkaig),

Assynt

the

it

their

delve

Looh-Inver"s

at

farms:

especially

the

as

coastal

attention".

occupations

of

here

of

their

of

List

(196o,

to

there

herring-season,

think

trouble

on

Few other

and

the

and ploughs,

regular

pay

one

the

the

there,

expence,

subsistence-depends they

to

and sheltered

safeg

shipping

numerous

with

is of

of

referring

being

attended

time

a number

(p. 185),

inhabitants

It

in

and

great

as

Finally

of

Loch-Inver.

had of

was sent

Assynt

a

messengers built

176

himself from the

a new manse Most

outside. heavy

a tacksman of

in

Tainp

Edinburgh. had. little

timbers in glass

from

Coigach, from

its

he

Inverness, black own

to

cattle, offer

to

Ross,

nails

in

brought

had

materials came

Beyond of

1771,

and

imported

be

dressed

small glue

and

two

from

outside

wood

a merchant

and'salmong world".

mason

also:

wheelbarrows

herring the

a master

from baillie from Assynt

177 CHAPTER

18th

THE LATE

ASSYNT IN

AND ITS

9.1

Towns

The

the_major

total

of 45

109813

Scots

acres

of

was

18th

later 20 over

century

2000

2000

over

more

populations

This

may be

20 Inland

fishing

Farms

on most

...

only

(Ledmore

50

(12 (5

and

22

of

fishing

population

(Appendix

2 of

of

out

out

and

As

14). had

farms

22 coastal

but

the

in

farms

20 inland Stronecruby).

1175

Inhabitants

Average

53.4

543

Inhabitants

Average

27-15

was

of

Account one,

than

Farms

difference

Statistical

of

each,

more

the

size

summarised:

22 Coastal

A further

half

abovep

of

The

and

in

farms

density

.dichotomy

farm

infield

of

farms

coastal

a

infield

of

settlement

grazing

population

this

50 inhabitants

had

Assynt

occupation.

support

8.1

mentioned_in

high

with

difference

This

inland

alternative farm

the

farm

54), town-

a coastal

40 acres

57),

or

acres

Baddidarrocht

smaller

and

with

acres)

per

than

-

acres)

a necessary

figures

(Pigure

large

farm

163

including

of

farm

including

337 acres

feature

(Figure

an inland

to

an important

Account

Ledbeg,

sheelings,

sheelings

the

was

by

described

Statistical

Assynt from

onlY

Idavochs'

Old

varied

acres

8 acres

had

the within

of

PATTERN

REMAINS

hypothetical

size

totalling

as

the

division The

ship.

and

POSSIBLE

Mackenzie'in

William

THE SETTLEMENT

CENTURY:

Farms

or

from

Apart

NINE

two

or

the

the

alternative farms.

coastal

(1794), more

noted boats

that

according

every to

in

coastal the

farm

per

farm

of

occupation Mackenziev

per

number

the

Old

farm of

I-

1M -

fit

inhabitants that,

suggest the

The

Settlement

The

housest

to

where has

the

or

sheds,

the

since

593 yards at

I

or

a scale

cm of

in

township

many

But

on

there have

buildings

to

make an accurate

list

(i.

oblongs

(i.

1: 21,346

the

whereas e.

John

1 inch

(Figure

tiny

sizes

of

e.

Home's

usually

are

quite

213 m),

as

retained

plans

of

where

foundations*

on his

is

much

also'sites

been

time.

removed

usine

are

scale

1: 5337

are

present

totally

often

in

sited

the

been

have

individual

the

often

down to

original

the

formed

1774 were

structuresp

and

the

that

yards

buildings

difficult

orientations

are

recent

possibly of

is

It

field'conducting

fishing".

buildinigs

many

IFarmsteadt,

ý8a).

remarks

1774),

continued

material.

representations labelled

and

Assynt

dry-stone

old

the

at

has

more

stone

obviously stores

in

that

for

the

in

was

mid-September,

outhouses

meant

older

he

Home's

Clusters

occupation

way

make

to

clusters

settlement

This

time

"employed

were

John

employed'Ie

(mid-June

inhabitants

areas

be

the

at

Survey

9*2

to

or

1 inch

Lochtayside

= 148 yards

plans or

1 cm

53 M). Details are

given

of in

a selected

number 18

Appendices

and

19,

of

farmsp'29

and

these

from may be

420 summarised

here: Coastal Farms

17

Clusters

Tenants

Inhabe

Inhab. per Cluster

24

150

918

38-25

19

32

274

14-42

Buildings in Clusters 296

Buildin (isol.

5

Inland Phrms 12

log

1

ýs

179 -

The

heights

sea

level

sea

level

(76

on

coastal

on

the

inland

122

not

township

per

(Layn),

compared

the

on

The

highest

in

general

the

those

of

6).

5 and

29 farms

it

From

this

only

one

the

broken

and

buildings,

most

places

1 farm

4 clusters

2 farms

seen

etc.

density

had

Oldernay whereas

and

only

on

clusters

clusters

of

4:

to

from

the

again

with

limited

(103

38

inhabitants)

reflects for

yardsq

population

greatest

4-clusters,

with

respectivelyl

(83

(78

and Clachtoll

in

housesl

of

Stoer

arable

that

52 inhabitants

inhabitants),,

had

examined

areas

stances

farms

and

Stroncruby)

possibly

with

The

one, cluster.

farms

statements

the

townships

had

(Oldernay,

the

Home's

again

Stroncruby,

(79

are

(Tubeg)

This

included

of

Clashnessie

Auchmelvich

land

note

infield

Most

and

the

of

the

69% of

that

cluster.

nature

is

20 farms

3 clusters

can

feet

heights

ranges

6 farms

be

sea

cluster

number

2 clusters

settlement

baulks,

The

selected

1 cluster

the

are

above 400

and

but with

30 m)

feet

250

m) above

clusters

coastal

m and

m) above

(152

feet

500

level.

sea

(Appendices

Lochtayside

(12

feet

(12

feet

Most

between

m) above

when

great

to

farms.

farms

farm

on an inland

farms,

100

and

on inland m and

vary

the

40 feet

between level,

clusters

of

40

from

inhabitants)t

inhabitants) r,

had ship of

only

one

cluster

between

whatsoever clusters

each.

(e*g.

Clachtoll

the

There number -

16

appears of

to

tenants

tenants,

be no and

1 cluster).

relationthe

number

180 -

One feature of

Home's.

on

some farms.

which

plans

been

have

for

there

in

occupation-of

of

these

the

clusters were

Home was

showing

however,

come under

ranges

number

from

25

25 buildings 24 23 22 19 18 17 15ý 13 11 10 9 8

to

('Westq

buildings

so it

cannot His

dwellings.

only

of

3 clusters

This

Kirktown, they still

were

the

been

etc.,

for

Elsewhdrep

one

59)

and

At

household

accuracy

inhabitants;

since

there

township.

have

barnso

or

only

whole

might

animals,

The

Mansep

were

but

Steadings'),

East

the

8 households.

On Tubeg

reversed.

in

livine

inhabitants

many

omittedo

are

to

etc.

sheds,

family

the

58a

leave

not

to

103

were (Figures

stores,

his

and

minister

there

would

as barnsp

buildings

and

which

as

buildings

of

buildings

or

millt

classification

would

ratio

On Clashnessie

the

including

ihe

the

25 oblongs

Home shows

if

in

is

doubts

raise

could

only

is

ratio

of

Middle 6 people that

suggests to be

2

shelter said

that mustp

consistency

some-doubt. buildings the

2 on

per farms

1 cluster 1 It 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 5

6 5

3 4

4 3 2

3 5

cluster

shown

by

Home

studied. (Clashnessie) Drunbeg) Culkein Auchamore) Clashmorep Stoer) Auchnagarnan) Chirkag) Inver Nedd) Auchmelvichp Clachtoll) Baddisdarroch) Inver, ) Brackloch (2)) (2 ý Culack Culkein , Knockneach Oldernayp Bellachlattachp Stroncruby) Drunbegp Ederhaldap Layn) Badinimban, Inchnadaffp Little Torbreck, Loch Beanochp Assynt, Drunbeg) M (Oldernay, Stroncruby Kirktownt ( ýOldernayq Tubeg Auchamorep (Oldernayp KirkBatachrianant (2)) townp Stroncruby

181

This

out

averages

Farms

Coastal

Farms

Inland The by they

could

(see

forms

in

what 6*2

this

been

the

shown

farm

therefore,

but to

up to

18,

the of

other Stoer)

plan

and

and

different

plan,

regret

that

neither

evidence intricate

between

acreages

plan.

has

I

li

the

for

the

-

Iiii)

Homets

anything

to

communal

life".

tell

sheelings

list

in'fact

2 sheelings arable

areas-of

(Figure

notes places

5 have

notes

in

his

in

to

two

and

acceptine

Sheeling

acreages

Clashnessie

(1960,

in

example,

numbers The

Adam

18th

themodern

of

Oldernay

of

acreages of

amorphous

the

from

thirteen

are

land.

notes

numbers

only

For

although

arable

and

present

a similar

difficulties

some

on his

The

show

be

would

orientation plans.

used

scale

small

shore.

uncritically.

farm",

The

the

arrangement

"There

regularityl,

to

continuity

the

or

'Linear/Rectangular'

mostly

linear

represented

as

the

some

along

states:

the

drawing

as

'amorphous'.

as

described

however,

he

have

on

"We can of

in

neighbouring'farm

sheelings

described

suggesting

aret

wrong

be

1774,

linearity

of

accurate

as between

have

Assynt

evidenoe

from-the

attached

differ

in

be

Lochinver

numbered

are

in

where

information

upon

cluster

little

portray

apart

on Oldernay

per

plans,

perhaps

Home's

buildings

be, due

settlements,

There

-

5-7

could

surviving

of

cluster

above)

to

village

per

fact

difficult

century,

buildings

might

Home on his

layout,

-

12-3

clusters

show

all

'of

absence

by

settlement Homej

John,

as:

and

plan's

58a),

two those

from comments

comments

nor

any

us

its

(the

of

"Home

too

was

On

182

-

the

to

day

his

"Home,

meticulous

by

natural

his

"His us

survey

of

remarks,

and

arable

1875,

the

18th

century

settlement

there of The 74

which

of

main and

75)

Home shows

Againg is

still

buildings, etc.

the for

For

at

only

2 buildings

Some-of

abandoned

there

in

his

ignored

clusters

time

the

settlement

of

1774

of be

do look

like

by

Home shows but some

yardsq

and

structurese

1774

(Figures

and

1875;

2 households 8 buildings

and

but

pot

all

record barns,

a stylised

8r

surviving.

suggested,

shedso

first and

29 inhabitantsp

for

Home did some

the

of

Batachrianan

between

are,

abandoned

Post-1774

might that

possibility he

and

remains

are

There

were

on

continued

the

6 buildings

construction

that

closer

ecOUOmY9

and

61, map,

the

infields

also

or

for

represent

were

the

(20)

Beanoch

least

and

Post-1774

examplev

survey

could

settlement

but

land"*

a useful

has

by

5 households

of

course

inhabitants,

is

remains,

deserted

Loch

of

remains

are

that

Survey

earlier

were map.

of

disappearp

an inhospitable

occupation

obscurine.

which

date

to

tell.

can

Remains mentioned,,

area

inhabitants"s

the it

inaccuracies

later

5 buildings

OnlY

in

the

sites

whole

shortly

reveal,

61, (1: 10,560)

o. s.

was

plans

often

however,

enthusiast;

words"*

impressed of

an

existence the

life

the

clothest

sketches

his

little

as

the

As previously sitesl

of that

of

The Settlement

many

work

life

of

was

the

the

than

revealing

as by

harshness

of

indicator

9-3

a way

the

inspection

the

not

houses,

Assynt,

of

tenacious,

and

these

Despite

more

are

the

for

people

surroundings

of of

the

of

plans

was

little

little

life

day

to

attached

"And

unobservant".

or

reticent,

there

outhousesp scatter

I

183 -

black

of

situated

number

to

they

have

provide

been

less

that

Sutherland

in

(Appendix

28).

of

dry

gable

on

original

or

partly

on

the

of

older

to

identify

than

durable

the

stone;

straight

there

other

material

suggest

18th

Most

of

some

few

ends,

from

rebuilt

time

were

colonised

were

abandoned

in

his

9.4 the

or to

19th

(Tubeg),

(Elphin),,.

"Cot

"the

Houses",

and

buildings

old

accounts in

use

century

height,

showing

complete, been

Because

of

of

the

existing

it

is

often

on former .icularly

part

19th

a few\courses

having

time.

in

use

only

are

probably repaired rebuilding material easier

that

sheelings those

that

century* listing

of

Home gives

the raw

houses

"farmsteadings", Houses"

the

gable

making

and

within

appearance, He refers

the

early

are

few

to

farm-townsp

buildings

to

below)p

discussion

Assynt

remains

settlements

I

the

of

of

been

the

structures,

of

(see

into

even

undoubtedly

later

remains

had

a very

and

for

ruins

materials

stand

but

ho. traces

are

although

the

and

footings,

various

purposes

indicating

as

stonev

and

same locations

In

of

account

for

accepted

was

houses*

of

any

settlement

an accurate However,

As on Lochtaysidep in

the

where

buildings.

existing

comparison,

indicate

than

rather

the

all

to

oblongs

settlements, from

materials buildings

contents

no

information

their

size,

which

they

of

Housesllv

the

of

on their were

built.

"Farmsteads",

I'steddings",

"farmhouses", "steadings

as:

the

"Tenaments "Cot

Tenements"

Steadings

of

Th, ree

"Tenemants

or

Cot-housesl"(Oldernay)

Town

of

Houses"'

(Kirktown)p

and

"four

:- 184 -

Tenaments

house

substantial

is

on Ledbeg, Parish, is

subset

or

in

on

the

a Mackenzie

houses

and

buildings

82 and .

83)

show

to

be

by

illustrated the

materials The

-

the

famous

Tour

Loch

sheeling other

possibly

he had

seen

on which

middle

or

sketched

the be

Neddq

on

outhouses

Home as

the

farms

Drunbeg,

84),

on Figure

with

other

they walls

of

must (top

A types

have

also

could might

this

also

mixed

have turf

their

112).

They

of

sheeling

Tubegg (the

to

been

dry

plans

a great

right

been and

shape.

Pennant's

from

Drumbeg

Culkein

permanent

reminiscent

are

Inch-na-daffp

of

from

with

(Plate

are

their

representative

but

appear)l The

but

or

left,

are

types

less on

Jura"

12*2

Chapter

(Figures they

84)

solely

in

I'Sheelings

by

if

of

shapep

of

sketches

The

centre

and

corbelled

in

conjecture.

bothies,

left

of

sketches

centre

based

his

of

indication

be

57)

Plate

1737-

in

(Figure to

Castle

83 and

accurates

A appear

house

Ardvreck

building,

enlargement

top

discussed

Beanochp

extent

at

the

on

near

The

of

way

a suggestion

been

may have bothies

is

types

any

Types

drawing

1772,

of

in

an attempted

this

structures conical

two

House'

corners

1774.

the

major

tantalisingp in.

Assynt

basically

sketches.

domed, of

in

in

other

the

on

Assynt,

Lawers'

down

burned

was

of

'Laird's

(Figure

Castle

somewhat

as being

accepted

some of

if

a better,

The

sketches

or

one

of

Caldat,

of

it

until

vignettes

give

'House

Ardvreck

of

mansion

Home's

'House

the

Principal

32)o

Plate

more

Factor

This

older

339

is

the

Stories".

possibly

shore

north

plans

the

Assynt

two

The

Ardlochp

of It ...

as:

of

(Figure

Lochtayside ruiii

of

consisting

similar

Mackenzie

described

to

(Stroncruby),.

Houses"

and large

barns stone

or or

185 -

turf the

wattled

and

alone, houses

byre-dwellings

and

straw-thatched

roofs

(Plates

709

58-61# type

ended

of its

presuming being

is

survived mentioned so

with

Home's that

than

reasons Home's

could

form

was

the on

many

hip-

the

thato

mean

already

the

the

of

ground

butp

clusters

possibility

buildings

these

of

locations

of

',,as houses

of

are

them

matchinf;

presents

much

greater

I

-I

(see

on Lochtayside

remains

(Figures

but

it

seem

to

to

Home's

with

show

They be-an

can

south

signs

are old

nowhere form

of

of built, roof

seen

of houses

surviving used

as

construction

an

the

from

away

two

structures,

drystone

be

the

with

ce-qtury

a shallow-pitched

building

them

a similarity

Among surviving 60,

for

but

compare

plan

post-18th and

manY

are

century,

map shows

Completely

Assynte

18th

north

B on Figure

of

there

difficult of

stretching

supporting type

59,60)

late

is

but

settlement,

concentration.

in

the

61, (1: 10,560)

O. S.

couples

townships

from

A comparison

architecture.

This

58a,

plans.

A and

of

date

buildings

1774

housesp

plans

stated

of

other

cruck

which

that

already

(1875)

buildings, form

of

this

original

do similar

could

clustering

main

their

on

remains

which

first

and

indioation

sketches,

likely,

and

On Clashnessie

the

present

6 above).

Chapter

ruins

at

or

Assynto

scale

difficulties

the

turf-

survivals

no

be

gable-endsq

round-ridged

few

is

existence,

in

existing

with

There

previous

ruins

in

the

on

abovep

small

71)9

possiblep as

in

seen

to

appear

straight

the

with

building

replaced it

with

builtp

dry-stone

seemingly

B types

The

gables.

I

earlier they

have

(Plates

58-

on

several

dw-ellingpreserved

0

186 -

on originalp

and

maintained

but

now

functioning

are

not.

unlike

IBI

(Figures

sketches compact

the

the

powered its

original

the

main

which

mill

Clashnessie at

Home's

planp

on which

recordedp

but

developed

here

after

is

roughly

61)

end

is

(see

example

a more

support housed (Nos.

I

and than

rather (Figure

60)

coast

of

permanent or

at

its

NW end,

whereas

framesq

a built-in

with

crazine.

with

household, 61)

being

dwellings@

The

buildings

on what

other

byres,

was

another

becoming to

at

sheeling

have

buildings

smaller

shown the

might

group

barns

SE gable

expanding

The the

of

the

may be area

buildings

on

evidence

This

population*

located

(No-3.

building stone

a former

were

settlement

dry

5 on Figure

are

the

on

all

Isheelings'

of

cruck-slotse

of

at

marked

or

sheds

D on Clashnessie of

ground

Fada. The

63)

wooden

and

ruins

of

of

I win dow

colonised,,.

family

one

roof

below)

9.4

being

and

arable

the

main

burn

the

of

that

a6ain

The

built

trace

no

mean

on

conditionp

not

areas

burn

The

name.

east

is

It

down

coming

a cluster

small

1774.

with

and

60.

quite

could

for

mortared

fireplace

Imir

this

supports

cruck

is

its

a fairly

was

burn

rained

the

To

settlement

C on Figure

site

in

62)o

the

town

survives,

on Home's

settlement

of

the

They

portrayed

1774

side

gave

(Plate

site

located

Figure

western

footings,

century,

outhouses.

or

building

of The

which

waterfall

sheds

type

82-84).

on

group

the

from

as byresp the

18th

possibly

1774

belonged for

to most

on

settlementcluster a coastal of

its

length

but

farm by

Clashmore was

separated

Belachlattach

(A on Figure from (Balcladich)

the

187 -

on

the

Stoer

the

of

shifted

cluster

was

near

the

and

63)-,

located

on

the

lower

slope

some

the

lower

level

as

seacoast*

The

separating

it 75

also

shows

cairn

can

are been

so

76),

of

for

64 and

rig islands rough

or

73)-

Plate

buildings,

possibly

barn-size

structures*

the

slopes

lower

of on

marshy

conditions

stream

runs

into

were

shown

from

inland

to'

the

west

of

has

the

remains

of

and

the

101d

Castle',

the

past

to

seem

just

but

difficult

dyked

cluster

in

and

small

moor

buildings

'Tumulis

distinguished,

the

the

land

Homets

a rather

the

Claise.

the'beach,

a scatter

in

a small

65)

of

to

due

tight

stretch

scattered

used

na

a fairly

from

and

be

been

(Figure

Clachtoll

plan

(Plates

Loch

of

or along

where

ground

(Figure

cott-

buildings

may have

end

surrounding

smaller

show

resembling

from

qivided

62

there\are

since

areas,

dykes

ne. Claisel

enclosures

enclosed

longerg

the

of

they own

land

the

settlement

(Figures

Claise

the

focus

Druim

their

case

of-the

the

of

and

arable

enclosing

and

Claise

At

the

side

1774,

na

with this

the

show

na

north-east

in

separated

situation

Home's

of

survive,

of

within

their

Loch

buildings

only

foundations

Druim

end

of

byre-dwellings, The

settlement

In

cultivation

The

the

and

west*

showing

grazing

now no upstanding

the

'yards',

by

are

to

contained

marks

There

farther

layout

areas

eastern

cluster

Some foundations

or

have

original

the

on 58). .

north-eastern

cell-like

of

(Figure

Peninsula

remains has

Clashnessie

and

west

to the

this

the

building

that of

the

settlementp a broch O*S9

map

One sizeable

areas

remainder trace

on

of they

dykes

'Tumulil

the must and

have

even

188 -

some bear

houses; than

to

tumuli.

courses fair

depth

in

in

area

1774.

A hundred

are

whole

settlement

remains

infield

must

a region

where

is

buildings the

and

the

were

as

a loch

in

the

level

because

construction

These

be

can

remains

are

seen

some of surprising

18th

The

century

occupation

of

new.

the

so fragmented

was

of

older juxtaposition 6.5 and

A. on Pigure

at

the

on

65).

not

continuity

the

a less

that

the

tracing

of

time*

of

over

is

Icannibalisation'

and

occupation,

(Figure

land

arable

of

an infield

of

61, map shows

This

area

a marshy

suggesting

beforeq

locations the

in.

scattered

enclosed* and

the

period

grouping dykes

shows

of

the

plan,

first

middle

suagestive

area,

been

recent

the

The

in

found

door

with

found

a considerable

have

more

74.

on Plate

coin

infield

difficult

in

older

the

dry-stone

same locations

buildings of

II

As mentioned

patchy.

lintel.

settlement

and

survives

Charles

Home's

of

inward-

of

over after

by

preserved

passage

is

well-built A

65)

evidence

'strung-outlp

There

on

and

The

years

compactj

and

cup

circles

upstanding.

(Figure

a coin

intermittents

perhaps

in

entranoe

Home showed

John

which

been

a triangular

and

The

vicinity*

has

hut

several

blocks

O. S., 61, map

1875) cup'

has

still

interior

beneath

'stone

a

broch

the

to

resemblance

sandstone

and

visible

(surveyed

the

the

of

stones

checks

of

The

Torridonian

of

falling

a greater

northern

shore

of f

the in

Bay the

of

bottom

on Home's and

could

(the

Clachtoll

corner

right

plan. credibly

shingle

The

of

nearest

date

to

the ruizi

1774,

of

the

beach

be

can

identifiable

photograph)

not

is

dry-stone

the

entirely farther

seen

structure

built is

189 -

many. trimmed

mortared'with the

interior

shown

the

a 'Solid

as it

that

walls

was

could

the

shown

south-western have

been

dyke).

of

If''the

Homets'1774'settlement Ites

the,

again

remainswith'possible

located

at""X

separately in

2 plans'at,

of

Home.

*

'outlying

Figure

65 will coastal

The'two

Achmelvich

Bayp'

and

Plates

77ý-79)-"

the

lower

cruck'coupl6s

crucks

are

not

ruined

obviously

has

may

are

by

be

sawn

rOcky'

dry-stone

supporting, off.

XUined'buildings

therefore

are

the The

traces

recognised

group

00:1ýfiguration buildines

on the

main

that

againp (A on

shore

developed

clusters

show

it

were

the

two

buildingsl

surrounded They

from

of'the

These

d 'all

settlements'and

accurate. of

by

of

the'pre6ent

buildings

--there'are west

a remnant then

many easily

the'stylised

include

the

not

67)

on Figure

originp'although have

are

4 been'rigs'within'

Survey.

the

Achmelvich

However,

shown

not

of'matching

far

They

infield

fact

difficulty

there

of"itS'predecessor.

in

the

whereas

Iyard"which

have

on Clachtollo

cluster'fiot

1875,

enclosed

is

of

suggesting

rectangle.

cluster

The present

so that

same site

of

might

(AchmelviCh),

'in a single 66)-S,

Figure

what

survivals

On Auchmelvich in- 1774,

a patch

building

nearer

in

a large

of

is

61, map,

an open

as

with

and

building

newer

roofed

corner

faint'traces

are

illustra

certainly

is

conceivably

(there

or

wall'ý,

on the

rectangle

occupied

the

are'at

black

building

nearer.

