Novel Management technologies for port and harbor - IN Japan

Marine Seminar 2012, May 10. 2012

Novel Management technologies for port and harbor sediments in Japan and Norway Yoshiyuki NAKAMURA Port and Airport Research Institute, PARI & Hans Peter H. ARP Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NGI

Wide common interests and possible research area for corporative study between PARI and NGI

Topics for cooperation between NGI and PARI Geohazards – simulation and monitoring of risks associated with landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis Offshore foundations – wind energy, offshore installations, subsea geotechnology characterization Environmental technology – sediment capping, passive sampling, better assesments of risks to aquatic ecosystems

Signing Ceremony May 9, 2012 @Royal Norwegian Embassy with attendance of Minister Giske

Port and Airport Research Institute Research on Ports and Airports Studies on Marine Environment, Coastal Disaster Prevention and Utilization of seas

50 years history of PARI • 1946 small section of Railroad Research Institute, Ministry of Transport in Tokyo • 1949 Moved to Yokosuka City

• 1962 Port and Harbor Research Institute (PHRI) • 2001 Independent Administrative Institution, Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI)

Executives and Employees （May 9,2011 ） Executives 役員 ２４名

2011 budget Other Revenue

管理部門 Administrative Staff ２２名

７６

１８

Total 計 ９９ １０５名 Research Staff 研究部門 ７９ ７９名

職員 Staff １０１名 ９７

Total Commissioned research ２，４９８ income (Million yen) １，０２５ Subsidy for Construction Of facilities １４９

Operational subsidy １，２４８

Research Activities of PARI on Coastal Water Environment

Background and Objectives of Environmental Studies in PARI • The “Bay Renaissance Projects” have been established successively for Tokyo, Osaka, Ise and Hiroshima Bays. The restoration goal of each bay seems to be shifted from “clean sea” to “sea with abundant biodiversity”. • Among several restoration options, construction of tidal flats and seaweed/seagrass beds, as well as restoration of borrow pits, are appointed as the main target of the restoration technologies to realize a coastal water environment with abundant biodiversity. • Restoration of coastal ecosystems as well as the basic studies on structures and functions of ecosystems are the main target of technology and science in PARI.

Tidal flat construction in Japan

Example of constructed tidal flats in Japan (Seto Inland Sea)

Background and Objectives of Environmental Studies in PARI (continued) • Most of dredged material is clean and a good resource for construction material of tidal flats and shallows, as typical examples of beneficial use of dredged material. • However, some port and harbor sediments are chemically polluted and should be remediated. • In order to manage port and harbor sediment, the fundamental knowledge on the physico-chemical processes at and around sediment surface is indispensable to understand sediment movements as well as the fate and transport of fine chemicals. • We, PARI, has been promoted such fundamental studies as well as assessing the adverse effects of chemicals on benthic fauna and proposing countermeasures for contaminated sediments.

Fine chemicals & ecotoxicology study in PARI Field surveys on chemical pollutions in coastal sediments Resuspension and release flux at the sediment-water interface Adsorption and Partitioning

Fate and transport of chemicals

Toxicity tests of benthic organisms Bioconcentration processes in mesocosm experimental facility

Ecotoxicology of chemicals

Development of management tool of chemicals in sediments

Field surveys on chemical pollutions in coastal sediments Sumida River Tokyo Port

Tokyo

Ara River

Edo River Chiba Port

Chiba Tama River Kawasaki Port

Stn.2

Yokohama Port

Dioxins (PCDDs+PCDFs+Co-PCBs) Co-PCBs

Yokohama (pg-TEQ/g-dry) Kisarazu Port

Stn.4 Yokosuka Port

50

50 pg-TEQ/g-dry

40 30

20

20 10

10

1

5

: Ecology-Mobility Foundation 0

5

10 km

1

: Port and Harbour Bureau

(74)

Dioxins

• Fate and transport of fine chemicals in sediments (1) Adsorption to sediments, Water-sediment-biota partitioning (2) Flux of Chemicals from sediments through resuspension and release (3) 3-D fate and transport modeling

Vertical 1-D distribution model of chemicals (dioxins)

11 13 15 17 19 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 69 71 73

PCDD/FsPCDD/Fs濃度(ng/g) concentration (ng/g) 2 cumulative depth (g/cm2) 積算重量深度(g/cm )

0

5

10

15

20

0 2 4 6 8 10

観測値 observations

12

解析値 model

14

(Matsunaga, 2000)

prediction

TBT toxicity tests of benthic organisms: toward establishing bioassay （joint study with Yokohama City Univ.） Acute toxicity tests Chronic toxicity tests Bio-concentration Sed.-water-biota partitioning

