Old Yorkshire
October 30, 2017 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
of the house, sorely education in part at Rotherham, at the Old Grammar School, I suppose, took his M. A. de g ......
Description
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L E ED s : P R I N TE D
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C H A RL E S GOOD ALL , C OOKE I D G E STR E E T
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H A T CI TY ; S E C RE TAR Y TO TH E SU RTE E S S OCI ETY ; V I C E P R E S I D E N T OF TH E Y ORK SH I R E A R C HIEOL OGI C AL AN D TOP OG RA PH IC AL S O C I ETY AN D M EM B E R OF OTH E R L E ARN E D B O D I E S ; A ZE AL OUS A N TI Q UA R Y A C AR E FU L AN D P A I N S TAK I N G WR I TE R UP ON AN D TOP OG RA PH I C AL AN D K I N D R E D SU B J E CTS A M A N OF H I GH C U LTU R E AN D S C H OLARLY ATTAI N M E N TS ; “ OL D Y ORKSH I R E TH I S V OL U M E OF I S D E D I C ATE D A S A M A R K OF S I N C E RE R E SP E CT AN D A s A R E C O GN I TI O N OF H I S LA B OU R S I N TH E F I E LD OF E NQ U I R Y TO W H I C H H I S E N E R G I E S H A V E B E E N D EV OTE D ST
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M I CHAEL S
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WI LLIA M S M I T H M ORLE Y , A ugust, 1 884
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P R E F A C E
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issuing the fi fth and last volume Of Old Yorkshire the E ditor desires to impress on his contributors and subscribers the fact that it is from no lack Of support either in the shape Of contributions or s ub Circumstances sc rip tion s that he is compelled to abandon the work over which he had no control have arisen which will not admit of his devoting that time and attention to the work whi ch alone can ensure for it the maintenance in the f uture of that high position in the estim a tion Of its readers which in the p ast it so happily attained IN
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In bidding good bye to the many lit erary friends w hose contri butions have graced its pages the Editor would again express his great indebte dness as well as his sincere thanks for the unvarying kindness w ith which they have assisted him in his la b ours 3 and to those gentle men who ha v e during the prog ress of the wor k volunteered communi cations which for various reasons ( principally wan t Of Space ) have been declined he begs to acknowledge his Obligations and to express his sincere regret that it was not in his power to gratify their wishes More especially in connection with the pres ent volume has the u m “ pleasant task Of writing declined with thanks in r e gard to O ffered contributions fallento his lot and he has never S O written without a pang Of regret “
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R E FA C E
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Nu merous as are the subjects which have found a place in the fi v e volumes Of Old Yorkshire there are many more to which attention has not hitherto been given and there would be no diffi culty in extending the series to fi fty in lieu of fi v e volumes ; an d the Edito r indulges the hope that some zealous antiquary may b e induced to take up the work and continue year by year to unfold by means Of te xt and illustration the manifold and indeed i n exhaustible subjects Of in terest ap p er taini n g to the county ,
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In relinquis hing a work w hich has been ,in the truest sense o f “ the word a labour of love the E ditor would also desire to record his deep sense Of the great kindness she w n by the co ntribu tors of illustra tions which have added materially to the attractions Of Old Yorkshire and have assisted him in his aim of publishing the work at a price that should place it within the reach of all class es Of readers ”
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In conclusion the Editor ass ures his readers he h as neither desired His n or aimed at reaping any p ecuniary bene fi t from the publication sole reward has b een the approval Of his subscri b ers and the reviewers and he feels himsel f thereby amply repaid for his labours ,
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His main Object has been to awaken and foster a love for anti i r an u a q
and topographical research 3 and he indulges the hope that his modest e Horts in this direction have n ot been without some measure of success .
Osborn e H ou se, M orley , '
near
A ugu s t 1 s t, 1 88 4
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L eeds ,
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A N TI Q U A R I A N I S M
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N OT
until I b egan to prepare this paper was I quite aware how di ffi cult a task I had undertaken Any one who writes on a topic should be able to convey to his readers a clear de fi nition of it but in writing on Antiquarianism I fin d a subject Of delightful vagueness and most admired confusion Shall we try what can be done with defin itions or descriptions ? Shall we say that Antiquarianism is the occupation Of Antiquaries and the study of Antiquities ? B u t who are Antiquaries and what are Antiquities ? 1 —W e owe the name of Antiquary to the post Augustan Latin word A u tiqu ariu s applied to writers or speakers that affected Obsolete words and archaic forms of e x pression 2 — I n the middle ages A n tiqu arii were residents in monasteries whose occupation was to make n ew C opies of old books to whose care and skill later times are indebted for manuscript copies Of the classical writers of G reece and R ome of the Christian F athers and Of the Sacred Writings themselves 3 — More r ecently the antiquary was the keeper of royal cabinets of antiquities and curiosities gathered from other lands Henry V I I I Of England c alled J ohn Leland his Antiquary 4 — I n the year 1 5 7 2 in Queen Elizabeth s reign a society w as formed by B ishop Parker Sir Robert Cotto n W illi am Camden and others for examining and preservin g antiquities (papers discussed by them are still to be fou nd amo n g the Cottonian MSS and books in B ritish M useum ) but the wisest fool in Christendom King J ames I put a stop to their meetings lest they should include politics in their .
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I N TR OD UC TI ON
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studies and lead to the D isestablishment Of the Church as Hearne says In Queen Anne s time in 1 7 07 a new society was formed I t included the famous names Of G ale Stukeley , an d Rymer R econ stituted in 1 7 1 7 it Obtained a royal charter from G eorge I I in 1 7 5 0 ” and w as incorporated as the Society of An tiquaries in London “ G eorge I II , in 1 7 8 0 gave the society a local habitation in ” “ Somerset H ouse Membe rs of this Society were called Antiquarians and presently I shall have something to say about them — B u t there are Antiquaries w ho are not fellows of that 5 society nor of any other They are it must be owned an undefi ned and almost indescribable set of people w ho are supposed to concern “ themselves about Antiquities So n ow we must ask What are “ Antiquities I W idely and in the fi rst i ns tance corr ectly the term is applied to all the remains Of ancient times Whatever has sur vived the past whatever has escaped the ravages of time and the fleeting generations Startin g b ackwards from any of men , belongs to the Antiquities point which may be supposed to separate the new from the Old the present from the past , we meet everywhere with scattered remains of antiquity , with footprints on the sands Of Olden times with waifs and strays from the sea of former ages and so everything that the march of time and the progress of the ages have left behind is included in A ntiquities B u t if this de finition Of Antiquarianism is correct what then is left for the H istoria n to do ? W hat di fference is there between H istory and Antiq uities ? SO gradually the meaning of the term “ Antiquities h as bee n narrowed and a distinction made between Antiquarianism and History th ough the distinction is not very sharply drawn P erhaps it may be thus stated : the H istorian and the Antiquary both study the past b ut the one studies the past for its bearing on the present and the other studies the pas t for itself alone The H istorian records the lives characters and dee ds Of the past the A ntiquary is content to examine what they hav e left behind as the The Hi storian deals with the visible results of their activities politic al relations Of men as nations with the successive events and vicissitudes Of their existence with their principles motives and achievements in their relations as cause s and e ffects It is his Obj ect to describe the ori gin and growth Of political institutio n s and social conditions H e trac es the progress Of ci v ilization Of religion of arts ”
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I N TR OD U C TI ON
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and scienc e and manufactu res and commerce of national life and manners He tells of wars and conquests and treaties be tween nation and nation H e brings the past down to the present and shows how the present springs out of and proceeds from the past The Antiquary is content with the separate isolated and i n di vidual products of the past that the present offers to his notice Architectural remains ruined abbeys and grand cathedrals sculptured monuments and ivy clad castles missals and manuscripts and fi rst editions old parchments and coins and seals any object that is old 3 whatever he can see and handle and scrape and test and label He deals with real tangible things not with theories not with narratives B u t for a long S pace of time in E ngland at least the study of antiquities meant only G reek and Roman antiquities The attention of Antiquarians was con fined all but exclusively to the antiquities of the C lassical peoples of G reece and Rome or if there were any ex As yet the ancient cep tion it was the study of J ewish antiquities remains of our own country had received little attention and our insular position shut ou t from us much acquaintance with o ther countries Then , as we learn from books like Adam s Roman and P otter s Greek Antiquities painfully known in our youthful days the range of antiqu ities included such knowledge of the internal condition of those countries and peoples as could be obtained from all sources of inform ation Adam and Potter draw no fi n e distinction between History and Antiquities They describe the civil govern ments the duties and rights of various clas ses of society their courts of justice laws tri als and punishments the religion of the pe ople their gods temples priests and sacri fi ces their oracles and games ; their wars their we apons apparel and pay 3 the social habits of the people their funerals marriage s and tombs with innumerable details and particulars of the mann ers and cu stoms of those great nations B u t in our days the range Of antiquarian study has been widely extended and vastly deepened The necessities of commerce and the activities of colonization have made us acquainted with many nations and their antiquities have become interesting to us The cou ntries of the world have been e x plored and the wonderful remains of Egypt Assyria Persia India China and J apan have spread a large book in many volumes before the attentive study of the Antiquary ,
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N TRODU CTI ON
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even this wide range is not enough The Antiquary fi nds everywhere fragments of the past which carry him beyond the li mits covered by authentic history The Obj ects of his careful s tudy le ad him back to periods of tim e an d conditions of human life of which there are n o w ri tten records Then he fi nds himself compelled to make inquiry into the origi n o f man him self and into the very structure He becomes be wildered with the o f the earth on which he lives enormous mass of his antiquarian accum ul ations and finds it absolutely necessary to divide and subdivide his immense task of investigating and classifying the materials he has to study G r adually he fi nds that a change has taken place in the very nature of his work H e has been obliged to call science to his aid and so A ntiquari anism becomes Arch aeology P al aeontology Ethnology Numismatics Sociology etc etc 3 and he fi nds that Antiquarianism is still attaching its elf to every known art and science as its basis and its support Still there is a distinction betw een the An tiquary and the Archae ologist The on e collects the materials the other arranges clas si fi es and explains them The on e picks up flint wea pons and arrow heads bronze swords and iron daggers : the other speaks o f the three great stages in the progress of human invention and describes the ston e the bron z e and the iron p eriods of mankind s early life The one is practical the other is theoretical A ntiquarian ism is an art Arch aeology is the science W here the Antiquary sees only cu rious remains of whic h the H is torian is absolutely silent the A rch aeologist reproduces forms of life and co n ditions and habits of society long since left behin d and introduces u s if not to primeval man to man j ust emerging from some lower form of animal life and shows us how he fi rst learnt to chip fl in ts for knives and spear hea ds before he discovered the u se o f articulate S peech or fo u nd the comfort of clothes and dwellings and cooked food F or all ordinary purpo ses then there is still a real difference between Antiquarianism and Arch aeology The A ntiquary is a h o melier and more modest person H e likes to pick up odds and ends H e loves to pok e among ruins and church yards You s ee him haunting old curiosity S hops and old book stalls If the streets are up for a deep drainage or the foundations of an old house are dug out he is there At home he has a room c alled his stu dio or his den or his museum full of queer things overflowing into other rooms of the house sorely trying to the housewi fe s sense of neatness and order But
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I N TR
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O D U CTI O N
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and p orta dex tra well nigh entire and there is the very ” P r aetorium Are y ou not sorry for Monkb arn s when that horrid “ voice of E die O chiltree croaks ou t P r aetorian here P r aetorian there I mi nd the bigging o t And the stone has fou r letters on it tha t s Aiken Drum s Lang Ladle
sin istra
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W ho does not call
mind that immortal dis c overy of Mr Pickwick which has been the pride and boast of his frien ds and the envy of every antiquarian in this or any other country How that “ distinguished man discovered a stone with a strange and curious ” inscription of unquestionable antiquity H ow he lectured upon the discovery at a general meeting of the learned society How a skilful artist had made a faithful picture of the curiosity , and presented copies Ho w Mr Pickwick w rote a pamphlet to the learned societies containing ninety six pages of ve ry small print and twenty seven di fferent readings of the inscription and w as in consequence electe d an honorary member of seventeen native and foreign societies Ho w that none of the seventeen could make anything of it though all ” “ agreed that it w as very extraordinary How that heart burnings and jealousies without n u mber were crea ted by rival controversies which were penned upon the subject And ho w that wretched Mr “ Blotton with a mean desire to tarnish the lustre of the immortal name found the man from whom the s tone was purchased w ho of P ickwick , did indeed assert that the stone w as an cient but as for the ins crip tion he had himself r u dely carved it as so many other idle seekers afte r immortality do with his own name as witness B I LL S TU MP S HI S “
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end of fun has been poked at the Antiquaries from the very first The London Society as we have already said was formed in 1 7 1 7 In 1 7 28 the Society began to hold its meetin gs at the Mitre Tavern in F leet Street on Thursday evenings when the meetings of the Royal Society had closed W e have a graphic account of one of their meetings written by a Rotherham man and this is a b it of local history which seems to have escaped the notice of Mr Eastwood in his account of I v an hoelan d and of Mr G uest in his records and relics of Rotherham 3 nor has it yet found a place in the volume s of Old A boy named J ames C awthorn born in 1 7 21 received his Yorkshire education in part at R otherham at the O ld G rammar School I suppose t ook his M A de gree and became Maste r of Tunbrid ge School H e .
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I N TR
OD U CTI O N
XV
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was
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killed by a fall from his horse in 1 7 6 1 in his 40th year and was buried at Tunbridge W ells He has a good natured fling at the Antiquarians S ome An ti qu arian s grave an d loy al In corp orate b y C h arter R oy al Last Win ter on a Thursday n ight wer e ,
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Pr i d t lik Mr M j ti c t k th lb w c h i r A d gr v ly d c ru m t i d With fi gild d m c b f r h im Up th t bl w r di pl y d A Bri ti h k if w ith u t bl d A c mb f A gl S t l l A p t t with Ki g Alfr d Tw ru t d mu til t d pr g S upp d t b St D t t g With whi c h h th t ry g O c t k th D vil b y th Th e
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They proceed to business and discuss grave matters A t len gth
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Reminds his learned brethren of his great talents and wide experience 3 ‘F r I li k e l m h r u h e v e r c i e ou t o o y g y H av e trac e d th e step s of h oary tim e A n d gath er ed up h is sacre d sp oils W i th more th an h alf a cen t ry s toils W hatev er virtu e d eed or n ame An ti qu ity h as left to fame I n ev ery age an d e v ery z on e I n copp er m arble w ood or ston e I n v ases fl ow r p ots lamp s an d s c on c es In tagli os c am eos gem s an d br on z es Th ese ey es h av e read th r ou gh m an y a cru st Of lack er varn i sh grease an d du st With such a title to their attention he announces his discovery of a rare treasure I h ere ex hibit to y our v i ew A m ed al fairly worth P eru 3 F oun d as tradition say s at R ome N ear th e Quirin al Catacomb H e sai d an d from a purse of satin Wrapp ed in a leaf of m on k i sh Latin ,
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O D UCTI O N
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e
e
s
o er
an
o e
’
”
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And then they give their opinio ns grow angry in deba te sco ff and sc orn and sneer and storm W hilst the tempes t rages Tom a pe rt w aite r smart an d cle ver ,
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Cu ri u s to s wh t c u d thi r ut An d
S lily
a
ee
o
se
a
o
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,
what the doctors w ere about
,
uff th dl k wh t r t h y p l A d dt w S th dh cm r y L ud di c il d h i r S tr g mi gl d u d i p mp u Of I i Ib i L t u Nil d in to
’
ste p p
’
as
a e e
oon as
e s no
n
o
an
oon
s
as
e can
a
ssonan e assa
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n
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s,
he sees
so n
“ the
bursts
e n ea
s,
n
e.
of
o
o
s sty le ,
”
of
all their noise
r i
lea
an d
n ng
pl i d i c r i an
s e n n g,
b r h lfp y curi ity ? I f t hi i y ur b t pr f f i c W ith W i d m T m cl im lli c 3 C t t with t r rtl k wl dg H c r lik b th ch l d ll g
Th at a m e To th em a s
s
e
enn
a
.
,
,
r up
l
an t e se
,
coin the cause
A n d is thi s g o So sho t of sen se
r
o
s ea
s,
o
es ,
ease
e
e
s s,
As
sn
can
e
os
es
o
s
o
o
oo
o
s no a
a
’
on en
na u e s a
e s o ns a
e
o
s
sc en e,
ess
oo
an e
no
an
co
e
e
e,
e
’
.
A terrible storm is rising but Th e tem p es t ey e d Tom sp eeds h is fl ight A n d sn eerin g b i d s th em all G ood n igh t 3 C on v in c d th at p ed an try s alli es May b e too learn ed to b e w i se ,
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he
I N TR
O D UCTI O N
x vii
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.
essay ists of the 1 8 th century are nearly all of Tom s Opinio n The Sp ectator the R am bler the C onn oisseu r the Ta tler the I d ler and the World either deride the An tiquarians or treat them with faint praise Dr J ohnson in the R ambler of Dec 29 1 7 5 0 the year of the Society s incorporation gives a very absurd accou nt of a virtuoso who collected at ruino u s cost an odd mass of rubbish In his collection were b ottles containing wh at once were an icicle on the crags of ” “ “ Caucasus snow from the top of Atlas dew brushed fro m a ” “ banana in the gardens of Ispahan and brine that once rolled in the ” Paci fi c O cean A few days later J an 1 1 7 5 1 the R a mbler writes more seriously There is a sentence quite prophetic It is impossible he says to determine the limits of enquiry or to foresee what consequences a new discovery may produce Even J ohnson himself would be s urprised if “ he could now see what consequences have followed from anti u r i research in the hundred and thirty years that have passed a a n q since he wrote the words Still he ranks the Antiquary low on the “ The rolls of learned men v irtuoso he says ( Nov 26 1 7 5 1 ) “ patronisingly cannot be said to be wholly useless The collections he makes may be of service to the learn ed B u t to dig the quarry or to search the fi eld requires not much of any quality beyond dogged perseverance H e pities the waste of life but thinks there is not much waste of ta len t or perhaps none of the assembly was capable of “ any nobler employment It is better to do little than to do nothing and he who is never idle will not often be vicious Those times have long S ince passed away and in Englan d in G ermany in F rance and in America also Antiquarianism has survived The desultory pursuit of fragmentary ridicule and won respect antiquities gre w into an important science or rather spread itself into a group of sciences which even now on accoun t of their common origin and kinship cannot be S harply distinguished The uns cienti fic Antiquarian is the parent of them all He has rendered eminent service to the student of nature and of man All branches of know ledge have been enriched by his labours His contributions to science form if not their most valuable still a very considerable part of all their worth H istory has been remodelled by Arch aeology The very conception of what the history of a country should be has been changed by it At the present d ay what a r e volution has taken place in ou r ideas respecting the great eastern empires of antiqui ty The histori e s The
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I N TR
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O D UCTI O N
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E gypt Assyria and P ersia have to be r e written or written for the ,
,
,
fi rst
time , in consequence of recent explorations and discoveries which at fi rst seemed to be only curious remains unintelli gible and nude cyphered dug up by Layard and B otta and S mith and B assam on the banks of the Tigris the E uphrate s and the Chebar 3 but now explained by the still more wonderful d ecy p hermen t of the H iero l h i g y p c s of E gypt and the cuneiform inscriptions of Assyria c ertainly one of the grandest triumphs of modern learning sagacity an d N or d o these discove ri es e ffec t only o ur knowledge perseverance They have a living interes t to all of those old world empires Christendom at least inas much as they throw strangely fresh light on the H ebre w language and help to determin e the meaning of many an obscure biblical word and still more to establish the historical acc uracy of O ld Testament history ; to put light and life into names and pl aces which to the B ible student have hitherto been names and nothin g more Another example of like character is afforded by the be autiful and precious collection of antique objects made in Cyprus by G eneral di C esn ola which the B ritish nation w as too poor to buy but w as purchased for the Metropolitan Mus eum of N ew York ; a collection gratifying the love of beauty by the sight of gems an d gold and silver work statues and vases even apart from arch aeological interest 3 helping als o to clear up the history of Greek art by showing how much it owed in its progress and developement to As syrian and E gyptian influences passing through the Ph oenicians to the G reeks and thro n new light on P hilologic al studies from the G reek P hoenician an d C y p riots inscriptions likewis e dug up by G eneral di C esn ola In like manner also , but as yet to an u nknown extent is the early history of G reece and Asia Minor indebted to the surpris ing labours of Dr Schliemann at My k en ae and on th e s ite of H omer s Troy Still more interesting and important are the results of the P alestin e E xploration Society , and the Surveys of W es tern an d Eas tern P alestine O ne of the latest and most remarkabl e discoveries is that of an in sc rip tion in the tunnel through which flowed the water to supply the Pool An inscription first discovered by accident then copied of Siloam roughly by a G erman investigator 3 better done afterwards by P rof Sayce of O xford and sti ll more accurately by Mr Gu the Prof Sayce gives a curious acco unt of the inscription in his small book “ F resh light from the ancien t monuments ” and he shows that the , tunnel was excavated exactly as M ont C en iS and Mont St G othard ,
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O D U CTI O N
tunnels were by w orkmen beginning at both ends and meeting in the centre 3 a curious con firmation of an old saying that There is nothing ” new under the su n B ut Arch aeology or scienti fi c A ntiquarianism does not stop within the line of historic ages and nations It steps boldly into the regions of the dark untrodden past I t asks questions respecting the pre historic life of man and it makes researches into the stages of his progress and strives to retrace every step until it discovers his very b e ginning 3 and even beyond the fi rs t appearance of man it searches for the fi rst forms of animal an d v e getable life and seeks to know how this great globe itself was formed out of original elements The books of the Arch aeologist are the strata of the earth s crust and the fossils which it contains G eology and Pal aeontology are but branches of his study H e fi nds the earli es t traces of man and of his works in that portion of the earth which geolo g ists call the tertiary period when after a long age of tropical heat followed by another long ago of ic e there came the gradual thaw of the diluvial epoch Then leaving the fi rst traces of man far behind he turns over the strata of the earth as the leaves of a mighty book until there are no more chapters to read and s o the earth itself becomes to him o nly a small portion of that mightier B ook whose words are worlds and whose s entences are systems Into this vast and limitless domain the mere Antiquary does not venture H e is content to be the H istorian s quarryman He aims no higher than to be the Archaeologist s sapper and miner And yet what S plendid SC Op e and what endless variety of interest are left for him He need not again become a mere virtuoso or dilettante the sco ff of poets and essayists of the 19 th century Even for a stay at home Englishman is there n ot ample work with rich instruction and rare amusement ? Nor need A nti q uarian ism become a profession or the business of life Mr G uest of R otherham has sh owed us how it may become the solace and recreation of age for at the green old ag e of 8 0 he prepared and passed through the press that fi n e topographical “ and antiquarian work Historic Notices of Rotherham H ow many of u s might fin d in Antiquarianism a change of occupation healthy alike to body and to mind ? W hat new life might it not give to M echanics Institutes and Literary Societies if each member would contribute his researches to the common s tock If the more conspicuous an d r emarkable monuments of antiquity are ,
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exhausted are there not still old village churches and manors and farms ballads and legends the folk lore of the pe asantry , half ob liter ated traces of old habits and customs fra gments of olden lang uage and olden Opinions and theories relics of art and manufact ure ins crip tions on buildings and tombs and monuments old books old M SS old deeds ; heraldry with seal s, and b rasses and stained windows an d family genealogies 3 costumes as seen in old engravings and pictures and illu m inations ; coins rings and amulets All these things and many more might a fford pleasure c ul tivate taste extend the bo u nds of our knowledge fi ll up pleasantly what otherwise were listless or unhappy o r illspen t hours H ow full of instruction and amusement and how full of materials for the future Topo grapher and H istorian of the greatest county of England are the v olu mes of Old Yorkshire already in the hands of our readers to which we venture to hope this volume will be a worthy companion ,
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F J F .
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C O N TE NTS
t5
XXI I
.
YO R KS HIR E
DI
VI N E S
.
S H O J O H A C O CK P RO OR F C OOK B S H O PU S G OV BI
P
F E SS
I
JOHN
,
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.
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1 42
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.
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1 48
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WAL TON WYC LIF F E
D D .
,
155
.
R E F O R ME R
,
15 7
YO R KS HIR E E D U CATI O NAL E STABLI SH MEN TS ACKW OR TH S C H OO L D O N CA S TE R GR AMMA R S CH OO L A N OLD Y OR KS H I RE C HA R I TY S CH O OL YO R KS HIR E AN C IE NT FAMILI E S
.
1 64
1 73 1 83
.
F
TH E D R AKE AMI L Y TH E R OUN D E LLS OF G L ED STON E
YO R KS HIR E THE
YO R KS HIR E
O S O AB O G S O YO KSH S TATE LY H O ME S
186 19 1
R E M TE HI T R Y
.
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19 4
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.
C AS T E
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C A STLE R E LI GI O U S H O U S E S
201
WE N TWO R TH
YO R KS HIR E
TH E M ON KS
OF
P O PR I ORY
KI R KHA M N OSTE L
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.
B OLTON
215 227
RY
GLI SH MON ASTER Y YOR KS HI R E M AN U SC R IP TS Y OR K SH I R E P O BOO K AN O AN C T H U L D S E A S T R I N G R E G I STER S N O R TH R IN G R GI STE RS W E ST R I I G R E GI STER S Y OR K S HI RE I N 1 634 YO R KS HIR E M U S E U M S M USE UM S YO KSH TH YO R KS HIR E M U S I CIAN S N E TT M U D OC A B W I AM S TE C OM OS O M US C A M JA C K S O W YO R KS HIR E PAR LIAME N T AR Y R E PR E S E NTA TIV E S TA Y R S EN T T O AM H AX P A R YOR KS HIR E C R O SS E S AN D S LAB S A C T Y OR K SH IR G AV S TO S YO R KS HI R E W O R TH I E S TH E
LI F E
EN
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.
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AN D R E W
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301
L I S T OF I L L U S TR ATl ON S
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VII C HA C S C VII I C HAN C S C I X J T N CK C .
XI XII
XI I I
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.
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XV XVI XVII XVI II XIX
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TR AD E SM E N S ’ TR A D E SM E N S ’ TR AD E SM EN S ’ TR AD E SME N S
.
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.
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.
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C H UR C H E FFF I E L D USE S S H EF F I R ST B I C K H O UUSS I N SS H EF EFFIE LD I LD S H EFFF IE S O D CUT E R S HA S H F I ELD F OM PPARR K H II LLL S TA TE PP RII S OO NN Q U N M AR Y S S TH L OE S H O U USS SS H EE F FFIIEE LD I E LD S TO E C R O SS ON TO WTOON FF IE YA R M V AD UCT OL H O US S M O ORR L E Y E
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OL D
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.
Nor thumbr ia kn o w n as On dy raw u da or S zlva D czroru m J ohn Arch b islmp of Y o rk fo u n d e d a church an d monas tery th e form e r of w hich has su rv ive d to en shr in e his m emory in on e of the gran dest and mos t b eau tif ul fabr ics ev e r d e d icate d to the w orsh ip of the on e tru e G od The s ituation s ele c ted for th e conv en t was alr e ady occup ied by a small Saxon church w h ich St J ohn e n larg e d an d was calle d B e v erlac or “ lak e of B e av ers u asi l nd u s vel lac a s c as toru m d zc tu s says L a l e o c q '
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H u lla a u a vzc in a a bu n d eba t q q H ere , u n der the e aves of the mon aste ry an d the pro tection afford e d by the v en e rated memory of its found er and patro n , St J ohn of B ev erley , ros e and gr e w a little town w h ich about 9 3 5 w as given to the Church of St J ohn by a char ter of K in g A th els tan , grante d in a fe rvour of gratitude for a gr ea t v ic tory ov e r the Sco ts , gain e d , as th e K ing b eliev ed , by the miraculous ass is tan ce of the sain t h ims elf N ot only the lords h ip of the town, b u t c ertain pr ivilege s te n ding to ben efi t the inhab ita n ts , w er e conferr e d by th is charter , such as pow e r to hold a cour t an d th erein adjudge local cau s es , pow er for th e tow n sfo lk to buy an d s ell w ith in the d em e s n e , for the A rchb ishop to appo in t a Edward the Co n fe ssor subs e qu en tly co n firm e d this coro n er , etc “ char te r , b u t the mor e cau tious terms o f his letters paten t are I w ill ” i that th e M in s te r and d is tr ic t adj oim n n M i s t e s fr as o h r n r e a t e b e e y g I n the days of W illiam the Conqu eror , the influ e nc e of St J ohn of B ev erley prov e d powerful to protec t church an d to w n from the terrible v eng eance taken by the Norman upo n all the r es t of Nor thumbr ia ’ Th e K in g s sup ers titious f ears be in g rous e d by the sudd e n d ea th of o n e of his c ap tain s who sough t to d espo il the Min s te r , he n ot o n ly w ithdr e w his tr 00ps from the imm edia te n e ighbourhoo d , b u t gr e a tly en r ich e d the “ church and co n firm e d all its privilege s , say in g I t shall all b e fr ee from ” me and all o th e r men exc ep tin g the b ishop and the M in s ter pr iests From th is da te the town na tura lly be gan to increas e in trade , popu lation , and s iz e I n 1 1 21 A rchbishop Thurs tan co n ferr ed upo n the inhab ita n ts of his d em esne at B ev erley the nam e an d s tatus of fr ee men , declar e d ” “ th e m fr ee and qu it from all to ll throughou t the who le sh ir e of Y ork , an d gav e th em a H anshu s , or G u ild hall The ban n er of St J oh n of B ev erley w as d isplaye d in the battle of the Stan dard , 1 1 3 8 , an d w e canno t doub t that valian t m en of B ev erley fough t th ere under I n the r eign of H en ry I I , the to w n was alr e ady the s eat of a thrivin g trade in clo th ; b u t at the clos e o f tha t reign suffer e d from a d isas trous c on fl ag ration , wh ich d e s troy e d the co lle i a te church and a lmos t the g e ntire town I n sp ite of th is the inhab ita n ts con tr ibu te d s o han dsom ely to ransom R ich ard I from an A us tr ian dun g e o n , that by char ter da te d at W orms the K in g firm ly es tab lish e d all th e ir liber tie s d er iv e d from Thurs tan or his succ essor I n fact, from e v ery monarch till th e r eign of J am es I I , B ev erley r ec eiv ed formal r ecogn ition of its char ters , pa id for w ith hard cash , the royal donors b eing firm b eliev ers in th e som ew ha t Y orksh ir e maxim , ” “ no thing for no thin g , and it b eing the curr ent belief in thos e days a cas torzbu s '
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VE R L E Y
3
TH E P A ST
IN
.
va lidity of wr itten docum ents d iminish ed as their age increas ed From K in g J ohn the burgess es r eceive d th eir firs t roy al grant of fr eedo m in 1 29 9 an d pa id 5 00 ma r ks ( e qu ivalent to n e arly £ 5 000 s ter lin g o f our curr en cy ) for that gift wh ich fr eed th em from all toll “ pon tage passag e s tallage e tc throu ghout the entir e r ealm sav in g the lib er ties of the c ity of L o n don A rm ed w ith this ins trum ent th ey i h l r t e i r i u ck y s s t d a s r o s croachm upo h r b s mad by e i u n i li e e t e e n n e e e t t e q A rchb ishop of Y ork who to pr ev e n t the townsfo lk s egr ess from B ev erley ov e r any of h is pas tur es or woods ( wh ich qu ite surroun de d th e place ) d u g a d itch an d p u t a palisad e 5 b u t th e ir char ters pr e vailed and the Archb ishop had to give way Ear ly in the nex t r eign th e town was pav e d ; and H en ry gav e the burgess es s e veral char ters on e e x e mp tin g th em from th e u n jus t an d trad e d es tro in g law u n d er wh ich y if a trad er or citiz en of on e town happ en e d to b e pass in g through a n other and any inhab itan t of th e form er owe d a sum of mo n ey to an y in habita n t of t he la tte r such cre d itor m ight d e tain th e u n for tu n ate pass en ger an d h is goods for paym en t of such deb t although h e had no con nection whatever with the matter A bou t 1 27 2 th e p eople of B e v er ley mad e a v ery practical use of J ohn s grant successfully e s tablish in g a r ight th er eunder to occupy s ta n ds at the fair of St J am es of Watre withou t paymen t of an y dues A bou t th e sam e time o th er little sh rew d n ess es of the B e ver ley charac ter wer e d isplaye d for upon a comm ission of en qu iry into th e decadence of the r ev en u e it was r epor te d that “ the burg ess e s of B ev erley bough t by a gr e at m easur e gr eater than the appo in te d m easur e by on e w aign im an d so ld by a n o th er m easur e as much less than th e appoin te d on e an d “ tha t n o c lo th mad e in the sa id to w n co n ta in ed th e appo in te d b re ad th I n 1 28 2 W illiam W ickw ain e A rchbishop of Y o rk who had alre ady g iven the town the pas tur e of F igh am pr es en te d th e burg ess es w ith a m eado w calle d Uten gs an d a subs tan tial prop e rty in the Market place — th en calle d Bisc op d n s a r a ds ca d Bu r d gs b caus f i n e e t r ll tt e e w e y g ( bu tter w as r etaile d in fron t of the hous es ) b u t sold by the Corporation w ith in the las t s ix ty years Th ere is good re ason to b eliev e that at this time B ev e rley was a walle d town I n 1 3 21 B ev erley o n ly escap e d d es truction at th e hands of the Sco ts who had thus far southward pursu ed Edw ard I I by th e paym en t of a large br ibe I n the n ex t r eign th e popula tion n umb ere d over souls n early d ouble that of H ull ; and B everley ranke d as on e of the fi rs t towns in the k in gdom I t a lso r eceiv e d th e splendid boon of a free gi ft to the burgess es from Archbishop N eville by dee d dated April 2n d 1 3 8 0 of thos e 400 acr es of b e au tifu l an d undu la ting grou n d so well known as Wes tw ood an d which th en co n s titu te d a v er itab le an d valuable for es t The town kep t two mark et days by ancien t cus tom , V1 Z , W e dn esdays an d Satu rdays and poss ess e d in 1 44 7 fi v e b ars N orwood bar Nor th b ar ‘Sou th bar Keld ate bar l an d N ew b e in bar fi g g With ou t e ach of th es e bars th ere was at th e clos e of th e fourteen th c en tury a leper s h ouse that the
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BE
The reign of
VE R L E Y
Henry
5
TH E P A ST
IN
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VI I w itness e d a s ligh t chang e in th e town s co n stitution At that tim e the fr eem en electe d a coun cil of thirty s ix who h eld o ffice for life , an d an n ually appoin te d twelve of th eir n umb er , ’ calle d gov ern ors , to co n tro l th e town s affairs in co n ju n ctio n with the twe lv e ex - gov er n ors of th e third y ear pr ev ious , an d w ith s ix bu r ge ss es chos en from th e common alty Th is s tandin g committee o f th irty proving to o large for co n ven ien ce, the tw elv e ex gov ernors w er e by an or d in anc e mad e in 1 49 3 d isp ens e d w ith , and the ac tin g counc il thus ’
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gh teen The var ious trade guilds of the town whos e ch iefs w er e s tyle d Ald erm en s till co n tin u ed how ev e r to r e gulate the affairs of th eir r esp ective trades by b y e law s w hich so lon g as th ey d id n ot clash with the prop er r elations h ip of th e gu ild to the town at larg e could n ot b e ov er r idden by the gov ernors I n 1 5 02 B everley b ecam e th e pr in cipal mar t in the Eas t R idin g of thos e trav ellin g L ondo n trad ers who an nually carr ie d in to the provin ces ar ticles which the capital chiefly man u factur e d s uch as church orn am en ts brass work b e d din g books and the sale of w h ich in this man n er the city mag is trates had e tc vainly en deavoure d to s top in orde r to compel the coun ty folk to r esor t This market las te d four tee n days an d was kn own as to L o n don “ Cross Fa ir , probably b ecaus e it was h eld rou n d the mark et cross I n 1 5 9 9 on e H ugo G o es or Goos e set up a pr in tin g pr ess in B ev er ley b u t th e en terpris e prov e d unremun e rativ e an d had to b e aban do n e d “ larg e an d Abou t 1 5 45 L elan d the an tiquary d escr ib ed B ev erley as w ell b u ildid of w ood an d it w as th en div id e d in to ten wa rds I n the fifteen th year of Qu een Elizab eth th e to w n so to sp eak a ttain e d its major ity for by the Qu een s letters patent da te d 24th J u ly 15 7 3 h er “ a n cien t an d populous town ( for so it is d escrib ed ) w as made a fr ee ” “ M ayor G overn ors to w n of its elf giv en a Corpora tio n by th e title of and Burgess es a gu ildhall r ecorder town clerk co n stab les a gaol a court of record , a W e dn esday marke t with a cour t of piepoudre and a r es tora tion of the burg ess es an cien t b u t lon g disus e d privilege of r etur n in g tw o m emb ers of Par liam en t I n 1 5 84 th e d es truction of: W es twood w as comm en ced 1 000 trees being c u t down and sold in that year Co n temporan eously w ith this b u t o n ly of cours e as a co in ciden ce the town b ega n to decay 3 an d in 1 5 9 9 Elizab eth forgav e th e burg ess es th eir proportion of cer tain 1 5 ths and 1 0ths g iv en h er by Parliamen t be caus e ther e w er e th en 400 hous es in the town u tterly decay e d an d u n in habite d b eside s wh ich the Corporation w ere burden ed with a gr e at numb er of paup ers an d the main ten an c e of 8 0 orphans I n 1 6 1 0 the town suffer e d from th e p lagu e an d th e r eg is te r of St M ary s parish m en tion s an un happy 40 y at w as shuffl e d in to graves withou t an y r eadin g ov er th em Dur in g the civil wars B everley suffer e d from bo th par ties was plu n dere d by the Royalis ts to the ex tent of an d los t the anc ien t Church of St N icholas or H o lm e Ch u rch fou n d e d by St J ohn of B ev erley Charles I I granted th e town a n e w char ter empow er in g the burg ess es to ele ct y ear ly th ir teen of th eir numb er ou t ( to
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6
OL D
YOR KSH I R E
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of nom inate d by the Mayor and G overn ors ) to r epr e s en t th em in the Corpora tio n th es e th ir te e n w ith th e tw elv e gov ernors forming the common council of the borough J am es I I gave B eve rley th e las t char te r in her h is tory which subs titu te d th e title of a ld e rm en for that of gov ern ors b u t r es erve d to th e mon arch th e dan gerous po w er to r emov e at h is royal p leasur e any m emb er or o fficial of the Corporatio n The m u n ic ipal body s till co ntin u e d thus to co n s is t o f M ayor 1 2 Ald erm en an d 13 Burg ess e s u n til it w as re mod e lle d u n d e r the R e form Ac t an d n o w co n s is ts of a Mayor 6 A ld erm e n an d 1 8 Councillors The pres en t popula tio n is ov er the to w n is d ivid e d into tw o w ards St Mary and Mins ter the la tte r co n s is tin g o f th e united parish es of the Min s ter an d St Mar tin and may b e said to hav e in tann in g a s taple trad e The fr eem e n poss ess four common pas tur e s W estwood H urn F igh am and Sw in emoor con tain in g abou t 1 200 acr es an d co n tro lle d by tw e lve pas tur e mas ters appo in te d by the gen eral body of fr eem en B e ve rley was in th e med iazv al tim es calle d B ev erlega an d afte r w ards B ev erlac W h ether B ev e rlac Fren ch or B everlac u s L atin b e th e mos t anc ien t way o f spe llin g th is word it is imposs ib le to asc e r ta in as it is as of te n found in o ld m a n uscr ip ts written withou t a s ign of co n trac tion as w ith it The o lde s t commo n s ea l w e k n ow of has a fi gur e r epr es en ting St J ohn of B ev e r ley s ittin g on the frids tol w ith a be ave r at h is fee t wh ich accord in g to the Op in io n of Franc is ” “ Drak e in his app was Ebor acum in troduc e d by A rchb ishop Savag e w ho w as tran s la ted in 1 5 01 b eca us e tha t Pr ela te s arms are impa le d w ith the old arms o f the Se c of Y ork in o n e o f th e sh ields Th e circum Corp orati n S al scr ip tion is S I G I LL U M C OM M U N I TATI S ” inch es in d iam ete r Th e s eal now in u se m easur e s B EVE R LA C I “ — MAI O R B U R GE N S and be ars the legen d SIG I L GU BE R N AT El on the fi eld the arms of the town argen t DE V I LL ZE thr ee bars wavy azur e on a ch ie f o f th e las t a b eav er w ith his h ead The r igh t Of a commo n s eal is gran te d in turn e d b iting his ta il Elizab eth s char ter wh ich also m en tions the various pr ec eding char te rs of archb ishops and k ings Qu een Elizabe th also conferr e d exten s iv e prop er ty on th e Corporation and r e s tor e d its privilege of s ending tw o Me mb ers to Parliam en t until the pas s ing of the Ac t 3 3 an d 3 4th V ict c 21 wh en it was th en disfranchis e d The cour t s eal b e ars “ the in scr ip tio n P R OV I N C I ZE E U R U I C SC I RfE SI G I L L U M I n Fos ter s in th e fi eld a sh ield of arms or an e agle d isp l azur e “ V isitatio n of Y orksh ir e in 1 5 8 4 p 49 is a draw in g of an e ar ly s eal circu lar — D ev ic e a lion pas s w ith a branch of le av es spr ingin g Le g en d from under his for e fe e t an d pass ing ov er his back The arms of B ev erley are B EV R I A C I B V R GE N S I V M S I GI L L V M twe n ty - six
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BE
V E RL E Y
IN
TH E
7
P AST
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Quar terly I and IV or an eagle disp l azur e I I and I I I arg en t thr ee bars wavy azure on a ch ie f of the las t a cas tor b e av e r with his h ead turn e d bitin g off the cas tor all or N 0 accou n t Of B ev er ley howev e r discurs iv e could b e co n s ider e d in an y d e gr e e comple te u n less it compr is ed som e e xtende d no tic e of tha t mas terpiece of G o th ic art its glorious M I N STE R C H U R C H 5— tha t p ric eless b e qu es t of m e diaeval pie ty the v ery s ight of w hich as it s tan ds like an e mbo died pray e r glad d en s the h e ar t e v en in th is “ ag e m or e cur ious than devout Her e w hils t the gracious d ews wer e s till fresh upo n the e ar th in the bright da w n of the Gospel day had r es te d the feet of those who brough t glad tidings : and wh en in A D 7 00 J ohn of .
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verley
Be
H arpham Y orkshire ham let
“ rimu s d oc tor p
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r
M in ste
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Theologiaa in Omon ia ,
”
who from an obscure had r is e n to the s ee of Y ork vis ite d th is woo dy corn er of his dioces e h e foun d a p ar ish church lik e a ligh t sh in ing in a dark place an d ou t of r ev erence for its antiqu ity and p erhaps par tly becaus e it was de dicated to the Evan gelis t afte r whom he was n amed b e co n ver te d it in to a pr iory ass ign in g to it monks for whos e pr ior h e ‘ a n te d a place l n th e n av e l o i t i t s e n r bu pr sby r y o d e t d n w i t e a e d e pp w ith broad la n ds and ple asan t pas tur e s in ma n y adjacen t par ts of h is ,
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Her e
wh en he had la id as ide the care of all the nor th ern church es wh ich he had born e for n ea rly thir ty y ears he r etir ed to d ie an d d epar tin g in the odour of sanc tity was bu rie d w ith in the pr io ry ,
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8
Y OR KSH IRE
OL D
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hus conferr in g upon it a s econd de dication ; and h er e his bon e s hav e s ince r emaine d lo n g giving so it is said h ealing to th e s ick s ight to th e b lin d an d victory to th e En glish arms From J ohn s de ath until the r eign of Athelstan no th in g is r ecord e d of th e h is tory of the church of B ever ley exc ep t that it w as p illag ed and d es troye d by the h eath en m en in 8 6 6 an d laid in ru in s for thr ee yea r s after which th e pr ie s ts an d clerks w ho had surviv ed ” r etur n e d and r epa ir e d it and it B u t J oh n though d e ad y e t spak e is r ela te d tha t wh en Ath els tan was march ing n or th to figh t th e Sco ts ” h e m e t n ear Lincoln a band o f p ilgr ims s in gin g an d r ejo icing and le arning that th e y cam e from B e v e r le y wh er e th e bon es of a holy man w er e daily workin g miracles h e tur n ed as id e to v is it the shrine wherein th ey lay The K ing r e ach ing B ev erley e n tr eated the aid of J ohn in his campaign and tak in g a ba nn er from the church pledge d h ims elf to show h igh ho n our to the pr iory and e nlarge its e ndowm e nt if h e r eturn e d succ essful from the w ar N ot onl y was b e v ictor io u s b u t at the in s tance of J ohn of B e v erley was vouchsafe d an Ope n tok en that the Sco ts ough t a lw ays to b e subj e c t to the k ings of En gla n d in the shape o f a marv e llous cle ft wh ich his sword made in a gr e at s ton e near Du n bar 3 a miracle to which E dward I subse qu en tly appe ale d wh en jus tify ing at the Papal Cour t his c la im to the Sco ttish crown Mindful of h is k ingly word Athels tan o n his r eturn gav e to th e church of St J oh n o f B e ver le y its firs t char te r (A D con ferring upon it the r igh t to poss ess v illein s to try caus es to appr eh end excommunicate pe rsons to inflic t cap ital pu n ishmen t to hold the ofli ce of c oron e r and the r igh ts of sanc tuary : p rivile ge s n ot likely to b e abus e d by the churchm en of that day and sur e to a ttrac t rou n d the pr iory a n um erous and ord erly popul atio n I n d ee d w e are “ a b [20 tem ore d even zt v illa B everla c z esse a mp lzor e xpr e ss ly to ld tha t p u lz u it ma n u s con u x u s 6tp O p g f fl Ath els tan in fac t may b e said to hav e r e foun d e d the church s inc e he made it co llegiate for Canons Secular ; and as its h istory h er e tak e s a fresh d epar tur e it may n ot b e ou t o f place to touch for a fe w mom en ts u pon a r emarkable r elic which the church y et poss ess es of A th els tan s char ter and of th e righ ts of sanctuary g iv en th er eby for in St J ohn s of B ev er ley is s till to b e s ee n the F R IDS T OO L the cha ir of p e ace or of s ecur ity aga ins t mo lesta tion guaran tee d by law to thos e * under Special prote ction D u Can ge d er ives the te rm from th e An glo Saxon f rzd ( p e ac e) and s tol ( s eat) an d he spe cially allud e s to that at B ev er ley wh ich is a cha ir of on e en tir e s ton e sa id to hav e be en r e mov e d from Scotlan d in th es e words E ra n t huj u smod z ca thedraz
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lu res in A nglia— B everla c i au tem celeberrzma , qu aep rzscoru m B egu m ‘ ben ign ita te, asy la n ac ta p rim legzu m, talz hon estaba tu r inscrzp tzon e H aac sedes lap zdea F reedstol d zcztu r, P ams C a thed ra , ad qu am reu s c omp
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occurs f r r fug asylum i th pr fac
F ry th stol e for
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a Saxo v rsio th law s f Alfr d
in
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th e 1 7th
Psalm
,
O L D Y OR KS H IR E
10
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collegiate body poss ess ed n o d e an or r ecogn iz e d h e ad for circa 1 07 0 diss en s ions aros e amo n gs t th em as to jurisdic tion and o therwis e which com in g to the e ars of Thomas the first Norman A rchb ishop of Y ork h e w e n t to B ev erley an d w ith the ass e n t of the canon s an d clerks orda in e d and con s titu te d his n eph e w to b e th eir provos t or p raep osi tu s giving him supr em e author ity over the tem poral poss ess io n s and subj ec ts o f the provos try the advo w son s of all chap elrie s and the patronage of the clerks pre cen tor an d o th er Officials of the church and b ederu 3 an o ffi ce of d ign ity and trust subs e qu en tly h eld by the famous Thomas a B e cket and the po we rs of w h ich w er e g reatly magn ifi e d and extended by their succe ss iv e ho lders I n dee d Thurs tan s eco n d provos t b ecam e Archb ishop of Y ork and add ed to the collegia te bo dy a n in th can on w ith h is v icar Orda in ing that th e profi ts of the canonry shou ld b elo n g to the A rchb ishop p ro tem and b e calle d his prebend The n ext ev e n t of mom ent in the h is tory of the church is its to ta l d e s truction by fi re in Septemb er 1 1 8 8 3 nearly fi v e cen tur ie s af ter wh ich ( 1 6 6 4) w as found in Ope n ing a grav e a sh eet Of lead co n tain in g ash e s an d som e be ads w ith a Latin inscrip tion r ecord in g the fi re an d s tatin g that in 1 1 9 7 s e arch w as mad e for th e r elics of the bles s e d J oh n an d thos e bo n e s b eing fou n d in his s epu lchr e w e r e re in te rr e d th e r e Th ere th ey r epos e d undis turb ed un til 1 7 3 6 wh en th ey w er e aga in tak en sp ec ially e r ec ted for u p an d r ep lac e d und e r an arch e d vau lt of br ick th eir pro tection L ik e mos t Saxon church e s the or ig in al bu ild in g en larg e d by St J oh n w as no doub t co n s truc te d of w ood an d w e hav e n o th in g b u t in fe r en ce to gu id e us as to wha t was the co n d itio n of the ed ifice at the W e kno w g en erally that the Nor m an s tyle an d the tim e Of the fi re Norman workmen w e re in troduce d in to En g land by E d w ard the Confe ssor and that imm ed iately after th e Conqu e s t the No rman c lergy and mo n ks w er e v e ry ac tiv e in bu ild in g W e also kno w in par ticu lar tha t A rchb ishop P u ttoc bu ilt a shrin e in the church tha t in 1 05 0 Kin siu s add ed to it a high tower for b ells and that in 1 06 1 his succe ssor Ald r e d bu ilt a n ew cho ir3 and w e m ay c e r ta inly a ssum e that all th es e e rectio n s w er e of s to n e and tha t it w as a s to n e e d ifice of A n glo Saxon or e arly Norman charac ter w ith a tow e r probab ly like that of D eerhurs t ( Glouces te rsh ir e ) or Barton on H umb er wh ich per ishe d in th e gr e at con fl agration W hils t w e mourn the less th en of what would hav e b een if it had surviv ed to our tim es an in valuable r elic of E n glish an te G othic arch itecture w e may s till find comfor t in the fac t tha t ou t of the ash es Of the d e s troy e d church gradually ros e th at s ingular ly r ich an d b eau tifu l specim en of th e E arly En glish G o th ic which w e poss ess in the choir and trans epts of the pre s en t b u ildin g From ordinance s r elatin g to the internal eco n omy of the church issu ed by Thomas A rundel A rchb ishop of Y o rk in th e clo sin g de cad e w e lea r n the numb e r an d o ffi c e s of th e o f the f our teen th ce ntu ry persons form ing the co llegiate body as it exis ted doubtless at the Appar en tly the
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B E VE
R LE Y
TH E
IN
PA
ST
11
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D isso lu tio n Th er e w ere nine cano n s and pr eb endaries nin e canons * cle rks and nin e v icars s eve n chan try chaplain s s even p arson s and s even pa r son s clerks a prec en tor and his clerk a sacris t an d his tw o clerks a chan cellor tw o thu rib u lars eight chor is ter boys an d tw o v erg e rs Ove r the s e of cours e w as the pro vos t w ho man ag ed the b u s in ess affairs of the chu rch b u t h ad n eith er s tall in the choir n or s e a t in the chap te r H is ju risdic tio n w as ho w ever v ery ex ten sive an d w e fi n d from a M S R egis te r of 1 4 1 6 that h e e xercis ed th e p r ivileg e o f gran ting proba tes of w ills an d issu in g lette rs of adminis tra tion in th e cas es of p erso n s dy in g w ith in the provos try In 1 5 44 the lordsh ip an d manor of B everley wer e gran te d to Hen ry V I I I by the th en Archbishop of York b u t the advowson of the provo stry w as retained Ye t tha t to o s p eed ily fell into the kin g s hands it b ein g sur ren der e d by R egin ald L ee the las t pro vos t for a m ess of pottage in the shap e of a life a nn uity of £ 49 For a few y ears th e collegiate body surv ive d b u t on ly to fall in the fi rs t y ear of Ed w ard I wh en its e s tima te d value was abou t £ 6 00 r n i w e m t w t s t o a nu af r h n a gr a por on of prop r y g v n e e i i a e s e t t t e ; p the Corporatio n of the tow n SO pass ed a w ay from his tory the co llegiate church e s tablish ed by Kin g Athels ta n I t had n ot b een fr ee from the w e akn e ss e s of th e m iddle age s ; for the repr eh en s ible an d u n accou n tab le cus tom of the a nn ual F eas t of Fools an d the mockeries of the Boy B ishop had f re qu en tly defiled its altar b u t it had c er tainly b een a c en tr e of the religious life o f the day 3 an d purifi ed n ow from the errors an d sup ers titio n s of the pas t has su rvived in a n o ther form to d o the humble b u t glo rious w ork of a par ish church s u ch as it was w h en goo d St J oh n firs t fou nd it I n the eigh teen th c en tury the fabric was r e s tored by Mr Haw k es more an d s in c e has b een sys tematically k ep t in a s tate of repa ir b efi ttin g a bu ild in g w hich comp r is e s in its elf som e o f the mos t b eautifu l w ork Of the th r ee d ivis io n s of G o th ic a rch itec tur e From a MS in the poss ess ion of M r Smith the editor of th is w o rk “ an d dated in 1 6 9 2 w e learn tha t th ere is tw o p ictur es in y e church in on e fram e es teem ed to b e the p ic tur es of K in g A th els ta n an d ‘ St J oh n of B everley and y e w ordes Als fre mak I the as h e r te c an w ishe or eigh se i i t e a r e sa d p c ur s t e e are subscr ib e d an d a y y p ubliqu e Th eir place howev er kno w s th e m n o mo r e N ear to the Min s te r an d on the N E sid e ther eof form erly s tood a The s ite w as give n by on e Mas ter P r iory o f the Dominican s Steph en G old sm ith whos e title app ears to po in t him o u t as an e ccles ia stical d ig n itary J ohn Lelan d in the time of H en ry V I I “ men tion s The B la k Frer es as sum s ay of on e G o ld sm ith es Fu ndatio n ’
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r g ally styl d B f rid iculous f r that f parso ri i m b t di t p t ol m i p O i in
e
o
a ens
v
u
su
re
as n ancu
ere clla rii
o
n.
a ne a ,
c os
ar
”
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“
a am n
e
n ow
,
( 1 3 9 1)
dropp d as v ulgar e
an d
S od qu ia com m tu rp e n omen B erefella rioru m sep tem d c ccetero n on B erefella rios secl P ersona e
O L D Y ORKSH IRE
12
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so of the Tow n e s 3 b u t the L ord Darcy of the late Ty me strov e fo r th e pa tro n age of it w ith the The friar preach ers entered B ev erley with the sanctio n of W alter G ray A rchb ishop of Y ork whom ” M atth ew Par is describ es as a man magn i co n silii et profu n di p ec to ris r I t is probab le that H en ry I I I e r e c te d th e bu ildin gs o r at le as t th e main part of th e m The hous e w h ich accommodate d upwards of for ty r eligious was c er tainly b eg u n b e for e the ye ar 1 240 w h en the prov in cial chapte r of the order w as held h er e Early in 1 4 49 the dormitory an d library of th is Pr iory w er e u n for tu n a tely bur n t down w hich was a v e ry s ev e re trial for th e poor commun ity The s eal of the co n v en t is go n e b u t thos e of th e prov in cial and pr ior are s till in a good s tate Of pr e s erva tion That of the provincial pr ior b e ars the figure of St Paul s eated holdin g his emblems the book an d the s w ord 3 on each S ide of his h ead the letters ibt : in the ex e rgu e the e ffi gy of the prior in the a ttitude of supplica tion : legend S I G I L L U P R I O R I S P V I C I A I J S F P R ATR V O R D IS P R EDI C AT O R P R OV I C I E : A N GL I E As St P au l app ears on the prov in cial s eal early in the r eign of H en ry I II that apostle w as The s e a l of e v id e ntly the pa tron of the En glish Dom in ican prov inc e th e conv e n tua l prior h as the sam e figur e s tand ing with the same le gend S I GI L LU I C ATOR r D D P R I OR I S o 1N I P e mb lems : F R A TR V s ( ) The Priory w as doubtle ss d ed ica ted to th e apo stle St Pau l B EV LA C I The grounds of th e Pr iory are still surrou nd ed by br ick walls havin g tw o orn am ente d gate w ays on e Op en in g in to Eas tga te an d the o th er into Charity L an e On ly a part of the orig in al hou s e s tan ds at th is time b u t s till su ffi c ien t to attes t its form e r dign ity ; an d th er e The bu ildings have b een conv er te d is much ancien t carvin g in o ak in to dw ellings w ith ou thou s es i Scarc ely less an c ien t than the Mins ter is th e b ea u tiful C H U R C H OF ST MA R Y if w e may believ e the s tatem en t mad e in an ano n ymous M S quo te d in D u g dale s M onas tic on to th e effect tha t shor tly af te r th e gran t of Ath els tan s char ter tw o chapels w e r e bu ilt at B ev e rle y and the o ther of St Thomas the on e in honour of th e B less ed V ir gin A pos tle for the u se o f th e gr e at n umb ers of pe ople ( probab ly ch ie fly The Torr M S ass er ts tha t the pilgrims ) th en resor ting to the tow n townsp eople er ec ted th es e chap els and b eyond th es e tw o s ta te m en ts n o docum en tary e vid e nc e as to the origin al founda tio n has surv iv e d I t is mor e lik ely howev er that the latte r M S i s corr e c t an d tha t St Mary s chap el w as built dur in g th e r eign of K in g Steph en subs e qu en tly to A rchb ishop Thurs tan s charter wh ich firs t co n ferr ed upon the inha bita n ts of B ev erley the d ign ity and privile g es of fr eem en : an assump tion c on firm e d by the edifice its elf as the o lde s t part of it con tains a fragm en t o f late r Norman work F rom a chapel of e ase it was con v erted into a V icarage by Archb ishop W illiam d e M elton in 1 3 25 3 the succ e ss ive v icars from th e n u n til the r eign of H en ry V I I I b ein g appointe d by s u c h ca n on of the mo th er church as was pre be n dary an d
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a d s I ti rary r i Y orks A rch
L el
1: R e v .
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C F Palm .
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Paris J our al
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32 .
BEVE
R LE Y I N
TH E P A
ST
13
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of the preb end of St Ma rtin s altar th ere I t is ev id ent that St M ary s ch u rch af ter this elevation b ecam e an Obj ec t of p ride an d in ter es t to the good fo lk of B eve rley p erhaps as b ein g th eir own fo un datio n fo r lan ds w er e d e v is e d an d b es to w e d fo r the mainten anc e of th e fab ric a mas ter or overs eer of w h ich w as specially appointed chan trie s wer e an d a r elig ious b r o th e rhood or guild was e s tab lish ed an d en do w e d form e d in co n n ec tion w ith the church calle d the Guild of th e B less e d M ary havin g an alderman or s te w ard at its h ead I n A p ril 1 5 1 3 the n av e of the church fell in upon the congr e ga tio n caus in g great loss of life 3 b u t it was soo n r epair ed an d res tored by the p iety of the to w nsp eople man y in dividuals b earin g the cos t of reb u ilding S p ecifi c parts of the edifice as app ears from in scrip tions y e t For in s tan ce th e 4th an d 5 th pillars b ear th is e xtan t on th e pillars Th es to p y llors made gu d w y ffy s G od r e ward th ay m ( a le g en d tes timo n y to the d e vo tio n o f t h e ma tro n s of th e tow n ) an d the 6th has the well k n o w n d ev ic e Thys p y llor mad e the m ey n s ty rls ’
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Ora te p
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ro a n ima bu s
Charles th e 2n d the pa r ish of St Mary was united with tha t of St N icho las a ch u rch or igin ally fou n d e d outs ide the town by Wt St J ohn of B ev erley b u t d emolish ed du rin g th e c iv il w ar The pr es en t c hu rc h is a s tr ik in g an d elegan t G o thic build in g chiefl y Of the p erpen d icul ar s tyle y et w ith som e fi n e d ecorate d arch e s in th e chancel an d e arly En glish remains in th e tra n s epts The to w er is c en tral b u t up to abo u t 1 7 6 0 th er e was also a lan te r n to w er at the N E corn er of the chu rch in which a ligh t us ed to b e place d as a b e aco n for trav ellers crossin g the W es tw ood an d o th er path less pr ecin cts of th e town Th ere are s talls w ith misereres in the chan cel the roof of which is elaborately painted w ith effi gies of H aro ld and tw en ty thr ee o th er Saxo n Norman and Plan tagen et mona rchs The Eas t win dow is v ery fi n e 3 th e fo n t dates from 1 5 3 0 3 an d the churchwarden s accounts comm en ce in 1 5 9 3 A n illus tra tio n wh ich app e ars in Vo lum e 7 of the Y orksh ir e Arch a n d Top J ou rnal p 45 6 r epres en ts the s taine d glass w h ich at on e time figur ed in the n or th e rn w in dow of the v e stry of St M ary s Th e legen d s eems from its characte r and s tyle to b e contempo r a r y w ith th e char te r of K in g Ath els ta n wh en r efounding the church of St J ohn in 9 3 8 b eginn in g thus Yat W iten all e y at e v er b een Y at y is ch ar ter h erein an d s een 85 0 1 7 th
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copy of the en gravin g in on e of the A shmolean M SS is d escrib e d as hav in g been I n ecclesia p arochia li S an ctoe M arice ” B euerla ci in boreali f en estra ves tamj A round this c ircular sk etch The
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w as
W arburton ( circa
s ta di g n
n
,
but
n
othi g n
says
h
gr at part h aps rubbis h
1 7 23 ) w it in m y tim e , is n ow to b e een b u t e of "
s
e
”
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of
th e
s t pl ee
e
B E V ER L EY I N
TH E
S
15
PA T
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representing a king and bishop holding up a charter bet w een three whe ats heaves is the following legend in G othic c apitals Alse freli gif I als h er t [m ai] y en Ke or h ey e m ai se ,
.
[As freely
give I y e : YE GI F :
hea rt may kn ow ,
as
may see ] OR : H EYE M A I SE
or ey e
I : A LS : H E R T : Y E N : Pe ndent apparently from the ch arter is what might be taken for an from the prob able e scutcheon or some such h er aldic e mblem but this date of the event portr aye d is unlikely rendering that portion of the sketch somewhat u nexplainable Trained A few words as to the donors of the sixth pill ar performers on the simpl e m u sical instruments of early days afforded the only form of artistic amusement known to ou r ancestors and it was custom ary for royal and noble hous eholds to compris e such as portion of the r egul ar suite F rom their Latin name histrion es w e may infer that th eir performances included something of a They w ere dram atic or pantomimic nature in addition to music m uch encouraged by the Normans who t ermed them M zmstm u lx and h ad as gleem e n be e n e qually popular with th e Saxo n s It is clear that duri n g the r eigns of the Norman and P lan tagen t kings the minstrels a ssoci at e d th e ms e lves into guilds or fraterniti es perambulating the country and earning no small livelihood out of the g ratuities of high “ an d low B ev erl ey had its own esp ecial body of minstrels bre thren withi n the scy en c e and th e town records contain m an y en tri es of donations and payments made to them If we may believe a ch arter or ordin an ce granted to them temp Ph ilip and M ary they had fi rst fr e qu ented the town in the time of King Athelstan ; and it is not at all unlikely that wandering bodies of minstrels woul d quickly fi nd th eir way to a place so especially favoured probably frequented by many pilgrims and where r eligious procession s or feasts would be of almos t d aily occurrence F rom the accounts of the G overnors of the town in th e time of H enry VII the B eve rley guild appears to hav e number ed three persons who were cloth e d in tawney cloth at the expe n se o f the in habitants W e gather from the charter alluded to that th ey had then increased to fi v e ; and amongst other rules it is provide d that “ th eir alderman should not take in any new brother except he b e my n strell to some man of honour or worship or wait e of some towne corporate or other au n cien t towne or else of such hon estie and conynge as shall be thought laudabl e and pl easant to the hearers M oreover none of them was to have more than one apprentice nor even to teach his own son unless the boy was fi rst regularly appr enticed O n one of the capitals of St M ary s church are carve d fi v e minstrels on e pl aying a h arp a second a violin a third a drum a fourth a lute and th e fi fth a pip e ; all dressed in tight fi ttin g tawny j ackets gold chain s and bl u e b elts with bl ack or brown stockings and red shoes the centre fi gure who appears to be their alderman wearing also a loose coat Open in front extending to the knees and with sleeves reachin g to the wrists
A L SE
:
F R ELI
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16
OL D
A u tres
Y
O R KS H I R E
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mceu rs ; and with the advance in civilization and education the frate rnity dec ayed and vanished , their humbl e i n strumentation grew out of date , and they survive o n ly as th e Christmas waits , barely toler ated by a more cul ture d and l ess patient g eneration It wo ul d be fi t ting to carve over their effi gies in St ’ M ary s church the commemorative motto , F u zmu s In conclusion , we may add , that B everley and R av ens p u rn e may be considered the paren ts of the sea po rt of Hull The l a tter of the tw o was wash e d away by the encroachments of the sea , an d the merchants — the D e la Poles amon gst the number — removed to the haml e ts of W yk e an d Myton , at the mouth o f the Hull ; wh ilst in consequ e nce of the na rrow and tortuous navigation of the river H ull , the B ev erley merchants began to fi nd that it w as not su ffi cient for the increased size of the vessels , temp s ,
a u tres
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r
Mi n st els
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h e n ce th ey also gradually migrated down the river to its confluence with the H umber And from the tim e when ki n g Edward I took the hamlets gave th em the n ame of o f W yke and Myton u n d e r his protec tio n Kingstown upon Hull an d gr anted to th e inhabitants a char te r of pri v ilege s the port de v eloped itself rapidly and as it advance d the port o f B everley decaye d Ther e is an in teresti n g document extant giving the n ames of the wards of the town and the number of arch e rs liable for service to be s ent by holders of knight s fees amoun ting in the aggregate to 5 24 persons in the reign of H enry VI I I They are without North B ar within Nor th B ar Walkerg ate Corn Market H ighgate F is h Market L ath gate , Keldgate Archiepiscopi F ee of the Provost in Keld g ate F e e of the Provost in Northwood F lemin gate B arley h olm the Provost s F ee at B ec kside and the Chapter s F ee at B eckside H u ll J an u ary 1 8 8 4 J C OO K .
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u t h r ck wl dg th t f m y i f rm ti thr ugh ut thi p p r I dmi r bl d h u tiv B rl m m i ly i d bt d t M G rg P l pub 1829 Th bl ck f th Mi t Arm h b l t b y Mr W ildridg f Hull I
a
m
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no
e e a
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or
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ou s on s a
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a
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ee n
en
on
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ex .
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s
s
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a
eve
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ac , .
HA LIF AX i t: ran rm
1?
‘
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HALI F AX IN THE P A ST .
its
name
am
is
not
l
an
me ntion ed
o rig in hi
in Dome sday B ook and in ,
c
onsequenc e
has
H AL I
F AX
IN
17
TH E P A S T
.
HALI F A X IN TH E PA ST
.
HA L I F A X may claim an origin hidden in remote antiquity
Though
.
its name is not mentioned in Domesday B ook and in consequence has been consid ered by some authors not to have been in existen ce during the latte r part of the 1 1 th century when that record was compiled it is very probable that the town had its beginning at a much earlier date Mr F A Leyland in the parts of his History o f H alifax already pub lished has shown that it formed one of the stations on the old R oman roads running east and west between M ancu n iu m or M ancheste r and I s uriu m or Aldborough as w ell as a principal station between D anum Doncaster and C occium R ibchester both being important Roman places and connecte d by a road which passed through the present site of the town At that time and long a fterwards th e tract of country now occupied by the buildings forming the town of H alifax w as for the most part a series of wild moorl an ds covered with gorse an d heather whose sterile soil may have afforded pasturage in sm all cl earings for sheep but which only under the most favourable circumstances ad mitted of cultivatio n for the growth of cereals Not many years ago the moor at Skircoat now call e d Savile Park retain e d much of its o riginal characte r and even to this day the gorse is still growing on the lower part of th e moor in its ori g inal wild sta te whils t all around the villas of the wealthier people with their trim enclosures exhi b it th e result of cultiv ation combined with artistic arrange ment even on so ste ril e a soil as this The millstone grit rocks form a long rocky s 10pe from C old ed ge to the Hibble B rook where they dip b eneath the lower beds of the coal The latter rise on the east and south banks of the stream m e asures in a rapid asce nt for the most part devoid o f any vegetation b arren an d ugly in app earance but formerly clothed with trees and shrubs doubtless presenting as pretty and pleasi n g an appearance as many of the hill s 10pes on the banks of the C alder do at the present day Camden in his B ritta m a speaki ng of the traditional hermitage which The place is situated was situated on the banks of the stream says at the foot of a mighty and almost unascendable rock for so doubtless at the fi rst it was all overgrown with trees and thick u nderwoods intermixed with g reat and bulky stones standing very high above ground in a d ark and solemn grove on the banks of a small murmuring rivulet for such places were al w ays chosen by antient and solitary H ermits where being removed far from all human converse they found ev ery circumstance thereunto appertaining very much to contri b ute to and heighten contemplation insomuch that whoever was the fi rst that s et this place apart ( as the face of thin gs then stood ) could not in all these parts have found out a place of greater privacy and retirement The name of the town is ge nerally supposed to have be en derived from H oly face from a tradition that the parish church consecrate d and dedicated to S t J ohn the B aptist contained the real face or a ,
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B
18
OL D Y O R KS H I R E
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portion of it of that individual It is probable that there was a chapel of some kind de di c ated to the saint on this site long before the erection of the present church It may have been an off shoot from Dewsbury about the 7 th century and M r Leyland is of Opinion that a portion of “ the north wall of the church which is of most p rimitive constructio n being composed of unwrought stones of all shapes and sizes united together by a strong mortar thus formin g that kind of c onglom e r ate ason ry which the architectu ral discrimination of the present day usually attribute s to the Saxon era F rom the extent of this wall and other p e c u l i a r i t i e s of th e sub s e q ue n t st ructure we can as certain with con s id erab le acc uracy proportions th e and extent of the ori gi n al church In form it appe ars to have been nearly square with a small Church aps e at the east H li f end and was not unlike that wh ich King Edwin built at York AD I i 6 8 conjectural measurements are feet in length nclud ng 6 27 The the supposed apse by 4 8 fe e t in breadth The raised floor of th e present an te church in li n e with the font prescribes the site of the western facad e an d the pillars of the south aisle appear to occupy the site of the south wall W Subsequent to the preparation of D omesday B ook o f the c hurc h H alifax church is known to have been a R ectory the las t rector was a F renchman W illiam de C hau mence of whom C amden says that his flock was in d an ger to be starved for want of food in regard the present ” C h aum en c e was Incumbent did not understand the English tongue promoted to the B ishopric of Loson in 1 27 3 and the rectorate w as pre sented to the priory of Lewes by the E arl of W arren The church w as then made into a perpetual V icarage and I n golard de Tu rb ard was inducted fi rst vicar in the following year 1 27 4 Th e present church was erected about the same time that these changes were taking place It was built of strong ashlar stone of great durability but on account of its coarse grained ch aracter not adapted for ornamental c arv m g ; for this reason probably the e xternal appearance of the e di fice is pl am and Internally it consist e d of th e nave with an aisle on e ach u npretentious side chancel and a tower was erected at the south w est angle of the .
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O th e an ti 1 1 vol vii, 3 p n
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qu ity
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York shire Architec tural S oci ety
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H A L I E Ax
19
TH E P A S T
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str ucture There was a chapel on the south side of the chancel and a sacristy on the north Th e church remained without further modi fication until the middle of the fi fteenth centu ry when Dr W ilkinson who was the seventh vicar made considerable alteratio ns and additions The east end of the church was exten de d an d the gre at e ast window put in the styl e of archi tecture adopted being perpendicular Th e screen and rood—lo ft s eparating The whole of the nave from the choir were howeve r not disturbed the windows on the south and west were replaced w ith others in the The tower at same styl e of architecture as the new one in the east so u the ast corner being eith er unsafe or too small to be in proportion with the extende d building was pulled down to the slope of the roof and a new tower was erected at the w est en d Either at this time or previously the walls w ere ornamented with extensive fresco painti n gs repres enting reli gi ous subjects R emains of these paintings were d is covered during the alterations recently made by Sir G Scott when all the plaster was remove d from the walls The W illoughby Ch apel 1 49 4 the Chapel of Archbishop R okeby 1 5 25 from the nort h aisl e and the H olds w orth s Chapel 1 5 5 4 from the side of the south aisle were sub sequ ently added Th e church is 1 9 2 feet in len gth and 6 5 in breadth exclusive of the chap els and as B entley quaintly r emarks for exten s iv en ess of room it may possibly be equalled by som e few but not exce ded by any parish church within the limits of G reat B ritain and Ireland About the time th at Dr Wilkinson was exhibiting such commend able zeal in the restoration of an d additions to the parish church “ W right in his H istory of H ali fax page 7 says tha t there were only thirteen houses in th e to wn and that during the following one hundred ” There c an years the n umber increased to fi v e hundred an d twenty be little doubt that about this time from the middle of the fi fteenth to the middle of the sixteenth centuri es there was a l arge impetus given to the gro w th of the town and th at this was to a great m easure due to the a dvance in the manufacture of cloth but it appea rs very likely that W right and others who have adopted his statement may have b een mistaken in the size of the town about 1 45 0 for if it were no larger than he states it could not have been necess ary to enlarge the church for the accommodation of the large congregation attending it as has been stated by another author The condition of the country around H alifax covered with thick woods and bleak w ild moorlands has already been described The town was at that time of great importance as the centre of a large and growing industry in the manufacture of woollen and w o r sted goods Its markets were reg ularly visited by merchants from L e eds and else where for the pu rpose of purchasin g the goods m ade by th e H alifax man u facturers The pieces were for the most part woven in looms place d in the houses of the weavers which were scattered over the district After being woven they wer e brought down to the town to be dyed .