This

plastered.

its

in

stones

not

post-1774 Survey

the

of

and

may

"' a comParison Home's

orientation from

far

were

the

r'ight'on

shore

(Figure

outcrops built

and

roof

survive.

area

of

is

part

described

68 of The

190

-

by

Home as:,, "Uneven

so

that

buildings

settlement,,

settlement

main

inland There

many

are

his

notes

and

towards

of

Houses

(Appendix

the

12),

the

buildings does

on

showing His

the

where

could.

_the make Vhis.

not

times

l3v

plan

southern the

infield

older

was

can

clearly-be

The

ruins

are

all

clear the

of

remains

on both, seen mainly

north

and

it

72)

shows

the

Allt

are

to

sides on of

of

the

the

again

the

they

all

the

found burn

built

at and

tenantst

the

at

lying

structures

is

' which

The

present.

(Plates

he

that

buildings

traces

of

Home

but

existed

t-Strathain,

only

group

popsible

as

photographs

dry-stone

in

Culack

for

other

the'town,

of

an be

...

the

from

Home had

by

located

is,

buildings

(Figure side

the

cluster

Rental

tenants

In

Milltown

a large

the

89-91)o

group. the

from is

in

12

been

to

the,

as-drawn

have

(Plates

Apart

listed

for

enough

mill

at,

not

was

or

in

"South

Clusters

just a

Tenants

are

'large

hardly

12

thirteen

the

but

farmp

as Strathan,

Chirkag

'Milltown'

hollow

buildings

Inver

tenants

'a the

of

side small

a saucer-shaped

older

so

tillage".

of

corner

today

with

by

12 j I

a mill-and

Home states:

March

only

10 buildingsq whether

farms

occupied

that,

fact

the

on

of

Daulks

southern

had

coastp-known remains

the

on

infield

the

Rocky

in

was

in

was

11...

of:

beside

linfieldtv

of

describes

be keept

can

It

patches

cornllp

of

12atches

in,, a location

notes

nor, th-western

group

the

from

his

mainly

72)o

at,, the

small

Culack

of

(Figure

Inver

been

half

with

ground

be unusual

Home in

township

The Loch

have

one

only'about

rocky

not

consisting

as

general

that

to

where

particularly in

might

seem

would

'what

ruggpd,

of

rigs

90 and with

91).

191

-

the

Among

walls.

(Plate

tops

the

at

a'Croft building

to

is

is

the

in

i774,

of

but

so many

above,

the

5o5 acres

it

be

would

but

Subsett,

belonging

three

of

people

who

pendicles

general

with

this

holding

that

half

in

If...

the

only two

by

a or

priviledge

The

pa,ýturell. including The

all.

from

or

a croft

5 familiesq

of

farmp so that

occupied

20 inhabitants

was

in

ast

Hill

fact

in

As mentioned

as

the

in

differentiate

failed

neighbouring

small

were

in

as he

included

the

three-people"

or

existed

clearv

of

"two

might

nowhere

Homep

have

Chirkago.. much

'Ella-

this

scroft';

a

it

Badinimban

of

that

of

as

to

Landlord

numbering

it

Lochtayside

alloWed

servantsy

61, map 100

first

make

them by their

or

the

and no sheelings,

Inver

complain

had

sayp

Home refers to

72)

Culack's

infield on,

(X on Figure

details.

Chirkag),

Ellagorratten single

Badinimban

of

mentionsp

The

might

not

10

Chirkag",

Meiýtioned'by

important

area

regarded

pendicle;.

to

holding

of

It ...

wall-

about

Home also

significance

'crofter'

other

small

had only

of

The

Home did

(Inver

Inverkirkaig

time

reference

class

in

do

8-3

Home's

This

the

plan

the

on with

Culack,

older

built-in

supported

Inver

1774

these

walls,

township:

with

73).

status

discussed. Assynt

by

(Figure

gorrattent

to

three

later

years

Burn

on Home's

shown

Increased

else

March

the

of

to

tMilltown? of

in

cruck-slots

mortared roofs

edge

boundary

southern

with

fromlthe

northern

of

attached

non-cruck

Apart:

on the

the

houses

and

91).

buildings

remains

and, occasionally

fireplaces

gable

sometimes

later

are,

structures

on

and

gables

straight

crofts rent

one

feature

and (15

merks)

192 -

was

by Kenneth

paid

of

Home).

The

(1/4 the

(possibly

Chirkag

Inver

(71

Mackenziep

rest

-'. merks) for

Factor A croft

was

Mackenzie by

possess'd

something

of

John

2,. of

Ardloch,

town

to

the

possessed

by

5 families

by

solely

Home mentions:

Mackinzie

than"normal

other

the

of

referred by

paid

On Ledbef;,

each).

Assyntp

*..

Certainly

rent

proprietor

tLandlord'

the

the

of

main.

tenancy

Clemen".

Noel

and is

hinted

at

here.

9.4

'Sheelings'

The

I

A major Assynt

landholding

century

large

(Mapp

Figure

there

are

for

57)-

this

the

north-west,

The

22

at

noted

are

7 sheelings

there

scattered

description on his

the

parish,

thinning

out

shared

the

-

sheelings

or

6-36

had

106

sheelings

or

5-3

particularly-valuable, in

greatly Clashnessie,

triangular

Ardvairg

sheeling (D on Figures

of

farm, the

21)p

Auchamore 53

acres

79

and

on 80).

from

east

but Home

but

more widely

were

south-ea.

and of

20 inland

These

averages

sheeling

Ledbeg

the

Traligill

grounds patches

acre to

85% of

st.

sheeline

the

and

in

density

while

0-75

About

parish

by

farms,

number

farm,

250

sheelings,

greatest

the

since (Appendix

area

per

the

sheelings

greater per

least

at

listed

the

the

towards

in

246

The with

later'l8th

the

across

of

plan.

140

not

Kirktown

(1967)

farms

coastal

grounds farms

Miller

shown

within

landsp

These

s'; were

in'his

are

in

pattern

the

of

major'componentp

smallo

e. 'f;.

morep

distributed

vary

and

the

not

settlement

Isheelinf;

Auchmelvich

than

are

and

the

was

patches,

if

component,

the River the

larige at sheeling

193 " -

10

under

were

grounds larger'being

the

on

sheelings

totalling'75-9'acres

totalling

72.8

were

7 acres

under

in

Assynt

of

which'was

author

was

sheeling

by

represented

the

acres

53-acre

was-an

unusually

large

inland

far'ms

sheeling

individual

other

had

the

onl-ý'one

sheeline

totalling

7-54 with

Reintraidq

had

61% of

the

of

totals

20 inland

farms

to

equates

Chapter

8.1

coastal

farms-

and

le'ss

total

7o25

140 sheelings -

106

sheelings

a great

with

coastal the

extent and greater

of

other

50 acres At

Edershalda

and the

had

had 2 sheelings were and Philinp

acres

farms

The 22 coastal for

(924.98 (581.62

inland

This

holdings

5-15

acres.

with

was

the

acresý

coastal

acreage

The

w1iich

farm;

and Battachrianan

totalling

sheeling

1794. of

than

farm

and

parish

mentioneds

15

than

The smallest

totalling

in

half

less

of

acres

2 sheelings

between

population

1*8

Assynt

an inland

for

of

acres.,

farms

22 coastal,

This

holding

the

already

scalet''the'inland

3 sheelings

with

-

tenant

the

of

than

more

holding

sheeling

minister

of

sheelings

sheelings

Kirktown,

of

sheelin'

sheeling-areas

end of

largest

Account

950

was

farm

Mackenziev

Statistical

area

The

13'

i4

had

Oldernay's

the

of

had

Oldernay

of

size')* inland

William

the

of

in

but'2

majority

Glenlirag

and

(all

the

on

farms*

coastal

acres

the

acres"in'size,

Assynt

29 acres =

distribution

farms

pressure

42 acres

acres) acres)

the

as a whole-

of

mentioned on land

in

in the

per farm per farm

194 -

height

The settlement

(Appendices

72% of

less

were

than

to as

from

the

was

in

for

the

Most

in

be

looked

below sheelings

settlement mentioned

by

"The

Hill

only

Polandrain, Connivel

the

there

is

North

head

of

of is

which

and

lies the

East;

Polandrain, Grass,

the

there

mixt

Burýn and

surprisingly a great. summer

way

the

the

Season.

the

sides

and

The

in

not

corn

inland

the

main often

Burn

of

are

Hill

sea

bounded

of

heather, Linn

the

by

Mountaint

which

several

remarkable

grand up

the

of

long

with

24).

the

are

Corry

by

it

on Kirktown:

head

a spacious

sheeling

or

are

sheelings

at

the

in

hill

distance

of

too,

so,

lies

coarse

but

but

farms

from k

above

On some

m).

too,

arable

Sheeling

and

grazing

(100

were

a reference

Greens

Corry

which

these,

beside

height

is

Burn

the

great

(Appendix

Appendix

there

the

Waterfall

no

Home

distant

most

but

where

the

(Oldernay,

those

'True'

along

betwixt

it

higher,

are

Home,

on

at

by

some

at

constructed

a house

listed

apart

have

fte

clusters.

areas

coastal

main

arable;

the

and

328

to

On Oldernay,

are

23),

the

settlements,

detached

after

sheelings

(Appendix

the

to

from

as

the

of farms

referred

17

of

sheelings

inland

metres)

or

main

sheelings

sheelings

the

tillage main

from

161

of

of

are

the

had

and had

the

farms

As

to

the

the

(2000

in

corn,

man who

mostly

of

60% of

yards

distance

a total

sheelings

which

corn

were

and

for

settlements*

of

level

listed

sheelings

close

Inver

such

the

Many

as being

tended

been

23).

2187

settlements. 24)

and

farms,

22 and

and

level

12 inland

and

farms

has

group

coastal

sea

above

Patches lying or

dreadfully

awfull'.

it

no

Sheeling

affords at

the

upper

195

-

end

of

this

but

in

the

by

here is

the

Home onýhis site

(2670

yds There

the

traces

('Polandrain') of

huts

Burn,

about

2920

(NC 278

the

on

This

shown*

are

settlement'cluster

main

marked

234).

(X in

ground

1.1

Evidence

for

areas

and,

takes

the

development

in

some

Home's corn , Traces

3)

Dykes

of or

other

evidence the

of

and of

on

of

'Loch

na

browal

it

might

be

a proper

obviously

Strathcroy

he

mentioned of

Loch

which

Prestanie

can

infield

the

sheelings

on

the

sometimes

e,

sheelings 61, (1: 10,560)

early

traced

be

to

Home refers Brutaich)t

na

place

to to

expanded

a sheeling

than

under

ground.

(Loch

is

crops

enclosur.

of

on

development

On Olderuay,

on

cairns

buildings. the

sheelings

sheeling

clearance

Assynte

of

settlementp

to

24)

lazy-beds

or

in

sheeling

to

sheelings

permanent

better

yielding

rigs

small

Remains

process

to

(Appendix

often

sub-dividing

maps

of

cases,

references and

2)

some

Assynt

forms:

various 1)

End

buildings

Pasturage is

ground

a distance

at

no

79)-

arable

This

two

sheeling

of

or

No sheeling

an Droighinn

m) high,

m) from

arb

Figure

Poll

(335

ft

, but

plan,

on the

little

affords

Summer, Seasontle

1100

about

likewise

Corry

now

on

which on which

sites

the

sheeling

east

suggesting: a new

erect become

the

that

siteo

was

located:

there

several

on

is

The

Steading". small

settlement

Also

on Oldern4yp

". *. at a house

the

steading

North

1

196 -

by

No house

was

traces

the

of

the

of

piace

in

-

Corn"s no I

sheeling

Imir

there

fada, (Plate

dykes

the

or

are

a third

the

the

farther

(Figure

lazy-beds

of

Inhis

notes

, ...

a fine

Rahoun

further

states

present

Sheeling

been

-

Clashmore sheeling

at

roan

potential

for

Store

"The

Rahoun". is

by

a sheeling,

(Stoer),

Sheelings-ly

may be

this but

Home's

now

with

greater

scatterld

among

namet

there

are

traces

Home mentions: 24),

and the

at seems

transformation before

reference to

the

Hills

is

also "Ault-an-

-

the

Infield".

was

also

difficulties

to and

have

of

1774 to

to on

settlement

development

of

just

its

erected

a small

conjoin'd

sort

and

takes

suggestion

arable

as

sheeline

(Appendix

The

permanent

known

'

Clashmore,

now

sheelings,

of 60)

Assynto,

2 buildings

township

69).

in

highest

an Easain,

This

there

the

annually

are

a former

Corn"

(IRahount). to

for

of

Steading

Clashmore

formerly

The

Plate

"A new

Raffin

illustratedon

60 and

sheeling

since

grounds

Loch

in

which

of

on

the

end of

farm

of

acceptedv

which

the

on

of

remains southq.,

from

waterfall

north-western

at_the

loch

"the

Home listed

(D on Figure

1

below

northern

-

colonisation

shore

presently

60).

here,

excessive

by

68);

the

at

present

at

are

nan Aighean

59 and

population

for

evidence

On a small

dyke

Preas

58a,

half

one

Despite

id

there

(Loch

(Figures

t'....

there

but

plan,

thereon".

crowing

bushes").

On Clashnessie sheelings

Corn

the

and a dry-stone

Prestaniel

''Loch

herd

on Home's

shown

3 buildings

of

end of,

to

a Man sent

occupied

are

suggested overcome: very

rich

197 -

by

fertile

and

they

as they

ly

in

greater

of

the

The

only

the

in

shown

depicted

Ap surrounded

at

part

of

which

consists

one

half

can

be. keept

patches,

for

refer,

boundary.

than_,, in

traced

first

by and

a creek

present,

enclosed. and

or

the o

houses

with

67),

which and

least

the

'hamlets'

are

valuable

farm's

sometimýs

dykes

with

the

eastern

the

sheeling in

greater can

the

of

named

be

still buildings

other end

sheeling

the

in

most

(Figure

about the

are

the

along

greatest

only

lleoe,

-

be

land,

fromýat

crofts

settlement

that

so

1774.

of

lpth

separately

61, map*

such

Home as:

to

patches

improved

ground,

These

One

as

the "..

those

seem

the

in

The

plan

Elsewhere

O. S., 611 map

settlement

century. the

to

Home's

ýaulks,

that

settlement

permanent

infield:

tillaae".

stoniness

Auchmelvich*

of

Home are

the.

Torbreck

first

17749

the

on

proclaiming

on

shown

are

in

farm

Rocky

of

ring.

On the

patches area

to

opposite

Corn",

by

of

on John

by

the

Store.

on

the

Home states

which

of

Hollows

on

corn

under

so perhaps

development

66 as

Figure

buildings

cluster

seen

on

cluster

sheelings

housesp

obstacle

the

6 sheelings

the

had

and

Farm-Houses

settlement

Oldernay the,

main

be

can

the

Stones,

and the

from 2 of

from and

of

Rocks

of

Only

from

examples

sheelings is

22)q

was

Good

farm

Corn".

distances

soil

full

a distance

distant

Appendix

aý

but

great

really

are

(Table,

on

too

at seldom

are

Store

toathing

patch

(B

I a bonny

"Glananter of

scattered

the

on

Sea North within

66

Figures

this

Sheeling from

the

former

and

67)

I! was

described

adjoining

Loch-an-oir

Farm-Houses".

At

sheeling

there

area,

I

198 -

lines

are of or

buildings in

still

the

various

use,

It

80

Plates this

85)

with

Plates

81

its

more crucks

of

86 and 87)v 67, and The

fanns

detached

portions

The

miles

from

most the

in,

There which

Assynt,

67 and

cluster,

Plates

66

Figure

the

main

farm to

accordinig

of

one

in

(Inverkirkaic)

corn

sheelings

have

(D on Figures

0

settlement

of

on a single

66 and

from

distance

and

own names,

Chirkag

quantity'of

detached

distant main

some

71

stone.

detached-sheelings,

the

double

infields.

among

at,

Inverts

yielded

the

and

E

a sheeling

named separately-on

Inver

70;

Building

dry

a Chairn

or Ruigh

Inver

69 and

suagestive

(C on Fijgures,

ýýk

stillp

(Figure

their

with

and some not

of

settlement.

Home, the

88)

later

served

elaborate

on Auchmelvich

grounds

settlements

'Riecairn'

Plate

more

been

of

(possibly

have

supported

entirely

of a small

of,

might

is

a roof

and

sheeling

enclosure

with

sheeling

small

the

architecture

Alltanabradhan

particular

and

its

building

have

recently

colonisation

settlement. to

small

the, walls

and

to

developed

but

the

E on Figures

enough

permanent,

former

other

small

condition.

andt.

permanent

adjoining

85),

to

something

had

is

grouping

the

Later,

A to

suggest

from

which

roofs

(Buildings

to

bothy,

are

crack-supported

fireplaces

gable

70)p

storehouse.

or

houses

of

edge

eastern

two

the

with

ruins

and

rigs

or

trace

to

69 and

bothy

with

ýbuildings

set

the

F on Figures

as a shelterv

possible,

perhaps

of

one

plus

remainsg

on

structure

Building

in

seems

starting

sheeling,

simple

ages,

the

some of

of

nature

of

traces

dykes,

dry-stone

old

of

obtainable Inver

from

Chirkao

were

being

at

least

51

* on

the

lower

slopes

67-

199 -

Suilven.

of

them

and

by

he'lived

where was

Alexander

Lt.

by

making

farm,

Macleod his

with

occupied

8 inhabitants.

recording

of

what

was

actually

more

than

two

or

Home noted

one

patch:

by

buildings',

indicating

again

settlement

had

by

1875.

76).

One of

dwelling, in

little

S)

ruinous

the

way

of

Assynt

the

on

of-sheelings The of

the

same

Loanan

the

that

land

in

the

even

been

small'

quite

cannot

be

Rivert

from

said

it

for

Ledbeg

of

the

Houses";

dykes

of

had

and

permanent

been

abandoned

had

at

(Figures

74v

75

have

been

a small

P may well

have

been

a

of

the

of

functions

increase

farms the

in

north

It

such

to

is

population 19th

toTorce

farms

allows

remains

18th/early enough

great

settle-

appear. s to

the late

the

of

enclosures

interpretation say

from

on Batachrianan

condition

to

have

must

development'

2

patches

sheeling

remains

are

only

inadequate

South

although

and'Building

the

on

pressure

Sheeling

alGhrianan)

shows

sugge'sting

there

as

plan

yards

that

Ledmoreq

2 'servants'

hundred

buildings

but

possible

perhaps.

the

a grazing

(Bad

The

sheeling

as well

(Building

byre

in

colonised

4 buildings

least and

The

Sheep

of

there.

"A

here,

occurred

half

Home's

three

sheeling,

at

of

had:

Goats,

plus

infields,

the

this

on

present,

they

rented'as

owned

families

surrounded

ment.

mention

Batachrianan

2 non-tenant

altogether

no

for

was

who

family.

buildings

were

that

pasture

an inland

Batachrianang farm

of

no

Bestial"*

of

sorts

all

is

there

why

Home noted

variety

good

pretty

is

altho'ugh

tilled,

being

". *,, "a

this

-Perhaps

century colonisation Batachrianan,

as along the

the

valley

south-easýern

200

-

end

of

in

this or

bank,

apart

which

are

from

remains

grazing

The

locations

but

is

in

minute

the

sole

most

of

and

sheds

obviously

farm

in

On

Aspect

to

the

to

of

considerld Sun

and

been

one

in

Assyntp township

the

of

or

the

houses

by

parishp

Home

the

of

no

above best

having'the Tract

continued

is

"There

with

Farm

not

were

remarks

weigh

byres

and

tenant:.

can

of

are remains

of

his

a grazing

being

Surveys

the

'servants'.

sitting

that

as

which

occupation

the

11

although

Assint

of

there

minister

and

the

1774

the

and the Manse, occupied

have

complimentary

the

on

a population

edge

permanent

Mackenzie, would

from

apart

sheelings

of

have

would

time

southern

32 non-tenants

height

ihe

some of these

farmp

if

possession

the

this

the

area

Theme

hills,

retained and

of

from the Kirk

admired

completely

with'that

William

the

of

have

Stronecruby

buildings

of

buildings

largest

buildings

the

traces

eastern

on

Consequently,

indicating

Apart tenant,

the

few

the

the

of

its

of

sheelings

settlements

along

dykes and buildings

the

farms

side

one

in

up

few

are

comparison

78 and 79)-

enclosuree

and

grass.

very,

a concentration

(Figures

on Layn

and

modern

had

on either yards

farms

inland

The

hundred

higher

there

78)e

and

and

their

with

Kirktown with

three

or

for

sheelingse

sheelings

2 sheelings

dykeso

of

their

distant

more

important

been

77

two

within

major

all

(Figures

have

region

river

are

Assynt

Loch

-

Limet

Stone; Farms,

and

if

under

Tenant

skillfull value

Snow lies

The

to

the

less the

might

Proprietor

upon

it

manag eme nt be

of

and

double yield

than of I

any an may

a genteel

of

the

neighbouring

ind ustrious safely living

and say to

triple such

201

-

The

sheelines

-

a Tacksman

after

organised,

even

has

remains

on his

drawn

the

farms

to

him

on

by

the

confluence

93).

have

could

are and

'the

grazing

the

of

in

1774.

It

grass". structures

known

was measured

between

in

to

the

the There

the

of

scattered

of

the 53

in

River

along

the

traces around

mostly of

dykes

are

of

North

much Southward"two

buildings

the

on

opposite t-Sagairt

an

indicating

lands* in

ground and the

patch arable, here a size

-

some

Church

area and

this

2 families

described

sheeling

acres

Plates

C was

with

largest

buildings

foundations

perhaps

pretty

association

formed Poll

81;

than

perhaps

of-Glendu no

remains

as Ruigh

Home describes

are

Allt

south

old

Traligill

Hollow

the

least

at

priest"t

township's

(NC 27 20)9

"Sheelings

ruined

this

and

confusing

was

and

acres

notes

and

...

hanging

dykes

the

of

at

...

valley is

sheeling

his

angle

more

that

Fo'lds

in

80

much

8,25

the

are

suggest

three

of

river

ground

triangle

Dhealaich

fine

in

D on Kirktown

Sheeling

The

Trarigil

of

not,

size

here.

Traligill

for

are

its

in

(Figures

present

and

remains

a small

antiquity

the

Burn

also

here I side

Assynt

buildings

at

I'Sheelings

the

of

There

The

existed

Home as:

side

area

shape

there

80

and

of

system

River

and

the

their

but

now,

by

in

by him

lies

Traligill

('Polandrain')

an Droighinn

92 and

the

of

79

patch

the

sheeli'ng

well

sub-dividing

listed

Perhaps This

obviously

a sheeling

is

'Infield'.

as

dykes

by Home as but

were

A on Figures

at

dry-stone

some farms*

dykes

That

Kirktown,

of

plan

1774.

several

on

and

in

of

B is

Sheeling

all"o

in

lay Allt

a'

as: yielding and that

the would I

202

(Plates

dwellings

'Old

map has that

bothies

sheeling

suggest

the

herelserved

limestone

foregoing as

sheeling-grounds

to

Home,

the

extent

infields

and

in

yielded:

floe*

Houses', '.,

the

based

shire

the

first This

by

recorded

of

used

on

simply

the

home

men who

upon

limpro,

these

made

the

In

Assynto

(1959)

by

repeated to of

The

ýementslj

come

the ground

arable

which

night.

a

Aberdeen-

country

by

croft at

they

about

extension

an

it

that

Gaffney

shealing

of

the

permanent

fertile

made

with

western

and

by

mentioned

into

Papers$

of

use

Infields

to

Uamh

nan

humanse

the

unique

not

was

lying

cattle

the

areas

Castle

patches

Cnoc

stating

Banffshire

of

likely

constantly

of

hefting-places

system

dunged

at

was

Gordon

cultivation.