Target organisms: Sediment dwelling amphipods

Results of acute toxicity tests: 48-h LC50： 7.8 μgSn/l

Developing management tool of chemicals in port and harbor sediments ・Expected output &outcomes

Establishment of management strategy for post s and harbor sediment and its beneficial use

Proposal of novel method of capping using sediments rich in organic matter and evaluation of its effectiveness

sediments containing organic matter Typical distribution of dissolved dioxins Water 有機物を含む土

depth (mm)

Proposal of effective countermeasures against chemical pollution

permeable透水シート sheets

capping layer

contaminated layer Dioxin Concentration no capping 覆砂なし

capping with sand capping with 清浄な砂を覆砂（t=5cm） 未汚染底泥を覆砂（foc=5%） sediment

Recent PARI-NGI joint studies • A comparative study of • The toxicity level of two harbors in Norway PAHs for benthic fauna and Port of Nagoya, are examined in three Japan (Arp et al., Environmental ports by a novel method Engineering Research Forum, by Arp et al. (2010). JSCE (2011)

St.A

Drammen

Oslo

Drammen

Nagoya

St.B St.C

Norway Overview of sampling locations in harbors of Oslo, Drammen and Nagoya

Thank you

Field observation in Nagoya Port Poster presentation at scientific meeting in Nagoya, Nov. 2011.

Novel management technologies for port and harbor sediments in Japan and Norway Hans Peter H. Arp Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Norway-Japan Marine Seminar 2012 MAY 10 2012 Tokyo, Japan

NGI today •

Leading international competence centre in the geosciences

•

Main office and laboratories in Oslo • •

Branch office in Trondheim, Norway Daughter company in Houston, Texas

•

Private foundation

•

Leads CoE - "International Centre for Geohazards" (ICG)

•

212 employees from 30 nations

•

25-40 guest researchers every year

•

Annual turnover 2010: NOK 317 mill. ( ~40 M euro or 4.5 billion JPY)

Magnesium plant

Dioksins

HgPAH Hg

PAH

Hg Hg

TBT

Hg Hg

Hg PAH

TBT

PAH TBT TBT

PAH TBT

50 km2 Dioksins

PAH

Dioksins

PAH TBT

Marianne Olsen, Fylkesmann Telemark, 2012

Contaminated sediments - Remediation

Dredge to land

Dredge to sea and cap

? Cap

?

Natural Recovery

?

A Tale of Two Harbors Grenlandsfjord Drammensfjord

Europe’s most contaminated dioxin site! Extreme pollution with the antifouling paint TBT!

Monitored A Tale of Natural Two Harbors Recovery Map sediment concentrations in space and time

Drammensfjord

Monitored Natural Recovery Measure the concentrations of settling sediments

Drammensfjord

Monitored Natural Recovery Measure the concentration in fish, blue mussels and passive samplers

Drammensfjord

Monitored Natural Recovery Measure contaminants as they escape the seabed

Drammensfjord

Monitored Natural Recovery Put it all together in a model calibrated with measurements

Drammensfjord

Is Natural Recovery Good Enough? No remediation or

Drammensfjord

Cap the most

polluted area in 2013

measured

model

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Grenlandsfjord sediment field study ”Opticap” - NGI - 4 industry partners - Norwegian Research Council - Norwegian EPA

Budget 3.5 mill USD 5 fields, 750 000 ft2 80 tons AC 30-100 m water depth THIN CAPPING TESTED

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Clay

Clay+AC

Reference

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

700

Thin Capping Reduces Sediment Emissions of Dioxins

Release of dioxins [pg/m2*d]

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Knust kalk Crushed limestone

Leire Clay

Leireand og kull Reference Referanse Clay

Activated Carbon

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

No capping -> perhaps 50 years Thin capping -> perhaps 10 years

NIVA, 2005

Enhanced Recovery Grenlandsfjord

Global CO2 vs Local Remediation? Biochar?

Vs.

What is the best capping material for fish and for society?

A Tale of Many Two Harbors Harbors Grenlansfjord Drammensfjord

Europe’s most contamiated dioxin cite! Extreme pollution with the biocide TBT!

ありがとうございました！

Tusen takk！

More Information Drammensfjord www.fylkesmannen.no/forurenset

Grenlandsfjord www.opticap.no

NGI www.ngi.no

([email protected])

1951-2002: Norsk Hydro Magnesiumfabrikk Emissions of dioxins, TEQ g/yr 100000

14000

10000

12000 10000

1000

8000

100

6000

10

4000 2000

0

0

19 51 19 55 19 59 19 63 19 67 19 71 19 75 19 79 19 83 19 87 19 91 19 95 19 99 20 03

1

Year

----- Log ----- Linear

Sources of contaminants in sediments