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20
OL D Y O R KS H I R E
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and fi nished and then disposed of to the merchants at the weekly The following description of H alifax and its pe ople was markets given by the Historian C amden who paid the parish a visit between the years 1 5 7 0 and 1 5 8 0 It is rem arkabl e for the unus u al extent of the parish which h as under it eleven chapels two wh e reof are paro chial and abo ut twelve thousand men in it So that the parishioners are wont to s ay they can reckon more men in their parish than any kind of animal whatever ; whereas in the most po pulous and fruitful pl aces in England elsewhere one shall fin d thous ands of shee p but so few men in proportion that on e would think they had given place to she ep and oxen or were devoured by them B u t of all others nothing is so admirable in this town as the ind ustry o f the inhabitants who notwithstanding an u nprofi ta ble barren s oil not fit to live on have s o flourish ed by the cloth trade which w ithin these seventy years they fi rst fell to that they a re both very rich and have gained a reputation far above their neigh bo urs which con fi rms the t ru th of that old ob ser vation that a barren country is a great whet to the industry o f the natives by which alone we fi n d N o rmb e rg in G ermany Venice and G enoa in I taly and lastly Limoges in F rance have e v e r be en fl ou rish A nother author d e scribe s the parish o f H alifax as bein g ing cities “ planted in great waste s and moors where the ground is not a t to p bring forth any corn or good grass but in rare places and by exceedin g and great ind ustry of the inh abitants ; and the same i n hab itants alto gether do live by cloth making ; and th e greates t part of them neither getteth corn n or is able to keep a horse to carry wools nor yet to buy much wool at once but hath ever used only to repair to the towne of H alifax and there to buy upon the wool driver some a stone so m e tw o and some three or four according to thei r ability and to carry the same to their houses some three or four fi v e o r six mil es off upon their heads and b ackes and so to make and convert the same into yarn or cloth and to sell the same and so to buy more w ool of the wool driver by means of which industry the barren grounds in those parts be now ” much inhabited These extracts give a vivid picture of the hardy inhabitants who resided in or n ear the town of H alifax in the sixteenth century and of the energy with which they struggled to overcome the natural dis adv an tages of a barren and inhospit able soil It was to protect thes e people in passing to and fro with their packages of wool or clo th that the G ibbet Law came into Operation The L aw is stated by B entley in his H istory of H alifax and its Gib b et L aw ( 1 7 6 1 ) page 1 5 as follows : “ That if a fel on be taken within the li b er ty or precincts of the said fores t of H ardwick ) either H an dab en d B ackb erand or C on fess an d cloth or any other commodity of the value of thirteen p en c e half penny that they shall after three markets or me eting days within the town of H alifax next after such his apprehension , and being con de mn ed he shall be taken to the G ibbet and there have h is head cut o ff from his body The forest of Hardwick mentioned by Bentley on ,
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the w e st and north was c o extensive with the present parish but on the e ast and south it w as bo u n ded by the Heb b le B rook to its con fl u e n c e w ith the river C alde r an d that rive r and its tributary the R ib urn completed the boundary It was necessary that the felon should be t aken within th ese boundarie s with the stolen goods in his possession e ith e r carrying th e m on his back or in his hand or if the ob ect stolen j were an ani m al th en le adin g it by his hand Shoul d he by any means escap e either before his t ri al or after beyond these bound aries he w as safe so long as he remained beyond them but if eve n after several years he returned he was still liable to be apprehended and have his head cut off W hen the felon w as appreh ended he was brought to the H igh B aili ff at H alifax w ho w as appointed by the lord of the Manor o f VVak e fi eld and w as also executioner This fu nctionary place d the prisoners in the gaol of the town H e then issued summonses to the constable of four of the townships to require fou r F rit/z B u rghers or F ree men from each to appear on a certain day to constitute a j ury to try the prisoner The jury and the felon are brought face to face and the objects stolen are produced and if the jury fi n d that the felon has stolen the goods and that they are o f the value of thirteen p en ce half penny or “ more then is the felon found guilty by the said jury ; grou n ding their verdict upon the evide nce of the goods stolen and lying before them tog ether with his ow n confession which in such cas e s is always r e qui re d and being so foun d gu ilty is by th e m conde mned to be ” b eh e ad ed acc ording to antient custom H e w as then returned to p rison in charge of the B ailiff O n the fi rst market day following th e culpri t w as placed in the p u blic stocks and if the goods he had stole n were of such a nature as to allow of th e ir being fastened to h is back they we re pl ac ed there 3 but if not they were put before him so that all might see the o ffence of which he had been proved guilty as well as to take warning not to commit a like offence This w as rep eated on the two succeeding market days and as there were three market d ays in each week at the expiration of that period the condemned man was executed H e was conveyed to th e G ibbe t Hill at that time some dis H e was tance west from the town and placed upon the scaffold accompanied by the B ailiff a minister of religion and someti m e s the ju rors Th e axe attached to a square block of wood four and a half feet long was drawn up between two upright posts by a cord and pulley an d fasten ed by a pin Th e upright posts were fi fteen feet in h eight and across the top was fasten e d a transverse b e am At a given signal the pin was pull ed out the axe fell and the head of the culprit was sever e d from his body A fter the ex e cution of the felo n the Coroner was required to su m mon a jury of twelv e m en frequ ently the sam e that condemned the thi ef and having been swo rn th e y held an inquest on the body and having given their verdict as to th e reason why th e punishmen t had been infl icted as well as the cause of death it w as duly registered in -
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P A ST
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of the Crown O ffi ce The r e gister books contain a list of th e name s of fi fty three persons executed between M arch 2oth 1 5 41 and April 3 0th 1 65 0 A nu mber which proves not only the severity of the punishment but the rigour with wh ich it was enforced It was the custom that every man who had goods stolen should with or without the assistance of his friends or neighbours pursue and endeavour to appreh e nd the thief and if he were caught the owner was not per w itted to receive his goods ag ain without prosecuting the felon if he did s o his goods were for feited to the Lord of the M anor and h e was liable to be prosecuted for theft boot for conniving and agreeing with the thief “T hus says B entley and according to this manner is the prosecutor compell e d by this law to pursue the felon and this way of preventing underhand practices and collusion s gives great encouragement as well as security to all tradesmen against all manner of felonious practices Notwithstanding all these precautions howev er the practice of theft appears to have bee n very common at this period About 44 years ago an excav ation was made in a large mound of e arth call e d the G ibbet H ill an d the rais ed platform was discovered on which previously stood the Halifax Gibbet It is situ ated in a plot of l and b elonging to the town and used at pres ent by the Corporation as a stor e yard in connection with the waterworks at the junction of — str e et with G ibbet Lane The platform is elevated about 5 fe et an d is 1 2 feet broad by 1 2 feet 6 inches in length It is built of hewn blocks of rough ashlar stone and had at the top a cov ering of fl ag—stones on e or two of thes e r emain but for the most part the surface is now covered with grass In the rear of the structure the ascent was made by stone steps some of which appear to shew evidence of being considerably worn Th e site is closed in on every side by buildings A stone tablet was erected after the excavation which bears the following in scrip Th e remains of the H alifax G ibbet within this enclosure were tion discovered in the year 1 840 under a m ound of earth known as the G ibbet Hill and were enclosed by the Trustees of the town The public records pres erve the n ames of 5 3 persons beheaded on this S pot bet w een the years 1 5 41 and 1 65 0 The first on th e list is R ich ard B entl ey of Sowerby executed March 20th 1 5 41 and the last were J ohn Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell both of the same township beheaded April 3 0th 1 6 5 0 This f ence was erected at the cost and in the M ayoralty of the W orshipful Samuel W aterho use A D 1 8 52 B entley describes the town in the latter part of the 1 7 th or early “ part of the 1 8 th century as consistin g of four principal streets extend ing in the form of a cross at the junction of the four streets stood the market cross with a large and plentiful shambl es B elow the shambles in the str e et towards the church it doth consist for the most part of Inns and w oolshop s Th e u pper part of the High stre et above the shambl es is taken up with Inn s and shops wherein are sold all sorts of merchan dize The l eft arm as you ascend from the cross is kept the market for corn salt cheese etc The right arm is taken up with the
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some S hops but most with private d w ellings and houses for public e n te rtain men ts U nto the town thus d e scribed are annexed many walled regular closes variously chequered with the di fferent beauti e s of corn and g rass that from the aforesaid heights ( i e B eacon H ill ) perhaps the most e x perienced and observing traveller hath not b eh eld a more delightful and curious l andscape when such prospects are viewed in their proper season The inhabitants are described as being of cl e ar “T complexion with sound and well built bodies heir te m pe rs and dispositions are debona zr and ingenious generally inclined to good manners and hospitality g iving civil and respectful reception not only to strange rs but unto all others w ith whom they have occasion to co n ” verse At this period th e re were three market days in each week on Tuesdays Thursdays and Saturdays The l atter was the principal market for cloth the two former for wool and corn The cloth w as exposed for sale in a b uilding c alled the S h ambles which w as situate d at the bottom of old m arket The building w as demolished years ago like most others of the same age to make way for more ext e ns ive pr e mises The rul es applying to the sal e of cloth were very stri ct B etween M arch and S eptember the sales began at b etwee n September and a m M arch at A b ell was rung at thos e hours to announce that a m the time for business had arrived but if anyone attempted to make a bargain before the bell rang he w as S ubj ec t to a penal ty of 3 9 shillings and 1 1 pence the fi n e being distributed to the poor A tax of a penny was exacted by the Lord of the Manor on every piece of cloth sold and the amount from this source w as generally between 3 0 and 40 shillings a week which gives a fair idea of the number of pieces made and S old “ during that time The marke ts were visited by Leeds men and other foreign merchants who bought cloth to be sent to London and the continent B entl ey records that at that time there were on the b ank s of the stream belo w L ee B rigg a quarter of a mile from the to wn 24 mills e rected all constantly c arried about by the strength of the stream namely : “ Eleven mills for the grinding of all sorts of corn which discovers to us the multitude of the inhabitants Eight fulling mills to prepare raw cloth for the Dressers Tw o wood mills for grinding all sorts of wood that is used by dyers whose trade is to dye both wool and cloth and a great trade this is by which many have gotten and do still get considerable estates O ne paper mill one sheer forge ; on e mill for F ri z ein g of cloth and tw o Tan yards to furnish the inhabitants with leather of all sorts for making sho es and boots Th e woollen trade increased so rapidly during the 18 th c e ntury t h at the manuf acturers er e cted at a c o st of the handsom e structure kno w n as the Piece H all It was Op ened for traffi c in 1 7 7 9 It is a handsome quadrangular building tw o stories in h eight with a basement story benea th the lo w er half of the quadrangl e There are ,
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more than three hund red s eparate rooms appr oach ed by spacious walks support e d b y massive stone columns which en circl e the w h ol e ofgthe interior of the square To these rooms the m anufacturers brought their cloth for sale The ext ent to which the trade had developed durin g th e latter part of th e 1 8 th centu ry in Halifax as compared with neigh b ou rin g towns is p rov e d by th e compar ative size an d magni fi cence of th e Pi ece H all as co mpared w ith those of Leeds or H udders fi e ld The natural disadvantages of the tow n in respect to its railway and other accommodation h ave unfortunately in lat e years gi v en the neighbouring towns advantages of w hich th ey h ave not been slo w to avail themselve s and the good old town though always progress ing has not been abl e to make such rapid and gigantic strides as her more fortunate com ,
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AN ANCIEN T H YD RO PA TH IC R ES O R T S MON GA H S W E LL is in the lower reach of Copgrove P ark four mil e s W S W of B oroughbridge n ear to th e gamekeeper s r e side n ce th ere an d in an out buildin g close to th at house is an open air b ath which is fi lled by wat er from this sp ring The water contain s no mineral its chief vi rtu e being its intense cold n e ss F ormerly this water was in great repute and many people visi ted this sp ri n g every ye ar indeed the re was a kind of hospitium e rected h ere for invalids The following rul es taken f rom Dr Clayton s who c ame to resid e “ edition of Sir J ohn F loy er s work on Cold B aths and B athi n g ally as th ey were writt en l o f n ub ished about are i ter st especi 1 7 e 9 6 p for the use of thos e w ho w ended their way to this w ell Th at th e p eople resor t h er e to b e r e c ov ere d of fi x e d p ain s wh eth er w i th or without tum our rh eu matism quar tan s strain s bru ises r i ck ets all w eakn ess of th e n er v e s & c Th ey are i mm ersed at all ages from 6 m on th s to 8 0 y ears Child ren are dipp ed tw o or three times an d i mmediately tak en ou t again Adults stay in from 1 5 to 3 0 m in u tes Th ey u se n o pr ep aratory p h y sio n or ob ser ve an y d i et b efor e n or after ward s b u t a dr au ht of warm ale or s ack D sease d p eople go from th e i g bath to b ed b u t h ealthful p eople u t on th ei r cloth es and go where they p lea e S Mon gath M on go or en tigern was a native of Scotland from whence he m igrated to North W ales where he founded a re ligious co mmun ity H e acquired a great reputation on account of his s anctity an d lea rning L ater in life he returned to his own country where on the ban ks of the Molendinar n ear Glasgow he founded an Abbey over which he presided until his death in A D 5 6 0 A L E X D H L E A D MAN .
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I n Th ore sb y s D a y are th e follo in g assages 16 8 1 n e 1 8 th — M o n n h e ate s (at H a n D a t ogate) , an d after a s g ’ ” rod e to St M n go s W ell, at ol est o f all ate s I e e ne otg a e, th e ’ — — 1 69 3 ly 8 th Af te n oon t Mr I ets on to St Mu n go s Well, Ro e ” at C op grav e Ed ’
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S H E FF IELD IN THE P AS T
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S H E F F I E LD is the centre o f on e of the most pic turesque districts “ in all mer ry England and on e of the rich es t in its his toric associations Sherwood F ores t B o lsover Roche Abbey B eau c hief Abbey W in gfi eld M anor H ardwick C onin gsb rou gh Castle Chatswor th Th e Peak Castleton and the hills and dales of D erbyshire W harncliffe Ecclesfi eld and many other places which illustrate the story of the land for many centuries gone by It is indeed the centre of a v ast garden of vari e d natural beauty; and the air S eems thick with the blendi ng fact and romance —the skin clad B riton and his Roman foe — Saxon thane s and o f history Norman knights — the scowlin g serf the mitred abbot R obin Hood and the merry greenwoods of old E ngland Ivanhoe P ev eril of the P e ak and a host of reminiscence s and o ld tales and old songs the E nglish ballad singer s joy that wake up dreams that wave delightfu lly be fore the half shut eye At the time of the Conquest in 1 06 6 Sheflield w as ”
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a large district consisting of the parishes of Shefli eld Ecc lesfi eld Handsworth Treeton and Whiston which dis tric t w as known amongst the Saxons by the name of H allamshire H ere in H allamshire W altheof the last of the Saxon earls and the husband of Ju dIth the Conqueror s niece dwelt in his hall and ruled over the serfs and tenantry of his vast lordship H e was a man of the highest power and repute amongst the Saxons ; and the Conqueror did much to c on cl hate him H e was the s on of Siwar d the Dane who led the army o f the Confessor against M acbe th after the murder of D un can in Scotland ; and he was a man of gigantic stature and indomi table The conqueror pardoned him for his share in the Saxon courage conspiracy of Atheling and gave him his niece in marri a ge but when he rebelled a second time by entering into a confederacy with certain of the Norman lords agains t W illiam he was betrayed by his wife J udith he w as executed at W inchester and buried at Croyland Abbey ; ,
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SH E FF I E L D
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TH E P A S T
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and for centuries after his tomb was frequented by the vanquished S a x ons as the shrine of a ma rtyr Such was W altheof the great Saxon thane the fi rst man whose name is immediately connected with the history of She ffield and the di strict around it It is now g enerally agreed among the historians of Sheffi eld that the a u la or m an sion of W althe of stood upon Castle H ill now near the market place of the town which spot w as afterwards occupied by the castle of the Norman rulers of the district F rom the faithless widow of VValtheof the Saxon thane the lordship of Hallamshire passes through the hands of a succession of powerful families The fi rst of these was the de B uslis of whose rule th ere is little record extant F rom them it passed to the d e L ov etots who seem to have been an amiable and religious r ace W ith them the progress of Sheffi eld began They built a hospital for the sick on Spital H ill ; they built and endowed the present parish church they built a bridge O v er the Don and a mill ne ar it an d they founded the Priory of Worksop on the edge of Sherwood F orest where ,
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th ey were buried F rom the d e L ov etots the estates passed in the reign of H enry the Second to the warlike F urnivals who ruled over H allamshire for nearly two hundred years and whose adventures in th e H oly Land hav e been the theme of many a wild story O ne of this ” family was know n by the name of The H asty F u rn iv al F rom the F urn ivals the lordship passed by marriage to the Talbots Earls of Shr ewsbury whose warlike renown rings through the whole history of their times After the Talbots came the H owards in which family the lordship stills remains Sheffi eld Castle was a strong fortress in the time of the Norman lords occupying four acres of ground upon ” “ the spot still known as Castle Hill at the junction of the Don and the Sheaf Some of the massive foundations and a few fragmen ts of the old walls still remain incorporated with and overgrown by modern buildings The site is now surroun ded by the modern town although In ancient times it stood at a little distance from the straggling old town which wandered up the steep between the castle and the church ; .
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and the castle w as connected by a drawbridge w ith a far stretching park which clothed all the eastern and southern s10pes now covered with the smoking dwellings of modern Shefli eld It is a d ifli c u lt thin g to realise the di fference between the littl e old town of the time of the “ F urnivals and the She ffi eld of ou r day A few stragglin g huts and smithies forming an irregular street between the castle and the church ” gates with a few houses lyin g down towards the town mill seem to have formed the whole town of She ffi eld in the time of its e arly Norman lords There are traditio n s that the inh abitants of She ffi el d made arrows for some of the ancie n t B ritish tribes there is a tradition also that the Englis h victories at Crecy and A gin court were large ly Th e se owing to the superiority of the arrows made at She ffi eld however ; are only tradition s though the th in g is not impossible J ohnson the antiquary found a record of 1 3 0 gross o f arrow shafts at 1 4d and arrow heads at 1 5 d per 1 00 having been s e nt from She ffi eld for the use of the G overnment At the battl e o f B os worth F ield too the Earl of R ichmond s men used arrows from Sheffi eld of a very superior make being longer S harper bette r g round and more highly polished than thos e previously manufactured Amongst the articles is sued from the Privy W ardrobe at the To w er in the reign of Edward I II who had visited the to w n for h u nting a C ultellum de ” “ Shefeld was mentioned Chaucer s miller in th e Cante rbury Tales ” “ carried a Shefeld thw y tel in his hose In 1 5 7 5 th e Earl of Shrewsbury presented to Lord Burghley a case of H all ams hire whittl es “ b e in g such fruietes as his poor country a fforded with fame th erefrom Sheffi eld kn ives are often mentioned in plays of this date and 3 gross de H allamshire kn y v es appears in the accoun ts of exports from Liverpool in 1 5 89 Among directions about the choice of quills in “ The W ritin g Maste r a book published in 1 5 9 0 we fi nd with reference to the penknife that a right She ffi eld knife is best {So much for Sheffi eld cutlery in the olden th e W e know how immensely since then the cutlery trade of the town has grown In spite of its early fame as a cutlery town the progr ess of Sheflield was slow un til comparatively modern times which is partly explain ed by the fact that in former times the forges and furnace s of the town were the property of the lords of the manor who grew rich a t the ex p ense of the commu nity There is a curious docu ment extant which says B y a su rv aie of th e t own of Sh efli eld m ad e th e sec on d s d ais of J an u arie 1 6 1 5 b y twen ty four of th e m ost su ffici en t in hab i tan ts th e re it appeareth th at th er e are in th e tow n s of S h effi el d eo l e of wh i c h th e re are 7 25 wh i c h are n ot able p to li ve w i th ou t th e c h ar ity of n ei ghbour s Th es e Th es e are all b eggin g poore ( th ou gh th e b est sorts ) are b u t p oor e artificers ; am o n g th em th ere is n ot on e wh i c h can k eep a te am s on his own lan d an d n ot a bov e ten n w h o h av e n d s of th eir o r u g ow n th at will k eep a cow Th ey are 1 6 0 h ou seh olders w h o are n ot ab le to r eli ev e oth e rs Th ese are suc h (th ou gh th ey b eg n ot) as are n ot ab le to ab i d e th e storm s of on e for tn igh t s s i ck n ess b u t w oul d th e re b ary dr i v en t o b e b e g g y This was a sad state of things for poor old Th w ittletow n in those days ; but even so lately as the year 1 7 5 0 one of the most intelligent -
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OL D Y O R KS H I R E
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the heads of the passers b y whil st the scavenger s cart was as yet an unknown luxury At night the far sundered lamps gave but a feeble gleam the best shops were only lighted by a tallow candle or two and people who were abroad in the dark had to creep about with lanterns like glow worms Sheffi eld three or four centuries ago must have been a very picturesque little town as seen from a distance ; although it seems to have had only a hard time of it under the c ripplin g rule of its ancient lords —even the best of them —and some of them seem to have be en very amiable and generous men ; but slavery was still the fashion in those days and political economy was unknown Apart from this ” however the little old town of thwittle makers or apron men of th ree centuries ago must have pr esented a beauti ful picture to the eye from any point of appro ach when the massive Norman castle coveri n g four acres of g round stood upon the b anks of the Sheaf down in what is now the d ensest part of the town and when its one little street of quaint huts and smithies straggled up the green S lOp e between the castle and the gates of the old church which still crowns the heart of the modern town ; and when the sides of the hills which close in the scene all round were clad with greenwoods and deer parks th e wild summits of which commanded ex tensive views o f the most beautifully varied scenery in England In those days the castle itself was be girt by groves and gardens and a drawbridge across the river Sheaf con n ec ted it with a vast deer park ; and the quaint little winding street whe re the hammerman and grinders of ancient She ffi eld dwelt overawed by the castle from belo w and by the church from above the quaint street which made up old f eudal Sheflield must have been o v ergu sh e d and interwoven here and there with the greenery that clothed the hill side upon which it lay F ew even of the manufacturing towns of England have changed s o completely from their early appearance as She ffi eld has changed It is still on e of the most remarkable towns in the kingdom It is singular in its situation ; it is fearfully singular to a stranger in its first appearance and its ” “ occupation may be truly called a striking speciality for it is the foremost hammerer and kn ifemaker and steel manufacturer of all the world It is the most central to w n in England being equi distant between the two seas ; and it is closely surrounded by some of the most charming scenery in all th e land F rom the green hills which clip in its smoky hive of people fi v e beautiful little rivers come wandering down The Porter joi n s the Sheaf on its way to the town the Riv elin — the stream of which Ebenez e r Elliott sings so sweetly the R iv elin and the F oxl ey flow into the Don the Don joins the Sheaf under the broken walls of the old castle in the lowerm ost part of the town and the Sheaf gives name to the town itself The only relics of the castle now remaining are some of its massive foundations and a few fragments of the old walls partly incorporated with stabl es and slaughter houses in a stinking slum , near the spot where the dr aw on
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S H E FF I E L D
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bridge of the fo rtress led ac ross the river into far stretching deer park and gardens I tried to explore this gloomy nook of the town one damp morning and I saw here and there unmistakable b i ts of a s w old w lls but befor e I could get down to the r i ver Si de I a h t e ; force d to turn back on account of the stench Th e rest of the site is now compl etely deluged with modern buildings with the usual allowance of inns an d lurid looking gin shops but in spi te of chan ge n e I t h e memory of the ancient castle still clings to ground the nam s h t e ” ” “ “ Castle “ Castle Croft castle this and castle H ill , Castl e F olds that ; and as on e looks round now upon the altered scene in the very heart of busy smoky She ffield th ese names seem l i ke ghostly v o1c es of a vanish e d world U nder the rule of the Earls of Shrewsbury the cutlery trade of poor old Sheffield seems to have been very careful ly stunted and crippled for it was entirely under the control of the lord of the manor and the restrictions laid upon it under that regame must -
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Sheffi el d from P ark H ill have completely crushed all chance of its expansion The following were the chief r ul es by which the trade was g overned by the lords of the manor in those days .
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d y ft r 8th A ugu t v ry y r w rk wh t v r d r Ch ri tm t th 23 d J u ry Th t v ry ppr tic w mu t h v rv d v y r b f r h c ul d rci hi tr d hi w cc u t p r w t b ll w d t h v m r th ppr ti c Th t Th t duri g th h li d y m th Th t gri d r c uld r i d gri d i g c uld b d i truct d Th t ith r h ft t f th d i tr i ct w i th i wh i c h h m u t h v b r k i f bl d c u ld b m d r ld Th t v ry cutl r m u t t f th lib r ti h v h i w m rk t mp d h i g d Th t v ry j ur y m mu t b t l t ld Th t fi p u d m u t b p i d b f r t ri g i t bu i tw ty y r h lf t g t th E rl f S hr w bury d th th r t r li v th p r i th c rp r ti P r l pp r c l w cur d i w r t y u mm lty f b y th p h vy fi wh i ch w im p d f r br ch f y f l th pr vi u l w as
Th at for twen ty -eight to b e on e n or f om a e se
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32
OLD Y O R K SH I R E
This is a nice list of good
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old
conservative regulations for the bene fi t N o wonder that the trade of the town limped and of th e community lagged under such shackles as these The She ffi eld cutlers of those days worked like men with one leg and one arm tied up B u t as light and freedom grew in the land and She ffi eld gradu ally emerged from its ancient restrictions we have seen how wonderfully the independent trade of the town grew in wealth and importance until as the ” capital of ste el it has become a proverb among the nations of the “ “ earth In anci ent days the thwittle or W hittle was the masterp iece “ of the Shefli eld cutler s craft ; and Chaucer s miller in the Canterbury ” “ Th e thwittle was Tales carried a Shefeld thw y tel in his hose simply a blade stuck in a wooden handle like the table kn ives of to day ” the blade of which shut into the The next form was the J ack k nife handle This was the invention of J acques de Li ege the famous cutler of Li ege which is the Sh e ffield o f B elgium In Scotland it is called a a J ock teleg which is a corruption of the inventor s name B urns “ speaks of a fau ld in g j octel e g ; and Sir W alter Scott mentio ns the j octeleg in R ob R oy In Lancashire and Yorkshire too ma ny a man s p eaks of a j ack a legs knife w ho little dreams of the origin of the name The fame of She ffi el d is n ot con fined to its renown as the greatest steel factory in the world I n modern times it has become associated w ith the names and fortu nes o f many r e markable persons in art scien c e and literature ; amongst whom are J ames Montgomery the poet Ebenezer Elliott the corn law rhymer J oseph Hunter h istorian of “ Peak Scenery and H allamshire etc ; E bene z er Rhodes author of “ other works ; Samuel Bailey whom Elliott styles the B entham of Mrs Hoflan d Sir F rancis Chantrey Sir W illiam H allamshire Sterndale B ennett Thomas Creswick R A Henry Clifton Sorby LL D and a host of other eminent persons though less known to fame m e: B efore I leave smoky Shefli eld and its blazing furnaces for the merry greenwoo ds I will n ot resist the temptation to take a glance at the most touching and romantic passage in the history of the old town On e wintry morning near the end of the year 1 5 7 0 the acc omplished and unfortunate Mary Quee n of Scots w as brought across the hills from C hatsworth in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his men to his castle at S heffi eld as a remote and strong seclusion capable of resisting any possible attack , and where She might lie hid in lonely durance until forgotten by her scheming friends ; and for the next fourteen years this ancient fortress w as the chief prison house of that ill fated lady The Rev Alfred G atty in his She ffi eld Past and P resent says Th ose w h o are acqu ain ted w i th th e still rom an ti c r oute across th e m oor from C hatsworth to Sh effi eld can imagin e th e day s ri de in early w i n ter to th e cap ti ve Q ueen w h o still on ly twen ty eight y ear s old atten ded b y h er lad i es an d servan ts an d closely gu ard e d b y th e E arl of Sh rew sb u ry s m en at arm s p asse d in th e i r j ourn ey ov er th e u n track ed soil Th ey w oul d as cen d th e lon g hills at a pace wh i c h th e gallan t b u t in dign an t pri son er wou ld gladl y h ave qui ck en ed The Shy .
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SH E FF I E L D gr u
di turb d
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IN
TH E P A ST
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cd ud r r c ud b d b d
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rc r p u d Spr up
b y th e a val a e , wo l i se f om thei h eath e ov e t an d fl ee aw ay on a w in I n v ai n m ight sh e h o e th at g of li e ty wh i h Sh e wo l en vy som e tan ley or e y , w ith a an of ol follow e s, w o l in g for h er o se,
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t ri g th m t w r cu d wh f h fu tur c pti v ity w ith th l t p ibl p m p w p ci lly rd r d h r h rt w uld tur Si ck th m ith r l i g th ir p d r u tr gth d l vi g th ir f rg c m i t th tr t t es
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34
OL D Y O R KS H I R E
w on der
u u l p r i th purp r t f whi ch d wh w th p r g tt d d w r k pt cr t b y rd r f th c u ill r f E li b th Th r uld b t i hm t d t lk m g t th rud by t d r ; b t h w ld th r u gh th g t w y th w i ck t w u ld cl up h d f r h pp i r uld th cr w d ut id r m i th th r y l w m with h r r ti u w h h d r c iv d withi it w ll
so a
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.
N o doubt the doings of th e all powerful castle of the lord of the manor would be the principal theme of conversation in the secluded little town which was overawed by its embattlements in those days and we can easily imagine that for a long time after M ary had passed through its gateway there would b e a good deal of whispered talk and wild speculation in the huts and smithies of old feudal She ffield about the mysterious prisoner who lay concealed within its frownin g walls until at last her very exis tence would bec ome like a dream And it was here — in what is n ow the busy heart of modern Sheffi eld — that three centuries ag o M ary Stuart lay immured in the old Norman castl e from the o f the Earls of Shrewsb ury for more than fo u rteen years age o f twenty eight to forty tw o fretting and scheming and hopin g and despairin g and raging and broodin g bitterly upon the unhappy past as s he paced the narrow limits o f her pris on range like a caged panther n ow gazing wistfull y ou t upon the far stretching park an d gardens of the castle where the wild bir ds sang and the fallow deer wandered at will n ow listenin g to the distant clang of merry hammermen in the little town upon the steep above the cas tle ; n ow weeping passionately as she remembered the happy days of her youth and the sunn y realm of F rance W ell might the captive s hair turn prematurely grey in that long confi nement haunted by so man y painful memories and clouded with such a gloomy future Mary s incarceration at She ffi eld however , w as slightly relieved n ow and then by a brief change of prison house Sheffi eld C as tle w as a strong fortres s suited to the turbul ent times F or tw o hun dred and thirty years it had been the home of the lor ds of H allamshire when early in the sixteenth century G eorge the fourth E arl of Shrewsbury and lord of the manor of She ffi eld feeling probably that the castle w as more a plac e of securi ty than of comfort built a country residence upon a lofty site about tw o miles south of the town which is still kno w n in its ruined state as Sheffi eld Manor This too was a strongly fortifi ed dwelli ng occupy ing about three acres of ground and commandin g a fin e view of the valley whi ch is n ow fi lled with modern She ffi eld and of the far stretching woodland hills all around The Earl w as a wealthier man than some of his predecessors and this new castellated house — which seems to have been magnifi cently furnished for the period — was fi nished early in the reign of H enry the Eighth Very soon after its completion it began to be associated with the history of the times When Cardinal W olsey fell from his high estate and retired to his archiepiscopal palace near York he w as arrested there by the E arl of N orthu mb e rlan d and transferred by him to the custody of the E arl of Shrewsbury , at Sheffi eld , w here he arrived after tw o days j ourney and where he w as -
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36
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OL D
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This is said to hav e are their richly—quartered arms The walls are now been the lodging of the Queen of Scots but som e of the fastenings remain on which tapestry b ars used to h ang Next to this ornamented chamber which is lighted by a st ained glass window there is a small e r apartment of the s ame character and a second flight of w indin g stone steps leads up to the lead e d roof of the tower which commands a fi n e view of the picturesque country all around And here f rom the embattled summit of this old tower th e hapless lady has probably often gazed upon the beautiful hills and “ fly dal e s around , and longed for the wings of a bird that she might
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Sh effi el d
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at rest B u t She ffi eld saw the unhappy captive nearly her mortal su ffering ; for in little mor e than tw o years the spot the headsman smote her in the gloomy hall at and she complained no more
away and be to the end of after she left F otheringay
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E D WI N WA UGH
M a n chester
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r pr t d i th w dcut w t k d w i 1 8 15 I t f rm rly ccup i d b y H ry H w rd E q f th r f D uk B r rd E d w rd w f N rf lk d ud it r f E dw rd i th D uk rc dt b Wh th m f h h f th t N r f k f il h d t cc i l t m th r id c l f r m t g y r i d c f th D uk him lf th i h u w bu i lt d w c mm ly k w b y — h H tr L rd u h f m H t t This
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37
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TH E R E
is no place in England whose history embrace s sadder memories th an Towton in Yorksh i re There is pe rhaps only on e other place w hich can tell a tale of national misery e qual to it and th at * is M arston a village only a fe w miles from it Each of them c an trace in gory characters their account of a monarch s overth row by his own subj ects ; but unquestionably the most sickening wou ld be the account of Henry s downfall upon the fatal fi eld of Towton B ut Th e d ark er sp oils d om esti c struggles y i eld M ay n ot on p age so ligh t as m in e b e r ead H ow York sh ire m ourn ed o er Tow ton s cri m son fi eld H ow F ai rfax trium p h ed wh ile h er brav est bled ,
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The story of the events which happened on that sad Palm Sunday , 146 1 , “ O ld
has been told in the pages of Wh en the lands of N orthumb ria were parcelled out to their military tenants by the superior chieftains of the Conqueror s army Towton appears to have fallen to the share of one of the f amily of P ictav en sis Th e se who were lords of the manor of H eadin gl ey near Leeds Pic tav en s es or as th ey were a fterwards called P ay tfin s continued the lords of Towton until the reign of J ohn In the octaves of St M ichael in the eighth year of the reign of J ohn a plea was entered at W estminster by R oger B irkin and Alice his wife demandants against R oge r P ay tfi n respecting the third part o f the town of Towton which de fen ds itself by the fourth part of a knight s fee The B irkin s were an ancient kn ightly family s ettled at B irkin near Selby and Alic e the wife of the above R oger seems to have been th e widow of R obert the brother of R oger P ay tfin who had endowed her with the third part of the town of Towton In the fi nes of the 9 th of J ohn we fi n d further mention of the pl ace F ines b etween R oger B irkin and Alice his wife demandants and R oger P ay tfi n tenant of the thi r d part of the town of Towton with the appurtenan ces which the s am e R oger and Alice claimed to be of the r e asonabl e dower which belongs to the sam e Alice of the fre e tenements of R obert P ay tfin some time her husband R oger P ay tfi n granted unto the afor e said R oger B irkin and Alice his wife all the town of Towton with its appurtenances y et so that the men of Towton as they were used to do should grind at the same R oger P ay tfin s mill of Saxton saving to the same R oger and Alice his wi fe the multure of their house quit for all the life of the same A lice An d mor eover he granted unto them six cartloads of wood by the year in S axton wood by the delivery etc And mor e over h e granted unto them common in the te r ritory of his land of Saxton for their demesne or plough ox en ’
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S
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the demesne oxen or oxen belongin g to the plough of the aforesaid R oger P ay tfi n and that they should have every year in the wood of Altofts peas for 20 hogs from the feast of St Michael till the feast of St Martin without gi ving pannage so that th e s ai d Roger B irkin and Alice his wife have an d hold for all the life of the same Alice in the name of her dower the aforesaid land of Towton with the appurtenances and the aforesaid six cart loads of wood by the year as is aforesaid rendering by the year S ix marks And for this acknowledgment etc the same Roger B irkin and Alice rendered etc from themselves unto the same R oger P ay tfi n and his heirs all the land with the appurtenan ces which they formerly had by reason of dower in the town of Altofts and in the town of Saxton And likewise they releas ed to the same Roger P ay tfin and to his heirs all the right which they have or S hould have in all other land which the same Roger P ay tfi n b ath o f the inheritanc e of R obert his brother wheresoever they shall be to wit in demesne etc rent etc and in all other things We cannot say whether the Birk ins acqui red any further right in the manor of Towton In the succeedin g generation they rose to greater prosperity O ne J ohn de B irkin became the heir of an opulent lady Matilda ds C au z and on the 25 th M ay 1 224 he paid a fi n e to the King of 3 00 marks for relief of the lands which belonged to the said Matilda and also for having as his inheritance the custody of the forests of Nottingham and Derby forwhich he pays homage The last member of the house of B irk in w as a daughter Isabel w h o married R obert de E veringham To their children and descendants the lands of B irkin passed It was about this period that the manor of Towton came into the possession of the family of Stopham In point of time the fi rst notice we have of their possession is the following charter which is to be found in the Harl M S 7 9 6 p 1 10 “ D e it kn own to all m en th at I Will iam S t op h am l ord of Tou eton h av e gi ven an d fully r el ease d from m e an d m y h ei r s fo r ev er to G od an d th e c h urc h of St O swal d of N ostel an d th e c an on s th e re ser vin g God in pure an d p er etu al p alms P au lin u s th e s on of J oh n th e son of R obe rt Tou eton my b on d sman ,
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This charter was , no doubt , given towards
the close of the thirt e enth century In the 21 Edw I 1 29 2 William de Stopham appeared in the King s Court at York and claimed to have by charter gran ted to R obert de Stopham his father by King H enry II I in the 3 6th year of his reign various rights in various parts of the W est R iding and Towton is among the pl aces named R obert de Stopham appears to have been the foun der of the family The following evidences S how how as a favourite of the K ing he rose to the position of a feudal tenant of land “ 5 th M arch 26th H en ry I I I 1 242 R ob ert d e S top h am m ad e a fi n e to th e Ki n g for 6 0 m ark s for h av in g th e cu stody of th e lan ds w h i c h b elon ge d to E v a d e A l vrin ton u n ti l th e l egitim ate age of E dm u n d son an d h ei r of J oh n form erly A n d it is c omm an d ed to th e cu stod i an of th e lan d s W t h E arl of Li n c oln .
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PA T
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d t th i d E rl i Y rk h ir th t h Sh uld cc pt curity fr m th i d R b rt f r th i d 60 m rk whi ch w r t b p i d i thr qu l p rti r 1242 d 20 m rk n th f t f St J h i 20 m rk t E t r f th y m t f St M i ch l i th m y r d 20 m rk t th f th B pti t i th h l t ll h t r h h i d R b r S h u l d h v f u ll i i f d wh i c h id t t t y E h ld i d w ry f th i d E rl elon ge
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This
Eva was the widow of Adam de R ey n eville one of the benefactors to Kirkstall Abbey Robert obtained pos session of her lands but he could not p ay his debts due to the King from them 9 th March 1243 Th e Kin g h as p ard on e d R ob er t d e S toph am 1 0 m ark s of th e 40 m ark s d u e to him as fi n e for h avi n g th e cu stody o f th e m an or of Alb reton belon gin g to John I form erly E arl of Lin coln u n til th e legitimate age of E dmun d S an d h of th e sai d E arl H e w as to p ay to th e Kin g th e remain in g 30 m arks at M i c h aelm as of th i s y ear 2l st Oct 1 249 Th e Kin g c on ce ded to R ob ert d e S toph am his v alet th at of th e 1 0 m ark s whi c h r em ai n to b e p ai d of th e fi n e of 6 0 m ark s wh i c h h e m ad e with th e Kin g for h avi n g th e m an or of Alb reton whi c h b elon ged to Ad am d e R ey n eville h e sh oul d p ay to th e Kin g 5 m ark s y early v iz at E aster 1250 tw o m ark s an d a h alf an d at M ar tin m as foll ow in g two m arks an d a h alf an d th en in th e y ear foll owin g h e is to p ay th e r em ain i n g 5 m ark s This Robert de Stopham remained in the king s favour for some years longer perhaps until the date of his death In 1 25 5 and 1 25 7 we fi n d him acting as the king s bai liff at Clarendon and it is likely that he died towards the close of the latter year Three generations Of this family held the manor of Towton Robert was succeeded by his son William who became a knight and was succeeded in turn by his son Sir William In 1 3 1 0 Sir William was summoned to assemble as many followers as he could muster at B erw ick on Tweed to perform military service agai ns t the Scots and in 1 3 1 6 he was certifi ed as lord of the to w nships of W estwick Towton and W eston and joint lord of th e township of B aildon all in the county of York H e married and had issue Will iam and Thomas who both died s p and a daughter who married Sir J ohn Vavasour of Ask with In 1 3 3 2 William the child less son of Sir William Stopham released to his nephew J ohn Vavasour and to Alice his wife all his right in the lands in B aildon in Ay redale which the said J ohn Vavasour had for term of life of the grant of Sir William Stopham his gran dfather The arms of the family of Stopham were A rgen t a ben d sable The manor of Towton then passed into the possession of the powerful family of Ros O n the 4th of the Kalends of J uly 1 3 3 5 Archbishop M elton gave an order to deliver to Sir J ohn Ros Knight the sum of £40 by the hands of Sir Peter Ryther rector of the church of Kirkby Misperton in part payment of £ 400 in w hich the Archbishop was bound to him for the manor of Towton R aine in the F a stz ” “ E bora cen ses tells us the Archbishop was desirous of making a family and he made it The greate r part of his wealth seems to h ave com e to the children of his brother H e nry H e was fond of tra ffi ckin g in land for their use and the knightly house of M elton of Aston which was fostered and upreared by his mu n ific ence took its pl ace soon after ,
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40
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its founder s decease among the greatest families in Yorkshire At Sherburn a small tow n near Towton there stood one of the archie i sco l a palaces a n d it was in the neighbourhood of this pal ce that the a p p Archbishop chie fl y traffi cked in lands Archbishop Melton died at Cawood six miles f rom Sherburn on the 4th or 5 th of April 1 3 40 seize d of the manors of Killam Aston and Towton within the honour of Pontefract and North Milford Kirby W harfe Ab holm e an d H is nephew W illiam M elton of Aston who was th e n Sherburn twenty three years of age w as found to be his heir This W illiam was the son of H enry de M elton and on the 9 th April 1 3 3 0 the Archbishop had given hi m £ 1 000 and to h is brothers Thomas and J ohn and his sister Joan £ 1 00 each H e married J oan sister and c o heir in her issue o f Thomas Lord Lucy and died in 13 6 2 Accordin g to the inquisition taken after his death the jurors say upon oath that W illiam Melton held in fee the day that he died on e messuage in Towton which is held of the Earl of Lancaster as of his honor of Pontefract by Knight s service ; and W illiam son of W illiam M elton deceased is his next heir and is of the age of 24 years and above In the F in es of the 1 5 th Edward I II we fin d a suit between W illiam the s on of H e nry M elton plaintiff and M agister Adam Has elb ec k clerk de forciant of the manors of Towton and Aston of land in Nor th M ilford and of the advowson of the church of the town of Aston to the use of the said W illiam son of Henry and of the heirs of his body begotte n to remain in the right heirs of the said William In the account of the feod ary of Pontefract 3 6 Edward we fi n d the receipt of fi fty shillings of the relief of Sir W illiam M elton knight for the moiety of one knight s fee in Towton , paid after the decease of of W illiam M elton his father The last male of the house of Melton who held the manor of Towton appears to have been J ohn M elton In the account of the F eodary of the H onor of Ponte fract for the 2md H enry VI I I J ohn Melton Esq is stated to have paid one hundred S hillin gs relief for half a knight s fee in Towton this year happening to the king by the death of Sir J ohn Melton knight, father of the said J ohn This J ohn died in the 3 6th Henry VI II when G eorge Darcy k night paid to the king as lord of the H onor of Pontefract the sum of fi fty shillings for his land and tenements in Towton in the right of the Lady D orothy his wife daughter and heir Of J ohn Melton Esq deceased who held of the lord the king as of hi s H onor of Pontefract by the service of half a kn ight s fee G eorge Darcy was the eldest son of that unfortunate nobleman “ Pilgrimage of G race who Thomas Lord Darcy the leader of the su ffered death for his treason on the 20th J une 1 5 3 8 G eorge received knighthood at the honour giving hand of Henry VIII for his bravery at the seige of Tournay and was restored in blood with the dignity of B aron D arcy to himself and his heirs male Those who desire to kn ow why the civil wars in England between the H ouses of Lancaster and York are called the W ars of the Roses .
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TO WTO N I N TH E P A ST
41
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may turn to Shaksp eare s H enry VI part I act 2 scene 4 and there read ho w the rival roses became the badges of the rival houses To see the roses which one of the most beautiful legends in English history s ays spr u ng from the blended blood of the slaughtered warriors of the two factions w e must visit the battl e fi eld at Towton which is situate about twelve miles south of York an d about tw o miles resp ectively from the Stations at Tadcaster and C hurch F enton on the North Eastern R ailway Th ere on a ridge of land between the vill ages of To w ton and Saxton extends the fatal fi eld where on the 29 th of M arch 1 46 1 being Palm Sunday the sun of Lancaster set A snowstorm driving full in the faces of the Lancastrian or R e d R ose warriors blinded them so that they could not se e their enemies their own rank s mean whil e being rapidly thinned by bolt and arrow from the arch ers of the Yorkists who favoured by th e snowstorm and the wind poured voll ey after voll ey into their ranks with i mpunity The L a n c a s t r i a ns S to e Cross on Towton Field therefore rushed to charge the Yorkists on their own ground and then hand to hand along the whole line of either army the battl e raged during the whole of that sabbath day N 0 quarter had been given at the battle of W ake fi eld G reen where the youthful R utland and the pri n cely Duke of York were slain ; and now Ed ward on the fi eld of Towton commanded that no qu arter S hould be given and this cruel order More than was executed with frightful exactness and ferocity of the bravest sons of England fell on that fatal day O n a part of the fi eld where the fi nal death stru g gle and rout of the Lancastrians took place grow many small rose bush es which tradition says sprung from the mingled blood of the rival ros e bearers shed on this fatal fi eld They grow on this soil only says the legend and if transplanted to an y other place th ey quickly with er and d ie When in bloom the petals are a min gl e d red and whit e and when the leaves become old they are of a dull red hu e on the under side These bushes grow in the only grass fi eld between Towton and Saxton which slopes down to the v alley of the brook Cock and has apparently never been under the plough This pleasing pie c e of superstition has caus e d many of those diminutiv e shrubs to be removed from their native sod and carried far away to ’
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42
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other places and the report of the villagers is that they have much decreased in number of late years Th e plant is the R osa sp in osszsszma which o nl y attain s to about a foot in height It or burnt rose certainly grows in many other places besides Towton F ield but its favo u rite habita t in the in land parts of Yorks hire is the magnesian limestone The p os ts have not forgotten this charming little rose nor the beautiful l e gend with which it is here associated Mr Planch é in his autobiography chants the praises of the roses Of Towton F ield in these verses Th er e is a p atc h of wild whi te roses th at bloom s on a b attl e fi eld Wh ere th e ri val rose of Lan caster blush e d r edder still to y ield Four hun dre d y ears h ave o e r them Sh ed thei r suns hin e an d thei r sn ow B u t in Sp ite of plou gh an d h arr ow e very su mm e r th e re th ey blow Th ough rudely up to root th em w i th h an d profan e y e to il Th e faithf u l fl ow e rs still fon dly clu ste r rou n d th e sacred soil ; Th ou gh t en d e rly tran splan ted to th e n ear est garden ay N or c ost n or c ar e c an tem pt th em th e re to li v e a S in g e d ay on d ered o er th e i r b loss oms an d an on my bu sy br ain Iz‘pi th ban n ered hosts an d steel clad kni hts repeopled all the I seem ed to h ear th e lu sty c h eer of th e ow m en bold of York A s t h ey mark ed h ow w ell th ei r cloth y ard sh afts h ad d on e th eir blood y w ork In a poem descriptive of the B attle of Towton attributed to Lord Ravensworth are the following lines “N ow for t wi c e tw o h u n dr ed e ars wh en the m on th o f M arc h appe ars y All un c h e ck e d b y plough or S h ear s Spri n g th e roses red an d white ; N or c an th e h an d th at s m or tal cl os e th e subte rr an ean po rtal Th at gi ves to life immortal th ese emblem s of th e fi gh t An d as if th ey w er e en c h an te d n ot a fl ow er may b e tran splan ted F rom th ose fatal precin cts h aun ted b y th e Spi rits of th e Slain ; F or h ow e er th e root y ou c h e rish it S h all fad e aw ay an d pe ris h Wh en remove d b ey on d th e m ari sh of Towton s gory plain The principal growth of these roses is near a place where great numbers of the dead have been buried in the narrow dry valley down which the Lancastrians rushed to escape the p u rsuit of their pitil ess enemies soon to be engulfed in the marshes by the S ides Of the small crooked slow fl ow in g river Cock Accordin g to Leland the bodies of those o f superior rank w ho fell at Towton were buried in Saxto n churchyard Saxton is a parish in the upper division of B arkston Ash W apentake and its church is nearest to the battle fi eld Like Towton it w as a part of the H onor It w as granted by Alice de Laci to M argaret de of Pontefract W hen H e nry de L aci her son was lord of the honor Kirk eton Saxton was in the posses sion of Sir R oger de Saxton who founded a chapel there in 1 29 2 which was dedicated to St M ary Th e present church is dedicated to All Saints and in the reign of Edward I I I is said to have belonged to the Hospital of St Leonard of York ,
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W W H EATE R .
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some very beautiful thorough bred mares which were henceforth called the Royal M ares W illiam the Third frequently visited N ew m ark et O n the occasion of her visit to Lord B ingley Queen Anne g ave a Plate of G old to be run for by horses on B ramham M oor that she might encourage the breed of horses in this shire In 1 7 1 2 she gave “ the Queen s Cup to York Races and ran her grey gelding Pepper ” “ for it without succes s Nor did her horse Mustard win it next year but in 3 0th J uly 1 7 1 4 three days before H er Majesty s death ” “ her bay horse S tar w on the Plate of £40 for aged horses eleven stone each four mile heats It may be observed that the heats of three miles with ten stone weight and the four mile heats carrying twelve stone in the W ake fi el d R aces point to the di fference between the weights carried by the horses of O ld Yorkshire an d those of the present time The late J ohn S cott the celebrated Trainer on Langton W old of W hitewall near Malton thought the present weights S hould be raised ; and his opi nion is endorsed by that of the not l ess experienced and famous Mr W illiam Day It is not easy to ascertain the origin of all the Yorkshire R ace Meetings The earliest notice of Doncaster R ace s that Mr Hunter could discover is in the year 1 7 03 R ipon R aces were in exis tence in 1 7 25 B lack H ambleton Races fl ourished from 1 7 1 5 to 1 7 7 5 P ontefract R aces were established about the year 1 8 00 Kipling Cotes in the parish of M iddleton in the East R idi n g has had races since th e year 1 6 1 8 when £3 60 was raised by subscription and securely invested R aces were held on Langton W ol d from 1 8 03 to 1 8 6 2 ; at Hull till the year 1 7 9 6 ; and at B urton Constable from 1 83 6 to 1 8 5 0 There were private race courses at B rodsworth and N unn in gton and horses were trained at Arras near M arket W eighton B ramham Moor G rim thorpe H azlewood H all Kirkleatham Moor M onkton Rise Sledmere Stainton ih —Cleveland Swinton near R otherham Thixendale on the W olds Tolston Lodge near Tadcaster and many other place Trainin g establishments in great and well deserved r epu te , still exist at B everley H ambleton Lang ton W old Mi ddleham and R ichmond R aces are now held at B everley C atterick B ridge Doncaster H alifax Leeds N orthallerton Pontefract R edcar Richmond Ripon Scarborough Stockton Thirsk and York Steeple Chases take place at Kipling C otes Leeds Malton Sancton , Ter r ington W etherby and York B everley R aces were established in 1 7 6 7 and the Stand was built by means of Silver Tickets Th e G rand Stand at York was built in 1 7 5 4 free admission tickets in brass bei n g sold at fi ve pounds each These were renewed in 1 8 03 but were r edeemed in 1 8 5 4 W ith r esp ect to the F ounders and Patrons of the W akefi eld Races W illiam Serj ean tson was of H an lith in Craven married Susanna daughter and heiress of William Moore M D of W ake field , and died in 1 7 5 9 aged 43 Thomas O ate s attorney at law di ed in 1 7 8 3 -
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C
W A KE F I E LD
RA E
S , 17 40
45
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Cuthbert Constable was owner of Burton Constable in Holderness and died in 1 7 47 W illiam O sbal deston of H unm anby near B ri dl ing ton thirty years M P for Scarborough died in 1 7 65 aged 7 9 Mr W il b erforce R ead was youngest son of Clement R ead of G rimthorpe by Elizabeth W ilberforce He was baptised at St J ohn s B ev erl ey April 1 7 7 4 at G iven dale havin g 9 th O ctob er 1 7 03 and buried been forty years on the turf The D uke of Perth was J ames Drummond son of J ames Lord D ru mmond who died in 1 7 20 son of J ames Drummond fourth Earl of P erth cre at ed Duke of Perth by King J ames he was born in 17 07 had the th e Second at St G ermains in 1 69 5 family est ates given him 28th August 1 7 1 3 was at the battle of Culloden and died on board ship on his way to F rance 1 3 th May 1 7 46 without issue H is h orses ran at York in 1 7 40 1 7 4 1 1 7 43 and in 1 7 42 at Doncaster Articles of th e H orse R aces as it is agreed by the F ounders or the majority of them whose names are hereto subscribed for the Plates to on M onday th e fi rst and b e run for upon W ake field Ings Wednesday the third day of September in the year of our Lord O ne thousand seven hundred and forty ,
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F irst— E v e y s h H o se , M a e, o r G el in g as sh all b e en te e for th e fty e tem e , st d ay of h all n ot ex ee o n s to b e ru n for on M on ay , th e sai ton e w ith a le an d th e A ge of F ive Yea s th e last G ass, an d h all a y Ten B i le, th ee h eats, th ee mi les to ea h h eat [ term — E ve y s h Ho se, M a e , or G el in g as sh all b e en te e for th e fty d ay of e tem e afo esai , sh all o n s to b e ru n for on W e n es ay , th e th i a dl e an d B i le, th ee h eats , fo m iles to ea h h eat a y Twelv e ston e w i th I tem —If an y H o se , M a e, or G el in g th at u n s for eith e of th e sai lates, st H eats, it h all b e at th e i s etion of th e o n e s or a sh all w in th e tw o esen t to gi v e s h H o se, Ma e, or G el i n g th e late, an d m aj o ity of th em th en B u t if th ee H o ses, M a es, or G el in gs w in th e est sh all ru n for th e ta e s h all ru n a fo th h eat, an d h e or Sh e e a h o f e m on e h eat, th en th os e th ee on ly that w in s th e sai fo th h eat Sh all h av e th e late, th e se on th e S ta es, an d a i stan e this h eat h all go for n oth i n g I tem — I f an y e son or e s on s sh all ru n eith e H o se, M a e , or G el in g for ali e a o lates wh i h is n ot in g to th ese A ti les , A n d e ith e of th e s ai h all w in eith e late, or ta es, or oth , s h e son or e son s sh all et rn th e late or ta es to th e own e or own e s of th e n ex t H o s e, M a e , or Gel in g s ai h all li ew i se fo feit on e h n e g in eas, to b e ai to th e ly al i e , an d i e towa s th e lates to b e ru n for n ex t y ea s o n e s s I tem -E v e y fo n e th at h all en te an y H o s e, M a e, or G el in g for eith e lates sh all p ay ove an d a ov e h is Su b scrip tl on tw o G in eas o f th ese A n d all on e e son s th ee G i n e as, wh i h M on i es sh all b e e ta es, an d go to th e oth e n less O e e b y th e s e on est H o s e , M a s , o r G el i n g, o n e s to th e e la e efo e th e H o s es , M a es, or G el i n gs sta t, wh at th e on t a y , w h o h all ta es of e a h H eat sh all b e I tem —N o H o se , M a e, or G el in g that hall sta t for eith e of th e s ai lates h all h av e th e en e t of th e ta es nl ess s h H o se, M a e, or Gel in g h all ru n th ee h eats, or sh all b e oth e wi se o e e b y th e o n e s th en es en t en e t of en te in I term — N o e son sh all h av e th e g an y H o se, M a e, or Gel i ng as A o n e , n less s h e son shall s s i e on e G in ea an d p ay th e
d fir Sp r S c rr S S dd r c r r d rd fi d d rd Sp br r d Sd rd r ur c r r d r r dP fir S d cr Fu dr r pr uc r r d P r S k r r r d c r S ur d ur P c d k d c S pr pr r r r d r dP c qu fi d cc rd r c S rP S k b uc p r pr r u dP S k r r r r d du qu fi d S k r u dr d u p d F u d r ub cr b d rd P r r u dr S r r r d r p r b u rp r r u c r ck d S k c db r r d u rd r d Fu dr c rr S dc r b r r r d r S k c r r d S r r d P S b fi S k u uc r r d S r r rd r d Fu dr pr pr b fi r r r d Fu dr u uc P r ub cr b u m wh dm dd I t m —E v ry t r rG ldi g f r i th r f th M r th t y H r i d Pl t Sh ll mit t M j rity f th F u d r h r t ub crib d d h ll
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H o se, Ma e, or G el in wh i h h all b e s o of th e A ti l e s fore ve to th e le g hi llin gs an d ix p en c e, an d Tw o Shilh n gs for ev e y on e en ter d th e Su m of Ten w erg ed E ve y H o se, M a e, o r G el in g th at h all ru n for eith e o f th e sai l tem — lates sh all b e sh own an d en te e on th e d ay an d la e a oi n te at th e H o se of p i h olson, at th e ign of th e B la wan , I n Wa e el afo esai , M r Wm s of tw o an d e igh t in th e afte n oon etw een th e h o I tem — E ve y H o se , M a e, or Ge l in g th at h all ru n for ei th e of th e sai in th e afte n oon , an d s h all lates h all sta t etw een th e h o s of three an d fo in g afte e ve y h eat ; A n d if an y H o s e, M a e , h ave h alf an h o allowe for ta t at the ti me a oin te , th e o n ers th en esen t or G el in g d o n ot om e to w ill ta t th e est I tem — I f an y Horse, M are, or G el in g th at sh all ru n for ei th e of th e sai le oti s b e gi v en b y th e of th e A ti l es wi th o t lates sta t efo e om in g i stan e an d sta tin g w i th th e est, it h all b e j a ge I tem — I f an y H o se, M a e, or G el i n g sh all is tan e all th e est in an y of th e ’ th ee h eat s, th e ta es h all go to th e n ex t y ea s lats h all leave all th e P osts on hi s ight han all o n th e I tem — E v ery R i e e a n e T h s t a tin g e x e te i s t e s t o s e , or hall b e j o g I tem — E ve y R i e sh all w eigh efo e th e Try s rs afte e v e y H e at, an d h all efo e h e ta ts, an d hall be of h is H o s e, M a e, or G el in g olo sh ew th e l e an d B idl e, on e o n for eve y Heat e si es a all owe , hall o st t or h in e an oth e b y ossi n g, j ostlin g, I tem — I f an y R i e tto i n g, h ol in g, strik in g, or Sh ow in g an y mann e of o l lay , o r wh at th e ’ e so, or h all sm o n t h i e sen t, an d u n c on c ern d , all j s i e , o n e s s g ’ en ost to b e w ei h d , o rta es an y thin g th at h e has n ot i om es to th e efo e h e e i es for, h all h ave n o en e t of e ith e wi th , s h ri e , or th e e son w h o late or ta es o n t of eith e of th e se on a I tem — I i an y di s tes or iffe en es sh all a i se o n e s esen t an d to th e lates or A ti les, th e sam e h all b e efe e ’ ete min e owe to a t of th em , hall h av e th e or th e m aj o u n c on cern d , an d th e y th e sam e, an d sh all h k e w is e h av e ow e to o j e t again st an y on e H o se, M a e , or G el in g en te in g for eith e of th e sai lates I tem —I f th ee or m o e H o se s, M a es, or Geldi n gs d o n ot en te an d ta t for o n e s, or a lates afo esai ( wi th o t it b e b y ons en t of th e e a h of th e ’ Maj o i ty of em ) , th en it is e la e an d ag ee to b e n o R a e p ay
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47
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O S T VILL AG E IN E AS T YO RKS HIR E
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A B O UT seven miles west of Scarborough near the Pickerin g and Seamer line of the North Eastern R ailway Company stands the modern stone mansion of W ykeham Abbey the property of the Dowager Viscountess D ow n s It was erected on the site of the old Priory formerly a conv ent for Cistercian nuns in a well wooded park of n e arly two hundred acres The Priory was founded by Pain F itz osb ert de Wykeham about the year 1 1 5 3 and dedicated to St Mary and St — n icha l there are records of the followi g prioresses Emma e a n d M de Dunstan 1 28 6 ; Isabel 1 321 ; Eliz Edmundson 1 48 0 ; Kath W ard 1 48 7 ; Alice H ornby 1 5 02 ; and Kath Nandik 1 5 08 Adjoining the mansion is the old churchyard containin g monuments of the Langley family and other s A tall stone cross in the centre of the ch urchyard now marks the spot where the altar of the old church formerly stood This church which was dedicated to All Saints and St M ary, was used as a place of worship until the year 1 8 5 3 when it was taken down and removed to the village of Wykeham about a mil e further north and erected on the site of the ancient chapel of St Mary and St H elen of which place Hinderwell the historian of Scarbro writes as follows I n th e y ear 1 3 21 John d e Wy ch am erected a ch ap el h er e on th e S i te of th e c hurch of A ll S ain ts (whic h w as then tak en down b ein g ru in ous an d decay ed) an d d edi cated it to th e V irgin Mary an d St H elen Th e sai d John d e Wy ch am h avin g th e k in g s li c en c e gr an te d b y c harter date d 20th J u n e 1 3 21 to dam e I sab el th e prioress an d to th e con v en t th e an n ual stip en d of twelve m arks of silv er an d sev er al p arc els of lan d for procurin g an d s u stai nin g tw o p e p etu al ch aplai n s an d l for th e soul of its oth er succ essors to c elebr ate divin e ser vi c e in th e s aid c h ap d foun d er an d for th e sou ls of all th e fai thful d ec eased wh i c h ordin ati on w as c on firm ed b y Will iam A rchbi shop of York 20th July A b out half a mile to the north of the village of Wykeham there is a parcel of land whi ch is at present known by the name of Marton ” G arths During the summer of 1 8 8 1 I visited the pl ace and was informed by an Old inhabitant that some old masonry was dis covered there when he was a boy which would therefore be about the com men ce men t of the present century ; and I have no doubt that it was the site of the village of Marton which is supp osed to have been co nsumed by fire It appears however to have been in existence in the fourteenth century for in the above named charter we fi n d M arton referred to as follows H aec c ar ta in den tata testatu r qu od J oh an n es d e Wy kh am d e licen tia s t as sens u i llu stri ssimi d u i su i D ni E d w ardi R egi s A n gli a e c on c essi t d e di t e t praesen ti cartasu a in den tata con firm avit domin ae I sab ellae P riorissae Mon ialiu m d e Wy kh am et C on v ej u sdem loci et su i s su c c essorib u s in p erp d u od e cim tofta n ov em b o vatas trigin ta et qu atu or aeras t rae qu atu ord ec im a cras prati et x vii solidos et tres d en arios red d itu s c u m p ert su i s in Wy k h am R oston a et M arton z— v i del vi tofta in Wy kh am qu orum u n um fu it A d ae filii C ic ardi d u o v ero qu ae fu eru n t A lani Laman ex c ep to crofto s t qu ae Emma A ttelial st Al i c i a D onn y b y ten en t ; d u o ,
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48
O
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qu qu d m f r t i d m M i lib c pt p rt liq li r d m m t r m pr u t p r c rt bu d di id it r v r u u tru m ; t u um t t ftum qu d qu d m fu it p r di ti A d t j t d it m ill d Wy k h m r i t m v ru u um v r t ftum i R t qu d W ill m r ft i d m P y rly t t d t t ft m qu d R g r fi li C d rd i t t i d m d v r qu qu d m f r t R b filii Will d R t t d t ft i M l qu qu d m f r t R i c rdi d K rth rp t j c t i p rt b r li ill j u d m t ti m du b t t r i Wy k h m t R t qu qu d m f r t R b rti d R t i
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In the Domesday B ook of William the Conqueror we also fi n d Marton ( in connectio n wi th W ykeham) noticed as follows Lan d of th e Ki n g in Yorksh i re To th i s m an or b elon S th e sok e of th ese lan d s — A sgoz bz ( O sgodby ) four caruc ates L ed bestu n ( L e b erston ) Gri etorp ( G ri sth orp e) Seagetorp E teristorp R od ebestorn F inelae ( F i ley ) B ertun e ( B u rton d l e ) D ep ed a le ( D ee pd ale ) A tu n e H t e n s t n es o n o u ne ( H u tton B u sc el M a rtu n e n u ne t u n t o P r e e t u e t A N w Pr t o N e ( ) ) ( y ) ( ) ? a m t an R n o a i l M r on h a W k e h B o s e u s t o T r ne a t i c T W o n l e l o s h r t ) ( ( ( y ) ( Qy ) y ) S tein ton ( S n ain ton or S tai n ton ) B rinmstu n ( B urn eston ) S ca lleb i ( S c alby ) an d I n th e wh ol e th ere are to b e tax e d foursc o re an d fo ur Oloctu ne ( C lou gh ton ) c arucates whi c h forty tw o plough s may till I n th ese were an hun dred an d eigh t w ith forty six plou ghs Th ere are n ow sev en sok em en an d fi fteen s o k em en v illan ce an d fourteen b ordars h avi n g seven plough s an d a h alf Th e rest are waste A nd again we read “ I n M artun an d W i ch a ( Mart on an d Wy k eh am) h al f a c aruc ate to b e ,
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Also in the char ter of J ohn of Ayton we fi n d the following entry A croft in Wich am si x teen erc h es broad an d th i rty th r ee pe rch es lon g p m eas ured b y th e p erc h of M artu n from which we lea rn that there were measures of different standards in use This is also borne ou t by the following entry to the effect that “ l n un am H enry I gave to the brethren in God e a d ( G oathl and ) c arru c c atam ts rrae aran dam secu n dum c arrucc atas de P hic rin ch on e carucate of arable land according to the carucates of Pickerin g ( See C artularium Ab b athiae de W hiteb y Surtees Society 1 8 7 9 f 1 62 W G R E GS O N ,
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G L A NC E
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YA RM A TR AVE LL E R passing by rail from the South to Stockton on Tees must be struck with the pleasant panorama presented to his V iew when “ he nears the quiet but once busy little decayed market town of Yarm correctly described by on e of our best local p oets of last centu ry TH O MA S P I E R S ON in his R osebu ry Top p ing where he sings “ Yon der fair Yarm ex ten ded in th e v ale Al on g th e Tees as in a c i rcle li es ” “ the once principal port and mart of Cleveland occ upying as W AL KE R “ a low peninsular encompassed on three sides by the Tees OR D has it which here as at M iddleton twines in the form of a horse shoe and ” seems ready like some huge b oa constrictor to devour the town A
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A
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49
Visit Yarm in whatever way you will like the romantic fi sh er “ village of Staithes you cannot see it until you are close upon it The trav eller says the late R ev J O H N G R AV E S (who lived and died there ) on his approach to the to w n is struck with its singul arly low S ituation p articularly in d escending the hill from the north which is so much superior as to afford no other prospect of the place than the roofs o f the hous es with the river winding round in the form of a cr e sc ent On e certainly cannot help regarding it now as a v ery curious site to fi x upon for a town and the fearful fl oods which have so often deluged it prove it to be at times rather a dangerous place of abode for to have to be rescued from a chamber windo w or the roof of one s house perhaps in the darkness of a stormy night by kind and adventurous neighbours in boats is surely no pleasant predicament to be in whilst horses cattle sheep pigs dogs cats and furniture are being wash e d away to be seen no more B u t all this has repeatedly happened to the ,
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i ad uct good people of Yarm And yet this very bend of the river in all probability caused our Ancient B ritish ancestors fi rst to fix their wig wams here That Yarm was inhabited at an early pre historic period is proved by the fact that in forming this ve r y railway an ancient cano e was found , not far south of the present b ed of the Tees buried at a depth of 1 8 feet from the surface carved out from the solid t r unk of a tree and measuring about 22 feet in length by 1 8 or 20 inches in width a more primitive mode of constru ction than that of the light wickerwork coracles covered with the skins of animals , which were in use in B ritain at the time of the Roman Invasion “ — Yarm church which stands in its green G od s Acre on the banks of the Tees to the left of the railway as we appro ach from the south— is dedicated to St Mary M agdalene but bei n g rebuilt in 1 7 3 0 one does not expect to fi n d it a model of ecclesiastical architecture ; nevertheless it contains a good stained glass window by B eckett , of Ya m V
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The church tower in the accompanying woodcut is that of the York closely adjoining V illage of E g glescliff on the Durham side and is worthy of a visit ; containing among other things a pre R eformation bell in th e tower and tw o interesting stone efiig es one of them in chain armour bearing on his shield the arms of the A sklab y family who are known to have resided in the parish during the fourteenth an d fi fteen th centuries B efore the Norman Conquest Yarm belonged to H aw art but it was aft erwards granted with numerous other manors in Yo rks hire to R obert de B rus from whose family it descended to those of Thw en g M e in ell B ellasis etc H ere the family of D e B rus founded a hospital dedic ated to St Nicholas for the maintenance of three ch aplai n s and thirteen poor people sometime before 1 1 8 5 an d also a house of B l ack — F riars the preachers of the period — before 1 240 in the latter o f which many of the neighbouri n g gentry willed to be interred Yarm w as for se v eral centuries the principal port for shipping the agricultural produce of the Cleveland district when Stockton w as comparatively o f small importance In the reign of King J ohn it paid £ 42 7 S 1 0d to the customs whil st Scarbro only paid £ 22 0s 4§ d and Whitby n o more than 4s In 1 29 5 it sent tw o members to P arliament The woodcu t on last page (drawn by M r Thomas Cail and engraved by the celebrated W J L inton for my P eop le s H istory of C levelan d a n d its shows the s tone bridge erected by W alter Skirlaw B ishop of Durham about the year 1 400 which until the erection o f Stockton B ridge (Opened in w as the only one connecting Cleveland with the county of Durham ; hence all the Old roads in the district run towar d s Yarm The arch on the Durham side is broader than the others and in Cromwell s time w as a drawbridg e Th e Viaduct which the V iew is principally in tended to show is one of importance and was erec ted in 1 8 49 at a cost of It c onsists o f 42 arch e s each of 40 feet S pan excepting the tw o over the river Tees which are of 6 7 feet span ; it is 7 6 0 yards long and contains cubic feet of timber in its foundations ; the fabric contains cubic feet of stone and cubic feet of brickwork the number of bricks used in its construction being The station is just over the river on the Durham side The bi rd s eye V iew obtained from this Viaduct is worthy of observation Some quaint old S hops remind on e of days that are gone when good business could be done without the attraction of plate glass fronts And Sleepy H ollow as Yarm may now seem to some except at its famo u s fairs here was held the fi rst meeting at which it was resolved to commence the then dreaded revolutionary innovation of a passenger railway an event so humbly but intimately conn ected with human progress as to be worthy o f rememb rance wh e n the S light battle here between the Parliamentarians and the R oyalists is forgotten R ose C ottage S tokesley G EO R GE MA RKH AM TWE D D E LL .
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the wear and tear of the elements this mode had the disadvantage of leaving a free passage for the rain H ous es of this class were general to the end of l ast century and Scatcherd thus describes one of them which ” existed in M orley in his day and was kn own as Slack s Cottage ‘ This singular building is an ancient lath and pl aster or po st and pan cottage The shaft of the chimney immensely large w ith a top of sticks and bindings being doubtless a funn el for the smoke constructe d at an after period displays the antiquity of the dwelling B u t the fi repl ace is the most surprising ; it is eleven fee t ten inches wide fi v e feet tw o inches deep and fi v e fee t fi v e inches high In the centre of this space no doubt in ancient times w as the skeleton of a rude range and here around a fi re partly perhaps of coal but prin cipally of wood did the ancestors o f Slack S it plaitin g their straw hats by the light of the chimney in the .
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In course of time stone w as substituted for wood and plaster but the houses were still only on e storey in height and had n o chambers These primitive dwellings were common to all parts of the county and in order that our readers may judge of the character of these “ houses of the good old times we give a view of a block of them — types of scores of o thers— which existed in Morley until quite recently Th e one storey cottages in ou r illus tration were built upon land adjoining the site of the ancient ducking pond for scolds and near to the Pinfold or Common Pound Around these homes of ou r an cestors stretched the moorland ,
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unrecl aimed by the plough or the S pade while here and there on the hills and in the valleys were a few houses of a somewhat better class with small gardens attached to them and generally a patch of land su ffi cient to maintain a cow In the manufacturing distric ts such as Leeds W ake fi eld Morley and many other places dwellings of a more roomy an d subst antial character were to be seen in which the domestic manufacture of cloth was carried on The m anufacturers w ere also farmers in a small way and their homes consisted of a “ living pa rt with ho u se parlour pantry attics and loom houses whilst the farm buildi n gs we re chie fl y antique inconvenient erections sometimes covered with thatch but oftener with grey slate s In the yard or fold as it w as called were the horsing stock or mount the ,
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dog kennel and can tree this latter fi xture w as a portion of a many armed tree sunk in the ground and was intended to hold the clean ” piggins or milk cans AS a specimen of the better class of dwellin gs in the villages of the West Riding whose occupants were the lawyers schoolmasters or well to do tradesmen we note one which existed until 18 8 1 in Church Street Morley O n the pillars of the gateway l eading to this house was the following inscription O n the pi ll ar to the left of the entrance ” the words P orta P a ten s esto and on the pillar to th e right N u llz c la u da rzs hon estz O gate be thou Open tho u mayest not be shut to any hon est man This was no doubt originally the entrance to the c ourtyard of an old baronial hall or pe r haps a monastery It is said that Mr Pickering minister of St Mary s in the w ood lived in the -
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house in 1 6 9 5 The interio r of the house was most interesting with its old fashioned chimn ey corners la rge e n ough for a bedroom The farm buildings of the W est R iding were in many instances both histo ric and picturesque an d from the illustration we give of a “ small farm house called Killingbeck Cottage which can be s e en from the train as we travel f rom Leeds to Yo rk we c an g ather that e v e n in the m atter of timb e r framed dwellin gs som e atte mpt at archit ectural o r n ament was mad e and with a fair m easure of succ ess A pe culiar feature in houses of th i s class to which D ean H owson re fers is as follows Through A ired ale and R ibbl esdale from B radford to Lancaster there are a multitude of specime n s of a curious ki nd of .
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doorway which I do not recollect to have seen elsewhere These doorways generally consist of two curves more or less regular and more or less enriched with ornament and w ith the initials of the famili es of some now forgotten dalesman the d ates ran ge from about 1 6 3 0 to 1 7 3 0 ; the earlier forms are simpler than those which follow a d after the later period they se e m to cease suddenly oweve r H n th l s provinci alism of rural architectu re is to b e explained it is a soci al an d a rtistic fact worthy of b eing observed an d permanently record e d Coming to the bette r class of houses inhabited by the yeomen of the towns an d V illage s of the county w e hav e in B ank Street M orley “ an old house built during the O liver days which externally bears ,
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evidence Of its former respectability while the interior is furnished with some fi n e specim ens of wood carvi n g an d in all respects the house is a fair specimen of the domestic architecture of the seventeenth centu ry The house w as at on e time in the occu pation of J oseph “ Crowther commonly called Corporal Crowther from his holdi n g that position in the Parliamentary army To this house the agitators often resorte d for the Corpo ral w as on e of the conspirators connecte d with the F arnley W ood Plot o f 1 6 6 3 O f a v ery different style of architec ture is Sharlston H all n ear W akefi eld the former h ome of on e of the wealthy families o f th e “ This hall was formerly a place of some consequenc e thou gh county ,
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apartments are ill contrived The rooms throughout Open into one another so that a person might walk round ” the house on each of the storeys N ow the greatness of the hall n o longer exists ; but enough remain s in the extensive though not imposing buildings and numerous outhouses the great gateway th e elevated summ er house the gardens o rchards and l arge enclosed garth to indicate its past importance M uch of the erection is wood an d plaster S plash dashed outside an d wainscotted within Por tions of the wings extending f rom the front incl u ding the widow s room have been pulled down ; but the inner porch with its high gable as
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wher eon the remnants of a curious inscription are carved still Th e hall was built in 1 5 7 4, o r— Mr Le atham thi n ks — r ebuilt because h e fi nd s traces in the outbuildings of oak beams of apparently gr e at e r The h all is th e scene o f antiquity than the surrounding fabric “ The W idow and the Earl M r W H L e atham s po em A still mo re p ret entious S p ecimen of the ho m es of the g e ntry in the seventeenth century is to be seen in the Vi ew we gi ve of Lumb This house was remarkable for its H all Drighlin g ton near B radford fi n e O riel window and also for having occupied a prominent plac e in conn ection with th e battle of Ad w alton Moor to which it is contiguous “T Scatcherd says of Lumb H all here are other ancient d w ellings in the neighbourhood of A d w alton on which I could e x patiat e with ple asure especially Lumb H all where I once saw a stand of arrows O f the homes of the gentry in the sevente enth century Mr The houses partake largely in the general pri n cip l es of B o u tell says the R en a issa nce regul ar classic membe rs b eing inte rspers e d with thos e of a d ebased G othic character Sp acious galleri e s and staircases compos e d of several fl ights of step s and having open bal ustr ades came now i n to use particularly in the large mansions Late in the ce ntury th e roofs were frequ ently of a hi gh pitch and the walls fi nished with bold cornices resting on large proj e cting brackets O rnamental timber work also was commonly introduced into the construction of houses with very good e ffect In the sumptuous richness of their interior fi ttings and decorations these domestic ed i fi ce s of our ancestors appear to have fully equalled their architectural magnifi cence Their c eilings w ere construc ted either of timber work or plaster framed with the express vi ew to elaborate enrichm e nt ; the windows glowed with the rich tints of brilliantly stained glass painting t apestry and panel work covered the w alls and the s e veral apartments abounded in a ppropriate fu rniture o f costly materials combining no inconsiderabl e degree of household utility and elegance with a beautiful variety in form and a high degree of artistic excellence in execution ,
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N E AR to W ake field is a fin e open breezy heath best known by its familiar name of H eath Common almost the last unenclosed pie ce of ground which the inhabitants of the neighbourhood are privileged to ramble ov er wit h out hindrance Th e H eath O ld H all a beautiful m an sion in the Elizabeth an sty le stands in trees on a cli ff over th e “ C ald er M r W H Leatham in the preface to h is po em Emili a M onterio says , th at this ho u se w as built by J ohn Kay e of Dal ton an d ,
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O akenshaw son
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J ohn of Dalton and J ane daughter
heiress of W illiam Dodsworth of Shelley H is mothers arm s qu artered with those of K aye are over the principal entrance immedi ately beneath the arms of Queen Elizabeth in whos e re ign the house w as built Lady B olles dau ghter to William W itham of Leds ton an d a b aron e tes s in her own right by patent granted in 1 63 5 to herse lf and the h e irs male of her body bought the h all and adjacent lands from the Kayes and at her death which took place at the hall 5 th May 1 6 62 wh en she w as about eighty thre e y ears Old these descend e d to Sir Willi am J obson baronet of Cudworth her gran dson by her fi rst ma rriage with Thos J obson E sq of Cud w orth and afte r his death to Ann w ife to Sir William Dalston the eldest of her tw o daughters by Thomas B olles E s q her second husband Th e D alstons held the property three genera tions A daughter of Sir Charles D alston s w ho died 1 7 23 w as married to F rancis F auquier and after the death o f Sir Wil liam Dalston who w as living 1 7 7 1 it passed to the F an qu iers on e of whom sold the hall and lands to J ohn Smyth E sq of H eath Lady B olles was a re markable woman and her ghost w as until lately perhaps is yet deemed to haunt the hall and grounds but far more interesting than any number of grim s tories is the fact that S he founded ch ariti e s at W ake fi eld S andal and other places for apprenticing poor child ren and the Since the ownership o f the Smyth family began the like good things old hall has been te nante d for various purposes as a pr i vate dw elling for some years be gi nning before 1 8 1 3 and co n tinuing until a fter 1 8 1 8 by F rench nu ns It is now occupied by Edward G reen Es q w ho has repaired and furnished it in a very worthy manner ,
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W S .
LAK E D WELLI N G S IN YO RKS H I R E
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lake dwellings in En gland is to the arch aeologist a justi fi cation of the proverb that all thin gs come in time to him who waits The pre historic period as it is generally InI derstood covers all the even ts which took place between the latest geological epoch and the beginning of history Included in the range of the term are the relics of man and of animals found in the caves peat bogs in alluvial soils and under the waters of some of the lakes So far as man in E urope is concerned his progressive advances in civilisation are marked by three distin ctive periods — the primitive stone age when the implements and weap ons of stone were chipped but neither groun d nor polished the latter stone age when the stone implements and weapons were polished and fi nished with care and skill ; and the bronze age when metal was fi rst used for such p urp ores and articles made of it for ornam e nts O f the various antiquities of those periods the lake dwellings in Switzerland have attracted great attention but search for similiar relics h as been made without any marked success in England through TH E discovery
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the crannoges or lak s d w ellin gs of Ireland and Sco tland have be en A m ad e the subj e cts of many learned essays and some valuable books most instructive fi n d has now been made in the little frequented district of H olderness in Yo rkshire and is being worked out with exceeding The great r egion car e and skill by Mr B oynton of U lrome G range of Holderness is in itself a remarkable on e and an examination of the ord n ance map will furnish indications of its former l acustrine conditio n by the const ant repetitions of the terms carr and mere which would go far to show that the entire district had been once as much characterised by numerous inland lakes as Norfolk at the present time ” B u t of all these in H ol derness the sole re is by its notable B roads maining example of actual water S pace is H ornsea M ere a b road S heet The geological structure of H olderness more than a mile in length must have made it peculiarly suitable under its ancient conditions for settlement by the lake dwelling people but those conditions were greatly altered at the close of the bronze age and within the historic period— fi rst by the enormous waste of land by the s ea ; and lastly by the more e ffi cient drainage of the land for agricultural and other pur pos es To un derstand the pr e historic conditions of this lake dwellers region the then e x isting physical geography mus t be well made out The whole H olderness territo ry is a vast deposit of the G reat Northern Dri ft — a thick deposit of cl ay an d gravel with scratched and striated boulders of Scandinavian and other rocks marked by the grinding and drifting of gl aciers and icebergs This Northern Drift rests on the ancient surface of the chalk when that surface desce nded from the inland lofty wolds S ix hun dred feet in height to sixty feet and more below the level of the sea The vast bay which then extended from B rid lingtou H eadland to Spu rn Point thus received the icebergs of the Glacial Period which melting let fall their burdens of debris enclosed in their frozen masses There was thus formed an irregular semi oval area forty miles in leng th by about t w e nty in extreme breadth stretch ing inland with sinuous outline to the foot of the contour of the wolds along their then s ea washed shore The tract thus formed rarely rises in any part more than thirty feet above sea level and possesses a fertile agricultural soil The natural drainage on account of the slope of the underlying strata is from the sea shore towards the central line of this drift are a The land surface drainage from the wolds also tends to the same line of outfl ow In ancient times therefore by the rise of the geographical strata seaward the outlets of this drainage into the sea would have been higher and consequently more water would have been penned up in the pr e historic lakes and a very much larger pro portio n of the districts put under water than would be possible now since the waste of land by the action of the s ea at a rate of nearly two yards a year has been going on for centuries at least for more than two thousand years since the lake dwellers built their dwellings in The effects of thes e ancient physical conditions are these parts evidenced in the natural water cou rses Streams breaking forth near .