Itathing' was

the,

"These were

manuring under

settlement

also

perhaps

Inver)

sheeling

of

l: lOjOO0

them favourably

quantity

Ishealings'

on

s to:

refer

bringing

and of

survey

the

O. S.

of

that

seen

comparing (as

foot

and

was

areas

cases

double

The

cultivation

arable

some

the

at

be

is

It

here.

can

permanent

recent

animals,

it

of

the

caves for

than

rather

and

marked

shelters

as the

95)

and

Shielingsl-

some of

From

94

huts

or

are

names

herds

and 0

hired_men

who

spent

found"the,

who

shealing

a long

fertility

season

of

summer the

a sufficient

in

season

cattle-folds

of

inducement

for

hills

the

the

them

and previous

to

attempt

some cultivation, This in

a plan

and which,

the

in

stage of

the

Lecht

pass

though

the

shealing

Couglass-side

to

shealinj;

Donside)

shealings

is

development

of are

about

still

s

well (between

the shown

year as

exemplified Tomintoul

1770P

on

Grazing-places

I

203

-

, of

particular

into

Grazings factor

he might

their

and hired

equivalents by Home on

'listed Filine

These

tillage

to

land

where

and

size

better

An even 0,ldernay living

which

by

These

'graoskeeperat

pounders ideally

or

part

reached

by

Strathnaver

sent

and

to of

Fairhurst

corn

herd 'Corn

the

initiate Sutherlandp

(Fairhurst,

his

Little

Assiut

herds'

insufficient.

was

farm

the

on to

the

Farm

other

settlement

of

sheeling

study

regionsp

region

areas. were

conclusions

141,163)-

Prestaniep

pinnersp

of

the

called

thereon"s

i976,130)

of

now

steading

growing are

of

anotherv

the

a "house corn

increased

thereonllp

growing

the

it

grazing

infield

to

and

where

families

as

similar

1968v

families

fertile

belonging

(Fenton,

in

the

as having

to

poindlers

suited

another

of

had

their

sheeling

one

cultivated

farms

man employed

the

elsewhere

a Man

and

existing

from

necessary

to by Gaffney

initially

the

-

32-33)o

some of

Sheeling

care

Home notes

occupied

is

people

fact

had

they

on grazing

the

of

in

but

as. Torbreck,

in

perhaps

taking

Prestaniep

. 1959p -

subsistance

remotest

at-the

Strathavon

grasskeepers

who moves

...

the

because

farms

example

Corgarff

desirable

bring

for

the

just

non-tenants to

that

men referred

the

such

were

be natural

would

in

in

Gordon's

Duke

included

(Gaffney,

seasonal

the

have

grazings

own shealings"

their

In

not

Faevait

These herds

in

it

turning

so that

justice

some well

found

the

occupy

with

equally

had -

people to

say

tended

first

who

thereby

glens,

It

appear.

sub-tenants

croftsp

permanent

could

their

the

up

arable

of

patches

or

cultivation

push

and

many

themselves

tenants

was to

farms,

around "It

is

Rosalp

noticeable

204

-

that be

the

lists

with

both

Pont's

e. g.

Dionach

time

e.,

and

Roy's

seems

in

Middle

mainly

Ages this

that

it

is

-

Strath

to

by

with

the

into

units

simple of

a hill

had

colonisation

was

greatly

think

in

enclosures

at

terms at

permanent

Itownships''of

the

of

Dalharrold

and

fifteen with

grazings

1967)

that

safety the

ground

by

stones

in

become

cultivable

century discrete

...

the

manuring an

but

of

population

have

stimulated

especially

when

well

the

sharing

tend

in

patch the

in

the the

time

to

in

of

the

process

would eighteenth

colonisation was

for

improve

cleared

arable late

potato

or

milking

might of

common (Millerg

recall

An area a pen

families

four

its

for

and into

amalgamation

the'animals

a discrete

family

a si*Ugle

with

treading*

developing

groundsl

of

for

commencing

a series,

appropriate

enclosure

and

a whole,

to

and

later

as

problem

still

would

grounds

the

is

shielings

Pressure

units,

It

gathering

making

might

arable,

Rosal.

the

around

emerge

of

acres

since'-the

accelerated

or

intakes

of

number

the

by

by

1977))-

in

occupation

increasing

bothan

shielina

of

shieling

subsequently

size

the

extended

of

the

summer

-a

(Dwelly,

been

the

place-name

pasturej

that

from

and

airidh

shieling

"Looking

to

from

suggest

Naver

process

possible

the

namest

shielina

(the

e. *

is

and cattle,

century".

eighteenth

old

on

appearing

Achargoryp

added

laraidhl,

reasonable

only

settlements

and

might

taigh-airidhe

or

airidhe

be

999 grow

new names

apparently

can

which

records

'Stronchergarryll

herdsmen

for

Naver

early

the

of

map are

lory',

residence

Strath

the

Several

others

element

It

from

Garaidh,

location

their

in

settlements

successfully

compiled

longer

of

of

these

beeinning

to

I

205

a useful

provide

plant

His

arable. "These potatoe Grounds

Culack

at

people

are so

the

Dykes

be

will

a great

will

on lst

notedp

Samuel

Johnson:

of

village,

rural

as we saw all . day

at

dkshes

like is

of

...

milk,

end

I

used its

as

'village'

in

shieling

hutsq

a

only of

name,

and

in

settlements The

discussed noted

how

by

of

tasted.

One

we

and the

fact

a region may be grazing

is

seems

another

down

sat brought

it

a Green

two

us

them

of

on

wooden

frothed

was

as

a stick

with

Auchnashealp

described

by

Boswell

otherwise

to

have

example

of

the

development

Grounds. these

of (1980)

Strathfarrar

summer-hutsp

same manner". it

which

togetherp

built

little

preparing

that

a kind

many miles

we

the

in

and

We passed only

they

saw a woman

Dodgshon

Glen

Highlands;

a house;

rest

Auchnashealp

cottages

with

comparatively

being

Auchnasheal,

beginnings

early

to

but

Hebrides

horses

our

At

chocolatep

from

of

the

let

came

a house,

which

a syllabub. for

in

seeing

the

to

a'while

the

valley,

green

afterwards

along

without

I turf-seat

rich

a number

shielings

called

to

James

1773t to

a Tour

of

tillage#

into Land".

Corn

Septemberp

Jour nal

stopped

We soon

grass.

this

his

"We came

and

spreakingO eat

in

the

of

part

by

Lands

Corn

be brought the

to

relevant:

their

greatest

soon

addition

In-Inverness-shire, Boswell

the

used

been

not

particularly

enlarging

that

being

potato

previously

are

daily

improvements within

had

type".

the

to

reference

presumably

remarks

poor

which

which

areas

this

of

around

frequent

Home makes to

for

crop

and in

developments Mather

northern

have

been

(1970,163-164) Inverness-shire

had

206

-

little

no

or

however, lands

-

Such

by

been

1589

there the

mention

least

at

the

For

example,

the

Aird exact

has

been

the

These or

of

the

true, of

1767

or

labour

where

very

which

they

any and

cases

were always

opposite obliged part

the

their

Culbirnie.

with

butp

clear,

not

with

between

that

as

noted

were

as

(Gaffneyp

as 1960).

everywhere

proceed

smoothly

strictures

against

such

seen

is

for

some

tacksmen

principal

'at were

sub-teuants j

reason,

the to

not

develop-

landowners. it

is

tacks

three-Gleulivet

in

shealing

by

positive

as

provision the

of

Ochteroe

Strathavon

"There

notes:

existede

connected

was

developments

not

extensions

as still

originated

of

strongly

originated

is

the

on

They

links

in

complete

light

Inchvuilt

of

as was

did

not

(1959,34).

Gaffney

some

probably

There were

had

Lordship

movements

which

Glen

century

slightly

neither

period*

of

living

and

valuable

that

Similar

the

Inchvuilt

association

it

farm".

continuouslys

ments,

farm

the

of

in

place

in

Belladrum,

suggested, and

the

"Forrest

the

seventeenth

although

throw

first#

at

population

as

1690's,

and

Glen

nature,

shieling

west

of

farms,

farm

The

taking

far

around

farms

ground

in

the

of

have

farms

agricultural

situation

that

almost

end

agricultural

cbrtainly

settlement

the

the

of

pro-exiating of

compatible,

agricultural

of

by

the

of

altogether

low

mAde

as

Rentals

beyonde

imply

from

a considerable

was

would

better

settled

westwards

extension

is

longer

the

"Gradually,

Ages:

Middle

extension

However,

Glen,

nor

in

shielings

"

Affarick,

the

an

summer

by

but

in

resulted

the

growth

population

frontiero

in

settlement

-

to

improve Leather'

rive

of

the

Isheal

as

formerly"'-

207

-

in

the

Mar

1712p

dated

first

Earl

(feu?

feaw

that

belonged

)

Corymuillie

(Corrimulzie)

Delmoir

now belongs

and

hath

sheallings

made rent.

a considerable of

land

that

built he

there

The to

infield

0f

the

that

now".

references

to.

stances

At

tillage. full

of

apt

to

imagine

At

Inver:

"The

most

interjected-with

Oak,

which

-Roots,

Corn

are

Rocks appears

to

place

called

forrest

"The

and

Baulkso

have

been

that

so Wood the

some

poorest the

its

superior

descriptions

last

Original

baulks

rocky is

Corn one

Lands be

would

time

ago". and

soilp is

given long

been

have

may not

indeed

and

impression

The

Tress

and

place

groundt

altogether

Lands

sheallings

Home's

)

gets?

his

being

Home states:

been

(he

which

sheelings

Inferior

of

of

that

to

near

themselves

Roots

instead

the

of

included.

all

with had

heart

24).

Drumsurdlandp

it

-

called ) by

ane

considering

infields

Baulks

are

to

some Assynt

were

the

up

of

(feued?

for

removed

lately

surprising

it

hath

very

(Appendix

intields

some of

in

and

the

lives_just

not

of

and

I

time

Land

feawed

Inverey

the

sheallings in

Plough

ane

the

house

stone

ane

is

house

and

In

sheallings

was

further

miles

the

countrie

ane

the

the

of in

labour

to

Aberdeenshirep

noted:

did

which

yearly

(Altanour)

Alhinour hath

two

were

to

in

a

complaints

are

) Inirerey which

from

Chamberlain

sheallings

Ey)p,

Record

Scottish

"Incroachments"

(late?

the

the

124/17/102/3)

Marts

of

of

(Glen

4len. ei

(SRO/GD

wherep-under

place

the

the

Ilabouringl

illegal

in

Muniments

a report

Innesp

Mr John

of

is

there

Office

Kellie

and

--

full

of

production"*

208

-

these

Perhaps

from

areas land

there

unless as

an

earlier

listed

was

was

the

to

This

one way

parts

the

of

extent,

the

animals

from

to of

for

say rent

"It

would

in

precisely

in

In

referring

to

tenants,

Adam

to

unwise

mention

Home

an

absolute

in

this

in

having

been

Store,

Kirktown

and

Gaffney these

made

words

been

makes rich

with lying

the fallow

states: land

for

cattle

was

Survey

does

he

remiss

the

(about but

and

the

of

fertile

Oldernay).

used

shared

was

was

in

of was

can

have

been

also

by

Itoathing'

soil

to

reference regions

be

only

inconsistent and the

sheelings

(e. g.

Itathing'

word

to

on

listed

were

s6ttlement

the

cattle

about

this

to

in

other

16%)

Assynt

The

above,

folding and

to

appears

reference

quoted were

difficult

proportions

existed,

tillage,

he

details

and

is

arable

in

sheelings

or

since

(1959),

association had

corn

other

He also

economys

by

in

minimum

as

of

number

(1960,1)

the

system

a certain

It

differing

nowhere

a

41

only

being

as

the

some

it.

to

Individually, by

But If

on

Souming

proportions. so.

to

available.

that

assume

soumingo

referring

be

in

and,

dependent

was

grazings?

controlled

below)

10.4

would

Assynt

these

was

in

related the

on

listed

infield

been

allowed

poor

unrealistic

are

have

Isouming'

(see

so much

why

as much

dung

Assynt.

be

having

animals

which

Perhaps

not

of

grazing

statistics

holdings

itself

which

involved".. Home

in

infield

paid

in

infield

Highlands

by

The

some value

number

colonised

We may ask

'infield'.

Could

some way

successfully period.

as

possible.

was

less

were

-

of

was used Strathavony

Scotland

on

outfield

be

tilled

at

land again.

in which In

209

-

East

Lothian

into

$brakes'

the

pasture,

This

outfield

farm,

which

toathed .

well

pasture

was

the

the brake

for

explained

Wilson

(1902)9'who

always

under

applicable

lefý of

during

of

the

for

summer

were

to

and his

Assynt

the

leyp

that

is,

growth

was

folded in

next

that other

in half

the of

half

under cycle

by was

outfield oats. might

*N 0

C' a .4

0 ('I

EL1N

was

century

1774:

'co -7n

being

situation

18th the

we call for

rotation

the

upon

what

or

grass

of

stock

The

infield/outfield in

oatst

live

1794,49).

showed

with

we call

the

divided

was

cropped

spontaneous

kept

that

outfield

were

what

Aberdeenshire

grass

form'of

these

in

(Buchan-Hepburn,

up"

modified

three

were

the

century,

consisting

upon

broken

18th

...

the. -remainder

and in

in

This be

...

210

-

the

Whatever

outfield

which

has

level

of

primitive of

settlements

but

arablep

to

shifting of

rather

with

arable

the

der

(Uh lig,

abgelegen

lay away

den

Pflug

Udmark,

the

unter the and

certainly

increasing

House,

anfänglich

Mit

zunehmender

the Werner

function Kissling

too

das

(1943v

are

of

the

agrarian

noted:

"Ausserhalb

Aussenlandq

das

gemeinsame

als

the

wurde

Tofte

)p, which common

90)

the

of

Bevdlkerung.

origins

idea

"outfieldllp

of also

the

auch

(Infield) was

farther

pasture.

the

came under

and

open

that

alsop

a study

as

the

that

sicher

originally

the

infield

(outfield?

'Outland!

this

the

("Beyond

genommen

of

into

(1935,91)

Udmarkj

permanent

a sub-division

implies

In

und

used

population

Examining Black

war

die

to

important

Wfthrer lag

wurde.

the

no

a

turn\ýfrom

the

led

practice

than

Scandinavial

that

now

that

with

however,

we call

Western

in

suggestion

field-plots

consider,

discussion

relationship

practices

1961,305)-

(Infield)

Tofte

11ikelyt

shifting

older

the

or

more

or

systems

shifting

is

which

a simpler

originally

irregular

greaterg

Weid. e benutzt dies

existed

general

of

weiter

system

We must

phasel"

history

made

arable

practically

next

(1961)

permanent

field-plots,

thus

Uhlig

we

nameq

an interesting

in outfield

"It

that

given

at

and

grazing.

former

a former

those

remained

organisations

clear

a different

under

infield

of

undoubtedly

a constantly

"Langstreifentle of

perhaps

Europep

Feldgraswirtschaft

is

outfield

with

Central

and

with

lack

Home's

or

impression

here

dealing

are

situation,

the

explanationf

-

With

plough"). Hebridean suggested

that

211

-

the

house

fixed

stance

a later

developmentv

different

Hebridean

be

regarded

howeverp

phasel

a shift

although their

the

that

retrospect the

perfectly It

rather

than

the

adapted

to

real

essentially

not,

in

farmstead.

the

work

dairy

naturally

the

crofter

with

be

reluctant

to

for

shelter the

which

as logically on It".

of

merits

in

time

and

it

made

habitation, to

the

summer

the

dwellings

animals.

One isq

rendered

again

and it

hands an

therefore, feature

little

than

more the

is

the

shieling idea

Being

of the

might

of

doing

most the

hillsp

naturally

independent

of

to the

regard Black

a "kitchen-byrellp system

of

did

Moreoverp

led

fundamental

with there

in

of

custom

and

House

shielings.

upkeep

shieling

placep

practice

on his

to

requirements

pastures

at

in

Black

the the

clear

was

roofp

life

the

fulfill of

now

a necessity-

almost

the

connected Here

its

undertake

lay-out

original

House,

the

family

mode

need

is

a

at

often

according

people's

situated two

the

under

ISecause in

...

by

maintained

It

the

times,

a"'complete

be

trans-

of ample

pasturesp

arable

Such

plains.

arrangement,

taken

as winter

former

was

the

"shifted

practice

only

could

earlier

an

provided

plains

original

had

poverty

the

mountain

from

were

used

dairy

richer

animals

had

times.

sandy

the

may

clusters At

to

pastures

Cirity

house

may have

'necessary

the

somewhat

townlands.

communities

rendered

distance

considerable

of

old

product:

with

"These

been

haye

might

the

to

the

of

mountain

for

alternation

which

the

have

pasturagep

in

nuclei

would

humancep

arable

adjacent

environment:

these

from

anchorage"

with

albeit'adjusted

the

as

-

a shifting

and

depending arable

212

system

grazing

and infield

known

association

documentary

who

possibility

the

15th

dobuments

in

disoussed

the

Kyrktown

.de Kerymwrl' is

... and

outfield

earliest from

the

and

'outfield'

could

complementary

sense,

as Dodgshon

period

of

been

it

is

main the

cultivated

area

start

of

of

the

the

term

infield

and

outfield

other,

each exist the

physical

here

the

seventeenth

the

terms

the

possible

that term

that century

on

the

primacy

have

of

the

and

and,

a

in

which,

from seen

system

of

before

is

doubtful since to

could

not

reasonably

turn,

had

to

await

It

is

the

fifteenth

general the

This

lone

point

theýground.

therefore,

initial

it

on

the

conturiesp

contradistinction

infield

term

outfield"* of

in

outfield

may have

as

this

does

intermixed

I

may

the

Howeverg

set

period

a

physically

existed

before

"I

suggesting

both

outfield

could

outfield

ground,

infield

the

in

"In

la

",infield'

seventeenth

infieldp

terms

Seal

development

century.

are

Great

togetherp

and

eAsted

appearance

suggested

outfield

town,

infield

meaning

without

the

fifteenth

whether

suggest

for

period,

do

that

explains:

and

in

Owtfeld

the

infield-outfield

infield

this

'Ile

of

existed

sixteenth

that

(1973,15-16)9

noIndication

to.

to

have

only

fifteenthp

during

developed

the

possibly

meant

not

logical

only

cultivation"

Register

1483-

It

is

reference

for

have

and

developed

by Dodgehon there

-"'

infield

of

notes

the

and

remains

may have

outfield

(1962)

Dodgshon

that

field

later

that

OOntury

Barrow

quotes

early

from

settlement

evidencee

The

from

fixed

the

pre-dating

to

the

emergence introduction not

detract and

shifting

of of from

213 -

grazing

and

arable

which

'outfield'

and which

perhaps

and

understood

form

poorly

Home Is

had

in

other,

parts

for

the

in

no

not

are

quite

exactly.

Assynt

in

were so little It

regions

of

between

of

Assynt

and

does

the

system

surprising

of

farms

not

sheelings make

not

are

his

clear

study

of

Home's

"What

we see

is

a shieling

Survey,

areas exactly

not

along-

are

(19679 that

200)

has

of

the

many

is

this

and

why

infield

carried

such

that

Home,. who

must

not

explain

the

possible

more

words

from Gaffney in

local

used

elsewhereq to

describe Reviewing

usage.

(1962,149) decayq

this

similarity

organisation

the

system

that

of

outfield

taken

animals*

systems

mention

whether

only

land-holding

and

does

and

own or

Adam's

as

is

which

arable

and

Miller

rated

Scotland,

affairsp'does

the

outfield,

land

in their

thereforeq

virtually

some

Isheelings'

cropse

conclude,

some knowledge

other

state

under,

at

a system

settlements, the

could

were

pasture

some of

of

said of

This

outfields

describing

many

be

non-tenants

Assynt,

to

been

full and

could

common grazings

since

s and

population". had

these,

main

"We must

with

in

right

have

since

shielings

a high

the

from-the

infield,

area

have

to

system,

doubts:

John

of

unlike

same

andýother

as

outfield,

far

the

that

have

would

a shieling

time

on'Lochtayside The

status

functioning

stage

was

labelled a corrupt

orofteral

outfield

Badinimban

indication

tenants

the

at

that,,

HiChlands.

of

Home appears

an

the

crofter/pendicler

earlier

in

surviving

Assynt

above

in

the

of

a further

no

3#5

share

occupants

possible

side

in

be

b

was noted

tenants,

the

was

Survey.

it

be

came, to

later

only

many

states: of

the

214 I

having

grazings a fair

and

is

This

refrarded

an

system

evidence

of

first

in

to

answering

in

those

the

the

on for

the

proximity'to a unique

the

on

location

the

of Allt

'between have Pont.

been

the

continuation

and

a very

would

nominally in

system

of

of

a process the

explain

"

shielings?

Assynt

much

closer happened

"Was what

which

were

much

comes

in

1774

may

land-working

older

Mills

Timothy

foot,

and

I

Assynt

the

1774,

the

becoming

sheelings

simply

something

organisation.

for

question:

sheeling

and

mentions

also

the

what

Some older accelerated

with

of

be

couldhardly

land"t,

Gaffney

after.

cultivated

a rapidly-growing

of

centuries

farms

way,

preserved

early

century

the

some of

inbye

maps

landq

cultivation".

expandedg

needs

O. S.

years

gone

the

here.,

problem

hundred

had

the

under

distancel

sheer

in

inbye

the

situation;

of

suggested

the

being

economy,,, by

is

settlements

9-5

terms

"incorporated

'distorted

population,

have

in

'field/grass

of

perhaps

the

in

d

them

of

to. oversimplify plotst

In

imorporate

proportion

sheeling

which

been

two

Pont's of

Assynt

map of one

of

,the

the-Allt

alChalda

alChalda

Mor,

woody

streams'),

a wrong

placing

main

(Figure

52)

shows

the

mills

lye

mill'

near

Beag.

on Ederahalda although of

the

mill

The

later

mill

(Eadair this site

da

might on

the

here

was

choille simply part

of

durl

215

-

In

his the

publishes in

the

Earl

of

but

they

mills

Culack mills been The Clais

1774,

and

of

part

mentioned

are at

Oldernay,

at

and

Clashnessie

an Eas Details

of

The

and

exists

the

mills,

Assynt

on

as

their _and

the 1774,,

and no

haveýgone out ýj Their 57e on Figure oversight

another Clashnessie

plans,

time

and are

as

(Plate

have

Surveys

Home's

the

where

3 other must

which

of

a ruin

Bay

at

Novemberl

Stroncruby,

the

18th

could

at the.

in

Survey

simply

mills

and

Clashnessie

enters

they

been

shown

1759

the

so marked

Glenlirag

between

erected mill

Homes

in

of Assint,

so

have

William,

noted

are

by Home in

are

to

and

and Ederahaldas

Clashnessie

farms,

however, John

erected

Parish

mentioned these

couldv

the

the

on

noted

before

omission on

not

4 mills

and Ederahalda

of

1764-1773,

Assynt,

a reference

Culag,

inhabitants are

for

is

having

Aultnachie

at

are use

there

appended

Adam (1960,93)

Surveyq

Accounts

(Aultnachie)p

The mills List

of

Sutherlandq

of

Home's

Factor's

notes

Aldnuagh

of

study

-I

Amhain

62). in

occupants

1774

are

as follows: Oldernay

Donald MacHomash, miller, 4 children, in no share

Clashnessie

John McLeodj 3 'servants',

-

no wifet farm

miller, wife, in no share

3 children, farm

Culack

Angus Bethune, miller, 1 'servant', 'no share

Stroncruby

David Ross, millerl childreng wife 13 (one thirty'servants' 5-merk no and a in the farm with 9 other second) share tenants

-

2 childrent wife, in farm

216 -I.

-

Glenlirag.

There

been be

for

the

how

they

any

were

Ross

David

with

in

lack

Stroncruby'had had

mills

the

mill-wheel the

in

from

a nearby

shaft

directly

been the

normal origins that

early

the

as

through

to

the

to

practice these

(1958)

3rd

century

dendrochronological have

produced

On this

dates a time

evidence,

the

range

in

was

Ireland

for

13 Irish

possibility

630

frustrating. typet in

linked

by

a vertical

to that

for

influence

and,

but this more

horizontal 930

has

It

millstonese

of

it

should

type

as

recently, mills

AD (Baillie,

influences

a

a lade

in

flowed

mills

AD in

farm.

the is

north-westq

mentions

of

in

Scandinavian the

McLeod

horizontal

water

the'two

suggest

mills

Lucas

of

But

mill.