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the present coast line run nor thward for miles par allel with the shore retu rn ing by the mid channel to commingle with the streams from the wolds goi n g south to the main outlet by the river H ull into the H umber In V iew of th e S pecial interest accruing to the di scovery of the ve ritable lake dwellin g wh ich it is our purpose to d escribe (so far as the present state of the researches permit ) we must confine our Observa tions to the immediate area in which it is situated If we draw a straight line south o f B ridlington at s ix miles the village of Skipsea will be found about a mil e from the sea and runn ing northward past it ” “ is the stream dike which has risen four miles further south and close to Hornsea M ere I f this stream followed its natural cou rse it would about a mile further north towards B ramston e have turned south at its ” “ junction w ith the O ld Howe and have so joined the H ull ; but a S hort cut was made by the Commissioners of the district some eighty years ago and the drainage of this portion of Holderness around U lrome was then turned by the B ramston e drain at about a mile away “ into the sea It is with this S hort two miles o f the stream dike to its junction with the O ld Howe that our present interest is c on cen Ulrome G range stands on the higher ground of the B oulder trate d “ Clay and the land juts out thence towards the stream dike in a peninsular O pposite this peninsular the B oulder Clay rises into an island the elevation of the flat top of w h ich is twenty fiv e feet above sea l e vel The distance between the U lrome peninsul ar and the form erly water surroun ded groun d — still called G oose I sland —was the ancient waterway between two contig uous lakes and in this wate rw ay the pre historic lake d w elling was erecte d It was in the deepening o f the arti ficial drainage to which w e have referred that the turni n g ou t of bone tools and fragm ents of piles suggeste d the search by which the discovery of the lake dwelling arose and from which also th e ancient lacustrine conditions of the district have been subsequently in a con s id erab le de gree made ou t In this waterway a platform w as fi rst commenced by placing trees and brushwood on the natural ground of the lake bottom These trees consisted of oak tw o kinds of willow birch and hazel The trunks were some of large size fi fteen aledr ash inches in diameter and as many feet in length and or ei ghteen These timb ers had all been cut down but none were S quared were roughly placed to form a nearly rectilinear platform which was d own the They were placed on the north side cou rse Of the stream between two straight rows of blunt pointed stakes and this timber dam was still further supported from being washed away by several diagonal piles placed to lean towards the mass as buttresses O n the south side facing the motion of the stream there is a single line of stakes to secure the timbers The timbers were not indiscriminately thrown in but are placed alternately longitudinally parallel with the length of the side with shorter timbers put transversely forming a rough interlacing The outer sides of the platform are of timber and the in fillin g of the interior space was ,
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to about Six inches by four inches by innumerable S mall S hort chippings many flake knives of various siz es fl in t spoons and a core from which small flakes had been riven probably for pointing arrows There have been also found a large rounded oval coarse grained stone w ith a flat surface for grinding ( about 1 5 inches by 8 inches in dimensions) and a number of cup sto n es and hammer stones It is very important to remark on th e precision and care taken by M r B oynton in the exploration and which in regard to these bone and flint relics leave s it quite clear that non e of them have been found nearer than s ix or seven feet from the surface and that the bottom o f the lake itself w as covered by four to six feet of peat formed befor e the second platform The e vidence of the extreme was raised upon the previous structure antiquity of this older lake dwelling is thus made clear ; and certainly there is n o do u btfulness or confusion by the commingling o f relics as too Often takes place in ordinary g ru b b in gs and mound dig gin gs The whole course of the stream dyke in Skipsea to a mile or more north ” “ ward of its junction with the O ld Howe w as undoubtedly in the prehistoric period a chain of lakes and there have now been found indications of fi v e other lake dwellings upon their former sites — the head quarters of this lake dwel ling population having very probably been on the site of the great ancient earthworks which exist at Skipsea an d “ The best ro u te to the U lrome excavations are n o w c alled the C astle is from D riffi eld— the district around which prosperous little town h as been m ade classic in English arch aeology by the many years of labour and research bestowed upon it by Mr M ortimer w ho has built a fi n e museum there for the relics and antiquities obtained from many scores of burrows and cists and which collection is in itself worth a p ilg rimag e It is through the interest raised in thes e matte rs by his to inspect example that we may attribute the extension of arch aeological research in this part of the country so proli fi c in mementos and relics o f the earlier periods of antiquities The present outlook see ms to p rogn osti cate that H olderness may some years hence if the work of exploration be continued become as celebrated for its exhumed lake dwellings and their relics as the Lake of Neuchatel for the p ile d w ellin gs to b e seen still beneath its transparent waters ,
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F O R ME R
B R AM PTO N H AL L bank of the river re ,
HO M E
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rather what is left of it stan ds on the north U about one mile and a half distant from B orough bridge It was the home of the fi rst of the Tancred family w ho received the title of baronet Subsequent baronets lived here and the last resident ( Sir Thomas Tancred) married a lady who bore him fi fteen children The estate was then sold to the ancestors of Earl de G rey and for some reason a great portion chie fly the ancient part of the or
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structur e was taken down and what remained converted into a farm house Even when thus reduced the house contained twenty two good rooms O ne of the attics had been a chapel and in the fl oor was a trap door over a sunk closet large enough for a man to lie down in and s aid to hav e been u sed for hiding the sacred vessels when not in use or when some signal of dange r was giv en Th e H all is said to have be en unique most of the roo m s were wainscoted and one had some old fashioned tape stry so thick that damp never permeated Some years ago the roof became much dilapidated and the house was further curtail e d in its dimens ions Little now remains of the original structure only one corner but the remnant contains a room panelled throughout in oak and just turning out into another room is a secret closet which fas tens onl y from the inside by a curious arrangement of wooden bolts The mansion and estate were in the hands of R oman Catholics and they kept a priest here one Mr Danson and a grass fi eld still bears the The chapel i n the a ttic savours of days name of Danson Close of persecution such as we little dream of now people true to their faith worshipping in secret while could the history of that closet be revealed wh at tales of anx ious and fearful mom ents would be unfolded The unfortunate King Charles I is said to have once hidden ther ein The gardens were extensive but like the ho us e suffered cur tailmen t being laid down for pasture although some fi n e fruit trees were left whose produce was considered by many hard to surp ass A carriage road from N ew b y H all to B oroughbridge p as sed close by B rampton H all between an av enue of S plendid trees including numerous fi n e specimens of walnut and bl ack cherry trees but neither road or The hous e h as been divided into two avenue can now be traced cottages and the oak panelled room has been somewhat tampered with “ F ormerly this residence w ith two adjoining farms w as styled the parish of B rampton —now it is part of the township of Langthorpe For more than a century three generations of a family named B ick erdy k e occupied the house and f arm the fi rs t of whom was the immediate tenant after the departure of the Tancrede and he was acquainted with several memb ers of that family Hith erto I have found nothin g recorded relating to this old house County histories are silent and local traditions appear to be lost The present remarks are founded mainly on notes kindly supplied to me by a member of the B ickerdy k e family ,
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YO R K SH I R E E CC L E SI A S T I CAL A R C H I T E C T UR E
C HANC E L SC R EE NS H E Choir
O F Y O RK S H IR E
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a church is call ed Chancel from the C a n celli o r Screen or lattice work par tition so framed as to separate it from the body of the church but not to intercept the sight At the second Coun cil of Tours in 5 5 7 it is ordered that lay persons should not e nter the ch ancel except to r e ceive the * P a rs illa qua: a can c ellis versu s a lta re d iv id itu r H oly Communion This distinction choris ta n tu m p sa llen tiu m p a tea t C leric oru m existed from the earliest times and in every parochial church At the time of the R eformation in England Bu ce r inveighed against it as “ tending only to magnify the priesthood B u t though the King and Parliament yielde d so far as to allow the daily service to be r ead in th e body of the church if the O rdinary thought fi t yet they would “ not su ffer the Chancel itself to be taken away or altered f The ge neral impression about Chancel —Scr e ens seems to be that a great many were removed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth and that th e r emainder were destroyed by Puritan fanatics and the Parliamentarian soldiery at various perio ds of the G reat R ebellion W e kno w that Witness some screens were riotously demolished at both these periods many Churchwardens accounts witne ss the stalls at Canterbury pulled down in 1 642 the screen s at St G iles ih —the F ields London removed by ordinance of Parliament in 1 644 as being superstitious : witness the authentic accounts which are contained in the publications of that day such as the Merc u riu s R u s tic u s and the J ournal of the i n famous Dowsing ! Nevertheless Mr Pugin is probably right when
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have been taken by the admirable A r chbishop Sharp ; who with a stron g love for AN TI Q U I TY was an unsparing r efo rmer of abuses and whose elevation to the Episcopal Be n ch was altogether owing to his courageous opposition to Popery I t is melancholy to fi n d so good a scholar as Dr H en eage Dering Dean of Ripon foremost in this barbarous proceeding Such howeve r is the melancholy fact In his capacity of A r chdeacon of the East Ridin g in the year 1 7 20 he made a pe r sonal inspection of the churches “ of H olde rness and issued an order to this effect : The partition o r “ sc r een betwixt the body of the church and chancel to be taken down “ from the balk o r beam downwa r ds as far as the C ancelli * and the “ king s arm T he s to be set up in some more convenient place churches of Aldb urgh Brandsbu r ton Drypool Easington G a r to n H alsham H ollym H ornsea Leven North F rodingham , O wtho r ne Patrington Roos Skipsea Skirlaugh Sutton Swine and Ulrome r eceived the Mandate ; and all but fi v e obeyed it At Hollym the screen was trans ferred to the north side of the church ; at Roos to the west end At Patrington it was left standing The parishioners of “ H alsham returned th is ans wer : We cou ld not take down the screen " The ugliness of the whole and fi x it another place “ a r ch at the east end h as caused us to lay out £ ext r aordinary to 5 “ make it handsome In the church of S wine the loft in the screen w as still remaining and was removed The screen itself was accused ” “ o f being old decayed and indecent Those who are acquainted wit h the screen to the H ilton and D arcy chapel cannot but lament that the order w as ob eyed Should they examine the fi gures carved on the stalls of the choir which the Archd e acon spared which are really indecen t in the modern sense of the term they will probably think that w hile straining at a gnat he swallowed a camel C hancel sc r eens remain at Patrington Winestead Welwick Waghen and Preston ; and at H edon there are still screens between the chancel and transepts T he oak scree n at G arton was removed not many years ago In 1 7 21 after a visitation of the Deanery of Dickering a simila r order issued to the churches of B essenb y Bu rton F leming , Car naby E ast Ayton F iley F oxholes F olkton G arton on the Wolds Lowthorpe Muston Ru ds ton T hwing and Willerby In 1 7 23 the like order issued to the chu rches of Ki rkby G rindalyth Norton Rillington Sc r ayingh am Ski rpenbeck Sledme r e Tho r p Basset West H eslerton and Wint r ingham all withi n the Deanery of B uckrose Wint ringham has retained the sc r een between its s ide isles and part of “ the main screen The r eturn from Sledmere runs thus ; T he matts ( between the church and chancel ) are taken down and indrawn with boar ds In the course of 1 7 23 1 7 24 and 1 7 25 Dr Dering visited the whole of H arthill Deanery and issued a similar orde r to the churches ,
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R S H I RE
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OL D YO K
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of Bubwith Burnby Catton Cottingham Etton G oo dmanham H essle H uggate Kilnwick Kirkburn Leckonfi eld Lockington Middleton , North Dalton North F e rriby N u nb urnholm e Skerne Skidby Watton and Wilberfoss H utton C ransvvick, though not in the returns sh ared the same fate and exh ibi ts o nl y the remains of some rich 1 5 th century wo r k Those at Catton are but little inferior At H uggate modern doo r s ma r k the entrance to the chancel The screen at Kirkbu r n w as standing till the late resto ration retaining the L ord s Prayer Creed Ten Commandments and King s Arms The screen at Watton , which yet remains w as saved by a lady Madam Bethell ( daughter and heir of William Dickinson Esq of Watton Abbey an d widow “ e e of H ugh Bethell E s q of Rise ) desires y favour of y R t e t W p fu l Hen eag e Dering y he wo u ld please to suffer y skreen “ b twixt e b ody of e church and h an l remain as formerly for l o e c ce t , y y ” t w ill be given if required sev erall sub stantial ] reasons y J ohn Witty rector of L ockington did his best to preserve a feature of his church which has long since disappeared I will n ot “ let ou r churchwardens pull down the partition be twixt the church “ and chancel for fear I b e starved to death n r will I have a new o ; “ pulpit The archdeac on told me at our parting I might do as I “ would ” The interesting Screens at F lamborough and St Mary s Beverley serve to show the measure of the Archdeac on s taste and what an irreparable loss we have sustained The Partition at Sancton might well be spared that at Hemingb orou gh is worth a careful study In 1 7 3 7 Dr Richard O sb aldeston D ean of York and afterwards Bishop of Carlisle visited the churches within the Chapter s Peculiar and took away the Screens from Acklam F ridaythorpe Weaverthorpe Langtoft Wharram le street Wetwang G reat D riffi eld and Little D riffi eld O ne of his predecessors in the year 1 7 23 pulled down that at Brotherton in the West Riding The Chancel Screens of Richmon dshire are thus lamented by Dr “ Whitaker It is a matte r of reg ret that all the Screens and lattices “ which once separated the choir and the side chape ls from the Nave “ have been removed In the b reaking down of these fences either to “ sanctity or to property there i something extremely like the b reaking s “ down of all distinction between the different ranks of society which “ is one of the worst among the many b ad symptoms of the present The magni fi cent screen at Aysgarth of which Dr Whitaker gives an engraving is said to have been brought from J erv aux Abbey We have a few notices of the proceedings of Dr C harles Blake “ tha t p rimitzvcly Archdeacon of York ; styled by one of his cu rates “ ood man ” 1 f In 21 he ordered the wain cot o the aisle called 7 s g ,
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architectural arrangement deserves to be retained which has been found to conduce to the increase o f D evotion Chancel screens prevent any irreverence or intrusion into that po r tion of the fabric which is most ”— — the place wherein sacred as co rr espondi n g to the H oly of H olies a r e delive r ed to the faithful the highest mean s of grace — and therefo re mo r e pecul iar ly the Sanctua r y and T abernacle of the Mos t H ighest ma rk of the p la ce of P ray er The C an celli says an ancient bishop T his distinction is well under stood T he common people S peak of the “ the Prayer H ouse as if it pre eminently C hoir of a Cathedral as deserved that title But apart from all Spiritual signifi cance ( which most church bu ilders not only ought to consider but d o carefu lly study) —the excellent architectural effect of Chancel Screens is now pretty gene r ally admitte d Depr ived of this featu r e , many a church loses its fair proportions It may astonish u s by its S ize it can no longer charm us with its symmetry and shape The solemnity of the scene is in a great measure destroyed T he G enius of G othic Architecture is not to expose all its beauties at the fi rst blush to all comers It does not stun us by display but cou r ts examination in detail It always has somethi ng in reserve ; a Spar e ar r ow in the quive r ; a reward for the pains tak ing student ; an inner court which shall unexpectedly display the beauties there enshrined We all kn ow and recognise the pleasurable emotions roused by the a r t of the Landscape G ardene r ; when in the midst of a dark and tangled S hrubbe r y we stumble upon a little trim p arterre w hic h boasts the smoothest lawn and the gayest fl o w ers T he same principle is involved in the partial concealment of the C hancel O ur belie f that there is something behind the veil worth examination well suits a religion which walks by F aith an d n ot by Sight The awe cast upon the mind when at lengt h we reach the H oly oj H olies well befits a Rel igion is essentially one of Reverence To eve ry H ouse of G od in which r ight feelin g has spared what was e r ected by the piety and good taste of our fo r efathe r s we may ( w ith a slight adaptation) add r ess those lines of our great northern Poet William Words w orth -
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WOR D SWOR I H '
L angton Ha ll,
for
This
1 862
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a
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rticle i r epri ted from
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ork hir e A rchite ct r s
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74
Y ORK S H I RE
OL D
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T H E C H APE L
O N T H E B RID G E WA KE F IE LD “ D R W H I TAKE R remarks on L eland s narrative that with re spect to the b eautiful Chapel on the B r idge — be autiful even afte r the botchwo r k by which it has been attempted to be repaired so early .
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and au thorativ e a testimony as that of Archbishop H olgate m ust go far towards establishing the fact that it w as foun ded by Edwa r d Duke ” Y ork after w ards E dward I V This endowment Dr of “ Whitaker procee ds to s ay might have taken pl ace in orde r — generally supposed i s to pray for the soul s o f the S lain in as the b attle of Wakefi eld and especially of poor little Rutland The a r chitecture of the rich facade at least is unquestionably of that age but it is equally certain that there w as a chantry on this bridge of a m uch earlier date ; for b y charter dated at Wake field A D 1 3 5 7 ( 3 1 ,
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e Edward 3 rd ) and copied by Mr H opkinson into his collections it appea r s that the said king vested a rent charge of ten pounds per annum on William Kaye and William Bull chaplains and their successors fo r ever to pe r form divine service in the C hapel of St Mary then newly e r ected on Wake fi eld Bridge By a later account which I have seen the later chantry of two p r iests said to have been endowed by Edward Duke of Y o rk was valued at £ 1 4 1 5 s 3 % d I am unable to reconcile the difference between this sum and £ 8 1 0s 3 d ; but the vicin ity of the bridge to the ground where the former Duke of Y ork and little R utland fell and espe cially the title assumed by the founder which in the followin g year w as merged in the style of king renders it in the ap el o n
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76
OL D
YOR K S H I R E
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Mr N orris son Scatcherd a gentleman w ho has written extensively upon local antiquities in his essay on this and other ancient b r idge chantries labou r s very ingenious ly and originally to prove that the chapel on Wakefi eld bridge cannot have been erected in the reign of E dward I V for four re asons viz ; F irstly from printed or written docum ents ; secondly by inferences drawn from the usage of ancient times ; thirdly fr om its architecture ; and fourthly from notices of brid ge chapels left u s by Leland and others Mr Scatcherd certainly appears to make ou t his case as far as the original e r ection of the chapel is concerned but it has be en re asonably sugges ted that it w as rebuilt and re endowed by E dward I V after the battle From a legal document dated 27 th September 3 2n d of H enry V I and noticed in the Gen tleman s M aga z ine for 1 8 01 p 7 23 it appe ars that an estate in Wake fi eld w as charged with the payment of 3 s in the following words : R edden do in de an n u a tim C an ta ria sive C ap ella: bea tce M a rice i n ti a d tres termin os scitu et sup P on tem Villa d e Wa ke e l d t s o l d o s a r e r e e fi g sc ilicet a d u m san c ti M icha lis p u rific a tion is bea ta M a ria et P en tecos tes es t f e u s i This would certain l y warrant t h pinion that a r e l e o r t n es e O a o p q p ‘ chant r y ex isted on the b r idge fi C an tarie s ive C ap ella bea ta M a ria sei tu et s up P on tem Villa d e Wakefi eld ) ante rior to 1 4 6 0 but that there w as a re erection shortly after the battle does appear in the accoun ts of several w r iters Mr Scatcherd very ingeniously notes his reasons for accountin g for the popular tradition that the chapel was first erected by Edward I V by showing that in Edward the third s reign the vast estates of the E ar ls Warren reverted to the crown and were in the 6 3 rd year of his reign gi ven by that monarch to E dmund Langley Ea r l of C ambridge to whom th u s descended ( in ter a lia) the Ma n or of Wakefi eld Edmund L angley w as afterwards created D u ke of York by his nephew Richard II and left b ehind hi m a son Edmund , also D uke Richa rd the sec ond s on o f Y ork who fell in the b attle of Agincou r t Duke of Y ork w ho w as of Edmund was the father of that Richard slain at the b attle of Wakefi eld and this last named was the fathe r o f E dward the I V All typo graphers know that misprints may easily occur and E dward printed as Edward I V in contemporary .
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pc r o d by o r co o o f corb g c d og r r y g j g f or rd o rd or o r c d pr r r g po o r rg o d p fi o d corb xc p o o f co d r b r xr c r cc o d r b b yo d po c ry d for c p b c rd o cr c c rr p ge B y th m e i g e io pplic tio of corb el th C h p el t R the rh m it pr g o ve r tw rche o f th b ridge g i t i r o f whi ch it i b ilt Al th h th w te r w he th pli th b t id e d om e tim e ri e eve r l f eet bove t b k it h eve r occ io e d y m t ri l i j ry t th tr ct r e or th m te r i l o f which it i b ilt Th p r c lp t r e t i f ll o f b e e th triple c op ie richly groi e d d r m t d wit pi cle o ver whi ch ri e th b ttl eme t co mpleti g th d e ig — N t by E d
an the ellin on in S a e is su m u n te n tin u u s lin e e a h Si e , alt ethe thi t -fi v e fee t in len th, an d u ttin wa so far t wa s th e n th an d s u th , th at th e late al w alls are a tu ally m a e to e ss thei e n ti e wei ht u n th e u te ve e f th e ee an d n ely m un te e ls , with th e e e ti n an in n si e a le rtion at th e easte n e t e mities, whi h e st in th e a u st m e m ann e on th e w en eath , e n th e in t at whi h th e n e ce ssa wi th een a qui e , with u t e n oa hm en t on th e u en ts th e h a el h ad
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TH E
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ON TH E B
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W AKE F IE L D
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antiquarian notices might p as s undetected for years We can readily suppose that this printer s error may have occurred ; but can more reasonably accoun t for the popularly current tradition by remembe r ing that if the chapel w as really and t r uly r e built and re endowed by Edwa r d I V the account handed down by succeeding writers has been written f r om this ci r cumstance I f the chantry was in a dilapidated co n dition anterior to the reign of Edward I V and a consider able battle took place in 1 460 the occasion might very approp r iately be taken advantage of by Edward I V cons idering that he lost his father Richard Duke of Y ork and his youngest brother Earl of Rutland to ) ( ( ) re endow the C hapel by a grant in order that two priests might for ever .
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pray fo r the souls of such near and dear relatives who met their death in the battle Such instances of fi lial and fraternal affection w ere very common ; and when we add to this incentive the fact that the popular manner of religious commemo r ation adOp ted in those times was to e r ect a chantry or Chapel as near the fi eld of battle as possible we consider that the hypothesis of the ch ap el S re erection by E dward I V is a most reasonable one Contemporary writers very strongly support this vie w Mr Scatcherd is of Opinion that a Chapel was fi rst erected on the bridge in 1 3 6 2 — about one hundr ed years anterior to the battle of .
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OLD
YOR K S H I RE
W ak efi eld and that the occasion
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the progress of Edward II I th r ough the kin gdom in commemoration of his having c ompleted his “ fi ftieth year The tr ibutary kings of F rance S cotland and C yprus hastened to England to do him homage Mr Scatcherd speaks with some weight on this topic havin g as he observes all archi tectural authorities on his side In the reign of E dward II I the oak leaf quatrefoil , roses and crockets were exceedingly comm on This reign formed a style The arch is sharp without curve ofte n moulded with oak leaves Ro w s of small ornamental arches Niches an d tabernacle s with stat u es Pinnacles not ver y lofty but adorned with leaves crockets , polished orbs &c This reign ( Edward I I I ) is dee med by w as
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men of the greatest taste and skill the best era of this kind of a r chi tecture These are e x actly the orn aments in a stone says Mr “ Scatcherd which fell from a corner pinnacle of the chapel about sixteen years ago w hich w as rescued at the time from dest r uction ; and has been in my safe cu stody ever since But this r ich canopy or fi nial stone h as more upon it than even this F or at the terminus o f the weather mould of th e canopy the r e have ‘ b een leo pards couchant and on tw o sides there is the Prince of Wales feathe r ( as I take it to be ) ; the fourth S ide abuttin g on the building It w as an old opinion pretended to have ori gi nated in a ,
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O L D Y O R K S H I R E A UT H O R
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the yea r 1 5 5 2 Peter L e v ins a nati v e of E ske a village nea r Beverley matriculated at University College O x fo r d whe r e he graduated B A in 1 5 5 7 was elected a P r obationer F ello w of Magdalen College on a Y o r kshire foundation and in 1 5 5 9 was admitted a t r ue and perpetual F ellow but lost his F ellowship the following year T his meagre accou nt is all that Ant a Wood can tell of him adding but W hethe r our author Levens proceeded in a r ts or took a degree in physic or w as licensed to p r actice that fa c ulty it does not appea r in o u r registers Afterwards he ta ught a grammar s chool and pr actised physic w hich is all I kn ow of him except that he wrote and published the following Wheatley , in his e dition of the M an ip u lu s Voca bu la ru m throws n o further light upon his life and career excepting to point ou t that in the preface to the above work he styles himself M A and a stu dent in and chir We are able however to identify h i s family u rge r y h i o s p y if no t precisely himself and his position in the family from Du gdale s F rom this we learn that the V isitation of Y o r kshire in 1 6 6 5 L evins or L evy n s were originally of coun ty Wes tmoreland from whom were the following B acc h u s o f co u n ty J am e s L evy n s o f W e stm orelan d marrie d d au ghte r o f S om e r s e t Th o m as his son o f B e dmi n ste r cou n ty Some rse t m arrie d J an e d au ghte r o f Kemise o f B e dmin ste r J am e s o f Sw in efl eet n e ar H o w d e n h is son m arrie d E ll e n dau ght e r o f “ L ee o f M ex fi eld on th e e dge of Wale s an d h ad issu e Th omas his heir ; Alice wh o marrie d R ob e rt An b y o f Selby ; an d An n e ; wh o marrie d R oge r Marshall Of Selby “ Lan caste r ) m arried cou n ty Y ork Th om as his son w as o f R u sh olm e fi rst An n e d au gh te r o f V in c en t B eve rle y o f Selb y se con dl y A n n e dau ghte r o f ,
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Y ORK S H I R E A U TH OR S
81
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ry B row of Selb y le vi g i e by th l tter L ewi h i heir ; L ci o f Middl thw y t o f M r to ; M ry wh o R h olme ; M rg r et wh o m rr ie d Eli e r S ith ; d S r h wh o m rrie d th R m rrie d J o h A d m o f R w cliffe of co ty Y ork Al e x Stoc k e L ewi of E k e or d ghter o f W ill i m t 5 0 1 666 ; m rr ie d Ele Wyth m o f L e d to e e r L ee d e livi g i 1 666 —Wil li m t 20 dh di t 11 ; d C h rle T t 1 8 ; L e wi t 1 5 ; Wyth m t 1 3 ; L ci H en
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F rom other sources we learn that the manor and tithes of Eske were purchased of Anthony J ackson of Killin grov es near Beverley by ,
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Thomas Lewins of R usholme in 1624 for and that in 1 6 60 the manor w as retu r ned as in the possession of Lewis Lewins E sq an d rated at £200 per annum T his Lewis who was buried in Beve r ley Minster as was his father Thomas was a captain in the Royalist a r my , “ and compounded for his estate for £3 1 6 1 3 s being described as Louis ” L ev ey n e s of H eslington as did L ew tian Lewins of R uth all ( probably brother or cousin) fo r £ 1 3 0 William the eldest son ma r ried M a r garet daughter of Sir Edward Berna r d Kn t of North Dal ton and had issue four daughters three of whom su r vived him as his c o heiresses and d isposed of E ske to Mark Kirby a H ul l Merchant in 1 7 1 0 It would appear however that some portion of the family were resident at Eske long before the purchase of the manor as it is positively asserted that Pete r was born at or in the neighbourhood of E ske and as he went to college in 15 5 2 w e may assume that he would be born about the year 1 5 40 nearly a century befo r e Thomas of Rusholme became Lord of the Manor T h ey appear also to have been a well to do family and of respect able position from the fac ts of thei r bea r ing coat armour sending their sons fo r education to O xford and paying the ab ove then large amount for the Manor of E ske Where Peter taught his G rammar School where he practised chirurgery and when and where he died are not known but it is evident from his two books that he was a man of considerable learning and practical knowledge and that he was one of our earliest lex ico a r g p hers and a pro fi cient in medical botany The followin g are the titl es of his works l) Man ip ulu s V oc ab vlorvm a D iction arie o f E n glish an d L atin e w ord e s set é orthe in su ch order as n on e heretofore hath b een e th e E n glish e b efore th e L atin e n ec essary n ot on ely for sch olers th at w rot var ietie s o f word e s b u t also for su c h as v se to w rite in E n lish e m eetre Gathe re d an d set f orthe by P L ewin s g an n o 1 5 70 F or th e b ette r u n d e r stan d in g o f th e ord e r o f this pr e sen t Diction arie re ad ou e r th e P refac e to the R e ad er an d th e E pistle D edi catorie an d th ou shalt fi n d e it easie an d p lain e ; an d f u rthe r the r e o f th ou sh alt g athe r gr e at p rofi te Im p rm ted at L on don by H en rie B y nn em an f or J o hn Wal e y There are only two known copies of this work in existence, one in the British Museum the other in the Bodleian L ibrary ; but in 1 8 6 7 it was reprinted by the Camden Society the Early English T ext Society and Philological Society j ointly under the edito r ship of M r H en r y B Wheatley It w as the fi rst rhyming dictionary ever published, the ,
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82
OL D
YOR K S H I RE
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w ords being arranged alphab etically according to their endings in groups instead of initially In the preface he says So m an y di ction arie s o f Latin e an d E n glish e (ge n tle r e ad e r) h ave n ow b ee n o f late b y din e rs su n dry e writers set f orthe that e xce pt som e kin d of N ou el tie S h o u ld brin g d elita to th e pe ru s e r an d s o m e pr e sen t p rofi te als o give h op e an d cou rage to th e sam e it sh oul d b e a vain e thin g an d cou n te d b u t as a lo st la b o u r e in so comm o n a ki n d e an d in so f amiliar a m atter to r es u me again e an d to be gin a n ew y th in g so o fte n pr eve n te d W he refore I th ou gh t it good an d e x edien t at th e b e ginn in g briefl y to let thee k n o w an d u n d e rstan d wh at an d C W m an y commodities ];esid e othe r diction aries seem e to b e con tain e d in th e compe n diou s The ref or e com passe of this littl e b oo ke th at th y h ope m ay b e c er tain e tw o thin gs b e he r e to b e co n sid e r e d first th at th e qu an titie is small so th at th e pric e b e in g littl e th e poore r sorte may b e able to b ie it th e othe r that in th e i an i an d m mm i t s t u a li t e u h d f o r e o f t e li e i m e co o e h t t l u i i e i i u se d b e o a an t t s t s d e ( q q in th e co mm on s orte to b e f ou n d ) to b e r e c e ived A s f or th e q u an titie th ou se est wh at it is c e rtainl y (as I call it) man ip ul u m so it is b u t an han dfu l b u t as f or th e q u alitie whe r e in th e ve rtu e is c on tein ed m o p e rad v e n tu r e th at th o u w o u l d est e asily thin k e to b e in so little a boo k e that is b id from th ee What ? ) say es t th ou ) an d h o w m an y ? Su r e ly the s e : F irs t y t f or th e pl easan tn e ss o f th e m etr e d ele ctable an d p leasan t for th e re ade r (as it is in othe r ton gs) an d th e m e m orie als o is n ou ry sh ed an d co n firm ed s o th at a le arn e d f rie n d be in g con s u lte d c on c ernin g th e e dition here of said tha t it w oul d n ot on ely helpe them that we re willin g to learn e b u t also wh at is m o st n e c essarie in th e n e ligen t an d vn willin g ou th it w oul d ex ciate an d stir them v p so th at they b e g to r ead e an d to yearn e o f thems elve s etc “ T he work is dedicated to The R ight Worshipfu l M Stanley Treasurer of the Q ueen H er Maj esties s Mint P L w isheth helth and ” “ all true felic itie H e commences his Epistle D e dicatoire by referring to the fashion amongst authors to apologise for intruding upon the public their humble writings which they depreciate and say were never intended fo r the p r es s , and have only been published at the importunate entreaty of friends —and stating that he intends nothing o f the kind having g one into print because such a work was demanded To meet the and that he has done his best to meet the demand obj ection of some that the work is n ot necessary seeing that there is ” already Maister How lett s w orthie work of the same kind he ,
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boo o g pr c or gr r d b f or b g r b r f o p r c or o y d o ord r of fi co b r x rc profi b oo or d c r o d o xc ppro d o o b po o dr or d go k go o r co or or or pr d r g r d by rL d c r rg ry L o do c r pr c d d ro gr o g do L by g r d r c obj c o o d r rd o of fro p op g of c
gr co rc poor b or o or or
eat an d stly , whilst k , b u t is m st w orthie this is little an d f li h t eate stu en ts an d them th at are i h , i e his is f a l e to h ave it ; e in n e s an d them th at are e , a le to h ave n o this is ette his is u ll f h as e s an d sen te n e s fit f them y t v se ati n an d at ie ; th is is nl stu ffe fu l f w e s, an d th e vse the e t the m th at are n ot y et ” me to e tte e e ise s A ri h t ta le b k e f ise ase s, alle Th e P athw a to H e alth , all ( 2) w he e in are to e f u n m st e ell e n t an d a ve m e i in es f e at ve tu e as als n ta l e ti n s an d f ive s e i u s w ate s an d in k s, an d f th e istillin n eve m a in f oy les an d the mf tab le receits f th e he alth f th e b , b ef e im in te F e sh athe e even s, M aste of A rt, O f , an d P ete ” In s tu en t in p h y sick e an d hi u e n 1 58 7 , 1 5 9 6 , 1 6 08 , 1 6 32, 1 644 n b la k lette I n th e efa e he efen s h ims elf f m th e b lam e f w itin I n th e th e u nl e a n e , vu l a t n u e , in ste a f atin , statin th at it w as w itten f as we ll as th e l e a n e , an d e tali ate s on su h e ti n s b y say in th at th s e wh th in k it sh u l b e w itten in h a Or u n k n wn ton an d th u s hi e th e n wle e” ili sh b elth m the e le , are u ilty a le an d ev a m n l mali e ex cee gy ’
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84
Y ORK S H I R E
OL D
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O F L ETT E RS
A Y O RKS H I RE MAN .
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A brief sketch of J ohn H olland of Sheffi el d has been given in a “ previous volume under the title A Y orkshire Author and J T he present article is supplementary and has the advantage of the accompanying illustrations which the courtesy of their proprietors h as pe rmitted to be copied for this work Readers w h o desire fuller information respecting this Y orks hire worthy are referred to his ,
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b iograp hy i John H olland w as
born March 1 4th 1 7 9 4 and died Dec ember 28th The house in which he was born w as his happy home through 1 87 2 life At the beginn ing of this century it w as cons picuous on the hill side in Sheffi eld Pa r k The cottage still stands but its surrou n din gs have been greatly changed O ther buil dings have been added to it ; houses extend now from the town to the garden wall and a handsome Boa r d School has been built at the bottom of the fi eld in which H olland played when a b oy The followin g lines refer to what the engravin g represents “H ard b y wit h n o distin guishe d f eatu r e s grac ed D ev oid o f b e au ty orn ame n t an d taste Th e e y e o f f rien d ship view s th e h u mb le spo t W he r e first th e M u se e n d e are d he r v ota ry s lot ; H o m e o f m y yo u th an d cradl e o f m y joy s Th o u gh gr e atn e ss s corn an d we al th or prid e d e spise D ear e r to m e thi s man sio n o f m y b irth Th an all th e prou de r stru c tu re s o f th e e arth Whe n travell e d w on de r h ath told all it can A n d we ar ie d art e x h au ste d all on m an H OM E still is s wee t is still whe r e e r w e look Th e lo velie st p ic tu re in cre atio n s boo k F or a time he was employed w ith his father as an Optician but books pleased him more than telescope tubes ; and his studious habits were encouraged in various ways G ood results soon appeared Many of H e read his books th e d efects of his school ed ucation were supplied and re—read them until their contents were m ade his ow n Thus his mind was fully brough t under discipline and thus he attained great pro fi ciency and literary purs uits became their o wn ample reward F or a time he had to live by his pen but afterwards needin g n o payment he did much literary work for which he refused pecuniary recompense becau s e to have accepted material remuneration would have lessened his pleasure in writing F rom early days J ohn H olland was faithfully devoted to the Muse H e was meditative and bec ame fond of solitude and of count r y w alks H e made books his companion s and went to them with a pure affection ,
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p f r i he d by hi d Ill tr tio
Old Yorkshire v ol 3 , 50 The L ife of J oh n H olla nd , of Shefi e ld P a rk, ,
othe r D oc m e t With P ortr it Gr ee L gm u
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A Y ORK S H I RE
L E TTE R S
MAN OF
85
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when the less agreeable tasks of the day were done And the thoughts of men and the works of G od sti r red his soul and made him long to be a poet H e says “ wee P o e s S t y th y n u mb e r s E n tran c e d m e wh ile a b oy Th rille d throu gh m y gold en slu mb e rs A n d th rou gh m y wak in g joy A n d when th y s ou n d s asc e n de d With som e imm ortal n am e With the m m y spirit b len de d I sighe d for h op ele ss fam e I live d b u t to disco ver Th y b e au ty an d th y prid e I n you th th o u w ast m y l o ve r I n m an h ood s d awn m y b rid e I love d on airy pin ion F ree as th e b ird s in spr in g Th rou gh F an cy s wide domin ion With thee to soar an d Sin g The life thus begun was consistent to its en d In his prime he wrote “ The y tell m e th at n ot as in prid e o f yo u th L o ve I sweet P OE SY as if th e joy Of rip e n e d feelin g cou ld gro w stale or cloy Or tim e o u twe ar th e r elish o f rip e tr u th I t is n ot so th e ton e s an d tal e s of ru th Tou c h all life s in n e r h arm on ie s an d still E n d e ar th e con c e rt b e tween c h an c e an d will W h ate e r th e w orld s h arsh claims an d I in sooth Ow n n ow as eve r little th e stron g Sp ells Of we alth an d strife an d pride an d p lac e an d po we r To wh ich tire d m an throu gh b e in g s fr e tfu l h ou r Tru e on e wh o d wells Y ield s b ody Spirit s o u l With du ty mu st yi eld s e rv ic e With a sigh I gran t th in gs chan ge ab ou t m e b u t n ot I T hough Mr H olland lived and died a bachelo r yet fr om youth to age he was deeply impressed by womanly grace Many of the mo st beautiful of his poems w ere addressed to ladies and here is a Charac teristic sonnet Th e man wh o tak e s n ot from a fem ale h an d Th e sweete st comm on c u p o f d aily life Or whe the r in th e w orld s thick ran k s he stan d A mi ghty stru ggle r in th e comm on strife Or cu t b y Su p e r stition s felo n knife F rom N atu r e s g eni al law in lo n es om e c ell H e fi n d h im self f or eve r doom e d to dwell Un chee re d b y m o the r siste r dau gh te r wife M ay well b e d eem e d wh ate e r h is stern e r claim H u m an ity s E n igma ! F rien d sh ip grac e Th e p ast th e fu tu r e o f his fathe r s rac e H e live s b u t to r epro ach with silen t sh am e U n m eet f or e arth u n dis ciplin e d f or he ave n While spu rni n g in God s n ame th e help m eet God h as given H e was as remarkable for tenderness of feeling A pathetic incident touched him and he would then express his thoughts in verse .
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and his poem was generally a sonnet T his was a striking feature in Mr H olland O ne example may be given here H e transcri b ed a poetical and touching story about a funeral which is told in Andersen s H a rts M ou n tain s and penned the following sonnet on The Bi r d and ” the Burial which probably had a local o ccasion “I n a small g arr e t in ou n arro w str eet y L ay a poor corp s e an d n e ar it in d e sp air Sat a lorn wido w wee pin g w on d e rin g whe re A n d h o w to get plain grave an d win din g sheet When lo th e casem en t op en a b right bird A stray e d C an ary fl u tte re d in an d sweet Glad heard I ts n o te b e g an perche d on th e d e ad Th e m o u rn e r thi s stran g e o m en an d as m eet D eem e d it a tim e ly heave n sen t gift an d c au ght Th e warb le r wh ic h to its glad o wn e r bro u ght Was ransom e d with a n oble p i e c e o f gold Then th e be r e ave d on e gratefu l f or th e Sign Gave he r d e ad h u sb an d to th e h allo we d m ou l d A ckn o wle dgin g th e han d o f Provide n c e D ivin e .
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e Montg mery Chief among Mr H olland s friends w as the poet J ames M ontgomery , who encouraged him in youth and rej oiced in the achievements of his manhood and whose biographer he eventu ally became T he friendship between them w as ve r y in timate as their biographies fully Show “ With another townsman Ebenezer Elliott the celeb r at ed Corn Law ” Rhyme r for whose genius Mr H olland had great admi r atio n , he was much less ac quainte d J
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A Y ORK S H I RE
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Another poetical friend was Eta M awr the late Miss Elizabeth Colling of H urwo r th on Tees who published several volumes of poems and with who m M r H olland co rresponded fo r thirty years before their fi rst interview This sonnet w as addressed to that lady To thee fair d welle r b y th e N or the rn Tee s Wh o se f rien d ship —th ou gh we n eve r m et I ve lon g E n joy e d throu h l ette rs kin d an d m issive son g I d e dicate this ry m e with what sweet e ase So ul s g en tle g en e rou s an d in g en iou s pl e ase A n d are pl e ase d mid st lif e s am b itio u s thron g Of heartle ss selfi sh aims N or w ou l d I wron g Au ght o f grave vi rtu ou s wise b y w ords lik e the se Lady whate e r o f happin ess or grac e Of f rie n d sh ip m u sic b ook s or m in str el art Gifts o f in du lgen t he ave n th y d wellin g p lac e Kn ows at th is h ou r—n e e r m ay they then c e d e p ar t N or f ail I the r e Whil e F an cy thu s c an d art H er sp ell th y pr e sen c e th ou gh u n seen to trac e “ H olland s poetry is thoughtful pure and elevating and displays a cultivated mind and a well governed fancy It is in almost every ” “ ins tance the product of a calm and happy inspiration In H olland passed away the last of those gifted men on whose account du ring the fi r st half of the nineteenth century his native town was wo r thily designated classic Sheffi eld H e lived within a very short dis tance of the ru in s of She ffi eld Manor Lodge where Mary Queen of Scots was long imprisoned “ T hose ruins he says were the cradle of his earliest associations and “ feelings in poetry The winds and storms which during his ea rly ‘ years accelerated the total ruination even of the ruins of that summer mansion of the Talbots r ocked his feelings into antiquarian “ T he spice of the antiquary which w as thus ear ly insinuated into his nature produced manifold litera r y results H e loved Th e h istoric mi rror th at r eve als Sc en e s wh ich ou r stu diou s th o u ghts with q u iet le sso n s fill H e contributed valuable notes for a new e di tion of H unter s celeb r ated Ha llamshire he wrote early in life his H istory of Worksop and in his old age Wharn clifle and Shefi eld and while he w as the editor of a newspaper and afterwards he w as often sending forth sketches and “ essays in which the spice of the antiquary w as very perceptible H e had an intimate acquaintance with the history the antiquities and “ the industries of his native district It has been truly said that he could always tell what nobody else could tell and his stores of “ information were placed freely at the disposal of all Obsolete customs superseded games and family histo r ies had great attractions ” for him and became in his hands highly interesting themes M any knew the value of having in the town a central referee so accessible and so worthy of reliance ” “ H e did good work as a b iographer The L ives which we r e sep arately p ublished by him fill eleven volumes , and he wrote also ve r y ”
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RK S H I RE
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many biographical sketches which appeared in va r ious publicat ions N otes an d Q u eries The R eliqu ary and kindred periodicals were enriched by his pen H e composed sermons wh ich have been read from the pulpit and w hich may be still in use wrote for va r ious religious magazines developed his views on matters of theolo gi cal speculation and wrote some hundreds of hymns for Sunday School anniversaries and other occasions H is scientifi c attainments were respectable H e was the author of the three volu mes of Lardner s C abin et Cy c lOp cedia which treat of .
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a literary gem which a person unable to fi n d delight in botany could n ot have e tten H e seemed to know n o unfruitful themes To the end of his life he read extensively in many departments of kn owledge ; and as a man of letters he found an occ upation which never ceased to gl y e h1m “ in ll l S ow n pleasure and which he used in order that he might generation serve the counsel of G od Mr H olland was a Chr istian In the Report of the She ffi eld Literary and Philosoph ical Society published after his death it was said that his devotion to literature was only surpassed by the rare
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1 840 —B rief N tices of A n ima l Su bstan ces used in the Sh efiield M anufactu res u lishe in th e S heflield M ercu ry O igin all llie ies an d C al 1 841 — The H ist ry a nd D escrip tion of F oss il F ue l, , t he : C G e at B itain Ta e Re s, i a hi al an d lite a f u wa s 1 843 — The sa lmists qf B ritain , f 1 50 au th s wh h ave e n e e th e wh l e a t f th e B Of P s al ms in t E n lish ve s e , wi th s e im e ns f th e i fe e n t ve si n s, an d a en e al u ti n Tw o v ls , in t This is on e tav the m st v alu a le f M r ’ H ll an s w k s m is in sk e t hes Of th e lives an d s e imen s th e 1845 — P oets of Yorkshire, w itin s th se hil en f s n wh h ave een native s f , the rwis e with, th e C u n ty f Y , m m en e n n e te W m C a tw i h t ’ m le te b y J hn H llan sam , an d the en e t M r N ew sam s N
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These books with his sermons hymns magazine articles and “ acres of newspaper matte r formed a p r odigious contribution to cur r ent literature and S how that much work may b e crowded into a busy life ,
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A LTH OU GH this eccentric author w as n ot a Y orkshireman by birth he w as one by adoption having passed a considerable portion of his life as a C itizen and F reem an of Y ork and having contributed largely to the illustration o f the county by h is topo graphical wo r ks and biographical sketches of persons connected therewith H e was born in D ublin in 1 6 9 1 died in York in 1 7 7 8 and was buried in the church of St Michael le Belf ry
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P R I N TE R , Y R K
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I n his curious autobiography written in 1 7 46 the MS of which was fou n d in I r eland by M r Thorpe some long time after his death he does n o t say who his parents were]; but some of the earlier p ages were missing and the fragment commences abruptly , with the worst was in l e aving my dear parents which was when he was leaving Ireland It appears that he was apprenticed to a Printer in Dublin but absconded in 1 7 1 0 before the expiration of his apprentice ship with only a shilling in his pocket H e got across the chan n el by secreting himself in the hol d of a vessel and trudged his way up to London sometimes with very strange companions and often almost star ved He was fortunate enough to obtain employment in the o moe of a Mr Midwinter with whom he remained four years At the end of this period J ohn White of Y ork wrote to his master to send him down a journeyman and the situation being offered to G ent he accepted it at a salary of £ 1 8 a year with board lodging , and washing As he had only a gui n ea which was not sufficient to pay his fare down and fi n d him in food he started off on foot on a Tuesday morning and arrived at York the following Sunday 0u arriving at Mr W hite s “ house the door was Opened by the head maiden that is n o w my dear ” spouse with whom he fell in love at fi rst sight 3 a love that deepened and ripened by time w hich ever after attracted him to York and w as the cause of his settling there and eventually becoming the historian of the city At the end of a year he paid a vis it to his parents crossing the sea in a fis hing boat which took eleven days for the voyage ; on which occasion he says yet what made my departure somewhat uneasy I scarce then knew how w as respect for Miss Alice G uy (the young woman who I said first Opened the door to me) She was the daughter of Mr R ichard G uy schoolmaster at Ingleton near Lancashire had good natural parts , quick understan ding was of fi n e com plexion and very amiable in her features It may be observed en R o T h that this ichard G uy was the transcriber allad of t f B a s s a m e p ” F lodden F ield ( of which an annotated edition has recently been issued by M r F ederer of B radford ) and which was supposed to have been written by his predecessor in the school R ichard J ackson about fi fty years after the battle G ent published an edition of the B allad without date bu t sometime between 1 7 5 5 and 1 7 6 2 H e obtained a few months employment in D ublin but as I received a letter from my dearest in York , that I w as expected thither an d thither too , purely again to enjoy her company was I resolved to ” direct my course A chasm occurs here in the narrative which is resumed in 1 7 1 6, when he is on his road to London to work again for his old master and the following year he was admitted to the freeman ship of the Stationers Company After a while he had a dispute with Mr Midwinter , and got work at a press in Little B ritain but in 1 7 1 9 hearing that his parents were ill and infi rm he again paid them a visit “ hi l s reviousl writin to de rest te lin her that he had not yet been a g p g y ,
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able to arran ge for star ting business on his ow n accoun t and that if s he thought proper s he might write to him in Ireland addin g that he w as far from slighting her and resigned her to none but to the prote ction o f heaven O n his return to London he fell ill through sleeping in damp sheets which I must confess I thought were but my jus t deserts fo r being At this j uncture Mrs Midwinter died so long absent from my dear a nd he wrote her epitaph commencing L O u n d e rn eath thi s h ea p of m oul d My m i str ess d ear is laid A Wl fe n on e better cou ld beh old Non e c haster when a m ai d Having saved a little money he purch ased a press an d so me type and commenced himself as a jobbing printer when I thought that I should have occasion to invite my dear to London but on e Sunday morning as my shoes were japanning by a b oy there came Mr J ohn “ H oyle w ho had b een to York and inf ormed him that y ou have lost your old sweetheart for I assure y ou that she is rea lly married to M r B ourne the grandson of Mr W hite and G ent s rival in the affections O f course the jilted s wa in w as thunderstruck and could of Alice G uy scarcely return an answer but he consoled hi mself by writing some verses in which occur the following stanzas H ow c ou l d y ou slight m e y our on ly sw ee t j e wel R ead y to d ie wh en th i s n e w s h e d l d h ear S urely y ou can n ot cann ot b e so cru el B u t w h en y ou th in k of me to sh ed a tear ,
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fa ew ell th o sw eet eat re ’ M ay y ou b e b les s d til l li fe ass away , sw eet natu e, B u t-m ay it ev e b e in y o ” in th e lay , To th i n o n m e th o gh ol
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At this W e he published the Last dying speech of Couns ellor Layer concocte d from a few words he uttered on the scaffold w hich had an enormous run the hawkers being ready to pu ll my press in piece s ” He also composed an O de on the return Of King for the goods G eorge I from G ermany which had a very exte nsive sale He also worked at the presses of Woodfall and of S Richardson the author of “ Clarissa ” O ne Sunday morning a friend called upon him an d told him that he must go at once to York for his rival B ourne had died and left Alice a widow in comfortable circu mstances G ent replied I pray heaven that his precious soul may be happy and for ought I k now it may be as you say for indeed I think I may n ot trifle with a wi dow , ” Therefore he lost n o time in as I have formerly done with a maid arranging his affairs in London and hastening down to York when he found the report to be true and moreover that the youn g widow w as not all disincli n ed to listen to his overtures so that when a decent period for mourning had pass ed over they were united in the bonds o f matrimony in York Cathedral He then sent for his presses and type purchased the freedom of the city , which cost him £27 and commence d “
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charitable beholders The following rude but touching lines which occur in the Prologue are a spec imen of the style througho u t Stran th at a Prin ter n e er w orn ou t w i th age S houl d gpe im p elled s o late to m oun t th e stage ! I n silv er d h ai r s wi th h ea rt n igh fi t to br eak Th u s to am u se w h o s carc e h as word to speak During this period of hi s greatest distress he had the further an d deep affliction of losing his wife which h e thus r ecor ds I t w as on W ednesday April 1 st 1 7 6 1 m s between the hours of X and XI in the night that my beloved dear Mrs Alic e G ent m eekly resi gned up her precious soul ( that curious and un searchabl e particle of Divinity ) ” to its Maker leaving me in a disconsolate condition etc G ent w as a very voluminous writer and on very miscellaneous subjects the most im portant being his topo graphical works which although quaint in style display great research and a comprehensive kn owledge of ancient history combined with great carefuln ess as to accuracy , and are thus valuable for reference AS a Poet he seemed to pride himself on his facility in verse writing but what he has left is nothing more than prose in metre and requires a great stretch of “ co urtesy to be called po etry W ere any on e says the editor of his Autobiography to attempt to make a catalogue of his works he woul d find it a harder task than ever B ibliograph er performed All his principal writings have been mentioned ; but bes ides them he w ho could be at on c e author printer and publisher and w ho was driven by necessity to make every exertion must we are sure have produced numerous smaller tracts some with his nam e and some without His works are n ow neither indeed is it a very tempting inquiry scarce and command high prices P ortrait b y Nathan Drake engraved in mezzo by Val G reen a copy of which is pre fixed to his autobiograph y Another in a co ok ed hat del et s o by P e ther and one with a music book in his hand by Denton An engraved portrait by Rothwell is also given in Richardson s Topographers and on e engraved by A F ox in B oyne s Yorkshire Library Approximate List of G ent s writin gs ”
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Pri t r f Y rk L d 1 832 Hi J p h H u t r th Hi t ri b y th R h d t b ir It i m t m u i g w rk but v r l p rti f H ll m ph uppr d b y th Ed it r f th w u d d it ti l D ir S igh d G r E t rt i m t rP D i vi ul A B k f E mbl m i v r O p i d m i ly fr m H rm Hug P i D id r t T w hi c h i Th A ti t d M d r Hi t ry Of th f m u C ity f Y rk t ti t dd d d cripti f th m t t d t w i Y rk hir with th b ildi g th t h v b th r i 1 h b ti lly dig t d f r th d light f th R d r Y rk M D CC XXX City d w dcut ld d pl Of th t f R i pp Y rk Th A ci t d M d r H i t ry f th l y l t w P m Studl y P rk d F u t i M D CC XXXI I I C t i l f th t m ti cq b y P t r f th r f E u A r P r cc u A bb y R u i g t hr N rth r S i t Cu th b rt W lfr d d J h f B rl y D cripti Life of Mr Th omas Ge n t i n MS f d i d l e t e au tob iogr a t e y
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cc u t f B v rl y P t fr ct W k fi ld L d K ighl y Skipt D d i c t d t M r Willi m T dc t r S lby C w d B i h pth rp t r t J h A i l b i E q t Studl y Thr full p w d Ifi h r G rd i t l tt r d u c uth w d cu t d v ty i b b r gr v i g Ir “ d b u ti fu l t w f A fl R gi d m H lli i H i t ry f th R y l r th up Hull t Y rk M D CCXXXV R pr duc d i f imil Hull King t C t i l Acc u t f th A ti quiti f B ridli gt S c rb r ugh 1 8 69 W hitby t f r th vi it th t rt i m t f th cur i u tr v ll r w h N rth E t p rt f Y rk h ir E ight p r t pl t d m p d ight cut i th l tt rpr Th Cu t m f th L rd M y r t f th C ity f Y rk t uch i g d O rd r th w ri g f th ir g w ci t cu t m d th r tr t t E l cti Y rk “ i t ri C m p di A gli c c m pr h iv Hi t ry f E gl d t H r Th i w rk Y rk M D CCXXXII Eight w dcut i th l tt rpr whi ch h v ry l g titl c t i b i d A cc u t f th Ki g f f th S c tl d ; th R m P tiff ; Hi t ry f R m ; th R i M h m d B i gr phi f Y rk hir m p rti cul rly f th t bl ; l t Rt H Ch rl H w rd E rl f C rli l d f th m t i c mp r bl L dy E li b th H ti g f Y rk th F u d ti R vi w f th ch urch f w E m p ir h rt b t pl t cc u t f vr l d Ki gd m wi th pl c i th U iv r A El gi c P t r l th l t E rl f C rli l ; ff cti t m m ri l v r l h ppy d c d ; P t fr ct d it f E ccl i ti c l bu ild i g d it t d C tl th L m t ti v r w ru i f ir A d i b u tift f St R b r t f K r b r u gh ; hi b it d th Li f B rit i i t r f r th m t l m t d d th f th l t Q u C r li ; vr vi wi g th P i ctur f th Ki g f Jud h d I r l th pl y i g h i h rp P i ty di pl y d i th h ly li f d d th f th ci t d c l br t d St R b rt f K r b r u gh Y rk tw diti t “ Th h ly lif d d th f St Wi ifr d d th r r ligi u p r d i t v r with pit m f th pr d c mpl t I d f r th gr t r d light d Pri t d b y th uth r i hi w f th r d r bu ilt Offic i P t rg t Y rk M D CC XLI I I Th m t d l ct bl criptur l d pi u H i t ry f th f m u d m g i fic t C th dr l Y rk A B k gr t E t r wi d w i St P t r whi ch m ight b ty l d th H i t ry f Hi t ri ucci ctly tr t d f i th r rt 1 t f th C l ti l H i r rchy i r fulg t gl ry t 2 d th l ri m r f Cr ti ; 3rd th R v l ti f St J h t Y rk M D CC LXII Di i j u ti c d m rcy di pl y d S t f rth i th u h pp y b irth wick d lif d m i r bl O rigi lly d Of th t d c itfu l A p tl J ud I c r i t wri tt i L d d l t i m pr v d t 80 Y rk f 18 t th g R ligi d L y lty t B ri ti h R y lty Y rk r i u hy m d O cc i f th Ki g irth d y O t “ P t r P tri E l gi c P t r l D i l u b th m cc i d t ; b i g y g l m t d d th Of th l t R t H d ill tr Ch rl H w rd E rl f C rli l h i t ric l d cripti f th m t d lightful W ith w rk c tri v d b y h i L rd h ip r l ti g t th um ptu u P l c b utiful w lk gr v im g f h th D i ti t —th rth r gl ry f thi c u try Y rk Th H i t ry f th Lif r bl d S v i ur J u C hri t t f d m ir cl Y rk P tt r f Pi ty r Try l Of P ti c ; b i g th m t f ithful piritu l g f th Lif d D th f th c ffl i ct d J b S c rb r ugh G th d h p f r h rt tim i S c rb r ugh o n s o
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O L D YORKSH IRE
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published Th e in structiv e poeti cal an d en tertain in g H i story of th e an ci en t M ili tia of York sh ir e un d er th e ren own ed Kin g V en u siu s occasion ed b y h is p erfi d iou s — een i s m n e n u C i C e r t u d a t c o t a n i n a l so l A j ourn ey th r ou gh York shir e Q g 2 Trad iti on al Ob ser v ati on s Of ou r fam ou s m o un tain s an d riv e rs an d of th e 3 town s c as tles an d sy lvan fortr ess es in h ab ite d b y h eroes an d h er oin es A n acc ou n t of th e fam ou s b attles in all its gloI y th e aston i shin g v alour of fair S ab ell a w h o sl ew th e p erfi di ou s CQu een etc A prospectus of this work w as publis hed with a rude cut of tw o knights tilting and the pathetic announ cement written under cruel ” disappointment and waiting for paper H i story of S t P e te r s C ath e dr al York 2 v ols w ri tte n in H i stori c al D eli ghts or an ci en t glori es of York shi re A tran slation in to ve rse of D r D erin g s R eliqu ae E b o rac ens es ! of whic h a few co i es w e r e pr in ted on p coarse pape r b “u t n ot issu ed to the publi c On on e C opy I s w ritten in G en t s han d writin g— D es ign ed to b e ad ve rti sed an d u b lish ed soon as prope r p ap er can b e afford ed eith er throu h b en eficen t su crip tion or en erosity to th e labo ri ou s w ell k n own au th or w ose I cOn w as lat ely ex h ib ite to gen e ral satisfac tion “ H e succeeded to the proprietorship and editorship of the York M ercury established by Wh ite which he iss ued under a new titl e The original York J ournal or W eekly C ourant H e also published ” “ Miscellane as Curios as ( changed after the fi rst n u mber to M iscellanea or Entertainments for the in genious of both sexes consisting o f Enigmas Paradoxes M athematical Problems etc I t w as a M agazine published quarterly commencing in J an 1 7 3 4 but does n ot appear to have been suffi ciently entertaining to command a remunerative sale as it was di scontinued after the sixth number It is supposed that Edw H auxley mas ter of the Kirk Leatham G rammar School , w as the Editor not
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L U N D OF P O N TE F RAC T
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the year 1 7 7 6 there was published at P ontefract a little work o f considerable humour but not ranking very high as a litera ry work “ entitled The Newcastle Rider ; or Ducks and G reen Pease It at onc e attracted public attention and be came so popular that new edition s were called for in 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 8 1 7 9 3 1 8 20 and 1 8 38 and was brought out in the shape of a farce and performed at Ponte fract Theatre with great applause It is the tale of a Newcastle commercial traveller w ho ‘ comes to H arrogate puts on a swaggering air and pretends to be a lord H e goes to the principal hotel Of the place and orders a couple of ducks and a dish of green peas to be served u p in a private room
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O L D Y OR KSH IR E
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them when I assure them if I could have cooked and se asoned them better to suit their palates I certainly would have done it A third time he appeared before the public with A Collection o f O ddities in prose and verse serious and comical B y a very O dd Author Printed for and sold by the author Pontefrac t n d This work is a collection of epitaphs anecdotes signboard inscriptions letters etc of a curious or farcial character in the way of composition orthography incongruity etc also some original humorous poems “ In the preface he writes that he pretends to some little skill in cookery having already provided a dis h of ducks and green pease ; which were highly relished ; and he h as n ow prepared on e very palatable for such as love plain English eatin g w hose stomachs are not too much vitiated by the sublime cookery of a Milton the beautif ul classic dishes of a P ope or the high seas oned satyrical ragouts of a C hurchill ,
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AN O L D YO RK S HI R E C HR O N I CL E R
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Man ny in g , other wise Robert de
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was a native of Malto n in Yorkshire and w as brought u p in the G ilbertine P riory there whence he removed to that of Sixhills co Lin coln an d subsequently became a Canon of B runne ( B o urne) a Priory of B l ack C anons for men and women where it is supposed he died after a long residence there Along with his fellow countryman W y c liff he w as on e of the fi rst to fashion the Anglo Saxon into modern literar y English and w as on e of ou r earliest v ers ify ers of the chronicles of E n gland and translators of works of high reputation into the vernacu lar He is somewhat ru gged in style and uncouth in phraseology but this w as intentional and for a purpose as he said his works were intended n ot His works were for the learned but for the lewd of En glan d artly or i gi n al an d ) artly c om p iled fr om A M etr i c al H is to om ZEn eaS to t e en d of th e r ei gn ofE d ward 1 W ritten Wac e 1 d Lan gtoft R
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1 3 Ro e t
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b r f Gl uc t r d P t r L gt ft Ch r icl I ll u tr t d d fr m th d th f C d w ll d r t th d f Impr d b y R b rt f B ru r“T mpl Libr ry publi h d b y Th H r 1 725 M S i th I E dw rd I C rdi l B t r i D mi i t p i S M ri D c t p Op r f Tr l t d i t E gli h v r f th ti tl d M dit y V irgi hy p f hi Ih d l wt d k f th P y r L rd ; y v tur C rd y ll M dy r M y d M ry th wy c h m d y L ty B f Gr t t H r l ti Tr ( B i h p Of Li c l ) C h t u d A m r r t m G t d y wi b gy t t ty th t i y cl pt C t l f L v th t Bi p y by L v Edi t d b y J O H lli w ll 1 849 f rl wd m l ti f Gr t t th S v A tr ti M u l d P ch Tr D dly S i .
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Although this last work is attributed certain that he w as the author .
to B ishop Grosteste ,
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YO R K SH I R E S O NGS AND BALLA DS
LI S T O F Y YO OR RKS KSHIIR E
B ALL AD S
.
SO N G S
AND
.
following llow in g S election of ballads poems and songs relating to Yorkshire written by Yorkshire people has been or writ ork shire collectedd by me during the last thirty years and as the list is d by no means complete additions or notes will be gladly received To facilitate reference the title and fi rst line is given D r Ingledew w riting respectin g many of these ballads says In a polished age like the present I am sensible that many of the productions of our country bards will require great allowances to be made for them Yet have they for the most part a pleasing simplicity and artless grace w hich in the Opinion of such writ ers as Addison Dryden Percy and others , have been thought to compensate for the want of higher A B allad on M ay 15 78 T Pearson “ t fl wer s mo t fre h e to Th fr gr vi ew T P ear son A B allad 1 5 7 8 r fr i s th ie vile d e y r 0M A B allad of th e E ure Wh i t th e ut r d r Factory S on g fi ll Th e p i dl wh irl th b bb i L e en d of Kn aresb ro F or est here rt th ou g i g Sw t Shep h rd s Sir W S c ott All en a D ale d le h as n o f ggot f rbur i g A ll Aloan i t H aase S B G ould 1 t h ase I m ll l A S tran ger i t H aase S B G ould Joa l I wu n er wh at th a wilt s y Eh HE
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YO R K SH I R E BUR I AL S AND BUR I AL PLA C E S
A Y O R K S HI R E P ARI S H C O FF IN
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N E asingwol d Church Yorks hire a few years back w as and I earnestly hope still i care lly preserved on f u e s ( ) of those now extreme rarities a Parish Coffi n of which at that time , I w as able to obtain a drawing and the requ isite measurements O f this interesting relic I give the following particulars feeling sure that a record of so curious an obj ect “ cannot be otherwise than acceptable to the readers of O ld ” Yorks hire The Co ffin , carefully represente d by the engrav ing on next page from a drawing espec ially made for me by Mr J H Doe h as be e n strongly but somewhat roughly made of o ak has been clamped with iron and its lid att ached by hing es ; and been s o arranged as evidently when in use to stand upon four legs as on a bier It was when n ot in u se kept in the west entrance to the church under the tower and w as supported agains t the wall on strong iron staples W hen the church was restored the co ffi n w as removed and placed in a corner of the be ll chamber Its inside dimens ions measured at the bottom are central length six feet seven inches ; the length of the S ide from foot to shoulder fiv e feet three inches ; the len g t of the side from the shoulder to the head seventeen inches the w idt across the S houlders twenty on e inches and the width at the foot nine inches Th e S ides are nine inches in height The lid w as origi nally fi xed to the co ffi n by three iron hinges on the right side of the body as it would lie for removal ; one of the hinges being at the foot another at the shoul de r and the third midway between the other tw o The lid which is somewhat larger than the co ffi n (which it overlaps by about three quarters of an inch on the left ,
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ORKS H IRE
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side and at the head and foot ) has been split do w n the middle and repaired by clamping the two halves together by means of fi v e rough iron bands one near the head another near the foot and the other three at intermediate distances between them The corners and angles of the co ffi n itself have also been repaired strengthened and held together in the same manner by iron bands or plates ; the iron in all cases being rough and so much corroded as to render it impossible to judge as to whether any kind of ornament w as ever upon them O n the left side of the lid and co ffi n there have evidently at one time been fastenings but these h ave long since disappeared O n each S ide the co ffin at the distance of seven inches from the S houlder is an iron ring and staple ; the ring being about an in ch and—a half in diameter and another S imilar ring and staple is on each side about thirty inches from the feet These tw o pair of rings which balance the co ffi n well when lifted were evidently intended for carrying it by when brought into use That the co ffi n originally stood upon four legs is evident from the fact of there being four circular holes in the bottom—on e at the head ,
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at the foot and two oth ers across the centre — ih on e of which are remains of a leg that had b een broken Off F rom the others the legs had been taken away or dropped out through age and decay Th e coffi n is of oak very black with age much decayed and the wood very thin It was thus spoken of in G ill s Va llis E boracen szs H ere is also p reserv d a large c ofii n made of oak with iron rings of which the tradition is that it was once in general use as a kind of public b ier for carrying the dead with n o other covering than the shroud to the grave It has however no marks of very high antiquity or criteria by which its date can be ascertained This note I was informed by the then vicar of Easingwold the R ev H enry Ainslie , was written by his predecessor the Rev G J Allen It w as also noticed in these words in N otes an d Q u eries for 1 8 5 2 In the Parish Church in E asing w old in Yorkshire there was within the last few years an old oaken shell or eo in asserted to have been used by the inhabitants for fi the interment of their dead After the burial the coffi n w as again ” dep osted in the church The custom of having a co ffin for general use provided by the parish although not general throughout the kingdom obtained in many
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O LD YORKS H IR E
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localities and records of other examples than the on e at Easingwold have come under my notice O ne of the most interesting w as communicated to me by my friend the Rev Canon H ay man in th e se The old historical town of Youghal in the County of Co rk words has many features of interest for the antiquary chief est among which is the venerable Colle gi ate Church of St Mary Th e cemetery attached to this noble edi fi ce is the P ere la C haise of Irelan d Th e ground n atura lly forms a succession of terraces here swelling in to little kn olls there sinking into gentle declivities A poet said of the Protestant burial ground at Rome It might make on e in love with death to think that on e should be buried in so sweet a place and the saying may be ; repeated of the Youghal churchyar d D eath is here divested of its ,
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horror , and wears the softened aspec t of stillness and unbroken repose O n its northern and western sides the cemetery is overhung by the Old walls of the town which are yet in good preservation In a portion of those defences nearly Opposite to the western gable of the church is a recessed [co ifi n shaped] aperture of which a S ketch is given on the H ere as old folk tell u s was kept the accompanying engraving public c ofii n for the poor of Youghal W henever nee ded it was sent to the house of the dead and s o soon as it had discharged its offi ce it w as replaced here The w alls as may be perceived are of three thicknesses The newest piece in front is of hammered well squar ed masonry More ancient is the furthest drawn where the materials are less in size and are less carefully fi nished B u t lying between .
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O LD Y ORKS H IRE
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the interment of my body on the south S ide Of the Choir of the said C hurch [I ] commanding and i n hibiting my executors that they prepare not for my body a wooden c ofii n or other coverings unles s only on e linen Sheet to enwrap my body in In the Table of D u ty es fees — of Shore ditch church 1 66 4 are the amounts to be paid for burial without co ffins ; th u s : for a “ burial in ye new churchyard without a co ffi n eightpence ; for a burial in ye olde churchyard without a co ffi n seav en pence an d for the grave making and attendance Of ye Vicar and Clarke on ye en termen t of a corps un co fii n ed the churchwardens to pay the ordinary du tey s and no more Of thi s table It would be interes ting to know if other examples besides the on e at E asingwold, occur in any of the churches of Yorkshire ,
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The H ollies, D uflield , D erby ”
L L EWE LL YN N
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A Y O RKS HIR E BARR OW AND TH E grave mound
I TS
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which I have pleasure in presenting the “ following account to the readers of O ld Yorkshire is S ituated on the eastern margin of the Yorkshire Chalk Wolds about midway between Driffield and F imber and a little to the westward side of a large glacial formed eminence call ed C raike H ill I t measured thirty yards in diameter and w as of the ordinary circular form composed throughout It was carefully opened in the year 1 8 6 6 by those of stiff earth energetic and pains taking antiqu aries the brothers J R and Robe rt Mortimer by whom the following carefully detailed particulars were immediately after that time prepared for me The result of the openin g was the discovery of some highly important and in teresting remains of some of which I had the accompanying scrupulously accurate engravings made The fi rst Opening made in the barrow w as in its centre where an excavation eighteen feet square w as made wi th the result of only finding teeth and part of the jaw of a hog the teeth of an ox some fragments of human bones and a number of flint implements Near the centre however dug into and below the ori gin al surface of the ground was a grave and near it a he ap of burnt bones Some eight inches vertically beneath this Messrs Mortimer wrote “ me we touched and luckily without injury the well preserved skull of a you ng adult female This skeleton lay on the top of the chalk grit the ancient surface soil having been removed close to the south S ide of an oval grav e in the usual contracted position on its right side with knees drawn u p and both hands together in front of the face The of
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YO RKS H IRE B A RROW
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femur of the skeleton measured 1 7 inches the tibia 1 3 % inches and the hu m eru s 1 2% inches In front of the face lay a crushed food vase which after be ing rebuilt measured 5 % inches high 6 % inches across the top and 3 inches at the bottom This in teresting vessel which is here engraved is of the ordinary shape ornamented externally from top to bottom with horizontal rows of vertical impressed lines given apparently save one row of vertical gashes by a notched instrument while the and tw o rows of similar marking run round u rn w as in a plas tic state A bluish coloured chipped flint two inches long which its upper edge may have served the purpose of a S pear head kni fe blade or both lay close to the left knee ; and the point of a bronze pricker accom p anied it In excavating in the north side of the grave at the west end there ’ w as the root end of a sta g s horn ; and jus t beneath it at a depth of .
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S ixteen inches from the top of the graves w as a long heap of burnt human bones measuring fully twenty inches east and west and eight inches crosswise Mixed with them were some heat splintered pieces of a flint knife ; and a few inches to the south of them stood the elegant * globular formed food vase , here engraved , which being made of badly tempered clay could o nl y be removed in fra gments It was afterwards put carefully together and me asures 5 inches high , 6 inches in diameter at the top and 23 inches at the bottom Externally two grooves run round its upper part , the lower of which contains four stOp s or projecting pieces o f c lay unpierced and the interior of the lip as well as the upper exterior half of the urn is freely ornamented with horizontal rows of rope like impressions ; below which oblique thong like markings form an encircling chevron ,
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O LD Y OR KSH IRE
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have had the end of on e of its branches out OK while the animal w as living Nothing more w as found but wood ashes until at a depth of 6 feet H ere on the from the base of the barrow , we reach ed the bottom naked floor of the grave except a thin fi lm of dark and decayed matter which failed to yield any trace of its original form or nature lay the crouched S keleton of a strong boned and mid dl e aged man on its right side and like the tw o preceding ones with its head due east the left hand reaching to near the k nees and the right hand bending u nder the chin The massive long bo nes of this skeleton measured as follow femur 1 7 % inches tibia 1 43 inches an d humerus 1 23 inches .
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A magni ficent and most elaborately ornamented drinking cup 8 % inches high 6 inches in diameter at the mouth and bowl and inche s This very fin e at the bottom stood close behind the shoulders Specimen of B ritish fi c tilia the writer had the pleasure of safely lifting from the bottom of the grave into the hands of M iss Sykes at the top who with the enthusiasm of an enlighte ned antiquary attended daily during the Opening It is here carefully engraved and will be seen in form as well as in elaborateness and beauty of detail to be on e of the fi nest examples yet brought to light After the most pains taking The grave as befo re named research no other relic co uld be fo und ,
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oval and measured 8 feet east and west an d 44 feet crosswise bu t at the depth of 3 feet it suddenly shortened to about 6 feet an d measured nearly the same at the bottom W e next drove the eastern side of the excavation within a few feet of the margin of the barrow testing the ground beneath as the work proceeded and at a point 21 feet due east from the centre of the grave just 9 inches below the surface of the barrow and 1 8 i n ches from its NO b ase w as a large skeleton with the he ad almost full so u th relic accompanied it W e could only Obtain the skull in many fragments and the femur measured on the spot 1 9 % inches and humerus 1 3 2inch es September 2 1st — On working round to the south side we touched a heap of burnt bones of a youth accompanied with a small and badly preserved food vase of common shape and decoration situated on the same plane as the last burial and 1 7 feet distant from the middle No bone or flint instrument was with them At the clos e o f the grave of this day s labour most of the southern S ide of the barrow to within a little way of the mar gi n had been turned over to the gritty rock below Three pieces of burnt human bones were found scattered on the groun d under the barrow t w enty feet south of the centre clearly showing that they had been dropped previous to the rearing of that earthen memorial and most probably belonged to one Of the heaps of cremated bones found in the grave A few days later the northern and western sides of the barrow were carefully excavated and the ground tested with the result that at a S pot 22 feet north west from the centre another small ellep tical grave dug 14 inches b elow the forced earth of the mound and measurin g 3 4 inches north and south and 22 inches e as t and west At its northern end on a level with the bas e of the mound was the greater portion of the head of a dog and below this the grave was fi lled with dark unctuous earth at the bottom of which were S light traces of decayed bones apparently those of a chil d which h ad almost disappeared w hile the compact head bones of the dog w ere in good preservation This ‘ circumstance brings to mind the statement that the Esquimaux lay a dog s head by the grave of a child ; for the soul of a dog can fin d it way every w here and will show the ignorant babe the way to the land of souls F rom the centre and side excav ations and chiefly near the base of the mound were obtained two oval discs of flint (one of which was nearly 3 inches in length ) each with one end rounded by chipping and the other showing the rough conchoidal fracture 1 7 5 flakes and splinters o f fl int ; nin e slin g stones twelve unassignable lumps eight fragments of Ancient B ritish pottery ; and teeth of the ox and oth er animal bones This remarkable barrow w ith its valuable y ield of arch aeological treasures is but one out of several opened by the brothers Mortimer to whom Yorkshire is indebted for many enlig htened examinatio n s conducted by them 3
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LL EWELLYN N
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YO R K SH I R E CO I NS AND T O K E NS
C O ININ G IN
YO RK S HIR E
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MO N G the crimes prevalent in the days o f G e orge the Third
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one of the most char acteristic w as the coining clipping and defacing of the currency o f the realm —a c rime which in its chief seat at any rate the W est Riding of Yorkshire a s sumed a position of such importance that the whole county was e ither corrupted or te rrifie d by it and the recollection of it lingers yet in the country pl aces where the recital by the winter fire of the deeds done in those dark days s till calls forth many a shudder in the descendants of those w ho were concerned in th em The W est R i ding of Yorkshire , and more particularly that portion o f it lying upon the con fi nes of Lancashire was then a secluded and little known region It w as cut o ff from e asy communication on the west by a range of high hills and barren moors over which th e rugged roads whose cyclopean foot stones had many of them been laid long centuries before by the R oman s a fforded a di ffi cult approach from The head waters of the Wharfe the Cald e r R ochdale and M anchester and the Aire are found in these weste rn hills running in narrow valley s or clou ghsp amidst the heather clad heights lower down with i n creased volume of water they flow in winding vales under woode d s10pes or craggy projections and h ere and there are joined by t ributa ry brooks whose peat stain e d water has danced in many a picturesque nook among the ferns and rushed over many a pile of moss grown stones As on e looks up these winding valleys the long ro u nded hills which descend into them are seen to overlap one another as they recede in the distance and a long blue line of moun tain rim forms the visible horizon As the waters run eastward the valleys as sume a more pastor al ch aract eras they widen and if they lose mu ch of their ru gged ,
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It fell then th at this people in its poverty and depression with an unscrupulous wit and a serviceable hand, with am ple means an d opportunity also became apt and skilful at the clipping and coining with cun ning workmanship of the currency of the realm which was practised with such boldness and long continued su c cess that it was looked upon as a regular trade and from th e furtive resource of desperate men was elevated in the minds of the people into a respect able branch of commerce B u t it w as far from being the fi rst time that crimin al acts have been made in popular consideration the occasions of “ much praise and guerdon It would seem however that the yellow trade was not indigenous in Yorkshire but had been imported from B irmingh am where it had long flourished in full perfection Towards the middle Of the eighteenth century one D avid H artley afte rwards himself so celebrated among the coiners that he received the appellation “ of King D avid chance d to b e journeying in that county where it fell that he met with certain men deep in the n efarious art from whom his criminal aptitude quickly enabled him to obtain it Returning then to his native coun ty King David imp arte d the secret he had learned to a number of desperate men of his fellowship and these to their trusty friends disclosed the mysteries of the same W ith practice the art became easy and in a fe w years w as so wi dely spread that numbers of hardened sinners made their livelihood by it and , as the indictments “ phrase it , ce rtain pieces of false feigned , and counterfeit money to the likeness and S imilit ude of the good leg al and current coin o f this realm unlawfully and feloniously did make and coin against the form of the statute in such case made and provided and against the peace of The tools required to our Lord the King his crown and dignity prosecute the trade were neither numerous nor expensive It was enough for the beginner to be possess ed of a good pair of scissors and a file W ith the former he deftly clipped a thin rim from the edge of his guinea which w as then milled b y pressure upon the fi le and the fragments remaining were material for the manu facture of othe r coin To make a guinea required a little practice The workman put his clippings on the fire in an iron pot and they were melted at a prope r temperature produced by the means of such a pair of bellows as his ingenuity had been able to dev is e A piece of brass with a hole in the ” “ centre to receive the molte n gold was used as a mould for the blank which was hammered out to the proper dimensions and then received the impression from a pair of stamps The stamps were small square pi e ces of steel fi tting together with the obverse and reverse of the coin engraved upon them The coin produced in this way w as in many ways as good as the current coin ; but there were a few more adventurous workmen who betook themselves to plating and S ilvering inferior metals The coins most generally co u nterfeited were guineas and half and quarter guineas pieces of thirty six shillin gs twenty seven Shillings thirteen and S ixpence and six and ninepence together with certain P ortugu ese coins made current by proclamation but ,
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S hillings and even halfpence were imitated All this seems simple enough and it might have gone on without very disastrous e ffects if it had depende d upon those alone who practised it B u t unhappily it brought with it much greater evils in demoralising the manufacturin g districts of England and it led to most desperate and hideous crimes It would have availed the rough coin maker little to be able to clip money and make gu ineas , if he had been unable to procure money to clip or gold to fashion And it S peaks ill for the morality of the people that guineas were to be had in plenty for the nefarious trade There w as money in quantity in the country in the h ands of merchants and manufacturers and many of these found means to utilise the possession of it If they could part with their gold to the coiners , and receive it back reduced it is true but p assable yet with a substantial return for the loan why should they not lend it ? And they did lend it too ; and S O the trade went on merrily and prosperously for all concern ed Imagine then the state of a country where the sub s tan tial merchant derived advantage from the crim e of his labourer and was to some extent colleagued with him W hat respect was there for the law, or what security for its o fficers ? Very little indeed as we S hall see In those wild valleys of the Calder and from those old halls forlorn of their majesty resounded often at nightfall the ring of the coiner s hammer where he as fabled yet in the fearful tales of his ou n try men , like some demoniac Cyclo s carried on his mysterious p abour O ften it is said , the ministers of the law watched secretly the work of the coiners powerless and afraid to attempt their punishment Bu t there came a time when this coin ing was SO widespread and the demoralisation so general that forcible means were directed from high quarters to check them both The Mint whose privileges and duties had been infringed sent down into Yorkshire an O ffi cer , Deighton by name S pecially to protect its rights and bring to justice those who had traversed them ; and this O ffi cer fi xed his residence at H alifax , which was the centre and head quarters of the corruption The work that lay before him was by no means S light for he had to deal with desperate and remorseless men banded together for a common end w hose sympathisers were very numerous in the villages around and w ho moreover , if not protected were at least not discouraged by many of their betters whose interest coincided with them B u t D eighton w as a man of swift and vigorous action , and soon by the strength of his policy and the fertility of his resource he made the law felt in an unaccustomed way It is alleged that often indeed , the means he adopted were justifi ed only by the end he attained for bribery was freely made use of to cause dissension in the criminal circles whereby the actors in them were at times disclosed It was in this way that he ” “ aimed at the head miscreant of the gang , King David w ho was committed to York Castle on the information of one B roadbent, which w as given under promise of a gift of 1 00 guine as This witness .
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O LD YORKS H IR E
1 20
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afterwards repented of his temerity and declaring the falsity of his charge made tw o journeys to York to procure the release o f the “ i n prisoner which he was unsuccessful for the miserable king w as executed in the follo w ing year Th e events of which we S peak took place in 1 7 6 9 W hile B roadbent w as working to u ndo his action a terrible plot devised by the brother of h is victim bore fruit in the murder of D eighton B y means of a forg ed l etter the unfo rtunate o ffi cer was delayed on his return home until a late hour at night and in a narrow w ay tw o ass as sins lay in wait for him and he was thus despatched by a shot The miscreants w ho execu ted the deed looked upon the action as a glorious one and co ntended amongst themselves They rece ived as their reward 1 00 guineas for the honour of it collected in the neighbouring country amongst their confederate s and sympathisers and wer e welcomed on their return from the scene of the crim e at a supper prepared in their honour A reward of £ 200 offered to brin g about the commitment of the murderers did not for a long time answer its purpose but at len g th the whole details of the plot were disclosed and long after on the B eacon hill which rises above th e town of H alifax there hung in warning on the gallows the tw o assassins — their fl eshless fingers pointing to the Spot where the deed was done B u t, before this was ac complis hed the horror that filled the country w as aggravated by other diabolical crimes The A n n u a l R egister for J anuary 4th 1 7 7 1 contains an account of an event which took place at H eptonstall where a poor fellow w ho had o ffered to give evidence against the murderers of D eighton was set upon by a gang of coiners who thrust his head into the fi re placed a pair of red hot tongs rou n d his neck and put him to other dreadful barbarities until he died in the greatest agony I t w ill afford a cu rious picture of the inner life of the country people at that time that in the midst of these horrors a man ” “ attempted to defraud the w idow of King David of £ 20 under the pretence that he had paid that su m as a bribe to the country solicitor of the Mint to procure the acqu ittal of her husband ,
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Y O R KS H I R E MI R A C L E P LA Y S I T i s well k n o wn says Bis h op P e rcy th a t dra m atic p o et ry in thi s an d m ost o the r n ation s o f E urope o we s its ori gi n or a t leas t its reviv al t o th ose reli gious S h o ws whi c h in the d ark ag es we r e suall y e xhi bite d on the m or e so le mn fe s tival s A t the s e time s they we re w o n t t o re pr es e n t in the ch urc he s the live s and miracle s o f the sai nt s or some o f the im por t a n t s t orie s o f S cri p tur e A n d as the m os t mys te r io u s s u bj e c t s we r e fr e qu entl y c h os e n suc h as the I n ca rn a ti on P ass i o n an d R e surre c ti o n o f C h ris t etc thes e e x hi b iti o ns acqui r e d the ge n e ral n ame o f MYST E R I E S At fi rs t the y we r e pro bab l y a k in d o f d u m b Sh o w in te rmi gle d it m ay be with a few s h or t spee che s ; a t le n gth the y gr ew i nto a r e gu l ar s e r ies o f co nn ec te d d ial ogu e s form ally d ivi de d into S p ec imen s o f thes e in thei r m os t im pro ve d state (b ein g ac t s an d sce n e s m ay be s ee n am on g Dods ley s at b e s t b u t poor ar tle ss co m pos iti o ns ) Old P l ays an d in O sborne s H arlei a n Mi sc ell any T he ori gi n o f the s e Myste r ie s or Mirac le pl ays i s i vo lve d i so me o bscurity T he probab i lity i s th at the y we r e es tabli s he d by the cle rgy t o chec k the tas te for pro fane the atrical s which had previou sly bee n e xc e ss ive an d diver t it i n t o a ch ann el m ore pro fitable to m orality an d t o them selve s T he rule rs o f the C a th o lic C h u rc h app e ar to h a ve ve ry e arl y d iscounten a n ce d m ys te r ie s f or by the Co n cili u m P ro vi c i ale Scotic orum hel d in the r eign o f A lexan de r I L all the atrica l r e pr e sentati o ns withi the prec i n ct s o f the chu rches ar e forbi dde a practi ce whic h had be e n previ ous ly a ll owe d an d in a pro vin c i al sy n o d hel d at Worces te r in 1 240 the clergy we r e expr e ssl y pro hibite d fro m appe ar in g at such e xhi bition s B u t the s e re gul ati o n s e xe rc i s e d little infl uen ce o ve r the m ass o f the c l ergy for we h ave d is tinc t evi de ce t o Sh o w th a t d o wn t o the time o f H e n ry V I the chief part s o f the Mys te rie s we r e alm os t i n v ar i ably pe r forme d by fri ars a d th at the re pr e s e n tati ons o ften too k p l ac e in the ve ry c h o ir of the chu rc he s O f the s e p e r f orm a ce s th r ee m or e p a rti cu l arl y d e s e r ve the attenti on o f the curiouS the Co vent ry Mys te r ies r es p ec ting which .
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1 38
YOR K SH I R E
OL D
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sp e n din g an h our or tw o in g ettin g r e ady thei r po n de rous s t ag e s Before n i n e o cl ock all we r e r e a dy an d the process i on s tarted “ be i n g t o p l ay f yrs t a t the g ate s o f the p ry ory o f the H o l y nn gy Tri n ity in M ieklega te n e xt at the d oor o f R obert H arp ha m ne xt a t the d oor Of the l ate J ohn Gy sebu rn n e x t a t S kelder ga te hen d an d N orth “ as a n o the r inf or m an t tell s us an d so t o eve ry streete s trete hen d till all the an d S O eve ry s tr eets h ad a p agian te p l ayi n g befor e them i s for the d ay e appo i n te d w e r e p l ay e d an d when o ne p a ian te a n t e a p g g w as n eere e n de d w o rds w as b rou ghte fro m streete to streets th at se e the mighte co me in pl ac e the re o f ex ce e din ge orderly e an d all the s treetes h ad thei r p agian te a f or e them a ll a t o ne time p l ayin g t og ethe r t o s e whic h pl ay e s w as gr e a t r e sorte an d also scafoldes an d s tages m ade in the streetes in th os e pl aces whe ar e the y determine d to p l ay e their S uch w as the P l ay an d P roce ss i o n of Corpus C h r i s ti I t i s e asy to S u p p l y the d eta il s fro m the old r e cor ds o f the c ity o f Y or k to p i c t u re to ours elve s the ru mblin g s t ag es with thei r le ad of a n gel s men an d fi en ds issuin g fro m the gre a t gate s o f the pr i ory o f H ol y T r i n ity pass i n g un de r the o ve rh an gin g gable s o f the N arro w s tr eet cross i n g the Old b ri dge with its une qu al an d a wkw ar d arc hes an d then procee di n g a l on g C ony ng strete pas t the C omm on hall to S tay ne ga te whe r e the y cou l d ca t c h s i ght o f the n oble we s t front o f the M in s te r an d o f the co l oss al t o we r behi n d all Shin i n g lik e m arb le in the m ornin g S un F ro m the Mi n s te r the l o n g an d m o tle y train w as acc u s to me d to ad v a n c e th rough Girdlerga te an d across the P aveme n t t o A ll H all o ws C h urch the ac tors pl ayi n g all the time thei r an cie n t an d bur le squ e dram as o f C ain an d Ab el the S l a u ghte r o f the I n n oc ents or the Delive ran ce o f the S ou l s f ro m H ell W e c an for m so me id e a o f the e x tent o f the pr e parati o ns whi c h the se p age an ts i n vo lve d by no ti ci n g the r e gul ation s for the p l ay at Y ork d u r i n g the m ayora lty o f Wi llia m Al n e in 1 41 5 T he s tage s we re fifty four in h u mb e r t U po n them fi fty four d i s ti n c t d ram as we re r epre s e n te d E ac h w as all o tte d t o a S i n gle tr ad e an d the Cre ati o n the Mur de r o f Ab el N o ah s F l oo d the B raze n S e rpen t the Massacre o f the I nn oc e n ts , the L as t J u d g me n t we re a m on g the s u bj e c ts s el ec te d F or on e pag e an t thi rt y f our ac t ors we r e r e quire d f or a n o the r f or ty th r ee for a thi r d fi fty s ix F e w r e qu ir e d le ss th an ten I t is diffi cul t t o u nd e rs t an d h o w the wh o le s e r ie s co uld be pe r f or me d by l ess th an s eve n hun dre d artificers an d trades men T o the s e mus t be added fi fty ei ght c itizen s b e ar i n g t orc he s t w en ty four comm on coun c ilmen twelve al de r men the m ayor an d his atte n dan t s an d the grete m u ltitu de o f ” pries ts e ach in hi s prop e r h ab itt T he t o ta l n u m be r o f p e rson s ass i s ti n g T he in the fe s tiv al will b e the n foun d to r e ac h a t le as t a th ous an d paraphe rn ali a o f the S h o w we r e n ot le ss w on de r f ul A m on g the lis t o f d ay ,
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ch d c R C 1 W m t pp Ar h eshire *
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YOR KSH I R E
C
I
M R A L E P L AYS
1 39
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page an ts are the f oll o wi n g an d E ve with a t re e b etwee n them ; the s e rpen t d eceivin g them with an apple ; God spe aki n g t o them an d c ursin g the s erpe n t an d an an gel with a s wor d dr ivin g them ” “ N oah in the ou t o f p aradi s e A bel an d C a in k illi n g s acr i fi c e s “ A bra ha m ark with his wife an d th r e e chil dr e n an d d ive rs anim a l s ” “ sacr i fic in g hi s son I saa c a ram a b u s h an d an angel J esu s upon an ass wi th its foal twelve apostle s fo ll o wi n g J esu s; s ix ric h an d six poor ‘ men with ei ght boys with ban ds o f pe op le co ns ta n tl y say i n g b le ss e d ” N o w the m os t etc and Z aeeheu s ascen di n g in t o a syca mor e t r ee cursory e xamin ati on of thes e s ele c ti on s fro m the offi ci al programme will s h o w th at the me ch an i cal appli an c e s n e ce ssary for the page an t s m u s t h ave b ee n n umerous an d cos tl y Anim al s o f v ar i ou s kin ds we re in tro duce d as the above qu ot atio n an d m an y o the rs distin ctl y s tate T he d re ss es we re pro fu s el y d e corate d W e re a d of gol d and s ilve r l ace of chevel ure s o f silve r bu ckle s an d chai n s o f embro i dere d cl o th T he fu rn itu re o f the s tage w as an d o f a h u n d r e d s imil ar orn a men t s “ o ften m os t el abor ate C l o u ds with an gel s s e a te d in them hi de ou s r e pr e s en tati on s o f he ll an d pu rga tory t r ee s r e al an d ar ti fic ial all the s e thin gs we re par t o f the apparatu s u sually empl oye d an d m us t h ave p u t the w orthy citizen s t o con si derable e xpen s e T his c an be r e adily s ho wn in an o the r w ay T he acco u n ts for the Whit su n pl ays o f the c ity of C he s te r are still e xt an t an d con tain am on g m any o the rs the foll owi n g en tr ie s Payd to Wattis for d ressin g th e D evil s h ead Paid th e players for i m is to God ii 8 vii i d reh ears al —I m p r itm to Pil at e h is Wife ii s 3 itm to th e D evil an d J u d as i 8 v i T he ac tors seem fro m thi s to h ave b een pai d accordin g t o the r e spe c t du e t o the b ein gs p e rson i fie d C er t ain l y we can in n o o the r w ay unde rs t an d h o w the Devil and Ju d as t ogether s h ou l d r e ceive o n l y thr ee fourth s o f wh at was pai d t o P il ate s wi fe T he p ar t o f the A rch fi en d w as on e o f the m os t importan t an d n u mb erle ss all u s i on s in our old w rite rs sh o w th at he w as m ore hi ghl y appr e ciate d b y the audienc e than any o the r pe r forme r wh at so eve r B u t it i s a lways so Wor th i s co mmen de d an d p ass e d by P robitas l u da tu r et a ly et P ai d t o F au ston for coe An o the r en try i s o f a diffe r e n t k in d F au ston w as evi den tl y acco mp li she d in the art of c roy zng iiij d “ co unte r feiti n g the cook s sh rill cl ar i on H i s n ame occurs o n ce or twi c e in the r e gi s te r an d he app e ars to h ave b een em pl oye d t o r emin d P ete r of hi s oath in so me mys te ry o f the J u dgmen t of C hr is t T he n ext item i s P ai d t o F au ston for h an gi n g J u das v S eve ral exp ens es ar e n e xt s et do wn whi ch we re incurr e d in keepin g the m outh o f hell in goo d repair Paid for men di n g of h ell ij d itm for p ain tin g of h ell mou th iij d itm for makin g of h ell m ou th n ew i 8 ix d itm for k eepin g fy er at h ell mou th iiij d itm for settin g th e w orl d of fy er v d T he abo ve r e gis t e r which e xten ds to m any page s furnishe s u s with m u ch v al u able i nfor mati on co nc ern i n g the Whitsun pl ays of — “ A da m ,
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1 40
YOR K SH I R E
OL D
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C he s te r I f we s u ppose s imil ar ch arge s to h a ve rule d a t Y or k an d m ak e due all o wan ce for the diffe r e n c e in val u e b etween the m on e y o f th at day an d o f this we can give a t o le rable gue ss as t o the cos t of s u ch a n e n te r t ain ment as the on e de scri be d abo ve A cal cul ati o n bas e d u po n the s e consi de ra ti on s will sh o w th a t the e xp en s e an nu all y incurred by the fra te rn ity o f Corpus C h ris ti in s etti n g forth the fi fty fou r pag ean ts m us t h ave r e ached n earl y £ 120 o f ou r m o n e y an d whe n to this i s ad de d the or i gin al cos t o f the s tage s an d the time spe n t in r ehearsa ls it will b e evi de nt th a t the dive rs i o n w as o nl y t o be e n joy ed a t a hi gh pr ic e P e r h ap s thi s w as o ne o f the r easo ns wh y it w as ap t t o fall into di suse Dislik e o f the fr iars a feeli n g whi c h sometimes bec ame e p i de mi c m ay h ave been an o the r caus e At all eve n ts it s eem s to h ave bee n d i sco n ti nu e d fro m time t o time an d t o h ave be e n on l y r evive d by the e xh or t ation o f the e cc les i as tics T he d i ssipati o n an d ri o ts which so me times acco m pan ie d the p age an ts co n stitu ted a s e ri ous obj ecti o n in the e y es o f the au th oritie s All kin ds o f foll y an d crime we re o pe n l y prac tic e d O cc asi o n all y al ar mi n g ou tbr e a ks ori g in ate d in the e xc ite d cro wd On e d i s t u rban ce ar i s i n g ou t o f a q u a rr el betwe en two s ets o f cr aftsmen e n de d in the d e ath o f fi v e men while a n o the r w as on l y q u elle d with the u tm os t d i fficulty by the m ayor an d the m ore p e ac e able c itizen s T he subjo ine d len gth y bu t i n te re s ti n g e xtrac t fro m a n old r e cor d o f the c ity o f Y or k r e fe rs t o s imil ar l awle ss proc ee d i n gs Wh ereas for a l on g c ou rse of time the artificers I n the n ame of God A men h ave at their o w n e xp en se ac ted play s ; an d an d t rad esm en of th e c ity of York wh erein th e exh ibited in s e ve ral p ag ean t s artic u l arly a c ert ain su m p tu ou s p lay history of th e Old an d N ew T estam en t in divers places of th e said c ity in th e feas t by a solem n p roc ession is rep resen te d in reveren ce to th e of (Imp orts C hris ti riory of ate s of th e s ac ram en t of th e b od y of C h rist be gin n in g fi rs t at th e grea t roc ession to an in to th e ath ed ral th e h oly Trin ity in York an d so oin g in C hu rc h of th e same an d afterw ar s to the osp ital of St Le 0nard in York leavin th e aforesaid s ac ram en t in that p lac e ; p re c e d ed by a v as t n u m b er of ligh torch es an d a great m u ltitu de of priests in th eir p ro er h abits an d follow ed by th e e A nd opu l ac e at ten d in g m ay or an d c itiz en s with a p rod igiou s c row d of th p wh ereas u pon this a c ertain very religiou s father W ilh am Mell on of th e ord er of th e F riars Min ors p rofessor of H ol y P ag ean try an d a m ost fam ou s reac h er of th e w ord of God c omin g to th e c ity in several s erm on s recomm en d e th e aforesaid pl ay to th e p eople affi rm in g that it w as oo d in its elf an d v ery c omm en d able so to d o y et also said t hat th e c itiz en s of t e s aid c ity an d oth er foreign ers c omin g to th e said feast h ad greatly d is grac ed th e p l ay by re v e ll in gs d run k en n ess sh ou ts son gs an d ot h er in sol en c es littl e reg ardin g th e d ivin e offi c es of th e said d ay T h erefore Peter Bu c kl ey m ayorof th e city c hard R ussell late mayor of th e stap l e of Y ork ( th irty tw o n am es of al d erm en sh eriffs an d c ou n cill ors follow ) “ bein g m et in th e coun cil ch am b er on th e 6th of Ju n e 1 426 an d by th e said wh ole some exh ortation s an d ad m onitions of th e said fath er William b ein g in cited th at it is n o crime n or c an it offen d God if g ood b e c on v erted in to better for th e u n an im ou sl y d et ermin ed to c on ven e th e c itiz en s t og eth er in co mm on h all pu rpose of havin g their c on sen t that th e premises shou ld b e better reform ed wh ereu p on th e m ay or so c on v en ed th e cit iz en s on th e l oth of th e sam e m on th an d m ad e sol emn p rocl am ation th at th e p lay of C orpu s C h risti sh ou l d b e pl ay ed e v ery y ear on th e vigil of th e said fe as t an d th e p roc ession m ad e on th e d ay of th e .
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An o the r p roc l am ati o n
fo ll o ws pro hibitin g the carr i age o f ar m s ,
YO R KS HI R E DI VI N E S
B I S HO P J O H N
A LC O C
K
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LL D .
.
the bi ographies o f Bish op A lcoc k th at h ave b een written all with on e e xc e pti on h ave f alle n i n to e rrors whi ch ori gin a te in Abr ah a m De l a P ry me s E p hemeris Vit I t s eem s s tra n ge th a t Y ork shir emen sh oul d w r ite a life o f one Of thei r o wn cou n tryme n an d fall into thes e e rrors as o n l y a little trouble nee de d t o co mpar e fac ts an d d oc ume ts which wou l d r esult
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au th oritie s u s e d by the Coope rs in thei r A then oe C an ta brzgzen ses we r e acc e ss i b le to a ll 3 y et a lth ou gh this w ork h as b een pu bli s he d 26 y e ars it h as n o t b een r e cogni s e d by the b iograp he rs o f Bi sh op Al co ck ; for inst anc e C orlass in hi s H u ll A u thors an d a r ecent life whi ch appe ar ed in on e o f the H u ll pape rs all fo ll o w De l a P ry me s E up hemeris Vitae li k e shee p fo ll o win g thei r le a de r I n the f o ll o win g b i ograp h y I h a ve ga the re d all i n form a ti on con cern i n g J o hn Al coc k th a t w as acc ess ib le t o me r esu ltin g in a m or e e xpan ded life o f the Bi sh op th an th a t given by Coope r gi vi n g th at in for m ati o n whic h i s v al u ed by his cou n t ryme n an d which w as n o t importan t e n ou gh t o b e admitte d i n t o the A thena: C a n tabmyzenses a wor k in val uab le t o w or ke rs in the wi de fi el d o f b i ograph y, an d to librar ie s which preten d t o b e us e ful t o hi stori an s J o hn Al co ck the su bj ec t Of thi s mem o ir w as b orn at Beve rley or H u ll Bi ogr aphers d i ffe r bu t n o o ne v ouc h sa fe s a de fin ite con cl us i o n Wh en we r ememb e r th at the A l coc ks of this p e ri o d we re in flu en ti al me rch ants an d live d in H u ll it s eem s m os t prob ab le that the l as t De l a Pry m e s ass e rti on th at the r e cords n ame d w as hi s n a tive pl ac e s h o w him or hi s pare n t s as livin g a t H ull s h oul d b e fur the r ta k en up ’
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B SH OP
J OH N
A L OOOK, D D .
143
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s e arc h m a de am on g the re cords o f Hull whi ch I b elie ve h ave n ot y et bee n e x ami ne d an d p e rh aps li ght may b e th ro wn u pon t hi s bo ne o f c on tenti on T he y e ar o f hi s b ir th i s unkn o w n bu t by pu ttin g evide n c e togethe r we c an asce rt ain within a few ye ars Willi am the fathe r of John A l cock d ie d 143 4 5 as hi s w ill which w as date d at Hu ll 1 43 4 I n thi s wi ll he de scr ib e s w as pro ve d by hi s wi d o w J an 1 3 1 43 4 5 him self as mercator o f K in gston u pon Hull an d in it he o nly me n ti on s T h om as hi s s on an d the othe rs p u eros meos F ro m thi s it i s concl ude d th a t J ohn an d his brothe r R ob e r t we r e un de r age T he n as an d hi s ordi n a ti o n J ohn d ie d in 1 5 00 hi s fi rs t prefe r men t b ein g in in 1 449 it may safel y b e co n cl u d ed th a t he w as abou t 1 0 y ears Old when hi s fathe r die d I t i s th ou ght th at John w as the younge st J ohn w as n ot the o nl y on e of the famil y wh o d isti n gu ishe d him s elf though n ot as he did 3 his bro the rs we re di s tin gu i shed in their o w n t o wn whe re as J o hn w as kn o w n t o the wh o le o f E n g l a n d an d S co t l an d B oth filled the m os t im por tant o ffi c es of the t o wn fi rs t by bei n g m a de sherifi an d eve n t u all y m ayor o f H u ll T h om as w as Mayor o f H u ll d ur in g 1 47 8 when the pl agu e whi ch had alte r rage d m or e or le ss fro m 147 2 d e s troy in g n e ar 1 6 00 pe r n ately son s c e as ed thi s ye ar b u t n ot b efore it had pro ve d the de ath o f thi s wors hi pful m agi s tra te an d bro u ght hi s de ar wife an d chil dren t o thei r s ilent gra ve s S o says G en t in his H is tory of Hul l I t i s t o the mem ory o f this bro the r th at J ohn when Bi s h op o f Worce ste r bu ilt a C h apel on the so uth s i de of Tri n ity C hurch circa 1 47 8 8 3 R ob e r t Al cock the o the r bro the r m arried K athar i n e 2 () R obe r t an d K ath arin e wh o m arrie d 1 ) J o hn D alto n an d h ad i ss u e who die d 1 49 6 an d afte r ward s H enrison , b u t d ie d 1 5 45 ‘ d e s i r i n g to b e b u r ied in the t ri n ity c hu rc he in the qu e r e un de r the ” thro ug he w her m y h us ban d J o h n D alt o n liethe O f thi s J ohn D alt on the editor of T e st amen ta Eb oracen sia s ays th at he was the foun de r o f that bran c h of D alton s which s ettle d a t Haw ks well in Richmon dshire I may he r e men ti on th a t De la P ry me s re co lle c ti o n s of the famil y ‘ ar e e n tirel y wron g b u t as I h ave fu ll y e xpl ai n e d this p rev ious ly fl I n ee d no t repe a t it he re H i s book h as t o be u s ed with ca uti on an d all the in form ati on he give s mu s t b e subs tan ti ated by evi den c e fro m o the r qu arters F ro m the T e s tame n t a Eb orac en sia [I L 42] we g a in the i n form ati on th at H e w as a dmitte d t o the or de r o f su bd e acon by J ohn Bi s hop o f Phili ppoli s the su ffragan of the Archbi shop of Y ork on the 8 th March 1 449 in the Abb e y of T h or n ton Li n co l n s hi r e o f whi c h h o u se he m ay “ pe rhaps h ave been an i n m a te g ivin g him a title He b e came de acon ” on the 29 th o f Marc h 1 449 an d pr ie s t on th e 1 2th o f A pr il fo ll o wi n g I am un ab le t o fi n d f ro m wh at so u rc e thi s v al uab le inform a ti on h as b ee n gleane d I t i s pos si ble th at he sp en t the wh o le o f the time which l ays b etwee n hi s ordin ation an d hi s fi rs t pr e fe rme n t a t the Un ive rs ity o f an d
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93
.
O LD YOR KSH I R E
1 44
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Camb ri d g e , bu t o f this we kn o w n othin g e xce p t th a t he proc eed ed to the de gree o f LL D or D oc to r o f L a w s a t C ambri dge in 1 46 6 whic h was afte r hi s r em ov al t o L ondon To t ak e thi s de gree he mu s t h ave re s i de d at the Un ive rs ity a n u mb e r o f y e ars an d fro m thi s I infe r th at he proc ee de d t o Cambr i d g e imme d i ate l y a fte r his ord in a ti on I n the s tu die s a t the U n ive rs ity o f Ca mbridg e the s tu dy o f l a w w as an e xc e p ti o n T he p romin eht an d n o t e n co u rage d so ve ry few t oo k a l a w d e gr ee N O do u b t he went s tu dy w as T he ol ogy f oll o wed by P hil osoph y th ro u gh the ordinary rou tine of st udy as he w as pre pare d for m os t o f hi s fu tu r e w ork by hi s e arl y ed uca ti o n I n Al coc k s time Camb ri dge U nive rs ity w as in a fl ouri s hi n g s ta te accor di n g t o the n u m b e rs o f the Colle ge s bu ilt duri n g th a t pe ri o d Bu t the le a rni n g o f he r mem b e rs cou l d n o t co m pare with the be au ty o f the bu ildi n gs T he s tate o f the U nive rs ity as de scri be d by Eras m us abo u t 6 0 y e ars afte rw ards w as i n dee d ve ry u n sa ti s f ac tory and if the co n d iti o n o f the le arnin g a t C a m bri d g e w as so the n ca n we n o t im agine wh a t it w as d uri n g Alcock s r e s i de n ce the r e at a m uc h e ar lie r p e ri od before th a t gr e at im p uls e to le arni ng by the revival o f the new l earni ng had burs t fo rth ? F o ll o win g the co m pleti o n o f hi s e duca ti o n a t the U nive rs ity ca me the Offe r Of the livin g a t S t Margaret s F i sh S t r eet Lo n don fro m the h an ds o f a fr ien d T h o m as K emp e Bis h op o f Lon do n T hi s o ffe r w as acc e pte d in 1 46 1 S hortl y a fte rwards he w as app o in te d D e an o f the R oyal C h apel o f S t S te phen Wes tmin s te r A pril 29 1 46 2 3 while s i x ye ars l ate r o n the l 6th o f De cem be r 1 46 8 he w as i n s talled as pr e be n d o f B ro wn s w oo d in S t Paul s C athedral which he co n tin u e d to h ol d u ntil Fe bruary 20 1 47 3 whe n he re s i gne d an d was s u cceed ed by Wm D u dle y De an of the R oya l C h apel I n 1 47 0 he w as appo i n te d t o b e on e o f the P r i vy Coun c il an d in the same y e ar he w as em pl oye d by hi s roya l m as te r upo n an em bassy to the K ing o f Cas tile T h o u gh we do n o t kn ow h o w he b eh a ve d him s elf in this cap ac ity, we m us t d ra w our o wn co n cl us i on s fro m the royal fav o urs th a t we re a fte rwar d s confe rre d u po n him H e w as appo in te d in 1 47 1 t o b e on e o f the P rivy Coun c il al on g with the Quee n an d o the rs t o E dwar d P rin c e o f Wale s a fte r w ards the ill fa ted K in g E dward V wh o m R i ch ard I I I to ful fi l hi s o wn am biti ous de s i gns or de re d t o b e s m o the r ed in the t o we r : the D uk e o f Y ork he a l so ob t ai n e d by hi s cra ftin e ss an d the tw o bro the rs we re m urde re d t o gethe r th at R ich ard I II mi ght h a ve n o one t o m ole s t hi s crown T he s am e y e ar as hi s appoi n tme n t t o the P rivy Cou n cil of E dw ard P rin ce o f W ale s E dw ard I V wi s hin g t o obtai n the S co tti s h K in g for the hel p o f th e H ou s e Of Y o rk propos e d a p e rpe tu al pe ac e between the E n gli s h and S co tc h n ati on s an d a m arri age b etween the royal familie s To fu r the r thi s m o men t ous q u e s ti o n he appo i n te d commi ss i on e rs to t re at with the S co ts wh o likewi s e appo i n te d commi ss i o n e rs A m on gs t the ‘ En glish appe ars on e d oc t or J o hn Al coc k T he s e commi ss i on e rs we r e appo in ted t o meet a t Aln w ick on the 23 rd Of S e ptemb e r 147 1 b u t fro m some r e aso n the y did n ot ass em ble un til the 25 th of Apr il .
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146
OL D YOR
K SH I R E
.
m onths Privy S e a l b ills we re addre sse d to bo th Offi ce rs in E n gl an d fre qu en tly on the same day an d f ro m the same pl ace T he l as t w r it o f the P rivy S e al ad d re sse d to Bi s h op Al coc k i s af te r whi c h Bi s hop R o the r h am — the d a te d S e ptem be r 28 1 47 5 So Al coc k L or d C h an cell or h a vin g r et urne d r e sumed his o ffi ce w as L or d C h an ce ll or jo intly with Bis h op R o the rh am fro m A pril to July an d al on e fro m J ul y to S e p te m b e r 1 47 5 H e w as Lor d C h an cell or aga in in 1 48 6 whic h will be d e scri bed fur the r o n I n 147 6 a t the re qu e s t o f J o hn D a lt o n an alde rm an o f H ull wh o h ad m arrie d his nie ce K ath ar i n e he f ou n d e d a t H ull a G ra mm ar S ch oo l whi ch s till e xis ts T he G ramm ar Sc h oo l w as pulled do wn in E dw ard the V I S r ei gn sol d and its r even ue s ta k en a w ay bu t the y we r e af te r w ar d s r e s to re d an d the S c hoo l r eb uilt in e xac tl y the sa me s tyle as befor e 3 it is s till standin g bu t i s n o t use d as a S ch oo l a new S c h oo l h avi n g been e r ec ted by its S ide A his to ry o f t hi s S c h oo l w as publis he d by R W C orlass in 18 7 8 to whi c h I refe r m y r e ade rs f or furthe r partic ul ars co n ce rn in g th e s tip en d o f the m as te r th a t all we r e to b e ta u ght gratis I n 1 47 6 he w as t ran s fe rr e d to the See o f Worce s te r in s u cc e ss i o n to J o h n Carp e te r wh o had r e s i gne d b u t o n l y su r vive d his re s i gn ati o n a few m o n th s T he tem poralities we re given to him by the Ki n g S e pte m be r D ur in g hi s b ish op ri c he vi s ite d an d r e s tor ed the C hu rc h o f 25 th 1 47 6 W e stbury A ccord in g t o so me au th or itie s he w as m ade L ord P r e sident o f Wale s bein g the firs t occ up a nt o f th a t Offic e whic h he co ntin u e d to h o l d f or some time “ re bu ilt the ch urch I n 1 4 7 1 he vis ite d Little Malve rn Pr i ory r e pa ir e d the convent an d in a gre a t me asur e dis ch arge d their d e b ts H e ca us e d a c h apel to be built o n the south s i de o f H o l y Tr inity C h u rch Hu ll an d appo inte d a ch ante r t o p ray f or the sou l s o f Edw ar d V I o f him s elf par ent s an d o the r r el ati o ns w ho we r e bur ied th e r e li kewi s e f or the sou ls o f all C hr is tians T hi s he b uilt d ur in g 1 47 8 8 3 possi bl y as a mem or i a l to his bro the r an d famil y wh o we r e s t ric k en o f the pl agu e in 1 47 8 At the ba ttle o f B os w or th F iel d R i ch ar d the II I w as k ille d an d H e ry the V I I the ri ghtful heir w as re s tor e d t o the th ron e Bef or e R i ch ar d I II proc ee de d t o B os w or th he too k the s e al s a w ay fro m J o hn Ru ss ell Bi sh op o f L o n do n an d co nfe rr e d them tem porall y u po n T h o m as B arrow e the Mas te r o f th e R oll s for the d e spa t ch o f n e ce ssary b us ine ss B u t H e n ry V I I imme di a te ly on his r eturn t o L o n d on co nfe rr e d the c h a c ell orship upon Bis h op A l cock as b ein g the pe rson m os t fi t to be t r us te d T he w ay in which he t ran sac ted the ve xa tiou s que s ti o ns th at we r e brou ght befor e him i s de scrib e d in C am pbell s L ive s o f the C h an c ell ors H e ope n e d P arli ame t N o vem be r 7 1 48 6 an d d ec l ar e d the cau se o f the su mm o ns T he C h ancell orshi p w as taken from him an d g ive n t o T h os M ort on so me time betwee n A u gus t an d N o vem b e r 1 48 7 but th a t H en ry mi ght confe r ot f or an y par ti c ul ar purpos e the h o n our u po n on e w ho had cl un g to hi s cau s e thro u gh thi c k an d thin ,
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B I S H OP J OH N
C C
AL O K, L L D .
1 47
.
Bi s h op Al cock w as trans fe rre d to the S ee o f E l y by bill o f pro vi s i on O ctobe r 6 148 6 T he royal ass ent w as given an d the temporalitie s re s t ore d De c emb e r 7 At th at time the S ee o f E l y w as on e of the riche s t in E gl an d S t A drew s D ay 1 48 9 witne sse d the b apti sm o f the P r in ce ss Margaret a fte r w ar d s Q u ee o f S co ts Bish op Al cock Offici ati g with “ o the rs A de scri pti on o f the c e rem ony is gi ven in the A nti quar ian R ep e rtory The rel ati on shi p b etween the Bish op o f Ely and the t o wn s un de r his care w as o f the m os t amiable kin d I n Coope r s An n al s o f C ambr i dge the r e ar e r e cor ds o f g ift s t o him when he vis ite d C ambr i d ge The work by which hi s n ame will l on g be r emembe re d was hi s fo undi n g J esu s Colle ge Cambri d ge from the dec aye d n unn e ry o f S t R hadegun d T his N n e ry h ad b een fou n de d o ve r 300ye ars b u t the “ n u ns h ad graduall y gro w i to di sr e pute till at l ast it w as so th at “ their l a d l aps e d f or w an t o f o wn e rs or rathe r f or the own e rs w a t o f h o n e s ty A l coc k p etiti on e d the K in g an d lette rs pate n t we r e “ i ssu e d t o him Jun e 1 2 1 49 7 t o con ve rt the sai d P r i ory or h ou s e “ i to s i x fell o w s an d a c e r ta in n u mbe r of n a colle g e o f on e m as te r “ sch o l ars t o b e i n s tr u c te d in gr amm ar to pray an d c ele br ate d ivine Bish op A l cock s i n stru men t o f foun dati on Offi ce s withi n the colle g e b e ars the d ate De cembe r 9 149 7 T he fi rs t s t atute s we r e give t o the Co lle ge by his s u cce ssor J ame s S ta le y Bi sh op Of E l y afte r b ei g co fi r me d by P ope Juli us I I H e did n ot en d hi s w or k when he h ad Ob t ai n e d lette rs p aten t 3 he b u ilt or caus e d t o b e b u ilt su ffi c ient roo m for th os e wh o m the ch ar te r pro vi de d f or Ma y o f the pal ace s which then e x i s te d we r e a dde d t o r eb ilt or b eau tifi ed in so me m ann e r dur i g the time he w as b i s hop 3 an d wh a teve r he did he cause d hi s cr es t t o b e pl ac ed the r e on T he Bi s h op d ie d at W isbe ach C astle on the 1st o f O ctob e r 1 5 00 n o t l on g afte r the de ath o f Archbishop R otherham a Yo rkshir em an lik e him s el f wh o m Al cock c ame into co t act with u pon impor tan t occas i on s H e w as b r ie d in a ch apel whi ch he had bu ilt for him s el f in E l y C athe dral an d t t k en t o Hull as so me auth oritie s s till e rro e ousl y say T hi s ch apel he be gan to bu il d in 1 488 an d s h o ws the tas te o f the Bis h op T here are fi v e books by Bi shop Al cock whi ch we re prin te d by P y n son and W y nkin de Word e I g f th Virgi t C h ri t 1446 Sp II M P rf ti i III G lli t t C fr t c r t i Si d p d B r w ll xx v di m i S p t mb ri 1 498 IV S rm J h A l c ck E p i p E li i N D V Th A bb y Of th H ly G h t N D ,
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1 48
YOR K SH I R E
OL D
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P R O F ESS O R B F C O OKER D D LL D TH E su bj e c t o f our s k etc h w as born a t Alm on dbury Y or ks hir e in the ye ar 1 8 21 H is fa the r d es i gned him f or on e o f the learne d pr o fess i on s an d ga ve him the a d v antag e o f a good En glis h e d uca tio n a t K in g JameS S G ramm ar Sch oo l Alm on dbury fou n d ed in 1 6 09 H avin g a d e ci d e d t as te for bus ine ss life h o weve r he w as pl ac ed in a G e rm an bus i ne ss h ou s e ( Hu dde rs fi el d) whe r e he l ai d the foun d a ti o n o f co rr ec t H e a fte r war d s en gage d in the m an uf actu r e o f an d meth odi ca l h ab i ts w oo llen goo ds in which occupa ti on he r em a ined for seven y ears I n 1 85 0 he w as co m p elled through f a ili n g h ea lth to s ee k a c h an g e Of clim a te H e d ete rmine d o n go in g to A us tralia an d n o twith s ta n din g the mis givin gs o f his friends as to the c fl ec t Of a l o n g sea v oya ge he foun d hims elf a fter the h ard hip s and priva ti on s o f a p assage o f S ix te en wee k s imme as urabl y r es tor e d to he alth and vigour H e arr ived a t L aun ce s to n whe r e he r em ai n e d abou t a y e ar as the agent o f a n E n g lis h shi ppin g h ous e On the d i sco ve ry o f go l d in V i ct ori a he r em o v ed to Mel bour ne whe r e he s p ent f o ur y e ars carry in g o n a ve ry l arg e an d succ e ss fu l me rca ntile b us ine ss en ga g in g in the v ar i ous be n ev olent an d r eli gi ous ente rp ris e s o f th a t p or ti o n o f the c o l o ny an d m anifes tin g ve ry m ar ke d ability n o t o nly as a le adin g bus iness man bu t als o in the v ar i ous public a ffairs with whic h he became ac qu ainte d T he gr ea t 1 5 a ni c o f 8 whi c h i nv o lve ne ar l y the e n ti r e col o n y in fi n an c i al ru in 6 d p ro ve d i sa t rous h d s t o i s h ous e an d a fte r l os in g ne ar l y a ll hi s ap p ar entl y p am p le accu m u l ati on he pu rch as e d a s m a ll ve ss el an d went o n a t rad in g v oyag e to N e w Ze a l and Ton ga F i j i an d Tahiti While in F ij i he vi site d the We s le ya n missi o n arie s an d while o n an e xcursio n to the he a then tem ple o n on e o f the isl a nds he w ith a com pa ni o n fell in to the h ands o f the cannib als H e re hi s con diti o n w as as m ay well be im agi n e d e xcee di n gl y un co mf ort a ble Hi s fate as well as th a t o f hi s co m pani o n seeme d s e ale d ; the de a th son g whic h w as t o pr e c ed e their b ein g kille d an d devour e d by the sav age s h ad been a lr e ad y co mmen ced whe n by the e xe rci s e o f cour ag e an d the pu ttin g f orth of an alm os t supe r h um an effor t the y succ ee d e d in br eak in g through the we ak e s t par t Of the line an d e sca p i n g to their boa t whithe r the y we re p ursue d by the yellin g h or de wh o we r e h un gry for hu m an fl esh Afte r bar el y escapin g the ca nniba ls he had o n the same v oyage a n arro w escape fro m s hi pwr eck b u t fin a ll y r e ac he d Aus trali a in sa fety On his r etur n he eff ec ted an en gagement as c le rk in a l um be r yard whe r e he co n tin u e d for a time afte r which he too k the sa me ve ss el with which he had sa ile d to an d f ro m the scene o f hi s ad ventur e with the sav age s an d m ad e f or the Fr ien dl y I sl an ds H e wen t ashor e at Ton ga and s ent the vessel o n to L akamba o ne o f the F i j i group whe r e She struck a r eef an d went d o wn imme dia te l y the cr ew escap in g H e again r eturne d to A u s t r ali a an d fo un d e m pl oymen t as a wh ar f ag e cle r k a t S ydn e y for th r ee m onth s I t will th us b e s ee n th at his lif e had bee n f or so me time o ne o f th rillin g adventu re m ark e d by m ar vell o u s e scap e s an d full Of th at v aried an d .
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O LD YOR KS H I R E
1 50
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l an de d in Adr i an with o ne ch il d de ad in his arm s th ree livin g bu t the se hel ple ss chil dr en an d a wife d e p e n d in g o n him for suppo rt while he w as abso l u te l y p e nn ile ss T his w as in 1 8 5 7 I n Ad ri an he foun d ge e rous frie n ds wh o a i ded him in his dis tr e ss an d the pr es i d in g el de r o f th a t di s t ri c t in the Detro it Con fe r ence appo i n ted him as pas t or o f the Meth o dis t E pi sco pa l C h u rc h in the little vill age o f P almyra He r em ai n e d in thi s c h arge n e arl y tw o ye ars and so w ar ml y we re the pe ople att ac he d to him th a t the P re sby te r i an s o f th a t l oca lity a ttend ed hi s s e r vi ce s and a ide d in hi s suppor t A t thi s p o int he was chee r e d by the fr ie n d ship o f m any w o rth y men amo n g wh o m m ay be me n ti on e d the l a te J ud g e T i ffan y a le ga l auth or o f n o te H o n G 0 H arve y an d o thers wh o r e cognise d his ab ility and pr ed icted for him n o or din ary fu tu re F rom P a lm yra t o Ad rian Yp sil an ti Ann Arbor then ce again to Adr i an bac k to An n A r bor rem ai n i n g in eve ry c h arge as l o n g as the e co n o m y o f his c hurch w oul d pe rmit an d s ecu r in g the r esp ec t an d co n fi dence o f eve ry co mm unity in whi c h he live d an d l abour ed Hi s c h arac te r p re ac h in g l abo u rs an d ad mi n is trati o n we r e neve r eithe r qu e s ti o n e d or criti c ise d by hi s p e ople I n fac t the e s tee m in which he w as hel d w as u nive rsa l with all c l a s e s o f good c itize n s 3 his popu l arity w ould h a ve sp o ile d a m an o f le ss sense I n the ann ual co nfe r e n ce his opini o ns we r e a lways t r ea te d with the gr e a te s t co s i de ra ti o n while le adi n g d ivine s o f n a ti on al re putati o n sought hi s acquaint an ce in the ge n e ra l co n fer enc e o f the c h urc h in whic h he h as been a re p re s enta tive A t the co nfe r en ce o f 18 6 9 he w as app o inted t o the pas t ora te o f the C ent ral M E C hurc h in the c ity o f Detro it whic h h o weve r he r es i gned in a fe w wee k s t o the gr e a t r e gr et o f hi s p aris hon e rs to t ak e the c hair o f me n ta l and m oral phil osop hy in the U nive r ity Of Mic higan to whi c h he had b een ele c te d in S ep tem be r 18 6 9 an d which he filled a t the time o f hi s de a th Befor e hi s co nn ec ti o n with the U n ive rs ity his co n tr i b u ti o n s o n met aphys i cal an d a l so o n ge n e ra l lite rary and sc ientific subj e c ts to the M ethodi t Q ua rterly an d o the r jour n al s had att rac ted “ f av o rable no ti ce In 1 8 7 0 he publi she d C h r is ti anity an d G r ee k P hil osoph y 3 in 1 8 7 3 L ec t ur es o n the Tru th o f the C hri s ti an T hei s t Co n c e ptio n o f the Wor l d T he s e R eli g i o n 3 an d in 1 8 7 5 w ork s h ave been w ar ml y r ec eived by eminent sch o l ars an d h ave been n o tice d in the m os t fl a tte rin g m anne r by lite rary journ als in this country an d in E urope T he s tyle o f the distin guis he d auth or w as o ne o f rar e b e au ty While firm in the e xpr e ss i o n o f hi s Op i n i on s and fe ar less in d efe n d in g hi s p os itio ns y et he m a inta ined the u tm os t cour te sy to all H i s w riti gs s tam p e d him as a m an o f sc h o l ar l y attain Oppo n ent s m e ts wide and famili ar acqu ai tan ce with sc ie ti fic re s earch l arge me t al vi gour an d a po lis h an d re finemen t on a par with the highe s t c ltu r e of thi s age H e h ad a t the time of hi s de a th in process of “ pr e par ati on a H an dboo k of Phil osoph y an d a w ork on Mater i alism T he We s leya n Un ive rs ity co nfe rr ed o n him the d e gr ee o f M A in 1 8 6 4 3 A sbury Co lle g e D D 3 an d he w as s till furthe r r ecogni s e d by re c eivin g the de gr ee Of L L D fro m Vi c tori a Co llege O ntar i o in 18 7 4 While ,
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P
RO F E SSOR
coOKE R, D D
15 1
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occupyin g hi s positi on in the Unive rs ity he p e rforme d a l arge am ou nt o f work as a C h r is tian min is te r I n app e aran ce D r Coc k e r w as i n telle c tu a l an d ve n e rab le G e n ial as a war m he ar te d boy he w as grave in appearan ce an d t re a te d with chee rfuln e ss th o u gh with d i gn ity an d s eri ou sn e ss the gr e at prob lem s of the he r e an d he r e a fte r H e app e ar e d age d for hi s ye ars in phys i ca l app e arance he w as at On ce u n pr eten di n g an d s trik i n g N e arl y S ix feet hi gh o f a rathe r sli ght bu il d a stro n g fac e a l arge kindl y pe n etr atin g d ar k e ye 3 the wh o le cou nte n anc e in di ca ti n g on e a dmirab le b len d in g o f s tr en gth an d b en evo len ce T he h ai r On c e d ark w as white an d ve ry abun dan t co ve r in g a l arge an d fi rml y forme d he a d H e w as in the be s t s ens e o f the te rm a n oble man T he d oc t or le ave s an e stim ab le wife wh o for ye ars h as b een the companion o f his stran ge an d che qu ere d life an d wh o h as duri n g a ll the s e y e ars kin dl y ten de r l y an d l o vi n g l y care d for him in hi s p hys i ca l feeble n e ss H e has al so two so n s s u rvivin g o f a famil y o f s even chil dren B o th are gradu ate s o f the Un ive rsity T he ol d es t Willi am J is n ow an d h as be e n for so me y e ars su p e r i n ten d ent o f the A dri an H i gh sch ool H en ry R i s conne c te d with a bu sin e ss in S t P aul s M inn e so t a T he l abours o f D r C ooker will app e ar the m ore e x t raor d in ary whe n we co n s i d e r th at he had all th rou gh l ife l abo u r e d un d e r p hys i ca l di sab ilitie s o ften in v o lvin g inte ns e su ffe ri n g whi c h woul d have u tte rly crushe d a m an o f less will p o wer ,
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B I S HO P P U R SGLOVE
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P ursgl o ve was b orn a t T i de s well an d brou ght up by pare n ts car e a t sch oo le an d le arnin g tra de H i s ncle Willi am B rads haw e o f L on don then too k him an d pl aced him i S t P au l s S ch ool whe re he rem ained a t th at uncle s cos t an d ch arge for i e ye ars F rom the r e he w as r em ove d t o the P ri ory Of S t M ary O ve ry in S outhw ark n o w kn o wn as S t S aviour s S ou thw ark T his P r i ory w as surrendere d t o H en ry V III in Octob e r 1 5 3 9 so th a t it m us t h ave been b efor e th a t time th a t P ursgl o ve w as the r e F ro m S t M ary O ve ry he procee de d to Ox ford whe r e he rem ain e d for four teen y e ars and be came a cle r k o f le ar nin g gr e at F ro m the U n ive rs ity P rsgl o ve wen t t o G ui sborou gh Abb ey i Y orkshi r e whe r e he w as m ade P r i or o the l st of J u l y 1 5 1 9 an d so rem ai n e d till the di sso l tion o f th a t H ou s e in 1 5 40 a per i o d o f t wenty on e y e ars P ursgl o ve i s sai d t o h ave been su flic ie tly alive t o his o wn in te re sts at the time to h ave b een ofiiciou sly r e ady an d willin g t o d o the K in g s b iddin g He ac te d as Co mmi ss i on e r f or the K i n g in the i n qu ir ie s int o o the r P r i or ie s a d pe rsua di g the Abb ts an d o the rs t o r e s i gn their h ous e s For the Obs e qu iou s e ss t o the ruli n g po we rs he w as r ew ar d e d with a pe s i on ve ry l arge in th os e d ays— of £ 1 6 6 I 3 S 4d p e r a n m O f the mi u te detail s o f hi s m o n as ti c life an d the m an ne r in whi ch he ful fill ed hi s “
B IS H OP
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15 2
YOR
KSHI R E
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ties dur in g a s to rmy an d dan ge rous pe r iod we h ave n o r eco rd T h a t hi s me rit an d ta lent we r e co nspicuous appe ar e d fro m his rap id “ pro m o ti o n bein g co n s e cra ted Bis h op S uffra gan o f H ull in the be gin nin g o f Q ueen Mary s r ei gn and a l so ap po inte d Arch de aco n Of N o tti n gh a m B ut a lth oug h he s l ack ene d in zea l f or th e Re for m a ti on d u rin g Qu een Mary s time an d jo ine d the Confor mis ts y et a fte rw ards in the se co nd y ear o f Qu ee n E liz abeth s r ei gn A D 1 5 5 9 “ when all S pir itu al pe rso n s h ol din g p refe rment we r e re qu ire d to tak e the oath Of he al on g with all Sup r em acy the o the r B i sh ops e xce ptin g Kitc hen o f Llan dafi gave up hi s di gnities an d p referments ra the r th an ac kn o wled ge an y H e ad or G o ve r n or o f the C h urch e xce p tin g o nly o ne L ord an d S aviour J esu s C hris t O n givin g up hi s p refe r ments an d di gnitie s in 1 5 5 9 Bis h op Pursgl o ve appe ars to h ave retired to hi s n ative villa ge T ide swell an d to have th en c e f orth bus ie d himself in good w orks bo th the r e an d a t G ui s borough I n 1 5 6 0 he f oun de d un de r lette rs p a te n t the “ G ramm ar S c h oo l o f J esus a t T i des well whi c h he endo wed with ce rtain l an d s for fu tur e mainten an ce T he d ee d o f foun da ti o n is a m odel o f p re c isen ess in l ay in g d o wn eve ry min u te deta il co nn ec te d with its m an agement I t w as i n co r r d h ad a Co mm o n ate d an o p S e al T he S e al is o v a l in form be ars bene ath a ca n opy an d a somewh a t ru d el y e x ecu te d d rap e d fi gur e o f our S avi our the he ad surroun d e d by a n imb u s an d the h an ds u plifte d 3 the ri ght B r f B 1 h p P r gl v h and h avi g the fi n ge r e x ten de d in the co nve n tion a l form o f bene d icti o n an d the left h o l din g the orb d cross I t be ars the inscri p ti o n SIOI LL O C OE SC OLE GR A MATI C ALI S DE I ESI D E rYD w L
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O L D YOR KSHI R E
1 54
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B i s h o p P ursgl o ve die d f ull Of y e ars , an d w ith the co nsc i ous ne ss Of h avin g d on e mu c h good in hi s ge n e ra ti o n at his n a tive pl ace , on the 2n d o f M ay , 1 5 7 9 , an d w as bur ie d in the grand Old P aris h C h urc h o f T i de s well A r em ark abl y fin e an d inter es tin g m onu me n tal brass pres e r ve s , n o t on l y his mem ory , but his fe at ure s an d pe rso n al appearan ce in f ul l e p i scop al robes T he fi gur e , whi ch i s three feet fi ve inche s in hei ght , re pr e s e n t s the Bi s h op fu ll len gth , with mitr e an d cro zie r Ben e ath the fi gur e i s a squar e br ass pl a te be ar in g the f o ll owin g inscr i p ti on It i s e n gra ve d in bl ac k lette r an d R o m an capit al lette rs , an d i s as .
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a nver th is stone as h ere Both li p Q corp s sometime of fame in tihoesmail hreu anh horn tru elp , R OB E R T P u R sc LOV E b y n ame n ing trab anti th er e b r ou ght up b y p aren ts rare at é ehoole 8: lear ttII aiterioaros b y U N C L E b ear to L onh on he ioas h all loh o VV I L L I A M B RA DS H AW h igh t b y name in p au ls ioth Din him a I 9 re anb p r at t oole b ib him maintain fu ll thrit e 3 inh al e gear s ap ace i th en i nto the S hher ant p e 22 lo ss p laten as I ioish ’ in Q outhioarhe cafl u inh ere it b oth 1133 S aint M A R Y OVB R I S to OX F OR D th en iuho om h int S ent in to th at ( lioli eb ge r igh t A nn th ere 1 4 y ears Ufa him finb , iuh Qtorp u s ( Ehris ti h igh t F rom th enet at l ength aluap he luent a ( I lerh e of learning gr eat to GI SB u R N A BB E Y S treigh t h as sent anh p lact! in P R I OR S s eat B IS H O P of Hu L L he io as also A R C H D EA C O N oi N OTT I N G H A M P R OVOST oi ROTHE RAM C OLLED OE too, of Y OR K rah Su P F R AoAN tluo G R A M E R S c h oo les he Ufa orb ain luith L A n d for to En dur e one H OSP I TAl for to maintain tiuelhe im otent ant! p oor 0 Gi sBu R N E th ou io ith TI D D ESWA L L OWN fi ement 8e mour n y ou mag for th is saio C LE R K of great renom n 1 9 2th h ere comp ast in d ay ’ th ou h crueII D EA T H h ath noiu hoio b rough t th is B OD Y ioe h ere d o th ‘
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l ab in whic h this fi gur e an d in scri pti on ar e in se r te d i s sur rounde d by a b or d e r line o f brass b e ar in g an in scripti o an d a t the corn e rs ar e the four em b lem s o f the E v an gelis ts T he inscri pti o n whi c h i s in old E n glis h lette rin g i s as fo ll o ws The
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B I SH OP B RI A N
W AL T ON ,
155
DD
B RI AN WALT ON D D I T i s rathe r a r em arkab le circum s tan c e th at three o f the gre a te s t Biblic al sch ol ars wh om thi s cou n try h as pro du ce d sh ou l d h ave Spru g from abou t the ce tre o f C level an d viz Bish op B ri a Walton D D the “ R ev J o hn M awe r D D a d the R ev J ohn O lee the S tar of the We s t B ri an Walton w as born at S e amer two mile s N W from S tok e sle y abo t the ye ar 1 600 the pari s h r eg is ter of S eamer do e s co mme n c e u til 1 6 3 8 n ot alt o n w as r e ct or o f whe W n ( S an do in E ssex a d h ad b een for twelve ye ars re ct or o f S t Marti s O rg ar i L o n don ) it i s s ele ss to s e arch it for the bapti s m o f thi s le arn e d divi n e 3 b u t th at the r e we r e Walt o n s re s i di g at S e ame r when B ri a a t the age af thi rty fiv e w as o ffici atin g as a c le rgym an in i s pro ve d by the L o n do n foll o w i n g hithe rt o u pu b li she d whi ch I h ave Oopie d en t ry fro m the re gi s te r o f the ad joini g ch ape lry o f M i ddleton “ — Willm Walto ou L eve n o f S e ame r C le rk an d I s ab el] B o lt we re m arrie d the fi fth d ay o f S e ptemb e r a nn o do mi ni B I S HOP
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I n July , 1 6 1 6, th r ee m onth s afte r the d e ath o f S h ak spe r e , B ri a n W alt o n , w as a dmitte d a S iz ar o f M agd alen e C olle ge , C ambr i dge , an d w as r em o ve d t o P ete r H ous e, in the same u n ive rs ity , al so as a S iz ar, De cem b e r4th , 1 6 1 8 I n 1 6 1 9 , he t oo k the de gree of B achel or of Ar ts, an d in 1 6 23 , th at o f M aste r L e avin g C ambri d ge , he b e c ame , for a Sh or t time , a cu ra te and sch oolm as te r in Su fi olk , an d a fte r w ar d s ass i s t ant c u rate a t the ch urch o f Al l H allo w s , B read S tr eet , L ondo n I n 1 626 , he w as appo in ted rector Of S t M artin s “ O rgar , in Can n o n S tr eet , L on d on , wher e he w as soon o ver he ad an d ” e ars in o ne o f th os e unfortu n ate qu arrel s abou t tith es , whi ch h ave SO often b een a cau s e o f a lien ati on between the cle rgy o f e st abli shed
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the sou l s committe d to thei r cur e On the fi fteen th o f J an ary 1 63 5 6 he w as i ns titu ted t o the tw o r e ctorie s o f S t Gile s in the— F iel d s L on don and of S an do in E ss e x b u t for some c au s e or o the r he did n ot l on g r etai the f orme r Of th os e H e is b en efices b u t con ti u e d t o h o ld th a t of S t M ar ti s O rgar s ppos e d al s o at thi s time to h ave b een on e o f the ch aplain s t o C h arle s the F irs t an d a prebe n dary of S t P au l s C a the dral I n 1 6 40 when May w as an d
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15 6
OL D
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m erry with her blossoms and her fl ow ers th e h eart of the learn ed B rian W alton w as sad , for the shadow of D eath had ov e rspread his Ess e x r ectory and he w as n o mor e to b e comforted in this life by the dear wife of his bosom — on e of the C laxtons of Suff o lk He w as in c orp or ated Doctor of D ivinity at Oxford Augu s t 1 2th 1 6 45 as no tice d in A n thony a W ood s F as tz Ox on ienses and not in 1 6 60, as som e write rs “ co mmence d Doc tor in D ivin ity He h ad indee d mis s ta te at Cambridge in 1 6 3 9 b u t had been d riven from the univers ity like many o th ers by th e r e vo lution ary hurr ican e that swe p t over the land H aving alr e ady had a C hance ry suit with his p aris hio ners of St Martin s Orgar regarding tith es w e fin d him in 1 641 c harged by th em be fo re Par liam ent with s undry o ffences such as ins isting on an d by his o w n hands plac in g the communion tab le un der the eas t window ; reading o ne part of the mornin g service at the reading d es k and the other part at the communion tab le n ot pr eac h ing on Sunday afte rnoons n orallow ing th e pa ris h ion e rs to proc ur e a lec ture r at th eir o w n ch arge th at he w as an d co m mitte d the ch arge o f the non r es id en t all the su mm er petition er s souls to an ign oran t cur ate main taining him no o the r wise and th an w ith a salary catc h ed ou t of the r e v e n ue o f the par ish lands “ he d is gr ace fu lly and tha t to us e the language of the pe tition conte mptuously as p erseth th o se pe rson s o f quality and wor th wh ich at th is tim e s erv e the Commonwe alth in th e h onourab le hou s e o f P ar liam e n t as men chos en for the kn igh ts and b urges s es of th is c ity ; a ffi rm ing tha t the c ity had chose n So ame becau se he would n o t p ay ship money Vas sal because h e wo uld n ot pay the king his c us toms ; P enn in gton be caus e he ente r ta ins s ilence d m in is ters and C radoc ke to se nd the m ov e r in to Ne w England and the y b e sough t Parliam ent to exam in e their abus es and to take som e co urs e for the ir re form ation The en d of all th is w as tha t W alton is sup p osed to hav e bee n disposs ess e d o f bo th his r ector ies that towards the latter en d of 1 642 he w as accor ding to ” W A L KE R S S ztfierzngs of the C lergy s ent forin to cus tody as a d elin quen t The sam e au thor in forms us tha t onc e wh en sough t for by a par ty of horse s ent in pu rsu it of him he hid himself amongs t the broom the pretty emblem of the old Plan ta genets D evo ting h imse lf to upho ldin g the K ing s preroga tiv e aga ins t Parliamen t W alton re tir e d to Ox ford u n til the royal cause be cam e hopeless upon which he re turned to L ondon taking u p his abod e in St G iles C ripple ga te Churchyard in th e hous e of D r W illiam Full er whos e daugh te r J an e he had ma rr ied for his secon d w ife From th enc e he issued in 1 6 5 2 his Brief D e scription of an E dition of the B ible in the o ri ginal H ebrew Samar itan and G r eek with the mos t an c ie nt tran s lations of th e J ewish and C hristian Church es v iz the Sep t G reek Chald ee Syr iac E thiopic A rab ic P ersian etc and the L atin V er sio n s of th em all a new A pparatus etc The Council of S tate by th eir order b e aring date Sunday J uly 1 1 th 1 6 5 2 gav e th eir appro bation and allowance of the “ work d eclarin g the same to b e v ery honourable and d es erving of ” e nco urag em en t A rchbishop Us h er an d J ohn Seldon tw o of the most ,
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1 58
OLD YOR
KSH I RE
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L o llard s, the s acre d Scrip tur es , long so j ealous ly gu arde d from the p e ople by the succe ssors of thos e apos tles w ho w er e commiss ioned to A n d it w as on the 29 th o f pr e ach the G ospel to e v ery creatu re D e ce mb e r , 1 3 8 4 , that, upon th e a ltar s te ps of his par ish church o f L u tt rworth , dur ing the c elebration of the M as s , and j us t as th e hos t was about to b e uplifted , paralys is s truck down the illus trious celebran t, ’ in pr e se nc e of the pe op le , and the N ew Y ear s morn ing of 1 3 8 5 r ose upon J ohn W ycliffe d ead an d pe aceful in his b e d, in s tead of charr e d and blackene d by the mar tyr fl am e Ther e are man y b iographies wh ich wo ul d give more inte r es t to the s eek er af te r excite m ent, and the lov er of m er e roman ce for, bein g devote d to on e fix ed and sub lim e obj ect, the life of W ycliffe w as wanting in that divers ity of inciden t and r es tlessness o f mov em ent from wh ich biography d er iv es a supe rficial charm B u t its s te ady and dauntless consecration to that one high aim gi v es to the life its elf a glory which is n ot to b e foun d in the mor e fi tful glamour of an orb it less concentr ic , or a purpos e less in tense ” “ Morn ing star of the R eform a tion , Not only w as W yc liffe the b u t he w as the in te llec tu al and s p ir itu a l lum inary o f the tim es in wh ich At the be ginning of the fou rteen th ce n tu ry the d ep th and he liv e d d ens ity of p Op u ignoran ce lar .
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x trem e N ot only w as the B ib le little k n o w n , and slend erly ap p re b ut c ia te d p e r fu n c tor y te aching in the schoo ls an d ih m inis e ffec tiv e tration s from the pulp it, did little or no th ing to rais e the cur tain from the p u b l i c mind T h e pers onal corruption of th e pr ies thood was o nl y to b e paralleled by Joh n Wy cliffe F rom P ortrait in th e Rectory Wy cliffe t h e i r Official ambition H ence With the b lind le ading the blind bo th pr ies t and pe ople laps ed down a d eclivity of moral d e gradation and wallowed to geth er in a gul f of r eligious darkn ess and po llu tion e
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WY CL I F F E ,
J OH N
R E F OR M E R
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I t w as up on time s like th es e tha t the orb of Wy clifi e s life aros e Born in the little v illage of Wicklif, abou t six m iles from R ichmond , in Y orks hire , from a family tainted with the r eligious sup ers tition of the age , h e b ecam e s e parate d from th eir hom e and ev en from th eir nam e Tradition says that his ancestors claimed to b e lords of the manor from the Co n qu es t, and that at the b e ginning of the s ev e n teen th ce ntury th e marr iage of the h eir ess caus e d the proper ty to p ass to a family of another name B u t J ohn de Wycliffe evid en tly took his nam e from his birthplace , n ot from his parents , and , either disown e d by th em becaus e of aspiration , or br eakin g away from th em be caus e of th eir supers titions , he pros ecu ted his indepe ndent s tudies , and suppor te d h ims elf by his own energy No thin g auth entic concernin g his child hood or his schooldays has come down to us There is r eason to c onj ec tur e that it w as n ot in any monas tic ins titu tion tha t th e firs t g erms of his s tudies w er e fos ter ed The monopoly which the clo is ter had long h eld in learn ing and tu ition w as b eginning to b e broken , and local schoo ls, conducte d with rar e ab ility , w er e scatter e d through the land I n on e of th es e w e may suppos e Wy clifi e r eceived the qu alific a ’ tion to en ter Qu een s Colle ge , Oxford , which h e did at the ag e of s even teen ; subs e qu ently , howev er , exchanging it for Merton College , wh ere, a few y ears be fore , B radw ardin e had fulm inated his philippics ” The Caus e of G od agains t P elagius on Knighton, a wr iter who ha ted W ycliff e an d his v iews , makes this ’ tes timony conc ern in g th e youn g s tud en t s ap titud e and success in le arn in g t— I n ph ilosophia nul li rep u tab atu rsecu n dis in scholasticis discip lin is ’
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I f it is tru e, as has b een said , that the ph ilosophy of Ar is to tle was the only k ey by which the treasur es of r evealed th eo logy could b e unlo cked , W ycliffe los t n o time in appropriating that key , for h e ’ comm itted to m emory many of the mor e in tr icate s ections of Aris totle s writings His study of the B ible its elf was pursu ed w ith a kind of spiritual voracity which indicates his hunger after the h igh e s t tru th B u t it calle d for th e high es t courag e of the embryo R e former to withstand the fas hionable distaste to Scrip tural exercitation , and u se the B ible as his text-book instead of the s en tenc es and compila tions of men Fr iar Bacon says : the graduate w ho reads or ke eps th e text o f Scrip tur e is comp elled to g iv e way to th e r eader of the s en tenc es , H e who r eads th e w ho ev erywh ere enjoys honour and pr ece d ence sentences has th e cho ic e of his hour , and ample enter tain m en t amo n g the r eligious ord ers H e who r eads th e B ib le is des titute of th es e advan tages , and su es , like a mendicant, for the u se of such hours as it may pleas e th em to grant H e who reads the s u ms of D ivin ity is ev erywh er e allow e d to ho l d diS u tation s , an d is v en erate d as a mas te r ; p h e who o nl y r e a ds the text is n ot p ermitte d to d ispute at all, which is ” absurd To th is tes timony Le B as , in h is Life of Wycliffe, p 7 8 , .
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1 60
on )
YOR KSH I R E
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instru ction w as trample d und er foot by in g authority of irr e fragable and s eraphic doc tors the overbe ar An d i i n l i h t w i n hi s s t a o f t e pub c m d as t ha t W yc li v n ur d t t e f f t e e e e t t o , y associate the s tudy of the Scriptu res with the kee nes t pursu it o f the scholas tic m etaphys ics , and to assign to the B ible the full supremacy which belongs to it, as disclos in g to us the Way , the Tru th , and the ” L ife Through the variety of his atta inm en ts , an d ch iefl y by the profun dity of his B iblical kn owled ge, W ycliffe rose to the h igh “ dignity of Evangelical or G ospel doctor, because he w as migh ty in ” the Scriptur es Stirre d to its d ep th s by the shoc k of the gr eat an d dev astatin g P lagu e , in 1 3 47 , the sp ir itu a l nature of the R eform er be gan to kindle “ with his in tellec tu al pow er, an d a s tirring little tract, entitled The ” L as t Ag e of the Church, w as penn e d by him whe n he w as 32 y ears of I n this tract he fell in with the popular su perstition age , in 1 3 5 6 wh ic h interpr ete d the P lague as the pr ecurso r of the fin al judgm ent ; an d , lik e many le ss worthy proph ets of a la te r time , he fix ed th e da te of the close of the fourteen th ce n tu ry as the en d of th e his tory o f H e b ased this pre dic tion on carefu lly an d le arn edly the world calcul ate d da ta , an d on n o mere hectic superstition C abalis tic compu tations fo und e d on hieroglyp hic forms , on the lette rs of the H ebr ew alph abet, couple d w ith some imagin ary h ints or administrations of Sc rip ture , impelle d him , am id the so le mn exc item en t of the crisis , to commit himself to th ese va ticin ations His career as a Re form er may b e said to hav e comm ence d at th is po in t Withdr awing from public observatio n for a season , he r e appeared to wa ge a s tern con Durin g the twenty trov ersy with the m end icants, or begging friars years covering the peri od from 1 3 60 to 1 3 80, Wycliffe maintained his battle with th is sanctimonious ord er , who se his to ry and pr etensions w e hav e no spac e h ere to tr ac e I n the latte r of th ese y ears he publish ed ” “ his Obj ec tions to the Friars , in the c onclusion of w hich he says : The fry ars h av e been cause , b egin n ge , an d main tain in ge of p urturb ation These errors shall in C hris te ndom , an d of all evils of this w orlde never b e am ended till fry ars b e brou ght to freedom of the G ospel, an d ” clean religi on of J esus Chris t W hen he w as sick , an d suppos ed to b e d ying , a depu tation from the friars vis ited him, an d urg ed him to r ecant his errors ; he b ec kon ed to his atte ndan t to lift him in his b ed, an d calling u p all his str ength he cr ied aloud , I will n ot die b u t live, and ” shall again declar e the evil dee ds of th e friars A ppo inted to the lucrative pos ition of W a rd en in Canterbury H all, atte mpts wer e so p e rs is tently m ad e to disposs ess him that he mad e his appe al to the Pope , w ho trans ferred the decis ion to on e of his cardinals I t w as k ept in abe yance until a fu r ther con troversy aros e , n ot v ery dissimilar in its main lin es of dis pu tation from on e provoked a few y ears ago betw een Mr G lads ton e and F ath er n o w C ardin al) N ewm an , on ( th e iss u e of the Vatican d ecrees by the E cum en ical Council of 1 8 7 4, a
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glac ier w as the pu lpit Of the G ospel A n d f rom the v alleys b elow the vo ices of th e Al bigens es and the descendan ts Of the Vaudo is rang for th a faithfu l echo B u t w hile s imple r and less subtle witne sse s w ere called to the sacr ifice of lib erty an d life in the cau s e to wh ich th ey w er e c ommitte d y the learn ing and the m igh t Of W ycliffe w ere ex erte d in the sam e h igh b ehoof with a co mpara tive imp u nity W h ether it w as po licy or consc ience or the lov e o f le tte rs wh ich gain e d noble patronage and pro te c tion for the Lu tte rworth R eform er w e canno t say b u t ce r ta in it is tha t although living as it w e re in a den of lions w ith the esp ionag e Of Rom e as v igilan t and her fe r oc ity as keen as e v er the mou ths o f the be as ts wh ich gnas h ed around h im w e r e d iv in ely s te p ed l e e P r c ud d by weakn e ss f rom appe ar ing as Ofte n and as p .
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r e gu lar ly as form er ly in his pulp it b efore his people Wy clifi e s till w ield e d his p en for libe r ty Of co nsc ience and free r elig ion in his Leic es tersh ir e s tudy to the las t A spec ial occas ion wou ld s till fi nd him in his church taking his par t in the public ce lebra tions And Chris tmas o f 1 3 8 4 found him at the var ious Mass es of tha t high fes tival The 29 th Of D e ce mbe r fell upon a Su nday and the R ec tor of Lutte r worth w as at the altar Old in work and care tho u gh n ot in years paralysis s eiz e d upon him and h e droppe d do w n b efore the pe ople jus t as the H os t was being rais e d ; and tw o days afte rwards at 6 0 y ears of ag e he d ied Bu t if he w as thus perm itted to pas s away na turally ins te ad Of by th e s take the air gre w d ark w ith vultur e s w ho made carr io n Of h is good name Scurrility and abus e poured fo rth from ribald pu lp its and ,
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from bigo t alta rs an d the de ath thro es in to wh ich paralys is had th rown him wer e publicly procla im ed to b e th e curs e Of G od an d bishop s told br eathe d ou t his malicious spirit to th e abode s th eir flocks tha t h e had Of dark n e ss An d as the tas te of b lood b egan to grow fam iliar w ith the horrors of the mar tyr age ; as the split of the faggo t grew into a familiar sound and the s hriek Of the tor tur e d fell into a hackn eyed tune the thirs t for v enge an ce h ith er to impo tent and fr enz ied ga th e re d s tren gth The birds of prey wer e darken in g the ecclesias tical sky and in 1 41 5 th ir ty y e ars after J ohn W yc liffe s dea th th ey ga th ered th ick an d fi erce in the Council of Cons tance H ere the writin gs of the R eform er were arra ig ned an d brande d with the mark Of h er esy and the m emory of th e ir au thor hand e d ov er to infamy an d e xecration an d the fo llo w in g “ e d ic t was d ecr e ed That his body and bones if they might b e discovered an d kno w n from th e bodies Of o th er faithful p eople should b e taken from the ground an d thro w n a w ay from the bur ial of an y church accordin g to the can on laws and decrees Thir teen ye ars after the issu ing of this d ecree the hawks wheele d and po is e d th eir ev il w in gs ov er th e g r e e n mounds of th e L u tte r w or th grav eyar d and s w oopin g down on wha t th ey imagin ed was the r es ting plac e o f W ycliffe the gr ee dy talon s crook e d un d e r the daisy roots th e vault was Op en e d ran sack e d an d d espoile d the ash es that w ere fou n d w er e r u d ely burn e d and th en scatter e d on the fl ee t ripples of the brookle t ca lled the Swif t wh ich babble d n ear th es e r ipplets carr ied th e m to th e Avo n the A von to the Sev e rn the Sev er n to th e s ea Thu s did the L ollards tak e from W ycliffe s p en th e r e cord h e tra n s la te d ; th e faithfu l took th em from th e Lollards th e p rin tin g pr e ss in th e n ex t c en tury took th em from the fa ithfu l and floa ted th e truth in to th e s ea of human h ear t and home life through the world ,
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YO RK SH I RE E DU CATI O N AL E S TABL I SH M E N TS
A C KWORT H SC H OOL
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by the Old coach ro ad from W ak e fi eld to ” “ Doncas ter finds A ckwor th Moor Top abou t e igh t m iles from the form er town and th irtee n m iles from the la tte r H e looks down upon the bu ild ings Of A ckwo rth Schoo l wh ich form a small village o f th ems elves The schoo l proper stan ds three s id e s of a squ ar e : the cen tre con ta ins the D in ing Room M as te rs hous e etc at eith e r the Boys an d G irls W ings r espe c tiv ely On the w es t of thes e s tand the various k itchen o ffi ce s and farm bu ild ings and on ano th er part of the e s ta te are hous es The who le prope r ty cov ers an area for the teach ers an d o th e r Ofli ce rs and is es tima te d in the R epor t for 1 8 8 4 to b e wo rth of 27 0 acres The Old est par t Of the bu ildin g is the Boys Wing This w as for the G ov ernor of the London Fo u nd lin g er ec te d in the y e ar 1 7 5 9 Hospital for the ma intenance and education of expos ed and des er ted young children with the vie w Of having a Y orks h ir e branch of that I n a year or tw o the o th er parts Of the ma in bu il ding w ere ins titution fi n ish ed ; the architec t w as a Mr W atson though Dr T imo thy Lee the v icar Of Ackwor th plann ed the cen tr e The water supply w as p lan n ed and work ed ou t by J ohn Sm eaton the gr e at engin eer and bu il d e r of th e Eddys to n e L igh thous e and th e The original cos t app ears to have b ee n about arrang em ents were for 5 00 childr en though at on e tim e the numb er ros e to 8 00 The ins titu tion w as carr ie d on for fifte en y e ars by a local committee working in connec tion with the comm ittee of the hospital in L ondon During that time tw o thousand childr en we re pass ed through it H E trav eller ,
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OL D
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cam e from all par ts of the coun try Many s ent by the committee in L o n don L arge numbe rs of the ch ildre n w e re appr entice d ou t to pe rsons in the n eighbouring to wns and villages w h o r ece iv e d pr e miums on co n dition that th ey car e d for th em and taugh t th e m a tr ad e som e o f th e s e te rms w ere v ery long w e r ead of on e b oy w ho w as apprentice d at the age of s ev en and remain e d till twenty four M any of the younger ch ildre n were placed ou t to the n eigh bours to nurs e as many as 23 3 being so situa ted at one tim e Such a plan w as w ell conc eiv ed and for a few y e ars w as w ell carrie d ou t b u t th e r e w as room in it for ma n y abus es as the r esu lt prov ed Strenuo u s e ffor ts to carry o n the hosp ita ls w e re made the G ov e r n m en t grante d a y ear to ass is t w ith the r esu lt tha t many o th ers r e fus e d th eir subscrip tions b ut the house w as clos ed in J u ly 1 7 7 3 and nev e r r eo pened as a hospital Of thos e w ho took a great inte res t in the ma n ag eme nt gr eat cred it is du e to Dr Lee the V icar of A ck w orth ; to Sir Ro w la n d W inn of N os te ll Priory ; and to Sir Char les VVh it w o rth o f L ondon ; the mas te r Mr H argr e av e s too w ork ed hard an d his e fforts w er e appr ec iate d bo th by the co m mittee an d the ch ildre n F or som e y e ars the bu ild ing r e ma in e d e mpty par t of the es tate w as so ld an d the turr et c lock and be lls w ere d ispose d of to the Marqu is of Rockingham Trad ition speaks of the grounds be ing allo w e d to b e com e a w ilde rn e ss the foxes roam ing fr ee ly through the d es e r te d halls b ut th e s e w ith many s im ilar s to r ies m us t b e d ism iss ed as hav ing b u t s ligh t fou n da tion I n th e y e ar 1 7 7 7 the Y e arly Meeting of the Soc iety of Fr iends cam e to the co nclus ion that n o suffi c ient provis ion ex is te d for the sa tisfac tory tra in ing Of the ch ildr e n of Fr iends no t in afi u en t circu ms tanc es and r e qu es te d the M eeting f or S ufi erzngs ( the r epresentative m ee ting of the Soc iety in L ondon ) to d e vis e som e p lan for the encouragem en t Of board ing schoo ls J ohn Fo th erg ill M D w as a F r iend of larg e mind far in advance a sc ien tific man o f gr e at r epu te an d on e capable of taking Of his age prompt practical ac tion wh ere he s aw a r igh t th ing to b e done H e with a few o th ers to ok th e r espons ibility of purchas ing the Ack w or th e s ta te ; th is p u rch as e was confirm e d by the Y ear ly Mee ting in 1 7 7 8 ; arrangem en ts w er e made to e s tablis h a schoo l ther e at on ce The curriculum w as s tated as fo llows I t is propos ed tha t the pr in c iple s w e profess b e dilig ently incu lca te d and du e car e tak en to pr e s e rve the ch ild ren from bad hab its an d immoral co n duct That the En glish languag e w r iting an d ar ithm etic b e car e fu lly taugh t to bo th s exes ; ” an d tha t th e g irls b e ins truc te d in hous e w if e ry an d us e ful n e e d le work “ Th e gov e r n m en t Of th e school w as v es te d in th e Y e ar ly Me e tin g w h ich d eputed its adm in is trations to a G en eral Meeting con s is ting of r epr e s entativ e s from the various Quarter ly Meetings wh ich was to ass emble ann ually at A ckwor th By this G en eral Meeting the Comm ittee is appo inte d to carry on th e activ e managem ent of th e Th ey
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O L D YO RKS H I R E
168 Schoo l
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A sma ll su b comm itte e m eets at the schoo l once a mo n th ; the G en era l Comm itte e m e ets o n ce a quarte r Th e school was ope ne d on the 1 8 th Of Oc tober , 1 7 7 9 , und er its firs t te ach ers , Jose ph Don b av an d for the boys , and H annah R e ay for J ohn H ill and his wife from L ondon, we re the firs t su p e rin th e g ir ls ten d en ts On n ew ye ar s day , 1 7 8 1 , th er e w er e 3 09 ch ildre n in the schoo l, being nin e more than the numbe r or igi nally in te nd e d W e ’ quote from Thom as P u mp hrey s s all book an account Of the dress of the ch ildren at th is tim e I n the e arly days of the schoo l its juv en ile groups m ight have r em in de d u s of the p ic tur e s of Old en time , when the cook e d hat, the long taile d c oa t, the le ath e r br eech es , and th e buckled sho es , w er e the dre ss even of boys The g irls figur e d in w h ite caps , the ha ir turn e d back ov er th em , o r comb e d s tra igh t do w n on the fore h e ad , check ed aprons w ith b ibs and wh ite n ec k handkerch iefs fold ed n early ov e r th eir s tuff gown s in fro n t Their walkin g cos tum e w as a kind of b at, th e pattern of wh ich w e are unable to ind ica te , and a lo n g ” clo th cloak , w ith coloure d m its reach ing to the elbows “ I t is wor thy Of no te tha t in 1 7 8 4 w h en the n umbe r Of the ch ild re n the av e ra ge co st Of each ch ild w as w as v e ry larg e , at on e tim e 3 26 £ 1 2 1 s 8 d , o f wh ich £ 6 1 s l 0d w er e for prov is io ns , coals , an d such hous ehold e xpe nditur e £ 2 1 5 s 21d for clo th ing ; an d £ 1 1 4s 1 1d ” for sa lari e s I n 1 7 9 0 Thomas H odgk in fi lled the Offi ce o f supe rin tenden t for a shor t tim e he w as succ eede d in the n ex t year by J ohn H ips ley , w ho con tinu ed in o ffi ce till 1 7 9 4 I n tha t y ear Dr J onathan B inn s too k charge as sup erin tend en t The charac te r of the early ed ucation given at A ckw orth may b e ga th ere d from the fact that in 1 8 00 s o much tim e was spent in sp inn in g and kn itting , that the committee though t it n ee dful to order that the childre n b e exe rc ise d at leas t on e hour p er day in spellin g The art o f wr iting too r ec eive d a gr ea t s timu lus in 1 8 02 in that y ear J os eph T hes e copies D on b av an d , the firs t mas te r, pub lish e d his writing copie s w e re in us e in the school till qu ite r ecen t tim es , and w ere the m eans of s tar tin g a s tyle of wri ting for wh ich it continued famous for ne a r ly half a c en tury R eadin g too w as car e fully taugh t, and th e r ecords of th e schoo l tell us that I sab ella H arris , jun ior , daugh te r of the gov e rn e ss in 1 8 02 w as especially h elpful in th is de par tm ent I n 1 7 9 6 , Rober t W h ittaker , a young W elshm an , cam e to the schoo l to ass is t the supe rin tend ent, an d he w as in 1 8 05 appo inte d to the pos t of supe r intend en t, b eing th e fi rs t w ho fi lled that pos ition , r e ceiv ing a salary H e s erv ed the ins titu tion w ell and fa ithfu lly for thirty ye ars His administration w as energ etic in ev ery d epartm ent, and during the firs t years of his time th e school rapidly improv ed in discipline and e ducational power He is said to have had a gr eat ins igh t in to charac te r wh ich en abled him to s elec t his ass is tants w ith gr e a t succe ss : he had som e very able men and women in the various positions , and th ese in n o small degree aided their chief to mak e th e school what it becam e -
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O L D YO R KSHI R E
17 0
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a schoo l s o entir ely d enominationa l in its characte r it w as to b e e xp e c te d tha t much a tte ntion w o ul d b e g iv en to r eligi ous te ach in g This w as the care from the e arlie st tim es b u t a gr e at s te p in th is dir ection w as m ad e in 1 8 1 6 wh en J os ep h J oh n G urn ey vis ite d the school H e took gre at inter est in B iblical s tudy an d succee d e d in impar ting som e of this in te res t to bo th te ach ers and scho lars H e s ays “ h y t e took th eir B ib le s to b e d w ith th e m r e ad th e m by the e ar ly morning ligh t pore d ov er th e m at le isure hours dur ing th e day and The teach e rs r en der ed th e m th eir b es t e spe cially o n F irs t D ay ass is tanc e Knowledge of the subj ec t rapid ly incre as ed and with it good and wh en I vis ite d th em at the clos e of tw elve months the who le ” aspe ct Of affairs w as change d A noth e r gr eat engin e Of e duca tion w as s ee n in e mbryo in 1 8 1 6 The Assoc ia tion and r e ach e d a s eco n d s ta ge of grow th in 1 8 21 v iz for th e improvemen t Of the mind The schoo l w as h appy at th is tim e in having on the s ta ff Of te ac hers those w ho d id th eir be s t to s timula te the lite rary tas te s of the young I n 1 8 3 4 Robe rt Whittak e r w ho af ter the d eath of his w ife had fallen into w e ak h ealth res igned his pos ition an d w as succeeded by Thomas P umphrey W ith in a fe w ye ars the schoo l r ecover e d from a tim e Of d epre ss ion and be cam e more h e althy in its work and in fl u enc e The girls s ide b ecam e ov ercrowded sundry a ttacks of illn e ss had warn ed the managers that more room w as n ee d ed an d in 1 8 42 the additional bu ildings w er e fin ish ed The s e cons is te d of a n e w d in ing room dormitory and lavatory for the girls The Old d in ing room w as furn ish ed for a Lec tur e Roo m and thus there w as a room in wh ich th e who le fam ily cou ld m eet at onc e w ithou t inconven ience The year 1 847 s aw ano th er importan t chan ge N o vacations h ad h ith er to broken the monotony o f schoo l life and som e children nev er s aw th eir par e n ts or th eir hom e s during th e who le tim e o f th e ir s tay at th e schoo l The p lan for a summ er holiday w as carried ou t w ith such succe ss that it has be e n co n tin u e d withou t interm iss ion ev e r s ince Since 1 8 7 8 a w inte r v aca tion has be en giv en with good r e sults During this first Summ er holiday the oppor tu ni ty w as taken to rais e the roof of th e Boys Wing an d e nlarge th e schoo l room space by dividing the m eeting hous e in to class rooms A n ew m eeting house w as built and sundry co ttages for the school Oflic ers ; th e s e changes adde d m u ch to the effi ciency Of the te ach ing be s id es incre as ing the valu e of the es ta te I n th es e and subsequ e nt additions to the g irls s ide a sum Of ov er w as spe nt and Thomas Pumphr ey prov ed h ims elf in thes e matte rs an esp ecially able adminis trator I n 1 85 8 a swimming bath 1 00 feet by 3 5 f eet w as cons tru c ted the cos t b ein g e n tir ely born e by old scho lars The supp ly of water w as ob tain e d from a depth of 1 1 6 feet There are tw o bor e ho les and th e water com es from sands to n e rock Owing to failing h ealth in 1 8 6 1 Thomas Pumphr ey w as obliged to r elinquish the charge Of the school b eing succ eed ed by G eorge In
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O LD YO RKS HI R E
172
Manch es ter
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The
able way in which Thomas Pumphr ey had manage d th e school du rin g a te rm of n e arly thir ty ye ars h ad produce d a mark e d e ffec t the d is c iplin e an d gen e ral education h ad adva n ce d w ith the tim e s an d he w h o n ow was fee lin g the effe cts o f age He d ie d in an d w e akn ess r e tir ed from h is pos t am id un iv e rsal r e spec t J u n e 1 8 6 2 The sc hool fl our is he d unde r G eorge Satter thw aite till he r es ign ed his pos itio n in 1 8 7 3 w h e n J o siah E vans w as appo in te d to succee d h im and dur in g his te rm o f Offi ce the entire ed ucational sys tem was thoroughly r evise d an d improv e d m ethods in troduced n e w H e w as fo llo w e d lava to ri e s w e r e e r ecte d at a cos t o f ne ar ly in 1 8 7 7 by Fre d er ick A nd rews B A w ho is n o w ( 1 8 8 4) at the h e ad o f th e schoo l M en a n d Women edu ca ted at A ckwor th Sch oo l “ W illiam A llen Mille r au thor Of the Elem ents o f C hemistry an d for som e ye a rs Profe ssor Of Ch em is try in U n ive r s ity Colle ge L o n do n o f Sund e r la n d Dr G e org e S Brady and his bro th e r H en ry Bowman Brady of N e w cas tle bo th o f whom have be en Challenger e mp loy e d to w r ite r e por ts o n the w ork o f the J ohn G ilbe r t Bake r o f Ke w an e m in e n t bo tan is t Sarah E llis n ee Stickn ey au thor e ss of W om e n of En gland the Daugh te r th e W iv es and the M o th e rs o f En gland The R igh t H onourable J ame s W ilson M P , o f the Eco n om is t Th e R igh t H onourab le J ohn Br igh t M P for B irm ingham J er e m iah H Wiffe n Po et and Trans lator and his bro th er B enj B Wiffen W illiam He w itt author of H om es and H a un ts of the Br itish ” “ P o ets L and, L abour and G o ld e tc H enry Ashwor th and J F B F irth M P for Chelsea Ther e are a host of o th ers less kn own to fam e w ho hav e done good in th eir time The obj ec t of the school is to furn ish a good e duca tion at a mod erate cos t to the childr en of Fr iends n o t in afll uen t c ircums tances By a r ecent r eg ulation o f the committee childr en w ho are n ot membe rs o f the Soc iety o f Fr iends may b e adm itte d on paym e n t o f £ 40 p er y e ar providing th eir a dmiss ion do e s n ot e xclud e the childre n o f F riends The annual cost Of e ach child has varie d from £ 1 8 in the e arlie s t days to abou t £3 2 at the pr es en t time This cost is met part by payments Of the par ents par tly by an e ndowm en t amo u n ting to abou t £ 5 p e r h ead an d partly by annual subscr ip tions rais ed throughou t th e I t is the only schoo l which belongs to Society of Friends in Eng land the Y e arly M eeting o f L ondon and may th u s b e r egarde d as the * National Public Schoo l of the Soc iety
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S afl ron
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I t is i ht to t te th t th e ve h iefl n t is w n f m th e H i t Of A w th S h o l , in 1 8 7 9 , at th e eq e t o f th e en ten r wn mm itte e H en Th m n , Of A m sid e, h im elf an A w th S h l .