John

and

the

been

horizontally

the

paddle

upper

of

Some

have

here

revolving

which

The

no

system,

Mackenzie

the

share

the

how

exampleo\,

explanation been

paddle

stream.

of

be noted

or

floor

IserveLnts'

to

not

existing

in

no

and

is

obviously

assisting

have

and

clear,

Roderick

or

have

it the

could

or to

appear

is

for

like

'servants'

3

information

of

The

basin

land

This

into

'servants'

workine-the

land,

fitted

tenants,

his

landlord

nor

status would

the

mills,

landt

the

system

by

arable

farming

important

Clashnessie

Home's

tenants

not

and

in

employed

as

Assynt

allocated

Glenlirae,

installed

be

the

'normal'

The

croft'

of

obviously

were

in

'mill

a

who were

millers

to

miller

allocated for

here*

in

differences

some major

listed

millers

stated

in

-

obviously

are

the

of

2 Roderick Mackenziep miller, wife, 40-merk 4 'servants' children, and a (one third) the largest, with share, 13 other tenants.

1982). other

than

217

-

Scandinavian idea

were

the

of

A good

example

running

down

burn

(Figure

Bay

the

and

is

No mill

in

in

bias mills of

the

to

east

gap

in

was

obviously

two

mills

of

the

(discussed

in

inconvenience the

Setting

66),

the

of

thirling payment.

the

of

the

and

Clachtollp

the

burn.

Home and, 1, shaded

and

Post-1774

in in

inill

of

some details

like

an

and

use of

tenants

in in

Rental

6.5 most

in

the

of

above)

mill

rents

In

the

Reportj

The

for

were

1775 replaced

Captain

population of

fines

beset

with

the

Report

(Adamv

1960,

by

'dry

Sutherland

these

system

and

In

whole great

non-listing

was

regions,

this

parish

multures

Assynt

and

the

a

Ederahalda the

is

It

Home's.

of

shows

servicing

when

error

1774 and

parish.

makes

payment

in

57)

Aultnachie

a time

that

some detail

of

show

Stroncruby

only

at

mills

the

types

the

(Figure if

s,outh-east

to

John

building

raphs

mills

north, with

seem more

of

possibly

of

photof;

increasing,

to

is

the

formed

millstones.

and

and

the

shows it

burn

side by

the

on

on Aohmelvich

Auchmelvich

here

typical

distribution,

thirling

multurel

map

The

The

Clachtoll

roofed,

disused,

were the

depicted

surviving

west

must

a ruin

Bradhan

99)e of

or

distribution

The

the

of Britain

is

ofmill

to

the

61, O. S.

1774.

and

structure

96

on

nevertheless

Assynt

Western

na

townships

presumably but

form Alltan

Plates

just

1875

therefore date,

is

this

Port

mentioned

the

since

to

the

ruin

diffusion

considered. of

85 and

boundarylbetween

through

mill

seriously

the

for

responsible

horizontal

be

obviously

-

a

on

stated:

218 -

-

"The the they to, to rent,

in

tenants

the

and

the

setting general by

suffered

the

Badness

so as

were

to to

have them,

formerly

Milns

complained distance of

three-quarters

pay

convenient they

for

reason

the of

the

Roads;

rather

than

Milns

out

be

tyed

e

inconveniences

they

of

down

that

was

thirled

were

submitted

willingly

Grinding

/

If,

great

the

of

to".

asstricted

o,f

and

Muiture

liberty

Multure

the

of

Dry

on Dry

every

C5 of

where

most

to

the

Milns

219 CHAPTER ýAND ASSYNT

LOCHTAYSIDE

IN

TEN

THE

I CENTURY:

18th

LATER

A COMPARISON

Geography,

,,

lochs,

largest ,

is

Lochtayside its

watershed

covering

hectares;,

Assynt

lochs

large

as

44,500

the land

hectares.

'the_boundaries. has a mountain Assynt

,

major

several

height

lloch

above

and

much-fragmented

coastal

-The

the

parish

extremesp but

Lochtayside longer,

has'provided of in

have of

been the

centuries.

high,

a lower

has with,

shared

is

rainfall

height the

catches;

more

landowners

of even the

less

restricted, with

fishing

rights

set

in

lasts The

sea

an alternative

on Loch

out

maximum-

snow

farms

egalitarian,

severev

rarely

are

winter

with

inland

the

into

lochs

sea

parameter.

Assynt

effectively

climatic

of

but

average

the

set.

which and

an important

population and

free

autumn

rainfall

again

subsistence the

with

effective but

of

snow,

and

the

being

penetration

The

area.

Assynt

of

region

frost

particularly

the

means

keepthe

margin

Lochtaysidej

boundaries and

whereas

ovdrall

interior

mountainous

Assynt

of

on

are

eastern

is

or

acres

and south

sou th

and

boundary

situation

Imperial

the

on its

north

straiGhtforward

any

prevents,,

only

including

area,

Lochtaysidep

of

20,000

or

an

tolnorth

within

to

se'ttlement

and

'economic

level

with

1109000

of

points

mountains

to'southern acres

parish

boundary

Scotland's

of

Imperial

Assynt,

highest

one northern

The watersheds and

but

50,000

a coastal

Loch

as

from

area

about is

for

setting

probably

Tay the

charters

appears privilege over

to

220

-

Geographically, the

speakingg is

tayside

and

settlement

ness,

and

soil

smooth

and

is

Assynt

terrain

and

with of

a network

loch,

and

landscape

and

the

was

this

evidence of the

just-as Idavochs'

streams,

burns

rock

-

such

history

of

as

in

the

plough,

in

loxgates' Account

derived

in.

from

indications

in

actual

like

where

Nowhere

tillage. documentary

the

ploughing

land-use.

common

have

been to

references and

charters fiscal

the

and

horsegangq would

makes

Assynt

early

regions

or

plough

1790'st

Highlands#

centuries,

seem more

of

general

This

the

the

by of

ploughland

Assynt.

This

with it

Central

for

baulks"

descriptioný

using

the

many

with "stony

instrument

main

Perthshire

incongruous and

were

by

interlinked

land-working

mentioned

agriculture

terms

than

the

a hummocky

interrupted

Home's

John

of

land.

into

baulks",

"rocky

which

was

implement

divisions,

the

tributary

and

gneiss

lochans

bogs

and

relatively

Lewisian

glaciation and

excluded

a fewýfarms

for

lochs

ridges"

cas-chrom

by

scoured

is

or-over-acid

its

of

above

land

streams

wet

of

nature

of

Statistical

commonp

the

effectively

from

apart

patches

steep-

distance the

burns,

and

economic

increasing

with

limits

Loch-

and

agriculture

with

from

hundreds

"interjected

and

by

up

bare

of

outcrops

Old

the

plucked

geology,

in

apart

broken

heightj

these

unbrokenj

the

Lochtayside

by

within

Assynt

of

deteriorating

quality but

to

valleys

between

former.

limited

are

geomorphologically

fragmentation

of

the

of

loch'edge;

the

use

degree

area

better

perhaps difference

greatest

the

settlement

or

-

or

in

the

administrative was

more

-

lies

Lochtayside

580

580201

and

10.2

125

about

the

These

fa6tors

their

effect

18th

century,

with

roll

on

500

first

Earls

Assynt

5604o,

and

between

north-west,

to

appears

small

Mackenzie By

(Chapter but

4.2),

Glenorchy/Breadalbane Survey.

This to

order

put

development landowner

difference forward of

an

should

a region

evidence

in

of

development

area

later

the is

more

rivalg

obvious,

century but

it

piece-

and

Campbells

of

the

1769

to

in

economic

and

social

of

policies and landlords.

Surveys, was

many

here

positive

possibly

in

stated

the

under

be

18th

up

the

of

belonged

slowly

the

is

that

unified

many,

by

ownership

idea

the

hands

the

post-medieval

and

3 centuries

of

perhaps

with

the

centuries

secularp

only

determinedly,

undoubtedly

the

Sutherland

and

acquired

over

regions

Lochtayside

medieval

being

ownership

and

in

finally

and

is

of

two

unit,

religious the

terms

13th

and

the

in

sub4ect

Preskin

comparison,

both

throughout

in

Hugh

single

a

'The

the

12th

the

been

landowners,

holdings

meal,

in

7.2).

3-

between of

particularly

changes

that,

time

development.. and

settlement

to

difficult

their

general,

indicate

the

have

is

in

Chapter

differences

(Chapter

periods

to

Macleod,

various

in

Sutherland

of

in and

From

years*

families

Highlands

simply

it

areas, factors

discussed

were

MacNicol,

the

small

agricultural

are

there

land,

such

the

here

about

in

560251

farther

miles

historical

of for

introduced

in

latitude

north.

dealing

assess

to

between

HistoEX In

of

is

Assynt

north,

221

the

Lochtayside

rapid

one than

On

the

difference that

was

222

-

the

advanced

more

area

being

development

denied,

but

general against

development

The

the

in

and

of

policy

and

in

ownership

cannot

the

overwhelming

factor

di&icult

phýsical-environment.

Lochtayside

xxxi). the

Parish

figure

omits

and

was

covered

on

were

Pennant's

obviously

f

an

it

must by

known

to

population is

a few

not merit

be

that

in

they the

more

later

18th

enough

than for which

the

in

large

centuryl

but

the

of

briefest

only

"servants"

quite

eyes mention. (5-1

Lochtayside can

of

class

ýnd in

Inhabitants

crofters

this

existed

1936,

Lochtayside

cottersp

non-tenants

important

estimate

over-estimate

to

that

the

The

references

Home's

by some of

of

1774".

assumed

of

(McArthury

a "List

and

for

number

suggested

from

are

the

petition

Novemberg

townships

many

surveyors

2986

is

It

Assynt.

numbers

but

all

pendiclers

occupant

Assint,

of

a 1770

figures

Assynt

'The

in

type

figures

Population

size

different

three the

of

of to

difficult

inconsistencies-in

family

regions

elements

many

is

on a calculation

themselves

tenants

two

There-were

supplied.

based

are

it

figures.

many

61 x an average

tenants the

and

As in

patternp

accurate

information

of

betwee -n the

table.

settlement

involved

quality

of

and

agriculture

multiple

Assynt

adjoining

completely

surveyors

land

and. as

access

landowner

for-comparison

the

economic

obtain

they

to

in

of

aspects

a single

was' the

statistics

listed

are

in

bridges,

Population

10-3

and

of

superior

be

of

some

idea

The

settlement.

in_roadsq.

-

here,

be discussed

will

-I

be

above)

corrected

some If

Lochtayside Area (Imperial

AssXnt

(1774-75)

5OpOOO:acres. 110,000 acres . (without Loch Tay)

acres)

Population No. of farm townships population

(1769)

per farm

2148

1718

99

4Z

21-7

40.9 53.5 (26 jointtenancy farms)

AV. no. tenants

per farm

6.3

3.6

9.5 (26 jointtenancy farms) AV, no, settlement

AV. population

per farm

clusters

2.46 (sample 54 farms)

1.48 (sample of 29 farms)

of

8.5

per cluster

27-7 '.

AV. buildings

per farm

15-Z

34.9 (19 jointtenancy farms) 14.1 (19 joint16.3 tenancy farms)

AV. buildings

per

5-83

cluster

9.4 11.0 (19 jointtenancy farms)

Total Total

infield outfield

AV. infield

(soots

acres)

(Isheelings' per farm

in Assyn t)

(Scots

AV. outfield per faxm'( Assynt) in Scots acres

2202

1715

i5o6

23.68

acres)

shgelings'

Z345

in 17-32

_52.4?. 52.4 (26 jointtenancy farms)

35-85 39.40 (26 jointtenancy farms)

AV. infield

per tenant

(Scots

acres)

6.40

5.72 (26 joint5. r2 tenancy farms)

AV* outfield/Isheelings' (Scots acres)

[7Av.

per tenant

4.8

4.14 (26 0 jointtenancy farms) _T

farm(Scots

5.73

390

223 /

by

that

assuming

included,

then be

should

of

have

2300

about

for

figures

two

the

The

in

parish

the

second

the

sample-for

nearly

at

lands,

for

the

Assynt

of

the

Figures

major the

whole the,

occupying

table:

9 and The

limitation

arable

Lochtayside

the

the

most

would

figures

about

or

one

4 to

1.

farms.

The

limited

Lochtayside

steepness;

areap without in

per

a proportion topic

of

concentration

settlement

with

more

possýbly

the

population

in

township

This'concentration for

they

distribution of

cases in

joint-tenancies, by

alone

particular

allow

land.

farms

(19

since

the

height

population

scarce by

in

were

terrain

particularly

being

township's

how

most

all

joint-tenancy

the

across

for

joint-tenant#

settlement-clusters

spread

broken

emphasised

Lochtayside

accurate. emphasise

for

and farms

shows

proportion

shown

is

the

at

township

analysis)

56

unanswered

reasonably

are

Joint-tenancy

the

clusters

as

first

the

an

relative

farm

The

employed

single-tenant

26

with

The

Two figures

Itacksman',

evenly

the

in

where

the

A figure

but

to

accepted

settlement-cluster

fairly

were

in

attention

realistic@

were

people

per

McArthur

little

accuracy,

madelle

on Assynt*

differed.

population

was

more

references

inhabitants

of

correspond

A glance

the

of

were

population.

been to

Home's

has-been

areas

is,

the

by

and since

non-tenant

closer

Killin

and

Farquharson

have

be

Survey

overcrowding statistics

to

probably

"most

numbers

Assynt

from

paid

may

the

Kenmore

of

an under-estimate

created

when

between

than

been

because

Fishings

is

as

would

is

questions

villages

figures

Assynt

uneasiness

the

the

regarded

to

appears

the

is

Assynt

clusterp greater illustrated

224 -

-

in

perfectly

on Lochtayside 15

tenants

a total

Tenancies Leaving

or

merks

(Farquharson

or

farm

or

for

or

9.9

merks

Assynt. as

set'on

the

old

(Appendix to

farm,

or

merksp

have

rent 13). from

the

tenant.

per

one

relatively

merks But

U-3.1de

into the

average

becomes

per

value

from the

shows sterling

conversion

5 merks

94 merks

'appears South

a total

the

taking

on

farm

91 merks

of

overallp

merks

were

for

per

had

farms

I but

C. sed.

5 merk

merks

average

an

this

there

entirely

1.87

published and

holdings

farm-townships

42

Assynt,

different

May, ' 1775, in

in

grouping

merklandsp

at

There

the

(1960,64-65)

15th

etc.

) on

valuation

out

tenant

a'quite

Adam

but

pendicler

52

over

giving

alone

3-5

merkland

In

here'since

comparison

apparently

spread

merk

farms

joint-tenancy farm

to

amounting

1merks'per

14.5

6, x

Blarliargan.

of

and

This'averages

3830

of

if

(10)

tenants

clusters

area

crofter

13er tenant.

merks

valuaýion

few

merklands

side).

north 0-55

the

omits

(60

in

highest

of

shapeless

arable

had

Landholdings,

and

LoChtayside

on South

number

6 small

but

the

cotters,

a large

the

aside

largest

Blarliargan

of

Clashnessie

103P

of

unlisted

show

across

spaced

Assynt.

population

on Clashnessie,

evenly

the

highest

Plans

location

97.25

the

considering

Loclitayside.

10.4

had

the

morev

probably

in

population

Blarliargan

presumably

and

townships

the

59,

Clashnessie

and and

Assynt; and

16

Figures

per 26 per

be no basis

to

Lochtayside the

Rental

merks of

Assyntp

a conversion per

of

5 merks from

varies

on Unapool

in

to

12/9d.

farm per

225

-

.5

on Inver.

merks

151-

of

a conversion 1775,

Thus

the

whereas

the

200-merk

other

had

a conversion

of

13/-

two

4-merk

on

South

Portbane

farms

The

quantity

the

unusually

of

C29.10/-

paid

high

infield

per

The

size

but

individual were

shares is

this

Malcolm

McDugall

each

had

has

is

8 tenants

that

sh are. a

by

in distorted

being

0-575

1769. by acres South

on

merk

per

is

by

1/3"-

John Archdo

Dore,

10

eachq

this

had,

21

a

1/2

Etramuckie land

had in

Fisher

Janet

Pat

Haggard

1/4

each. Brown

and lower

and

Duncan

were

divided

On

to

to'the

each

two

The

1/4,1/4.

Farquharsonp plough

and -

and

are 1/2

2 ploughs

9 tenants which

Ballimenoch:

Ardvoile

according

-plough

but is

instancet

land

township

assumption

for

113P

4 horsegangs

at

2jplough

1/8

the

113P

tenanýs

was

having

Duncan

On Ballemore

dealing farm

"In

McDiarmid

when that

Christy

by

calculated

assumed

to,

possess'd

1/2,1/3P

-

discern

against

Hugh

be

can

oIn Ardvoile:

each";

and

the

Blarliargan

meaning

and

also

acres

been

references

a horsegang";

1/4

is

to

easy

An argument

upper

6 tenants

Blarliargan

that

It

possess'd

Mcormick

"each

the

comparison

respectively

10-7

farms.

1/4 The

among

after

Callelochane

Assynt,

of

had

Ledbegg

Assynt, By

on Lochtayside

pos, sessed

ploughs.

is

E26o

merkland

against

Farquharson's

Christy

part

in

less

equal,

"Ballimenoch Mary

farm

is

unknown.

by

shown

C30 rent

C29 rent

per

holding

of

an averagel

with

paid

Loohtaysidep

and

as

and

paid

valuation

merk

of

'

Lochtayside.

as

and

infield

of

5m erks

per

,Achmore

farm

200-merk

each

"each had

1/4

this

meant

tenant a horsegang"t share.

226 -

-

and

4 with

1/49

1/4p

1 horsegang

the

the

From it

shares

tenants

the

and

for

to

the

the

case with

1774

in

stances

population

how

the

the

holdings

of

of

lived

Unapool.

Home's

two regions amounted

brokent

to

of

here only

is about

in

whop

(1/12)

(1960)

the

been

missing.

is

even more of

much of

and including

The major

that

in

share

rhay have

the

sheelingsp

farm,

the

rocky

while

80% of

and

families

description

joint-

some

their

holding

rent

organised

is

24).

that

of

but

stony,

(Appendix

were

crop.

information

of-John

there

in

This

the

Adam

a 10-merk

face

houses

with

on

of

were

shares

size

the

greatly

arable

the

of

smaller

being

not

then

Inhabitants,

but

tenants

list

accepted

these

the

infield of

List

did

correlation

areas-of

without

no

makes

farms

small

men who

Farquharson

division

the

sharing

and

farm

the

be

can

were

the

shown as having

other of

Assynt

between

land

two

were

The viability

the

If

land

neighbouring

doubtful

13a).

on Reintraid,

1775 Rental,

the

and

know

example,

Elervants

the

how

ones

only

John

McArthur

7

side.

from

see

extremely

the

are where

divisions

Assynt

farm

the

of

according.

in

the

we do not

working

notedg

12

possessed

although

to

divided

had

Farquharson

in

payable

in

shares

south

the

easier

(Appendix

divided

the

that

seem

Tay

John

information

is

rent

of

land.

for

all

Loch

of

land

Kuiltyrie

7 farms

These

the

little

It

different.

with

at

would

Easter

side of

this

1/8.

2 horsegangs

2 with

a 2-plough

making

shared.

division

of

mention

merks

1/8p

equally

6 tenants,

were

eachq

47 onthe'north

of

notes

1/8p

1/8p

horsegangs out

e there

Kuiltyri,

On Wester

difference

Assynt on Lochtayside

227

-

-

v

(or

less

a little

if the

on Lochtayside)v than

more

over

probably has

been

taken

its

tenants'

to

holdings

in

a ratio by

qualified of

were

above

were

often

from

the

and

of

whichýwere of

the

types

all

Isheelings',

rough

Isheelings' 'common' the

result

in

was

not

farms lay

separated

not

head

dykes

of

land

moor,

and the

Lochtayside

grazings within

the

of

colonising

9-4)9

It

had

been

having

as

big

an infield

and

had

their

suggested

acreage

as

dykes

within

infieldg The

become

that

possible

not

no

were

arable

(9-4)

above

did

lands

shares, for

neighbours

lay-:

waste

or

and

moor

they

township

each

grazings

lochside

their

township

a

surveyor.

enclosing

and

in

the

common

sensetýbut

tenants

by

because

the

of

distance

outfield

from

rather

shielings

the

from

great

was, the

the

were

but

the

Isheelings'

the

used

farms

height,

large

away

at. no

become once

which

grazings

individual

had

Lochtayside

beyond

boundaries

which

to

the

Assynt

dykes

form

word

dyke,

grazings. by

that

head

uphill

They

se5ttlements.

and

to be

has

this

Assynt-the

infield

Assynt

and

On Lochtayside

In

'fragmentary'.

as

totalincludes

well

of

many

described

again

mostly

settlements* the

but

bogs.

and

'Fragmented'

Lochtayside

Assynt

and

dykes

alongside

boundary

The

head

where

region

about

1: 5.5,

lochans

the

land

arable

between

and

holdings.,

be

could,

the

larger

had

Asaynt"landaoape;,

size

that

noting

lochsp

areas

of

1774

spread

were

and

arable

the,

in

farm

townships

quality

describe

non-tenants

inhabitants

many

better

The, overall

varied

as

unlisted

more

Lochtayside

twice

somewhat

for

we allow

longer

particular a

perhaps

as

(see

Chapter

a reason on

the

for

records

the

228

-

(including have

might of

been

of

mentioned too

due

held

by

tenants.

by

Home and

Jbhn

have

mention

is

of

the

5o4

We know

that

century

in,

(1807).

quoted

of

person

"The (a

acres)

and

small

are

run-rig

be

whole piece

might

are

the

reaps outfields

These still

ýo

Chamberlain

in

1783t

late

existed

to

many

area

common

the

fira

to

out

of

to

the

one

by

the he

Tommachrochar M on

marked

are

of

parts

improvement

Of what

Headrick

Farquharson

outfields

among

e

19th

from

earlier.

corn"o

in

the

as

the

Argyllshire,

to

only

aGainst,

references

have

letter

apply

except acres

was

description

field

above), s'ooý No

the

in

more

more

were

or

as

some

farms

Farquharson

run-rig

or

the

of

common".

it

(5.4

this

either

could

still

0*85

by

the

above,

is.

another

that

survived

a century

grass

the

colonisation

Lochtayside

applicable

where

5o4

what

the

mentioned

Argyll

"There

the

eats

writes: plan

and

been

to

could

Ballemore:

lochside

but

half

farm

whole

has

his

Arran, in

number

is

souming

with

the

of

made

run-rig

eog.

the-Highlands says

was

from

true

by

a m3ýmtem eximtedp

evidence

above,

no

discontinued

reference

Breadalbane in

quoted

1769

system

an4

the

which

controlled

But

much

some

definite

no the

of

McArthurt Earl

in

run-rig

was

etco)p

Isheelings'. that

possibility

there

been

the

of

if

stances,

in

system

infield

held

but

a souming grazings

. and walling-off

still

to

house

areas,

the

may gradually

The

stony

on

allowed

animals

amount

baulks,

rocky

-

the 30-5

a total

outfields,

among infield

holdings.

229 -

-

Assynt,

In

the

At

Kirktownp

in

Run Ridgellp

Run Ridge be

in

Home mentions Glebe

each

Home goes

been

let

have

been

much

tenant

was sole tenant

families

the

by

held

his

held

some

families "This

Run-Ridge 1774

and

seen

that

ýut

Home was

their It

shares does

these in

not

two

areas

an

not of

of

Beanoch very the

as the

but

a whole, sheelings

that

piece

while

the

of

fact

5 tenants

sure

of

this

distinction)

that

run-rig

may have Sace

which

other

Inhabitants

of

it (not

the

of

'Tacksmen1v

were

3/20.

possibly.

to

on

only

disappearing move

be

can

who had

survived

been

it

who have

1/4,1/4,115,3/209

as-

-

ministerp

1960,68-88)

in

in

non-

Home notes:

From

(Adam,

ministerp

the

(_sic)

had

it

the

Beanoch,

List

Parson

8 other

Tacksman

rental

the

the

four

1775

seem possible farms,

Assynt

by

certain

Iservants1v

with

On Loch

to

said

distinctions

were

may'be

one

run-rig.