O LD YORKS HI R E
17 4
gr d a y r Sc h oolmast r f this to w sh all g o r p ac accordi g t a form r w ar i g giv by s a or p ac d hi room
159 6 Au g 1 A ee th t M r W n te esen tly y ield u p an d iv e v e his l e , r M i , th t man h ll b e f th with l .
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choo l hous e of wh ich I can ga in any in forma tion w as s ituated in F ishergate for amon g the Old b ills in the Corpora tion ch es t “ i ous ite ms for are var rep airein g the sc he le hous e in F ish e r ga te Probably tha t bu ild in g s tood n e ar to if it w as not a par t Of the Town H ou se wh ich Leland Obs erve d in his day 1 What w as the exac t s ta tus of the Schoo l and what salary the mas te r had do w n to the close of the l 6th cen tury cann o t n ow b e asce r taine d as the whole Corpora tion m inu te s to tha t da te are excee d ing ly fe w an d br ie f b u t in 1 6 1 8 “ r the Corpora tion w as so lic ite d at y e r e qu e s t an d in tre atie Of M J on es h l v r i e c o i s h f o hi s ma s r for an ass s anc an r cos T ach ng S e t e t f t i e e O i n e y r r I t is Conc lude d and a gr eed v p on by M M aior M R eco rd er and y e r es t of y e Compa n y tha t th e ir sh all b e an V s he r to as s is t Mr J on es, and that he S hall hav e allow e d him y eare ly for his wage s y e som e o f e igh t 1 d n d o 4 u es 6 3 s e o u f payd Town s purs o t O e e e an d 6 r e 3 y p main d er th e re of y e M aior for y e tym s be ing sha ll pay v n to y e s a id V S her y earely ou t of his fin e s and SO y e M aie rs success iv ely y e lik e som e ye ar ly if it sh all b e though t fi tt Throughou t the 1 7 th cen tury and afte rwards tw o fac ts w ere e mph as is ed firs t tha t the Schoo l w as s o le ly e n do w ed and ma in ta in e d for the ifr ee te ach in g Of the ch ildr e n of such men as w er e fireemen “ the be fore sa id Ch ildr en b e in g firs t m ad e fi tt and Capab le s eco n dly to r e ad e the G ramm e r I n o th e r w ords the an c ie n t pr ivile g e s w e r e confi n e d to the burge ss es ch ildren and the Schoo l w as from its foundation in tende d to be Of a h igh er grad e than for m er e ele m en tary te ach ing 1 654 Wh er eas th ere h ath been e m an y y ea tes ago e given an d b eq u ethed b y a c ertain e n oble Ben efactor divers R en ts of s everal h ous es an d Ten emts in thi s Tow n e of D o n caster to w ards th e u p h o u ldin g of a free G rammer S c h oo le an d th e m ein tain in Of a M as te r in th e said S c h oo le an d w h ereas th e sa id R en ts an d Su m s ein g all Of th em pu tt tog eth er d oe co m e farr s h ort Of main ta n in g a Of m o n ey s
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M as ter forth e said b eh oof, I t h ath please d th e righ t w e
ajor th Ald rm d Com o C y arly fro m tim t tim v ry ll Of th sam To w r f r m i i m h m w i l a y y ars as pas a uc o y as l l t t m k Ad t f O t y fli i tly m i t i a M ast r f r th said Sch ool i r th fir t a hi g f th d forasm uc h as th r h ath f lat y r chi ldr f such m as r fir m d su dry p d I h b itt cr pt i to this Tow w h d d iv rs w d w ll d d r cu ll r th r of d putt th ir C hildr t th said Sch ool w th t th r ayi g yth i g t th Mast r th r of d d th r by r p d r c iv th sam f th p fi tt w h i d d f right b lo g th o ly t such as r ffr m said Tow I t i th r for ord r d ac t d Co clud d d A d b th M ajor Al d rm d Com o C this y A d th ll t a Publiqu M ti g ass m bl an
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c b r 1 8 i th Court o f P l as t D o c t r Wm C wp r omp lai s ag ai t ar d r Cl rk th at i id ra i ambli g agg h Wi t r w f r ivi g du a C owp r d al o fi d h im i m at d dri k whi ch d f d a t h d f il d pn f Th r old Sto H ous t th E t E d f th Ch i h f 8 t d ith w us d f r th Tow H ous th w hic h as m suppos w a p c Of G o rg th B uildi g f th Old Cas t ll or m ad Of th R i s f it 1 9 th O to R i ch Win te , e n a to e c te 0 iO 3*
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17 5
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ll d said Major Al d rm h r by ord r rd i act co clud d Co m o C f r th tim b i g J o h ff y m P t r d agr th at th M ajor f th said Tow m f th sam Tow ur o or y thr l W ad th r Of th Ald rm d W il B t d so Oft or tw Of th m sh all y arly d from tim t tim w h as th y d r h r by m d d co v i t h a v fu ll po w r th riti thi k fi tt pow r d d d sir d b this h ous t tak car d o v rsight Of th said School as h av m ad th m s l v s fl r m f y d y t th C hil Of suc h p t th i t d d sam Tow m y r c iv d h av th b fitt w h h ath all w ays b fi tt by y b sam m y b d y t th y as f righ t ough t t h av th m ; h c forth xclud d d d barr d th r from A d th pr s t M ast r d Mas t rs otic f this A t d w h atso v r r h r by d s ir d t tak f th said Sch ool Child or Childr r p hib it d d d barr d by th said four Ov rs rs or M r m i t M t t i h r or f h t h sa d as r or as t rs r c v t t w r tak t y agai i to th said Sch ool w ithout th co s t f th said Ov rs rs d r xc pt th ff th r or fl ri d f such Chil dr d Compou d d th ir h a ds agr w ” th said Mast r or M ast rs d d pay th m a cordi g as oth r m d pay d ff i r d agr A d th is A t i t co ti u Stra g rs w h ly duri g th pl sur Of this h ous d lo g r d b i forc E dW K irk Maior O
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Order e d tha t M Rob Seaton ,
On the 1 5 th Apr il, 1 7 1 9 , it was
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M ayor Of Doncas ter doe subscr ibe
am e and on the b eh alfe of th e C orp orac on of D oncaster th e sum e of T erm poun ds to b e paid yearly by th e Chamb erlain s for th e tim e b eing towa rds the s ettin g up an d m an tain in g a Char ity Schoo le in th e tow n e of Doncas te r dur in g r I n 1 7 21 M With ers th e Grammar Schoo l the C orp orac on s p le asur e Mas ter wro te to the Corporation complain in g tha t his salary r emain e d The M ayor an d o th ers w er e depute d to go to M r With ers u n paid hous e an d discours e him abou t y e arr ears of his salary Abou t th is tim e it appears that th e d isc iplin e of the Schoo l was far from b ein g satisfactory On e winter s day the mas ter cam e at th e us ual hour and the h eavy door of the Schoo l was fas t The boys w er e in s id e and th e ” mas te r was o uts id e N 0 r eply Op en th e d oor s aid he and waited I f you don t Op en tha t door I w ill gi ve you such a tas te of the b irch re d as you n ev er b efor e had in your live s Through th e long vista of years meth in ks I hear th e boys sayin g We do n t want any birch rod an d w e won t op en the door Attempts wer e th en mad e to ge t in at th e w in dows b ut th ey w er e barr icad e d by the boys and th e r e was no I n r e fer ence to this e ncounte r a m in u te app e ars on the Cor acc ess — i o r a t o n r ecords i h t n 1 2 J a uary 5 7 9 Order ed that the Schole p Win dows which w ere broke by the Schoo le Boys at the tim e of th eir barrin g ou t the Mas ter b e for th is tim e r e p a ire d at the Charge Of the Corporatio n ; b u t it is u n an imously agr eed an d D eclar e d by the Co rpora tio n that th er e shall b e n o barr in g o u t for the f u tur e n or tha t th e Mas ter by any Ord e rs b e tyed from correctin g the Boys an d in Cas e th e W in dows s hall at any tim e h e re afte r b e brok e upo n any s u ch occas ion that the Mas ter of the Schoole shall b e at the Charge of r epair in g the said W in dows or that the sam e b e de d u cted ou t of his The pos ition of schoo lmas ter eith er from his own n e glec t Sallary or the pars imon y of the au thor ities was at that p eriod an y th in g b u t an “ r en v iab le on e Apr il 23 d l 7 3 1 — Ord er e d tha t the Sallary allo w e d by n ew
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O L D YORKS HI R E
17 6
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the C orp oracon to Mr W ith ers for teach in g th e fre e Schoe ll of th is ’ r Town b e withdrawn un less y e s d M Withe rs shall agr ee to acce pt the
sum e of 3 0 p er annum for y e sam e Mr W ith ers appears to have h eld th e School about th ir ty y ears ( betw ee n 1 7 06 an d His s alary fluctuate d an d w as irre gular ly pa id accordingly as the Corpora tion e s tima ted the p erformance o f his duties b u t it n e v er e xc ee d e d £ 6 0 n um r an e p r — A ugus t 1 7 3 7 M B av ile w as th is D ay Elec te d School Mas r and it is ord ere d tha t he hav e a salary o f £ 5 0 a y ear d urin g y e ” pleasure of y e C orp erac on By another m inu te date d 1 7 3 8 it w as r e e Ord r d tha t ten pounds a y ear b e add ed to M Dav ile s sallary ” rd toward s the ma intena n ce Of an ush e r D e ce mber 1 7 42 3 r Ord er e d tha t M D av ile s salary b e taken off at Mar tinm as nex t he ” having n e glected the Schoo l Mr B avile probably obj ec te d to his ” salary being thus summar ily tak en off for the y e ar afterwards r — h appe are d on t e Cour tiers Orde re d tha t M Davile 14 March l 7 43 b e pa id his s ellary till M ar tinmas n ext as Sc hoo lm as te r wh e n he com es ov er to D oncas te r provid e d he the n d eliver up his L ice ns e as S hoo l m aster of Doncas ter and a lso the Free Schoo l th er e A lso tha t it b e adv er tize d in the news papers that the School is n e w vacant an d wants ” a proper Schoo l M as te r The R e v J ohn J ackson R ec tor o f Ross ing ton app eare d to have h eld the Schoo l a lmo s t as a s inecur e for at le as t four y ears af te rwards Th en the fo llow ing m inu te s occur in the Corpora tion books h Au g t 1 4 “ 27 7 7 The R ev R ich d C roac hley be in g th is d ay appo in te d Mas of th e G ram er Schoo l at Do n cas te r it is ord e r ed tha t he b e p d y e £ sum e Of 5 0 ye arly so lo n g a s he shall con tin u e Ma of y e s d Schoo l t and y he hav e an A dd itional Sallary of 20£ so soon as he S hall hav e 40 G rame r Scholars to b e con tinu e d so long as he shall have that number and he shall have y e n ext p s en tation of y e Of scho lars b ut n o lo n g e r ” R ec tory Of Ross in gton provided he b e a bona fi de Mas Of s ev enty G rammer Scho la rs six months be fore and at y e tim e y e R ec tory shall become vacant “ 23 N ov 1 7 47 — Ord er ed that Mr C roc hloy hold and enjoy y e acr e of land in C rimp sall be lon gin g to y e ffree Schoo l wh ich has b een ” t enjoy e d by the pr e ce d ing ma That acr e Of land or the gr ea ter por tion of it w as taken in 1 8 5 9 by the G r e at North ern Ra ilway C om pany on paym ent Of £ 1 05 which su m was inv es te d in 3 p er c ent conso ls and now h elps to make up the pres ent small endowment ( les s than £ 1 0 p er annum ) wh ich th e Schoo l poss es s e s I n answ er to re pe ate d complain ts of non r es idents the succe ss ive schoolmas ters appear e d to hav e r eplied thus F ind u s a hous e an d w e w ill re s id e in the town b u t w e cann o t afford to pay ren t an d d o the ” “ h t tu ition for the mon ey gr an te d J anuary 1 8 05 A ccord in gly 9 ”
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Corporatio d abou t acr s Th e
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O LD YORKS HI RE
178
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ach F orty B oys b i g th so s f Fr m th E glis h G rammar w riti g d accou ts gratis th B oys t b r comm d d by th M ayor or Co mmitt as s h all b h r aft r d t rmi d m i to th abo v S ch oo l s h all h v b 7 —Th at th B oys t b tak pr viously taught t r ad d sh all b f th g f ight y ars d shall co ti u u til th y r fourt y ars f g te
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That schem e was v ery im pe rfectly if at all carr ie d ou t for the “ h t Ju n e 1 8 22 — Ord ered that the School continu ed to de clin e 5 pre s en t s tate of the English Fr ee Schoo l b e r e fe rred to the School Comm ittee and that th ey do r epor t th eir opin ion as to the Of dis co ntinuin g the pr e se nt M as te r s Salary from e xp edi ency The month afte rwards ( J u ly 26 th 1 8 22) it w as J anuary “ fur th e r r e so lved that the English Fr ee Schoo l b e discon tinue d at r Chr is tmas n ext and that the r educed Salary n ow paid to M H obs on b e incr e as e d to on e hundr ed poun ds to e nable him to provid e an T e ach er to ins truct the s ons of Fr eem e n in the English t h — 1 2 I t l r t f t t r A 1 1 M 8 choo apar ha pu pos ga i n 7 s e t o a e S y app e ar ing manifes t that the I nhab itants Of Doncas ter will n ot ava il th e ms elv es of the English Free W r iting School for w hich the Corpora tion v o mn tarily pay £4 0 a y ear R E SOLVE D tha t the same b e th er efor e d iscontinu ed an d that the Corpor ation s su bscription b e only paid The Corpora tion mad e duri ng the co n tin uance Of the pr es ent y ear fr e qu ent alterations in th eir gran t and often thre a tene d to withdraw it altogeth er s ee ing little or n o res ult for th eir money At tim es the schoolmas te r Shu t the schoo l up for w eeks an d mon ths to g eth er indee d on s om e occas ions h e w as abs ent for n early the who le o f the te rm th i 0 A ugu t 1 8 3 1 — Th e R ev L J Hobson n ot having res id e d in s Doncas te r as he engaged to do and he n ever attend ing the schoo l for mon ths togeth er with the exc eption of a m er e colourable vis it to the School for shor t p er iods and at tim es r emo te from e ach o th e r and th e r e b eing n ot on e F ree S cholar in the Schoo l R e so lv ed that the voluntary allowance heretob efore mad e him by th e Corpo ration b e dis c ontinu ed The M aste r r etaliate d conte nding tha t the Corpora tion could n ot morally or legally w ith draw th eir gran t as th ey h eld property which had been left in trust for the Schoo l ; b u t such prope rty could n ot There w as n o evidence that the land s and th en b e c learly d efin ed te n em en ts d evis e d as b efore m en tione d had b een abs orbed by the Corpora tion b u t th ey appe ared for the mos t par t to hav e b een d iv er te d and los t through the action or n on ac tion Of individual trus tees o r agen ts Still much was said and r eiterate d from the mas ters point of vie w N ov 3 rd 1 8 28 the schoolmas te r in making his prote s t to the Corpora tion against the w ithdr aw al of his s tipe nd obs e rves Y ou hold in trust schoo l prope r ty under th e W ills of ce rta in r e sp ectable £ 3 5 w as G entle men and that so far back as the reign of Char les annually paid as th e R entag e of th is prop e rty which was advan ce d to I f the prope r ty was worth £ 5 0 £ 5 0 in th e tim e of Qu een A nn e upwar ds of on e hundr ed y ears ago would it n ot b e wor th £ 200 at pr es ent had the messuag es and T en e m ents b een k ep t in d u e pr es erv '
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D ONCA STE R G R AM MA R
C
S H OOL
17 9
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a tion M Ellis dev is e d tw o Tofts Of L an d wh ich if let on Leas e, as the leas es mus t hav e exp ir e d long s in c e would produce a fu r th er augm en tation r It o f I ncom e I n the W ill of M Ellis th er e is a r emarkable passag e is said the L ands and m essuag es d evis e d w er e for the I n crease of the I t c er tain ly implie d that th e Mas te r en joy e d Schoolmas ter s Stip end som e prev ious stip end ; and h er e I mus t expr ess my u n h esitating Op in ion that wh en ev er the D e ed is produced (and th er e mus t b e on e som e wh ere) r by which the first M Sy mk in son co n v eyed Saint Mary s Chap el to the Corporation for cer tain us es th e ins titution Of a G rammar Schoo l with L an ds to suppor t it will b e spe cially s tate d A fter the M un icipal A c t of 1 83 5 had b ecom e Op era tiv e the Cor r a i i n ot altog eth er ignor e th eir r espons ib ility to maintain the o t o n d d p “ d r J une 1 8 3 9 R eso lved that the firs t A c t of G rammar School 3 the Council after the R ev enu e is incr eas ed by th e s ettling [af ter sale] of the Ross in gton E s tate shall b e to add to the u tility of the G rammar School by affording gr eater accommodation to the pr es en t M as ter by in cr eas in g his salary n ot exceeding £ 80 a y ear an d by Offe rin g an Ex hib ition Of £ 5 0 to Scho lars procee di ng after thr ee y e ars tu ition at the School to Oxford C ambr idg e, or Durham to b e tenable three y ears by not mor e than three scholars at a tim e Th e Corporation to appo int th e Examin er and in d efau lt of th eir appo in tm en t the mas ter to appoint A mong the Corpora tion acc ounts I find under date Dec 3 1 s t 1 8 3 8 R ev H enry Cap e Quar ter Salary ( G rammar Schoo l) A lso “ May 8 th 18 3 9 R ev H Cap e for priz es at G rammar School £ 1 0 1 0s He succeede d M r H obson in 1 8 3 2 the la tter g en tleman having had grante d to him by the Corpora tion £ 120 to g ive up the appointment I n 1 8 3 9 s epara te r equis itions num erous ly s ign e d , from each ward Of the town w er e s en t in to the M ayor ask ing him to call a m eetin g “ to tak e in to cons idera tion th e gran t r e cen tly made to th e M as ter of th e G rammar Schoo l and the exhi b itions to th e U n iv ers ities which the unders ign e d freem en and burgess es cons id e r an u n called for an d extravaga n t A c t A ccordingly at a sp ecial m eetin g Of the Council to r econs ider the qu estion in accordance w ith the m emorial it was move d “ that the who le Of the R esolu tions pass e d by the Council r ela tive to th e G rammar Schoo l b e r e scind ed th is was carried *
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c ury do ayor Corpora o ab y as b as r qu y d ab qu ry kp u c sc oo as c o p agu sc o ars u o s c o a ab by s r su s sc oo as r r s o
ards a p s a b ad pos b ga o a a s c oo c d a s Cro co p ro r Qu a s rd a r c oo as y ar aj s y s r d par d c by r aso ou d r ou da g r cou d r sor b ar y a d d y a b roub s g x b o a roub s dd
F m th e l 6th en t wn w ttem t h v e een m e to im e u p on th e M an d ti n an O li ti n to m in t in th i S h l, w hi h li i li t h een f e en tl en ie ft, m t ll e to Sir J m e een “ E li z eth m s titu ted an en i w h en it w as h F h n we e t t T h e ee S l , , ’ t h w as con trn u d an d e t n til M id s u m er l t i n th e 25 e f r O H e M e t , e rei gn at w h i h tim e th e h l m h t e e t e n e, for t e e n h O f t e a I n fe ti n of th e l e no h l l , n eith e w ith t w n e l e t n t h1m A n d in e th e t w n h th een C l e l m en e , th e h v e n ot een le, reas on of th e e th e i it an d t le , to iv e an y e h i iti n to h lm te , n ei th e can b e till th e e t le are en e , forthey a re not an y way s b u nd to give a ny y early ex h ibition to a S choolmaster bu t 0 their ow n 00d wills and f g ” f or the love of virtue .
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O L D YO RKSHI RE
180
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I n 1 8 46 the Town H all w as tak en down to imp ro v e the m ark et ’ accommodation , wh en the Old Cloisters Of St M ary s Church , for tw o c enturie s and a half us e d for th e G rammar Sch ool, wer e des troy ed Th en for abo ut four years the acc ommod ation w as b u t temporary th 20 March , 1 8 49 , I t w as ord er ed tha t the s ite of th e N e w Municip al G rammar School b e at the back Of the Town H all, fac in g St G eor ge G ate , and that the outlay do not exce ed I n Aug us t Of the following y ear a tender for desks , amoun tin g to £ 1 08 w as acce pte d by the Corpora tion P revious to re Opening the Schoo l nam ely , in J un e , 1 8 48 , I t w as orda ine d tha t the Corporation e s tablish durin g pleasur e a Mun icipal Schoo l in Doncaster for impartin g a sound class ical an d ” c omm ercia l e duca tion , .
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a o fic Of H d Mast r b fill d duri g th l asur f th Corpora f o th U iv rsiti tio by a C l rk i H oly Ord rs b i g a graduat Th at th Salary f th H d M st r b £200 a y r t f w hic h h mu t fi d hi w H ous d pro vid hi Comm rc ial M a t r th Co rporatio pro vid i g th Sch oo l R oo m Th at th so s f B urg ss s d R sid ts b admitt d u d r p rop r r tri tio s t a sou d C lassica l d Co mm rc i l Ed uc tio paym t Of £1 l ac h quart r d t a sou d comm r ial duc tio p ym t Of 10 6d a lo quart r Th at oth r B oys r co mm d d by th Mayor f r th tim b M ayor d Corporati o b adm itt d t th b fit Of sou d comm“ rcial ducatio paym t f £1 1 5 a quart r It w ord r d th at th B orough Surv yor b r qu s ted to r port r sp ti g ligibl s it f r th propos d Sch ool It w ord r d th at th Sch ool C mmitt iss th ss ry ad v rti m ts d th at th y b r qu s t d t carry t th R solutio s Th t th e f
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v en und er those r egul a tions the Sc hoo l did n ot flou rish and A i n the Town S ix y e ars afte rwards 1 6 t h 8 5 u g u s t prop s d 1 4 i w e o t a s ( ) “ Council tha t the Schoo l he r emodelle d an d that the salary of the Mas ter do n ot e xcee d £ 1 00 tha t P r ize s b e gi v en by the M ayor an d that an Exh ib ition to on e of the U n iv e rs ities n ot e xc ee ding £5 0 b e I t w as g iv en to the sons of R es ident Fr eem en and sons of Burgess es “ mov ed as an am endm ent that the Schoo l b e disco ntinu ed on the first ” J an u ary n ext and that no tic e b e giv en to the Mas te r to tha t effec t On a divis ion th ere w er e ten for the am endment and four for the mo tion Thus end ed the G rammar School of Doncas ter und er the Old re gim e The n followe d s everal years of smou ldering disconte nt the chief inhab itants inwardly chafin g at th e prospect of los ing for ev er the pr e s tig e of th eir ancient G rammar School I t happ ene d about that tim e that the Rev C J Vaughan D D once a Schoolmas ter became vicar of Doncas ter and ad dr ess ed the following letter Bu t
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Vi rag
o cast r 1 ugus 1 6 2 A 8 7 t M y d ar M M ayor I h av r frai d u til thi s tim from calli g your att tio t th subj ct Of b caus I h op d th at a littl d lay might th G ramm ar Sc h oo l f r thi s To w r m o v som difficulti s b s tti g th ti Of it r co s truc tio as t b disappoi t d I m h appy t say th at th at h op This bu ildi g i t pr s t u tili d by th F r Library f D o cas t r e,
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182
OL D
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abov di r ctio Thi s r l sh all r ma i i forc so lo g as th a ual s p d Of £25 0 b paid by th Corporatio solv d also that th proposal f th To w Cou cil t Off r £25 0 p r a um f th Cou c il ) as additio t th M as t r s salary b ( duri g th pl asur ack owl dg d as a satisfactory d lib ral pro visio it b i g u d rstood by th Trus t s th at it i w ith ou t pr judic i th rt th ir rights or t y x is ti g Fu ds b lo gi g t th Sch ool J Vaugh a Ch (Sig d ) C h airma
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9 th May , 1 8 6 5 The C har ity Trus tees hav ing la id be for e the r i l i h i t Counc a corr espondence from wh c appears tha t M Forman Offers a piec e of L and n ear Chris t Chu ch , abou t tw o acr es , ly ing b etwee n Thorn e Road and the Town F ield , as a S ite for a n e w rammar School, on condition that a School of an ornam en tal char acter b e built, an d that Mr Sco tt ( th e late Sir ilbe rt Sco tt) b e the Arch itect, it w as r eso lv e d r tha t th e Cou n cil r ecord th eir gra titud e to M Forman for his g en erous Offer, and th eir willingn e ss (provid e d an add itional s u m b e rais e d from o th er sources ) to contribu te towards the contempla te d er ec tion a it be ing unders tood that the p rese nt schoo l and donation of * pre mis es r eve r t to the Co u ncil, and that the Council incur n o resp on s ib ility whatev er eith er in the er ec tion or th e futur e main tenanc e Of the Sc hooL I t w as propos e d as an am en M en t, That in the Opinion o f th is Counc il the s ite Of the pr es en t School is mor e eligi ble than th e s ite r offer e d by M Forman U pon a divis ion th ere appe ar e d twelv e for the ” mo tio n , and six for th e am en dm ent 21 st N ov , 1 8 65 I t was mov e d and s e co n d e d that the sum Of rammar Schoo l ) b e g iv en towards th e er ec tion of a n ew t m pay e n t to b e spr e ad ov e r tw o y ears ) ins te ad of the gran ed ( t a t a M e eting of the Counc il on the i 5 h A ugu s t las t, b u t in the sam e te rms and conditions On a divis ion ther e w er e four teen in favour Of the motion , and four in favour of the r e solu tion of Mr Forman , in addition to his gran t of a site , emphas iz ed the s u bscr iptions by a don ation of th e lis t ultimately amo u nting to n e ar ly This s u m was exp end ed within the limits of the ex is ting building The firs t mas ter appo inted unde r th e n ew regime w as the R ev William Gu rn ey , M A , who conducte d the School with eflicien cy and success for nearly tw enty years After the election of his succ essor complaints aros e that th e fee s of th e rammar School w er e much lower than th e av erag e of thos e charg e d in s im ilar ins titu tions , and inad e qua te to main ta in the pr es en t te achin g powe r The Charity Trus te es at on e of th eir m eetings R esolv e d that a Comm ittee b e appo in te d , cons is ting r — Of th e follow ing g entle m en Th e Chairman ( M Walke r ) , the R ev
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D O NCASTE R G R AMM A R S CHOOL
1 83
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t r i h v Canon Wr ght, t e R e Canon Brock, M Morris , an d M Rob ert Stockil, to r epr es ent to the Corpora tion the pr es ent anxious pos ition of the ramm er Schoo l, in r eferen ce to its r eceipts from scholars and to state th e Opin ion of the Trus tees that a cer tain addition should b e made to the fe es Of boys w ithin th e borough , in th e tw o d epar tm ents r esp ectively , tog ether with the sugges tion that co n sider ing the pay men ts in o ther like schools in orkshir e, £ 1 0 and £ 6 r esp ectiv ely m igh t b e a r easonable charge in futur e in th e tw o d epar tm en ts , r e qu es ting ” the Op in io n of the Corporation upon the subj ec t This r esolu tion had the appearanc e Of p utting the onus o f a ch ange upon the Corpora tion F ive days afterwards the Council in Committee again met, wh en it was unanimously r eso lve d ( thr ee m embers pr es ent b ein g Charity Trustees r emain ing neutral) that th e Trustees b e inform e d that th e Corporation are n ot prepared to concur in any d eparture from the ” existing sch em e .
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JOH N T OML I N SON
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AN OLD
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I N the last d ecade of the s ev enteenth c entury , a v ery earn es t effor t was made from L on don as a centr e to es tablish Char ity Schoo ls for th e poor er class es throughou t the cou ntry Fr ee Grammar Schools — that is schools in which the re was no limit on th e education offer ed — had b ee n es tablish ed h er e and th er e , for th e b en efi t of th e u pp er and middle Class es , b u t it b eing felt tha t som e thing was r e qu ire d for a low er class , a v ery earn es t e ffort was mad e to supp ly the want The firs t two such schools , to supply th is n ewly - felt ’ wan t, w er e establish ed at Norton Folgate , in L ondon , an d St Margaret s Wes tmin s ter , the Parish Church of th e House of Commons From thes e b eginnings the work w en t on apace, an d in order to encourag e o th ers to continu e an d extend th e good work , a roll of such schoo ls was publish e d in 1 7 04, by w hich time as man y as fifty four had b een Th er e wer e also man y others , though spars ely e s tab lish e d in L ondon scattered in var ious par ts of th e coun try , b u t the roll do es n ot contain the nam e of a s ingle such schoo l for the poor , in eith e r N orthu mb er land , Cumb erland , Durham or Y orkshire W ith in a few y ears , however , a Char ity Schoo l was es tablish ed in Pontefract, by favour of a Singul ar success ion of circumstances Durin g the C ivil W ar, th e an cient Parish Chu rch by turn s fell into th e hands of bo th par ties , and by turns attacked by each , was r educed to a h eap of ruin s , and dur in g th e n ext h alf c entury , th eir app earance s tirr ed up the h ear ts of many to do som eth ing to r estor e the fallen building For various r easons , all e fforts failed, as indeed did on e made by William , s econd Earl of Strafford , ( die d who amon g o th er pious b eques ts gave to the town the sum of tw o hundr ed pou n ds towards its r epair , b ut four teen y e ars elap s ing , and th er e b eing n o likelihood Of the rep a irs .
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O LD YOR KS HI RE
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b eing u nd ertaken the r e s iduary lega tee of the Ear l is H onour Wentwor th paid the amoun t of the legacy to the P onte fract Co rporation on r ec eiv ing from th e m an und e rtak ing to ma in tain a Sc h oo l or W ork hou s e with the in tere s t until the money was r e q uir ed forth e r e building This w as in 1 7 09 The poss ess ion of this mon ey s tim u late d th e fr iends of educa tion in the town and th ey ra ise d by vo luntary subscriptio ns a sum of about £ 6 00 to purchase lands as an endowm en t fo r the propose d ins titu tion whi ch amoun t h as s in ce been adde d to from tim e to tim e till th er e is n ow an incom e of £ 1 21 from prop er ty W h en the Schoo l establish ed by the s e m e ans w as actually founde d is n ot qu ite clear , b u t it w as c ertain ly establis h e d o r be ing es tablish ed in 1 7 1 1 for on 3 oth October Of th at y ear w e find an order Of the Pon te fract Corporation “H
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pr s ayor do mak w arra t t som p rso d coll c o boats th t pass d r pass O th riv r w h w ill tak d T m pl Hur t A d th at if Air b twixt K o tti gl y y p rso r fus t i i sa m a h rso so o m i a d d a o i t d d t ra f r sa m h t h t h t t t t p y pp p A d th t ft r th sam i A d tha t h b i d mm fi d by th t w f r so d m g fix d d s ttl d th sam sh all b gra t d by l as t such p rso i Tr s t th h all a poi t t a g rall To w s m ti t b h l d f r tha t p Tow d d go t th p h Of th Ch arity hOOl Of th at th pro t th r o f b Po t fract afor said Th t Mr
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Of cours e this a tte mpt to e nforce an Old char te r priv ile ge long Obsolete , faile d ; b u t I quo te the Ord e r as showin g the e xis te nc e of a Ponte fract Charity Schoo l s o e arly as 1 7 1 1 , when also a set o f Ru le s for the manage m ent of the schoo l w as agreed to by th e subscribers a contemporary copy Of which is s till in ex is tence A subs tan tial b equ es t w as v e ry shor tly made to the fun ds Of the ins titution by Mrs Doro thy Fran k , s is te r to Rob er t Frank , the r ecorde r , w h o by will da te d 29 th M arch , 1 7 28 , and prov e d 30th A ugust, 1 7 29 , d evis ed to h er bro the r Rober t Frank , icholas Torr e , and the Rev J ohn Drak e, the s um Of £ 100, to b e pa id by here xecu tor , within twelv e months after her d ece as e , upon th e spec ial trust, -
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y sh oul d l y t d dispos Of th said £100 i purch as f la ds d shilli gs r a um t f th said d th ir h irs s h ou l d m ploy th at th y r t f r th b fit d adv a t g f th poor chil dr th C h arity Sch l i Po t fract afor said th r st d r sidu f th issu s d profi ts t b m ploy d d s ick p rso s d b s to w d y arly abou t th tim Of C h ris tm as am o g suc h ag d d th ir h irs s h all thi k fi t Of Po t frac t as h r trus t s Of th said tow “ Th t th e
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firs t and for a long time the tru s te es e ducated and cloth e d twenty four boys and tw elv e gi r ls and the bu ildin g or iginally us ed for b u t wh en th e purpos e s ee ms to hav e su ffi ce d for abo ut s e v en ty y ears in 1 7 7 9 Mrs Dods wor th gav e to th e school a legacy of £ 6 0 it w as r esolv ed that the mon ey should form the nucleus of a school building fund To Mrs Dodsworth s le gacy was added £ 27 1 0s , the procee ds an d th e of th e sale Of som e wood at C u tsy k e b elonging to the schoo l amount thus rais ed togeth er w ith the ordinary excess of income ov er exp enditur e , and £ 1 8 re ceiv e d to boo t in an exchan e of lands , enab led g At
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Y orksh ire are a bran ch of the D evons hir e family of that nam e w h ich produce d Sir Francis the famous Th ey s ettle d in the nor th e rn coun ty Elizab ethan N avigator b efore the reign of Edward I and are distin gu ish e d for the numbe r o f e minent literary men th ey hav e give n to the world mos t illus trious hav ing been Francis the H is torian of Y ork Thomas Drake o f Shib den H all temp H enry V I I I had a of
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manor o f K ildwick in Crav en wh ich th ey sold in the follo w ing reign to the Curr er fam ily H e had issu e— W illiam G ilbe r t H umphr ey and I sabella W illiam his eldes t son had issu e — four sons and four daugh te rs of whom Nathan the s econd son w as a Cap tain in the Royalis t army duri ng the C ivil W ar and w as on e of th e d efend ers — f l i t h i e 1 44 Pon frac Cas dur ng e s g o 6 5 of which h e left a t t e e te of narrative in manuscr ipt which his d esce ndant the Rev Franc is Drak e V icar of Pontefrac t pr es en ted to Boo throyd for incorpo r ation in his “ Th e mos t his tory Of that to w n I n his pr eface Boothroyd wr ites valuab le communication the au thor r eceiv ed was from th e R ev F Drake This w as th e MS journal of the Siege wro te at the tM e by his ances tor Capt Drake and wh ich has b een carefully pre s erve d in the family By th e aid Of this valuab le M S th e h is tory of th e Sie g e is mor e par ticular ” The R ev and inte resting than it could possibly o therwis e have b een h is s on w as Vicar o f Pontefract and R e c tor Of Samu el D D H emsworth ( q v in fra ) H e was born in 1 6 23 and died in 1 6 7 9 an d had issu e Francis and Samu el D D ( q v inf ra ) The R ev Francis his eld es t s on who d ie d in 1 7 1 9 w as educate d at St J ohn s Colleg e Cambridg e , and gradua te d B A 1 6 7 4 an d M A
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TH E D R AKE
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He was Vicar Of Ponte fract 1 6 7 8 - 1 7 1 9
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R ec tor of
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and Preb endary of War thill 1 6 8 8 1 7 1 3 P ay ler, of Y ork h e had By his firs t wife H ann ah daugh ter of Vicar of Pontefract 1 7 1 9 1 7 42 and issu e —the R ev J oh n D D Preb en dary of H olme Archiepiscop i 1 7 1 5 1 6 — 1 7 42 By h is s eco n d wife Elizab eth daugh ter Of J ohn D ixon of Pontefract h e had issu e th e R ev Samu el D D R ector of Tr eeton ( q v in fra) and Francis the H is torian of York Francis M D his third s on had issu e by Mary daugh ter of J ohn Woody eare Of Crookb ill the R ev F rancis D D and the Rev W illiam Vicar Of I sleworth ( q v in fra) The R ev Fra n cis D D h is eldest son who die d in 1 7 9 5 was Vicar Of St M ary s B ev erley 1 7 6 7 17 9 1 R ec tor of Win es tead H old ern ess By his wife daughter of 1 7 7 5 1 7 9 5 and L ec tur er of Pon tefract Joshua Wilson Of Po n tefract he had issu e the R ev F rancis R ector of W alkington near B everley Fran cis D rake M D son of the R ev F rancis Drak e R ector Of H ems w or th n ear P ontefract by Elizab eth daughter of J ohn D ixon his s econd wife was born at H ems w orth in 1 6 9 5 married Mary daughter of J ohn Woody eare of Crookbill n ear Doncaster and had issu e th e R ev Francis D D Vicar Of St Mary s B ev er ley etc and H e died in 17 7 1 and was burie d the R ev W illiam Vicar of I s lewor th in St Mary s B ev erley wh er e his m emorial tablet may s till b e s een in th e north a is le of the nav e wh er e a fin ely chis elled n ich e was c u t away to make room for it H e w as electe d F ellow of the Society of An tiquaries and of th e Royal Society in 1 7 3 5 b u t w ithdr ew from the latter in 1 7 69 for som e un explain e d r eason I n e ar ly life h e practis e d as a phys ician in Y ork b u t afterwar ds abandon ed the profession and devo ted h ims elf entir ely to literary and antiquarian pursuits in th e cours e of which h e r eared to his m emory a lastin g m emor ial in th e gr eat work of his life the Eboracum I n the ye ar 1 7 45 h e espous e d the caus e of th e Pr etend er , b u t was a J acobite in private an d co n versa tion only n ev er making a public d e mo n s tration Of hi s s en tim en ts or takin g any ac tiv e part wha te v er in the r eb ellio n H e was a c on temporary of G ent the eccentric Y ork books eller and a fellow hi s torian of Y ork whom h e b efriende d on many o ccas io n s Wh en H onorary Surgeon Of the Y ork County Hospital he carefully ten d ed him wh en su ffer ing from a painf u l d is eas e which Gen t gra tefu lly ” “ ackn owledges in his Prologu e to J an e Shor e r eferring to him as a gentleman whom I hav e r eason to e s teem for his gr eat humanity to me when an ou t patient of the County H ospital by which I happily foun d ” in expr ess ible r elie f H e a lso assis te d him p ecun iarily wh en in adv ers e circums tances towar ds the en d Of his life and procure d for him a small annu ity from Allen s charity of which h e was on e of the tr us tees G en t publish ed his H istory of Y ork fi v e years b efore the app earanc e of D rake s H istory I n th e pr efac e he with gr e at modes ty r e fers to th e “ proj ecte d H is tory and sup er ior ability of the Doctor H e says hav in g -
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O LD Y ORKS HI RE
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my ma ter ials almos t ready I c ommunicated my d esign to a learn ed g en tleman ( Dr D ) des irin g hi s ass is tance w ho to my gre at b u t ple as in g surpr is e had ano th er though far more e xten siv e as h is capac ity is sup erior Yet without examin in g much furth er the di sagr eement is p erceive d in the pr ice ade quate to the larg eness th er eof which in d isputab ly will b e acc ep table to the gr eate r sort ( as k now ing the ability of that ingen ious person ) wh en the world w ill b e oblige d with it wh ile in the m e an tim e th is little p iece may g ently b e disp ers e d b e agr eeable in its kind as a pocket companion and look ed upon as a n er of an infin itely mor e nob le pe rformance r r un e p H e S p en t many y ears of his life in making r es earch es and collectin g mater ials for th e ma gnifice nt work with which his nam e is connected and spar e d n o pains to r ender it as complete as poss ible I t is tru e tha t it conta ins som e e rro rs , which hav e b ee n corr ecte d by subs e qu ent discoveries and the pa ins takin g r ese arches Of later TOp o s and by th e r ev ela tions of au th or itativ e M SS , which have be en r h r a e g p brought to light s inc e its publication ; b u t s eein g that it was the firs t work on Y ork h istory excep tin g the small h istory from th e p en of G ent it is a wonderful monumen t of indus try and application in the co ll ection of the mater ials and Of literary an d an tiquar ian skill in the compilation I ts title runs thu s : “ E boracu m or th e His tory an d An tiqu ities of the C ity of York from its to th e pre s en t tim e : togeth er w ith th e H istory of th e Cath e dral C h urc h ori th e li v e s of th e Arch bis h ops Of th at See fro m th e first in troductio n of an C hristianity in to the Northern p arts of this I slan d to th e p resen t state an d con Colle cted from au th en ti c man uscri pts P u b h c ditio n of th at m agn i fic en t Fabri c In tw o B ooks by Fran cis R ecords A n c ie n t C hron icle s an d M od e rn H is torians a member of th e Soc iety of An tiquaries D rak e of th e C ity of Y ork G en t t o g
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1 , 1 73 6
orm a s rvat ca d m — O id M t lib x v auth or M D CCXXXVI D dicat d t E rl Of B urli gt A ugus t L o do
N ee m n et u t fu erat, n ee f S ed t m n i e e m est
a o psa ad r f r th L o do ; pri t d b W B O d B oyl th R ight H o oura 1 Sir Ri n
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The work w as publish e d in folio , wit h a portrait of the au thor , 6 0
plates and 5 3 woodcuts in the letterpr ess : at 5 G uin eas large pap er and 2 G u ineas small pap er He w as al so the compiler in conjunction with C aes ar W ard the Y ork Pr inter of The Par liam enta ry and Cons titu tional H is tory of 24 vo ls L ondon 1 7 5 1 6 2 En g lan d from the earlies t tim e to 1 6 6 0 and th e con tr ibutor of s ev eral P ap ers on Antiquar ian and H is toric al subj ects to th e Philosop hi cal Trans ac tions of the Royal Society ,
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Arch aeologia, etc The R e v Micha el Drak e , N on con formist Min is ter , born at Bra df ord died p ost 1 6 8 7 He was e ducate d at e ar ly in th e 1 7 th c en tury Cambridg e , wh ere he d istin guish ed hims elf in ebr ew Scho larsh ip I n 1 6 45 6 he was pr es en te d to the R e c tory Of P ickworth , Co u n ty L inco ln , wh er e b e discharg e d his du ties faithf ully and assiduously, until he w as S ilenc ed by the A ct o f Un iformity in 1 6 62, wh en he r etir ed to F ulnec k ,
th e
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O LD Y ORKS HI R E
19 0
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h is torical illustrativ e of the Tatler Sp e cta tor and G uard ian 2 vols 1 8 05 2n d e dition 1 8 1 2 Essays etc illus trative of the Rambler {A dv enture r } I dler etc 2 vols 1 809 The Gle aner 4 ‘ vols 1 8 1 1 ; Shakespe ar e and h is T im es 2 vo ls 1 8 1 7 , pub lish e d at W inter Nights 2 vols 1 8 20 ; Evenin gs in Au tumn tw o gu in eas ; ‘ ‘ 1 828 ; Memor ia ls of 2 vo ls 1 8 22 ; Mornings in Sp ring 2 vo ls Shak e sp ear e 1 8 28 ; H e le f t a lso in M S a s elec te d v ers ion of th e Psalms with N o te s and illus trations Portrait published The R ev Samu el Drak e D D a s on of Cap ta in Nathan Drak e au thor of the narrative of the Sie g e of Pontefract born 1 620 die d 1 6 7 9 e ducate d at St J ohn s Colle ge Cambridge o f which he bec am e a F ellow b u t w as expelle d dur ing the Puritan Ru le U pon th is he too k a commiss ion in th e Royalist A rmy and s erv e d at P onte frac t Newark and els ewh er e r ema ine d in s eclusion dur in g the Pro tec tora te and at H e w as crea te d S T P th e R e s to ra tion r esum e d his clerical functions for literas R egias in 1 6 6 2 in cons ideration of his loyalty and w as pr e ferr e d to the living o f Pon tefrac t in 1 6 6 1 the R ectory of H ems wor th , and th e Preb end of N orman ton Sou th w ell in 1 6 7 0 wh ich latte r o ffice he r e s ign ed the fo llow ing y e ar H e had iss u e a s on Francis w ho succee ded him as Vicar of Ponte fract 1 6 7 9 1 7 1 9 H e publish e d a s ermon The C ivil D eacon s Sacre d P ow er Romans xiii 6 L ondon “ and e dited The W or k s of J ohn C leveland con ta ining his Po ems Orations etc with a life of the au thor by J L (ake ) and S D ( rake ) L ondon C lev eland was his tu tor at Cambr idge and his intimate in afte r life P ortra it en grav e d by Birrel 1 8 07 ; r epublish ed 1 8 1 2 w ith a differ ent lette ring The R ev Samu el Drake D D R ec tor of Tr eeton n ear Ro th erham born at H emsworth 1 6 2 of wh ich plac e his fa th e r th e Rev Franc is Drak e was R ec tor d ie d 1 7 5 3 at T r eeton wh er e h e was bur ie d H e was the younger bro th e r of F rancis Drake the H is tor ian of Y ork ; e duca te d at St J ohn s Co lle g e Cambr idg e wh e r e h e gradu a te d R A 1 7 07 ; M A 1 7 1 1 ; B D 1 7 18 ; D D 1 7 24 ; V icar of Treeton 1 7 28 1 7 5 3 ; V icar Of H o lm e upon Sp ald ing Moor 1 7 3 3 1 6 5 3 ; w hich liv ing he had a lic ens e to ho ld in conjunction w ith Tr ee ton H e was a man of gr e at le arning and controv ers ial ab ility and mainta in ed a d ispu te for som e tim e with th e R ev T W ag stafl a N on j u rin g clergym an A u thor of Vin o E u ch aristic o a qua n on n ecessarie admisc en da Co n cio hab itae ad ’
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Te m p le B M iae C an tab rigiae Ad T W t ff, E i t l , in
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L n n, n i h ab itae le m d efen d itu r n, n on n e e ie li i E u ch aristico admisc en d a L n C an tab rigioe d e 1 7 24 nt A ra I n t D e e n i l e m (A t vii 22 , E di te i li Siv e li etc B alth az aris C astilion is mit L ib iv, d e L n n, ’ A h i h ke D e A n tiqu itate B it n n ias E le iae et p rivilegiis E le iae C an tu aren sis, c u m A rch iep isc op is e Of th e igin l em 7 0 F 01 1 7 29 e iti n in te li h e in 1 5 72, it is i 22 ie nl we e e
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ags a ps oa qua Co c o aqua c ssar ca c g oo Co c o ad C ru csx Ca ab d Co o cur a o do rc b s op Par r s r a cc s cc s jusd d o pub s d sa d cop s o y r pr d .
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ad C ru o do au co
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The R ev th e
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William Drake M
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A, w as ano th er hims elf in his leisur e mom ents to ,
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m emb er of antiquarian
D RAK E
TH E
19 1
F AM I L Y
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H e was the s econd son of Francis Drak e au thor of pursuits ” Eboracum by his wife M ary Goody eare H e was born at Y o r k in 171 was e ducated at St J ohn s College Cambridge an d d ie d in 1 8 01 wher e he grad uated R A 1 7 3 0 and M A 1 7 34 and was pr eferr ed to the R ectory of F elstead Coun ty E ss ex ; afterwar d s b ecoming Vicar of I slewor th Au thor of ,
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On th e i in of the w R m n e —A rchteologia iv 1 42 1 7 7 5 O e v ti n on tw o R m n St ti n in E e ; ae -om ago an d C an on ia
or g ord o a c bs r a o s o a a o s ss x C sar I b v 13 7 O th origi Of th E glis h L a guag I b v 3 06 “ Ih Furth r r marks th origi f th E glis h L a gua A accou t f so m disco v ri s i th C hurch f B r t rto Y ork h ir d r lics f th sk irmis h th r I b i 253 Obs r v atio s th d riv atio f th E glis h L a guag I b i 332 1 7 89 ”
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Por trait publish ed engrav ed by Bromley Th e R ev W illiam Drake M A of K ing s Colle g e Cambridg e chaplain to Charles Talbot 8 th B aron B lan ey and R ector of Fu ll Su tto n n e ar Pocklington pub lish e d A Sermon pr e ach ed at H a tfi eld on Su n day Octob er the 4th 17 45 on occasion of th e pr es en t troubles at hom e and abroad D edicate d to Thomas L ord Arch bishop of York ; Thomas E arl of M alton L ord Lieutenant ; H enry L ord Viscount Do w n e William Simpson Esq and the r est of the D epu ty Lieutenants of the W est R iding of th e County of Y ork Y ork ,
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F R ED K R oss
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TH E R OU N D ELL S OF TH E R oun dells
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G LE D ST ON E
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in flu e ntial Scr ev e n
and county family w ho w ere form erly s eated at Scr ev en near Knaresborough b u t latterly have b een s eate d at Gle ds tone in Crav en J O H N R OUN D E LL of Scr even living temp H enry V I marr ie d J ane daughter of Thomas Cok e of York H is great gran dson R I C H A RD R OU N D E LL living in the r eigns of H enry V I I and H enry V I I I had issu e, J ohn his h eir an d Chris toph er , great grand father of W illiam R ou n dell of M ars ton and H utton Wansley in Yorkshire who is n ew repres ented by his d escendants Earl Of H arewood and L ord Wenlock J OH N R OU N D E LL of Screven married Margar et daughter of W illiam Sill and was succeede d by his son Marmad uk e R oun dell of Scr ev en who marr ie d in 1 5 5 8 J an e daugh ter of Thomas L owe b u t dyin g issu eless was succeede d by his bro th er W ILLI A M R OUN D E L L who died in 1 5 8 2 and w as succeeded by his eld e s t son W ILLI A M R OU N D E L L This g entleman w as a j uror of a pr e s en t m ent at th e Cas tle Of Knar esborough and was swor n b efore Sir Oliv er Cr omw ell M as ter Of H is High n ess s game Sir W m F leetwood Knt are
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O L D YOR KS HI R E
19 2
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Sir H en ry Slingsby , and Sir W m and R ichard H u tton , Serj eant I ngleby , D epu ty Stewards Ste ward of the H ous e and Man or of Kn ar e sborough M r Roun dell marrie d in 1 5 9 1 , Elizabeth Ligh tfoo t, and had W illiam ( who died w ithout is su e) , P eter , J ohn , and o th e r iss u e H e w as succee d e d by his s e cond son , P E TE R R OU N D E LL , Of Screv en , w ho le ft a son , P ete r , w ho died w ithou t is su e , wh en he w as succ eeded by his un cle JOH N R OU N D E LL , w ho marr ied M ar ia W ad e in 1 63 5 , an d had , with o th er issu e , William , his heir He died 1 65 7 , an d w as succ ee de d by his eld e s t s on , W ILLI AM R OU N D E LL , of Screven born in 1 63 6 , marrie d A nn e, daugh te r of Thomas Brown , of P olesp rin g , in the county of Y ork , by whom he had tw o sons an d a daughter— P eter , w ho died 1 6 8 3 , in the lifetime Of his fa th er , an d W ILLI AM R OU N D E LL , Of Screven, born in 1 66 6 He married Ellen , Oddy , Of K irby M alz eard , b u t by her had n o issu e H e daugh te r of marrie d s econdly J an e , daugh te r and coh e iress o f L aur enc e Danson , Of Sprin g H ous e, in the par ish Of H ar tw ith , and had by her four sons and tw o daughters The fourth son , D A N S O N R OU N D E LL, e spous e d in 1 7 3 9 Ellen , daughte r and h eir es s o f Chris toph er H artle y , of M arte n in Crave n , by whom h e ac qu ir ed that The H artleys Ob tain ed th eir Marte n proper ty from th e e sta te Gleds ton es by the marr iage , in 1 6 6 2, of An thony H ar tley to Ellen , daugh ter of Francis G leds tone , of Marte n , and e v entually h eir to her grand neph e w , W alter G le ds tone He died 1 7 7 0, and w as succeeded by his elde s t son , R I C H A R D R OU N D E L L , of Marte n Th is g e ntleman c omm ence d the e r e ction of th e mans ion of G le ds ton e , b u t died b efor e its comp le tion Gleds tone H ous e w as completed by his broth er an d su ccessor, Th e Rev W ILLI AM R OU N D E L L , Of G leds ton e H ous e H e marr ied in 1 7 7 5 Mary , you n g e s t daugh te r of the R ev H e nry R ichardson , A M , R ector of Thor nton , and grand d augh ter of R ichard R ichardson , of B ierley , in the County of Y ork , by whom he had issue R ichard H enry , his he ir ; William H artley , born in 1 7 8 0, w ho assum e d in 1 7 8 6 the surname of C urrer , upon succe edin g to the for tune and acquired es tate s The of h is mate rnal uncle , J ohn Curr er , of K ild w ick and B ierley s ettle d e s tate s Of J ohn C u rr e r w e r e inh e r ite d by his gr e at nie ce , M iss France s Mary R ichardson Curr er , w h o died 1 8 6 1 , and le ft the e s ta tes of Kildwick and B ie r ley to th e pr es en t Sir Matth ew W ilson , Bart , of W illiam H artley Currer d ie d 1 801 , wh en his Currer estates Eshton pass ed to his broth er , Dan son Richardson, M A , born in 1 7 8 4, w h o th e n took the surnam e of C urr er W ith o the r issu e , the above R ev W illiam R ou n dell, of Gle dston e , had a daughter , Doro th e a R ichardson, who marr ie d in 1 8 1 0 the R e v W illiam J ocelyn Palmer , M A , R ec tor Of M ixbury , in Ox fordsh ire , and h ad , with o th e r issue , R oun dell P almer, born 1 8 1 2, now E arl of Selborn e and Lord H igh Chancellor
H is Maj es ty s Surveyor ’
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YO RK SH I RE REM O TE H I STO RY
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THE A B OR I G I N ES OF Y OR KS HI R E
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EF OR E w e
com e to spe ak Of the Abor iginal in hab itants of the gre a t county of Y ork or of the k ingdom Of wh ich it forms so large and im por tan t a divis ion it will b e n e ce ssary to make som e gen e ral obs e rva tions on wha t may b e n ot in ap p ro iately te rm e d the s econd adv en t Of the human rac e All trad itional and r ecord e d his tory po in t to C en tral A s ia as cradle of ou r spec ie s after th e D eluge as the founta in h e ad from wh ich all the nations of the world hav e d esc ende d Wh e n th e e ar th was r en ew ed , and the family of the pa tr iarch N oah s tepped ou t of th e A rk in safety th ey are suppos e d to hav e mad e th eir hom e in th e Valley of Shinar n ot far from A rara t wh er e the ark r este d and upon wh ich mount as has r e cently b ee n r eporte d a r emn ant Of tha t s tructur e h as b een discov ered From tha t tim e honour ed vale spran g Noah b ecame a husband the prog enitors of all the nations of the g lobe man and planted a vineyard and h is thr ee sons Sh em H am and J ap heth— doub tless fo llow e d his example An d th ey increase d an d mu ltiplie d and th eir descendan ts populated the earth F or centu ries confus ion at Ba b el the p eople Spok e b u t on e languag e b u t af ter its the var iou s familie s or tr ib es were forc e d to s eek s ettlem en ts over d ifferent par ts of the world N imrod of the family of H am settled on the Euphra te s wh er e h e bu ilt th e famous city of Babylon ; A ssur of the fam ily Of S h em s ettle d on the T igr is and bu ilt N in e v eh and Elam procee d e d to the E ast and from him cam e the Of th e sam e fam ily M e d es and P ers ians The tribe ortr ibe s of Jap heth gav e in hab itants to what is now kno w n as Europ e I t w as along the banks of th e gre at As iatic r ivers and Of the N ile tha t the e arlies t c ities wer e built and th e capitals of the earlies t emp ires establish e d I n cours e of time th ese ,
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A B OR I
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Y ORKS HI RE
19 5
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r eceived var ious d es ignations S uch as the C eltic the Tuetonic I t is p erhaps n e edless to s tate that wh ils t for the Sc lav on ic etc c entur ies wh en the whole of the We s t of Europ e was in a state of barbar ism th ere were many gr eat an d pow erfu l emp ir es in the Eas t an d tha t w h ils t Europe was cov er e d w ith for es ts and inhab ite d by wild trib es of barbar ia ns the A s ia tics dw elt in Sple ndid Cities wh er e le arning flour ishe d the ar ts w er e cultivate d wher e the p eople w er e surroun de d by all the elegancies of life and wh ere they supported th eir Opulence by an extens ive comm erce For hundr eds of y ears after the disas trous failur e of the Tow er of Bab el sch em e w e find wave after wave of popu lation s etting ou t from their e as tern hom e and pursuing th eir long journ ey towards the s etting su n b u t it is n ot known with c er tain ty at what p er iod the grea t G allic wav e firs t set in upon the w estern r egions of the world Th er e are good r easons however for concluding that it had ov erfl ow n a great part of th e co n tin en t of Eu rop e fully a thousand y ears b efor e th e Christian era and it is believ e d that n ot long after this date the firs t i e m igran ts b egan to pass ov e r from G au l France t t h s cou n try th en o ( ) calle d Albin — a nam e though t to have b een give n to the is land from h l l l i i i cha k c ffs wh ch i t pr s e n d t t h v w of h p op e e t e o e e e t e e t Alb inn or Albion is the G allic term for on the Opposite coas t white island The n ew com ers to Albion b ecam e known as Britons a “ word d erive d from the G allic B rit which s ignifi es the d ivid e d or s eparate d — an idea natu ral enough to th e native s of the Contin ent when Speak ing of our isla nd V irgil in h is firs t eclogu e calls ou r n ztu s toto d ivisas orbe B ritan n os e an ces tors th e Britons qu ite p ” s eparated from th e whole world Thus it would app ear that the nam e of Br iton which is now given to the is land was originally applied to its inhabitants The nam e of the first civilis ed man w ho is r ecorde d to hav e had any d e alings here is Midacritu s, doubtless a Phoenician s ea cap ta in or merchan t from Tyr e or Sidon who cam e to the sou th wes tern en d of Britain to the par t now calle d Cornwall for tin That Cornish terr itory was known to abound in tin from a p eriod long ante c eden t to the time of wr itten h is tory , and th e Ph oenicians and th eir k insm en and colonis ts th e C arthagenian s continu ed for many ce nturies to carry on the British tin tr ad e which M idacritus had commenc ed We have the authority of Pliny and of L app enb erg for this fact The impor tance of this comm erce may b e es tima te d to som e exten t by consid er ing tha t by far the greater part of th e m etallic implem ents an d works of art of the A ncien ts were made of bronz e and that tin — the chief ingr e d ient o f that composite — was found in v ery few par ts of th e world and no w h er e also so abundan tly as in the south wes tern par ts of our is land W e kn ow on th e authority of the B ible that th er e w er e in the Ph oenician “ i t i e c s of Tyre and Sidon men cunning to work in gold Silve r , brass an d iron and that th ese gr ea t artifi cers were e mp loy e d in the cons tru e tion of the T emple of J eru salem— hence it is not u nr e asonable to l S e O e p p
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O LD YORKS HI RE
19 6
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suppos e that the British min e s mainly su pplied the glor ious adornm en t o f So lomon s T emple ; and tha t h e nce als o ca m e th e c hie f ma te r ial o f th e armour of the kin g s an d ch ieftains of h ero ic G reece F o r the bette r unde rstand ing of th is it is n eces sary to s tate that it is the Opin ion of le arn ed pe rsons tha t the Scr iptur al an d c lass ical words usually trans lated ” “ brass wou ld mor e properly b e rend er ed bronz e Brass w hich is a m ix ture of C opper and zinc w as less e ar ly kn own by the An cien ts than bronz e which is a mix tur e Of C oppe r an d tin The P hoen ic ians , found Brita in in habite d by a comp ar atively savage race to w h ich th ey wou ld hav e n ece ssarily to teach the art of working in metals an d many o ther m eans and appliance s of c iv iliz ed life I t may n ot b e known to som e of the le s s le arn e d of ou r r ead er s tha t the coun try of the Ph oen ician s w as s itua ted on the shor e of th e Med ite rran ean betw een Syr ia and J ud ea an d that Tyr e and Sidon , the mos t eminent of th e ir citie s w ere of gr eat antiqu ity though n ot so old as Baby lon or N ine v eh or the earlie s t c ities of the Nile Tyre w as for many c en tur ie s the V e nice o f the a n c ien t world and the u n disp u ted Queen of the Me d ite rran e an and it had long monopo lis ed the co as ting trad e of the nations beyond the Pillars of H erc ules — Gibraltar an d C e u ta I t is wor thy of r emark that b efor e the d iscov ery of the m ar in e rs compass all nav iga tion w as conducted on the p rin c iple of a lways wh en poss ible k eep in g w ith in s igh t of the co as t h e nce the Old voyag er from Tyre to B ri ta in had a gr e ater dis tance to sail ov er than the mod ern voyage r from England to Ca lcu tta A t the tim e of the Roman invas io n that par t o f the earth s surf ace w h ich n e w and dur ing the pas t ten c e n tur ies h as be e n ca lled En g land w as found to b e s u b d iv id e d by the Br itish tr ibes in to s ev en teen petty b u t ind ep end ent Sta tes On e of the most num erous and powerfu l of th e s e tribe s w as the Br igantes w ho had poss e ss ion o f the gr eate r part of the dis tr ict n ow known as th e cou n ties o f Y ork L ancaste r Durham W e s tmorland and Cumber land N o rthu mb erlan d to the r iver Tweed w as occup ied by the Ottad in is The P aris i pe ople d ac co rd ing to som e m er ely the sou th e as t angle Of Y orksh ire s tretch in g from the H umbe r to F lamborough H e ad b u t th ere is good r eason fo r b elieving that th eir te rrito ry w as n early c o extens iv e with the pr es ent Eas t R idi ng tha t the r iv e r D erw ent form e d the boundary betwe en the tw o kindr e d tr ib e s R ichard of C ir ences ter tells us that the Brigantes re duce d the Par is i an d tha t th ey al so conqu er ed and acqu ir ed the co u ntry of th e V olu n ti and the Sis tini on the w es t embr ac ing the se a co as t of L an cash ir e an d Cumb er land w ith par t of W es tmor land ; and it Is probable that they co n qu er ed also the Ottad in i as th e territory of the B rigantes is som etimes describ e d as be in g bounde d by the H umbe r B e s ides th e s eventeen tr ib es loca te d In th e Me rs ey and th e Tw eed Th e Romans found E n g land s ev e ral o th er tr ib es inhab ite d Sco tland all th e tr ibe s in th e rud e s t s ta te with r e gard to th e arts o f li fe b u t th eir his tor ia n s S p e ak with re spe ct of th eir in te llectual and moral characte r D io d oru s Sic u lu s pra is e s the S implic ity o f th eir mann ers ’
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O LD YO RKSHI R E
19 8
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an in cumbrance Th ey co uld endur e hun ger co ld and all k inds of fa tig ue with ad mirable patie nce ; and con tinu e for s ev eral days tog e th e r in bogs an d liv e in woods upo n the bark and roo ts Of tre e s The tribes were fr equen tly at war with each o th e r T acitus j u s tly obs erv es Nothin g con tribute d so much to the advan tage gain e d ov er th em by the Rom ans as their wan t of union and conce r t for th eir Little is known o f the lim its of r e gal au thor ity common inter e s t amo n gs t th em tis c er tain that th ey had kings and prince s b u t it is con j ectur e d that the popular pow er w as cons iderab le At all e v en ts wha te v er either the royal or popular powe r may hav e been th e in flu e nc e of th eir pries th ood w as paramount to bo th The Druids wer e th e pr ies ts law giv ers and the judg es of the peo ple an d th ey dis pense d re wards and infl ic te d pun ishmen ts without the sanction or in terfer ence of an y h igh er tribunal The Britons had long r e maine d in their rud e b u t ind epend en t s ta te wh en C aesar having ov e rrun G a ul de te rmin ed upon the co n qu est of a coun try that s eem ed to prom is e an easy triumph and in the y ear 5 5 B C he comm ence d Operations The naked an d ill arm e d Britons mad e a long an obs tina te , and a brav e de fe nce b u t th ey wer e at las t ob lige d to subm it to the super ior disc iplin e o f the Romans and to su e for pe ace A fte r a fo rty y ear s war dur ing wh ich many splendid proofs of h ero ic patrio tis m wer e display ed on the s ide o f the unsucce ssfu l Br itish the who le is land exce p t the e x tr em e nor th wh ich w as the country Of the Brigan te s w as thoroughly conqu e re d At a la ter per iod afte r many hard fough t battles the B rigan tian te rritory w as subdu ed in the r eign Of the Roman Empe ror V espas ian The Br igan te s w er e th er e fore the las t of the Br itis h tribe s that be n t the n eck to the Roman yok e I t is n ot poss ible to as ce r ta in to wha t coun try the Br igan te s “ origi n ally belonge d th er e wer e Briga n tes on the Con tinen t n e ar the ” Co ttian Alps and th e re w ere Brigan te s in I reland Tac itus says “ The red ha ir and s trong limbs of thos e w ho inhab it n e a r C aledon ia in d ic a te German d e sc ent the co lour e d coun tenance s and cr isp hair of the Silur es r end er it probab le that th ey are o f I ber ian or ig in while ” The fi r s t thos e n e ar e st to G au l r e s emb le the pe op le of tha t country m en tion of the Br igantes h er e in Britain occurs abou t A D 5 0 wh en Os toriu s C apu la w as gov ernor or propr aetor of Brita in At tha t per iod Carac tacus th e brave chief of the Silur es (the pe ople of Sou th Wales ) He fl ed for w as afte r nin e y ears war with the Romans d efe a te d pro tection to C artis man du a his w ife s moth er Queen of th e Brigantes who ins tead of pro tec ting or ass is ting tha t gr eat h ere agains t the common enemy betray ed him to the Roman po w er from fear of drawing a victor ious army into her country Caractacus w as taken captive to Rom e with his w ife an d childr en to grace the triu mphs wh ich the Emp eror C laud ius celebrated for the v ic tor ies wh ich his The ab le s t Of Roman h is tor ians Tacitu s le gions had w on in B r itain gives a fi n e descr iption of the S p len did pagean t includin g the noble add ress to C laudius , d eliver ed b y Car ac tacus s ide re d
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TH E A B OR I
GI N E S
Y OR KSH I R E
0F
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fath er of the Silurian chie f (and the Cymb eline of Shakesp e ar e) was K in g of the Tr inoba ntes and had acqu ir ed a p er manent authority over n ear ly th e whole of south ern an d cen tral B ritain I n h is day nor thward Of his terr itories the power of th e I cen i ex ten d e d from sea to sea from the par ts Sin ce calle d Lincolnshire Norfolk and Su fi olk on the e as t to Nor th W ales on the we s t Th e H umb er and the Mers ey di vided the I cen i from th e Brigan te s w ho form e d the third great State in the island and whos e domin ion accord ing to P to lemy w h o wro te abou t A D 1 20 was spr e ad from coas t to coas t as far north ward as th e mountains and morass es of C aledo n ia I t is n ot to b e suppos ed that the Sover eign of an y of thos e three pr incipal Br itish Powers ruled ov er a perfe ctly u nite d and w ell organis e d kingdom Each little d is tric t and each p etty tribe had s till its ow n local pr in c e or ch ief b u t all wer e more or les s subj ect to on e of the three dom inan t State s C laudius was n ot wanting in gen eros ity To retur n to Caractacus H e ord ered that the famous B r itish chi e f an d his fam ily S hou ld b e spar e d b u t w e have no c er tain knowle dge of th e subs equ en t for tun es of Caractacus H e was probab ly detain ed in Rome und er the p erso n al ” “ I n that cas e pro tection of the Emp eror wr ites Sir E S Cr easy “ h an d his ch ildr en would like o th er clien ts of th e C la ud ian H ous e e ” assum e the C laudian nam e The Roman po e t Martial he co n tin ues “ in v rs e s wr itten n ot many years afte r the cap tiv ity of Caractacus e , has celebrated the b eauty the accomplishmen ts and the matro n ly ‘ vir tues of C laudia of for eign bir th C laudia Of British race th e wif e of th e po et s friend Pudens This C laudia is suppos ed by man y to have b een the daugh ter Of Caractacus an d many learn e d men hav e also believed that th is child of Ou r British ch ie f n ot only b ecam e e m in ent amo n g th e b eauties Of Rom e for h er charms and h er vir tu es b u t that S he an d h er husband wer e amongs t the e arlies t Roman conv e r ts to Ch r istianity and that th ey wer e the C laud ia and Puden s men tioned by St Paul amo n g the lis t of fr iends whos e gr eetin gs he s en t from Rom e " to h is d is tan t d isciple From Tacitus w e le arn som e particulars Of the abandon ed Qu ee n C artism an du a She had marr ied on e of h er ch iefs nam e d V en u siu s who quarrelle d w ith h er b ecaus e sh e would n ot surr en d er to him the supr e me po w er ov er her p eople She then n ot o n ly des erted her husband b u t cons igned her p erson to the embr aces of her m enial s ervan t Vellec atu s This occurr ed about the year 5 2 and abou t the sam e tim e a civil war broke ou t among the Br igan tes M an y of the tribe, disgus te d w ith the con duct Of th eir Qu een w ith r egard to Cara ctacus p la ce d th ems elv es under the le adership of V en u siu s and cr ie d ou t agains t the indig nity of b ein g rule d by a w oman C artisman du a s party app ear to hav e b een the s tro n g es t an d V en u siu s was dr iv en from among th e Brigan te s He now placed hims elf at the h ead of the party that was in arms again s t C an ob elin ,
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21
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200
Y O R KS HI RE
OL D
th e invad ers ,
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was pretty successfu l I n the m ean tim e C artisman dua cap tur e d an d p u t to d e ath a bro th er and o th er r elativ es of h er husband and he in rev enge , co llec te d his allie s an d b eing jo in ed by a party of the Brigan te s proceed ed to make war on the Qu een his w ife She n ow claim e d the pro tection of the R omans w ho imm e d iately s en t an army to as s is t her an d in a w ellc o n tes ted ba ttl e the en e m ies of the Qu een w e r e d efea ted I n the y ear 7 0 V en u sius was sole monarch of the Br igante s b u t afte r s ev era l hard fough t ba ttles in wh ich the Romans we r e fre qu en tly d e fea te d the brav e Brigan te s w er e complete ly s u bdued by P etilius C e realis in the r eign of the Emp eror Ve spas ian alr ead y s ta te d in or abo ut the y ear o f as G race 7 0 The cap ital or m etropo lis of the Br igan tes is s tate d by many wr ite rs A nto nin u s calls it I su b rigan tiu m to b e I seur I t w as afte rwards an impor tan t to w n o f the Roman s w ith its or igin al nam e I seu r, L atin ise d to I su riu m The s ite is n ow occup ie d by the mod e rn v illage o f A ld borough n ear Boroughbr idge in th is coun ty This is the p lace wh e re C artis mandu a and V en us ius r es ide d an d kep t th eir s emi barbarous Court and h er e it w as that Carac tacus w as bas ely betraye d to the invad ers and f rom wh ich he w as carr ie d a captive to Rome The place is ple asan tly s ituate d on the banks o f the r iver Y or e The C ity of Y ork s eems to hav e b ee n a s trongho ld of the B rigan tes b u t little is kn o w n of it as such A s w ell as Eboracum the Romans called the place C iv itas B rigantium wh ich Clearly sh ews that it had pr ev iously b een occupied by the abor igi nal inhab itants of the distr ict for, as j u s t s ta ted wh e n th ey conv erte d I seur in to a Roman Station th ey d es igna ted it I suriu m B rig antiu m The Paris i h ad tw o c ities which subse qu en tly b ecam e the Roman s ta tions , P etu aria and P ortex F elix R ichard of C ir ence s te r e v id ently r e fers to B ev erley wh en he m entions P etu aria and Camden says that from its nam e and s ituation Be verley may b e imagi ned the anc ient and
for som e tim e
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P e tu aria P aris ioru m
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H u ll, D ecember, 1 8 8 3
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J J SH EAHAN .