Rental

Loch

It

them".

amongst the

who,

in

occupied

these

there

township

infield

to

in

partly

as

Mackenzie,

but

inhabitants.

is

farm

to".

formerly

"...

that, let

presently

farms.

Its..

11...

area

say

attended

in

to

to

predecessors.

Kirktown,

be

lay

his

of

amounted 1774,

35

to

to

said

another

on

are

...

and-have not

and

only,,, two

on

infield

of

other"

infield

of

were

areas

Run' Ridgett.

areas

lands

other

with

run-rig

gradually

better

arable hold

in

cannot

be

never

run-rig. Another shown

for

Lochtayside

A comparison

66-7)

interesting

shows

of

that

the

in

trend was Rentals

1766

the for

there

in

Assynt

change 1766

were

to and

which

joint-tenancy 1775

(Adam,

27 single-tenant

farms. 1960p

or

230 -

-

farms

tacksman were In

16

only

by

tenancyp

farms

by

an increase

1775

in

townships

the

the

-

was

division

the

in

1799,20

farms

but

1769)

of the

thus

difficult

growing

had

holdings

and

and

a larger

show

that

many

the

of were

(e. ge

1770's

'town-

earlier

de velop

coming

of

population

even

'Easter'

into

divided

would

some had

together

the

being

that

show

others

Assynt with

Acharn

the

tenantsp

the

But

1822.

by

all

reversing

farms years

joined

inland

land

for

of

coast

and

Survey,,

Acharn,

Eventually

single-tenant

the

number

and

process.

in

still

in

will

figures

after

a few

Croftmartaig

an area

The

9 joint the

on

coastal

less

lb

single-

single'and

single-tenanted

term.

former

Lunglomanq

splitting-,

become

their

but

'Wester'

Appendix

years

increased,

having

farms

5 remaining

farms

between

joint-

were

15 were

11

joint-tenancy

farms.

townshipsy

17Y

1766;

there

joint-tenancy

farmsp

in

at

1775

farms

to

20 inland

difference

long

26

coastal

increased

in

had

in

retained

and

the

coastal

farms

Lochtayside

farms

had

A glance

population.

this

1766,10

increase

The

but

in

multiple-tenancy

5 joint-tenanted

emphasises

again

In

Of

and

1775.

become

this

farms;

farms,

had

73%-

single-tenanted* tenixnted

joint-tenancy

single-tenant

11

9 years

15

and

further

into

sheepp was sub-

divideds

10.. 5

Settlement Figures

Pattern

9 and

between

the

settlement

in

and

1774.

1769

56

and

Remains the

demonstrate

patterns On Lochtayside

of

major

Lochtayside there

were

difference

and usually

Assynt twop

tt

231 -ý

three, the

four farm

or

township.

located

on a corner the

although

stances

but

cluster, 18

per

further

clusterv

tenancy

be

number

in

the

if

the

various

sizes

show The

in

terms

situation

and

remains

is

four-,

farms

the

including

Both

of

building, be

for

millý

the

beside

of

On (Figure

plan

the

underhouses,

of

McArthur

show

on Lochtayside house

a long

some vary

buildings

in

or

size than

rather

so

structurese

smaller much

58a)

inhabitantsg

103

This

and

buildings

do not

indications

as many

representation

perhaps

shown

rectangles

twice

onýHomels

Farquharson as

in

reflected

non-dwellings. in

rectangles

chapter).

this

on Lochtaysides

shown is

in

almost as

joint-

many., per

isýalso

clusterg,

inhabitants

of

Table

in

difference

times7as

difference

per

(one

number

one

(Appendices

studied

the

included than

more

This

(see

difference

size

be more

of

having

the

might

size

by

land#

were

had

settlements

25 buildings

of

small

29, farms

of

better

themselves

Some farms

across was usually

the

off

houses

one

two, areas.

byre-dwelling,

to

the

sample.

Home was

a larger

very

townshipq

Lochtayside

an important

to

the

24).

adequate

between

seem

of

joint-tenancy the

seem

Home's

cluster

buildings

of

especially

that

a single

expected,

Clashnessiep

lines

Assynt,

Assy-nt, as

Assynt

hardly

In

emphasised

with.

cluster

As might the

scattered

20 had, only

is

pattern

clusters

of

the

of

19),

and

settlement

(Appendix

'infield'

as

mor-d

-

and attempts

orientation. of

s-arvivals somewhat

settlements from better

are

the

time

not of

easy the

on Lochtayside,

to

two

interpret surveys.

where

many

The

232

-

the

with

have

to

the

be

the

surviving different

the

As synt,

were

remains

in

buildings

has

the

have

to

be

or

some

a much

and

but

of

of

still (see

of

trying size

his

whether

dirýensions The

to

symbols

two

like

another;

or

but

disappeared

have 18th

the

entury,

large

numberst,

re-used,

while

some o thers

On the

coastal

since,

1774

since-ruins

have

often

recent

no

doubt

some

embody

and

again

this

are

meant

to

in

depends be

of

problem

buildings

Home's

with

some

form

earlier The

store

or to

re-built

old

seems

what a byre

as

and

and

structures

survived

them

houses

with

on

accurate

location.

and

themselves one

only

for

some buildings

have

photographs).

orientation,

and

remains

construction:

equate

(e., gq, Figurea

Occasionallyl

has

their

of

continuous

altered.

outhouset

architecture in

more

to

of

some

appear

part

townships.

identify

much

appearing

vernacular

not

been

usually

building

form

in

crofting

building

older

end

sheep

century

where,

and

structures

the

after

to

been

other

extent,

terms

clusters,

of

difficult

are

used

arises

1769

abandoned

occupation

of

1769, 'sites

y developed-into

eventuall

lower

Lochtayside, of

19th

some buildings

the

and, other

appearance

settlements

in

the-plans

locations

In

with

been

on

orientations,

completely.

farms9 and

least

Other

the

on

iný-the

deserted

orientation (at

38-40). I

been

single-tenant

shown

as

30-31-and

in

same

same ones

structures)

sites

have

towards,

move

sites

and

to

appear

clusters

-

three the

do not

dry-stone courses building

ruint of

differ consisting

foundations, material

much

terms

perhaps looks

would

in

of

very course

of of

much vary

233

to

according is

howeverp long

local

geology.

length.

There

buildingsp

whether

Lochtayside

than

than

rather inherent

in

or

date

exactly

but

show

a general

some

Assynt

were

deserted

mainly, for

-

former

in

survive trend.

idea

of

with

associated

a tenant

I\ ess

to

easy

dwellings-were or

the less

are

10.6

Conclusions There

but

it

the

two

are

should

supplied side

be

also

are

between makes

no

the

is

the'time

house,

the

consistency

differences two

mention

between that

observed

in

stockp

the

the

where

many of

Farquharson's is

pattern byres

the

and

Surveyp cotts

and

plans.

the

two

information

and

surveyors. of

contradict

outhousesp

on Home's

or

remains

by

The

because

later

byre-dwelling

supported

remains.

in

clusters

do not

or

26

been

had

whereýsome

house

differences

in

varies

there as

portrayed

obvious

Surveys

Lochtayside

north

clearly

long

of

Appendix

on Lochtayside

by

their

surveysp

at

that

they

perhaps

separate

elements

yards

field

Assyntv

already

because

by

and

in

see

even

buildings

remains with

the

settlement

a long

on

may not

table

areas

sites

more

Measurements

areasp

in

smaller plans

The

in

several

plans,

of

sizes*

but

living

the

periods

some'inland

are

based

differences

trends

settled

There

McArthur's

the

sheelings,

presently

the

or

example

colonised

on field

buildings

of

many

is

building

comparative

been

internally,

the

to

have

on

that

feature,

sub-divided

This

so

necessarily

shows

not

representations

uncertainty,

perhaps

to

appear

Assynt.

the

on

One outstanding

quality,,

regionsp from On

information Farquharson

says

little

on about

the

234 -

crofters

cottersp

and

sometimes

holdings the

on

south

cotters

He does

occasionally

farm.

has

their

the

and

rental's'

side

and

farm

sometimes

but'ignores

His

symbols,

sizes

to

be more

accurate

than

he

does

not

quality

their

of

improvement. the

areas may

have

been

placed

make

exact

had

of

contrast

in

the

tilled

agriculture

main

implement

for

Lochtayside

Assynt land

and entirely

the

are so

to

seem

unrealistic classified

buildings

farms

as

Homets

they

the

plans they

Assynt are

were

therefore

two

outfield

but on

know'whether

the

the

outfieldo

families

is

latterp

for

cottersp

on

seem

and

worked

or

per

the

of

been

It

seem regions

settlement the

to and

difficult

regions

cas

chrom,

straightforward when,

in

be

the

these

patternSe

on Lochtayside.

was

of

each

and

certain

made.

two

by

animals

nomention

buildings

be

of

of

the

non-tenant

between

pendiclers,

suggestions

have

to

McArthur

unlike

on

give

orientated.

the

almost

was

many,

differences

between

but,

crofters

difficult

and

Environmental

--

to

no

comparisons have

assumptions

the

is

number

made

symbols'for it

and

accurately

lists the

among The

small

Assynt, appear

He

elsewhere.

very

in

he

of

merklands

orientations

does

the'division

figures.

the

comments

without

croftersp

lists

Farquharson

are

only, to,

about

as'the

and

nor

sheelings

townships.

to

land Home,

although

he

individual

make

outline

merkland

say

as well

buildings

refer

to

holdings;

ploughs

in

and

more

for

symbols

black,

solid

explanation.

his

and

The

unworkable.

reflected

Assynt

was

infield but

own words, In

point

are

whereas

enough, Home's

major

general,

the

plough figui-es

those much the

for of great

235 -

fragmentation 13a) the

can

only

become

of

the

land

of

held

the

in

Joint-tenancy not

was

that

there

unit

in

was

Lochtayside were

than

more

them

of

Matching not 200

past

information

abstracting picture',

by

settlement On Lochtayside

static* and

there

one

or in

ship

two

large

1774

was

temporary

-

one

the

of what

the

already

the

Sutherland's

was

two

pummary

areal

Assynt the

whereas but

unit

there

of

changing into

major

In

smaller

soon

Assynt

the on

sheep

in

pattern

1775-

of

each

town-

to

colonised

This

already'heralded

not

be merging

moved

groupings.

chan ge was In

were

would

people

in

a period

population as

'still

a

from

the

of

problems all

remains in

changes

patterns

t-ownships

field

the

after

Surveys,

tenants.

interest 11

major

agricultural

fewer

the

with

because'of

concentrations

dispersing

sheelings,

Captain

be

would

in

said\,

a smaller

cases,

the

and

1775

and

clusters,

was

were towards

move

per

that

and

and

population

can'be

evidence

from

represented the

which

is

This

years.

the

had

farm.

each

many

1766

population

larger

documentary in

possible,

of

cluster

on

the

It

Aneynt

The

where

on Lochtayside

settlement

still

been

tenants,

between

density

in

have

functions.

Assynt

concentrated

of

of

the

among

so great.

a greater

Assynt

population

not

to

and

shielings

Isheelings'

arable in

population

appear

divided

(Appendix

Assynt

The

on Lochtaysidep

perhaps

was

itself*

the

farms

in

over-large

while

and

parallelled

pressure

an

dyke

1769,

grazing

township

each

head

were

between

more

was

a factor

particular,

split

was

be

beyond

oommonly

was

shares

fragmentation

Lochtayside

in

of

in

itself by

236 CHAPTER ELEVEN

lands

-,ýillage

the

of

Early in

mention

late-

to

has

suggested

the

later

a

the.

It

was

also

(see

of

except:

in

ripen

Flax

Seed

and

and-Bere

and

anything

less

meal

. *.

so

that

it

the

of

property

jof

his

than the

the

reckoned

of

Grain

only

on

sow

Oats

William 86.

Figure Forfeited

Corns

some usually

with yield

have

Perth

for

their

sow is crop

they

at

11...

they

of

by

the

they

a good

benefit

Fernan

in

season;

Bolls

1766-7,

commissioners

time:

the

three

'in

shown

details

of

Estate.

surveyed is

plan

of hot

a dry ...

lands

from

rising

Earls

Breadalbane

The

lands

ý, the

lands

Lix

the

and

a Forfeited

above).

the

The

3 miles

about 86).

4.4

represent

could

Dochart,

for

of

before

3 divisions*

Earný(Figure

economy

is

River

river

quotes

on

into

forfeited

part,

the

Papers

Potatoes Oats

and

Lix

and

split

Earl

had

(1969,169)

Estates never

3rd

Chapter,

1755

Leaks

barony

a small

was

name,

was declared

ýthe

Estates

in

Fairhurst

with

acquired,

of.

the

was

the

by

Forfeited

Cockburn

Likv

when it

1745,

to

Lochtayside the,

the

and

form.

ýLoch

Lix

Barony-of

acquired-

he

times

the

from with,

-watershed

1684

when

of

it

West Tay.

Loch

of

(1969,16l)

is

Lix

end

Fairhurst

later

was

which

western that

Leeks,

Lycks

3 miles

about

indicates

early

an

southwards

The

from

that

boundary

back

land

the

the

and

post-medieval,

unit

northern

to

of

Killin

Licks.

single

run

Lix

lie

Gleudochart,,

iu,

of

of

SCOTTISH

Perthshire

Glendochart,

The

THE

IN

SOME COMPARANDA

HIGHLANDS:

Lix,

SETTLEMENTS

AND PRE-CLEARANCE

PRE-IMPROVEMENT

them; one

is

to

Boll get

237 -

Fodder

for

their

the

produce

only

fund

Rents and

of

which

they

and

in

Cattle

other

the

and

have

for

the

Flax -

sale

"The

of

Houses

Poverty

for

spun

Cattle

is

the

Payment

of

their

611

are

the

of

was

some

Money

making

uses"*

oonsidering

Winter".

built

Stone,

with

Inhabitante,

are-tolerably

good". From of

each

the-details

of

noted

8 tenant's

the,

(numbered

Arable

on Cockburn's,

in

14

1755

on-the

was

map, follows:

as

(numbered

Moor

on

the

on, the

16

plan)

hill Total

is

known

not

infield,

entirely Roy's

shows

Survey,

cluster

r. IE

a cluster

tenants 6 per

on East

in

in

other

only

4 dwellings

to

house

in

factq

large

shown to

were,

house

the

were

number

of

82.95-

acres

the

years

The

shows

earlier exactly

major is

plan

(this

8 tenants); (eege.

listed.

would

at

by

Fairhurst);

would

still

that

the

long It

and is

perhaps

be

might

omitted

were

40-50.

about

This

(suggested

enough

in

at, a maximum of

Cockburn

Cockburn

there

that

of

a

where

problem

inhabitants.,

shown

tenants

was

was shown and this

that

not

acres

'arable'

as

a population

Lix

non-dwellings

acres

almost

size.

ways:

that

13.4

mentioned.

a few

cluster

on East

cluster

not

1755-whichp

to house

various

listed

Leaks'

indicate

would

be enough

explained

acres

103.79

Cockburn's

of

Lix

of

same

4-building one

But. only

one

the

evidence

family,

hardly

at of

the

accepting

was

outfield

Military

4-building

land

the

whether

,

acres

-101

Moor

holdings

, -

6-34

plan)

Meadow

It

ihe

least

leave

buildings sub-divided)

difficult

to

238 -

forcefully

for

Lochtayside

and

argue the

Assynt

some

information

(for

instance

some of

John

Home are

barely

the

numbers

there

is.

Roy's

map agrees

Mid

Lix,

are

no

rentals in

shown

inhabitants

the seem

The

century. change,

the

Fairhurst's produce

of

Cockburn's-4-building

it

the

traced, to

close

may have

was

and

of

steady

West

in

altered

of

on East shown

the

siting

East

on

in

of

remains,

reason

for

the

end

one

of

(see

87 1755

the

disposition

it

88.

and

Lix

of above).

information The

site

could

apparently

seems

to

have 87)

had

been and

The

cluster.

was

of

18th

3-3

enough

Fairhurst

of

decades

of

on Figure.

absence

splitting

CO'ckburn.

Chapter

may have

possibility

for

considerable

yielded

building

the

Roy

the

of

of

consolidation

that

and

by

numbers

the

(EL/IV

Lix

over

plan.

number

several

of

into

used

which

of

that

Lix

Figures

at

so

shown

runrig,

Lix

shelter

by

population

An alternative 62).

was

incorporated

lack the

also

until

to

recorded

the

by

Cockburn's

and is

and

cluster

IV

been

East

disappearance

in

surveyors

Assynt

listed)p

was

represented

the

enough

name,

tablet

adjoining

although

the

remains. (1980v

tenants

materials

do with

this

and

plans

Cluster

substantial to

and

fairly

large

location

even

existed

excavations

to

be

or

an increasing

and

in

it

period

with

holdings

not

cluster,

in

lacking

Cockburn

by

depicted not

that

seen

omitted

non-tenants

and

be

can

been

clusters often

and

with

although

The

have

From

possibilities.

it

some information

perhaps

but

the

tenants

these

of

Surveys to

appears

of

buildings

one

any

in-

something that

suggested

of

even

earlier by

suggested into

settlement

East, so

Dodgshon

- Mid

that

the

+ Co

CO

r-

Co

cq

1. Vli

o ri Co

t-

g, -e

Co

Co

r-i

4

tCo

pz

Wý

rd

\o t-

r.

r-i

-- " -i li

(D 1

t-

IID

ch

zt

Cd 94

4,

't

r-, 71

rq

C

1 %**-

I --I E-4

9 tH c" , >ý

«.

r-i

gi -i-

r;

to

E-4 CH 0

4-4 0 P

'X

to tfl

239 -

sites

by Fairhurst

excavated

the

location

older

integrated from

excavations

pattern,

(11*2

below)

the

table

By 1780,

the

suggests this

period*

been

an increase

Between

this

and

dykes,

this

paying

is

there

in

larger

buildings to

form

rento

mainly

the

at

remains

on

appear

to

"*.

typical

*be

generation".

time

of the

1ý

a the

of

-.-suggested

trebled

there

and\Fairhurst

in

run-rig

inhabitants.

Ismall,

11

in

by

the

the

holdingst rectilinear-ý

and

of

non-tenants resulting

widowsq, among

the

).

This,

etc.

theclustering from of

the

the

some, slight and, may,

not

number

-EL/II,

again--to

with

on Figure

appearing

and, F,

formation

at

to, have

appears. and

spinsters

thisIperiod a period

of

,

dispersed

ground,

represent, of

the,

rather

80 years,

by

cott-houses

been

sense

byre-dwellings-showu

an increase

had

emerged

elements

held

replaced

(, e. g. -EL/IB

that

settlement

the

but

represented

led,

not in

tenants

of,

was

Fairhurst,

a single

had

1810

and

and

of,

was

than

was, still

allegedly

a number

according

was

which

time

Lix

number

enclosures

a nominal

perhaps

the

farm

period small

After

The

in

joint-tenancy

The

it

1794,

a single

rentals.

on East

that

with

pattern

different

of

and

rents

(1969,173)

in

of, more

tenants,

of

survey

was

Clearances,

consisting

development

chronological, by

the

before

landscape

cultural.

settlement

'. frozen

picture,

coincided,

it

when

ground

and

'still

a

cluster

The

settlement.

the

Rosal

the

of

have

may not

much -

longer

old

'small

of 'clachant holdings'.

alterations, as Fairhurst than

a single

statesq

87.

240 -

These research

that,

findings

were

decades

reasonably

ruins

surveyed

different

from

something

which

a period

of

increased

perhaps

because

most

the

of,

chancedv late using

old

they in

were

the 88),

Figure

sub-divided than a late

date.

buildings work

fireplaces

gable-end

alone,

The

were and

the

detail

many

Great

extent,

been

adopted

over

little

to

the

in

some

that could can

some not

be

of

roofs

when

were (see

buildings houses'

(Plate

be

seen

101)

regions of

the

obtained in

as

extent

excavations

hearths were

wallsp

mortared

'long

many

information,

sub-divided

of

The

have

to, any

cruck-supported

of

central

settlements

styles-remained

as

that

Assyntremains,

had

even

seem little

Lix

excavations

stone

century

showing

and

in

interiors

East

chronology

necessaryo

that

The

yearse of

a

be

can

Highland

many

development

such

longer

uncovering

and

20th

techniques

for

said

within

sites

planso

building the

from

early

no

even

building

Highlands,

the

as

and

knowledge

once

apart

at

100

about

our

excavated

sites

actual

which

and

be

could

of

1769

Lochtayside

most

the

ruins

layouts

the

although

the

with

suggests subsequent

altered

left

the

some of

example,

desertion has

reconstruct

settlements,

McArthur

Survey

matched

The

not

the

Applying

1769

Elsewhere,

of

be*

substantially and

used.

to

for

documentary-

and

attempts can

of

may have

still

excavation

Lochtayside,

by-Farquharson

shown

over

to

some locations

on

developments

few

landscapes

cultural Lix

fieldwork,

of

how problematic

show

earlier East

results

Figure

valuable

photographs

were

in

fact

rather common

to

larger from

field-

88 which

241

-

be

would

as

in

of

102)

in

A pair

an

other

In

known

as

quern

(the

the

follows:

later

Lix

1790-1822*

Timothy

Pont's

data 'Rossoll'.

for

and

of

(Plate in

100)

the

area,

from

century

to

some longer

same landowner)

the

developments. settlement

be

might

pattern

when

it

Total

may, be incomplete il

8

tenants

the

24 buildings,

9 yards

Sutherland is was

recorded given

as as

tStrath-navernial

was in

from ifhat evidence.

2 yards 2 yards 1 yard

map of which

the

the

4 yards

Rosal, Strathnaver. I The name of this site 1968)

in

(8 tenants, 2 crofters tenants, 7 crofters),

8 buildings, 2 buildings 8 buildings, 4 buildings, 2 buildings,

(Fairhurst,

on

-

5 clusters

EL/I EL/II EL/III EL/IV EL/V-

querns

Plate

EL/III.

EL/I

of

added

property

post-1800 East

the

and

group

group

on

Hebrides.

fireplaces

with

been

use

88

stones

in

much the

include

in

B-C-D

late

particularly

have

details

rectangles

symbols

(Figure

buildings

1 cluster tenants -8 4 buildings, 2 yards

1755-

as

is

use

summaryq

described

Other

probable

black

Farquharson's

a byre-dwelling

the

extensions

also

in

mice-schist

on Lochtayside

could

by'solid

foundations

of

D,

Qf

regionsp

houses

example

garnetiferous

their

The

for

vicinity

example

although

representation

rick

Building

of

any.

townships.

circular

the of

floor

the

or,

Lochtayside

scatter

lls2

in

87

Figure

north

is

blurred

-

collected Sutherland

tRossewall'. in

around

as

early

Retours

On

Blaeuts

1600,

it for

1269

Atlas, is 4th

shown Januaryp

242

-

16l6v

it

evidence early

is

listed

in

the

occupation

for

the

500

for

part

of

vessel, the

the

handle late

Although

circles

there

a souterrain

there

are

no

13th

to

18th

and

body

of

a brownish-green

in

souterrain

remains

centuries

date,

found

or

1. for

definite,

the

the

is

and

medieval

to

entrance

I,

site,

from

years

probably

near

hut

of

of

the

'Roisuall

as form

-

except glazed

during

excavation (Corcorant

house

earth

1968,117)The

surviving belong

circles, of

remains,

the

19th

to

Henderson,

date,

a late

century,

when

his

General

the

site

View

of

of

Strathnaver

in

13

and

families

Estate

Papers

dated

1811;

area

outfield

and

6.5

acres

through appearing shieling Achareory,

time

acres

names, and

late

he

suggested:

Pont's

and

boundary,

listed

their

location

Sutherland

surrounding

the

'ring acres noted times,

medieval list

of

map are

smaller

an Phresh

as having

34.8

Caraidhp

the

and, the

"Several

having.

Strathnavertp

Achadh

Roy's

in as

Amone,

of,

Henderson's

e. ge Dionach from

noted

Fairhurst

and

on both

was

within

Survey and

Rosal

distinguished)v

-Ishealings'. listed from

Military

townships

the

the

of

the

Dalmallart, Rosal-is

John,

all

arable.

decade

second

Agriculture

township

of

settlements

Roy's

the

90);

not

the

('Rosshilll),

Rosal

39.25

are

of

the

cleared.

the'Heights,

Dalharrold,

arable,

and

acres

within

(Figure

of

89).

of

a plan shows

of

Auchenrach

of

is it,

settlements

50

about

in

was

listed

(Figure

1806

includes

and

acres

(1815)p

Sutherland

and, hut

souterrain

probably

'in County

from

apart

46.5

how

Scots

(infield

dykeIq of

and

grass the

number

Pont's

map,

for

1806

the

new names

apparently

increased

old

'Stronchergarryl, others

might

be

added

oo.

243 -

It

seems

only

settlements

in

Middle

mainly

Ages that

and

this

eighteenth these

and

dunging

Achadh the

was

greatly

Rosal/Dalharrold in

a stage moorland

the

had

the

to

form

pattern

of

settlement

grounds the

in

As in made

and the

on

of

by

fertile

arable

potential shieling

at boundary

northern-,

rýpresent in

cultivation

the

later

Assynt,

90)-probably

townships

merging

shieling

were

and

islands

of

since

been

(Figure

area

process

extended

settlements

Auchanracht

and

of

of

decades

The

sites.

number

1968,141).

grazing over

the

accelerated

(Fairhurst,

trampling

an Phresh

been

colonisation

detached

settlement

and

of

process

of

had

the

by

that

suggest

Naver

Strath

century"

areas

to

reasonable

size

the

Rosal

of

and

Dalharrold. The fieldwork,

the

resembles

his

19th

words

is

the

small be

"The

ground,

number

identification careless

indicated,

the

that the is

would kilns

and

too, on

it

is

plan not approach

perhaps

because

the

because

been and

omitted

the

they

were

the

on

and

of all

most

1811

the

the

of

It-is of

On the

survey

early

and

...

orientation

possible.

worth

number-recognisable

inaccurate

often

to

half

had

18th

(shown

92)

implication

the

later

appear,

spacing

always

the

is

It

of

buildings

than

91 and

completely*

because of

of

less

mainly

outbuildings

noted,

rather

surveys

other

considerably

buildings

is

for

(Figures

not

here,

verbatim

century.

plan) on

plan

but

by

revealed

excavation

and

1811,

of

Fairhurst

quoting of

survey

ground

fanning

and

to

the

a precise whole, buildings

relatively

a

244 -

impermanentp were

imminent,

short

interval be

must

the

plan

- The

plan

of

shows 1.5-16 long 22

yards

by

Henderson

If

(1815)

number

of

byre-dwellings

number

of

families that

suggests

before

distributed groupings

-

By

were

North,

South-west

and

the

familiesp

this

91)

the

that

closely

Fairhurst

have

might

in

103)

South-east,

were 3

with

rough a

single

(Figure

north-east to

peripheral

been

buildings

The

the

the

with

since

(Plate

recorded

as

means

quite

extreme

general

(Figure

26 outhouses,

deserted.

within

in

decidedly

particularly

dyke'

in

It

buildings

survey

13

tally

'ring

contrast,

not

East

any

great

and

they

the

by

recorded in

Lix

1191

the

height

91).

rigs

of

the

as noted

that (cf.

surveyor

tumbled

the

been

dry-stone

shown certain

the

on

structures

W. Cockburn's

for the

turf houses

for walls of

to

material walls

stone-built

a base 'too*

were

plan

above)*

for

may have

buildings

possibility

insufficient

was

metres),

(181.5,4.5)

22-25

only

suggesting

plang

There

(0-7

was

site

were

been

byre-dwellings

the

the

land.

arable

1811

then

the

buildings

The

of

the

lond-house

outlying

18o6v

tenantsp

of

the

of

the

were

would or

2-3

from

there

for

in

evIctions.

or byre-dwellings,

houses

evictions

153)-

produced

7 kilns.

and

a study have

that

occurred

the

and

would

1968p

Rosal

have

could

that

alone

knew

surveyor

survey

howeverp

(Fairhurstv

misleading"

disused

the

between

from

the

toop

Changes,

remarked,

pattern

because

perhaps

the

of only

the c.

(Plate smaller

indicate buildings 2+feeit

104).

Henderson

tenantryp

24.5, -* -

they

which mean

and and

sods,

supported

the

by

top

the

upon the

tenant,

end

of

cases

each

tier

the

of

thinner

gables

dunghill,

The

cattle

food, exceed

the

Agriculture

the

surface

commonly

and

of

in

one

end

in

chimneys.

An iron

the

appearance

the

of

betwixt high

same

a quite the

and

in

the

walls potp

these

into

cut

for

turf,

cut in

Once is

of

and

offices

swarded

again

his

some wood,

qnd

houses

view

Counties

form,

of

the

groundp

houses

at In

stone

Sinclairp

furnitures

principal

walls

furnish

their

built

the

be

Rosal,

of

these

of

are

and

to

tied

who

warmth.

stone,

estates

the

Some holes

wretched

a tier

diffuses-

smoke

the-Northern

with

new houses

their

the

John

make

part

occupy

of

at

they

slates

earthy

in

seems,

of

swarded

a fire

first1hree-feet

Sir

of

"The

them

the

stakes,

with

(1793):

bricksp

and

the

houses

'of

constitutes the

the

remarks

season. windows

with

This

the

resembling

and all

to

built

by

the

As

holes

surrounded

the-cattle

some

are

a few

building,

the'benefit

in

of

covering

the

for

and

large

of

themselves,

winter

and

and

the

buildingt'

or-

from

smoke

and-children.

are, built

feal,

Scotland

ýhich, form

of

reap

description

Islands

middle

thin

or

-having,

the

birch'wythes

of

divots

timbers-of-birch

side

out

are'very

mud-(provincially with

to,, let

feal-andýsodsll.

View

of

a semi-eircle,

the

of,

walls

of

General

years,

wife

the

augmented

the

his

house',

walls

accurate

with

the

the

of

remainder

is

in

made

are

and

of

roof

thewhole

some

of

form

the

of

together,

made water-tight

the

bindings

walls

byýcouples

hearth

through

one

roof

in

made

in

by

the

inhabit

The

wretched.

feal)

firp

their-cattle

and

thrown the

house

on

same materials. during

and

roofs

for

boiling

the

serve

Nothing

habitations".

three

their can

246 -

(1968v

Fairhurst groupings

'complexes'

or

He suggested a long

contain and

a kiln

part,

of

no

at

the

About

11

(Figure

92)

(28. m x 5.8,

a long

m),

a barnp,

outhouse,

storage

pit

The, surveyor, that

noted.

the

bui

cattlev the

more

the

spring

The

food

industrious

the

mentioned-by the

coast-side

and

oat

or

Highland creamp

In

mutton and

milk,

feed

with

oat

the

at

houses. Complex x 19

mx5.6

A ft. m),

yardp

m) ,a

Benjamin

a

were

in

the

a little

oat

or

near milk

potatoesq

interior

during

class

that

inhabitants

or

cheeseq

upon

subsist

resources.

much'like

butter,

the

potatoesp live barley

that

and during

their

fish,

black

of

keptp

also

"The

cakes

poorer

rearing

migratedýsouth

upon

mutton,

Meredith,

the

was

120):

barley--meal

times

for

long

(12.5

ft.

probably

Those

the

southern

, 92 ft.

supplement

principally

but

identifiedj,

goats

(1815p

more opulent

axid milk; and

or

outhouses

focus

were

income

was

upon

the

(11,, M, x ý

to

months

barley-cakes*

the

isolated

menfolk

inhabitants

live

part,

w3.nter

the

Henderson

more

some

planp

of and

of

summer

and

1811

sheep

might

shown).

source

main

in

be

x 181 f t.

(not

or

byre-dwelling,

or

41 ft.

the

of

horses

of

house

a kiln,

and

were

x 16

ft.

one

to

layout.

a complex

yard,

complexes

had

36

area

seemed

there

these

of

Rosal

general

where as,

a yard and

12

northern

a separate

township,

or

the

great'distancep

buildings,

several

an

houseq

identify'smaller

to

within

the

in

that

tried

144)

upon

more

milk summer

and months,

beef, potatoes

cakes".

@

- 247 --ý

A number

of

long

house

Complex

date

from the

of poor

in the

19th

end

The the

pattern of

became

preserved

1814-18

left

of

area

a picture,

the

11-3

small t'o

the

sea in

close narrow

at

on

widening

1964).

The

that the

the

"always great circles,

been" density

low

rises

cup-marked

of

century,

in.

the

the

have of

a

burn

has

settlement (Figure

cairns, more

as

the

stone

the

of

ESE direction

11...

on its

steeply

vicinity

the

there

a side

and,

in

place

environment

in-an

bottom

herep of

of

Sutherland

runs

slope

deliberate

stones

19th

until...

more

remains

Strathnaver

by

devoid

area

the

River

south-facingg

of

or

dated

featuresq

Kildonan,

at

be

remains

From

where

density

are

the

packmen

the

and

and

ground

a little glen

so as

of

took

begins

Helmsdale

of

the

Kildonan,

of

Helmsdale.

greater

northerng

the

Kildonan

of

the

ribbon

glen,

to

Kildonan

of

settlement

by

can

some missing

of

Strath

Strath

kilns

developments

sheep'run

with

decades

Kilphedir, The

which

adapted

opening

Rosal

at

cultural-lanascape of

the

north

of'settlement

No further

an

or

manufactured,

in

brought

to

appear

first'decade

probably

wares,

and

Most

workers.

occupation.

what

were

English

areasp

the

and

from'the

recovered

excavation'.

18th

They

finer

evictions

human

the

migratory

were

A during

of

Forth

or

returning

potsherds

century.

copies-of

Glasgow

china

hills

is

only

a

of a steep sided 4 (Fairhurstv enters" southern always 95).

side been

The

on

words

strath

has

rowsp

stone

particularly,

so

a

early

248 -

settlement hut

circles

valley

in

remains and

up

brochsv

of

field

ancient

spreading

and

form

the

souterrains, both

patternsp

into

tributary

been

investigated

in

the

main

(Figures

glens

95

and One, area is

that

joins

At

this

point

or

400

metres

about which

the was

of

the

no

figures

having The

'Brushwood

the

apart

at

wt.

Bauks'

rigs.

The

settlementsp were:

(Figure

Eldrable on

the

original with

their

be

a terrace

on

behind

to

There

landl

of

was

planp land

arable written

suggesting areas

on

the

'Pasturelt

only

had

are

distinguished.

areas

of

plan

although

clearly

unshaded

93)

The

93.

piece

the

a preliminary

not

there

yards

Strathnaverg

types are

large

about

1813-1820.

cleart

which The

Pasture'.

settlement

dyket

from.

the

themp by

as

Cille

450

sea levelp

Figure

at

Allt 95).

to

in

'As

place

and

represented

'Field

head

shown

on

written

planp

original or

is

took

populationp

acreages

arable

is

area

for

more

1811-1812

which

years

93 and

than

tend

steeply.

around

sheep,

Kilphedir

no

settlements

more

recent

(Figures

(35 -to 45 m) above

rises

surveyed for

clearance

The

150 feet

land

is

in

south-flowing

River

land

level

wide.

the

where

Helmsdale

the the

120 to

valley

Kilphedirg

around

Pheadair

has

which

below

east

of

on it separated the

249 -

(Scots

Land

Settlement

Arable I Pasture

Kilfetter

Buildings

acres)

7.88 19.3

6+

+2

mill

Chorick

Arable

7.63

5+2

Salscraggie

Arable Pasture

7.48 2.9

5, +-3., yards

Grudsterry

Arable Pasture

5.6 . 4.88

Eldrable

Arable Pasture

20.1 20-79

The of

2 extra the

cluster

shown

not

one

Chorick,

on

on Eldrable. in The

be

the

western

could, the

end.

than

at

in

1962

was

may have

been

normal

the

on

shown

on. the

ruinous

when

western

cluster N-S

to

edge

cluster

cluster

plan,

but

they

that

survey

was

carried

after

1811-12

the

running

were

its

at or

24 m)

the

survey,

The

already Apart

kiln but

surveyq

also

to

seen

The

structures.

may have out*

feet

suggest.

end

these

early

80

added

the

planned picture.

plan

now be

4

and and

building

(about

in

the

on

different

1811-12

ignore of

main

surveyed

running

northern

shown

the

extra

(Kilphedir),

can

a section

the

not

the

the

had

have

thý

east

symbols

a slightly

building

longer

This

the

to

93;

the

of

was

on

the

yards yards

3 on Grudsterry

shown of

side

10 +2 5+2

on Kilfetter

gives

house'

sub-divisions

ruins

it

yard yard yard

of

size

Chorick

at

and

length

course,

of

recorded it

in

shorter

The

on Salscraggie,

94)

possible

eastern

as

-The

on Figure

yards

3+I 2+1 2, +1

are

south-west

houses

cluster

'long

W-E on

93*

2 long

one

(Figure

1962

the

to

on Figure

suggest

might

plan

is

Grudsterry

shown

not

and

on Eldrable

cluster and

clusters

main

for

listed

yards

not been from

these

250

-

differences,

the,

and

Chorick

(the

lack

cluster by

of

Kilphedir

not house

those

constructi. size

pattern

resembles

Robal.

The

located

where

River,

and

Little

more,

the

note

that

smaller

this

evidence

for

said

was

still

part

of

the

Strath

Pheadair

and

18th

-

with

the

early the above

sites

sea

apparently

century

land

level are

located

level. mutually

strath

here

were

the

Helmsdale

been

'mill

a but

town'.

perhaps

an indication

is

is

seen

from up

(Figure

95).

up

to

of'course

exclusive

was

large

the

Allt

the

of. levels,

about

1000

possible distribution

closely

numbers Cille the

as

these low

as

feet

(305

that

this

pattern

late

associated

strathl rarely

the

of

reverse

Just

no

into

the

are

floor

higher

at

there

the

quite

farther

the

and It

the or-

settlements

settlements

along

settlements

his

in

Assynt

Kildonan

18th/lgth

of

tributaries

19th

early

later

its

The

than

aericulture,

of

enclosures

and

description

to

have

it

buildings

and

(baulks)

-This'was as can be

pattern, circles

from

Kilphedir.

the

to

tributary-valleys.

hut

another

operating.

penetration

prehistoric

to

down

come

the

township

Henderson's

along

'bauks'

with

buildings

the

of

Lochtayside

about

of

separated

buildines

appear

would

be

10

streams

is

rather

apply

clusters

a field

of

also

that-of

settlement

but

and

2 to

Kil'fetter

In

of

on might

plans.

a separate

foundations

Rosalv

more

can

been

'Kilfetterlp

The at

two

orientation

this)

as

varies'from

run-rig

the

farm

Burn.

cluster

have

supports

same

ýLnlike

and

may not

pasture

the

on

the

are

of

location

in

close

yard.

between'the

comparison

remarkably

-

as

m) I

is

purely

251 -

-

the

result

by

settlements Group

hut

of

cairns, The

the

of

dotted

with

cultivation

rather

than

radiocarbon

dates

of

the

spade

huts,

114

420

± 55 bc,

is

an

or

early

or

downhill

hut

19th

sites

are

an

documentary

evidence

in

times,

with

medieval any

from the

example

there

are

no

time

remains

broch on

the

on

the

Raster

Glentarken,

Glentarken

is

the

Ages

Middle

property

of

the

th, e hut the

of

onwards* Campbell'ý

an

area In of

18th

near,

Rosal's there

be

can

Age

Iron,

the

is

ascribed and

question

of

field

ci3ýclesp

Burn

(Pligure

with

95)o

I perthshire

Lochearn'side,

part

late

place-names

Kilphedir

below

floor

± 50 bc$

region

are

which the

and 150

where

the

of

unanswered,

of

two

The

although

between

of

cas

occupation

± 60 ad.

42

) chrom,?

of

± 80 bc,

150

remains

sides

valley

the

A range

of

But

existence

through

and

this.

period

some

occiipation.

the

leaves

arable

of

Highlands

for

the

small

settlementýremains

of

This

relationship

the

1971)-

charcoal'from

prehistoric

century.

the

11.4

of

to

18th

the

in

certainty

the

systems

± 60 ad,

deserted

century from,

from

± 6o ýc,

clearance

suggested

periods

265

sites

many

of

A

Taylor,

and

plough.

obtained

65 bc, '28

of

of

different

40 bc,

9.5

example

circles

been

has

and

predecessor

kind

any

boundaries

which

(a

earlier floors*

was' one

cairns, stick

suggesting

rebuilding:

96)

of

of, valley

(Fairhurst

1963

clearance

or

of

field

old

(Figure

digging

remains

cultivation

in

revealed

the

of

with

excavated

pattern

kind

later

the

circles,:

was

areas

destruction

mentioned the

16th

Lawersp

in

documents

century

it

a cadet

line

became of

the

2.52 -

-

Campbells In

of

the

(see

Glenorchy/Breadalbane

Great

Seal

4th

for

June,

4*2

and

(RMS 2159)

1540

"Rex confirmavit Jacobo Campbell terras de Lawaris de Fordew, ... Glentarcane, Balmuk, in dominio de Stratherne, Perth". vice 3.6.5o (Perthshire

In

Reiours

4.4-above). is

recorded:

-

595):

in "Patricius Campbell terris o.. in senescallde Glentarken et Darrie L10A*E*50s. NoEo atu de Stratherne. Here

the

'new

is

rental

(NeE9)*

extent'

Barony

shown

as

By 1683

'old

the

(Perthshire

Edinample

of

the

(A-E*)

extent'

lands

Retours

were

partpf

92.6):

'

the

and the

"Joannes Campbell de Ednample, haeres Campbell Joannis de in ýo mercatis' Ednample, patris, terrarum de Ardbeic4lorne, et... terrarum de Darrie: mercatis -A*Eo L4. N. E. L16. de Glen-Terris , tarkine in dominio de Stratherne: 4d. feudifirmae: E. C16.13S. libratis terratum antiqui extentus in Balquhi, dder nuncupatis Glenamplep'' Edinample cum molendino ejusdem de Locherne, ' et piscationibus *so , in dominio de Balquhidder so unitis in baroniam de Ednample"o I'Darriell were of

and

the

L6ch

to

lands Earn. the

was

near

The

fishings

on Loch

Earn

as

a seneschalry,

Forfeited

Estates

of

century,

forfeited papers

Derry

Glentarken

Loch

were I Strathearn

stewardship

mid-18th

Estateso

of Castle,

end

to-lisee

the

west

western

interesting

Perth

the

Edinample

is

By

(modern

"Ardbeichlornell

and

the

seat

of

Earn

on

the in

north

south

the

side

baronyo

the.

to

referred or

the

on

included

Ardveich)

side,

titles. one

at

It time

stewartry.

Glentarken

or

annexed

in

Register

was

after Housev

part

the

of

145.

Edinburgh

the In

the

253 -

(wills, for

there

1973).

of, the

inhabitants

Males

Females

some statistics

are

1755-56: Cottars

Tenants

Farm

Total

Wester

Glentarken

12

4

32

32

64

Banter

Glentarken

6

6

18

31

49

On Wester

Glentarken

there

on Easter

Glentarken

20.

inhabitants same.

Despite

period,

Roy's

one

cluster

tarkeTi

again

part

of

Office

of

the

two

large

tthe The

books-of

survey

where

of

it

was

(1: 7115).

chains land

(in

Scots

Stobhall

by

out

"Plan with scale The

acres)-in

Mr

the

Atlas

the

97,

is

the

farms

each

of

original

had

only

ihe

the

lands

figures

farm:

In

Mrs

in

Glen-

were the

thisý

House

Burrell's

111 =8

for

the

plan

and

of. Wood"

is

Perth,

of

Atlas,

Easter

of

are

The

1810*

from

Estate

Muthill

Drummond

in

Knox

Pendicle

of

shoWs

the'Estate

of

and

James

of

this

of

Estates

Atlas

as Figure

at

side

Estates.

Castle

Honourable

labelled

The

photograph).

the

the

about

Glentarken

century

titled:

plans

redrawn

Glentarken

and

for

the

Glentarken.

19th

the

Drummond

carried

was

105).

Wester

Perth

present

property

(Plate

of

Glentarken

eastern

on Wester

beginning the

the

and

42% of

map surprisingly

on

oblongs

nothing

and

the

By

5-6

of

Burn

Survey

Military

113

of

a population

spin'

Glentarken

on Easter

and

'who

people

On Wester

English

spoke

18

were

(see.

Soots types

of

2.54 -

Arable W. Glentarken Cluster

A

1.16

Cluster

B

o. 83

Wood

1216.63

22s14

7.64

111*29

52-70

A

o. 46

Cluster

B

o. 4o

Cluster

C

0-32

Wood

Pendicle

45.46

161o. 91

1829-18--

7.67 House

Total-,

1422.94

Cluster

House-of

Muir

,

111.43

70-75

E. Glentarken

Bog

Pasture,

0*21

0.15

8.03

-

15

-326o. The

clusters

are

the

"Houses,

Yards

heading the

the

largest The

large

number

Glentarken

It

is

plan of

the

7I

not of

easy

because,,

Knox

(cfe

Assynt).

Areas"

Glentarkeu

Wester

of

buildings

listed

'Arable'

under this

Under

by

has'

settlement

far

cluster

were:

ýA -

6, yards

(1.16,

acres)

-

Cluster

B-

10, buildings,

1ý'yard

(0.83

acres)

-

Cluster

A. -

6,

Cluster

B-

4 buildings,

2 yards

(0.40

Cluster

C-

5 buildings,

2 yards

(0-32

-

to

pick

Glentarken

crowding

together

Cluster

per.

25, buildings,

Cluster

Wester

On Easter in

and

here

areao

W. Glentarken

E.

shown

Glentarken B and

2 in

out

long

possible (Figure of

97)v

buildings,

there Cluster

+ mill,

-buildings

appear C.

houses

yards --3

from

to

there be

Any'attempt

2 in

acres) acres)

Knox's because

particularly but

-(0.46 acres)

are

possibly

Cluster to

correlate

A.

255 -

thisýnumber numbers instance,

listed

Forfeited

1810,

the

trend

have

way,

the

the

reference

to

many

large,

with

its

27 buildings

on Lochtayside this

density

had of

John

on Wester the

dluster for

only

in

more

Home in

Glentarkan

6 tenants. It

on Wester

is

the above,

1755-56. in

1810

4.0 years the

If

mentioned

Glentarken

on Croftantayan

16 buildings.

settlement

towns

increases

housed

between

1683,

on Lochtayside

by

recorded

to

happened

was

have

same

Itown-splittingt

have

Wester

the

1755'-56.

of

of

Glentarken

families In

must

49

in

also

or'cotter

a result

on Easter

situation

concentration

resemblance

and

townships

on Wester clusters

must

"'for'1755-56,

century.

than'-the are

''must

holds

Glentarken

'Glentarkinel

pattern

lochside

settlement

this

of'Easter

cluster

similar-to

single

names

In A-IB

recorded

19th

early

population

then

listing

the

the

dwellings,

6otta'r

the

and

Glenitarke

and-elsewhere of

in'the

,d of en

the

on'Wester

number

of

families

towards

on Easter

above)

The

the

the by

'Easter/Wester,

Retours

cotter

+4

for

number

1755-56

64 inhabitants

the

15 buildings

(s'ee 6.1

and

then

larger

the

case,

12

tallyp

not

whichwere'necessarily

increased

a somewhat

did

for

on Lochtayside

this-region

byre-'dwellin'gs'with

Glentarken

increase

than

more

any

35'buildings

of

all

housed

must

and

'It

was

papers

population

not

andýif',

the,

be unwise,, in

Wester

ý The

century.

for

for

for

was

have

would

Estates

trend

in

or

on Lochtayside-andp'

tenants

18th

tenants

of

houses

long

possible

of

was

earlier The

similarityk the

like

in

AssYnt does

1774@

have

(see The

large The

some

6.2

above) largest I

next

difficult

to

Glentarken,

just

explain across Y

256 -

burn

the

the

from

Perhaps

it

was

cotters

or

crofters

This

might

look

buildings

in

outline,

remains

on

walls.