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202
OLD
Y OR KS HI R E
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form er is less brok en up than the latte r and though not of equal e xten t has a grand e r and mor e m ass iv e app e arance I n the who le arrangem ent of th e mans ion and the garden the architect e vid en tly had V ersa illes in his m in d as the perf ection Of th is s tyle Sir J ohn Vanb rugh w as as his n am e in dicate s of Du tc h d esce n t H e w as born at C h ester in 1 6 6 6 his fa th er b eing a sugar bak e r in that c ity I n 1 6 9 5 his archite c tu ra l Sk ill having acqu ired him som e r epu ta tion he w as appointe d on e of the comm ission ers for c ompletin g Gr ee nwich Pa lace at the tim e wh e n it w as about to b e conv er te d in to a hospital I n 1 7 02 he built Cas tle H oward for the Earl of Carlis le was s o pleas ed w ith his skill, that b eing at the tim e D epu ty Ear l M arshal of England he con ferre d upon him the impor ta nt appo in tm ent of C lar enc ieux K ing o i arms I n 1 7 26 he d ied and w as b uried in the church of St S te ph en W albr ook The South Fron t shows C as tle H oward in its fin es t po int of v iew ; it is in len gt h 3 23 fee t ; the cen tr e co ns is ts Of a pe d im e n t and e n tablatur e supporte d by fl u te d Corinth ian p ilas te rs and the door is r each ed by a fl ight of s tately s te ps The North Fron t cons is ts o f an elaborate ce n tre Of the Corin th ian ord er with a cupo la r is ing from the top and on eith e r s id e e x te ns ive wings to the the e as t accordin g or igi na l des ign the w es t from a des ign by SirJ am es Rob inson wh ich h as b een more r ecen tly built in a very differ en t s tyle from the o th er wing and as the bu ild ing h as b een d eem e d b y som e arch itec tur al cr itics to b e wan ting in the qualities of ligh tn ess and ele ganc e and uniform ity of par ts to th is circum stance is owing the Obel i k in Groun d s alle ge d inco n gruity From this po int is the main or s ta te en trance into the G re at H all pictured in th e engraving I t is 6 5 feet high ; a square of 3 5 feet ; lit f rom a do me the top of which is 1 00 fe et from the fl oor The principa l e ntranc e is on its nor th s id e , and the S paces b etw ee n the p ie rs on tha t ’
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CA STL E H OW A RD
203
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and on th e south Sid e are Open the w hole h eigh t of the a rch e s The sou th S ide Opens to the suite of apar tments on th e garden front and a r ichly balustrad ed gallery giv e s ac cess to th e upp er rooms The eas t the upp er po rtion s b eing op en and an d w e s t s ide s are par tly fille d etc On on e of th es e S how in g the S p le nd id c eilings Of th e s tair c as e Th e fir eplace S ide s is th e fir e place and on the o th er a ca n op ie d r ec ess is a r ich pie c e of scu lptur e d marbles and there are panels fi lled with p en dent gro u ps of m u sical instrum ents ; allegorie s grace the ceilings an d w alls pr in cipally pain te d by P elle gr ini ; and s tatu e s and bus ts are placed on pe de stals an d o th erwise adorn th e sides A gallery calle d the A n tiqu e G allery— 1 60 feet long by 20 in width — contain s a numb er of rare b eautiful an d valuable ex amfl es Of Ro man Egyptian and G r eek antiquities among which are m any re ally fi n e an d un iqu e S pecim ens of early A rt I t also contains man y in ter es ting p ictur es and som e good Old tap es try I n the m us eum has be en co llecte d an imm ense variety of obj ects gathered by s ev eral lords in various coun tries w ith n ot a few pr eciou s r elics found in the ancient localities of York s h i r e a n d C u mb e r la n d : among th es e are some ex amples of ancient mosaic work a curious basso r elievo a n umber of Of Mercury urns an d inlaid marbles and o ther Obj ects Th ere is also h er e shown a casket or w in e c o o l e r Of b o g o a k mounte d in solid s ilv e r a gift to th e good L ord C ar lisle by his co n s tituen ts of the W es t R id ing ; it m easures 3 feet 6 inch es in leng th by 2 feet 4 inch es in h eigh t and br ead th , and c o s t a b o u t a th o u s an d “ guineas ; and a mon ster ” E arl of C arli l ( L r d Morp eth ) addr ess 400 feet lon g pr es ente d to him on his r e tir ing from th e o ffi ce of Chief Secre tary for I r eland On e Obj ec t of mor e than passing in teres t is an al tar suppos ed to have s tood in the temple of Apollo at D elph i The saloon h as an ex qu istely pain ted alle gorical ceilin g r epres enting A u r ora an d is also ador n e d by a larg e numb er of s ta tu es and busts as Well as valuable pa intings .
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O L D YOR KS HI RE
204 The Drawing room
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hung with rich tap es try after Rub ens designs and the walls are adorn e d with many ge ms Of Art Among the o th er tr easures in th is elegan t apar tmen t are som e fin e antiqu e bronz e s The G old or Sta te B edroom is hung with the fi n es t Bru ss els tape s try after design s by T e niers The ch imney piece is v ery e le gant being suppor te d b y Corinthian columns , the shafts Of Sie nna marble the capitals bases and cornice white with pigeons of po lish e d white marble in the c en tre of the frieze Up on it s tands a b us t Of J up iter Serap is -
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The Br eakfas t and D in ing Rooms — and , ind eed , the who le
of
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apar tm ents in the mans ion —are elegantly and even surn p tu ously furnish e d and fi lle d to r epletion w ith obj ects of in teres t and of mrtu The Cr imson figure d Room h as its walls pa inte d by P elle grini w ith a s erie s Of incidents of th e Trojan war thes e are the Rape of H elen A chille s in disgu is e am ids t the daugh te rs of L ycom e d e s K ing of Scyros and U lyss es in s e arch of him A jax and Ulyss es contending for th e armour of Achilles Troy in fl am es and ZEn eas bear ing on his should ers A nchis e s from the burn ing c ity ’
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206
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O RKS HI R E
Y
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by Mabus e, the The A doration of the Wise M A n d also in A rt ’ Oth er grand e xamples are by T itian , chef d a n c re of th e mas te r Corr eggio , D om enich ino , G u ercino , Carlo Maratti, G iorgion e, P r ima ticcio , J u lio Romano , T in tor etto , P ao lo V eron es e , V elasqu e z , Cuyp , C laude , Ruysda el, Vandyk e, Rubens , W ou v erman s , Br eugh el, B ergh em , J ans en, H olb ein, H uysman, M abus e , V an d er Velde, T eniers , and ” en ,
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Th e
Gr at Hall e
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Canaletti Of Canaletti th er e are n o fewer than forty fi v e examples h is bes t productions in his b es t time— sca tte r e d throughou t the corridors and rooms w ith famou s S p ecim ens of Reynolds and Law r ence and family portraits by o th er artis ts no tably thos e of J ackson an artis t w ho from his Obscur e boyhood in Y orks hir e w as enco uraged and upheld by the House of C arlisle -
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H OW A R D
CA STL E
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and gard ens are adm irably laid out som ewhat tr im an d ou t of character w ith the buildin g of wh ich th ey are ad ornm en ts The groun ds are un surpass ed in b e auty— that of which Natu r e has b een lav ish an d that wh ich is der ive d from A rt The ornam en tal grounds are of vas t exten t and are b eau tifully d ivers ifi ed w ith the various a ttractio n s of lak e lawn and for es t The “ par terre occupies s ev eral acres of a ch eerfu l lawn of wh ich a con s iderab le spac e on th e sou th front of th e mans ion is laid ou t in the mos t tas tefu l and pleas in g man n er and in terspe rs e d w ith fl ow er b eds clumps Th e Raywoo d approach e d of ev ergreen s an d S hrubs and statuary by a gravel walk 6 8 7 yards in length with its d eligh tful walks and gr an d Old tr ees also abou n ds w ith s tatuary N ear the iron gate s at w h ich th is wa lk comm ence s is th e Rosary and C los e by is a p ed es tal e r e c te d by on e ear l and inscr ib e d with som e chas tely b eau tiful lin es by his su ccessor The G r een T e rrace W alk 5 7 6 yards in length , is adorn e d w ith s ta tuary and L ady M ary H oward s G ard en is on e of the mos t lov ely features on the south fron t The T emple of D ian a , from wh ich charm ing views Of the mans ion an d its surro u nd ings are Ob tain ed is an I onic er ection and b e ars i r nich es ov er its doors bus ts of V espasian F aus tina Trajan and éabina The M aus oleum a c ircular dom ed s tructur e 3 5 feet in diam eter in its in terior and 9 8 fee t in h eigh t contains in its bas em ent sixty four catacombs built u nd er ground arch es E xternally it is surrounde d by a colonn ade of twen ty on e Doric columns I n the vau lts are interr e d many illus trious m emb ers of th is tru ly n ob le family : among th es e are th e third four th fif th and Sixth E ar ls of Carlisle ; Frances an d Carolin e Countess es of Carlis le ; and som e of th e son s and daugh ters Of thes e “ p eerless p rs and p r ss s ee e ee e ” Th e M aus o leum is inter es ting as b eing the firs t unconn ec te d with a church e r ected in England The P yram id on St A nn s H ill 28 f eet squar e at its bas e and 5 0 feet in h eigh t was rais ed in 1 7 28 to the m emory of W illiam L ord H oward third son of Thomas D uk e of Norfolk w ho died in 1 6 39 I t con tains in its in ter ior a bus t with the inscr iption Gu l ielmu s D o min us H ow ard obiit x d ie Martis aetatis su ae Octogesimo p rime Th e law n s formal, b u t n ot
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208
W EN T WORT H C AST LE
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WE N TWORTH C as tle n ow the prin cely seat of Fr ed e rick William Thomas Vernon Wentworth Esq durin g n e arly the who le of las t ,
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cen tury belong e d to an d w as the princ ipal r es id ence of the Earls of Strafford of the s econd cr ea tion I t is thr ee m ile s from Barns ley and S hou ld b e d is tinguish e d from W en tworth W oo d ho use the s ea t Of E ar l F itz w illiam to which it lies contiguous and with which it is Ofte n On the d ea th o f the son of the gr eat Ear l in 1 6 9 5 the c onfounde d title be cam e e xtinct and for som e r eason or o th er the late Earl had n ot lef t any portion o f his e s tate to the h e ad of the Wentwor th fam ily w ho succee ded to the s econd title of L ord Raby b u t d e v ise d n ear ly the whole of it to his n eph e w Thomas W atso n s econd son of L ord Rockingham into whose fam ily one of his S is te rs had marrie d Th is aliena tion of the fa mily prop er ty w as a s er ious d isappo in tmen t to the success or to the Barony of B ab y and throughou t life he s eems to hav e liv e d in ope n hos tility with the succe ssor to the famil y prope r ty The H onourable Mr Watson chan ge d his nam e to Wentworth and from his d escendan ts the pres en t Ear l F itzwilliam d er ives W entwor th W oo dho us e and o the r es ta te s in Y orks hir e an d I r elan d The fo llo w in g in te r es tin g extr ac ts from the m emo ir of William Oldys the an tiqua ry and N orroy K ing at Arms w ho from 1 7 24 to 1 7 3 0 S pe nt mos t o f his tim e at Wen twor th W oo dhous e wi th the succ essor to the Strafford es tates has a r eferen ce to th es e fam ily d ifferences He says ,
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G asco ign e after h is d eath about th e time Of the Restora tion left his v as t an d m os t v aluab le collec tion of d ee ds e viden ce s an d a n c ien t re cords w ith grea t part of his librar to William son of Th o mas th e firs t E arl of Strafi ord w h o e se rv ed th e b e eiS in th e library at W e n tw orth W oodh ous e an d th e sa id M S S r p ,
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o o r r a o g a y gs r y co u d sa u ouc d o a a so or y ad or abou ad ar a o os a r a ar s a bur u y r says dys a ab d upo or s v gr ch s s sa d d ds so h as as Co u s v g ora s rv s r p g sc v ous d s ruc v b d c h y r d h r obody r s cou d v ur sp ak ys a ua o urg d h a o s or a so sp ak such co c o s h y pr s rv d s day h r v r c h r co c or ha suc h a ugda co c d ork c h ad do suc o our pr rv a o so r s pub c gra s a x rac s as a fi or rs so p rso s p d gr s o h rs u dr d p r uch b r gs r d s roy d x r a o v h s d s ruc o s d so ar us d by a or y uck o r a s c a jus c p ac a cou d r ad r cords or a ords p a so h g or o h r gh or o r by so bo y or o r d sc da s p rhaps a a b s d sa c g s ak cha g o r ,
fe th e St n e T w e th e e m n th e f m il w ritin , w h e e th e n tin e an d nt h e till 1 7 28 , w h en Sir Th m s W t n W en tw th , n ew l m e , t to b e m e , E l Of M lt n , an d to w h e f th e Willi m , E l Of Strafl ord , ” “ left hi s e t te, th e n t th em all wilf ll on e m e n in I saw , Ol , l m en t le fire fee me n S ix u ll of th e i ee e en eat e t , etc , at th e of t em n an t e in in Old th e e t ; an d e en th e i n nt e q mi hie T e e w as an d to e t ti e O e ien e t e w e e com ll e n e en t w h o l en t e to b u t m elf, u t th e in f t ti n w as e in su p era 1e in I e t t Mr D d w th h ad l e n t his lif e in m ll e ti n , an d t e are e t e e e e e en e to t ei to thi w it , an d t w hi h t it w as ou t of le lle te th e w that Sir Willi m D me ne h h n ese ti n of to th e p eem e I did revail to th e few few oll , an d li nt t of e sc h e t , an d an d c r ew e t arte rs, igin al lette Of me em in en t e n , an d ee t e , b u t n ot th e e i of h n e th a t Of m Th e e te n l m ti e e ette th in e t that w e e for t i e t his tt n e , Sam B ti n eem e to b e m e fe in f e , of R th e h m ( in e l n ot e on e of th ese ti e of th e e e ) , man w h o e an y m e th n h is l hi , th t m et in t e mi t be fou u d ou t on e tim e th e me d e nt , th e —th e e en , of th e l te ‘ E rl of Strafi ord , wh o h ad een at war w ith h im for th e ai e t te —w hi h mi h t ” h e th e title an d n e its wn e In
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210
YOR KSH I R E
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r e mainder to his broth er P eter We ntw or th D uring th is v is it of h is lords h ip to Eng land he marr ie d A nn e daugh ter and h eir ess of Sir H enry J ohnson of Brade nham in the Coun ty of Bucks D ean Swift has the fo llowing notice of the marr iage in his J ournal to Stella Sep 3 1 7 1 1 L ord Raby ; w ho is Earl of Strafl ord is on Thursday to marry a nam es ak e of Stella the daugh te r of Sir H J ohnson in the city ; h e has three scor e thousand pounds with her r e ady mon ey b es id e the r est at h er fa th er s d eath T his marriag e brough t him e v en tually som e va luable es ta tes inclu ding Fr es ton in Su ffo lk and the borough of Aldborough in that county ; wh ich had been r epr es en te d by
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J ohnson s for many y ears The Duk e of M arlborough and L ord Bo lingbrok e congratula te d Lo rd Strafford on his marr iage and accession of honours as w ill b e s een in Bolingbroke s co rr e spo ndence wh er e th e re are many r efer ences to his lordsh ip The A turn how e v er too k plac e in the tid e of public a ffa irs d eath of the Qu een ensu ed and a s torm wh ich had bee n gath ering in Th er e w as soon a th e po litica l horizon now burs t in all its fury change of bo th men and measures and the impe achm ent of the more promin ent ministers who had promo te d the Tr e aty of P eace took place
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WEN TWOR TH
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agu e , and on his landing in L ord Strafford w as r ecalled from th e En glan d was p er emp torily called upo n to g iv e up all his in struc tions along with Bo lingb roke, Oxford , an d pap ers , an d was imp e ach e d Mor time r, Ormond , and o th ers ous e of Commons by 268 vo tes agains t 1 00, it was I n the r esolve d That the ous e impeach Thomas , Earl of Strafford , of h igh ” crim es and mis dem ean ours , an d it was r eferr ed to the Committee of Secr ecy to draw up ar ticle s of imp eachmen t, and pr epar e ev idence again s t him Th es e ar ticles , six in numb er , set for th the charges agains t the Earl, who in du e cours e r eplied to th em at gre at length , in conclus ion hoping he had given a full answer to th e alle gatio n s mad e again s t him The Commons then cons ider ed L ord Strafford s a n s w er , “ and brought in th eir r epor t, which averr ed th eir charges against him
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abroad and d id much towards mak ing We ntworth Cas tle o ne o f th e fin est se a ts in the coun ty H e bu ilt temple s co lumns , and o th e r obj ects in d iffe ren t par ts of h is domain and also a m in iature cas tle on the s ite of an anc ien t for tification and he chang e d the nam e from The park he exte nd e d and Sta inborough H all to Wen tw orth C as tle th e gard ens and groun d s which he re fo rm ed and e nlarge d cam e in for a large shar e of his atten tion Thes e improvem ents he continu ed makin g up to the tim e o f his death wh ich to ok place in 1 7 3 9 I n the c e ntre of the area in the C as tle Y ard at Stainborough is a fin e marb le s tatu te of the Earl by R y s b rac k placed th er e by his son W illiam Earl o f Straff o rd in 1 7 43 I n thr ee compartm en ts o f the base is the following inscription w hile
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ory os t H o ourabl Th omas Earl f Str fi rd f Sta i bor ugh d B aro Viscou or o W oodh ous rs y a K ight f th M os t Nobl Ord r f th R aby G art r r M os t S r Pr vious t th d ath f Q A So v r ig L ady h t as S p c ial A m bassador v s t d w ith full po w r t th Co f d rat w h ld t Utr c ht f th U it d r i d t th Co v tio wh ic h w Sta t d f Qu s Ow H w th C mm r f th troop f Ca v al ry call d th r l s Offic w mad Lord Hi h A dm iral ll H r M aj s ty s forc s d i th G l c t f th Navy f G r a t B ritai al so th G o v r or f r la d d H w i asc rtai d so t h av b by th Qu s w ri t dispatc h hi public ts m us t r H w d s rv d ly h w l v at d t th s t s t ?y H di d th 15 th da f No v mb r i th y ar f our L rd 1 7 39 i th i th cou ty f f T ddi gto 6 8 th y ar f h i d w ri d t th v ill ag g B d ford to th e Me m of th e M nt Wen tw th, of W en tw rth N ewmarch an d Ove le ,
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Lo rd Strafford le ft on ly one son , William , Earl of Strafi o rd , w ho ’ He marrie d the y ea r w as a minor at the time o f his fa th er s dea th fo llowing , A nn e , s econd daugh ter o f J ohn , Duk e of Argy le and G r eenw ich , a lady of gr eat beauty and accomplishments She w as pres ent at the Coronation of G eorge I I I , on wh ich oc cas ion W a lpo le speaks of her in one of his epis tles as being the perf ec tes t little figure ’ ” The Duk e s daugh te rs , in fac t, w ere amongs t th e mos t of all beau tiful wom en of that period, and Lady Stra fford in particular, w as h ighly exto lled and adm ired \Villiam, Earl o f Stra fford , w as a m embe r of the Royal Soc iety , and cu ltiva te d the acqua in tance of a larg e c irc le of men of letters H e was a lover of architec ture , and along with his ” oldest and mos t in timate friend , H orace Walpo le , Sp en t much of h is tim e and money in the gra tifica tion of th is tas te The magnificen t south front of Wentwor th C as tle w as bu ilt from his o w n des igns , ass iste d by W alpo le, w ho w as much interes te d in the proj ect From the corr espond ence of the latter w e often g et a peep at the hom e life of L ord Strafford , for W alpo le w as an o ccas ional v isitor at, and much e namour ed w ith Stainborough W r itin g to R ich ard B entley as e ar ly as 1 7 5 6 , he says , speaking of W entwor th C as tle : Th is plac e is on e of th e v ery fe w tha t I r eally lik e 3 the s itua tion , woods , vie ws , and the improv em en ts are perfect in th eir kind ; nobody has a tru er tas te ’
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The house was bu ilt [the
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YO RK SH I RE RE L I GI O US H O US E S
THE M ON K S OF B OLT ON , 1 29 0—1 3 25
Wharfedale stands
OLT ON A BB EY , in
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ast of the Abbey it is a gr een land do tted w ith nob le tr ees and with haw thorns so gnarle d and kno tted and s tricken w ith age that you e as ily ima in e th e monks may hav e pluck e d a b lossom from th em an d g ea ten th e ha w s m ellow e d by the fros t for th e sak e Of th eir va n ish e d boyhood Th e gr eat pastur e which s tr etches away from the A bbey to the br idg e w as corn land wh en Rup er t cam e s torming do w n the da le in the las t w eek Of Ju ly 1 6 44 on his way to Mars ton M oo r 3 an d h e campe d on the r ipe ning wh eat in mer e devilry as w e thin k for the Crav en men favoure d Lambe rt and Fairfax 3 S O th ey ask ed no favours from Ruper t an d got n on e Turn er lov ed to draw this lan ds cape with the Abb ey in its h ear t touching the scen e w ith the utmos t tru th sometim e s 3 an d th en aga in as his habit w as w ith a splendid exaggeration Th ere is an en gravin g Of the Abb ey also don e abou t 1 7 20 Of little wor th b eyon d the fac t tha t it is the Oldes t and g ives bits Of ru in s tha t hav e lo n g s in ce fa llen a w ay ; and Sin ce then engrav in gs hav e been made withou t n umb er Of the be au tifu l Old pile 3 wh ile W ordswor th s d escr ip tion in the o p e n in g lin es Of the White Doe w ins all good Crav en men to b e Of his min d w h e n h e says I pr in te d the po em in quar to to Show the w or ld how ” much I es teeme d it ,
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21 6
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The n eighbourhood is touch ed w ith romance , too , wh er ever you I t is haun te d by the Rommelies , the P erc ies , and the C liffords ,
and esp ec ially by that mos t manfu l woman the L ady Ann e Countess C lifford D ors et and Montgom e ry who still compels y ou to attend to The C lap hams had a her ladyship through the r aciest inscrip tions vau lt a lso with in the Abb ey wh ere it pleas ed them to b e buried s tanding on th eir feet : and if Mas ter Hus tw ick is s till aliv e he can tell i n g abou t among the l O d uns a e t ha wh n mous gr a many h w as o u t t e e y years ago he cam e upon the vau lt of the s tou t Old rac e an d peeping in saw th e las t Of th em s till k eep ing guard while all the r es t had shudd ered down to dus t The good Lord C lifford loved to bury h ims elf in the solitud e s Of Bard en 3 he had been hidd en away among the w ilds Of W e s tm or e land afte r the ru th less s trok e his fath er made in s lay ing you ng Ru tland Ov er the h ills by Wak efield ; and so me lines o f tradition s ee m to po in t towards a scapegrace of a son o f th is good L ord C liff ord as the h ero Of tha t The N u t be au tifu l Old ballad ” brown Mayde Th er e was a quaint Old house of timbe r n ear th e A bbe y in the days Old men s till rem emb er in wh ich tradition also said R ichard Moon the las t o f the friars e nd ed his days in lon elin ess and sorrow He w as Of the rustic s toc k wh ich s till hold s its ow n in tha t r eg ion 3 b u t he w as born ou t Of d u e tim e , and had to be ar the sins of thos e w ho had m isus ed g if t and pr ivile g e D oorway —B olton Abbey H e had bu ilt up the w es t front of the Abb ey to the lin e at which it s tands to d ay wh en the Comm iss ion s truck him ; and th ere is no tru er b it Of work don e in tha t age in all Nor is th er e any such sham eful r ecord in the reports of the England Comm ission conc erning Bo lton as that th ey mak e Of Founta ins , n ot a hint that Moon had gone u tter ly ov er to the de v il s sid e with Brad ley The poor fellow had Simply to b ear the burden which had grown pas t all b earing Of fo lly and s in in thos e las t tim es 3 S O th e work on the w es t fron t the pr ide Of his h ear t n o doub t w as firs t s usp ended and th en s topped past all hop e Of b eg inn ing again The great crane s tood on the walls for many a y ear wh ile P rior M oon sat th er e in his de so la tion wa iting for th e day wh ich could n ev er dawn for him and saying ” “ to hims elf p erhaps H ow long O L ord ? how long ? letting th em bring his b it of victual very much as it migh t pleas e th em an d s lip it throu gh the s lide for the ancien t trad ition w as that no hum an b ein g ,
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21 8
OL D
YOR KSH I R E
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B u t Embsay is in a bleak and rugg ed land ; and in thos e days w he n the wo lves s till hau n te d the fells , and howle d in wild w ea th e r abou t the hamlets , the p lace mus t hav e s tood in sha rp con tras t to th e s w eet ” “ and warm nes t occup ie d by th e Saxon cure at Bo lton SO, n o doub t, they speed ily foun d they had made a mis tak e in se ttling there , exac tly as the monk s Of K irks tall did in se ttling at Barno lds w ick ; while it w as n ot n eedful, as it s eems to hav e been w ith the men o f K irks tall, that one Of th em shou ld have a vis ion , and so b e led by the h igh pow ers to as pr etty a spot as that on the banks Of the Air e Th eir chance came through a gr ea t bereavem ent Th eir fr iend and maintain er, the L ady R ommelie , los t a de ar son in that fatal reac h among the woo ds wh er e the r iv er r ush es through the cleft The monks s tay ed at E mbsay abou t thir ty three y e ars , and th en , in abou t fourscor e y ears afte r th eir exodus to Bo lton , w e ca tch the firs t r ea l g limps e of th em in th eir n ew home 3 b ut it is not a pleasant glimp se They have wand er ed v ery far alr eady from the spirit an d pu rpos e of th eir nob le pa tron ess wh e n s he brough t th e m down His race o f Y ork , A rchbishop ifford , has h eard ugly rumours abou t some of the monas ter ies , Bo lto n among the r es t, and se nds a Comm iss ion b etween 127 4 and 1 27 6 to look th em up and re por t 3 and th is is the r esult : .
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o Th w h o l co v t co sp ir d agai s t th pr d c sso rs f th t prior W illia m d D ff ld N ic h olas d B roc th pr s t sub prior i 1pr s d us l ss Sil c i t ob r v d d th r i m uc h ch att ri g oi J oh d d Po t frac t th r s t c llar r d sub ll r r r Oft ab t from s r ic d r f ctio s d ca o s h av l ft th th ir m als by th ms l v s w h th r f ctory Th h ous i i d bt t th am ou t f £324 58 7 “
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ru ns the r epor t o f the Com miss ion I ns ubordin a tion and clamour ; evil and useless men in Offi ce and men who as w e say on ” “ th is s id e o f the wa te r se ldom die and n ev e r r es ign 3 p rivate gr ee d abou t m eat an d drink in thos e w ho hold the k eys of the cellar and bu tte ry ; s ilence such as becom eth monks a dead lette r and in its place a r acket the vis itors can only descr ibe in terms w e use for parro ts and monkeys ; and to crown all a deb t wh ich wou ld amoun t in the mon ey of our d ay to som e six thousand poun ds if w e take the sh illing of A D 1 3 00 on a rough gu ess as abou t e qua l in valu e to a pound of A D 1 8 8 4, a s tandard I sha ll v en ture to adop t through the r es t Of th is paper B u t in 129 0 wh en at las t w e open the anc ien t le dg e r the mo n ks of Bo lton are ce r ta inly n ot s lo thful in bus in e ss Th ey are lookin g afte r for ty thr ee es tates Of mor e or less value scatter ed over a wide s tr etch of country and elev en gris t m ills 3 and all through the ear lie r y ears Of th e accoun t are s te ad ily at work build ing n ew h ous es an d r epair ing Old ones looking af ter church e s in which th ey hav e an in ter e s t runn in g u p gr eat lin es of wall on the ou tlying farms and manors s eeing to b rid ges fi sh pon ds trim ming up the woods 3 and b es id es all th is th ey do a good SO
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M ON KS 0F
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B OL TON ,
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s troke Of work as middle m en and artiz an s for the whole coun try s id e br ing their war es on ce or twice a y ear from the gr eat fair at Bos ton in I n th e v ery Lin coln shire and always looking ou t for the main chanc e firs t year of the account th ey r epor t a profi t from their tailor s Shop wh ich w e should r eckon at abou t £ 25 0 and m ight justly adver tis e “ the wh ite cano n s Of Bolto n tailors and Ou tfi tters to th e thems el ve s as ” nobility an d gen try 3 an3d there are indus tr ies that pay s till b etter than I t w as wor th four The growin g Of wool is the be s t of all tailor in g pr ices in those days compare d with these ; so th ey go v ery deep in to this busin ess and keep vas t flocks of Sh eep on the moors and w ild uplan d pastur es see to their feed salv in g washing and clipping and e ven to th e m ilking of the e w es tur n in g the m ilk in to a kind of ch ees e far more a trocio us than the w h ang by th ey make in Crav en from the b lu est of all b lu e milk They s ell their wool in 1 29 0 fo r th e equivalent of and will let no o th er mon k have a b it of grass wh ich do es The lovely little hamlet of no t belong to him if th ey can h elp it B lu bb erhous es ( B lu e b erg houses ) n ear by is in the han ds of the “ l ll n a brethren Of Bridlin gton who a so k ow abo u t sh eep and march over the p astu res w ith Bolton clean away to Thor s Cross and the ” “ moors L ook ou t for thos e Br idl in g ton m en our monks appear to hav e whisper ed to the sh eph erds 3 so ther e was cudgel play and th er e w ere brok en h eads and a gr eat ado as w e may g ue ss from Bur ton G erard an d J ohn the pr iors had to go into the cour ts and w ere ord er e d to b ehave thems elv es at Y ork in 1 29 7 to share the pas tures in common an d e ach man to pay for his own improv ements in hous en an d tilth Then th ere is lead to b e found for the se eking on the w ild hills to The ancient masters of the world had found it the nor th and w es t as th ey found mos t things wor th th eir wh ile and the monks inv es te d men an d mon ey in that adventur e and got th eir ow n back and som e thin g ov er 3 nor are th ey h eedless of the j ot and tittle an is e m in t an d cummin— anyth in g in a word by w hich they can turn a penny They len d a hors e for u se at a fun eral and get half as much for the hir e as a w hich pr es ently th ey s ell at a fair and wh en M as ter cow fetch es Middleton d ies s ell the h eir malt en ough to furn ish for th the fun era l feas t The be er mus t hav e been drunk from th e guilfort and on e can b u t hope that ther e was a b etter r esult than that w e feel in drin kin g The tenour by wh ich they hold from th e v at in Septe mb er ov er h er e th eir lands is the ancien t feudal tenour you are bound to the land n ot the la n d to you 3 the lan d is th e main factor n ot the man 3 so in 1 29 0 an d r igh t on to th e en d of th e le dg er you mus t turn ou t and s e e to th e harve s t Of your lo rd no matte r abou t your ow n Your lord is the pr ior Of Bolton in this in s tance 3 an d I n o tice in on e rare y ear r eapers are at work for our mon ks In on e day boo n reapers they are ca lled an d th ey hav e o n e halfpen n y for food and drin k b u t tha t r eally m eans te n pen ce S O w e may imagin e th em as on the whole co nten ted esp ecially con ten te d if as is mos t likely ther e was a harves t hom e at the Abb ey and On all the estate s -
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YOR KSH I R E
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no tice a lso that th ey have a goo d many blacksmiths at work and carp enters m illers and masons and painters and a host of folk who hav e som e Special skill in doing thin gs includ in g pe rsons w ho c an draw ou t the fin est s tra ws from a sheaf and ga th er th em in to bun dles for plaiting and th ey employ on e ar tis t w h o draws on them for a great ,
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for gold and co lours to illuminate a m issal They will s ell yo m eadow grass also r eady for th e mowing and manur e by the load anything they can spare in a word includin g a good consc ience for I notice more than on e e ntry mad e w ith pe rfec t fra n kn ess of money g ive n to persons in power for the good of the hous e su
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YOR KSHI R E
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h in t of his paying anyth ing until at las t h is debts fl oat up to a good d eal ov er H ow he man age d it I canno t gu ess 3 it may be he left th em the r ectory or in u tte r d espa ir they may hav e le t the h elv e go afte r the ha tc h et ; b u t L ord Roger as they take car e to ca ll h im is a ph enom enon Very much to their cr edit how ever is a way th ey have of letting th eir land s o tha t anyth ing like rack r en t is e ntir ely ou t of the qu es tion W h en your leas e falls in th ey make you pay mod erately for a n ew On e ; b ut after that the r en t mus t hav e bee n a grea t sa tisfac tion to the tenant—s o much bu tter so much ch eese four s ton es of ch ee se and tw o ston e s of bu tter for each cow and th ey will find the cows 3 and in som e ins tance s they abate half a s tone ev en from th es e easy terms I ndeed H is G r ac e of D evo nsh ire has n ev er been ab le to get much r ent ou t of th es e tenan ts of th e monks to th is day Th ey are perm itted to transfer the farm s te ad ily from fa th er to s on and it is be tter for many of th em , to all human ins igh t tha n so much land of th eir ow n for tha t m igh t hav e gon e ; b u t in the kindly hands of the landlor ds who have h eld th es e lands from the R e formation many of th es e fam ilies r ema in the e nvy of the who le farm ing population roun d abou t th em I t is clear, also tha t th ey w er e kin d and cons id era te to th eir s erfs born on the es ta tes and own e d as the ho rs es w ere 3 b u t w ith th is d ifference that th ey cou ld n ot b e so ld away as our n e gro es w er e s old in the old days Of s lav ery ; abou t On e th ird the pr ice th ey got for a good hors e would buy y ou your fr eed om and then y ou m igh t go wh ith er you wou ld w ith all your belongings for ever ; such sales Of a man to h ims elf are r e gularly en ter ed as are also r ewards to m en for k illing wo lves ; the cr e atures w ere rangi ng ove r the w ilds th en and mak ing havoc of the sh eep wh en th ey cou ld and it is mor e than 3 00 y ears afte r th is by th e local traditions tha t th e las t o f th em is s lain in Kn ares borough For es t You no tic e also that the s ervan ts are w ell to do so far as a rude plenty go es 3 now and then th er e is an en try made of the allowance made to a man and it is ample and good of its k ind — br ead and b eer and fi sh and the rough cu ts of the m eats 3 transfer L andseer s p icture from the mas te rs to th e s ervan ts and alte r it to su it the cas e it is s till essentially the sam e p ic tur e 3 the s erfs w er e as w ell off in th eir Own d egr ee as th e farm ers an d the landlords An d it is p leasant to r em embe r this b ecau s e it pu ts a g leam Of light w ith in what is in o th er r espe c ts a dismal p ictur e enough wh e n you think of th eir calling and election as men Of God Th e y w ere th e r e in th at qu ite nook tha t th ey m igh t s tor e th eir min ds with w isdom and knowled g e ; b u t in th e for ty y e ars through wh ich w e c an trace th e m th ey acqu ir e on ly four books — the m issa l I hav e m e n tio n ed an d a chronicle th es e th ey made and b es ide s th es e tw o w e r e purchas e d — a book of s en tence s ev erybody w as talkin g abou t, so tha t it would n ot do to say you had n ot r e ad that 3 and anoth e r Ob scur e as to its title ” b u t probably The Van ity of Th eo logy from which on e has to in fer that th ey had e n ter e d on the era of spe cula tion An d th ey w er e bound ,
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TH E M ON K S or B OL TON ,
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by their vows to som e fair s tandard of auster ity an d s elf d enial 3 y et th e h e a ds of the hous e cann o t b e co n ten t w ith w h ite lin en for the tab le s o th ey had tab le clo ths and napk ins o f s ilk and o th e r th ings to ma tch , -
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wh ile a gre at d eal of mo n ey is spent in fi tting up a hous e for the prior and a pr ivate chapel I n on e y ear the pr ior s dogs eat 1 8 4 bush els of oatmeal and on e of the br ethren who go es ou t hunting on a hors e he ’
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borrows from a man at A dd ingham ruins the animal and th ey have to pay h eavy damages b u t rather les s than they co llec te d for the use Of The pr ior keeps his pack the hors e w e hav e h eard of at the fun eral o f houn ds and h u n tsm en 3 b u t it is probab le he do e s n ot run many r isks in hunting , as I n o tice qu ite a pr etty b ill for te aching a nag to amble I n on e superb y ear wh en th ey touch the h igh e s t sum mits of pros perity and plenty th ey are probably ev er to s ee the dogs m eat runs to 3 12 bush els The wonderful Old oven —in wh ich a farm er found a fl oc k of sh eep he had los t in a snow s torm about a c en tury ago— bake s bush els of fl ou r and 9 00 bus h els of barley Th ey consum e 6 4 oxen 35 cows 1 40 S h eep and 6 9 hogs 200 pounds of a lmonds 1 9 pounds o f p epper 4 po und s of sa ffron and r ice with rais ins an d figs sugar and spic es to match ; mak e away with bottles of w in e with th eir many gu es ts to h elp th em and as on e wo uld th ink fair ly fl ood the place with ale and b eer My L ord H ambleton com es alon g and , with h is companion s th en an d on a pr evious v is it c ons umes 22 quar ters of wh e at Th ey mus t have th eir ears tickled too and j us t befor e the th e doom fa lls g iv e mor e than £ 6 0 of pr ese n t s te rling to the ” “ Ministralles K ee p a j es ter also and p ay him as much a year as th ey pay the br ew er and bak er an d mor e than th ey p ay the mille r The merry old rogu es have also a c er tain rough h umour of th eir ow n and slip a grain of it in to the names th ey giv e to the men w ho s erve th em One poor fellow has stood on their bo oks these 6 00y ear s as A dam B lund er H andy Andy I suppos e a sor t of pr im itive A no th er with a fair round belly no d oub t they dub Sim on Paunch A third is D ru n k e n D ick A fourth the coope r as I gu ess and a gr e at hand to spo il his work is B o tch Bucket The carte r is laughingly baptiz e d the Wh irl, p erhaps becaus e his wh eels n ev er do wh ir l by any accident 3 on e is Rado the Sad 3 and the black es t Sheep in the fl ock is Tom N ow t Now t in the Dale as applied to a man , b eing still a term of the u tmos t con tempt My L ady Nev ille dies ; they take charge of her fun eral and provide gallons Of ale w ith du e victuals and bring in duly a splend id b ill of c os ts ; th er e w er e s till some r ema in s of her tomb I b elie v e in th e days of J ohnson Of P ontefr act The gr eat C liffords cam e to Skip ton in th e se day s to s tay som e 3 5 0 y ears 3 th ey has ten to pay th eir r e spects and pres ent my lady w ith a cos tly j ew el The prior ambles ov er on that nag and finds th e smok e in my lady s parlour go ing ou t of a hole in the roof and murmurs Th is will n ever do my lady 3 hav e y ou not h e ard of the rar e invention w e hav e adopted for my house at the Abbe y th ey ca ll a chimn ey ? pray let me s end M as ter G argrave over my h ea d ” mason , to make on e for your bower The job costs a pretty pe nny ; b u t the pr ior pays the b ill w ithout a murmu r ; and th en not long after th is my lo rd and lady are pr es ente d with j ew els worth thr ee tim es more than the firs t 3 b u t it all com es back in tim e with inte r e s t and the brethr en know it w ill for of all the b en e fac tor s to Bolton in the next two ce nturies none can matc h the C liffords ,
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w ealth in Englishmen will b e on them pr es ently 3 the jovial old days are ov er ; and th ey w ill have to s tand on the defensive n ow for that wh ich could n ot b e de fend ed 3 the folk songs are be ginning to b e h eard satir e is to do h er fata l w erk on th em 3 Chaucer s tim e draws n e ar and th er e will b e scant r ev er ence forth em at the h eels of his m igh ty mov ing laughte r Th ey are n e v er so rich again as th ey w er e in the firs t d ecade of th e fo u r teenth c entury Their incom e is v ery g r eatly diminish e d wh en B lu ff H arry tak es th em in hand Valu es hav e r isen immens ely in th es e 200 y ears 3 b ut tha t has n ot h elped th em On e good thing th ey have done th ey hav e cleare d the place of d eb t ; b u t the deb ts that are o w ing them amount to more than th eir whole y ear s income wh en the pr iory is dissolv ed Friar Moon must hav e had a h ard place of it 3 one wonders how he had the h eart to b egin that lov ely west front ; th ere are on ly fi f teen Of th em when th eir tim e com es 3 th ey had w as ted th em s elves in th eir w asting The lesson Of the monks of Bolton lies in their story I t is the lesson on e can r ead soon or late of all men w ho turn th eir backs On the sanc tities and safeguards of a hom e of th eir own and a wife an d oh ldren , b e th ey mo nks of the m idd le ag es or m in ers on our own fron tier Na ture will tak e v engean ce on such frus tration 3 such a lif e beco m es at las t earthly and s ensual and among the m ean er sort of us d evilish I t w as utter ly so at Fo untains if w e may tr us t the r eport of the Commis s ion er s 3 b u t I would fa in believ e tha t at Bo lton it w as n o wor se than w e hav e found it I t cou ld b e n o better I pr esume und er th e circums tance s b u t such men h elp to create the circums tances and s o t hey canno t e scape the judgm en t or the cond e mnation They liv e d after the fl esh th eir G od w as th eir belly , th ey minded e arthly th ings fla tte r ed and fawn ed on the r ich gav e br ibe s , be g e d wh er e g th e y should hav e earn ed was te d wh er e th ey shou ld hav e cr ea ted and bar ter ed j oy for enjoymen t to the per il of th eir souls B u t I lov e to belie v e ev en in the abs ence of all evid ence that th er e would s till b e witn ess es for God and the bette r life among th em in the wors e times th ey ev er saw a few cle an an d tru e men aus ter e and h igh of h eart men who would mourn ov er the sin and sham e lift i e and h t u p th eir tes timony aga ins t it do wha t in th e m la t e t e s m d t o y die , it may b e w ith the f eeling in th eir poor tir ed h ear ts that it w as n o use 3 wh ere as on all th e e arth th er e c ould b e n o grand er use than j u s t to stand in th eir lot liv e th eir clean true life and say th eir s ternly hones t word Now G od in w home all goodness y s A n d gy ffs ev y m an e attur h ys wy ll H ee gran t h us grac e that w ee d ow n ot my sse An d after th is ly ffe to c ee h y m e ty ll e 8 00 th at by hys grac e w e m ay Ob tey n e ,
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A n d th e p fec t on es, th t w ee m y e see Th t ffor on e th e e w as scley n e M S N S Amen e, Je T O B O L t e , ffor c h ar y ’
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N ew York, U S A .
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R OB E RT C OLLY ER
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KI R KH A M P R I OR Y
227
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K I RK H AM PR I OR Y
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TH E fo llowing j eu d esp rzt was written by the late P rofessor
J ohn Phillips M A many y ears Secretary to the Br itish A ssoc iation for the advancem ent of Science and resident at St Mary s L odge York as Secretary and Curator of the Y orkshire P hilosophical Society s M us eum I t exhibits that dis tinguish e d man of science in a ligh t tha t w ill b e n ew to many who had n ot the pleasur e of a p ersonal acquain t ance with him nor the happiness Of being th e g uest of on e of the mos t ch eerful genial and good natured men poss ible ; who had learnt to say “ with Horace Dulce est d esip ere in With th e name of Professor Phillips all his friends will associate that of his accomp lished agr eeab le and devoted s is ter Miss Ann Phillips N O branch of Science was abov e her compr eh ension or b eneath her ’
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attention 3 no study su fficiently dry and tedious to deter her from pursu ing it under her broth er s guidance that sh e might make h ers elf us eful to him She was his Amanu ens is h is patient calculatin g mach ine his mos t ch eerfu l and willing literary drudg e Their mutual affec tio n was wonderful I t n ee d har dl y b e said that the Order of St M atth ew th e M ar tyr was as much the creation of the writer s playful fancy, as are Bro th ers B luff and Bottlenos e A D I AL OGU E B etweeen Broth ers Blu ff and Bo ttlenos e ( Monks of th e Ord er Of St Matthew) h eld in the C e m etery of K irkham Pr iory M D C C C XXXVJ , Octob er 5 th ’
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228
Y OR KSH I R E
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BL UF F
s Th at v r glo ws B ro th r B o ttl o I s mm o th D id s t th ou Th os w a d r rs th r m Th at stood my gr v d tra m p d B ro th r Bl ff B roth r B lu ff I did ough ; th m cl ar O w t ll A d w mall h h d A d p u h t ll B r th r y Wh w r th y ? Friars B lack ? or F riars G r y ? All th th r Wh r th y b f t Mo k lik m W ul d r m k I w th m p p sg d p I th t wt th y cr p Wh r t toads th y str ddl th H w ft G ood F llo w \Vh w w r m ll o w H av w r l d th t w y t th Priory C llar I h ard th m W h at sk l to s y I th ttl th t grow i th t rui d w y 3 B t by Sai t M ary O r h oly D airy W o c b tt r s to k d with good Ca ary St Matth w th M artyr B r Pr i ory C h rt r ad b d us t liv R iv r W a t r ; B t th h ards hip w gr t r Tha suit d our atur th C r t r SO w mad th t s ug ro ad t bri g i Tha t you th w ith th book For a La wy r I too k ; For w h uld mistak that k owi g l k H i c h k h d to A L wy ri h h B t good B r th r B o ttl s what th ught y ? SO th ou gh t I F or i h small y Th r w s m thi g roguish xc di gly 3 Y t wh v r did A L aw y r i gl At a bro k wi dow or ro tt tr
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23 0
Y OR KSH I R E
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Canons amongs t the neighbour ing woods Robert d e L aci th en L ord o f th e H onour of P on te frac t con tr ib ute d larg ely to th e foundation and from this fact the L ac ies wer e gene rally consider ed the ac tual founders of the H ous e L ands and r ents w er e fr eely giv en b y the great L ords of England ; and ev en the K ing hims elf gran te d amo n gs t o th er privileges a p ension of twelve pe nce p er day to b e paid ou t of his Exch e qu er at Y ork The P riory was d e dica ted to St Oswald with whos e nam e the site of the H ous e s eems to hav e had som e previous conn ec tion for in the charte rs of D e L aci ce rtain small lakes th e reby gran te d are r efe rr e d to as St Oswa ld s pools Shortly after its foundation the Pr iory w as re mov ed to a spo t n ear er the po o ls ; and the pr es en t church of St Michael and our L ady at Wragby s oon after w ards erected on the s ite of the or iginal chapel of the Mon as tery P rior Adl av e die d in 1 1 21 and was buried in the Old chapel A delw ard the s eco nd Prior Obta ine d a Papal licens e for fur th er ad d itions to the H ous e b u t on ly succ eede d in bu ilding the crypt A uketil the fif th Pr ior having comm ence d buildin g the cho ir of th e church and co mplete d several hous es for the canon s died in 1 1 9 6 W illiam de C lifford finish ed the nav e of the church befor e hi s death in 1 27 7 3 and comm enced the Chapter hous e wh ich w as fin ished by his successor , R ichard de W artre, w ho died in 1 29 1 William de B irs tall the next Prior having re gard to the creature comforts of the i l i br hr n caus d b bu a k e t t o t e e tch en e A gu stmm C an on lard er H e also bu tte ry and treasury built a war ehous e for the woo l whi ch w as one of the chief items o f property of the hous e e nlarg ed the dorm itory bu ilt aqu educts , a n e w chamb er n ear the infirmary calle d the B ishop s Chamber and a chape l N ot n e glecting art to the V ir gin On the north s id e of th e cem ete ry Pr ior B irs tall caus ed one Osb ert to paint a gr eat pictur e of the Cruci fi x ion for th e h igh a ltar and set up a cross on the left o f the entran ce Dur ing the rule of th is Pr ior the hous e fl ourish ed gr eatly to the choir — I n 13 1 2 ll h i ll fo ow i ng x r c s from t y e ar s ccoun s w how as the e t a t e t S a the church at B amb orou gh in N orthu mb erland and the lands th er eto b elonging produced the sum of £ 3 83 1 1 s 9 d Ther e we re fi fty on e s ervan ts at th is tim e attach ed to th e house at N ostel bes ide s tw en ty e igh t at th e diffe r en t offshoot c ells The kitchen expens e s for th e y ear amou n ted to £ 224 1 8 s 4d exclus ive of what was tak en from the d airy and s tor es The wh eat bread cost £ 5 00 an d quar ters of oats and 1 00 quar ters Of barley w er e us ed in br ew ing The canons poss ess ed .
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N OSTE L
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sh eep 1 00 cows four bulls 7 2 oxen 6 1 h eifers and 3 3 calves Prior B irs tall r esigne d At th is p er iod ther e wer e twenty six Canons Ab b erford b e gan in 1 3 12 and was succeed e d by H en ry d e Ab b erford to bu ild a n ew cho ir to b e join ed on to the church b u t his rule w as a most disastrous on e for the mo n as tery I n 1 3 22 on e Rob er t A quar ius a leader of the En glish army against th e Sco ts plun der ed the hous e an d took a w ay all the Can o n s hors es The fo llowin g ye ar a s ev er e murrain almos t en tirely d es troye d th eir flocks and the lan ds at B amb orou gh w er e ravaged by the Scots The Canons s eeing ruin be fore th em accus e d Ab b erford be for e th eir Visitor the Archbishop of York of hav in g waste d the abb ey prope r ty The unfor tunate Pr ior acknowledge d that h e had b een drawn into gr eat extravagance in the bu ildin g of the cho ir 3 b ut prov ed that the incurs ions of th e Sco ts had d es troy ed the profi ts of B am b orou g h wh enc e a gr ea t part of th eir suppor t aros e and that the Canons likewis e su ff er e d losses at B irs tall Batley Morley and Roth w ell through the English army r emaining fi fteen days at thos e places insomuch tha t that y e ar wh ea t w as so ld at tw enty sh illings p er quar ter The r esult of the app eal is n ot r ecord e d b u t in 1 3 28 th e Prior res ign ed and soon afterwards died The n ext Prior John D I nsu la s eems to hav e worked wond ers w ith th e finances Of th e hous e H e found it w ith a d eb t of 4s 1 d and w h en he died in 1 3 3 0 £ 5 40 o f this sum had be en paid off an d a larg e s u m r emain ed in the tr easury towards the liqu idation Of th e r e s t This Pr ior is r ecor de d to hav e died of terror consequ en t upon th e hos tile vis it of one Robert Bosv ille th en Cons tab le of the cas tle of Ponte fract Durin g the rule of I n sula the fair which had b een granted to the Cano n s by H enry I to b e h eld at Nostel on St Oswald s Day and for tw o days befor e and after that festival was by favour of King E dward r emov e d to Bredo n in L eices tershir e This b ecam e necessary on account Of the dis turbances and loss to the Abb ey conse qu ent upon th e ho ldin g of the fair A s an amusing instance of thes e disturbances w e have in the W akefi eld Sess ion Ro lls of 9 th Edward I I an account of a complaint by W illiam Car ter again s t J ohn d e Heton that the sa id J oh n had over thrown a s tall at St Os w ald s Fair wh ereby the said W illiam had los t twen ty g allons of b eer valu e tw o Shillin gs and fou rpenc e 3 a cask valu e tw elve pen ce ; and a sack value eightpenc e 3 b es ides damage to the cov er in g of the s tall to the extent of tw elv e p ence an d o th er injury to the amoun t of forty sh illings J oh n de D ewsbury the eighteen th Prior did a little fu rther work at the choir and died in 1 3 3 7 Thomas d e D arfi eld his successor built the Pr ior s apar tm ents and the gr eat granary an d also set up a clock in th e church R ichard d e W ombw ell electe d in 1 3 7 2 divid e d the C anons dorm itory into c ells b uilt a n ew infirmary a chamb er for gu es ts and a bakehous e He also sunk a w ell to d rain the w ate r from the coa l m in es b elonging to the Priory bu ilt a s tab le n e ar the pool and a b elfry W ombwell died in 1 3 85 Richard Wortley the sacristan dur ing par t of W o mb w ell s ru le s eems to hav e b een an extraord inary man I t is r ecorded tha t h e p ain ted with his ow n hands ,
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r efectory cons truc ted s talls for the cho ir and wrough t gold and s ilver image s w ith canopies for the high altar Prior A dam de B ilton elec ted in 1 8 3 5 p laced b ells in th e turr et bu ilt by W ombwell The monas tery poss ess e d th irty Six church es amongs t which may b e m entioned Bramh am Ly th e Bolton P ercy Ro thwell F eath erston e H uddersfi eld Warmfi eld Sou th K irkb y A ckworth B irs tall and W ath The P riors wer e occas ionally summon e d to P ar liament an d it is r ecord ed tha t Prior Wartre was th er e place d not amongs t those Of his ow n rank , b ut amongs t the B ishops I t is poss ible that this dis tinction may hav e be en conferr e d upon him as A rms of N ste l P riory the r epr es enta tiv e o f the Old es t A ugus tin ian hous e in England From time to tim e canons migra te d from Nostel and B amb orou gh Br ed on and Toc kw ith e s tab lish ed ce lls at W oodkirk The common s eal of the abb ey as shown on a d ee d da te d 1 28 0 pr es erv e d in the C hapter hous e at Wes tm ins ter is round with a figur e o f St Oswald w ith a cross in his r igh t hand an d a S pr ig of laur el in h is le ft The fi g ur e of th e sa in t is r epr es en te d s eated in an an tiqu e chair decorated w ith wolves h ea ds The s eal b ears the le gend Sigilu se Osw aldi R egi s Mr d e N oste l R ichard Marsd en the 28 th Prior bu ilt the pri ncipal apar tme nt of the monas tery and d ecorated it with various h eraldic and o the r o rnam ents Eithe r Marsd en or his succ ess or laid p ipe s from a spring in the to wns h ip Of Ry le to the mon as tery ‘ Th e p ip es s till r ema in and supp ly the pres ent h ouse at Nostelfl In H unter s tim e a small s tone bu ildin g with a nich e for an image over The n ex t Prior A lver ed the door s till r emain e d at the spring h ead Comyn w as elected in 1 5 24 He built the cho ir of the church of the monas tery and place d in the la r ge e as t window of it a fu ll length por trait of h imself Whilst P rior Comyn ente r tain ed Cardinal Wols ey w ho s taye d a night at th e monas tery on his way to Cawood and con firmed a very large number of ch ildr en Comyn still h eld Offi ce wh en D rs Leigh and L ayton vis ited the house as Co mmiss ion ers from the K ing Var ious gross abus es wer e r eported of N ostol and soon af ter wards Comyn res ign ed Rob er t F err er a z ealous r eform er w as at once n in ord er to Obta in an easy surren derQ i u t p H e was born towards the en d of the fifteenth or ear ly in th e s ixteen th century and w as a m emb er of the ancien t fam ily Of F err er s eated for s everal g en erations at a ood H all near H alifax an d now of I ngleborough of which family also was Nicholas F err e r th e founder of th e famous Pro te s tan t N un n ery at G edd in g , H un tin gdonshir e in th e s eve nteenth c entury H e r e ceiv ed his educa tion at bo th Cambr idge and Oxford wh ere he graduated and was appo inted R ead er of the
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For th e excellen t view
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Pr ory
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23 4
Y OR KSH I R E
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Sen tenc es in the Salte r in 1 5 3 3
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W hilst at Oxford
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the in fec tion of arr ett, and F err er of th es e h ere tical
brough t th ith er by Thomas G W o ls ey h ear in g becam e tain ted ther ewith proc eedings s ent a commiss ion to ins titu te an enquiry and mak e ou t a “ lis t of the in f ecte d s tu den ts F errer s nam e appe ar e d in thi s list an d h e un d e rw e n t a fur th er exam in ation b u t do es n ot app ear to hav e b een s ev erely d e alt with as v ery soon after w e find him pursu ing his s tudies as usual I n 1 5 3 3 h e was e le c te d Pr ior of N ostel an d h eld w ith it the Pr ebend of Bramham which was an appanage of th e pr iorate ; he w as also Pr ebendary of Bole and chaplain to Archb ishop Cranm er and in 1 5 43 ( temp H enry V I I I ) w as con secrated B ishop of St Dav id s He was the las t Prior Of N os tel and at the dis so lu tio n w as award ed a p ension of £ 1 00 p er an num ou t of the r ev enu es 3 at w h ich period his conv ic tions having a ttain ed maturity he avow ed hims elf a R eform er The gross in com e of the Priory at the d issolu tion is r e cord ed at marks Th e s ite of the monastery and much of the land th er eto 1 3 s 4d b elongin g w as gran ted tO D r Le igh for the su m of and an ann ual r ent of £8 1 0S From th e Leighs the proper ty pass e d to th e Gargreav es and th ence by purch as e through the Wo ls ten ho lme fam ily to G eorg e Winn anc es tor of the pr es en t ho lders who purchas ed the es ta te in 1 63 4 Lu th eran ism
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THE L I F E OF A N EN G L I SH MON A ST ER Y
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I N the s tory Of th e life of on e of ou r ancient abbeys a many s id e d I f w e look from the pr es ent to the pas t w e are too tale h as to b e to ld — n e a l i i i t v w mou d r ng ru ns w h ov r sympath etic ey e The h i t e e o e ap t t glamour of a s trang e s to ry is cas t ov er u s Our m ental r e s toration of “ th e th e old ruins to ou r fancy of th e r eality is too ap t to b e if n ot Of dim r eligious ligh t, of the mor e s ensuous type that a s trong imagina tion rais es from a fl e shy bas is I t is n ot to the pr es en t purpos e to tr ac e the ethical life of a community of monks 3 it is only intended to giv e som e prominen t glimps es of th eir mun dan e ex is tenc e from the cradle to the grav e of I n ord er to do so I will tak e the s tory of on e of the mos t th eir hous e con spicuous ru ins fr e qu ented alike bo th for scen ic b e au ty an d for architectural d isplay— an an c ient es tablishm ent having on e of the most u n iqu e b eginnin gs and favourable care ers in the his tory of E n glish monas ter ies— the s tory of the C is tercian Abb ey of St Mary of K irkstall The first r emark gen erally mad e by v is itors to our ru in e d abb eys is to the e ffect that th e monks of old w ere adm irable judg es of land scap e b e au ty and sybarite fo llow ers of the fa tn ess of the land -
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TH E
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23 5
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a rule the country surround ing on e of th es e abbeys pres ents a charming pictur e of leafy magnificence rolling down or w oodclad crag at th e foo t of wh ich flows som e sh immer ing riv er or r ipplin g brook wh ile u n der the v ery feet an expans e of cultivate d meadow an d upland sp eaks of a long continuance of agricultural prosperity The error of th is conclus ion is larg ely attrib u table to the topograph ers who hav e wr itten wha t little may have been w r itten on the subj ect Of the place wh ich th ey visit I n the cas e of K irks tall for ins tanc e who after r eading Dr Wh itaker s pompous A mongs t the monas tic re encomium main s of the north Of England K irks tall may claim the s econd plac e wheth er it b e cons ider ed as a feature in a landscap e or a specimen of architectur e I n the former v iew it must perhaps yield th e palm to Bolton ; in the latte r indisputab ly to F ou n of tains — wou ld gu ess its b eginnin g which w e have an almos t photograph ic view in the co n temporary account of the foun dation ? A s w e hav e alr eady s tate d a miraculous interv ention is the prefac e to the s to r y Som e monks from the Abb ey of Foun tains had in 1 147 Obtained from H enry de Laci Baron of Pontefract the mos t potent and Cistercian C an on Opu len t man in the nor th of England grandson of Ilb ert de L aci a mighty leader u nder the Conqu eror the grant of the town of Barnoldswick in Crav en for the purpos e of H enry de L aci was then lying e s tab lish ing a C is tercian monas tery dang ero usly ill and his g ift w as a propitiation for his Sins and su fferings At Barno ldswick the pious br ethren happ ened to come to litiga tion w ith the secular pr ies t and the laity by r eason of a little ov erb earing and unjus tifiable conduct which had to b e r eferre d to Rom e for s ettlem ent I n on e of his journeys evidently to Pon tefract the s eat Of his patron Abbo t Alexander happen ed to pass down A iredale to Lee ds no doubt as on e of his s tages wh en in a s eclude d par t of the township of H eadin gley then subinfeudate d by D e L aci to W illiam P atefy n h e is sa id to have d iscov er e d som e pious a n chorites who had tak en up th eir a b ode in a very ou t of the way corner of the township by the river side Of cours e he asked th em th eir mann er of living the form of th eir religion and wh ence th ey cam e Seleth on e of th em who appear e d to b e the lead er answer ed As
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sou th r part f this ki gdom A r v latio from h av m ad t m I cam hith r f r w h i th la d f m y h av i g b ativity I w a v c cam t m duri g sl p sayi g A ri S l th d go i to th provi c I w as
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23 6
YOR KSH I R E
OL D
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ork d s arch dilig tly f r a v all y w hich i call d Air dal d a c rtai plac which i all d Kirk stall d th r pro id a futur h abitatio f r br thr H ask d fro m w h om th v o ic cam d th a sw r w I t s rv my S Sa viour Of th w rl i J sus th Na ar d my A w aki g I m M ary d th co sid r d w h at I sh o l d do co c r i g thi r v l tio casti g my h op d h as til y d part d doubti g othi g ; d d m t th L ord l ft m y h om h w h call d m l adi g m t this v all y w h ich th ou s s t I h av t r ach d B t first I l ar t fro m th s h ph rds d h rd sm th at this w ith ou t di fli lty plac i which w w dw ll w s all d Kirk tall Y
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pious misr epr es entation on th e part of bro th er — — l s h t l e h K i t t ea w as only coined afte r nam rks a church d l h f o rt e e Se et the church had b een fo und ed as is admitted 3 and which has called for th it did n ot app ly the in digna tion of the v ir tuous Of la ter ag es However to the wild ern ess wh ere Seleth had taken up his abo d e This
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ao a y days g roo s rbs a c C r s a p op r c ar y ga r ards os br r o ou s s jo d s s a g r r as r a r or br r u a g o g o s s r a or c o g s k g g by abour our a ds H earing th is Abbot A lexander began to think within hims elf of
eatin an d th e t an d h e lms w hi h I was l n e for m n , , h i ti n e le of thei h it ve to me Afte w th e eth en w h m in e th em elve to m e, h vin me for ul e an d m te n ow ee t th We liv e eth en of Le R th , h vin n thin fte th e f m of th e rson al to ur elv e l thin , ee in all thin s th e l 0 in me t h n eith e .
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the s ite an d circu ms tanc es of the place , of the ple as an t va lley and the wate r then owing through it, and Of the adjacent woods for the e r e c tion of o ur b uil din gs ; and he s aw tha t the p lace w as sufliciently suitable th er e to bu ild an abbey ; an d , like an as tute pries t, he soon He b egan to advis e the turn e d the matter to his ow n advantage h ermit brethr en as to the health and profit of th eir souls , propos in g to e ach th e peril Of his own will, the pov er ty of the commun ity , th eir being disciples w ithou t a mas te r , laity withou t a pr ies t, persuadin g th e m of the gr eater perf ec tion and better form Of his r elig ion He th en bade th em good b y e , w ent str aigh t to Henry d e L aci, and begged the p lace ov er th eir h eads I t so h appen ed tha t the gif t had to b e con firm ed by William P atefy n , the sub in - feudatory, with whom De Laci was at var iance , as wer e many Lords and th eir feudal tenan ts ; for we mus t not forget all this w as happenin g in the troublou s reign of Steph en , when mas ter and man w er e Often at daggers drawn B ut the monk w as e qual to the occasion , and he improv ed it Henry de Laci called “ William to him, Obtained his ass ent to the gift, and th en the bickerings and discords th at had exis ted between them c eas e d , an d they w ere ” made friends from that day 3 and the place occupied by th es e h ermits , w ith the adjacent wood and water ac cordin g to cer tain boundar ies , ” “ p ass ed to God an d to the monks, th ey pay ing a rent to William an d his h eirs of fi v e marks aving thus s ecur ed a more commo dious p lace , Al exander began to build a church ( basilicam) in honour of Mary , always v irgin ; and th e Offi ces having be en er ec ted, he chang ed th e nam e and ca lled the monas tery Kirkestall On the 1 4th Kalends June ( 1 9 th May ) , 1 1 5 2, th e “ l co ony at Barnolds w ick d eparted to their n ew hom e, which is now called Kirkestall, a place of groves , unfru itful Of c rops , a place nearly
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3 38
OLD
YOR KSH I R E
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The warmth of the r eligion of th es e enthusias ts is g iv en graph ically a word por trait of on e Of the early A bbo ts —Turgesiu s
in isation
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of Tor a man of Danish descent) a man of Singu lar abstin ence and mos t s ever e chas tis er of his body being always clo th ed in sack clo th to suppr e ss the unlawfu l mo tions of the fl esh by har sh clo thing carryin g in his mind th es e words of the gospel They tha t w ear soft ” clo th ing are in Kin g s hous es His garm en t at all tim es w as b ut on e ,
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cowl and on e tunic w ithou t any addition ; y et he had no more in w in ter and no less in summ er T hus h e yield ed to neith e r s e ason so tha t you wou ld n eith er th ink him to b e chilled w ith the co ld nor in fl am e d w ith th e heat I n the d ead of winter when the sharpn ess of the cold was most v eh em ent he n ever to ok care for any d efence agains t the hardness of th e w eath er 3 he would n ot w e ar socks upon his feet nor H e s tood at the night p ermit s traw to b e laid for him to lie on watch es wh en on e hav ing double garments on w as alln ost froz en s tiff ,
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THE L I F E OF
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23 9
M ON A STER Y
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felt n o u neas in ess and w e say that he r epelled the co ld of the season with the ardour of the inward man N0 man pleasanter than h e none more temperate 3 he n ev er tas ted win e u n less in thos e par ts wh er e no o th er drink can b e found Th er e is no n e ed to talk of fl esh 3 fish h e permitted to b e set b efor e h im for the sak e of thos e who s at by him only to look at n ot to eat He was fre qu en tly w eep ing and in com punction when d isco ursing he s eldom r efrained from tears 3 n ever at the Offi ce of the altar withou t devo tion 3 n ev e r said mass w ithou t tears whereof h e Sh ed so great a flood that he did n ot s eem to w eep b u t to rain down tears insomuch that the sacerdo tal v es tments h e wor e could scarce b e us ed by any other After sp ending nin e years at K irks tall Tu rg esiu s resign e d and r eturn e d to Foun tains wh er e he d ied The au sterity that h e practised did n ot long pr evail at K irks tall The conv ent fell into wo eful d ebt infinitely more and mor e dis tress ing than that of St Edmund s Bury upon wh ich Car lyle dilates w ith so much pathos in his accoun t of that worthy Abbo t Samson in Chartism Pas t and Pr es en t A ccor ding to the s ta te of the hous e on the day of St L amb er t bishop and mar tyr 1 28 4, the tim e of the cr e ation of Abbo t H ugh de Grims ton the conven t on ly poss ess ed 1 6 draught oxen 8 4 cows 1 6 yearling and young bullocks 21 ass es and no sh eep , although the ra is ing of sh eep h ad always b een a gr ea t f eatur e of the C is tercian The d ebts cer tainly d u e by a r ecogn isance made b efore the economy 1 2s 7 d 3 by wr itten bonds th er e Baro n s of the Ex ch equ er wer e wer e du e to J ames d e F istolis ( mark him Shylock 5 00 marks 3 to the Abbo t of Foun tain s , 5 0 marks 3 5 9 sacks of wool and 9 marks w er e d u e to Barnard Talde ; b es id e s th e acqu ittances in the hands Of J ohn Saclden (l Shackleton a n am e y et well known in the n eighbourhood) for 15s 7 d The to tal of this mons trous burd en was 3 40 marks besides the 5 9 sacks of wool a sum which cannot hav e r epr es ente d less of pr esent money Of cours e this was utter bankrup tcy than The convent wh ich had b een in diffi culties s inc e the r eign Of H enry whos e Royal pro tection th ey had to s eek was compelled to again r esor t to the King to ob tain by his interpos ition an extension of time for satisfyin g the le gal claims made upon them 3 and th ey Obtain ed it Abbo t H ugh who s eems to hav e b een a man well qualifi ed to wr es tle with thes e burdens shows his br ethren the d eplorable s tate of the hous e and in the en d he managed to get the affairs within contro l I n 1 301 be fore his d ea th wh ich occurr ed in 1 3 04 the effects and d eb ts Of the hous e as prov ed at the v is itation on th e Sun day n ex t b efore the fe as t of St Margar et the Vir gin w er e— draught oxen 21 6 cows 1 6 0 The d ebts y earlin gs and bu llocks 1 5 2 calv es 9 0 Sh eep an d lambs o f th e hous e w er e b u t £ 1 6 0 3 an d to th is mos t sa tisfac tory s ta tem en t R ichar d Abbot of Fountain s aflix ed his s eal Of H ugh de Grims to n and mos t ev id en tly a man Of m iddle c lass par en tag e perhaps a mo n k likely son of on e of the tenants of the abb ey it may , ind eed b e said W ell don e thou good and faithful s ervant ‘
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240
Y OR KSH I R E
OL D
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From this pe r iod for the tw o hundr ed and od d years of its con tin u ed e xis te nce a life Of tr an quility amoun ting to torpidity s ettled upon th e abb ey The abbey w as su rr e nder ed on the 22n d N ovembe r 1 5 40 and the d eed of surr ender giv es us a goo d d escription of it at that d ate The gardens and th e Site of th e la te monastery , with app le orchards ce metery and o th er places within the pr ec incts co ntain e d by es timation 6 acre s ; a m eadow clos e, calle d Br ewhous e clo se containing 6 acr es 3 ano th e r m eadow th en called Overkirkgarth c ontain ing 5 ac res ; a pastur e fi eld called P ente s C los e co ntain in g h alf an acr e ; anoth er pastur e close behind the stable th en called Co lman Croft con taining 2% acr es and tw o water corn mills with in the s ite Stev ens fi lls up the details and makes a pic tur e of cosy comfort r efreshin g in its serenity after a glimps e of the b u sy ac tivity p erv ad ing the neighbou rhood of ,
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d with g rd s d v cot etc d wh atev r w ith r f r or or am t d ll co v i tly s at d or th b k f d licat riv r calm d cl ar w hic h p rh s h as co tribut d t th g ral mis om r f th plac w hich i fr qu tly call Ch ris t l] i st ad f K irkst ll—it i locall y pro ou c d K r tl t this day— t o ly by th vu lgar b t by so m p rso f m or lib ral ducatio d by th t am pri t d i th b st map s th at w r v r mad f r th cou ty A
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242
Y OR KSHI R E
OL D
AN C I E N T HULL
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D EED S
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MA N Y of the an cient d ee ds in qu es tion would b e pr epar ed by the monks of the great priory of St Michael n ear H ull those conse rva tors of learn ing being the conv eyance rs of th e m iddle a ge s and having it is said , inv en te d the s erj eant s co if in order to hi d e the tons u r e wh en the y w er e prac tis ing with in the bar an elem e n t of extra attrac tion is add e d N O doubt wh en that s ta tely conven t w as d ise s tablish e d to th em and d is endowe d , th ey pas s ed for fu tur e car e in to the c us tody of the master of the Char terho us e whos e humbler barqu e w eathered the s to rm in wh ich gr e at galleons w ent down On e of the d eeds r elates s olely to the M aison D ion I t is a leas e from Sim on Bur ton , th e s econd mas te r of the hous e date d at H u ll du ring Chr is tm as 1 43 1 and g iven to Simon J ohn son a tailor and J ohann a his wife , for th eir j o int lives and the life of the survivor of a ten em en t which th e d ee d te lls us the said Sim on and J oha nna had built at th eir o wn expe ns e upon a vacan t piece o f ground ly in g to the nor thward and w ith in the w alls of the hos pital ( infra lzmztes et mu ros i z hos ita ble er a rte d t f r i and wh ch t h s s w r r c e c o l e s e e e e e to p ay p p p an annual rent of 6 d ( sex dena rios sterlzngoru m) to the Sis ters o f the hous e dur ing the s aid te rm The docum ent is b eau tiq y e ngross e d w ithou t erasure or error and ce rta inly puts mod ern p enmans hip to “ shame I t descr ibe s the hospital as the Meis en dieu Of H u ll ne ar the ” hous e Of the pr iory of St Michael of the Carthus ian order 3 and s tate s Thomas Marshall to b e th en mayor of the town and R ichard P omfr et and J ohn Al cock bailiffs G en t and other local his tor ians nam e J ohn G rimsby as mayor at that tim e so that there is her e some discrepancy 3 b u t I am not awar e of any work giving th e nam es of the ba iliffs late r Of cours e th is ten e m e n t has lo ng d isappe ar ed 3 b u t n early than 1 3 9 6 200 y ears after th e date of the lease a m emorandum occ urs in on e of the accoun t books of the char ity wh en Thom as Winc0p w as mas ter , ord erin g that the master Shou ld henc eforward r eceive the r ents Of tw o te n em en ts adjoin ing the hospital on the eas t ins te ad of the s am e r e nts being as th er etofore paid to the brethren of the hous e 3 and it is probable tha t on e of thes e w as the very tenemen t in qu e s tion and that th e tw o are thos e clearly sho w n in H o llar s excellen t plan Of the town as s tanding east of th e hospital on eith er s ide of the commune via which led to the r iv er H ull, so that in som e m easur e this Old forgo tte n leas e te s tifi e s to th e d eta ile d accuracy of the D u tch draughtsman W e have n ext a leas e from W ill de la Pole, Marquis of Su ffolk to ” a clos e of land near Old H ull, called Gran gew y k on e Rob e r t For es t of for a term of 21 y ears at the r ent of 44s The plot of g roun d to wh ich th is dee d da te d l oth J u ly , 1 445 , r ela tes is I believ e th e v ery Old es t in H ull that can b e id en tifie d by nam e— a n ame wh ich it bore ev en within living m emory , wh en it first p ass ed into the poss ess ion of the .
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AN
CI E N T
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D E E DS
243
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Broadley family and be fore the activity of modern bu ilders had u tilis ed Gran g ew y k is it for the r e qu ir em ents of an incr eas ing population undoubtedly the very clos e of land given to the monks of Melsa by Matilda Camin circa 1 1 6 0 and d escrib ed in her grant as the toft in — this hall a u la in L atin hav ing probably w h ich th e hall was s itua te b een th e or iginal Mote hall or Court hous e of th e ancient man or of Myton Frost tells us that this buildin g was us e d by the mo n ks as th eir grange 3 b u t th is s ee ms a viola tion of th e past tens e employ e d in “ would s eem to imply n ot the charter wh er e the v erb f u it s itua ta tha t a bu ild ing th en s tood b u t t hat on e had s tood th er e at som e pr evious time The po int must always r emain obscur e ; b ecaus e the L iter M elsoe r ecording th e gift to the monks abou t 20 years afterwards by B en e dict d e Scu lcotes of th e reliqu am p artem d el Wy le ( the r es t states that it w as ther e our grange had b ee n s tood nostra of Wy k) ” i l i di t l t t h ng up mor mm a y subj c a n z u t s t t b u a di e e e o e e t r a e m ua a t e 3 g g f b efor e up adds n ow howev er the grange is wholly d es troy e d omn in o and its s ite converte d into a meadow called I t was on this v ery fi eld probab ly tha t Abbo t Micha el Gran gewy built the s tone hous e wh ich the chronicle says he er ected in My ton about 1 249 3 and this ho us e would b e the grange which K in g J ohn s “ Charte r confirmed to the monks ( locu m et term s grangzae 6 0m m d e Milan which was us e d as the manor ho u s e when Ed w ard I purchas e d My ton manor and th e to wn of Wy k and wh ich was after w ards pulle d down by Sir William d e la Po le, and re erected in ano th er place b elong ing to the manor calle d Tup c otes 3 whence originated the s till e x is tin g copyho ld manor of Tu p c oates w ith , or pe rhaps w ith in My to n B e th is as it may it is som ewhat inter esting to find th e Old b ed of the “ Hull r eferr ed to as Old H ull long after the river had established its elf in Say er cr eek The sam e Rober t F ores t tw o y ears after th e form er leas e took ano ther one from William d e la P ole date d 1 0th May 1 447 of a ” garde n cum stagn o wh ich I un derstan d to m ean a shop ( stagnum p ro o r it m igh t b e a pond th er ein and wh ich la scamn o upon t h w s e e t ) y s ide of le Chapman str ete otherwise calle d Ded lan e and having the common s ew er of th e town for its w es tern bound ary its nor th e rn abu ttal b eing a gard en and dov eco t belonging to Thomas M arshall no doubt the ex mayor I cannot find m ention in any on e Of our authorities of Chapman stre et or D ead lane C ertainly Fros t sp eaks of a Champaign s treet called in 1 47 0 C hamp an e lan e and which he places on the s ite of our pr esent D agger lane B u t although the names are so s imilar on e b eing only a transposition o f som e letters in the o th er w e mus t n ot conclud e them to b e id entica l as th is d ee d dis tinctly s tate s the gard en to b e on the w est s ide of the str eet and to b e bounded on its own w es t by th e common s ew er of th e town which s ewer w e know ran down the middle of wha t is now Trinity hous e lan e an d lie s to the eas tward of Dagger lane Chapman s treet may m ean Merchants str eet, and have owe d its n ame to its having once ,
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244
Y OR KSH I R E
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b een a thoroughf ar e of busy commercial traffic I canno t explain why ” it w as e v e r ca lle d D ead lan e M ention of Tr inity hous e lan e s erv es to in troduc e the n ex t docu m ent a le as e to R ichard Bothe tyler of H u ll from J ohn de la Pole Duk e of Suffolk and hu sband of Margar et P lan tagan et th e illus trious noble in who s e person the blood of the wor thy burgh er Of R avens e ro d allied its elf with the royalty of his native land Al though the d eed was made on May the 2oth 1 46 6— nearly four and a half centuries ago— it s till be ars clean and fresh pr ese rve d by a fold of the parchm ent the au tograph of that gr ea t nob le I t is a grant for a term of 1 00 years and at the annual r e nt of 4S of lawfu l money of England of ” an ancient house with its garden lying in ozoa, tie a s tr eet ( mcus ” an open S pace) called Oldeb ev ley g ate This thoroughfar e is agr eed to have fo llow ed the cours e of B ow lalley lan e Tr in ity hous e lan e and Sewer lane : b u t som e Obscurity r e s ts upon its id entity throu gh the fac t that th e whole s treet is or par ts of it are sometimes terme d Old B ever ley str eet and sometimm simply B ev erley s treet F or ins tanc e the s ite of the D e la P o le s palac e on the nor th s id e of B ow lalley lan e is d escrib ed as abutting on Old B ev erley— s tr eet an d so is that garden o f th eir s wh er eo n w as afterwards bu ilt the hospital of the Trin ity hous e 3 wh ils t at the s am e tim e an al mshou se adjoining upon A ldga te i n ow W h ite fr argate is s ta te d to als o adjo in upon B e v er ley s tr eet I n ) ( an e arly r ental of the tow n to o som e tenem ents are s tate d to b e in Old B ev erley str eet, o th ers in B ev erley s tr eet I have n ot however ” o th erwh ere than in th is deed met with the term Old B ev erley ga te 3 and w ould suggest an infer ence th er efrom that wh en the to wn w as first walled the entrance from B ev erley w as to the south of that later B everley gate which saw th e r epulse of a kin g and was eithe r wh er e My ton gate afterw ards stood or at the wes t end of B lank et .
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hav e a little out of order in poin t of date, a v ery inte r es tin g docum e n t being the co nv eyanc e on 9 th J anuary , 1 3 9 1 from the second Mich ael de la Pole to Simon de Gry mesb y the mayor and A gnes his w ife of the hous e on the w es t side of of the to wn in which that mayor th en liv ed and regia strata vocat H u lstrete which had form erly been the residence of Rich ard de la Pole bro th er This hous e descr ib e d as a capital m essuag e to ou r firs t mayor w ith a gard en and two on e of th e b es t class of dw elling hous e s ) te n em ents adjo in ing and also conv ey e d is s ta te d to ex te nd w es twards “ from the street to the hous e of th e bro thers of St Augus tine 3 and the la tter an th e grant also includes a s taith and cran e Tha t implem ent introduced into th e town n ot quite 5 0 y ears b efor e m ention ed in the pr es ent deed is par ticular ly s tated to b e bu ilt upon “ the s taith wh ich its elf r each e d from the s tr eet u squ e a d fi lu m a tqu e ck ” Fros t d efin e s the word H u ll to the thr ead or brink of the r iv er s taith to m ean the narrow way ov er the bank of the river to the wa ter side ; b u t evidently it also inclu de d the wooden j etty or s tage we
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246
YOR KSHI R E
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pass ed into the po ss ession of the W ak es w as for its double moat 3 a defence wh ich s till ex is ts marking ( as as in Camd en s tim e) the s ite of th e s trongho ld The building its elf how ev er h ad d isappear ed even when that indefatigable antiquary visite d the spo t at the c los e Of the l 6th ce ntury for he says o f it in quain t and sonorous languag e Ente r ing in to the south part of th e gre at u p lan disc he town of Co ttingham I saw wher e Stute v ill s cas tle d ob il diked an d me ted ” s to od of the which no thing n e w remay n eth W illiam s son N icholas fath er Of Johann a gav e 3 00 marks and 5 palfr eys to hav e judgm ent of his manor of Cottingham an d o th er properties aga ins t a rival claiman t th e E us tace w e hav e m e n tion ed w ho w as the son by a se co nd wife of h is ( Nicholas ) grandf ath er Robe rt de Stu tevill the third N icholas die d 1 23 3 and his daughter J ohann a th en the wife of L ord H ugo d e Wake , became so le h eir ess to th e family estates subj ec t only to such claim as Eus tace m ight establish But Eus tace died in 1 242 p assing away let us hope to far more durable po ssessions ; an d wh en J Ohann a s husband died at Jerus alem four years afterw ards this widowed dam e w as s o g r e at an inh eritrix tha t Dugdale say s upon th e au thor ity of a MS in the Co tto n Library sh e r ev erte d to her maiden and family name Of d e Stu tevill SO far as th is fac t can ev er b e mate rial thi s d eed is a piece of invaluab le his torical ev idence for it expr essly states that J ohanna d e Stutevill made it in lawful widowhood She die d 1 27 6 and it w as by on e of h er childr en that H alte mprice P r iory w as founded in 1 3 24 H er se al w as a re presentation of a lady r iding s ide saddle w ise and confute s as Dugdale r emarks the no tion of some that sid e saddles w er e firs t introduce d into England by A nn e of Bohe mia consor t of Richard I I I n th e pr esent ins tance som e lov er of antiquity, mor e zealous than devou t has taken her s eal away The accompanying facs im ile of th is v ery in terestin g d eed will show its adm irable pr eservation and its clearn ess of caligraphy ; whilst the fo llowing translation may s erv e to illustrate the natu re and tenor of conv eyanc ing doc u m en ts in th e e arly days of tha t sc ien ce "
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a u Ch rist by wh om this pr s t writi sh all th at h rd J oh a d St t ill w is h t r al salv at o i th L r K ow ry fK g th fi rs t Su day aft r E as t r i th fifty third y ar Of th r ig f Ki g J oh th d f full po w r h av gr t d I i l awf l w ido w h ood h o mag d by th is m y r s t w riti g co fi rm d t R ob rt T k l cl rk p f L ord d s rvic ll h la d w ith it appurt a c s w hi ch throug h th g o m or E us tac d St t ill h h old s f m as i th ch art r f th sam E us tac fu lly co t i d sam day d y ar I h av M or o v r k ow y th at th r l as d d w h olly quitt d claim f r mys lf d my h irs t th sam R ob rt d hi h irs p rt f th a al r t accustom d t b paid f r th sa d la d h d f p pp r t r d ri g y arly t m my h irs d assig s th r for A d I J oh a P t cost i li u f ll accusto m d s r ic s d s cul r d m a a d hi h rs th afor sa d l and d m y h irs d assig s t th afor said R ob rt w ll d aga nst ll m d it appurt a c s f r d f p p r as f r f r v r w arra t a quit thi my pr s t w rit g I s tabl s h A d d d d my gra t d co fi rmatio dquit claim f th s d a u l r t d th r l as g W tn ss S r T w hich w riti g I h a v caus d m y s l t b affix d th s b h ll k g hts S Os m o d R ob rt d St t ll N ich olas d E mas William d B “
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247
D E ED S
Sir J
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names of the witn ess es to the deed are by no m eans lackin g in in ter es t W e have E dmund de Stutevill rector of the church of Cottingham John of H ess le r ector Of the church of Elv elay J ohn of Anlaby Thomas of H edon and o th ers A few words as to the churches m en tion ed C ertainly it is clear from this document that the date always ass igned to th e erection of Co ttingham church ( 1 27 2) is incorr ect and mus t b e carried back s ev eral y ears earlier 3 and as I am n ot awar e of any d etailed history of Cottin g ham I will take this oppor tunity of putting on r ecord tha t ano th er of th e d eeds b efor e us is a gran t of land in I g h elmire in a plac e th er e ” C urtay seday le called to Sir R ichard d e Melton cap ello n a d e ” C oty nglzam chaplain of Co ttingham in March 1 3 9 1 By the church of Elv elay w e mus t no doub t u n d ers tand K irk ella h n t a l hough i e t ; ” Va lor E cclesiasticu s m en tion is mad e Of the ch urch Of Elley , and of Kirkelv eley as tw o dis tinct places and in the r ecords of the poss es s ions Of the pr iory of Halten p ric e Wes t elveley and Estelveley are particularis e d I n the Tax a tio E ecleszastzea of England made under the authority of P ope N icho las I V in 1 264 the church of E lv eley is r eturned as of th e annual valu e of £ 46 1 3 s 4d 3 a v ery large su m for that day and equivalent to £ 8 00 of our ow n money I n 1 3 45 the advowson w as giv en to the pr ior of H altempric e who appointe d a vicar and the Vicarage is es timated in the Valor E cc lesiasticus 1 5 3 5 as wor th £ 1 3 2s 8 d a year I t is n ow wor th about £ 6 00 p er ann um .
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Hu ll J anuary , 1 8 84 ,
JOH N C OOK
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R I D I N G R EG I STER S
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I N the following lis t of R egis ters , wh er ev er the date given f rom the Parliamentary R eturn s , as is som etimes the cas e , th e tion h as been made after p ersonal inspection of th e R egis ter 1 5 3 7 — Lan toft g 1 53 8 — A tw1 ck , North B urton , Wh ar .
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248
Y OR KSH I R E
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oy to Cottti gghham E tri g t H alsh am B ford l 5 64 Br riddllim ggto Flam borough HOollyym St M ary s H ull l 56 8 — B irdsall T s t ll ll 1 569 — St M ary s B v rl y 1 5 70 —Ald b rgh H olm Patri gt ] 5 7 1 — B arm s to R OO l 5 73 — Fil l 5 74 — Owt or l 5 7 6 — Scul coat s l5 77 —H um bl to l 5 7 8 — Littl D rifli ld Wi t ad 1 5 84 — B ur by H u m a by 1 5 85 — R us to Par v a Sk ffli g l 5 86 —Nu bur h olm l 5 8 7 —Catwi ck D rypool 1 588 — S am r l 5 9 2 —Catto G ri dall 1 59 3 — Su tto D rw t 1 5 9 6 — Car aby 1 59 7 —B m t Ch rry Burto L u d 1 600 Nort N wbald
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1 605 —H emin gb orou gh 1 606 — N u n k eelin g Millin t n 1 609 t n l 6 10 — 1611 - Au ht n W ilton 16 13 —B is e 1 6 1 6 —Alle t 16 18 —Ka ingh am, Wil e f 1 6 23 — B u w ith 1 628 —L e en 1 633 —R o th 1 63 8 1 648 1 650 Th n t n 1 65 1 tt n 165 3 —B n tin h m , D lt n , S th t wi , h t n , E e in D lt n , Ell h am, t n, t n on -th e W l , kn e , w ell, L n t n, ilh m , L u e N afi erton , R i t n , , S l , S o Seat n , .
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WEST R ID I N G R EG I ST ER S
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A Supplem ent to th ho se given
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ork Crux St m M rti G r gory Y ork 1 5 52 —Pat l B rid y 15 5 4 — All Sa ts m t York 1 556 —H orto i R ibb l sdal l 55 7 — St M arti Co y Str t Y ork A ll rto M li r r is St M argar t Y ork 1 558 —St D l 56 l —K ar sborough l 5 64 — L ittl Ous bur l 5 65 —St M ich l l B lf r y Y or k 1 567 —St Saviour s Y ork l 5 68 —St H l s Y ork 1 5 70 —St J oh s Y ork Far h am l 5 7 l —Bilto 1 5 73 — H oly Tri ity G d r mg t Y ork 1 5 7 7 —All Sai ts North Str t Y ork 1 5 7 9 —A s k h am R ic h ard 158 l — St Cu th b rt s Y ork 1 5 86 Co grov H arthill H ly Tri ity kl g t York 15 9 8 —St M ary s B is h op h ill th El d r St M ic h a l O b ridg Y ork 1 5 99 — B rad ford 1 602 —St M ary s Bis h ophill th Y o g r Y ork .
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16 34
YOR KSH I R E I N
YORK SH I R E
25 1
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I N 1 63 4
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TH E following extracts from a tour mad e through a gr ea t par t of England , n early tw o hundr e d y ears ago , are d er iv ed from a M a n u scrip t
collection in the British Mus eum in tituled A R elatio n of a Sh ort Sur v ey of Tw en ty six Cou n ties briefl y d escribin g th e Cities an d th eir Scy tu ations an d th e Corporate Town es an d Castles therein ob serv d in a Sev en Weeke s J ourn ey b egu n at th e C ity of Norw ic h an d from th en c e in to th e North —Ou M on day A ugus t 1 l th 1 634 an d en din g at th e sam e P l ac e B y a C ap tain e a Lieu ten an t an d an A n cien t [E n s ign ] ; all th r ee Of th e Military Com pan y in Norwich N O alteration has be en made in the lan guage b u t the immate rial par ts have b een omitted and a few words of conn ex ion occas ionally introduced F rom Norwich the trav ellers s tar ted on th eir journ ey by way of Lincoln and N ewark to Doncas ter of which towns they r epor t as follows : Took up our L odgin g at th e 3 Cran es w here w e foun d a gra ve an d g en tile H oste (n o lesse you c an im agin e him to b e h avin g so lately en tertay n d an d lodg d his M aj estie in his said Progress e) for in th at w ay h is M aj es tie s G es ts lay an d it fell ou t so fortu n ate for us to marc h so m e 1 00 miles fro m N ew ark to New castle Th e n ext m orn in g w e m oun ted an d pass ed o v er th e R iv er th at com es from Sh effi eld for to din e at Po mf ret I n th e mid w ay ( to s eason Ou r th at m ornin g s purc has ed trav elli n g Plate ) b ein g thirs ty w e tas ted a cup at R ob in H ood s w ell an d th er e accordin g to th e u su all an d an cien t C u stome of Travellers w ere in his rocky ch aire Of c erem on y d ignifi d w ith th e Ord er of K n ig hth ood an d sw orn e to Obs e rv e h is L aw es After on e Oath w e h ad n o tim e to s tay to h ear e our ch arge bu tt dis in th e L ans down e
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our d F lti F 4d a p c t th L ady Of th fl t i w spurr d w our w d ig iti t Pom fr t W light d t th Star abl us th b tt r t scal d took a fayr r pas t t th at h igh d Stat ly fam ous d C itt d ll bu ilt d pri c ly im pr g abl Cas tl by a Norma upo a R ock 3 w hich f rth situatio str gth d l rg m y m r w ith y i th is k i gdo m th C ircu it f this Cas tl th r i ( r ) 7 fam ous Tow rs Of th at am plitud d r it as m y t rtai so m a y Pri c s as som tim s h av com m a d d this I sl a d Th h igh s t f th m i call d th R ou d Tow r i w hi h th at u f ort at f r d t fl Pri c [R ich ard I I ] w rou d a post till hi barbarous B utch rs i h u m a ly d ri d h im Of Lif po h a Pos h cru ll h ack i gs d fi rc U t t t t p bl w d st ll r m i W i w d th pacious H all w th Gy t k pt th l arg fair Ki tch i l o g w ith m a y wid C him ys i it Th w w t w up d w th C hamb r f Pr s c th K i g d Qu s Ch amb rs th C ha p ll d m a y oth r R m ll fi t d suitabl f r Pri c s A w walk d t L ads w co v r th at fam ous Cas tl w d fair r sp ct f took a l arg th Cou try 20 mil s abou t asily w d plai l y disco v r d Y ork w th r t w pl ac ( aft r w h ad pl as d th Sh K p r our Gu id ) w thought fi t t h ast f r th d y w so f r p t d th w ath r such as brough t us both lat d w t i to th at o th r M tr p liti Citty f our famous I sla d H r i thi s City it w th at th gr at E mp ror [Co sta ti ] h ad h i d [it] w P l ac built ( as Traditio d Story t lls ) i th B ig f K D avid by a B rittis h ki g d th City call d aft r hi Nam I I our w y as w tr ll d .
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YOR KSH I R E
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o r arg rs by bu a r arc d r dg s o ad a cursory ra s u so s s o s ra g ab a g a p ac k o g r ak our abba day s r s r sC y p r od our s k s ra so a o gs us bg ro s ra g rs os app y or u a y our co ours Co y s r Ca p ous a o g g r y x d d bou ous ra us soo r ard ary b g d u s s ca us us a g ass good ack ads rs a o pr s g bo a d od s a y p ra p c ak ous our arbour k s ook suc car bo oa d as b a o r ra r a a os ss x or g fi d ours s Ca d a c ou d sa arg a c rc y xc u or y a r c rar rary ard a do s c C ap a ord pr ac Pu p s g s Q r g a b s op s s a c ab g accou as bou d r r a a r arg g rga y bu r c y g pa d a d p s s o y Qu r s rs a Pau s Cross ud ry ayor odC a ga r r r s s rd b a r a d a r gr a ac cord r a y rg a s a ac s g V c pr s d gra ar d d scr K g s ac gua d r pr s x u dr Pr s d a Pr c a y g or y a a a s r sd a C y b g os r pr s so r u r r s a s co d o do r our d o o fi s d par a day c ys a p ac g a y rar s c o u a acr d d g d c as d ac ors r o our day r ar ab ook sp c a a o sa os o c a c u a c or b yo d s a y r c g ar g dd Par o r a s r or r y o b oo o g so co r d o r r Cos K p po br ak g up o u K J a s co d d bo s c arg o g kp y s ry su p ous or s s s b o g g s Ca dra org ous C o rc car u y k p ry a or sa d u o ab c o s bro d r g co go d s r ssu gr a or au r V rg r us P r s C a d bo d r s r rc b s ops w doub g coro s ops g ob s cross s r d r c upo sa d s a s o g s s co s cra d p c a s c r ca d P rs as d a s a k r us org you a r c a so s ry by our os grac ous Pro r ss o co a d or y a arg a b s op u o s ayr o b ou d a bu a o r a r rc d rc b s op oby a a s a y rc o u s a du d r as do so s gr s bur s r rs o u brass rc d or a ou d ass ‘
’ i t e ee h h , w p ass d ve 2 l e Rive , 2 w ell ilt an d f i e h B i e of ’ St n e, an d h view , in t n it , of m e G en tlemen Seat of n te I n th i n oc tu rn all t v elli n h ite w ee c u tred l te in th e E v en in th t l e, n ot n win w h e e to t e th e e t, for h ee e in th i S it w as th e e i ’ of fir t W ee e t v el] , resolv d m n t at th e e in n in the e f Bu t g ’ for t n e il an d f t n tel lod g d In we m t h l ne t eet, ’ an d v ic tu all d th e e of m at th e h l vin an d en tile w id d ow , w h o f eel an d c h eerefu ll n te En te t in m en t to n e he 3 for n o y e ten e h er ’ Sh e of h er w et an d w e G e t , b u t sh e m e to , an d w elcom d eni h te w ith l e of e , an d S i h of h ot f e h S lm n , Sh e h erselfe e en tin th , in th t kin an d m e t f mil h s e of th e N orth ern e S ee h , M any God ’ tha n ke y ee, for m in h erh e h h e of u s, e , an d li ew i e t ” th at B r an d B M th e if sh e h ad een H th e th n te s ’ Th e n e t m n in we p rep ar d el ve tte for th e th e r l] , w hi h ’ w e f n to b e t te] l e, n ien t i hl ad orn d ellen t n if mit , Of an e with i h in it W ee h e m e ti al l in of th e L h e Li ’ A rch b ish o s h, th e e l it tan din in th e mid t b etw een e th e u i e, h i h A lt r, A rc i h le th iv e an e t Or an of w h i h w e are nt w e are n ilt, Th e e w e saw f i e, l e , hi h O h ea n , n ew l ilt, i hl ’ ’ carv d 35 in te ; ee row of e i i te l weet n w A ito , th e Ld M in hi s G l h in e, w ith his 12 r ve B eth en , 2 Sh e iff , 2 E qm viz t th e Sw o m rc h e , w th th e e , th e e re , h is left h n e t m Re e , m n Se e n ts with m ll m e , & c Th e en tile i e - e i en t, w th his ve le n e C ou nsell e, i eet n i ht , his M e, r , e e en t d in ( n e t n e th e L d Lieu te n t Of I relan d l) in e : m n e i en t, n ow L 0t er W th Kn ts ll n t L di e , that e i e in th t old it , ein m t th e e e en t, w th th elr h an n m e etin e, d id e e en t L n e n p ’ A fte foren oon e s an d aftern oon e S e v ti n w as n i h e , th e remay n in g en t in th t l e , in v iew in th e m n itie , ri h es t of th t w as hiefl B en ef t m n m en ts of th t s n il in , th e e e e e whe e f ch h c k e i l] k m n i e e k l e o w b oo es m e ve th e w ar m f we t e t n : , il e n ti e Th e S n t m S n t um , e n th e t tel , i h , H i h Alt , ’ titi n , wh e ein St W illi m Sh in e f m e l w as ; h is T m e 7 f t l n , m e U n tim e ve e all ve w ith Sil ve : H e w as (u t aiu n t) en to Ste h en e, th e mman e hi s n e , w hi h are l e in of th e M n m en t, me l n , to b e e t as th e are in th e v e t l] are th e Th e m tu n amen t el n in to thi v e tm en t ie, th e i h c om e t in th e v es t f e i 3 viz t th e e an ef ll ’ m n i n T le l th , th e C oap es of em i e v elvet, ’ l t of l ,’ ilve h ire ete sh e w d St e ti e Of Th e e Mr e e t w th v l e ’ ch w e m a e are in stall d : T o l to e t in ) w h e ein all th e A h i h w ( le - ilt l e e to set on eith e S i e of h is n et , th e t with ’ G a e, n h is i I n t lm en t, w h en h e tak e his ath : th es e are call d h i s lle St D i ni tie I n thi la e is dain tie, w ee t, le e w ell, n e te ’ ete w ell, of w ch wee t te for th e S in t s k e ch is ep t et to tell B u t h ee e I m t n ot f w h t i h p lare w ee saw w i S overei gn e , I n h is l n ow m t in th e v e t , w as giv en in l] Ob servation i Th en saw e e in t ro all m S tl n , w th of ’ H tt n f e T m , on e S th Si e of th e Q u I re l te ilt, A rc i h i h is t tel M tth ew , n th e T l telie e e te for A h i h ’ ’ r m , m n men t, e te Al n e Sr W m G ee , S Wm I n a w th e e t win ’ f r e, wh o e ei v e M n m en t in S H en B ell asis, D Sw in n e , an d th e F ie h is m t l w n at M e ’
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YOR KSH I R E
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1 6 34
IN
25 5
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spacious C ity w b h ld as it w r u d r adjoi i g t th Mi st r a s co d rous fr grav ld K ight f gr at R v u [Sir w h r i liv th a g P r di h ad fr passag t our thith r A rth ur I gram] w sp dily d sc d d t g o w h arts d sir h our w sp t i h i rar gard s curious l g Th first m y iti f d r d wi th m a y k i ds f B asts t th Lif w m ost liv l y w alk s w w r r ll s h ap s form s A pl asa t fayr T is Court a d ligh tf ll Statu s i w li m ad curiously ntri d fi h po ds ll which m d larg bo w li g grou d up a oth r s w t littl City A plac it i so pl asa t t ll th S as Natur m ak it d Art sp t i hi rich ma sio w h r w fou d as Th o th r h alf h our w ri ti w ithi as b for w ith out h i s tor f massie plat rich much co t tiv statu s rich 1 50 p arl Glass s fayr stat ly 5 OOW h a gi gs liv ly p ictur s orga oth r rich fl r it r i v ry R oom Pri c lik h i {famil y att da ts Court lik hi fr g rous t rtai m Ch ris tm as lik H r w d ir d lib rti as w giv us ) t h av sp t a oth r h our h rtili ( h avi g such fr t allo w it b t th at tim w ou ld r som tim s th at ll d m rh dt y M F fr m th c w th k w M ari s d L rd Pr s id ts L odgi gs fa mous A bb y call d w th Pri c s ee
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25 6
OL D
c
Y ORKSHI R E
.
o r by yr arc d r dg s s s or a day s jour s a s ous us s good odg g x day r pass oa o r s op a r
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h B i e , th t a e riv e tw o fa e w e twi e cross d ve [Sw le] , 0l1 m eet with an oth e ne ive [E e] , an d e h t of th t w 5 mil e ver O lth e : an d h thi T wn e th e to togeath er m k e tha t fam ‘ ” in L f e an d e or lifl e h a d w F small matter m l e l t T a e as w , [ p ] y e in t in gd om e th e B ish Op rick e of n th e K Th e n e t we we e t o ” is P rmee th e e D h m, for th e B i h ’
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ur a
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.
The trav ellers vis ited many o ther parts th eir tr av els
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to fin i h or 7 Week es e e rin atin Trau ells w e all of v ’ l c e of R e i en e, ( th n k ee b ee to G , for his r ci trau ell d " ! Ore en ' h i e l t h k h w o c n e an d i n l e f t m e 0 S e l v e m t t e o f t e , , ) p mf rt to vs, th t it w as 806 with v , fte w ee h ad me w ith all : A n d it w as ’ ’ Mile ; u arter d afel in , an d p asa th h 26 f m h e 800 an d m ’ ansom ely in 15 f e an d tr C itty es ; sally d Shi e , an d o n t ; ill ete ’ ti ns ; f an d al h t 40 n e t an d n ien t m n th tron , ’ an d offer d Vp or D eu otions in 1 3 tle ; d ou b l dl , an d efen i le n ien t, ’ me , n e t i h , an d m n i en t C ath edralls view d in th em , an d in th e h n ’ t ' h es , e 300 i h , su mp tou s Tom e , an d monu m , troop d h e m t of ’ e , an d w eete t Streames of thi Kin gd ome ; n e an d w h eel d th e l e t B i ’ th h m n ci in th ee u arters of th e ame ; R an g d in , e , an d , y h s e , an d e ta, rk e ; te in an d ou t at diu so tr n , f e w e, g ’ l e G te an d P ortc ullisses ; An d c los d in th e e e w tn th e tw o V niu ersi ties we ’ n i fel lod d l rs at or wn s f e, s a io , a d m st sw eetl e seituated ” C itie of orwic h Ther e is a long b u t unimpo rtant poem in the MS a ttac h ed to the
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.
.
.
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above in teresting journal
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1 88 4
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TH E ED I TOR
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258
OL D
Y OR KSH I R E
The
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Y orksh ir e P h ilosoph ical Society b y whom th is now impor tan t M us eum w as origin a te d , w as found e d in the y ear 1 8 23 I n that y ear th e d iscov ery of th e r emain s in th e K irkdale Cav e sugg es te d to som e gentlemen of Y ork the idea of forming a mus eum for th eir pre s erv atio n H ence the P h ilosophica l Socie ty aros e— an tiquitie s be in g jo ine d with g eological spe cim ens in its museu m I t w as k ep t for som e y e ars in a hou s e hire d for the purpose b ut in 1 829 was remov ed to the b eau tiful s ite of the A bb ey of St M ary wh er e a hand s om e and commodious bu ildin g had b ee n ra is e d by m e an s of a sub scr ip tion in the city and coun ty The crown gran te d for the purpos e in 1 8 27 a perp etual leas e at a nom in al r ent of par t of the form er clos e of the abb e y includ in g the nav e of the abb ey chu rch ; an d afterwar ds in 1 8 3 6 by the mu nificen t legacy of by th e late D r Be ckwith the soc iety w as enab led to purchas e from the crown an impor tan t par t of th e r emainin g groun ds of the abb ey The bu ilding of th e society is of the Dor ic orde r from de s ign s of W Wilkins R A I n the c entre of the front is a pe dimented por tico ,
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ar
M y
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s A
bb
ey ,
York
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open in g into the entrance hall to the r ight of which is the library to th e le f t the council room and at the Oppos ite en d the lectur e hall or th eatr e wh ile a s taircas e d esce nds to the gallery of an tiqu ities on th e bas ement s tory Other r ooms containin g th e g eolo gical zoological m in eralog ical and o ther co llections , are range d in differ ent par ts of the bu ildin g The ground on wh ich the Mus eum s tands occup ie s abou t on e half of th e ancien t clos e of th e B e n ed ic tin e Abbey of St M ary (on e por tion of th e ru ins of wh ich is h er e shown ) w ith a small part of the me at of the old city wall and of the e nclosur e with in wh ich the H ospital of St L eonard form erly s tood and a por tion of the ru ins of wh ich hospita l will firs t b e obs e rv ed by th e visitor on the r ight as he e n ters the grounds H is attention should how ev e r firs t of all b e d ir ecte d to on e of th e mos t inter es ting ex is tin g p iec e s of mas onry— b eing a part of Th is fragm en t cons ists of a the Roman for tifica tions of Eb u rac um por tion of the wall and a multan gu lar to w er ( shown on the initia l lette r ,
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TH R E E YOR KSH IR E M SE UM S
259
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pap er) at on e of its angles in a remarkably fi ne s ta te of pr es erva tion The masonry of the exter ior an d of the w ho le bread th of the wall of the towe r consis ts of r e gu lar cours es of small ashlar s tones w ith a s trin g of large Roman tiles fi v e in d epth in s er ted b etw een the n ine teen th and twen tieth cours e s of th e s ton es from the fou n dation ; the tiles at Y ork usually b earin g the impress es of L E G V I V I C T ( L egio v i vic tr ix) and L E G I X H I SP ( Legio ix H ispana) Turn ing to th e r igh t and passin g through a doorway in the pr es ent city wall jo inin g the tow er the v is itor will see ano th er por tion of the Roman wall proceeding in a nor th eas terly d ir ection This has b een trace d as far back as the pr es en t c ity ga te calle d B e etham bar wh er e the founda tions and som e in ter es ting fragm en ts of the old Roman gate w er e discov er e d B etween the an gle tow er an d the ga te r emains of tw o wall towers , and one en tir e small chamber hav e be en found bur ie d with the wall in the modern rampar t b u t thes e w e r e r emov e d wh en the n ew en trance in to th e c ity through St Leonard s P lac e was form ed The masonry of th e in terior of the tow er is r emarkab ly fresh and p erfect o w ing to its having b een conce aled durin g many ages by an accumu lation of soil wh ich has in late y e ars be en remov ed The tower has been divide d by a wall into tw o e qual por tions and it was eviden tly three rooms in h e ight The diam eter of the interior of the tow er is abou t 3 3 f ee t and it has ten an gles s o tha t its fig ur e would hav e b een thirteen side d if complete This tower and p ortion of wall are the on ly r emaining por tions of the Roman buildin gs o f Y ork in e xis tence above gro u nd In this tow er are d eposited s om e s ton e cis ts and coffi ns found in Roman burial places in and around Y ork on e of wh ich con tain ed wh en fo u nd the r emains of a Roman lady e mb edd e d in plas te r on wh ich are to b e s een traces of h er tr in k ets e tc From the multangu lar tow er the vis itor w ill pass to the ru ins of the Hospital of St Leonard whose foundation is ascrib e d to K ing Athelstan who r eturnin g from a succ essful expedition agains t the Sco ts in the y ear 9 3 6 an d finding in the cathe dral church of York som e poor r eligious persons devo tin g themselves to works of charity and p iety gran ted them a piece of ground n ear the ca th edral; on which th ey m igh t erect a hosp ital ; adding for the suppor t of it on e thrave of corn ou t of every carucate of land in the bishopr ic of York Leaving th es e he will n ex t se e the ambulatory an d chap el of the old hosp ital adjo ining wh ich is the ancie nt r iv er en trance to th e ed ific e On the ban k was a s taith or wharf appropriate d to th e hosp ital called St L eonard s land ing H er e are deposited par t of a Roman well ; tw o sarcophagi from C lifton ; and a tr ee coffi n hollowe d from a sin gle oak tr ee an d c on ta inin g wh en discov ere d s everal skeleton s ; it was fou n d n ear Su n derlandwick in the Eas t R iding I n th e room u n d er the chap el will b e s een the fi n e Roman tomb compos e d of ten large slabs of grits ton e which was found in 1 8 48 n ot far from th e entran ce to th e York and North Midlan d Railw ay Station through the rampar t of th e to th is
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26 0
Y OR KSH I R E
OL D
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c ity wall I t co n ta ine d the r emain s of a body wh ich had be e n place d in a co ffin of wood and cov er ed w ith lim e The co ffi n had e ntir ely per ishe d w ith the excep tion of a few v e ry small fragm en ts b u t the lim e re main e d S ho w ing a cas t ( exh ib ited in ano th e r room ) of th e body ov er w h ich it had b ee n poure d This high ly inter es ting cis t along w ith its co n ten ts illus tra tes a v e ry r em arkab le f e a tur e in burial by in huma tion in Roman tim es an d on e appar e n tly pe culiar to th e Y ork W h en the body w as place d in the s ton e ch es t or sh ire d istr ict s arcophagus it w as in fu ll dre ss I t w as la id on its back at the bo ttom of the ches t and any r elics wh ich w ere in te nd ed to b e b u r ied w ith it The ches t as is e v id en t from th is an d othe r w er e la id around was th en par tly fi lle d w ith liqu id lim e or e xamples found at Y ork gypsum the fac e a lone n ot be ing cover ed w ith the liqu id Wh e n discov ere d som ewhat re ce n tly a pe rfect impre ss ion of th e fig ur e appe are d in the b ed of plas ter or lime in wh ich it was encas ed and in som e ins tances even the colo u r and te xtur e of the dr ess are plainly d is tingu ishable I n one of the engraved examples which will b e se en .
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oma
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or
o b
T m
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par take clos ely of th e character of the s ton e c is ts of the C eltic pe r iod the sarcophagus was form e d of ten rough slabs of gr itstone tw o on e ach S id e on e at e ach en d and four o th ers la id as cov er ing on th e tOp On r emoving the cover ing s ton es a r e gul ar ly S hape d mas s of plas ter pr es en te d itse lf which had d e riv e d its form from a wood en cofiin that had so n e ar ly pe r ish e d as to le av e on ly small fragm ents b ehin d The wood w as evidently cedar On turn ing ov er this mass of lim e an impr ess ion of the body Of a man which had be en e nv elope d in or cov er ed with a coars e lin en clo th fragm ents o f wh ich s till r e ma in ed I n ano th er ins tance th e impr ess ion of th e body of w as d is tinc tly s een a w oman w h o had be en clo th e d in rich purple with a small ch ild laid upon h er lap was dis tinctly vis ible in the plas ter Oth er co ffins are to b e s ee n in the sam e room R eturn ing to th e multangu lar tow er the v is ito r will n ext pass on to th e ru in s of St M ary s Abb ey whos e m itr e d abbo t sa t in Parliam en t Thes e ru in s w ill afford S ubj ec t for s e veral hou r s car efu l s tudy From h er e the v is itor w ill proc ee d to the mus eum its elf, the Art and archaeo “l ow er lo gi cal tr easur e s of which are con taine d in what are calle d the to
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262
YOR K SH I R E
OL D
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sh ad es To A ur elius S u p e ru s a centur ion of th e Sixth L e gi on w h o lived th ir ty e igh t y e ars four mon ths an d th ir teen days A ur elia C en s orin a h is wife set up th is m emo rial A noth e r highly inter es ting inscr ip tion r e ads To the gods
th e
of
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MEI
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AL
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TH E OD OB I
a1 Theodorian i Nom en tan i v ix it ann is xxxv , DiiS Man ib u s , Mei being erec te d men sib u s v i Emi Theodora mate r e ffic ien dum c u ravit to th e m emory o f Theo dorian us of N ome n tum ( l) , by his moth e r The odora The sku ll of T heodorian u s , found in th is tomb , is one o f th e .
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fi n es t on r ec ord and h as been car e fu lly engraved as have o th er Y ork sku lls in the Crania Br itann ica A mong the a ltars etc will b e no tic ed so m e of r emarkably good char ac ter an d be ar ing impor tant inscr iptions Of th ese is on e bearing — f u l t o h t es M e e e e s t r e h scu p ur d fig r D a s three fe males s e a ted with e t ,
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a omb
Ro m n T
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bask ets or bow ls of fruit on their laps and emblematic probably of the plenty th ey w ere su ppos ed to dis tribute to mank ind Ano th er found in the rubble foundation under on e of the pillars of th e church of St D ionys W almgate is insc r ibed ,
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D EO
AR CI AC ON ET N
0R D
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A VGSI
V . S. L .
M
To the god A rc iacon and to the d iv in ity Of A ugus tus Simatiu s ” V italis, on e of the Ordovices , d ischarge s his v o w willingly , d e s erved ly , “ h by d edicating this altar T e god Arc iac on , whos e nam e occ urs in ,
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no o ther known inscr iption , was probab ly one of those local d eities to whom the Roman legions w er e so prone to pay r eligious r ever en ce ; in the a ttr ibu tes ascr ib e d to the m , th ey bor e any e spec ially if r e s emb lance to the gods of th eir own coun try I f the r eading and in ter pr etation Of 0R D b e r igh t, V ita lis w as a Briton 5 and A rc iacon may ,
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TH R EE
YOR
KSH I R E
M
U SE U M S
26 3
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have b een a d eity ackno wledged by the Ordov ices w ho occupied the ” nor thern par t of W ales On e imp or tant inscription is the fo llowing : I t is a fragm ent of a large inscr ibe d Roman tab let of gr its to ne discov er e d in 1 8 5 4 in d igg ing “ a d rain from Goodramgate to the r iver Ous e in King s squar e ( the Old Curia R egis ) at th e d ep th of abou t 28 f eet b en ea th th e surfac e n ear th e suppos ed s ite of the Praetorian gate of the Roman s tation Th e ins cription is in s ix lin es : the letters b eau tifully c u t E b u racu m vary in h eigh t from 6 inches to 3 1 inch es ; those of the firs t line m easur in g 6 inches thos e of th e s econd 5 % inches thos e Of the third 4% in ch es thos e of th e fourth and fifth lin e s abou t 3 % inch es and thos e inch es of the s ixth line about I n its p erfe ct s ta te the inscr ip tion was probably as follow s — the letters th ough t to hav e been los t b eing supplie d in I talic capitals ,
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D I VI N E RV AE F I L N ER VA .
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TB A I A N V S AV G GE R D A O P ON TI F E X M A XI M V S TR P OTESTATI S XI I I M P I E0 P E R LE G V I I I I H I SP .
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wh ich has been thus r ender ed The Emp eror C aesar Nerva Trajan son of the deifi ed N erva Augustus G ermanicus D acicu s Ch ie f Pon tiff inv ested th e twelfth tim e w ith the Tr ibunitian P ow er salu te d I mp erator th e Sixth tim e caus ed this to b e pe rform e d by th e N inth L eg ion (called ) H ispa nica What the work was which the Ninth L egion p erform ed by th e order of th e e mp e ror ca n not b e ascer tain ed b u t from the character of the tablet it may b e inferr ed tha t it was of some magn itude and impor tanc e This is on e of th e mos t an cien t of Roman inscrip tions in Britain ; the circumstances in th e h is tory of Trajan m entio n ed in th e tablet synchron ising w ith the y ears 1 08 1 09 of th e C hr is tian era Th e fragm en t m easur es 3 f eet 9 inch e s by 3 feet 4 inch es b u t probably was or iginally about 7 % by 3 % feet Bricks tile s antifix a drain tiles & c — many of the tiles b earing — the impr e ss of the Six th or N in th L eg io n are abu n dan t as are many o th er in ter es ting r elics Ther e are a lso some tile tombs (on e of wh ich ,
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n grav e d ) co ffi ns exam ina tio n
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p ersonal ornam ents the mos t in ter es tin g are perhaps the j et arm lets n eck laces be ads etc fib ulee e nam elle d and of plain bro n z e etc ; bronz e arm illae gold r ings bracelets , and o th er ornam ents Bronz e s tatu ette s bus ts etc are num erous as are a lso implem ents of the to ilet etc and rings k eys and o th e r applianc es of the figur e and the hous eho ld I n ancien t Br itish and Roman po tte ry the m u s eum co n ta ins som e good examples among wh ich are spec im ens of tha t re markable war e “ cove r e d with wha t is n ot inappropr iate ly ca lled a fr ille d pa tte rn p eculiar to this di s trict and suppos ed to have been made in the imm e d ia te n eighbourhood of Y ork On e of th es e n ot in elegan t b u t p ecu liar cin erary u rns is h er e S hown Ther e are good sp ec imens of ,
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S am ian - war e bowls , cups , etc ; som e charac ter is tic examp les of the D urob riv ian or Cas tor war e ; the po ttery of the U pchurch marsh es : and indee d of mos t of the usual varie ties of Roman C eram ic Art ’ A mong th e m w ill b e no tice d som e infan ts f eed ing bo ttle s , wh ich will “ s erv e as an ap t illus tra tion of the old say ing , th er e is no th ing n ew ” u n d er the sun On e of the larg er v ess els , wh en found , co n ta in ed more than 200 Roman s ilv er co ins , of wh ich fi v e w ere con sular p iec es , e igh te e n d e nar ii of the e arly e mpe rors , and the r e s t ranging from Septimus Sev erus to M J u l Ph ilippus th es e co ins , as well as th e u rn , r are es erv e d in the m us e um p .
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Bu t the mos t probable Op inion is , that th ey w er e the too ls o f counte r ” I t is obs e rvable that all the moulds fe iters of the lawful currency dis c ov er ed at Lin g w ell- ate be ar the obv ers es of the fam ily of Se ve rus Our en graving S hows the moulds and th e mode of us ing th em for The mou lds havin g b ee n la id in p iles S id e by s id e , cas ting co ins w er e e nclos e d in a clay cas e with a ho le at the tOp , in to wh ich the m elte d m etal w as poured , and , runn in g do w n through the no tch es , ” “ fi lle d the moulds , and thus a numbe r of cas t m etal co ins w ere m ad e at on e tim e I t m u s t n o t b e om itte d t o no tice that in the mus eum is a g oodly s er ies of celts and o th er e arly im plem ents of bronze , etc Of r elics of An glo - Saxon tim e s the vis itor will espe c ially no tice the fi b u lae, be ads , and o th er o rnam en ts ; and among the r ema in s o f la te r tim e s a tten tion S hou ld b e giv en to the e ncaustic tile s , man y of which , es pec ially the h erald ic on es , are o f gr e a t in te r es t and be au ty A mo n g th e o th er tiles is one , sam e as at the Malvern , b ear ing the fo llowin g c ur ious v er se .
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Cl henk e mon - th i-lifi e mai- n o t-eu- end e that-th nu -d os t- th i-s elf uf - th at-th ow -art-S u re h u t-th at-thnw -k ep iet - s c l u rn i s t S u nu re t-avail - th e e u - eu - is - n t- a en lu r t v hi b e ’
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ur
The co llec tion
m ediaeval po ttery is a lso h ighly inte r es ting and contains som e r emarkable and curious examples A mong the mis ce l lan eou s ar ticles is the fi n e Old mo rtar o f St M ary s A bb ey It I t be ars the in scription in is of he ll m etal and w eighs 7 6 po u nds the uppe r rim 44 MOR TAR I U SC I J OH I S E VA N GE L D E I N FI R MAR I A B E of
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Ther e are also som e good pilgrims S ig ns and a large numb er of o th er obj ects The Egyptian co llec tion is h ighly in te resting an d contains many valuab le examples of Art of an infin ite var iety Of kinds The county of Y ork has r eason to b e proud of its mu se um and of the soc iety which it b elongs TH E Mus eum at K I N G ST ON U P ON H U LL was found e d in 1 8 23 by th e L iterary and P h ilosoph ical Society Of that to wn n ow kno w n by th e “ i n i mor e impos g t tle of th e H ul l Royal I ns titu tion I n that y ea r ’
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26 7
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rooms at th e exch an ge w ere r ented for the purpos e and a goodly c ol lec tion of obj ec ts in the various bran ch e s of natural h istory w as th er e d eposited I n 1 8 3 1 the collection having outgrown its accommodation the M us eu m w as r emov ed to th e pub lic r ooms in J arratt Str eet w h er e it r emain ed u n til J un e 1 8 5 5 wh en th e sp acious bu ilding known ” as the Royal I ns titution w as er ec ted for its r e c ep tion at a cost of abou t To th is additions have s ince b een made by the er ec tion of ga ller ie s an d o th e r conv en iences The ma in fea tu re s of the H u ll Mus eum are its geo log ical m inera log ic al zoolog ical an d bo tan ical collections b u t it is also v ery r ich in its ethn ological d epartm ents and poss ess es many h ighly in ter es ting obj ects of an tiqu ity Th e Mus eum from its local conn ection s is as m igh t naturally b e ex pecte d extr e mely rich in Esquimaux sp ecim ens brought hom e from the G reenlan d fish er ies I t also contains a valuable collec tio n of sp ears padd les boom era n gs throw sticks etc and on e F ig ian club is of un iqu e character “ — With re gard to the natural his tory d epar tments the birds b easts fis h es and r eptiles — I may con fine mys elf to the s ingle remark that few provinc ial mu s eums conta in so excellent so var ied and so valuab le an ass emblage in each of the divis ions of th is extens ive depar tment as do es that of H ull I n an tiquar ian matters th e r emain s of the C eltic p er iod embrace some good examples of fl int and s ton e implements of the usual typ es fiin ts having r eceiv e d extens iv e addition s of th e collection bronz e celts and pals taves on e of which is from Sk irlaugh , n ear H ull and cin erary urns from var ious localities Of the Romano British p eriod the following may b e no te d — Som e portions of te ss elate d pav em ents from various localitie s s everal good an d o th er p lac es e xa mple s Of cin erary urns from Y ork from N e wark a number of antiquities from York including swords a braz en dish an d a comb ; remains from the Roman camp at C as tle Carey and from Scu lcoa tes etc On e of the mos t remarkab le obj ects in the Mus eum howev er and the on e to w hich I S pecially w ish to draw attention is a group of fi g ures carv ed in wood which was dug up in 1 8 36 at R OOS Ca r rs in H old erness by some workmen while clear ing out what is now on e of th e character is tic dykes of th e d is tr ict b u t which had in all prob ability b een origina lly a creek of the r iver H umbe r This curious group I engrav e I t consisted wh en found of a s erp en t on the back of wh ich w er e eight human figur es fixe d by the feet into holes bore d in the figur e of th e s erp e n t wh ich w as b en t so as som ewhat to r es emb le the S hap e Of a cano e or boa t the h ead of th e snake forming th e prow and hav ing eyes of small pieces of quar tz The fi gur es w er e clos ely crowded and n early Similar th e only di fference b eing in th eir h eight Each fi gure r epres e nte d a warr ior appar en tly entir ely nak e d arm e d w ith a club and carryin g tw o round sh ields a larger and a smaller on e the ey es of e ach warr ior b ein g like thos e of th e s erp ent form ed of small ,
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p ieces of quar tz U nfortunately only four of th e se curious fig ure s are now pr es erve d and the boat or s e rpen t has been unwisely S hor te n ed in proportion by taking ou t a piece of w ood from the middle and S plicing it tog eth e r aga in The figures too have with e qual bad tas te b een e mascula ted " The group of figu r es iS e vidently a r eprese ntation of the N oetic Ogdoad or C c Toi zl e the G ods of the Oce an or the eigh t persons p re s erv ed in the Ark I f wr itte n h ieroglyp h ically the A rk wou ld .
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observ es Mr F ab er , by the symbo l of eight Th es e eigh t pe rs onages w er e men sailing together in a boa t on the sea e s teem e d the mos t a n cien t gods of th e co un try of Arm en ia in which th e Ark r e s ted The numb er eight w as also h eld sacre d an d mys ter ious by o ther nations The character by wh ich the Ch ines e design ate a ship consists of a boat a m ou th and th e n u mber eight Two of these char ac ters the eight and the mou th add e d to that by which water is d esignate d pres ent to their min ds the idea of a p rosp erou s voy age The probably
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The R eliq u a ry ,
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cur ous roup by th ro c uot
i t i , g 205 , f m whi h I q
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ffspr in g of the sun under wh ich title th ey a lluded to th eir grea t ance s tor the Fa th er of all The Amon ian fam ilies w e nt abroad und e r th e sanction and d irec tion of th eir pr ie s ts an d carr ie d w ith th e m bo th th e r ite s and r ecords of th e cou n try H enc e the wond erful r es emblanc e in the r ites cus toms and te rms of wo rsh ip among na tions wid ely s eparate d in Br itain I r eland China J apan and the n ewly discov er e d countr ies on the fac e of the globe A s the group was found in th e dis tric t wh ich form erly w as inh ab ite d by th e B riga n tes a P h oenician p eople th er e is ev ery r e ason to suppos e it belo n g e d to that po werfu l an d m igra tory na tion T hey w e r e the first inhabita n ts of EurOp e w ho cam e ov er from th e co as ts of G aul be for e the B elgce arrived h e r e and e s teem e d th e ms elv e s the A bor ig in e s o f th is is land The group of eigh t figure s w as by the Babylonians called the Oc Toi by the E gyp tians th e Sh ip of Os ir is and by the G r eeks the A rgo ; each te rm having a r e fere nce to N oah and his sons and the se a mons ter upon w h ich the e igh t fig ur es are s tand in g is a symbo l of the A rk The group in the Mus eum is form e d of wood accordin g to the cus tom of the ear ly inhab itants of Egyp t and the figures are naked to S how tha t th ey are mor e than ord in ary mortals The tw o d iscs form erly upon each figure are to repr es ent the univers e divide d in to tw o r egions : th e on e r epres ents the active the o th er the pass ive The club or bac u lus carr ie d in the r igh t han d is the S ign of pow er or dominion I t wou ld s eem from w hat has be en said tha t th is group primarily s ignifi e d Noah and his fam ily ; and secondar ily the su n and the r es t of the p lan ets and tha t it was brough t to th is co u n try by som e of the Amon ian fam ily w h o w e r e pe rhaps sh ip w r eck ed on the co as t Of H oldern ess in ages long ago ; o therwis e how c an w e acco un t for its ” being fo u nd in a b e d of c lay s ix fee t be lo w the surface ? Of Anglo Saxon r emains th er e are b u t few in the Muse um ; the most in ter es ting b e ing a s ep ul chral cis t form e d o f a numb er Of s tones b u t withou t any r emarkable charac te r “ The us ual c lass of for e ign cur ios ities wh ich charac te ris e mos t mus eums are h er e perhaps mor e than usually abundan t and in ter es ting and th ere are also a cons id erable numbe r of loca l and o th er relics Of m ediaeval and mor e r ecen t times in clud in g a fi n e and h ighly importan t collection of Y orkshire s eals The m iscellan eous charac te r of th e curiosities of the colle ction may eas ily b e estimate d from the e num e ration of ha lf a doz en of wha t are cons id e r e d by som e to b e th e attrac tions of the plac e a par t of a wa lking s tick be longing to Qu een ” “ a pair of cavalier s boo ts worn by Sir E Varn ey w ho Elizabe th ; bor e the royal s tandard of Char le s I at th e battle of Edgehill som e of the long corn among wh ich th e Eng lish G uards s tood upon th e fi eld a piece of the rock against w h ich G en eral W o lfe le a n e d of W a te r loo when mor tally wound e d at the tak ing of Qu ebe c som e bar sho t fir ed “ by Paul J one s a lock of Napo leon s hair an au to graph of “ Qu een V ictor ia ; and a p iece of the tann e d Sk in of Thompson th e ” murd er er 1 O
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b e well to add a word or tw o as to som e of the o th er de h T m e Egyp tian an tiqu itie s compr is e som e en ts o f the M us e um a r t p rolls of papyrus , w ith h ieroglyphics , e tc th e he ad of a mummy from armlets , n ecklaces , and Su e z ; S om e locks of hair from mummies id olets S p ecim en s of po tte ry an d of lin en , som e of th e latter s tr ip e d The co llec tion of co ins is small w ith red an d blu e an d o th e r r emains I n the an d un impor tan t, although it co n ta in s a fe w good examp le s building are good casts o f an cien t sc ulp tur e amo n g the s e are T h es eus , I liss u s , Apollo B elvid er e, an d th e Ve nus o f M elos , which w er e pre s en ted to th e M us e um by th e Prin ce Co n sor t The Philosoph ical appara tus belonging to th is scientific in stitu tion Among th em are the s elf are , as may b e exp e c te d , of a h igh ord er r egis ter in g th ermom ete r , in v ente d an d cons tructe d by the la te Mr Man sfi eld arris on , of K eyingham Marsh , in olderness , an d af ter hi s d eath pres ente d by his widow ; a s tandard barometer , made by M r R ichard North ern , of ull, from which daily r ecords hav e b een kept for many ye ars ; and air p u mp s , etc The bo tanical collections are also good an d inter e s tin g u ll has re ason to b e proud of its Mus eum , and On th e whole, e spe cially of th e own ership of th e un iqu e group o f figur es which has b een my main inducem en t in noticing its co n tents The M us eum at SC A RB OROU is Situated n ear the C liff Bridg e on ’ I t is a ro tunda terminatin g in a dom e , and is bu ilt St N icholas s C lifi in th e Roman Dor ic ord er of arch itectur e I t was found e d and er e cted in 1 8 28 , at a cos t of abou t from th e designs of A tkins on an d Sharp e , and it forms a s tr ik ing obj ect in conn ection w ith th e b e au tifully laid ou t groun ds and terrace s arou n d it Subs e qu en tly tw o win gs , on e They are of on eith e r S id e, and of cons id e rab le len gth w er e adde d the h eight of the ground floor , e ach wing b eing thr ee w indows in len gth , and of corr espon ding s tyle in masonry with th e c entral It
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The Mus eum
contains a r emarkably fin e and valuable geological collec tion arrange d by William Smith the father of modern g eolo gy who was bor n at H ackn ess in th is n eighbourhood ; an extens ive and w ell classifi ed collection of jasp ers aga tes etc , from th e Scarborough coas t an d its ne ighbourhood wh ich i s mos t us eful to the vis itor in ” “ ass is tin g to arran ge his own finds in the locality ; an excellen t marin e aquar ium ; a nu mb er of n atural history sp ecimens ; an d many B u t b es id es th es e are a goodly numb er of m iscellan eous obj ects Obj e cts of ancien t A rt and of antiquity that are esp ecially wor thy of no te On e of the most promin en t obj ects an d its impor tanc e is much e n hanc e d by its extr em e rar ity— is a tr e e c offin w ith th e skeleton fou n d in it of the ancient B ritish p er iod Of th is cu rious r elic it is n ec essary to give som e few par ticu la r s I t w as discov er e d in 1 8 3 4 at G r is thorp e on th e summ it of a h igh h ill be tween Scarboro u gh an d F iley On this b ill w ere thr ee tumu li the n or th ern an d sou thern of wh ich on bein g ”
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ope ned d isclos e d urns with burnt bones and w er e ther efor e good example s of buria l by cr ema tion ; the cen tra l on e con tain ed th is tr e e and w as a p eculiar ly cur ious example of burial by inh um a tio n c o flin The tumulus m e asur e d 3 f eet in h eight and 40 f eet in d iam ete r an d co n s is te d of stones rais ed ov er a p it dug in the clay of the diluvium to A t th e bo ttom o f this p it or c is t lay th is th e d epth of 6 or 7 feet large c ofiin cov er e d w ith a quan tity o f oak branch e s ov e r which w as The coffin which is h er e e ngrav ed cons is te d of S pr e ad a lay er of clay th e trun k of a larg e oak tr e e S plit down its middl e into tw o por tions and roughly h ewn on its outs ide I t w as hollow ed to adm it th e body “ Th e markin gs s eem e d to indica te tha t it had be en hollow ed w ith chis els of fl int ; b u t the tree had b een cu t down w ith a much larg er ,
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marks being such as would b e made with a s ton e hatch e t I t I n the bottom is a is 7 feet 6 inch es long and 3 feet 3 inch es broad ho le 3 inch es in leng th The lid w as kept in plac e by the un ev en fractur e of th e wood The bark was in good pres erva tion with its coating of lich ens dis tinct At the narrow en d of the lid cut in th e bark was a sor t o f leaf shape d kn o t perhaps inte nded for a han dl e I n the co ffin was th e S keleton of a v e ry larg e and pow erful man of abou t s ev en ty y ears of age surround e d by wate r fl oa ting on wh ich was a quantity of pulv eru lent adipoc er e (a kind of wax y powder) The w ell pr es erv e d s tate of the sk eleton an d its dark ebony colour w er e n o doub t d u e to the tannin and gallic acid of the oak the free access of ” water and the nature of the enclosing clay cis t impervious to air The body had b een laid on its r igh t S ide w ith its h ead to the sou th and
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and the occip ital pro tu berance s trongly d evelope d Th e mas to id process e s large th e auditory passage s much behin d the m iddle of the long ax is Th e supe rciliary arch e s an d par t of the glab ell a proj ec t s tro n gly from the frontal r e gio n The n asal bon es d ir ec te d upwards Th e orb ital c aroties large The amar em in en c e s small the zygoma tic arch es b u t little prom in ent The teeth have a slight proj ec tion forwards and are much worn away hor izo n tally The j a w s tolerably larg e and well propor tioned and the ho llow of the ch ee ks much ” d epress e d Sev eral o th er tr ee— co ffi n s it may b e w ell to no te hav e be en at on e tim e or o th er foun d in o th e r Y orksh ir e tumuli an d e ls ewh e r e the las t o n r e cord b e in g d iscov e r e d by the R e v Can on G r een w ell at Scale H ouse Ry leston e and described along w ith the Scarborough example in the R elzqu a ry for July 1 8 6 5 A no th er r emarkab ly in tere sting obj ect is an ancien t Br itish n e ck lac e found in a barrow Open e d some y e ars ago n e ar E gton , in the N or th R id ing of th is cou n ty I t co n s is ts of twenty eigh t long be ads S ix circu lar s tuds an d a centra l or n am ent d ecora te d with punctur ed orn am en ts in loz enge form I t is forme d of j et b u t o f that infer ior “ The ce ntr e ornam en t k ind known in th is j et d is tr ict as j et w ood “ is how ev e r made of wha t is kn own as b e s t j et Along with th is n ecklac e a j et b ead and some fl int implem ents w ere found The Mus eum is pec u liarly rich in e xamp le s of C eltic po tte ry incl ud ing bo th cin erary urns food v ess els drinkin g cups and S O calle d incense cups wh ich are I be liev e n eith er mor e nor le ss than S ma ll urns for the re c ep tion of the ash es of infan ts so that th ey m igh t b e place d w ith in the large r urn conta ining the remains of the mo th er This is abundan tly prove d to my m ind by r ecent d iscover ies in wh ich th ese small v ess els hav e be en foun d in th e mou ths of the larger on e s , and like th em contained bu r nt bones and ash es W h eth er the infan t as in many cas es is likely was sacrificed on the d e ath of its mo th e r in the b elief that it would thu s partak e of her car e in the s trange land to w h ich by d e ath she w as r emoved or wh eth er it d ie d from na tura l caus es it was a pleasan t though t to bury its r emains w ith thos e of its parent in the way th ese urns indicate A mong the C eltic po ttery allud ed to som e of the mor e no tewor thy e xamples are From a barrow at W ay H agg on Ay ton Moor ope n ed in 18 48 , an ince ns e cup 3 inch e s in h eight and 2% inche s in d iam eter at the top ornam en te d with lin e s of pun c tur es and hav ing as is n ot unusua l tw o p erfora tio n s on e o n e ach s id e and a fi n e cin erary u rn of the type so pr evale n t in D erbysh ir e an d the surrounding counties 1 5 inch e s in heigh t an d 1 2% in d iam ete r at the mou th ornam en ted w ith encirclin g an d h err ing bon e or z igzag lin e s produ c ed by in d enting thongs in to the soft c lay I n this urn a bon e p in s e v e ral fl int implem ents and a bone orn am ent p erforate d w ith tw o ho les for s u spe ns io n w er e foun d and are pr es erv ed in the Mus eum as are also som e Sin gu lar pe rfora ted s tone s from the sam e barro w .
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TH R E E
YOR K SH I R E
MU S E U MS
27 5
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From the Ravenhill barrow op en e d in 1 8 49 a cinerary urn with h err ing bon e or z igzag ornament on its rim 6% inch es in h eigh t and A no th e r cin erary urn of n early inch es in d iam eter at the mou th the sam e s iz e ornam ented on its rim w ith lin es of punctur es ; an d a “ r emarkably pretty incen s e cup or n am ente d with reticul ated lines an d havin g tw o p erfora tions in its S id e From th is barro w likewis e are som e p erforate d s ton e s of the sam e charac ter as thos e from Wa y H agg Th ere are also the r emains of a large u rn in which among th e bo n e s an d ash e s w e re found s ev eral fl in t imple m e nts a por tion of a fl in t celt and a bro n z e p in From a barro w on the cliff n ear Scarborough calle d W e apon ness , from the primary interm ent a food -v es sel of r emarkably good form 5 inch e s in h eigh t and 6 in diam eter at th e mou th elabora tely ,
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val Grotesq ue Ve sel
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orn am en te d over its en tire surface with encircling and diagonal lin es of the usual charac ter; and from the s econdary interm en t a c in erary u rn 1 2 inch es in h eigh t the sam e in diam eter at its mou th also elabora tely ornam ente d F rom the sam e barrow w ill b e n o tic e d a s ton e hamm er an d a le af shap e d sp e ar or arrow h e ad of fl in t This barro w it may b e w ell to note for th e information of th e v is itor was 3 0 yards in circum fer ence The primary interm ent was in th e cen tr e in a s to n e c is t the S k ele ton b e in g fou n d in the usual co n tracte d pos ition an d having the food v ess el behin d th e h ead Th is cis t was cov e red with a large fl at s to n e ov er which a moun d of loos e s ton es was rais e d The s econ dary in te r m en t an in v er ted u rn conta in ing burn t bon es was foun d n ear the sou th wes t e dge of th is s ton e cairn an d near it w er e the ston e hamm er an d fl in t imp lem ent Over the whole of this a lay er of earth of abou t 3 feet in thickn ess mad e up the r emaind er of the tumu lus ,
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27 6
OLD Y OR
K SH I R E
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From C om Boots or Camp Bu tts near H ackness an ncense cup is wor thy of spec ial no tice : it is 1 % in ch e s high and 3 inch es in di am ete r ornam e n ted w ith ind ente d horizontal an d d iagonal lin es and bear ing the r emarkable featur e of hav ing fiftee n upright pe rforations o r inc is ions in its circumfe r e nce This variety of small urns w ith incis ions is of rar e occurr ence and the M use um is for tunate in poss ess ing anoth er excellent and mor e elabora tely ornam en te d example with Six hole s c u t through in its c ircumference B es ides th e s e are s ev eral o th er urns of the sam e per iod from oth er barrows in the neighbourhood The re is also a goodly collection of fl in t imple m ents e xhibiting mos t of the usual forms found in the dis tric t wh ich is e spe cially r ich in s uch r e ma ins I t w as in this n eighbourhood it will b e r eco llec te d , and a t Wh itby and o th er plac es on the co as t the pr ince of fabricators F lint J ack carr ie d on SO successfu l a trade in s elling as anc ient fl int implem e n ts thos e of his ow n forging The examples in th e Scarborough Mus eum are how ev e r ge nu ine spec im ens fou nd in th e barrows of the d is tr ic t an d many of th e m are of very inter es ting charac te r The sam e r emark w ill apply to the celts and to the stone hamm ers -
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s everal remarkab ly fine barbe d arrow h eads and o thers of the leaf shap ed and angu lar varieties as w ell as dagge r blad es Sp ear h ead s fl akes etc from a barrow on Robin H ood Butts from H owd en from Scarborough and o the r localities Th er e , is also found near Scarborough a r emarkably good example of socketed bronz e c elt with loop of th e usual form Among the Roman r emains wh ich are few , is a S in gu lar c in erary urn w ith a lid Th is v ery unusually form ed v e ss el 1 8 inch es in h eight w as found at Knap ton , n ear Scarborough an d con tain ed a depos it of burnt bones The rare featur e conn ecte d w ith this examp le is th e lid of the sam e kind of clay as the urn its elf w ith which it is covered and A fibu la of Of wh ich b u t few spe cim ens hav e b een brough t to ligh t Among th e
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27 8
OL D
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Y OR KSH R E
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A mong the o th er no tice ab le article s in the co llec tio n may b e br iefly nam ed the follow ing S om e qu erns , or hand m ills , probably of the An glo Saxon pe r iod , and of the us ual forms A cross legge d effigy of a kn ight, suppos e d to b e a D e Mowbray , ” brough t from the low er part of the town , b u t the original locality of which , probably th e old church on the clifi , is n ot kn own The effigy is 8 feet in len gt h and 2 feet 6 inch es in wid th , and is in a d ilap ida te d condition Se v eral Egyp tian an tiquities , in cluding a c o ffin from Th ebe s Som e curious k eys , from Scarborough , P on te fr ac t Cas tle, and o th er loca lities A cap ital of a p illar , found among the ru ins of the old chapel in the Cas tle-yard, be au tifu lly scu lp ture d on e on e s id e with the Crucifi x ion, w ith a figure on each S id e the cross , and on tw o oth e rs a figure with ’ An o th er s ton e , from the wall o f St Thomas s m itr e and croz ie r ospital, w ith in itials and the date 1 5 7 5 The ma tin bell from the sam e hospital, and a s tone which w as form erly fix ed in a wall n ear the Bar, ’ and be aring an inscrip tion r eco rding the fac t of the town s d efences be ing set in order at the tim e of the r ebellion of 1 7 45 Th ere is also a small brass pla te , found on St, N icholas Te rrac e, be ar ing the inscr iption F R W I LL S D E T H OR N T ON , in Lombardic capitals Th is W illiam d e Thorn ton was , acc ord in g to inderwell, living in 1 1 20 The br ass , mos t probab ly , is a r elic of the now to ta lly los t Church of St N icho las , on whose s ite it and o th e r r emains hav e b ee n found Tw o old fon ts , an an tiqu e corse t, an inter es ting hun tin g - horn , and a wood en dr ink ing v ess el of curious cons truction , are w or thy of no te The Sc arborough Muse um , of som e of whos e c ontents the forego in g “ notes will conv ey a tolerable id ea , belongs to the Scarborough ” P h ilosophical and A rch aeological Soc iety , on e Of the mos t en ergetic and u s eful of provinc ial s oc ieties , and coun tin g among its m emb ers many men of h igh Scientific attainm en ts I t is much to the cr ed it of th e soc iety tha t a tab le t, r ecording what may b e calle d the founda tion of the Mus eum , is p lac e d in on e of its rooms I t is worded as “ — fo llows Th e collec tion of foss ils , min era ls , an d o th er S pecim en s of Natural is tory and A n tiquities , form e d by th e late Thomas inder ’ ‘ istory of Scarborough , was pr es ente d to w ell, Esq , au thor of the th is ins titu tion by his n eph ew , T D u esb ury , of B ev erley Esq , w ho thus The es tab lish e d th e bas is of the Scarboro u gh Mus eum , M D CCC XXV I I I Council of the Scarborough Philosophical Society, de s irous of r ecording th eir v en e ra tion for th e v irtu es and scie n tific labours of the form er and ” I t ough t to b e add e d th eir gratitude to the latter , in scrib e this m emor ial tha t the society poss ess es in the sam e bu ild ing , a us e ful library of scien tific books of r eference L LE WE LLYN N J EWI TT, F S A ” The H ollies, D ufi eld , D erb -
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MU SI CI AN S
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W I LL I AM
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B ENN E T T
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D OC
ST ERN D A L E
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B ENN ETT Professor of Music at th e U n iv ers ity of Cambr idge an d Mu s Doc of Oxford was unqu es tionab ly on e of th e mos t dis tin gu ish e d mus ician s En glan d has pro duc ed for a century an d a half an d is the o n ly En glishman w h o s inc e Purcell has ma d e a gre a t r eputation throughout the mus ical wor ld of the Co n tin ent as well as his ow n coun try Sir W S B ennett s co mposition s are s tudie d p lay ed and su ng wh er ev er mus ical s tuden ts players and s ing ers are to b e foun d H is publish e d compos ition s form howev er b u t a por tion of the wo rk by which h e has fair ly entitle d h ims elf to the resp ect of his cou n trym en and the mark of favour b es towed upon him by his Sov er eign Through ou t his life h e was a pr each e r an d a proph e t in th e art g iv in g fr eely his tim e and his talen t wh ere v er th ey s eem e d likely to b e u se fu l for good The r esus citation of th e Royal A cademy of Music which had arr ive d at th e v erge of extin ction was a s ervice which while it o n ly could have b een possible to a m an of sp ecial pos itio n an d gen ius wou ld hav e b een under tak en by few in the fac e of the difficu lties an d discouragemen ts incident to the task W hile Prin cipal of the Royal A cademy of M us ic he w as also on e of its earlies t pu p ils H e was born at Sh effi eld wh e r e his fa th er an excelle n t mus ician w as orga n is t Of the pr incipa l church H avin g los t both his parents in his in fan cy he was br ought up by his gra n dfather J ohn B en n ett on e of th e lay clerks of the Cambr idge U niversity choir by w hom h e was en ter ed wh en eigh t y e ars old as a chor is ter of Kin g s Co lleg e Cambr idge H e re he r emain e d tw o years an d was th en placed in th e Royal A cadem y of M usic in L ondon H e b e ga n h is r eg ular mus ical s tud ies by takin g th e v iolin as his instrument, b u t he soon ab andon ed it for the p ianofor te , ,
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28 0
OLD Y OR KSH R E
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upon which he received ins truc tion from Mr H olmes and Mr C ipr iani P o tter Soon afterwards he turn ed h is attention to compo s ition and as a pup il of Dr Cro tch produce d his firs t symphony in E fl at at the Royal A cademy which was follow ed at S hort intervals by his pianofor te conc er tos in D minor E fl at C min or F minor (tw o) an d A m inor which w ith the exc eption of th e firs t w ere performed by inv itation at He b e cam e acquain te d w ith th e conc er ts of th e Ph ilharmonic Soc iety Men delssohn dur ing on e of that dis tingu ish e d compos er s v is its to L on don an d by his invita tion followed him to L eipzig to e njoy th e b enefi t of his instructions in harmony U ntil the death of th e great .
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artist Dr B enn ett w as on terms of the mos t intimate frien dship with him an d the infl u enc e of M end elssohn s s tyle is clearly Shown in Dr B ennett s compositions During his sojourn in Leipz ig in the y ears 1 8 3 7 and 1 8 3 8 he through Me nd elssohn s in fl u enc e had the honour of exe cuting a pianoforte con certo of his own compos ition at on e of the celebrated G ew andhaus concerts and later s ev e ral of his w orks “ n gs t o th ers his ove r tur es to the amo N aiad es and the W ood ( ” N ymph and his concer tos in C and F m inor ) wer e p e form ed be fore H e r emain e d som e years in G e rmany and th e sam e cr itica l audience many Of his princip al compo s itio n s w er e p ublished th ere an d receiv e d .
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282
I
YOR KSH R E
OL D
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brought it a little mor e into conn ec tion w ith th e outer world M asham is b e au tifully s ituated by the r iv e r Y or e or Ure surrounded on all Side s by w ell wooded country and fi n e sweeping moorlands I n this s equ es ter ed S po t was born on the 9 th of J a n uary 1 8 1 6 Will iam J ackson the musician Natur e is usually Supposed to in fl u ence poets mor e often than m us icians y e t no thing b u t natur e an d an in h erite d lov e of mus ic can hav e b ee n W illiam Jackson s in sp ira tio n H e was far removed from any Oppor tun ity of h e arin g the works of th e n t h ims elf w ith s tudy ing h t o t r a mas rs and for y ars had con t t e e e e e g th eir compos itio n s in s c or e b efor e h e could h e ar th eir wond e rful e ffec ts H e walked all th e d is tanc e be tween M asham and in p erforman ce York to h ear an orato ri o wh ich w as pe rform e d in York Mins te r w h en he was a b oy of fifteen or S ix teen H is fath e r carr ied on the bus in e ss of a corn m il ler at M asham and h e h ims elf work ed bo th in the m ill and on the farm attach e d to it H is ruling pass ion the lov e of mus ic r evealed its elf when he w as very youn g W h en h e w as about eight y ears Old th ere w as a g reat bell rin g ing ma tch at M asham wh ich gav e him much pleasurable excite m en t The music he h eard in church on Sundays also fasc inate d him I t w as produce d by a large barrel organ the doors of wh ich w er e thrown Open beh ind to admit th e sound in to the church and from the gallery the little boy us ed to wa tc h w ith gr eat d eligh t the mys ter ious s te p s p ipe s keyboards and all the mach inery w hich w as th en exposed to view His firs t mus ical ins trum ent w as an Old fi fe wh ich his fa th er had play ed with This fi fe ho wev er wou ld n ot sound D and the M as ham Vo lun te ers s o w as n ot alto g eth er satis fac tory ; b u t his mo th er e ncourage d his attempts by givin g him a on e k ey ed fl ute and shor tly after h e w as pre s ente d with a fl u te with four Silver keys after that he piped away to h is h eart s con te nt H e firs t w ent to a school at Tan fi eld wh er e he v ery qu ickly prov e d hims elf to b e an ap t scho lar by d ispu ting with the old mas ter A fter som e natura l h es itation the mas ter on a qu es tion of grammar found hims elf in the wrong and on admitting it calmly to ld J ackson H is par en ts felt that it to tak e th e grammar class h ims elf for the fu tur e w as h igh tim e th eir son S hou ld r ec eiv e mor e e duca tion than tha t and s ent him to a boardin g school at P ateley B ridge wh er e they hope d he wou ld study som e th in g mor e than mus ic H ere he soon found congenial society in a club of v illage S ingers who taught h im to r ead mus ic in wh ich art he soon b ecam e proficient and as tonish ed his comrade s by his rap id progr ess On his r eturn hom e he was amb itions to mak e an organ and afte r r ep eate d e ffor ts with his father s h elp he succee d e d in constructing on e which was the so u rce of admiration and amaz e m ent to the country s ide N ot satisfie d with this ach iev em en t A fter many he imm e dia tely s et to work to produce a fi n ger orga n failur es and as the r e sult of much patienc e and p ers ev e rance h e at las t be came the happy poss essor of an o rgan on which h e could play an old harps ichord w hich his fath er poss ess ed supplying the k eyboard ,
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W I LL I A M
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CK SON
28 3
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During this period some sh eets of Boyce s cath e dra l mus ic w ere given to him and he also procure d C alcott s G rammar of Thorough Bass Th es e wer e of immens e h elp to him in incr eas in g his k n owledge of harmony ; h e mas tered the G rammar v ery thoroughly and so la id His firs t the founda tion of his corr ectness in mus ical compos ition attempts in this d irection w er e som e little anthems wh ich w er e submitted as the w ork of a boy of fo ur teen to Mr Camidge organ is t of York Mins ter who kindly po inte d ou t incorr ect passag es an d pron ou n c e d th e favourable verd ic t tha t th ey d id the boy cr ed it and h e mus t go on writin g Abou t this tim e a military band was form ed in M asham which the you thful mus ician joine d H e n ot o nl y wro te mus ic which the band p erform ed b u t play ed ev ery in s trum en t in turn always supplying the p lac e of an abs ent m emb er I n this manner he acquir e d a very accurate knowledg e of th e capabilities and effects of each H e also taught himself to p lay the ins trum en t in the wind orch es tra violin an d othe r s trin ged ins trum ents though h e did n ot b ecome a brilliant perform er A ll this prac tica l know ledg e was of enormous b en efit to him wh en he began to w rite his scor es for oratorios and o ther important works W h en youn g Jack sen was S ixteen years Old the lord of the manor pre s ente d a n ew organ to the church to r eplace the now worn ou t barr el organ and J ackson was appointed organist at a s alary Of £ 3 0 a y ear This was gr eat en courag em ent to th e young s tud ent who thencefor th d evoted all his S pare mom ents to the s tudy of mus ic in on e form or ano th er By m eans of a c irculating library at L eeds h e was enable d to borrow th e works of H a n d el Mozart H aydn e tc an d wh en poss ible h e always procur ed the fu ll scor es H e now b egan to gi ve lesson s in music b u t was often discouraged by th e wan t of promis e in his pupils Parents too w er e ign orant and un r easonable “ — M y daugh te r you On e lady obs erved to him on brin gi n g a pupil s ee is a v ery good scho lar ; she r e ads wr ites an d coun ts and I th in k if sh e had a quar ter s mus ic and a quar ter s Fr en ch She wou ld b e qu ite ” tep t ou t T e aching therefor e was n eith er v ery pleasant nor v e ry profi table and J acks on had to take to o th er less congenial m eans of earn in g h is br ead I n 1 8 3 9 he publish ed his firs t an th em For joy let ch eerful valleys ” “ s ing and the following y ear his well known glee The Sis ters of the Sea w on the firs t priz e o ffer ed by th e H uddersfi eld Glee C lub for an or igin al compos ition I n addition to th es e and many m in or works he “ wro te duri ng this p eriod of his life his gr ea t work The D eliveranc e ” of I sra el from Babylon the las t chorus b ein g completed on his 29 th b ir thday Th ere is no doubt that this is Mr J ackson s mas terp ie c e and rememb e ring the few advan tages th e compos er had th en en joyed — how h e had al together educate d hims elf mu s ically and the difficulties u n d er wh ich it was produced — it mus t b e adm itte d tha t th is work is a r emarkable tes timon y to th e genius of its au thor This ora torio w as fi r s t p erform e d in th e M us ic H all Lee ds on May 25 th 1 8 47 A local The D eliverance com es to us an no tic e of the p erformanc e says ’
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284
OL D
YOR
K SH I R E
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oratorio conceiv ed and completed without the advantage of a S ingle trial ev en of the vocal scor e alon e much less of thos e rich orch e s tra l e fi ec ts wh ich M r J ackson h ims elf ( e qually with the au di ence h eard ) for the firs t time on Tu esday last I n awarding the d u e m eed of prais e to Mr J ackson th is circums tance m ust n ot b e forgo tten though ” the ora torio n ee ds no m en tion of it as an apo logy A little la te r he “ wrote a s econd oratorio th e I saiah which was publishe d in 1 8 5 1 M r J ackson s lite rary labours w ere n ot altog ether confin ed to writin g mus ic h e contribu te d a s er ie s of ar ticles calle d Ramb les in Y ork ” to a loca l pape r and wro te and d eliv er ed s ev eral lec tur es to S h ir e various societies I n 1 8 5 2 he lef t the sce n e of his you thful succ ess e s and took up his abod e in the s tirr ing growing to w n of Bradford H ere he w as appo inted conductor of the B r adford F es tival Choral Soc iety at its foundation and he h eld that appo in tm ent until his d eath I n th is capacity h e tra in ed hundred s of vo ice s and d ev elop e d a love of choral singing amongst the pe ople of Bradford which they y et gra tefully r em ember and tell with prid e of the tim e wh en Mr J ackson w as inv ite d to tak e his cho ir to Buckingham P alac e to s in g b efore H er M aj es ty Qu een V ictoria A mongs t the many duties of his busy life his organ and o th er appo in tmen ts his b u s in e ss as mus ic s eller and his I n 1 8 5 6 he wrote mus ic te achi ng he s till foun d tim e for compos ition to the l o3 rd P salm wh ich w as perform ed at the Bradford M us ical F e s tival of that year ; and forth e succeedin g fes tiva l 1 8 5 9 his can ta ta The Y e ar w as wr itten He also brough t ou t a book of Psalm tun es for p ec uliar m etres many of th em of s ingular beau ty H is Sin ging C lass M anual is s till a s tandar d book for c lass s ing ing in large sc hools A church s ervice a mass and s ev eral anth ems glees and part songs w ere also the produc tion of his busy brain Mr Jackson s compara tively e arly d ea th on April 1 5 th, 1 8 6 6 after a v e ry shor t illn es s w as a grea t blow n ot only to the wife and childr en who surviv e d him b ut also to a gr eat numb er of warmly attach ed frien ds for his w as on e Of I t w as said of thos e na tur es whom to know w as to e s teem and lov e “ he w as ess e ntially a g en ius and he had a k een appr eciation h im tha t Of humour and airy no things if c lo th ed in b eau tiful a ttir e b u t h e w as free from the vices and b lemish es which are suppos ed to b e the natural W hat he set h ims elf to do he did with indomi inh eritanc e of g enius table pe rs ev eran c e and pa tienc e an d he w as n ev er sa tis fi ed till h e had fully acquire d what h e aim ed at His des ir e for knowled g e was omnivorous and h e w as on e of th e b est informe d men of the town of From the natur e B radford on ma tters of science art and literatur e of h is engagem ents and associations he w as n ecessari ly expos e d to grea t temptations b u t through th em all h e walk ed unscath ed an d by h is example and admonitions h e succ e ede d in raising the s tandard of morals in the mus ical profess ion of the n eighbourhood H e was a man ” of spo tle ss in te gr ity of gr ea t g en eros ity and lib eral m ind edn ess During the who le tim e of his conn ection w ith the Bradford F es tiva l Choral Society his s ervices w er e gra tuitous and his fellow townsmen ,
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YORKSHI RE PARLI AMEN TARY
H ALI FAX
REPRESEN TATI VES
.
PA R LI AMENT A R Y R EP R ESEN TA T I ON
.
R OM the days of Cromw ell to the pass ing of the A c t “ to am en d ” the r epr es en ta tion o f the pe op le in En g land and W a les , wh ich r ec eived the Royal A ss en t on the 7 th d ay of J u n e , 1 83 2, H alif ax had n ot enjoye d the priv ile ge of r eturnin g a r epr esen tativ e to the H ouse of Commons By tha t Ac t it ob ta ine d W h en the R eform B ill the pr iv ilege of r eturn in g two m embe rs o f 18 3 2 w as pass e d , H a lifax had a popul a tion of ov er inhabitan ts embrace d in its po lling dis tr ic t, and th er e w er e 5 3 1 who w er e e ntitle d to vo te The firs t nomina tion took place on the 1 1 th o f D e ce mbe r , 1 83 2 in the P iece H all The Torie s nom in a te d the H on J Stuar t W ortley and M icha el Stocks , and the W higs , Chas W ood and Rawdon Br iggs Ju nr A po ll w as de mand e d by the suppor ters of Wor tley and W ood , who w er e in a m inority at the S how of hands, an d ’ at nin e o clock on the morn ing of the 1 2th , two po lling boo ths w e r e open ed , on e at Cow G r een and th e o ther at W ard s En d The po ll was con tinu ed amid much excitem e n t, and on th e follo w in g day , the 1 3 th ’ D ec emb er , it clos ed at four o clock , the r esult b ein g tha t Rawdon Br iggs Ob ta in e d 242 vo te s ; Chas W ood , 23 5 ; Micha el Stocks , 1 8 6 ; and the H on J Stuar t Wor tley , 1 7 4 th e tw o W hig r epre s en ta tives b eing Th e co st of the ele ction , as c ertifi ed by th e r etu rn in g Offi ce r to ele cte d th e H ous e of Commons , was £ 1 05 , the e xp ens e be in g Share d e qua lly by th e four cand idate s On the 29 th D ecemb er , 1 8 3 4, the first r eform ed Par liam en t w as dissolv e d , and on the 6th and 7 th of the following J anuary , the s eco n d On th is occas ion the H on J Stuar t W or tley was e le ctio n took plac e again brough t forward by the Tories C has W ood by the Wh igs ; an d E d w ard P roth eroe , J u n r , was s elec te d by the Radicals as th eir cand idate The W higs and Rad icals combin e d to run th eir tw o .