It

buildings

the

ground

also on his

plans

There

('31*25

m), - B is

the

67.25

feet

in

14-75

feet

(4.5

remains

There

part

of

doorway on

the

the is

two.

m)

19

feet

in

a very

and

2 kilns of

a very

longer

long

southern

edge

area of

from about

and in

feet

M) in

As

K is

about

the

the

110

yards

southern

eastern

front

of

the

there

is

a step

The

between

B appear

B at

in

less

There

w0th.

and

drain

metre.

in

were

A and

eastern

In

only

length

m) and

state

Both

which I

all

recorded

ruinous

ruinous

A.

upstanding

12 buildings

obvious-byre of

but

include

(32.5

(5.8

the

all

byre-ýdwellings

102-5

All

house

A at

section

a cobbled

m). '

deserted.

or

include

all

or

length

(20-5

extendedp is

A is in

not

not

very

are

ruined

may have

house's K is

feet

10'6.5

did

he

length

of

been

Kp but

buildings

only'2

ignored

that

3 long

On the'first

did

Knox

A's is

greatly"outnumber

presumably

perhaps

and

other

m) north-east

end.

at

IC on'

Figure'989

18601s,

that

were

Aq B and

C-

have

resided.

concentration

plan.

surveyors

and

suggests

than

to

1860's

the

distinct

(100

the

Cluster

ground

therefore

and

that

dwellings.

are

the

at

1810

the

map of

plan

the

on

on Knox's

shown

means

Cluster

Glentarken

remains'in

the,

remains

(611) O., S.

1: 10,56o shown,

of for

field

the

produced the

obviousq

very

cotter-townwhere'

explanation

at

Glentarken

Easter

whole

or

on Lochtayside.

A closer

This

the

be

also

the

for

Glentarken.

on Easter

clusters

a 'cottery'

partly

Croftantayan,

the

3 smallish

effluent

western down from

257 -

the

byre-end

A presumably

of

emerged

platform.

A cobbled

platform

D may have

been

for

I/J

and

each with

buildings

shown

and

B* with

and

not

the

the on

after

been

deserted

the

including

outhouses,

on Wester

Cluster

would

If

the

but

on Knox's

plan.

this

great

agglomeration

of

(the

division

into

Glentarken

difficult,

to The

are

not

which remains

had

explain

solely

different

undoubtedly

date

exhibit

gable-end

the

well,

in

Cluster

from

1769.,

None

fireplaces

-a

number

have

been

arbitrary)

while clusters

of

C-on

those

the

remains

Glentarken

evidence

from

The

pn Wester.

smaller-'normal' the

Glentarken number

case. with

shown',

depicted

greater

should

purely

on

be

were

even

had

some"of

on Wester

settlement

only-3

buildingsýexamined much

to

not

shown

these

they

a condition

Why, there

is,

been

others

while

an

is

the

that

dwellings

this

have

A

7 buildings'were

concentratlon

2 clusters

a single

L,

50 years

reasonably.,

agree

be

from

imply

have-left

should

ground,

in only

large

built

The,

and

other

within

survived

map.

to

apart

dwellings

this

-but

2-buildings

should

sayp,

1810,

Glentarken

Easter

to

E

structures

undoubtedly

Why these

been

buildings

of

C are

the

then

the

on

in

be

building

of

and-out-shot.,

impossible

had

plan

ruins

E seems

and-ruined

on Knox's

of

L-shaped

that

61, O. S.

first

the

suggested

buildings

older

to

having

be

might

constructed also

is

possibly

It

J appear

P and, H.

others

end

The

peatse

partition

by Knox

southern

and

a possible

probably

structures not.

but

other,

structure

stacking

I

unusual.

are

against

used

the

at

this1cobbled

under

Easter

on Lochtaysidep of

the

the

feature

is

plans. Glentarken some

Cluster missing

of C

2.58 -

-

from

the

Rosal

(Aq, Bv K)

are

wide)

this

and

(Gailey,

buildings very

1962a).

older

some

rebuilding),

the

been

to

expanded The

field surely land

qualify surveys.

"The

(this

small

scale

holds

perfectly Clearances Scottish the

accuracy. about

that Until

...

Estate

most

to

be

his

it

a building

superseded".

paid

short

portrayed this to

call both

intervals possibly'.

Meredith)

knew

for

use

have

as well

pattern

regions:

and

time):

too

was

we know,

were,

be

-

seems

studies

would have

termsl

at

l9th

other

Naver

intended

were

detailed

more

for

must

Fairhurst's.

but

ineptitude,

Benjamin

and

18th IStrathnaver

Strath

this

to, "modern,

from

a caveat

at

had population*

discussed

in

replaced

areas

plans

may not

portraying

be

growth

clusters

plans

sites

dwellings

probably

plans,

surveyors in

to

or,

increasing

general

may be The

surveyor, well

very

houses

these

early

of

(with

decades

clearances, as

there

unprecedented

evidence

plans

it

liable for.

good

seen

in

only while

and

IIB9M, II (the

was

be

of

Rosal

at

should

explanation*

unsubstantial

of

impe-dding

the

pattern

forfurther

that

situation

treatment,

casual

of

The of

the

all

acceptance

relatively

the*building

to

feature

long

rapidly the

5.5-'m .

Glentarken

larger

century

the

to

archaic

for

period

matching

any

(1964)

comments

19th

common

because

unusual

early

in

is

remains

the

5.0 .

or

an

long

The

on Easter

the

accommodate

difficulty

feet

survived

that-in

and

18

that

particularly

18th

1814.

as

had

which

and

late

to

as

suggested

may be

It

byre-dwellings, in

been

buildings

were

(17

narrow

has

late

as

It houses

much which

to

in

been

the made

remember

attention they

to knew

century

259 -

11.5

Some Comparative the

From Lochtayside table

were

for-East ig6g).

the

"Dimensions Overall by

adding

for

East

of

7

ft"-

Lix

It

and

should

be

contemporary

was

few time.

1769

1810

+ 70 years.

period

The their

between and (4.5

1755

of

East and

most

Lix

for

but

this

roughly

walls

are

cannot

be

a

dated

+ 100

the

that

a

at

this

disused

the

within

y9ars

involves

probably

only

so

since

suggested

be

1774

width

and

chronology-yaries

already

should

Lix

East

obtained

some

Fairhurst

Assynt

yearsp

stated.

variation,

probably

are

otherwise

length

Elsewherep

chronological

26)

(1969,175)

may be

done

measurements

Fairhurstý(1968,

unless

since

were

and

changes

Glentarken over

+ 80 Yearsobvious

and

been

Glentarkeu

(Appendix

Lix

comparisonp

1814,

20

feature O.f

narrowness. 10

from

a

The

Easter

table

East

compile

the

structures

buildings

+ 100

at

that

least

buildings

and

immediately

said

in

5 areas.

internal

Rossal.

Lochtayside

range

is

has

cleared

the

of

has

regional

Rosal

much.

for

thick.

the

of

for

taken

from

and to

field;

the

for are

This

feet

2.5

in

notes

most

the

been

have

buildings

of

size

in

measurements

Fairhurst

external.

Assynt

writer

Rosal

and

All

s'ite

the

chapter, possible

sizes in

Forms'

and

this

bee'n

building

by

Lix

in has

on Lochtaysidet

measured

2 to

it

Assyntp

comparative

buildings

Sizes

mentioned

sites

and

of

Building-

feet

buildings

6 metres)

(3 are

wide*

of

those and

all

the

measured# 6 metres)

mostly Subtracting

buildings all

but

an

15

8 are

The

wide.

between

measured

and

average

Rosal

20 feet of

5 feet

a

260 -i

-

(1-5

for

metres)

internal

width a few

with

external

small

house

that

late

intd

two

clear

in

widths

to

range

twenty

lengths

thirty-five

the

little

as house),

a two-roomed in

the

Two ruined

ranges

ten

to

groupp

forty

to

forty-five

but

range

they

of

are ten

range than

one,

(all"

feet

demonstrably

of

to

the

idea

of

are

many

long

sixteen

feet,

eighteen

feet

total

(for

lengths

five

both at

narrower

a relatively

instance

and

vital'importancep and

Breac

feet. in

Bharr thus

onesp date

earlier

twenty

and

attain

hundred

na h-Airde

apartment

lengths

house feet

one

overlie

include

group

infrequently

not

fifty

Achadh

houses

fall

with

more

forty

and

this

At

wider

supporting

twelve

are

Knapdale.

the

of

dimensional

second

settlements

South

in

may consist

In

feet*

as

anywhere

the

between in

falling

may be

in

widths

with

houses

and' these

lengths

up'to

Argyllshire

houses

are

fo! r narrower

houses There selection internally,

in

6-7)

internal)116

are

"Settlements houses

in

century

feet

metres)

(1952'a,

Gailey

There

length

4.5

minimum,

settlements

eleven

an

to

this

nineteenth

having

a total

giving

beilow Argyllshirej

a house

though

measurements

to

eight

gives

(1.5

feet

groups.

structures

feet,

15

ruined

and

dimensional

with

apartment,

to

made in

eighteenth

the

Iassociated

in

sizes

"Measurements

show

5 to

falling

outhouses

Discussing noted:

from-,

of

range

this

measurements,

Appendix although

26. this

and

narrow

Many is

not

must

in

buildings have

always

beeh easy

to

the

sub-divided discern.

among

scattered

Easter

ruins,

Glentarken,

to

have

secondary

in

each

region

be

traced

in

between

byre

(e. g., is

12

may have

may be

dwellings,

(e. g.

houses,

from bottom (this

92

metres)

to

the,

instability

108

_(1968, (33

feet

a small

of

some

and, Plate.

'There houses,

these

of

internaýllyj

wide

of

but

walls

extra

these

of

104)-

narrowness

3.6

parts

turf

of

much

long, for

survives

this and

than

50

crucks

byres

separate feet

in

their of

the

surviving

in

length

of

the

lower

the floor

little end

seems

level surviving

of to

the, have

cruck been

is

again

stood

on

the

case

been

recorded

In

at

Regional

walls. cruck

and

depending

member

difficult

evidence*

outhouses

other

existence

height

smaller

Cruck-slots

have

byre-

sub-division

of

and

length

or

internal

lengthe-

themselves

in,

houses

Remains

on. the

above the

houses,

(various-Plates),

sites

(15, metres)

feet

1969,167).

barnsp

the

of

50

of

evidence

Fairhurst,

less

variation height

ends

to

could

internal-divisions

the

interpreted-as

cottages,

usually

very

to

occasionally

the

walls

Fairhurst,,

up

but

Figure

about

whether

not

a few

in

dimensions

with

over

even

due

to

added

internal

Ronal,

houses

apparent

areap

some buildings

are

of

At

seem

construction.

Ruins

are

been

(2-7

been

dry-stone

and

livine

archaic

feet,

no

on

98)-, certainly

remains

of

buildings

there.

and

where

with

house

something

longest

C (Figure,

a number

and

long

two

photographs)*

had

the

9 to

or

covered

length

compartment

the

-

extensionsp

identified

metres)

but

' Cluster

(various

143-i44),

-

261

to some

and

its

demonstrate

settlements'the

the

surface

of

the

ground

at

Rosal),

or

was

actually

262

-

-

f

into

set

the

Wester

Ross,

quoted

here

may

have

much

as

in

3-4 to

the

be

walls

but

built

(along (1957)

length

and

he

2-7

metres)

and

references The

of

, with

in

cruck-couple load-bearing turf

totally

stone,

and But

it

dry-, stone

built

of

stones

available

the

flagstones

of

Caithness

walls

were

Some of the of

parts

possibly

the

photographs the

crucks

remains

less of

appended themselves

is

an

of

depending obvious

surviving.

a

as

the turf

walls or

clay

difference

houses

cruck-slots

in

the

on

type between

fluvio-glacial

built

to

houseso

been-necessary

example,

have

(1.8

Scotlandp

of

where

than'well-built

dry-stone

Walton

9 feet

seen

form

have

the

stable

here

some

houses,

and

is

a roof

the

by

'three-coupled'

also

-

Sutherland

of

or

would

form

some

for

walls,

couples

parts

Highlands

support

the

possibility

6 to

about

and

the

whether

discussed

different

'two-coupled'

type

mortaredo

into

cruck

been

of

in

crucks

and

of

.

noted

wickerwork.

some

a distance

to

turf,

has

wall)

the

on

The

betwpen

existed

less

were

set

as

much

and

or

face.

ended

is

-soil,

actually wall

have

than

stone,

bottoms

cruck

this

of'the

been

' X889,10-119

or

but

dry

the

the

between

necessary were

have

of

stone

tradition

turf,

of

distance

the

the

condition

against

a standard

Elsewhere

regional

the built

(Sage,

level,

Lochcarron,

at

Sage

single

a

floor

on

may not

rather

that

based

were

Some crucks

on

above

building

Donald

28).

grounded

ývailablej

wood

by

Appendix

feet

the

with

as

described

been

likely

of

ground,

boulders Some dry-stone turf

walls*

shown

among

or

vestiges

26.3 -

The

use

in

crucks

of

(loc.

cit.

cruck

in

well-built

stone

cruck

is

associated

with

) as

to

unable

are In

Scotland

which

fully

capable

normally

coupled

roof

as

is

in

Highland

the

houses

Knapdale,

manifestation

to. be of

in

Smith of

his

in-stone-built consists

If

of

the

walls

as well

rest

slate and in

two

built

are

or

tile

expensive, Kintyre"*

lime-mortared

one

were

in

the

of

stone

top

together

walls,

which

and

has

been

Smith

isq

walls

were

over

parishes

and

in

superfluous

in of

South in

Glenlochay featurev

a

by

John

time-lag". comment

the

of

that

notion

"The

is

like is

them.

shake

that

that

of

troublesome

several

suggesting

might

Ahose

less in

and

The

co'Uple-soles

a flag,

side

eaves*

to

apt

crucks

bend,

the

at

County

couple

a natural

followed

factl

also

nineteenth

the

the

which

mode,

lately in

lime,

of

a

and

later

anachronism:

fixed

This

roofs*

wall-heads,

crup-slotsq

the

with

walls

the

Agriculture

piece,

them,

of

the

roof*

from

uses'a

support an

pieces,

up

on

were of

sometimes

of

the

a rpgressive

Gailey

to

16-18) walls

sometimes

170)

the

or

technical

and

View

General

(1813P

Argyll

feet

cultural (1962bo

Elsewhere

Ardnamurchanj

walls

thrust

the

in

as

side

housesq

cruck-slots

regarded

of

on

during

settlements

and

thrust

the

stone-built

built

the

houses,

absorbing

the

of

The

where

stone

Irish

ruined

is

Perthshirep

in

directly

of

Inveraray

form

resting

houses

Gailey

anachronistic.

outward

cruck

survival in

full

of

most

stone The

century. stone

in

case

is

a house

the

by

seen

it. e. The survival

houses

the

absorb

is

walls

feature:

a relict

we find

are

stone

still

instances crucks

in

leaves

264 -

the

cruck-supported here

may be

the

On the built "At-first

environment

it

it

have

would

turf

in

favour

or

rafter

apparently

or

have

worth

remembering

older

than

the

availability

in

clay-walled to

factor of

existing walls, for

timber-framed

less

structures

walls,

substantial

to

economic'either with

with building

walls

crucks

altogether

with

a coupled-

timelhonoured explanation

of

affairs, cruck and

well-

commented:

conjunction

abandon'a

state

seemingly

also

dispensed

a partial

an

in

such

more

or

surrounding

rebuilding

been

have

that

substituted

with

to

contradictory

some previLous

important

that

framework

supplies

been

required

The

has

puzzling

Reluctance

its

walls

couples

(1-966,228)

provided

to

of. a stone-

construction

may have

been

a cruck

wattle,

roof*

and

cruck

of

seems

appear

employed

stability.

Dunbar

walls

ever

of

of

local

built

stone*

sight

should

have

for

anachronism

stone

for

roofs

building

suitable

some dry-stone

that

possibility

that

durable

method this

of while

it

materials

operation".

4

also

may be

framework stone

is

or

clay during

26.5 TWELVE

CHAPTER

CONCLUSIONS

In

geography

seeking

of

great by

materials

at

the

quite

late

dates

environments;

methods of

major

that

to

Simplicity.

distinguish

inconsistencies

chiefs,

lairds

range;

of

working

the

by

regions;

landl

by

building

different

factors

landownersp and

ýby

survival of

sobio-economic or

is

in

state'of

some

a

picture,

overall

the'ephemeral'nature

by

in

pattern's

differing

in

of

a false

chronological

of

the

such

systems great

Groupings that

generalisation before

settlement

can

improvementp

be

made

rationalisation

about

Highland or

I clearancep

is

of

traditione,

Settlement One

their and

been

complexity

to

The

they

information

have

actual

settlement

and

by

decision

influence

rural

plans

and

and and

of

which

reduced

differences

the

a dangeri'howeverp

change.

field;

physical

tenure,

12.1

the

of

the'

the

in

recording

Highland

discontinuity

variety,

and some

of

description

in-attempting

rapid

and

form

laudable'aimsp

might-be

in

the

of

of"settlement

are

always

encountered

estate

remains

is

the"concern,

'

'

geography,

orderly

description'

variations

available

as

linesp

is

problem

local

systematic There

settlement

its

approach

landscape

cultural

complicated

of

study

'These

'orderly

regional

the

the

of

here.

attempted

period

that

involving

a sequence fairly

This

stated

explanationt'.

suggest along

of

11...

landscapet

attempted

the

be

should

cultural

nature

(1966,27)

T. G. Tordan

in

on the

a paper

that

the

settlement

form

was

usually

a non-

266 -

village

cluster Gailey)

and

sub-tenants,

scattered

were

The

from

is

and a. in

1790-1822;

At

first

date

the

more

nearly

represent

different

out of

of the

included

farms

29

C)

major

Part

the

has

described rough

as

the

Strath

its

Crazing

Kildonan

in of

the

great had

landscape, per

' located

in houses

Rosal

had

land

within it

separating shielings.

since

peculiar'combinations

because

the

and

consideration

cluster

of

does

than'it Assynt

economic

economic

and

is

particularly

detail),

'ring-dyke',

of

glen

and

and

stances

evidence.

99p-(Kilphedir)

separate

acreagesS" of

a

the

Lix,

environmental,

purely

of'Sutherlande"

settlement in

Dv E

E.

1810;

documentary

Highlands,

and

99Aq

patterns

But

Assynt,

physical

4 to, 11., -,

despite'theý'differences

to'be

townships

with

the'infield

the

other

r6quire,

large

in

these'clusters

of

Chapters

environments

studied

township,

and

moorland,

the

one

or

areas

coastal

only

their

Glentarken,

although

factors.

of

with

1810-15),

a Central

99ý3 and

fragmentation

E.

Sutherland.

and'western

over-populated

a township

in

appear

regiong

socio-economic

tenants,

among

plans might

(Figure

normally

a.

resembles

northern

the

more

detail

1769;

against

as

toýshelter

99 representa'selection'

similarity

this

glance

also

of

of

various

a Sutherland

-they

in

Kilphedir,

of

or

Figure

at

Lochtayside,

Perthshire

Rosal.

one

studied

a degree

(North

F

the

shown

patterns

of

Fairhurst

a townships

across

the-regions

There

tools;

f

sense-o,

was

cotters

or

farming

the

function

main

crofters and

animals

clachan

or

whose

(in

'The

farm

(in

one

corner

and

its

20

the

yards

settlement what

from settlement

Fairhurst the

wastep

267 --

grouping the

and

From in

the

it

might

township

with

Appendix

27,

the

regard settlement

to

pattern

the

be

seen of

be

The sources

information

Appendix

meaningful

where

this

and

but

really

is

there

on average, clusters

and., parts

Glen

and

should

The

numbers

for

example,

of

On a map of Peter

May,

buildings extremes

on CulligranI

Glen 13

in

have

bý)en

Strathfarrarl

have

with

the

I

building

The

element

in

on Upper of

Assynt

(Appendix 2 at in

average

(Matherp Moyley

uncertainty

18),

Batachrianan. 1758, of

1970).

and in

range

themselves av. eraging.

an

identified

any

of

Clashnessie to I Inverness-shire with

of

extremes

process

Wo

Rosall

in

1961),

large

unusually

Assynt,

5),

buildings

5-6

of

interesting

clusters been

(Gailey,

Argyllshire size

studied,

(Appendix

Lochtayside

cluster

25 at

settlement

are

number,

The

per

from

each

large

coastal

in

buildings

range

onlyýbe

Strathfarrar.

forgotten

be

not

can

areas

are

,

yearsýare

sizes

when

sizes

will

clus-ter

of

as

isolated

or

on vaxious

70-80

of

a cluster

such

omitteds

are

special

based

of

a suggestion

settlement-cluster

and

the

18),

this

from

research.

for

only

good

particularly

Glentarken of

a sufficiently

of

generalisation

a period

Average

holds

more

to

clusters

departing

clusters

over

27.

(Appendix

Assynt

of

further

settlement

of

hypothesis

small

This

with

altered

in

shown

result

, figures

and, the

working

anything

circumstances,

sizes of

and

arbitrary.

99

three

or

scattered,

and

purely

Figure

at

two

the

as

is

be, a useful

'norm',

as

combinations inevitably

shown

samples

loose

very

3 clusters

into

division

is

boundary

this

within

by

13 but

59 buildings

producing

268

-

settlement

statistics

plans

always

or

will

they

were

l8th/early The

exist.

clusters

even

from

the

probably

will

19th

questions by

missed

were

omitted

-

land

surveyors

be

buildings

how many

of

never

estate

century

and

why

satisfactorily

answereds

reviewed-its

representation

the

number

too

few.

however,

was,

that

'tacit

in

of

to

Argyll

southern

incorrect

size

that

an

from

It

out

a maximum

of

was

per

in

a

over

size

5,5

areas

been

may have

buildings

about

noted,

large

over

there

3-5-

that

Assynt

inland

in

settlement

average

that and

terrain. averaged

(1961)

- usually

case

difficult

instance

for

areast

diagrammatic

the

suggested

recognition'

particular

been

have

grouping

(1961,257)

Gailey

concluding

often

was

a very

the

areas, was

settlement

to

seems

criticism.

Gailey

particular

shown

sites

This

however, and

in of

of

to

subject

accuracy

the

which

Map is

Roy's

Even

group

north

and

I Argyll.

north-west The

use

ruins

the

areas

end

through

with

Cockburn's the

1755

and

the

what

1755

location plan.

and This

should been

cluster

might

have

remains

studied

are

development

in

that

numbers

area.

of This

many

continued

time,

of

but

different

and

using

Lix

that

by

him

on East

Lix

of

those

shown

on

for

surveyed

and

the

period

building

suggested

in

represent

undoubtedly

a long

of

style

excavated the

was

over

has

Fairhurst

buildings

agreed

one

landscape

Highland of

product

than

more

materials. the

the

same locations

the

of

in

not built

a later situation

none

of

be

surprising,

since

of

non-durable

materials

and

final must

phase exist

of in

269 -

many

other

regions.

there

are

townships

in

locations

only 9,

the

as

tenants

and 42,43;

37-4o,

foundations

long

the

foundations

young in

are

keeping

only

If

these

of

the

in

other

locations

way

century

they

the

area_in

whatever. rebuilt

early

clusters This

the

plans also

reasonp

elsewherep

and

Suckoch has

surveyor, (Figures

have

where,

to

need had

materials

to

shown

There in

survived hundred

disappeared

recognise

be

are

houses

years.

have

represented

the

other

few

a

size

42-43)-

'better'

settlements

the

This

This

200

a cluster

two

general

of

of

a shelter

better-than

no

the

the

and

intervening

emphasises

of

bases

the

but

courses

as

represent

fared

of

repair

drawing to

plan.

heights

gable

farm

where

meant

sizet 1769

one

plan.

neighbouring

have

then

on

trace.

and

any

shown

without

moved

of

in

wall

3-dimensional

wherelruined

metres

for

the

farms

distantv

if,

i8th

the

in

2

(Figures

General

but to

kept,

only

ruined

of

a couple

42),

the

but

etc*,

on Lochtayside sort

time,

or

rebuilt

B plus

were

buildings are

surviving

walls

with

sites in-a

hýuses

has

animalsp

Cluster

other

surviving

were

Macarthur's

only

(Plate

been

obviously

A has

6 and from

each

same

as. on John.

Cluster

of

buildings

other

the

house

the

quote

south

there

Measurement

showed

ground

To

Chapters

3 buildings

of

40-43)-

orientation

and

The

for

the

1769

In

clusters

Plates on

location

has,

2 small

in

running

glen

survived

plans.,

mentioned

Lochtayside.

South

on

have

century

the

that

stressed

settlements

sites in

be

also

l8th/19th

Newton

of

must ruined

the

from

township

Ardeonaig

where

shown_on

example

one

it

But

deliberately

and

building

that

270

-

techniques

us'ed leave

nothing

Where

early

maps

as

no

survey

intensive

of

the

settlement

than

the

second or

no half

that

1958,1959;

Proudfoot,

remains and

buildings, was

walls

orientated

not

charcoal that

it

from

pits

century,

of

at

and quite

the

been

recently historic

settlement, (Edwards,

Aberdeenshire between on

the

attempted

only

at

areas

basis

of

may have appear occupation.

Murphystown,

but

the

from, 19th

in

time

at

one

to

indicate Smallp

been an

(Buchanan

those

of

of

a dwelling.

unpublished

al,.,

were

to, existing

layout

floor

et

revealed

Patches

earlier,

Lix

unreiat9d

century

the

earlier

structures

original-layout. pottery

and

excavation

the

excavations

differently the

only

to

Coo Down

trenches

of

The

The surface

Lix

anything

previous

foundation

the

sherds

revealing

century.

cluster

that

necessarily

in

18th

date

indicating

and

soll

of

activity

success

1959). in

century

of

the

differentiating

been

settlement

was

19th

involve

value

early

in

agricultural

great

excavations

mainly

of

so far

has

with

a-clachan

Kinord

more

concentration.

Excavation but

of

has or

for

geophysical

potential

1976)

Old

at

with

ha, %ýe'

which

a need might

areas

The

possibility

and

phosphate

Rosal,

small

been

worker'# sites

obviously

prehistoric

site

with

soil

of

a late

show

researoh

(Proudfoot,

on

field

plans

Future

have

could

modern

is

techniques.

field-system

1983)v

there

of

analysis

demonstrated

the

estate,

methods@

analysis

phosphate

and

or

investigation

soil

building)

for

tracest

modern

subtle

or

dry-stone

to

such

left

(even

-

of of

clachans ash

a barn Older

perhaps excavations

and

suggest pottery

pre-18th in

the

271

-

floors drain

Museum

floors

under

in

the

present

and

internal has

No attempt the

earliest

but-sufficient that

them'survived many

by:

-, the

John

remains

(Figure

65 and at

Mid

Lix

(Figure

the

Iron

Age

prehistoric Strathtay, is

difference fewer

sites

might

have

apparently

survey

been

occurred period and

91);

(Figures

the

the

to

There

excavation'techniques

fort'

sought in

all

few the

and

may have of

many

whose least

by-more these

been

these The

sites at

density

This

agricultural'activity.

be

at

above

are

1975)-

but-therg

of

hut

and

souterrains'and

documents-through

may have'to

Clachtoll

but

(Stevenson,

materia1remains in

see

broch

comparedVith

explain,

by

at

fring

96).

Lochtayside

destroyed

to

souterrain

systemsi

Kenmore

easy

finds

possible

and

many, of

the

1969,181);

95

show

Castle'Down"on

other

Lochtaysidep

along

originally-on

missing

certainly

Clashnessie;

76);

to,

earlier-occupation'close

at

and

trace

clusterso

interesting

58a)

75

of

is

much

and

to

remainsp-of

or

field

not

It

of

settlementsp,

east

changes

been'quoted

contemporary

Fairhurst,

sites

earlier

obvious

settlement, have

87 and

Kilphedir

of

present'study

(tOld

(Figure

Rosal

ci rcles

medieval

the

Highland

tumuli

Castlel)q Plates

but

broch

a dun

Figure

plan,

ýOld

in

these

remains

of

traces

slight

centuries*

have

sites

(Home's

at

in

made

the

not

through

Home's

broch

and

now Auchin-

sub-division.

of

if

names,

is

revealed

historical'documents

the

how

have

ones

been

origins

that

settlement

Life

Country

of

alignment

the

in

buildings

of

-

names the

later

intensive

regions

which

-

have in

ruins

of

close

12*2

very

early

for

dwellings,

the-latter

are

of

all

I irregularly

any

distance The

and

daub

used

to

late

periods

of

occupation

look

like

appearance

than

having

The

The

gable-ends

to

house and

at

stone

ruins

this

case

had

rebuilt

Skene

The

Highland

'records

the

and

townships. for

had

commodity

the

2nd

of

professional,

to

timbers The

November,

straight

shallow

be

lined

obvious

that

the

inhabitants

especially of

often Book

ý625:

In

removed.

some parts

Court

with' (as

noted

had

in

roof

Elsewhere

been

buildi some

of of

timbers,

in

the

but

Burt

the

more'

something

wattling

roofs.

above)

needed

wattle

illustration'

a mixture

seem

f

someoneý,

apparently

timbers

away

very

at

1754)'.

or

the

a very

the

would

(Burt,

to

and be

with

6*3

of

a scarce taking

to

through

and

perspective,

smoke-holes

with

which

elsewhere

in

ends,

another,

108)'suggests

not

turf

or

appear

suggestion

couples,

trouble

turf

beginning

from the

Highlands.

be

passing

the

quoted

was with

shapes

and

staves

artist

rýunded

foreground,

wooden

(Plate

difficulties

appear

type.

heaps

Certainly

Burt's-description

obvious

materials

dirt

and both former,

turf

of

of

the

dirtt'

of

built

structures.

stone.

some

heaps

many

suggested

stone-built

way,

buildings

of

have

might

so

than

sizeý

some one

composed

and stables,

diminutive

a more

is

mentioned,

barns

with

placed,

accompanying

of

very

as before

townj

a few huts

shaped

and

Buildings

and

"A highland

the

-

proximity.

Houses

other

272

the

caused of

the

Barony

ng

273 -

"The said dayp the bailze heiring trubill. betwin of gryt and discord the laird tenantis and his anent the waytaking of doris at thair for in tyme cuming remowing, remeid thairof, consent with of the haill the bailze tenantis, decernit and in all thatv tyme cuming, ordanit that tenant tak not na remowand from thair biging away na doris inner dorisg thay except and giff to be thair pruiff ony doris awin, the laird is ordanit be the bailze to pey thame for the samyn"o The

reference

also

taken

away

The in

the

evidence the

dry-stone

building

took

in

others

to

the

house

new

building in

narrow

in

also

Assynt,

may have

the

ground

on

have sites

mean

been

used with

Gailey

were

where houses.

broader

the

present There and

with

fresh

may also

have

for for

constantly durable

stone-built

and

re-

materials, been

removed of

settlement

coastal

available

has

into

Re-allocation of

on

even

fallen

abandoned

re-shaping

(1962b)

little.

frequently

behind.

more

be

materials

locations stones

perishable

foundations.

stone

perishable

on land

stages.

stone-built

on

particularly

re-building,

Knapdale

can to

travellers

other

there

nothing

restrictions

and

thelater

sites

could e. g.

of

sites

leaving

site,

and

that

the

building

Burt

so

other

at

by

suggest

must

were

removale

often

of

s,ome areas

timbers

structural

more

were

buildings

very

stances

because

walls,

place

the

Elsewhere,

28)

structures In

of

surviving

that

disrepair.

same

stone

but

buildings

superstructures

doubt

early

times of

these

of

doors,

(Appendix

than

no

to

the

at

Highlands

unless

is

descriptions

materials

is

here

clusters.

townships, I houses,

the

generations materials

noted

at

houses

of only

least overlay

two

274 -

have

There

the

estimating (1979)

has

been dates

ancient

building

times.

An example

the

of turf

true

is

in

were

Another

the

1769 has

(Building

5.8

6-3t

was

was

about

m) later

-

perhaps

in

essential is

almost

good 200

elements The

necessity. verb

same

undoubtedly

long

by 97

about the

roof

the

latterly

but well can

of

be rebuilt

to

of

6.

the

for or

(13-5

m) in time

other renovated

mx

length.

of

abandon-

stone-built

continuity,

of

the

byre-

original wide

the

these

and

century

in

time

B),

One of

the

retention

with

The

29)o

(Cluster

(29.5

to

continuity,

said

Lochtay-

mortar6d

here

also past

up

century*

on North

feet

feet

l9th

traditions

The

19

ground

building

present

changed.

where

interiors

the

20

original

knowledge

from

these

of

the

evidence

years

some alterations

structural

houses

supported

There

walls.

with

not

not

feet to

extended

Cruck-couples ment

44

one

into

have

Plates

the

of

occupied

older

of

recent

above),

of

a

use

to

springing

Cuiltrannich

and

given

narrow

decade

30-31P

Figures

orientation

and

very

of

Allen

with

(11.2

Rosal

endurance

remaining

A)

but

at

over-

the

of

survival,

couples

of

been

down

second

3 clusters

2 buildings

dwelling

the

of

shows

plan

site

the

former-township

(Chapter

side

seen

have

materials,

late

cruck

into

about N*G9

because

foundations, on

use

example

on

can

supported

and

be

years

remains

deserve

this

of

on dry-stone

roofs

level

they

recent

settlements*

some

techniques

date,

walls

and

that than

antiquity

ruined

of

suggested

greater

in

warnings

and same of

their

locationp

archaic functional

areasp from

where time

to

lk

275 -

time

the

on

lower

same

some buildings

although

inserted*

places sawn

off

replaced were

by

a roof

ionger

no

indicated cruck

by

the

filled-in

drawings

or

Board

"The

is

or

are

roof

laidp

are

ferns",

Burt,

This

and of

it

buildings is

Cruckm

where

sometimes or

sawn-off

thin

slices

certainly

(Plate

109).

cottage solidly

is are and could

the Pennant's

on Islay built

(Plate of

Plate

with

the

of

with

small

be

is

the

turf

thatched type

of

with

his.

(divot) of

structure

'An

illustration 110) stone,

but

Inn

it

other

in

appear

like

fixed

in

which stubble by

shown

(Appendix

tiling.

the

it

straw,

description as

the outside

over

building

of

makes

woodl with

used

into

over trees

the-

Scotland

treesp

turfed

wattled it

in

of

coupled

to

stuck

branches

with

a

a report

stakes

divots

with

in

of

is

There

Manufactures

and made

illustration

108. Ross

but

centuryp

Burt's

are

agrees of

18th

supported

then

desc, riptions

verbal

the

Wester

turf,

of

certainly

almost

and

crucks roof

a broken-

many

for

Fisheries

wattled

These

ground,

28)

by

or

are

at

in

walls

a wall

The

slates.

shown

for side

which

which

divots

is

Trustees

of

1754:

the

in

illustrations.

other

farmhouses

of

ground, of

the

walls#

presence

materials

buildings

description

there

above,

building

and

Highland

in

had

cruck-supported

even

slots

fire-

stump.

houses

few

and

unchanged

gable-end

strengthened

former

their

exist

and

the

the

on date

remained

may have

and

resting

As mentioned of

buildings

a late

to

extended

level

head

wall

retained

they

were

Other

at

Positions

courses*

It

is

Ross-shire' exterior to

descriptions

be

of

a

large suggest

276 -

that

this

might

in

fact

but

the

had

to

the

Pennant's

sites

little

branches

bed-. of

The

ends.

the

the

weight

it

to

the

Hebrides,

The

answers

furnishings,

work,

(Pennant,

drawing

are

by

to

obviously

The

9-3.

(1959)

to

(Plate

113)

the

and

he

second

no

hold

the

huts quoted

cheese,

shapes of the

charcoal description

constructed a and

a

produce

of

in

the

resemblance

of

plans

of

above

in

by

compared

of

of

shelves

structures

burners

the

penýant

discussed were

through

furniture

on his

sketched 88-84),,

the

so

and

blankets,

certain,

the

coniog

are

the two

sod;

The

because-of

'wigwam'

they sods;,,

of

a faggot

than

above,

was

creeping

occasionally:

and

Pennant's

112) many

other-door

of

that

hand.

oblongt

with

driffith's

of

(Plate

Jura'

bank

(Figures

conical

at

to

buildings

of

possibility

without

buildings

Home

the

1,246).

interesting

John

in

covered

17909

shapes

also

him

forbidden,

to

drawings examination

some were

vesselsl

Summer"

'beehive'

to

on-a

placed

the

is

'Sheelins

trees,

basket

of

there

is

some dairy

Chapter

a hip-

for

Griffith.

a closer

has which I there placed,

of

heath,

but

group;

entrance

twigs,

in

the

of

opening,

farms

gable

Voyage

by

lie

described

were

that

made

for

and

raised

might

a grotesque

rue;

drawing The

with

straight

was. Moses

drawings,

description

of

Scotland

questions

book

original

birch

consistent

shallow

the

and

structure*

interesting

too

in

Tour

the

this

low

be has

this

illustrator

of

some

case

turf-built

would

is

far

the

bpar.

In

some

roof

111) is

roof

been

a mainly

whereas

(Plate

interior

of

the

building

ended

in

be in

smoke-holes

have

hardly

could

in the

the Jura

the Assynt

Walton England

construction

277 -

of

a hut

such

by

century,

in

High

H. S.

Purnessv'Lancashire,

in

19th

the

Cowper:

"First,

three trees poles or young 91 feet long or 10i about and 4 inches thickat the thick end are (Plate tripod 1.Jý3 up as a set fastened the tops being together by intervening Then the a withy. in with is filled lighter space poles,. the resting of which ends, on the just form ground, a circle outside three larger the ends of the poles. The light poles overlap each other to some degree the but have at apex, between intervals them slight where they There is rest ground. on the also in for a gap left one side an entrance is filled inabove and this with Finally, large flat smallier poles. from the, common, sods cut are and the bottom these commencing at are''' laid overlapping on the poles each, the like tiles the top until other of hut is These huts reached are e. provided neither with windows nor' the door forming the only" the In one aperture* shown .. "1 the internal dimensions 7 feet are 11 feet high, 9 inches wide,. and its' is height close external on 10 feet. 8. inches is 3 feet The door high, the bottomp feet 21 wide at and 11 feet the top". at

(Walton, Such are

illustrations

and

invaluable

field

remains

descriptions of

reminders of

the

settlements

of

the

of,

1959,61) structures

ephemeral

missing

elements., two

past

111

the

among

hundred

or-three

years. In. more the

permanent form

gabled They

the-surviving

of, roof

are

remains

upper

obviously

certainlyýprominent

is

there

materials the

of-buildings often

walls

or

came

early

to

in

the

of-the

construc, not

of

enough

to

The

straight-

roof. some parts sketches

ted

of

the

on John

suggest

Highlands. Home's

If

278

-

1774 plans other

buildings

which

may have

early

sites

of

(Plates

hip-roofed

the

hearths

is

cruck

building,

a warning

level

or to

107)-

and

With

courses

houses

where

of

presence

indication

be. a good

but

retention

uncritical

most

a few

only

The should

against

construction

know

remains the

shows

sheelingse

difficult

106

and

hip-roofed

features

is

it

he also

non-stone

even

foundation

to

but

and

outhouses'or

murvivingg

non-gable of

been

82-84). shape

unusual

of

reduced

walling

were

(Figures

Assynt

of

-

'anachronistic'

of

acceptance

the

of

evidence. Some therefore

insofar

of

the

be

said

evolution on

the

typical

represent

the

time-scale

of

evidence

abandonment,

other

period

easily

not

-

socio-economic had

altered

elements,

degree

of

local

adoption already and areas

by

which

but

these had

and

necessity

a difficult

is

of from for

ideas other

environment.

more

were

by

further

before than

blurred

by

regions

of to

whatever.

custom

techniques

what

which

the

one

remains

clan

and

to

undeniable by

modified

seem

The

physical

There

adjustment

Many

of

the

been

rational-

excavation*

occurred,

picture

retention

disappeared the

The

without

had

points.

occupation

remains

time.

settlement

different

sheep* of

produced

through

feudalisation usagee

may have

a whole

improvementsp

of

phase

could

as

of

at

for

last

recognised

greatly

ending

clearances

sites

Highlands

vestiges

because

the

only

system

Celtic

by

and

the

final but

Sutherland

and

of

periodt

1750-1850

holdings

of

Perthshire

be

to

a long

over

isation offer

they

as

in

remains

and the

had

British"Isles

was

in

late

many

- 279 -

12-3

Some General

That

the

process

splitting. was by 2.

documentary Tax

estate

plans phase,

That

remains

century

4.

those

show

on

the

shown

on

which

mortar same the

and site

in

early

remains,

even'where

buildine 19th

only

some

of

that

their

with of

by

plans the

and

quality

and

plans,

books

and

forms

some

phase,

of listst

tenant,

whereas

others, often

and

be matched

a

been

may have in

but

lengthp

have

the

same

orientatio

in

many

areas

there

had

stone.

on varies

n are

trace

no begun.

land'surveyors

buildings

information

18th

with

of, which

in

showed

estate

plans

widely

in

and

quality.

examiningremains

and

Seal,

extended

century

existing

recorded

consistency That-only

the

Great

which

but,

plans;

recorded

18th/early

can

buildings

clusters,

many

by

development.

survive

That

terminated

until

shown

one

only

historical

with

stand

court

including

rebuilt

be the

as

rentals,

do

plans,

partly

such

usually of

townships

can

continuity

Rolls,

late

and, rebuilding

clearance.

or

evidence

Hearth

colonisation,

building

Highland

on many

site-name

growthp

contraction,

-expansionp

improvement

which

settlement

of

continuous

That

as

Conclusions

maps of

can

the

a realistic

in

the

field

assessment

cartographical-evidence.

in

association be made

280

-

That

least

laud

scarcity

That

because

in

rate

That

late

illegal,

environment

plough

the

rocky

Assynt

was

was

colonising

but

this

Assynt

was

process had

occupants,

from

single-

1766

and

where

the

of

who looked

servants,

population

no

to

1775

siugle-tenant to

develop.

been

have

the

whereas

Due

arable

Assynt settlement

and

on Lochtayside.

of

perhaps

but

farms

in

Some

rath. er cotters

groups or

The

grazings.

development between

Assynt

on Lochtayside

paralleled land

holdings was

was

perhaps

(ege

where not

Appendix

a greater

to

infield

of

on Lochtayside. for

due

Assynt

quality

status

There

to

chrom,

such,

the

population.

pressure.

as

on

records,

between

seem

the

the

a

agricultural

tenants

not

pressure

of

terms

on Lochtayside.

joint-tenancy

was

in

cas

evident

after

a rapid

forming

population

areas not

cotters)

century,

1769-74

than

poorer

sheeling

farms

beeinning

much

the

at

settlement

landscape,

fragmented

and

and

implement

main

and

growth

particularly

the

of

by

in

growth,

more

and,

entirely

almost

was

and

J,

century.

19th

in

Assynt

at

accelerated

were_iucreasing

economy

and, since

population

but

sub-stratum

and

proceeding

population

unofficial

in

arable

greatly

by

(crofters

l8th/early

tilled

was

was

overall

the

to

been

mid-18th

townships

Lochtayside

and

the

of

differences

mainly

the

after

for

areas

as Assyntj

invisible

almost

but

times,

Highland

sometimes

of

had

groups

on many

in

settlement,

such

non-tenant

8.

shieling

medieval

some areasq

7.

of

colonisation

eventually.,

-

density

so

great

8)

were of

a

281 -

population

per

the

and

usually

population

was

single

clustersp

whereas

scattered

across

despite

10.

its

century

occupation

value

in

reconstruction, and than

not

re-use could

in the

buildings

be

obtained

in

large,

Lochtayside two

with

or

three

development of

application,

the

much sites

much

by

normal

of

features*

archaeological

evidence

evidence re-alignment,

1ýtte

settlement

larchaict

examinod,

more

in*the

human

environment,

retention

superimpositionp of

unit

the

produced

revealine

the

physical

limited

of

on Lochtayside

townships, of

in

thaii

concentrated

a smaller

strong

so far has

excavation

Its

Veen

particularly in

That

each

extremes

have

forms,

was

cluster

factors

Assynt

Assynt

settlement

go That

in

unit

areal

18th/lgth

fieldwork.

of but of

pre-18th has

shown

construction, function century

BIBLIOGRAPH

Y

282

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of

of Statistics Farquharson,

A Plan of Breadalbane Breadalbane (RHP 717)-

Book John

North

Lochtaysi4e

An Exact Map of Breadalbane Honble. John Earl of The Rt.

Edgar

From

the

1744

by

John

Farquharson,

Lochtayside-Farms

Farms

South

by

by

Johý

Lochtayside

in Perth Shire. of Breadalbaneo

(RHP 1903)-

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Farquharson,

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John

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Notes on North (RHP 973/2)9

of Statistics and Notes on McArthur, 1769 (RHP 974/2).

Will

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the South-side the Property Survey'd &c.

of

SOURCES

Lochtayside)

and 1769

Individual Plans 1769 (RHP 974/1).

-

McArthur,

Farms

Part of Survey'd

by

the by

Lands

(GD 112):

Muniments

Rentall in Perthshire, Estate of Breadalbane's of the Earle Cropt 1718* and Martinmas General Index to the Contents in of the'Charter granted favour 29th Marchq 1734. of Breadalbanev of the Earl Tack

of

Succoch

to

John

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Report Division

of

Improvements by Tenants and Martinmas, 1799preceeding

Report quantity

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the State of of sown grass

Croping and on Lochtayside

List & Crofters of Cottars & Cloichrain rent paying List Sept.

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Crofters

Mar and Kellie Ane Account by Mr John there 1712

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in the District to the tenants

of 1822o

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Cotters

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the

District

and

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Affairs in of the Earl of Marts Innes his Lordship's of Sinnahard (GD 124/17/102)*

Aberdeenshire Chamberlane

283 -

Hearth Tax (E. 69/23/1)

Returns,

Sutherland

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1691:

(E. 69/19/2)v

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I

A copy of the 16 plans, tables with and obýservations (RHP Assynt, 1774 1672/1-16ýof John Homets Survey of National

Library

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Scotland

A rough

map of

I'Assyin.

A rough

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probably

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of

Drummond

Castle

Perth

and Estates

Atlas the Estate of Mr and Mrs Drummond

(Master,

11 M. T. P.

in

of Perthp Burrell.

work

Perthshire.

Clackmannan

Office,

the

Timothy

by'J.

Pont?

)

Timothy

Pont,

Go Cameron

(Sculp.

of

Stobie,

1783

(EMS-

Muthill the property Surveyed by

the Honbles of 1810* James Knoxg

4

' )p

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impact leases on and their the in seventeenth agriculture Rev., 27,1-9Hist. Agric.

to shortHuman response and long-term the example fluctuations: of climatic M-Lo C. In D. Sm ith Scotlandand early , ) (eds. Consequences Parry of Climatic 17-29. Changev

303 -

the Annexed vols.

Willso

V-P 1973-

Reports on 1755-1769.2

Wills,

V-,

The gentleman farmer and the Annexed in the Highlands Estates: agrarian change in the second half of the ei hteenth (ed In ToM. Devine Lairds century. ,ý in the Scotland and Improvement of the Enlightenment, 38-46.

Wilson,

wolf, Withrer,

1978.

E.,

in Aberdeenshire: Parming Transo-Highland moderno 14p 76-102*

1902.

J*,

and ancient Soo*,. Agrico

Peasants.

1966. Ko.

Estates,

ältesten Agrargeschichte Beiträge zur Nordens* germanischen _des

1935-

i

M

la"RIV OW IVER5M RARY.-

-lo5

farm

only

and

isolated

one

farm,

no

joined

exception

an

settlement

building,

grazing

Suckoch

but

one

this

was

a large

on, e tenant

and

probably

all,

under

only

variation

can

be

also

noted

in

the

size

clusters:

North A

Side

sample

25

of

farm

townships 126

479

buildingsp

plus

and

4 isolated

yards.

3.16

clusters

6

buildings

19.8

buildings

1.6

yards

5.2

ý

wit:

79

Also

yards.

clusters 16

containing

isolated

buildings

farm

per

yards

South ,A

at

had

time.

A considerable

of

Tomour

cluster*

clusters

to

the

at

-,

per

cluster

per

farm

(including

per

cluster

per

farm

(including

farm

townships

plus

77, yards.

isolated

isolated

buildings)

yards)

Side

sample

29

of

297, buildings, and

4 is'olated

1.86

clusters

5-5 .

buildings

11-3,

buildings

1.42

yards

2-79

yards

North

and

A total containing buildings

with

54

Also

clusters

31

containing

isolated

buildings

yards. farm

per

per per South

sample 776 and

per

cluster

per,

farm

(including

isolated

buildings)

cluster (including

farm

isolated

yards)

Lochtayside of

54

farm

townships

buildings,

plus

8 isolated

yards*

203

with yards.

133

clusters

Also

47 isolated