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I
H A L F AX P A R L I A M E N TA R
Y
R E P R E SE N
TA T I V E S
287
.
candidates The nomin ation again took place in the P iece H all and Messrs W ood and P rotheroe ob tain e d the S how of han ds and a poll was demande d by Mr W or tley The r esult of th e election on th e tw o fo llowing days was that W ood g ot 3 3 6 vo te s W ortley 3 08 an d P rotheroe 3 07 Th e excitem ent w as mos t intens e and as the suppor te rs of the candidates paraded the town in gr ea t mobs they soon cam e to b lows The r esult was a s er ious dis turbance during w hich man y of the hous es of the resp ectable in hab itants w ere assailed w indows and furn itur e brok en S ilv er an d valuables carr ie d away M any pub lic ‘ hous e s w er e d amaged an d it was o nly on th e arrival of a troop of L an cers tha t the mobs w ere disp ers e d A p etition w as pr es en ted by th e suppor ters of M r P rotheroe against th e r etur n of Mr Wortley and an attempt w as also made to un s eat Mr W ood ; both w er e howe v e r withd rawn Mr G B Bro w n brough t an action for libel agains t the H a lifax Gu ardian and Mr W addin gt on followe d w ith an action for an assau lt against Mr Brown Both w er e tr ied at Y ork and r esu lted in v erdicts agains t Mr Brown Th e followin g is a list followe d by brief biograph ies of the m emb ers who have b een r eturne d for the borough from the pass ing of the Act of 1 8 3 2 to the pr es en t time ,
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12th D e
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C h arl s W ood F ra k Crossl y Sir C h arl s W ood R l ctio l vatio t I d ia B oard f Co trol Sir C h arl s Wood l ctio b comi g First L ord R f th A dm iralty Sir C h arl s W ood Fra k Cros l y e
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29 th A
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1 859 , 22
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K SH I RE
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C harl s Wood R l ctio b i g a poi t d Pr sid t f th B oard Co trol f r I dia J am s St f ld R l ct d l v atio th t B oard f A dmi ralty Sir
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Th os Sh aw i J D H u tc h i o ugust 1 882 45 Victoria V CO T HA AX (R igh t H Sir C h arl W ood B art G C B t ) ld st f th lat Sir Fra cis Li dl y Wood B art W bor t Po t fract i 1 800 h w ducat d t Ori l Coll Oxford w h r h too k a doubl firs t class d d y M ary th fourth daugh t r f th 2 d i 1 821 I 1 8 29 h marri d rl Gr y W l ct d al o g with Mr R aw do B riggs t r pr s t H alifax t th first l ctio i 1832 d r mai d th r pr s tativ f r H alifax u til h w rais d t th p rag i 1866 H w privat s cr tary t E arl G r y d b cam s cr tary t th Tr asury duri h i firs t y r i Parliam t d r tai d th at offic u til Nov mb r 1 8 34 s cr tary t th A dmi ralty from A pril 1 8 35 w t S pt mb r 1 839 d C h a c ll or f th E xch qu r from J uly 1 846 till M arc h m b r 1 8 5 2 till F bruary 1 855 ; 1 8 5 2 Pr sid t f th B oard f Co trol fro m D d fro m th latt r dat t M arc h 1 8 5 8 h w firs t L ord f th A dmiral ty Si c th h ld th offic f S cr tary f Stat f r I dia d th at f L ord Privy h h d a m mb r H i a D p t L i u t a t f th W s t R idi g f Y orkshir S al f th Comm itt il f f E ducatio H h as th patro ag L iv i g Viscou t H alifax th C h rl s Wo d r pr s t d Gr at G r msby i th U r form d Parliam t from 1 826 t 1 83 1 w h h w l ct d f r War h am H i l ordshi p s ld s t th C h arl s Li dl y W ood i a m f H co sid rabl ot H w bor i 1 839 d i 1 869 marri d L ady A g s Th s co d Eli ab th Court ay o ly daught r f th E arl f D v o th Fra cis Li dl y a capt i i th R oyal Na vy d i d i 1873 Th third H J oh Li dl y w mp t Sir Gar t W ols l y i th A s h a t th H id d d s rv d i W r d also with Sir G ar t duri g h i gov r ors hip f C y prus Th H F G L i dl y th fourth a barrist r t l w th Z ulu W r i 1 8 7 9 m rri d i 1 87 8 L ady M ary Li dsay daught r f th lat E arl f Crawford d Ba l carr s E mily C h arlo tt i 1 86 3 m arri d th lat Of h i lords hi p s daught rs th H A lic L ou isa i H ugo Fra cis M y ll I gram f T mpl N w sam Th H A
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K SH I R E
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.
f Wood f J o ath a A k r y d E q W ld s t E SQ w AK O th s id H alifax w orst d m a u fac tur r by Sarah daught r f D avid W right E q f ar H alif ax H w bor t Ov d i 1 8 10 Wh 18 y ars f B rads h aw f E t arr d ab h daug h r l a J o h F arby Popp l o f h t h m Eli t t i t q g ar Y ork H i a w orst d m a ufactur r u d r th ld fi rm f Jam s L odg d D pu ty Li ut a t f r th M r A kr y d i a m agistrat Ak y d d S Pr s id t f th H alifax Ch amb r f H h as b W s t R idi g f Y orks hir Comm rc d took activ i t r st i th H alifax Lit rary d P hilosophical f w hic h h Pr sid t i 1 864 5 H w Li ut a t Col o l w S oci ty Comm a da t 4th W st Y ork Volu t rs Mr A kr y d i th patro f livi g l ct d i A pr il 1 8 5 7 M m b r f Parl iam nt d w H i a Lib ral i politics h w displac d by Mr f r H udd rsfi l d d h ld th s at u til A pril 1 85 9 w h l ct d t r pr s t H alifax i E A L ath a m I J u ly 1 8 65 M r A ckroyd w plac Of Ch arl s W ood w h w cr at d i th follo wi g y ar Viscou t H alifax M r A k r y d r pr s t d H alif ax u til 1 8 74 JOH C O f J o h Crossl y E q carp t m a ufactur r by w th f S co t H all H al ifax H w M arth a th daugh t r f A brah am Tur r E q th bro th r f th lat Sir F Cross l y B art w h r pr s t d H alifax from 1 85 2 t l y w f York s hi r J o h Cross bor 1 859 d aft rw ards th W s t R idi t g H alifax i 1 8 12 d marri d as hi firs t w if A th daugh t r f Kitch m a f Ov d Child E ar H alifax d as hi s c d wif Sarah th daught r h atl y E q f M irfi ld H w a magis trat f r th W st R idi g f f J os ia h d f r H alifax d w four tim s M ayor f th a t to w Mr Crossl y Y orks h ir a G o v r i g D ir ctor f th gr at fi rm f J Crossl y d So s Lim it d d w Limit d H w C h airma f th H l ifax Comm rci l Ba k i g l ct d w I politics Mr t r pr s t H alifax i th H ous f Comm o s i F bruar 1 8 74 i fav our f th w Crossl y w a Lib ral d support d Mr Glads to t o l y by th r p al f th 25 th claus A m d m t f th E ducatio al A t H w also s tro gly i favour f R ligious quality b t by o th r alt ra tio s f th l at J o h JOH D SO H U TC HI O w th H u tch i o E q f H a lifax by M ary th you s ht r f J am s D yso E q t d f L s g ar Oldh am H w bor t H al fax i t y ar 1 822 d i 1 8 53 marri d M aria N vill you t daught r f G org Hu tchi so E q f R pto i rh lm G ra mm ar Sc h ool F or ma y y ars D rbys h ir H w t d t Hi f th propri tors f th d s r v d tw ic as M ayor f h w lif C o ri r H alifax i th y ars 1 8 68 d 1 8 7 1 H w also a m agistrat d a m m b r f th Mr H u tchi so w l c t d m mb r f Parliam t i th S ch oo l B oard f r H alifax plac f Mr J o h Crossl y wh h d r sig d i F bruary 1 877 H w adva c d Lib ral i Politics T H O SH W wh t r d Parliam t th r tir m t f Mr J D Hutchi so i A ugus t 1 8 8 2 i th third f th la t J os p h Sh a w E q f Gr Ba k Stai l a d ar H alifax Mr Th os Sh aw w bor t Gr B a k i 1 823 H w ducat d t Hudd rsfi ld Coll g d i 1 85 4 m arri d Eli ab th th th ird daught r f th lat William R aw so E q f Wilto Polygo M a ch st r M r Sh a w i a w ooll m a u H o orary Tr asur r f th A ti Cor L w L agu factur r d m rch a t f B r k r y d M ills Stai la d ar H alifax H i a m agistrat f r H alif ax d a D u ty Li u t a t f r th s f t R idi g W p Y orks h ir M ayor f H h f H w f r tw y ars fro m 1 866 t 1 8 6 8 d f r th r y ars pr sid t f th C h amb r f Comm rc f th at tow from 1 8 74 t 1 8 76 1 8 7 2 M r Sh aw h as occupi d th pos itio Si c f Pr s id t t th H alifax M ch a ics I stitu tio d h as al so b Pr sid t f th Lit rary d Phil osophical Soci ty f th at tow H i a Lib ral f adv a c d typ i fav our f M r G lads to s policy d f r forms i I r la d d i i fa v our f th xt sio f th fra c h is t th cou ti s ED
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YO RK SH I RE S E PU L CH RAL CRO SS E S AND S LABS A N C I ENT
G R AV E
.
ST ON ES
.
wr itin g of th es e sp ecimen s of Archaeology to b e found in Yorkshire w e Shall d ivide th em in to three class es namely incis e d cross Slabs ra is e d cross s labs an d h ead cross es By in cis e d cross s labs is m eant fl at r ecumb ent grav e s ton es which hav e a cross or o th er Christian symbo l in cis e d upon them By rais e d cross Slabs is m eant r ecumb en t grav es ton es wh eth er fl at or ce p ed w h ich hav e upon th em a cross or o th e r symbol in Th es e tw o class e s have man y featur es in common h as relief H ead cross es are monum en tal s ton es e sp ecially in th eir d es igns orn amen te d with cross e s or symbols either incis ed or in r elief place d upr ight or at th e head of the grav e Of th e incis e d cross Slabs w e find e arly S p ecim ens in the Vatican Nearly all th es e at Rom e th es e b eing found in th e Roman Ca tacombs s ton e s hear an incis ed cross or o th er C hris tian emblem ; som e have in addition an in scriptio n o th ers an emblem of the trad e of the deceas ed and man y of th em re mind o n e of the common En glish grav e e tc s ton es of the thirteen th four teen th and fifteenth c enturies By go in g from on e coun try to ano th e r w e can ob ta in a conn ec te d s er ies of th es e Chris tian grav esto n es from the time of the Apos tle s to The s er ies in the Va tican exten ds from A D 8 9 to A D the pres en t day 400 Th e n ext in ord er of date are in I r ela n d wh ich brin g d own the s er ie s A fte r this tim e th e s er ies is co mplete d down to th e elev enth c en tury to the p r e s en t tim e from En glish examples I n Y orksh ir e w e hav e a fourteen th c en tury sp ecimen at Y o r k wh ich was fou n d on th e s ite of the Car m elite Fr iary Th es e cross es form ed of v in e bran ch es are p robab ly in allus ion to th e wo r ds of our ” L ord Here the vin e runn ing through the chalice I am the Vin e etc b eau tifully symbo liz es the id ea that th e chalice was fille d with the juice of that v in e I n th e fi fte en th c en tu r y w e hav e an example from K irk w oo d I n En gland w e fi n d cross s labs mos t ab un d ant in s ton y dis tr ic ts as in N
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29 2
YOR KSH I R E
OL D
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north ern counties and in D erbysh ir e and w e fi n d th e m of all k inds of s to n e alabas te r P urb eck marb le gran ite fr ee ston e lim e s ton e e tc The ancien t Chris tian mod es of inte rm ent w ere in a cis t or s to ne co ffi n in on e of lead or of wood or in th e e ar th w ithou t co ffin Som e o f th e in cis ed cros se s doub tless form e d the lids of s ton e co ffins ; b u t the gr ea te r numbe r appear to hav e b een us ed as monum ents and cov erin gs for th e grav e s when o th er mod es of in te rment w er e u se d W oode n coffi ns w ere us ed v ery with the e arly ; r ema ins o f th e m iron clamps by wh ich th e y have b een fastened tog eth er hav e be e n fo und in barrows ; fo r in s tance in the bar row ca lled L am el H ill n e ar Y ork w hich is made out by Dr * Thurman to b e of Saxon date A curious example of an e ar ly wood co ma form e d o f a ho llow oak trunk is pr e s e rv e d in the M us eu m at Sca rborough Le ad co ffins too w er e in v ery early u s e b u t w e r e u s e d spar in g ly un til th e en d o f the four teen th cen tury wh e n th ey b ecame mor e g eneral Th es e co ffi ns w er e som etim e s en clos e d in a wood e n ch est or coffi n som etimes in a s tone ch es t or altar to mb surmou n te d by an effi gy o r monumental brass The d es igns in bo th incis ed fl oor cros s e s and co ffi n s ton es v ery much re semble on e ano th e r ; it w ill b e conv enient hav ing fi rs t trea te d of l i u r i t s a c of coffin s ton es th en to e e p tre a t of the d e s ig n s bo th of tog eth er The c is t of man y s ton es which has fre qu ently b een fou n d in ca irns or tumuli of s ton es and also in the so il and wh ich h as gen e rally b een a ttr ibuted to the Br itish in habitan ts of the is land may b e cons id e r ed as a Spe c ies of ru d e s tone coffin m Cr Carm lit F riary Y rk I n SWlll tOD Park Y orksh ir e, are on e —lik e the prop e r s ton e coffin tw o va luable example s of e arly cis ts — haS the bas e narrower than the top and its lid is coped the o the r
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rch a logical Jo r al
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Vol 5, p 38 .
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29 4
YOR KSH I R E
OL D
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The
fou rth c u t r epr e s en ts on e S id e of a fragm ent of a Similar s ton e found in th e sam e place th e gable d en d of th is fragm en t is plain A s ton e of s im ilar characte r to th e on e at B e da le was discov er e d at th e Church of St D ionys Y ork ; h er e too the s ec tion of th e s to ne is arch ed ra th er than cope d at the junction of th e arch with the s id e s and alo n g the r idg e runs a k in d of cable mouldin g on e s ide has animals in low relie f which app e ar to hav e som e symbolical m eaning the o th e r s id e is cov er e d with dragon lik e mons ters , with win gs ta ils etc go in g off into the in tricate inte rlac ed work s o commonly found in the illum inations of e arly A nglo Saxon MS S I ts date m ay b e the s ev enth or eigh th ce n tury A n inter e sting s ton e of a som ewhat s im ilar ch aracte r to the las t .
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d Stones Be d ale G ough conj ectures that the birds n am ed is met w ith at D ewsbury on this slab are eagles an d that th e s ton e may b e co nnecte d with the family of Soo thill whos e cognizance w as an e agle The double c al vary s teps h ere are s ingu lar ; the date of the s ton e is probably late i n th e tw elf th c en tury I n the th ir teen th ce n tury as also in the succ ee din g c entur ies w e s till find all sh ap es of the rais e d cross Slab bo th fl at and cop ed I t i s how e v e r so m ewhat r emarkab le tha t while in all o th er par ts of eccle s ias fourteenth and fifteenth tica l arch ite c tur e dur ing the th ir teen th c en turies w e find thre e strongly mark e d styles the e arly English d ecora te d and p erp e nd icu lar w e do n ot fi n d any corr espond i ng broad dis tin c tions of s tyle in grav eston es Ornam en tal work p ecu li ar to th es e s ty les fr e qu en tly occurs upon th em b u t almos t as fr e qu en tly th er e is so little of p e cu liar character in the d es ign that it re qu ir e s A
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See I
llustration
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p ge 29 5
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AN
CIE N T
T
S ON E S
G R AV E
29 5
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considerable fam iliarity w ith th e subj ect to b e able to ass ign w ith in a hundred ye ars th e probable date of a Slab within this p eriod W h en stone co ffi ns w ent out of fashion about the en d of the fifteenth cen tury the c offin Shaped stone s till contin u ed in common u se as a covering to th e grav e with little or no alteration in its shap e or d imen s ions Th ere is a variety of the S imple highly cepe d coffin lid wh ich is som e tim es m et w ith : v iz wh ere in s tead of on e Simple r idge th ere are tw o crossing on e another at r ight an gles g iving th e ide a of th e roof of a cross church The ridg es are fi nish e d with a bold roll S O that the tw o rolls cross in g at righ t angles form the symbol of the cross as at F in gall Y orksh ir e Double coffin ston e s also occur hav ing tw o cross es upon th em as at in th e County of L an Goosen erg cas ter th e cross es having e ach a shield at the base and o th er orna E ach compar tm ent of m en tal work th is s in gu lar s ton e con tains a cross th e spaces b etw een the S haf ts an d border being fi lled in w ith tr efoils The letters A R are of co m para etc tiv ely mod ern date the s ton e hav in g b ee n us ed a s econ d time The border is fi lle d w ith th e common four— leav ed flower of the four teen th cen tury Som etim es th e cross was omitted and w e hav e o n ly the head w ithin a quatr efoil though in d eed the quatre fo il its elf forms a cross Som etim e s th e h ead of th e cross is expand ed into a large quatrefoil in w hich the u pp er par t of the de c eas ed is r epr esen ted and th e bas e of the cross in to a tre Sl ab at D ewsb ury foil wh er e the feet app ear as in the in ter es ting example from This is the tomb of the founder of G illin g Church and it is placed in th e Church in the usual position in th e chancel viz on the nor th S ide Som e m isappr eh ens ion has exis te d r esp ecting th es e monum en ts w ith heads etc upon th em ; th ey have gen erally b een though t to b e , .
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llustration
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p ge 29 6
t See p age 29 6
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29 6
I
Y OR KSH R E
OLD
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v ery rare w h er eas th ey are by no m eans unfr e qu ent A gain it has b een thought that th e s imple r ais e d cross slab was gradually d ev eloped through th e s e in to th e full len gt h efii gy wh ich is n ot th e ca s e for th e full len gth eifi gi es are not uncommon at the end of the tw elfth century and dur ing th e thirteenth while the c rosse s with accompan y ing he ads and half len gt h efligies are mos t g en eral in th e fourteen th century '
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oubl Coffi e
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Ston es at Goosen erg,
‘L ancaster
0
Cu
o n ty
Cross t Gill i a
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ng
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e i t i i e e xamp g v from H n o n Y orksh r xh b s a rar e d i e l w e e The e fi i t e i e h s h t e s anc of a s ab wh ch bas of cross xpand d n a i t e e i n l e in t o canopie d n iche in wh ich th e d ec eas ed is r epr es ented after a fash i on are s fl o f r u a t e w o l T h t om m s fou d monum n t a brass e s e e i n n S eti e q inte nde d to contain the in itials of the dec e as ed i e i e i n li l t t fo ow ng r marks app cab e bo h c s d and ra s d a r o e i e ll The c r oss slabs Cross Slabs are found both in church es and churchyards ,
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Se e I
llustration
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a
p ge 297
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29 8
OL D Y OR
K SH I R E
.
good ins tance of th e fertility of inv en tion of th e old de s ign ers I n the v ery gr eat numb er of cross s labs which exis t the ins tances of th e r ep etition of th e same des ign are v ery rar e I t may he som etim e s rath e r diffi cult for an unprac tis e d ey e at once to see th e cross on so me o f th e complicate d d es ign s b u t the id e a of th e cross s eems to hav e been so ever pres ent in the minds of the m ed iaeval Chris tians that th ey at once caught at any thin g wh ich form ed e v e n a r emo te r es emb lance to the emb lem of ou r faith ; in tw o inters ectin g oad S th ey saw the cross and ch os e th e s e cross roads as p lac e s pe cu liar ly su itab le for the er ection of th eir v illage and s tation cross es ; th e soldier s tuck h is sword upright in the ear th and its hilt form ed the cross be for e wh ich he prayed I n the four teenth c entury w e fr e qu en tly find the cross b eautiful ly compos e d of le av e s and branch e s of the vin e , in allus ion to Chris t th e tru e V in e The lilie s so common ly us ed in the fifteen th an d s ixte enth c enturies as ter m in ations to the lim its of the cross w ere probably in allus ion to the B less e d Virgin The s tep s or mou nd so v ery fr e qu en tly introduced at the ba se of the cross w er e in tend e d to r epr es en t Moun t C alvary and ” Th e Calvary are te chn ically calle d Tw o birds d rinking ou t of a vase or cup is an e arly Chris tian emb le m ; it is found on many Slabs in the catacombs Th is em blem is s trangely trav e s tie d in a s lab at * Bridlington wh er e w e hav e a fox and goos e dr ink in g ou t of a vase The five w ou n ds I n an examp le at Kirklees rth er e are marks or ga sh es at th e four extr e mities and at the c en tre of the C ross t Tank ersley cross w ith drops of b lood issu ing ou t of Th es e are in allus io n to the fi v e wounds in the hands and feet th em and Sid e of our Saviour The symbo l of an ecclesias tic The chalic e w as placed C ha lice in th e co ffin of a B ishop and of a pries t it was a lso plac e d in the hand of a d eacon as a kind of inv estitur e at his ord in ation an d S inc e no symbol h as y et b een found on any grav e ston e wh ich app e ars to b elong p ecu liarly to a d eacon the chalic e may p erhaps have b een u s ed as a g en eral symbol of eith e r of the th r ee ord ers of clergy A n ex ample is The chalic e on th is s ton e is of v ery elegant S hap e ; found at J erv aulx th e sculptur e b es ide it app ears to b e the letter T probab ly the in itial .
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AN
C I E N T G R A V E ST ON E S
29 9
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Chris tian name of the deceas e d who app ears by the inscr iptio n I n the s ec ond e xample to hav e b een a can on of St L e o n ard s Y ork from Jerv au lx th e Shap e of th e lillie s h er e is v ery unusual Two s teps only to the Calvary as h ere are v ery u ncommo n The inscription is , of
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facet in tomb s fn iIIs il Ute t allap ‘ toustr urit tattle li nt terms Utooma
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A mongst oth er emblems w e may enumera te the ples , all of which are to b e found in Y orksh ir e
following exam
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7
Cr
oss at
J ervau lx
Cro
ss at
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J
ervau lx
50
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P astoral S taf grasp ed by a han d , a b ishop , or abbo t, or abb ess of which an example is found in Ecclesto n Priory ; C halice, P a ton , a n d han d in a ttitu de of ben ed iction ; e xample , Sproatley C halice an d B ook e xample , K irkwood Shield , wh ich may probab ly d eno te a kn igh t, e xample , Go osen erg , K irk D eigh ton and Tankers ley S w ord , g en e rally cons ider ed th e emb lem of a kn igh t, examples, D ewsbury , Thornton , W ycliffe , and Thormanby Probably the earlies t kind of s epu lchral monum en t in the w orld was th e pillar stone, a rude unh ewn s ton e set up to mark the place of burial of som e great man Th es e app ear to have b een use d by all .
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3 00
OL D
I
YOR KSH R E
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After the primitiv e n ations many such s ton es r ema in in Br itain Chr is tian Era th es e pillar s ton e s be gan to b e orn am ente d w ith a cross or o th e r Chr is tian symbo l e ith e r inc is e d or in low r elie f ; som etim e s th e ornam e n ts w ere v ery elaborate as in the example from H aw k sw ell I n som e localities th e s e p illar ston es w e r e in u se to a v ery late da te I n time the upper part of the s tone itself was c u t in to a cruci fix ion shap e and the pillar ston e b ecam e th e tall sep u l chral cross , o f wh ich thr ee in ter e s ting e xample s are to b e * s een in VVhalley Churchyard The p illar s ton e w as firs t mod ifi ed into the s epulchral cros s ; the n ex t modifica tion wh ich took place p erhaps a century be fore the Norman Con qu e s t was in to wha t is usua lly called the h ead cross This is a s ton e from on e to thr ee fe et high and of d iffe r en t Shap e s plac e d up right at the h ead of the grav e and som e tim e s accompan ie d by a smaller s tone at the foo t of the grave Thes e h ead cross es app ear to hav e com e into u se (as h as b een said ) abou t A D 9 5 0 W h e n th e d e ad w as buried in a s ton e co ffin its lid form e d his monu m en t th es e h e ads tones s eem to hav e b een p lace d ov e r the grav e in cas es wh er e a co ffi n of wood or le ad or n o co ffin at all w as us ed Th ey continu ed > 1 5 — M M in u se un til the R e formation P ill ar Ston es at Haw k sw ell soon afte r wh ich th ey w er e again modifi e d in to the tall squar e ugly s tones which n ow crowd an d d isfi gure our churchyards .
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Wh itak er s History ’
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I
3 02
OL D YOR K SH R E
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R A in 1 63 8 , a ttracting cons id erab le attention by his facility in le arn ing and sup eriority in m ental power At this time th e J esu its who w er e e v e r on th e ou tlook for young m en of promise , h e ard r e por ts of his talen t, sought him ou t ; by th eir pe rsuas iv e eloque nce in duc ed him to lis te n to th eir te achin gs , and ev entually in v eigle d him to L ondon , w ith a v iew of go ing to Douay , to s tudy for th eir pries thood H is fath er h earing of this , follow ed him to L ondon , found ou t wh er e h e was s taying , and p ersuaded him to r eturn to Cambridge , wh ere he remain ed ’ until h is fath er s d eath terminate d his colle g e car eer On h is r eturn to H ull, he w as adopte d by Mrs Sk inn er , of Thorn ton , in Linco lnshir e , a lady of comp etent fortun e , whos e o nly daugh te r had p erished along with his fath er The young lady had been on a v isit to the M arv ells , and pe rs is te d in crossin g the H umb er in a s torm , de spite the adv ic e of the boa t m en and of Mr M arv ell, in ord e r that her mo the r m igh t n ot b e d is quiete d by her n ot r e turn ing at the prom is e d tim e M arvell th er efore re so lv e d to share the pe r il, and bo th w ere drowne d At her de ath Mrs Skin n er lef t all her prope rty to her .
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adop te d s on A bou t the year 1 642 h e made a con tin en tal tour through H olland Fran ce Spain an d I taly m eeting w ith Milton in Rom e wh er e life las ting fr iendsh ip a An d rew Marvell w as comm enc ed A fter his r eturn he b ecam e in 1 6 5 0 tu tor to Mary daugh te r of Thos L ord F airfax the gr ea t Parliam en tar ian G en e ral who afte rwards marr ied H e was a d evo ted the p rofi igate Geo Villiers D uk e of Buck ingham admire r of Fairfax and whils t in his e s tablishm ent wro te tw o poems ” ” “ N un A ppleton the other on Bilborough the seats of his on e on lordsh ip F our y e ars afterwards Cromw ell gav e him the appo intm ent of P receptor to his n ephew Dutton and in 1 6 5 7 that of L atin Secr etary under M ilton for for eign affairs H e had b een r ecomm en de d to the office in 1 6 5 2 by Milton in a lette r to Pr e s iden t Bradshaw wh er ein H e hath sp en t four y e ars abroad to v ery good purpos e as h e says B esid e s h e is a schola r I b eliev e and th e ga in in g of four la n guages and w ell r ead in L atin and G reek authors and no doub t of an approv e d .
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A N D RE W
M AR
VE LL
3 03
§
conv ersation for he comes n ow lately ou t of the hous e of the L ord Fairfax who was G eneral] wh ere h e was entrusted to giv e som e It in struction in th e languages to the lady his daughter would b e hard to find a man S O fi t ev ery way for that purpos e etc The letter how ev er failed in procuring the o ffi c e for him at that time He was chosen to r epres en t H u ll in the S hort Parliam en t ( 1 6 5 8) of the P ro te c torate of R ichard Cromwell and again in the 1 st of Char le s At that time th er e w er e no n ewspap ers to give informatio n II of the debates b ut Marvell s ent down to his cons titu ents a r esum e of the proceedings th es e letter s occupying 400 pag es in Thompson s ed ition of his works I n 1 6 61 he went to H olland wh en L ord B elasy se H igh Steward of H ull sugges ted the exp ediency of electin g a n ew m emb er in his place b u t Marvell r eceiving notice of th is r eturne d an d obtained the ass ent of his cons titu ents to a fur th er abs ence to go with the E arl of Carlisle on h is embassy to Russ ia D enmark and Sweden and he r emained th eir r epr es entative until his death Ther e is no e vi dence to sh ew that he ev er spoke in the H ous e b u t h e atte nded ass iduous ly to his duties , and took cop ious notes of th e d ebates for trans mission to H ull A s a s tatesman he e v e r exh ib ite d a conscien tious inte gr ity and that at a tim e wh en co n sc ien ce had v ery little to do with politics plac e hunting and s inecures and th e cour t was on e mass of corruption An an ecdo te is told of a later p er iod wh ich is an ap t illus tration of this L ord Stair in an interview with Carolin e Qu een of G eorge I I S pok e of his conscien ce in conn ection w ith som e matter of politics wh en the “ Qu een said Ah my L ord n e me parler po in t de conscience vous m e faite s év an omr Ther e is a well known story to ld of him that Danby the L ord Tr easur er d es irin g to bribe him to suppor t th e G overnm ent found him in an obscur e lodgin g and h in ted that the K ing conscious of his m er it in acknowledgm en t th er eof upon desir ed to pres en t him with which M arv ell called up his s ervin g boy an d told him to shew his L ordsh ip the mu tton bo n es in tende d for his d inn e r adding Such b ein g and politely the smalln ess of my n ec ess ities I r e quir e n ot the g ift “ bowed the cour tier ou t P itt said Ev ery man has his own pric e ; I ” kno w of b ut on e excep tion , and that is Marvell in the pas t D espite his legacy from M rs Skinn er s o Slen de r w er e his m eans wh en he die d no twithstan ding his opportu n ities of acqu iring w ealth by v enality that th e Corpora tion of H u ll vo ted a su m of mon ey to pay his fun eral e xp en s es The most famous of his controv ers ies was with Dr Parker in “ n i de fe ce of Non con formity Dr Parker orig nally a Puritan now in ” r itualism a Pha ris ee in life a Publican w hom Marvell d escrib ed as a maggo t transform ed into a carrion fly had written a pr eface to a ,
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3 04
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I
OL D Y OR KSH R E
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work by Archbis hop Bramhall ( 1 67 2) in wh ich he warmly condemned the N on c on formists Marvell r eplied to it in The R eh earsal Trans “ pos ed r espe cting which Burnet said Parker had e nter tain e d the nation w ith s everal virulent works and w as attack e d by the liveliest droll of th e age who wro te in a burlesqu e strain b u t w ith so pec u liar and entertaining a con duct that down from th e K ing to the tra d e sman h e n ot only humble d an d tha t h is book was r ead w ith p le as u r e Parker b u t th e who le par ty for th e au thor of The Reh earsal Transpo s e d “ An d Sw ift sa id that th is was th e had all th e m en of w it on his s ide onl y ins tance of an ans w er which Cou ld b e r ead with pleasure wh en P ark er is sa id to the pub lica tion wh ich occas ione d it w as forgo tten hav e c u t s o ridicu lous a figur e in the controv ersy that e v en his fr iends cou ld n ot forbear laughing at him The Doctor r eplie d in The R eproof of th e R ehearsal Transpos e d wh er ein he urge d the G ov ernm en t to .
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M
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H igh g te—F
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suppress the pes tilent w it the servant of Cromwell and the friend of “ Milton Marvell th en cam e ou t with The R eh earsal Transpos ed “ i l i i h t t e s cond par wh ch was par y nc e d by an h t t o t e e Ep is tle F G in de fence of P arker which conclude d with Sign e d I f thou ” d arest to pr int any lie or libel agains t Dr Park er I will c u t thy throa t “ Th e R e h e arsal Park er made no r espons e To th e s eco n d par t of ” “ s o pes tilent a w it d iscre tion was the thinking p erhaps tha t w ith ” b etter par t of valour “ Dr Croft B ishop of H ereford in 1 6 7 4 publish ed The Nake d Tru th or th e tru e s tate of th e Primitiv e Church ; by a H umb le Mod era tor , in advocacy of to leratio n an d charity in matte rs of relig io n ,
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3 06
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Por traits of him by A H ans eman G asper Smith and Thurs ton o n in 1 8 6 6 an d all in priva te hands w er e exh ibite d at Sou th K ens in gt Th ere is on e in the Br itish M us eum and tw o at L eeds in 1 8 68 ano th er in th e Trinity H ous e H ull many of which hav e bee n en grav ed thos e by H ans eman an d Sm ith by the A r u nd el Society Tw o s tatu es hav e b ee n execu te d by K eyworth jun H ull on e for the Pub lic P ark an d the oth er for the Town H a ll H u ll The life of M arv ell has been wr itten by W C ook e 1 7 7 2 C aptain Thompson 1 7 7 6 ; J o hn Dove in H ar tley Co le ridge s Yorks hir e ” Worth ies 1 8 3 5 J ohn Symons in Hullinia 1 8 7 2 R e gin ald Corles s ” “H 187 9 and in all Encyclop aedias B iographical in ull A u thors D ictionaries etc as w ell as in a multitude of j ournals English Am erican and European .
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L IST OF M AR “
W orks
Th e
of
A
M
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c Cook
VE LL S WORKS ’
pr fix d c ou 2 v ols Lo do
to w hi h is
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e
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the Life
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e n n Writin gs of th e A u th or B y Mr T his edition contains only the Poe ms an d Letters R eprinte d , 1 7 7 3 w ith P or trait “ Poetical Con tro versial an d Political C on Th e W ork s of A M Esq With a tain in g m an y origin al Lette rs Po ems an d Trac ts n ever be fore prin te d B y Cap ta in Ed w ard Th o mpson ( of H ull ) Portrait by n ew h fe of th e A u th or .
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asir L do d s l ctio s from hi f A M th c l brat d Patrio t w ith xtr c ts Lif By Jo h D ov L o do Pro d Po ti cal W ork s “ w ith a M m o ir f th A u th or B osto Th Po ti cal W ork s f A M M as “ Th P ti al Work f A M M P f r H ull 1868 ; with M moir f th A u th or L o do d Pro fA M M P f r th firs t tim Th co m pl t W ork s i V rs coll t d d collat d with th origi als arly ditio s d id r b l d Po ms d Tra l atio s f th Gr i dit d Pros larg d with hith rto Po try ; d i quarto form origi al Portrait st l o th r d L ti Portrait fac im l s d ill ustratio s Edit d W th m mori l i troductio d ot s by th R Al x B Gr rt St G rg s Blackbur 4 v ols For priv at circu l atio o ly V l 1 “ Th Po tical W orks f A M ; w ith a m moir f th A u th or Lo do w ith a i w f h i r s id c th r A rt J ou r al 1 849 A M i L o do P 1 6 42 E glis h Pri s t ir A h um ourous sa tir w ritt i Fl k e R om L u lo t J os p h d M ib Ab b e d Satirical V rs s i L a ti Fortu T ll r C ir 1 642 W ritt i Paris tit l d Th R h arsal Tra spos d ; or A im ad v rs io s upo a la t w ork sh wi g w h at grou ds th r r f f ars d j alous i s f Pop ry by A Pr fac L do 1 6 72 3 S o d d itio 1 6 73 D r S am u l Park r B is h op f Oxford “ i G r gory Fath r G r yb ard w th hi vi ard ff t 1 672 d A R pli d t i d R proof t th R h arsal Tra s th s co d part occ sio d by tw l tt rs —th Th R h ars l Tra spos first pri t d by a am l ss auth or (B ish op Park r) titl d A R proof t th t a fri d s h ous subs rib d th s co d a l tt r l ft f r m R h arsal B
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AN D R E W “
Mr Smirk e,
v
M AR V E L L
b
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3 07
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T t by cc t p y bt yG v t p c y p t t v b b y t t t t J y t p t t t T ct by v t cv y t p p y pp cc t v y p t bt yG v t p y y p c t by T p t c G tt G y t t t vc t t c t t by C p t t c y G C c C I p t tt v y b t C c tt y t t c p t by t p t by q v t I t ct t t c t v C by t by v t t by y pp v b tt by fi tp b b t G J p tt t t t t y “ F l g ll m P li m t ri m b i g rc tic tic f rly 200 m mb r ; f th fir t P rli m t ft r th R t r ti A D 16 6 1 t 1 6 7 8 E dit d by Sir H rri N ic l m L d fr m c t mp r ry M S i th Briti h M This work ( by A M ) w as ori gin all y publi she d with so me v ari ation s “ unde r the title o f A S e aso n ab le A rgu men t 1 8 06 An o the r C opy “ al so in the B r iti s h Mus e um w as pr i n te d with the title o f A L i s t o f the P r incip al Labo ure rs in the d e si gn o f P ope ry etc R e pr inte d by the Aun gerv ille S ociety in R e print s o f scarc e T rac ts A r ew ard o f £ 5 0 was o ffe re d by the G o vern me t for the discove ry o f the w rite r “ F ive hymn s an d paraph ras e s i ncl udin g T he spaci ou s fi rmament “ on hig h which app e are d in T he S p e c tat or we r e c l aime d for Mar vell by Cap ta in T ho mpson o n the groun d th at he had s e en them in a MS book of hi s but J as Mon t gome ry in a le ctu r e at H u ll d i spu te d thi s fro m inte rn al evi den ce the h ymn s no t b ein g at all in the s tyle o f Mar vell or o f the 1 7 th c e ntury b u t qu ite in th a t o f A ddi son an d the post R ev ol u ti on wr ite rs 3 addin g th at it w as u s u al for p erson s o f lite rary taste t o m ake tran scri pts of po etry th at s tru ck them 3 a d fur the r th at the M S boo k r efe rr ed t o w as n ot Marvell s bu t m or e r ecent by a con side rab le len gth of time v
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ru h ( D r Parker) Lon d on , 16 7 6 , 1 680, An im ad ersions on Th e N aked an d “ o ern m en in En g lan d , An A oun of th e growth of P o er an d Ar i rar m ore arti u larl from th e l on g roroga ion of P arliam en of N o em er, 16 75 , en din g th e 1 8 th of F e ru ar , 1 6 7 6 , ill th e l as m ee in g of P arliam en th e 1 6 th ’ ul R e rin ed in S a e ra s, 1 6 89 1 67 7 Ams erd am 1 6 7 7 Lon d on , 1 6 7 8 A rew ard of £ 100 w as offered th e Go ern m en for th e dis o er of th e au h or sh i I n re l , a eared Th e Parall el or an a oun t of th e g row h of kn a er ’ u n d er th e retex of A r i rar B SirR L E stran ge o ern m en an d P o er , etc L on d on , “ D , u n d er th e re en e of on e R em arks u on a D is ou rse, w ri ’ ’ of an sw erin g M r H owe s l e er od s B a P ro es an Lon d on , 1 6 7 8 A d i e to a P rin er ; a Sa ire, ” i r i an i Mis ellan eou s P oems , Lon d on , 1 68 1 Por rai “ reed s, an d m os u res in en eral ou n il s, A sh or H is ori al E ssa on ma ers of R elig ion L on d on , er season a l e at h ese tim es “ B A M an d o her wi s ; th e A olle tion of P oem s on A ffairs of S a e ” E s u ire M ar ell se on d ar th e hird a r A M ’ F u r h er ns ru ion s to a P rin er, an d th e l a e L ord R o h es er s F u n eral L on d on , 1 689 an d “ Th e Li es of th e 1 2 aesars, Seton iu s Tran qu illu s, d on e in o E n glish se eral h an d s, wi h a L ife of th e A u h or, an d n otes, A M Lon d on , 1 6 70, 1 6 72 1 6 7 7 , Th e R o al Man u al ; a P oem su osed to h a e een w ri en A M , an d n ow rs u lish ed Lon d on , “ ran d u ries of E n gl an d to A reas on a l e A rgu men to ersu ad e all th e ’ e i ion for a P arliam en Prin in C ob b ett s Parl iam en ary H is or , vol 4, ’
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E RR AT A A ND ADD E N D A a dve ve rrtteen ccy or th at o f the printer any mi s tak e s I F through m y ii n a we r e f o un d out at l as t II s h o u l d no t then I hope let pr id e so far ob tain the asc e n dan cy o ve r m y r e ason as t o re fus e a n e cessary r e par ati o n for the d eettr r iiment men the subjo in ing o f a ca tal ogue of su c h .
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T H OM A S QU I N C E Y
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V
V OL P AGE
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h am 24 F or an d rea d e t l as F or m eterriciou s read m eretri ion s las F or sa e lla F i z Hu gh read A li ia d e L a 3 6 F or fe n c estra read fen estram 26 F or D an sley rw d D un sl e 3 2 F or C h arton read h arl on Do do 36 4 Omit as l e Ho w ard 1 I n stea d of an sw er to read d e d u ion from 1 2 Af ter an d read is 1 3 Om it in 1 8 F or torgu e rea d or u e, hrou gh ou th e ar i le 28 Om it H em sw or h n ear 29 F b r 1 7 9 1 read 1 7 7 1 8 F or A n oniu s read An ton in i 5 F or an d read et 6 F or q u atu ou r read u a u or 1 5 F or N e an read N a an 3 6 F or D elgovita read D el g o i ia 1 4 Af ter R ev a d d ohn 1 9 Af ter D r a dd rom w ell , Se re ar of th e R o al Soc ie , die d 1 7 5 2 1 4 F or rea d P i k erin g hi 3 2 F or 1 6 3 5 rea d 1 6 85 15 F or ash rea d arl ey .
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GE N E R AL
IN DEX
.
F
I
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y
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y
A kro d , 290 Marv ell , 301 B ic k erd y k e, 6 5 Melton , 40 Birkin , 3 8 R e y n v1 v ill 11e, 38 Briggs, 289 R ou n d ell, 1 9 1 rossl e , 29 0 Sh a w , 29 0 D al s on , 60 an red , 64 D e B ru s 50 a as ou r, 3 08 D rak e, 1 86 en w or h , 208 E d w ard s, 289 oo d , 28 7 H a eld , 7 5 or l e , 28 9 Man n y in g, 9 8 F eas t of F oo ls, Th e, 1 1 F il e 248 F ro in gh am R egis ers , 247 F u ll Su ton , 248
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Y rk hir B ll o
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99
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ons see
M emoria l I nscrip tions
.
G E N E R AL
L E YL AN D , F A , on Hal ifax , 1 7 L EY L AN D , OHN , ou orksh ire oin in g , 20 L ife of an E n glish M on aster , 234 F , on L in n e , A kw orth S h ool , 1 7 2 L is t of ork shire B all ad s an d Son gs, 9 9 L o kin gton R egis ers, 247 L os E ast orksh ire ill age, A , 47 L ow h or e R egis ers, 247 L u n d , ohn , of P on efract, 9 6 .
.
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I gl by 1 9 3 K r b r gh 19 2 Sh ffi ld 3 5 W k fi ld 22 cript Y rk hir 241—255 M i r l r 8 h C h c 9 T M i y g M rt R gi t r 249 M rv ll A d r w 3 04 t Sh h fiffii ld 3 2 M ry Q f Sc t Mir c l Pl y 13 5 141 H R ligi t ri M t ry Th Lif f E gghli hh 234 M Th 215 M k f B lt MO U M T S T C i g b r gh 29 3 D w b ry 29 5 Gilli g 29 6 29 5 H d Y rk 260 292 MUR S R V A THU Wycliff 1 5 7— 1 63 — 2 278 i r 5 r 6 T h Y k h M r m Y rk hir 279 — 285 M ic i e
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B E ST on A n Old Yorksh ire P oll B ook 241 K irkh am Priory 220 Wakefi eld R aces 1 740 43—46 York shire C h an cel Screen s 6 6 —73 Yorkshire R egisters 250 153 orm an G at ew ay at Gu isb ro N orth F rodin gh am R egisters 247 orth R idin g R egisters 249 ort on R egisters 24 7 ostel P riory 229 u n k eelin g R egisters 24 8 OR C LI F F E ,
AS
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IN D EX
see
R eligious H ouses
.
316
G E N E R AL
PA R I SH R EG ISTE RS
b
Ou se u rn , 249 O erton , 24 9 Owth orn e 248
v P tric k
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248 Top c lifi e , 249 u n sta , 248 e arn 25 0 g rom e , 248 W agh en , 248 ath , 249 a o n , 247 ‘
T
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t
es
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B rom p ton , 249 P au l , 248 P i kerin g, 249 P o klin g on , 247 Pres on , 247 R e d m ire, 249 R e igh on , 247 R i le , 249 R ise, 247 R is on , 248 San on , 248 S am p on , 248 Settrm gton , 247 Sh er u rn , 24 8
t p y t ct c t b Siggl th
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247 VV ith e rn wi ck 248 re ss e , 48 Y afi ard , 249 a h am, 248 arm , 249
247
Skern e, 247 Skirl au gh , 248 Sou h a e , 247 Stain on , 248 Su on, 247 hirkl e , 249 hi rs k, 248
W l Yp Y Y ddi gh m Y rk 25 0 pr t ti 28 6
t Cv t tt T by T
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P arliam en tary Re esen P ic kerin g R egisters 249 P ie ce Hall H al ifax 24 P il mag e of G rac e 40
a
on ,
,
,
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P
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Haw k sw ell , 3 00
Pin fold at Mo rl ey 5 3 P L AC E N AM ES Hal ifax 1 7 H u ll 1 6 P ockl in gton R e Sters 24 7 P oll B ook A n 1d Y ork s h ire 24 1 P on tefract C h arity Sc h ool 185 P ottery A n c ien t 1 15 27 7 Preston R egisters 247 P rin ter An Old York s 90 P roverb An Old Y ork s 43 Pu rsglove B ish op 15 1 ,
,
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Qu ain t Old Q u ak erism 100 y ears ago 1 70 Q u een Mary s State P ri son 3 3
,
A, 80
,
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t tr
R eigh R egis
R egisters, 247 R id in g , 247 e s , E as —N orth R id in g, 248 — es R id in g, 25 0 on
W t
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T cr d Thi r k R an
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s
T A F orm er H om e egis ers , 248
e,
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of
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I N DE X T O CON TR I BUT O R S
B OY N E BAN KS
W I I AM LL
,
Au
,
th
or,
.
Lon d on
A u th or Wak kefifi eld W C OLLYE R R EY R OBE R T D D N ew Y York COOK J OH N Solic itor Hu ll ll D A V IS J A M E s W F L S Hahfax E D IT OR TH E M orl ey F A L D IN G P R I N C I P AL F J D D M A Ro th erham G R AY G J C amb ridge GR E GSON W B ald ersby Thirsk H OLM E S R I C H A R D A u th or P on tefrac t H OLR OYD A B R AH AM A u th or Shipl ey H U D SON R E V WI L LI AM Lo n d on the la te,
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Borou ghb rid ge L E YL AN D J OH N H alifax L I N N E Y G E OR GE E Saffron Wal d en M UR SE L L R E V A R T H UR B irm in gh am N OR C LI F F E R EV C B M A L an gton H al l Mal ton Lon d on R oss F R E D E R I C K SHE AHAN J J A u th or Hu ll T OM L IN SON JOHN J P Mayor of D on c aster Stok esl ey TWE D D E LL G MAR KHA M T YAS GE OR GE Wak efield UN WI N M R S S Lon don N ew B righ to WA UGH E D W I N W HE AT ER WI L L I AM C E L eeds W I L KI N SON JOSEP H B arnsley L E AD M A N , A
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I N DE X T O CON TR I BUT O R S OF I LLUS TR AT I ON S
.
P AGE S
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B R AM MAL L ,
C MI C T A
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HOLL AN D , Sheffi eld (Steel E ngravings)
CA O M A Thir k ( L f B l k) C OMMITT A ckw rth Sch l (L N,
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C OOK J OH W D AV I J M
H u ll (L ithograp h)
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H al ifax ( L oan of B lock)
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( L oan of Steel P la te)
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B lo cks) 107 , 108, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2, 1 1 3 , 1 14, 1 5 3 ,
25 8, 26 0, 262, 263, 264, 265 , 268, 27 2, 273 , 27 5 , 276 , 277
STAN SF ELD ,
TW
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JOHN L d (L o of G M St k l y (L
WI LD R ID GE WIL KI NSON
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49 , 1 5 2, 1 5 3 , 1 5 5 1 210, 21 1 , 21 3
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS .
GE PA P ER C OP IE S C TA I G O F J P A c kw rth P t fr t A M IT rL d h w F i l R y d B irk A ck r y d Willi m J ( 2 c pi ) M i gh m B d f rd A c kr y d G rg J P 5 N rt h P k V ill B I S S E WA B rl y L d KT J P D L St A J P H th L d g H lif x B ir t w J m F l k L d B r J h T Th r l d H Br k Th m J P A rm it g ridg H d d r fi ld B rigg B j m i S ptim J P B rl i gt H K ighl y B rr w cl gh A lfr d H p y V ll y G l g A tr li r W k fi ld f t r r O tt Bl k l y A l fr d W ll B r y h w T h m S lic it r S ttl C r v M rl y rL B i W illi m M f t r r Brit i H d S h ffi ld B r mm ll J H ll d S l Hil l H CO T D D 13 9 E t T hirty i th Str t N w Y rk R OB Th Old H ll G r i gt C lv rt R J ph M Cr v L d C l p h m J h B t ic l Ch mi t W d L H lk r H ll L c h ir M t N bl th D U K f K G D V O HI P t h ll Al b ri ht th E rl f M A D rtm th R igh t H rk W B ck tt J P D L B k r N A ppl t D i W C lb c k F S A S Wilt P rk B tl y Dy J ph B k ll r 3 3 P rk R w L d D dg (6 p i ) E P D L 5 FF I H I H T J t Pl c L d S W E H O T H 7 R M G N E 1 0 D w i g Str t L d G A T O R I HT H O W E M P Gr y H ry T p g phic l B k ll r 25 C th dr l Y rd M c h t r Gr y J m B k ll r 4 Sc tt Str t Br df rd D c tr VI C OU T G C B J P Hick l t H I F X R I H T HO F ry t F rryb rid g L rd R igh t H H gh t rd Pl c Y rk R ic h rd St L H ght Th Gr g H l C h h ir H ll J h H t Willi m E t r M r i g N w Whit fri rg t H ll r M rL d f r r i c t l J p h y V i c t r T c l y r D r d H Br d f rd H i w rth L wi 1 1 8 B w li g 01d L E C L d rt T m p l 1 Elm C H igh C h l H y l Willi m 41 A r d l Str t Liv rp l LA R
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SU B S R B E R S
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Al sin g, G , C E , 1 5 , Air ill e erra e, F riz in h all , Bradford A n d er on, ill iam , P , Wors ed S inn er, m B an k, le kh ea on A n d erton , R ev illiam E d ward, M A , Woodford , Ess ex A l e on , ohn R ee d , Lon an d S o , estern Hill , D u rh am A ram, A , A u h or, Ad elaid e erra e, Bl a k u rn , L an cashi A n d rew s, F , B A , Su erin en d en , A k w or h S h ool , P on efra A rmi ag e, Geor e lif on oo dh ead , Brighouse eorge, M A ; i arag e, E as H ard wi k , P on efra A s in all, R ev A ltree, L ieu , el d H ou se , R E , Sp I I orth in g, S u ss ex ‘ A n d er on , P , ors ed Sp inn e Vh itc liffe, l e kh ea on A rmi ag e, eorg e, h airm an of Lo al Board , E as - h or e, Mirfi eld A rmi age , R i h ard , en l eman , 27 , A l em arl e res en t, S ar orou gh A c k rill, R o er , N ew s a er Pro rie o r, Hera ld Of e, Harroga e hiteh all R oad , L eeds A kin son , ohn , Bl u e Sla er, A skham , oel, 14, M ay D ay reen , Barn sl e An drew , ohn , 28 , Su nn Ban k erra e, Leed s A d e , R ev T tist M is sion H ou se, as l e S reet, Hol orn , L on don , Ba y A kin son , osias , S al e H ou se, Se le A rms ron g, R o er L eslie, ron M er han , 1 01 , h orn on R oad , B radford A kins on , Sam u el , M oo r A ll er on Lod e, n ear Lee d s Le slie, B lan d H ou se, h eltenh am Parad e, H arrog a e Arms ron g, A o , oh n , liff F ield H ou se, n ear Sel A s u i h , ames Dix on , M a h in e Maker, om mer ial S ree , Morl e Ainl e , R i h ard , lo h F in ish er, i oria R oad , M orl ey A rm i age, H en r , Pain er, A l ion S ree , M orl ey A rmitage, ac o , Eng n eman , Pr n es S ree , M orl e .
t W J t p C c t W pp t J ct W b W t T c c b p t t c t c t ct t J C t W p Vc t c t ct t fi W t C W t C c t IT T t G C c tt p t c G t b C c c b b t pp p t fic t t J t W J G y J y T c W p C t t b t J c tt t b t I c t T t t t t J y t bb tt J C by q t J c C c t t y y c C t V ct t y t b t t J b i i c t t y .
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B RA SSE Y L AD Y N orman h u rst C ou rt Battle Su ssex B eth ell W J P Ri se P ark HulL Balm e E B W J P D L Cote Wall Mirfi eld an d Lou ghrigg A m bl esid e B ailey J oh n E g lin gton E g erton V ill a Stretford M an ch ester Barwick J Marsh all M A LOW Hall Yead on n ear Le ed s B atty J ohn Eas t A rd sl ey n ear Wak efi el d B in n s I saac B orou gh A cc ou n tan t T ow n H all B atl ey B rigg John F li J P G reen h ead Hall Hu d d ersfi el d (2 c opies ) B ru c e Sam u el P L L B Wa renn e H ou se Wak efi eld ( 2 C op ies) Brigg s Arthu r J P C ragg R0 (1 R aw d en n ear Leeds ( 2 C op i es ) B rown R ev Jam es B A 29 p rin gfi eld Pl ac e Bradford B rown R ev Jam es M A U P M an se Loc hgelly F ifeshire N B B oll an d R e v A rth u r M A 12 St M ary s T errac e Scarborou gh Bu ck C W Giggleswick C rav en Bris c oe J P otter Pu b lic Librarian F ree Libraries N ottm gh am ( 2 c opi es ) Brigg John an d C O 41 Sw ain e Street Bradford B road ben t John 47 W ell Street Bradford B in n s Josep h Ed ward 69 R ag lan R oad Woodh ouse Leeds B riggs Josep h 3 B edford Plac e Park L an e L eeds B rew in R ev G eorg e Wort ley n ear Sh effi el d B ac kh ou se Alfred Sh arebroker A n ge l C ou rt Th rogmorton Street L on d on Bu ckl ey James Prin ter 3 Han ov er Squ are Leeds B ro wn G eorge B an k er Old B an k P ark R ow Leed s B in ks John C orn F ac tor Bu rton Street Wakefi eld B ee croft John E as t Grov e K eigh l ey B erry Walton G rah am B roomfi eld F ix b y Hu d d ersfi eld B eau mon t John I n stru ctor T extil e D ep artm en t York shire Coll ege Leeds B ooth m an D avid G en tl eman H eadin gley n ear Leed s B ell G eorge Mu sic Seller 15 Byron Street L eed s ( 3 001338 8 ) Brear T h omas an d C o Lim ited 1 7 Kirk gate Brad ford ( 2 Oop l eS ) B oston R ic hard F ru iterer an d F ish Sal esman Boar Lan e L eed s ,
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S
U B SC R I B E R S
3 23
.
ag a C ar c rrac cor C s r r y a o rrac carboroug a ks u or ss ra a s oad a s o o do r a ayor fi a y r ur o ar ds arrac o g a o ou dry ar s y ro C r s op r usgra Corpus C r s Co g Ca br dg urras org Cas r C ar o oad s Park r sbury o o y o Carr o g r g ous ro y o Cragg ors or ar ds ro a a sfi d ous dr s r asgo r r a ooks r o d r ds cop s 2 i ( ) r gg a ood ar ad g y ds oo s ruc r or y ds ro y C ar s ous oo au o a s o c or bo r ds rdsa o as oodb ous a ood oad ds oo d or y a ds arb r ry o c or r g ous ar u r C r s C rk P ac odg ds rays a o as o c or p s 2 i ( ) ackbur o a Va y carboroug o P ac s o u d r y ax r a Park quar rrac ds ( 3 cop i s ) r ggs a p s r rs o P r orks r P y a k as Parad s rad y o a u ac ur r oodb P ac ds o o y o as Cross s ds C ary s ou C ar do oad ds o g o o c or Ca d s oad ds ry Card ak r C ck a o ( 2 copi s ) ro ooks rs a r u ( 6 cop i s ) roug o C or y ar fi d ur o rd Cross r a c s r rc rb r V carag ackbur a cas r r r y oss y a Co g o C s r a o s ar s y Nor a r o ro ou Cross ra y ar ds ro a s Co ss o g C urc r or y ro a s Co rac or C urc r or y r C ar s uar ooks r C ap or y ro d o r Cab ak r a so s or y rook a d a u ac ur r ar boroug ous or y roo o a u ac ur r ads o rrac or y arro a u ac ur r r or y rg g o s a a u ac ur r g ous or y a s d a u ac ur r r a a u r or o a ag r b r s or y rad y a d a u ac ur r ro ous rs or y rad y saac a u ac ur r g r or y rooksba k org a Co c or o a or y roadb ry Card Na or ckroyd r or y ( 2 cop i s )
e, R u n n, h e hi e B n ll, S E , l , l en e Te e, S h B ev e le , W H , l , E t n Te ’ B n , M rs G L , A th e , 1 22, G h m R n , D l t n, L n M of Sh ef eld B itt in , W H , Le e B tt , A th , R thw ell, n e B n le B l u h , Willi m, Un i n F n , B wn , h i t h e M v e, h i ti lle e, m i e R B H hi l e m n G e e e t St eet, D ew , , , We t , ei h , B i h e B tt ml e , J hn , St n el Hill, H f th , n e ’Lee B ml e , J hn H , D ive, Gl B w n , Will i m , M n el H e St A n ew w el le , 2, B n St e et, L ee B ie ley , W illi m, B vill e, F H e in le , L ee B i , Willi m , W tle , L ee B th , B in n , 6 1, B e St eet, N ew W le e, G B ml e , h le , B ell e V u e H B e m n t, J m e , S li it , 1 4, A l i n St eet, L ee in e H Bi e, M e n w e ll , Th m , W R , L e B th , E w in , 24, W tle L n e , L ee B J S li it , B i h e, n e Hahf ax e , H en B lm e , h a le , le e of th e e, B len h eim L e, L ee B h w , Th m , S li it , Settle Bl ll e , S h n , J hn , G en tl em n , Th e Bleasd ell , R ev J hn , B A , E n ville l e, A h t n n e L n e B te , W illi m , 6, e, an d L y dd on Te S e, L ee ’ t B i S illi m Ste h en St eet, B i t l W 7 , , , B en t, ete , Y hi e en n B n , 2, E t e , Le e d B in e l e, L ee le , J hn , M n f t e , 22, W B tt ml e , Th m , b ill , via L ee ’ B ou sfi eld , E , St M M n t, l en n R , L ee B w l in , J hn , S li it , 3 , ven i h R , Lee B lami res, H en , m e , le h e t n l elle B wn , A an d Son , B , 26 , S vil e St eet, H ll ht n , J E , W tle , n e Sh ef el B St eet, M n h e te B t n , A lf e , 3 7, e, Bl n, L n B i h , H e e t, Th e i hi e le H ll , n let n , B ie le , R ev J M h e hi e B eeth m , J hn A W e t H l e , th lle t n B wn , T , M n t ml e , n e L ee , B m mi i n A en t, h h St eet, M le B wn , J m e , nt B wn , J me , t , h h St eet, M le B own , h le St t, B ell e , h el H ill, M ’ le in et M Hill, M le B wn , E win , J in e an d e , D w n M n f t e , M l h H e, M le B , D vi , B k , J h n , M n f t e , Gl t n e Te e, M le B n , Tom, M n f t e , H ig St eet, M le , an d D i hl in t n B ain e , Willi m , M n f t e , ritanni a H e, M le B in e , E win , M n f t e , B it nn i M ill, M orley B tte w th , J hn , M n e , Al e t M ill , M le B l e , D vi , M n f t e , G ve H e, Owle le , M B le , I M n f t e , H i h St eet, M le , B n , Ge lle t , T w n H ll, M le e R te B en t, H en il , A St eet, M le , .
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C ADMA J H TO M A R cord r f Po t fract Ackw orth Po t fract C hapma J B J P P rcy H ous D urham Clar k J Ch au d B a k H ous M orl y ar L ds Cart r R ich ard E F G S Spri g B a k Harro t Cartwright J J M A Public R cord 0 Cha c ry L L o do N,
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U B SCR I B E R S
3 24
S
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A do v r H a ts Colli r R C M A Colly r R R ob rt D D 1 3 7 E a t Thirty i th Str t N w Y or k L i b r Ilkl y C lifi J o h Cas h W illiam F G 306 E lm fi ld T rrac H alif Solicitor H ull Cook J o h F Cad m a L i ut C l W E F R B 7 8 F llo w s R oad South H a mpst d L o do Crow th r G H D M 1 B o d Str t St J o h s Wak fi l d C laridg W M A F irfi ld R oad M i gh am B radford Cu i gh am Dr L ds Cobl y Fr d J our alist M ou t Pisgah Otl y C hapm a G cr 4 Hall T rrac G a t sh ad Ty Cross H ry 1 7 B lak Str t Y ork Cro wth r J os p h Cotto Spi r Ludd d Foot ar H alifax Cockbur G org J C h airm B oard f Guardia s L d Crosla d B d So s C k M ill L i dl y ar H udd rsfi ld ( 3 cop i s ) C laph am J o h A rth ur Th K ow l M irfi ld ar Hudd rsfi ld C had wick S J Solicitor C hurch Str t D wsbury C hil d R o w l a d Cald r Gro v W ak fi ld Carl to Will A u thor f Farm B all ad 1 6 Fort G r Pl c Broo kly N Y Cro wth r Will iam B oot d Sh o M ak r Qu Str t M orl y C hadwick Al fr d C h mist d D ruggis t Gladsto T rrac Morl y Cl y Mr Albio Pl c D o cas t r C l gg J oh B uil d r d Co tractor W sl y Str t M rl y C l gg Th omas B uild r d Co tractor W s l y Str t M orl y Claph am J h B ota ical C h m ist W ad L a L ds C laph a m J W L Oakdal T rrac M a w ood R oad L ds Col W illiam 268 M a ch st r R oad B rad ford Cart r J H 7 R hod s Str t H alifax Cook Fra k Fi A rt G all ry E arl S tr t K ighl y Co stabl W illia m N w b gi H ous M l to C h th am William W d b tt m Cottag H orsforth ar L ds Colb ck Sim o B oyl H all W s t A rdsl y ar W ak fi ld Clark W H I sura c A g t T mpl M ou t B to Hill L ds C lay J W R astrick H ous B righ o s ar H alifax J oh R 1 0 M lbou Pla Bradf ord C rdi gl Child H 7 5 D ark L a B atl y Com psto R J B apti t Mi ist r Th Ma s Fiv h ad Tau to Som rs t Clough L 3 B l h im R oad B radford Croft J os ph A shvill Shipl y ar B radf ord Curtis J o h E as t Ardsl y ar Wak fi ld C lark R ich ard E ro d R utla d H ous D o ca t r B ch G ro v M alto C Op p rth w it W Cart r Mr J S 3 8 G r at H orto R oad B r df ord C hild J am s M a ag r N w B righto M orl y ar L ds C h w Wal t r A ssista t Ov rs r Tow H all M orl y Cur o Fra k L tur r Victoria C hamb rs L ds Colli s G C Supt G oods D pt D m rara R ilw G org To w W s t I di s Cam ro W M rcury Offic Albio Str t L ds Crabtr J C La cas hir d Y orkshir Railway H k m d wik e
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D E AN E , E E L D ON , E R A h ite t, 5 , B l m S D n l , W lte , J P , Th e G n e , Bin l e D vi , J W , C h evin edge, H lif D w n , Th m , le n i n M n t, L ee e, B a tist M in i te , 23 , We t H ill, H D n n , R ev G e n, J D e h , B ook se er, 33 , R ow , L e e D w n, W H , J n al i t, C ra ven P i neer, S i t n , ven l n , Lairth w aite, D J h e wi m e l n , , g .
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U B SC R I B E R S
3 26
S
.
Foster Mrs E T Settle F oster J T Little D riffi eld E as t Y orks hi re Faw cett W H 47 B e am s l ey R oad F riz in gh all n ear Shipley Fox E dw ard W H udd ersfi eld B an kin g Co mpan y D ew sbury Farrar Th omas H Victoria Plac e Sa vile Park H ailfax F ox William L eeds Forge Com pan y li mi te d L ee ds .
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ous po ads o rb r o o g r o do arr a Crak a da o as ds y a a r c arr s r bb yda oor a d oad ds r gso a d rsby rsk orks r a odgso Po rac o d our o ds ossop a ccou a rad ord au o ard oo a u ac ur r Cap s ars y a ds ard r ry fic oo a o ay o g a ra ord r s a a d bo r ds au os p s V o y r ds ooda Pr r oar a r d copi s ) ra s ab yd Park oad ds au ub ood ars y ar ds ooda ads o rrac or y ar ds bso ar s y r K g o Cross o do us Cross r a c s r ray ry quar a ooks r Ca dra ard a c s r br o do c ory C a ur y o ry Nor r pps a Cro r Nor o k r os p a s d s op or ord r ood o a a a d o s Co rc a r or y au ara Pr c ss r or y ar ds o r org sura c g C urc r or y d y op ra or s b o r ds ro s ry c oo as r c o d 296 B aco Str t B os to USA H O M P RO D OR O V R W H ardw ick J u ius M D C hilto Lo do R oth rh am L do H irs t H ry E dw ard M A 1 E ss x Court T m pl H artl y L i ut C l J os p h J P D L LL D Ca tab H artl y D artford K t J B D Th R ctory I goldsby G ra th am L i col sh ir ( 2 cops ) H ild y rd R H t k W l t r F R I B A A rc hit c t Fi ld H ill B atl y L iv rpoo l H um R A LL D Th Vicarag 6 R up rt L H irs t J oh J P L d tl D b r Saddl w orth H olli gs R ob rt M D G ro v H ous W ak fi ld H obkirk C h arl s F L S W s t R idi g U io B a k i g Com pa y D w sbury H od R ob rt W ill iam M D Th L odg North all rto D u h olm Th Park C h lt h am W H r H orsm a Th om as B A 1 Spri gfi l d Plac L ds H udso R W E ditor f Th M thod i t 1 P mbury R d Tott h am Lo do H all J o ath G tl m a B r ard Castl H ai sw orth L w is 1 18 B o wli g Old L a B radford H pw orth W illi am D y r G ld rd R oad Gil d rsom ar R d H pw orth J oh W illiam D y r C hurw ll ar L ds H i ch cliff D a i l Labur um H ous W ortl ar L d k fi ld H ard J os ph N Music M as t r Kirk g t J oh M a ag r G as Works B ar sl y H t H ai sw orth H ry W o dvill Farsl y r L ds GA R R E TT, WI L L I A M , E sq , J P , L n H e, Ri n Gl t n e, He e t J h n , M A , M P , 1 0, D wn in St eet, L n n G ett, R ev Will i m T , M A , J P , eh ll, B e le Green b u ry , R ev Th m , l 6 , U p p erh ead R ow , L e e , an d Ilkle G n e, L w en e, B i te at-Law , A e le, M l n R , Lee G e n , Willi m , Bal e hi e hi , Y , T n, Gill, Willi m H n tef t R a , St t n , L ee Gl n t n t, 3 3 , Kirk gate , B f , W illi m , A G n t, Le n , W llen M n f t e , e M ill , F l e , n e r Lee G in e , H en T , Times Of e, G le G ll w , E C , 120, B wlin Old L n e, B df G im h w , D vi , Ju n , 1 8, Al i n St eet, Le e G n t, J e h , We t iew , W rtle , n ea Le e ll, C ( the la te) , G L n e, l , C ook ridge St eet, L ee s ( 15 in te , 62, B G e ve , Eliz eth , 1 35 , H e R , Le e G n t, R e en , Sp rin w , F le , n e Lee ll , R ev E d w ar Gl G t n e Te e, M le , n e Le e G i n , C h le , 42, Methl e St eet, en n in t n n , L n G e t, W H , 7 8, St eet, M n h e te G , H en , A n ti i n B ell e , 25 , lY M n h e te th e , G il e t D ay , R ev J hn , Sw in n R e t , h elten h m G n e , J hn Hen , sen , th e H ll, me , f l G een , J e h J St n te M on tfi tch et, B i h St tf G een w , J hn , G en tlem n , M itl n H u e, mm e i l St eet, M le G n t, S h , in e S t eet, M le , n e Le e G l v e , G e e, I n n e A en t, h h St eet, M le Gle h ill, Henr , C c e tiv e St e , Al i n St eet, Lee G v e , H en , S h lm te , A rk in garth d ale, R i hm n .
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S
U B SC R I B E R S
3 27
.
H ain s w orth James H olly Moun t College Tottin g ton n ear B ury H epp er John Auc tion eer Clarevill e He adin gley an d E ast Parade L eeds H opkin s R ich ard B orrou gh Solicitor 6 2 A lbion Street Leeds H o witt John W 1 1 Crow n Poin t R oad L eeds H olroyd A brah am Cliffe L an e H ous e B aildon R oad Shipley H ow itt J Whiston Grove R oth erh am H arlin g Th omas 6 Parry L an e B ow lin g n ear B radford H argreaves J ohn Y orkshire B an k Settl e Crav en H artley J ohn Craven Terrace Settle Cra ven H all D ixon I ron m on ger Comm ercial Street an d Park Vill a B atl ey H all J oseph M an ufacturer 2 Tan field Terrac e Sprin gfi eld Place Leeds H aigh G eorge Syke H ous e W est A rdsley n ear Wak efi eld H olm es J ohn Th e H olm sted R oun dh ay n ear L eeds H ewitt Joh n 9 2 H arris Street L eeds R oad B radford H aigh R ich ard E L ak e L ock Stanl ey n ear Wak efi eld H orn er G eorge B ooksell er Settl e Craven (2 cop i eS ) H amm on d G e orge T 20 K en dall Place H an ov er Square L eeds H ardcastle J ohn J u n A ccou n tan t Victoria Squar e L eeds H iggin George 5 Broadw ay Ch am b ers Wes tmin ster L on don H a ll Jo hn P h otograph er 24 W estgate Wak efield H olm es R ich ard B ookseller an d Prin ter M ark et Place Pon tefrac t H an son Th om as R ag M erch an t E arlsh eaton n ear D ew sbury H op e R ob ert Ch arles A l bion Cr esc en t Vill a Scarborough H an son Mrs Sophia 9 Sp rin gcliffe B radford H arp er T Steam Ship Own er D un h olm e High Els wick N ew castle upon Tyn e H ole Jam es 1 G reat Coll ege Street We stmin ster L on don H olt R ob ert Prestwich C h eshire H in de C H M oun t Street Alb ert Squar e M an ch ester H u ffi n gton R ev W Primitiv e M eth o di st M in ister Oss ett H augh ton Rich ard Subscription Library St L eon ard s P lace Y ork H odgson Miss L im e Grov e A ltrin ch am Ch eshire H emsley J ohn Com m ission A gen t B room fi eld H ou s e M orley H ill John M an ag er Victoria R oad M orl ey H epw orth B en jamin P eel M an u facturer Providen c e M ill M orley H epw orth Plin y D y er Church Street M orley H irst Sam u el C h airm an of Sc h ool B oard Peel B uildin gs Morl ey H artley Oliver H M an ufacturer B ritan n ia M ills M orley H olton W illiam Man ufacturer H ugh en d en M orley H orsfall Jam es Theak er M an u facturer N ew Brigh ton M orley H emin gway J am es Secretary to G as Compan y Comm ercial Street M orley H irst B en jamin R ag M erch n t High Street M orley H ab ergh a‘m C ro wth er Pain ter Parliam en t Street M orle H inch clifi, J o hn W ool M erc h an t Sydn ey N ew South ales H odgson W R H orn by N orth allerton Y orkshir e H oldi ch C M an d C O B ooks ellers 1 4 Qu een Street Hull ( 7 cop ies ) Hepw orth Geo A rchitect B righ ouse HI tC M an J ohn B ook sell er 5 1 C h erry Street B irmin gh am ( 5 C op l eS ) H alliday Maria Glen th orn L yn to n B arn staple ,
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I N GR AM , WI L LI AM , F l k M e h n t, Illm worth , Th m , E lml eigh , I l le g I v e n , W B S li it , H olmfi rth
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H adleig h H all H adleigh Suffolk n R ev Fran cis W M A E bb ers ton w ith A l lerston n ear Pi ck eri n g J eb b R e v H en ry Firb eck H al l R oth erh am Ju b b Samu el J P A u th or of History of S h oddy Trade B atley Jack son W F Marsh Sm ethwick Staffords hire N,
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3 28
S
U B SC R I B E RS
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Jarratt R ev Can on Jo hn North Ca ve B rough Y ork s hir e Jepson E G 8 7 Basin gh all Street Le eds Jessop C C hurch Street B righ ous e J ackson R ich ard B ooks eller 1 8 Comm ercial Street L eeds J ackson W illiam Gen tlem an l h orn fi eld H ous e M orley J ackson E dw ard Ju n M an u factur er Peel Vill a M orley J am es P hilip Postm as te r B rough Eas t Y ork shire J o hn son G eorge B uild er an d Con tractor Vic toria Terrac e M orley J ow ett G eorge B u ilder an d Con tractor High Street M orley ,
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NO C H R B T M A L a gto H all Malto R Na y l r Jam s C D tist I lkl y d L ds Wo d L N l W M g Cliff R oad H adi gl y ar L ds Nuss y Sam u l L D rysalt r P tt r wt H all ar L ds Niv Mr B rookly M irfi ld i N rm t Nassau Alfr d Friar G at N w Scarbro W ak fi ld N ttl to J osh ua B aco Cottag R av s th orp R C LI F F E, o
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P K GTO S L SW RTO B T J P D L C h v t Park W ak fi ld Pick ri g J o h F S S Sto y R oyd Ilkl y d L ds Patt r o R Ll oyd J P Croft H ous H olyw ood C O D o w Parki so R Th o m as Nor th Ott ri g to Vicarag Northall rto P hillips R Ca o Gilb rt H B olt P rcy Y ork Park J oh A ppl to Wisk N rth ll rt E as t R idi g P hillips J H 24 A lb marl Cr sc t S rb r h P at J o ath a Wooll M rch a t Ki g Str t d d G u is l y Park r G W I sura c Sup ri t d t Ch aps id L o do P l Fra k D rap r M ark t Plac H ckmo dwik Proct r R ich ard Solicitor O k M ou t B ur l y La cashir Pollard Mr R ob rt Portla d Str t Southport L a cashi r Park r J oh Chi f Cl rk R at Offic To w H all L d s P acock Fr d rick G W h tl y G rov Wh tl y L a B r dford P ttl r R ich ard 40 C rim b l Str t L ds Pric Mr Th R i K ighto R ad orshir Wal s Pr sto Miss S ttl Crav P ll i M r C lifto Castl B dal Y ork sh ir (2 cop i s ) Pulla J oh 18 M lvill Plac H alifax Parki so Fra k H igh Str t M ark t W i h to Pai W D u kl y Cocksh ot Hill R igat urr y P ttl r J o h Th o m as R port r N w B rig h to M orl y P l J o h Groc r B a k Str t M orl y ar L ds Pap H ry 27 Clifto L a R oth rh am Pas hl y J W M orto H all G ai sborough Platt R ich ard 2 St di hg t Wiga L a cas hir Q UARM W D AW O High B ailiff Cou ty Court D w sbury Q rit h B r ard l 5 Piccadilly L o do IL
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Coga ous ayor u a k r as g o d or s r a V carag Crak a da oss r d r ck s y rrac a ord o do ou V carag o a ds Pro ssor or a Co g r co ou a s g a u ay or a ora P ac a ax ga ds Pau arr s r dd o do a do p V c V a yd s g uss s Car or oyds C o c ory ys a ar a cas r od s os p o ds rad ord a so org r day r C a s d o do d ay o ar brok r bo r ds ob so ss c o d ous yd a d d ard a dy a d g Nor a r o d a s a r rrac so ds d o C ap o Par ds a sd a C ry P ac ood ous ds ad o a ood ous C ds ob r s o as o o P rcy ork uss ro o g r u C ap o ds ob so r arsd orks ay r o rap r C ap o Puds y adc os p ock V a ds p y o oad N as a a ar g o od s os a a u ac ur r ac ak r Qu r or y ob so a s a u ac ur r ru s ck ous or y ay r o odgso a u ac ur r ra kso ous or y y a k p r ru s ck r or y od s os ua Co rc a r or y ar ds od y a d Pa ork r Qu r or y od y a Pa ork r Qu r or y od s os ac ak r odg oo s a or y od s ab s N ck o d k a pp r a rs dg Nor a o ob so o r o g oad r y a sk os a o ous a ar ak fi d a so C opas s y Co ag adcas r ob so x ord ob r s org o ous ar ak fi d a sd u Co ds r a uards axby a ar o ou u b r ou a s s yda ob so a s c oo as r N ps d fi d c ards Cou c or sbury o r o ou V as ork
R OL L I T, A K , LL D , e, M n H of H ll R ookle dge, J B n e , E in w l , Y k hi e (2 R ven , R ev eh ll , B e le Milv ille, M A , i e, R e i FRE 4, Tin le Te e, St mf Hill, L n n ( 2 , F e , R th, R e v C , M A , Th e i e, Gig lesw ic k , S ettle R w l n , R ev i lle e, B e n , S th W le fe , B A , M em Ri e, S m el T l , B lm l l e , H lif Ry n , J l, B i te -at-L aw , M i le Tem l e, L n n p R n l h , B , M A , St e, I l e of Wi h t in en t i ll , R R ell, R , F G S , St B e e , v ia nf th R R ev Th e R e t Tw eml w , L n te h m, n e , , He R h e , J e h , G l mith , Kirk gate, B f R w lin n , G e i e, L n e, 29 , F i St eet, h e n R e m n e, J h n , Sh e e , 3 0, Al i n S t eet, Le e R in n , Mi L , Ri hm n H e, S en h m R ee , E w H n , L n A en t, th lle t n R ei , J m e , M lv e n Te e, B ee t n H ill , L ee R ei , J hn C , h elt w n , an d 1 4, k R ow , L e e R m en , B en j min , Ju n , em ete l e, W h e, L ee R e , J hn Willi m , 3 , W h e liff, L ee R e t , Th m , B lt n e Y , R ell , D , I n m n e , Sh ol eb rok e A v en e, h elt wn , Lee R in n , J B , Th e I n n e H ey , M en , Y hire R n e , Sim e n , D h elt wn , e , e R liffe , J e h , R ill , B u rm an tofts, L ee R i le , J hn , 2, Sm ith fi eld R h m L n e , D lin t n e (2 , R h e , J i h , M n f t e an d M hin e M e , een St eet, M le (2 R in n , J m e , M n f t e , B n w i H e, M l e R n e , J hn H n, M n f me H le t e , B n e, M R il e , M tth ew , I n n ee e , B n w i St eet, M le Rh e , J h , mm e i l St eet, M le , n e L ee R l e , D vi , Tin l te W e , een St eet, M le e , le R l e , Willi m, Tin l te W een S t eet, M R h e , J e h , M hi n e M e , Th e L e, R m L n e, M le le , Rh e , W en orth gate, H e m n wi e m nt n R tc liffe, J U e H ll, Liv e e e via (2 R in n , J hn , Jun , 12, F itz arth u r St e et, T n R mle , A e H ll, n e R m ill , J i h , L fth W e el R w n , le tt e, T te , W e le R in n , W W , O f e, n e R e t , Ge e, L fth W e el R m en , Lie t -C OL, l t e m G H l l H m e n B t S , , R th , Jn o , Ju n , H w e , W en le le R in n , J m e , S h lm te , ee en , Sh ef el Ri h n ill , , D ew M n t ill , Y R wn t ee, J hn .
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rkby odg udd rsfi d co a or ous sda s ar g o o carag orbury ar ak fi d a a o cas r y a or ous or y ar ds a b s ga ra a co s r ors d p r a ax o c or bo r ds ra g V a a y a a d ur yor a y a ck o d k N
L e, H e el SI KE S, SI R H A RL E S WI LLI A M , KT , J P , Bi H e, D in le on Tee , D lin t S tee , R ev S tt, M A , M n e, H W e el R ev J hn , M A , Th e Vi Sh , ne , H ll G te, D n te e , J hn , M D , J P , S L ee M n H e, M le , n e Ste el e, S n e T , M Smith , R ev J H m lin , M A , 7 , W e t te , G n th m , L in ln hi e h , T S , J P , W te S in n e , H lif S S tt, J ep h , S li it , 27, A l i n St eet, L ee Stu b ley , J hn , G n e ill , B tle B A n n e tle h l a v M i e L n e t d S Sh e , , , orm an ton Ste , J e h , Ashfi eld ill , H e m n w i e, via
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U B SC R I BE R S
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tt e, H e k m n wi k e , via m nt n Stea J hn J m e , Al e t De tm en t E x p ress Offi e, Le e Ste , T B ll n , Lite ill , E t e, H te Ste , Th m , F airfi eld v e, S e, F l Ste , S m el, G en tlem n , 2, We t G v e Te h J P , S l i it , 20, Al i n St eet, L ee , an d Weetw ood Sim n , Th m , A el hi Te H, i ht n l n Ste h en n , e, L n , e , 22 B i A , S w , Th m wn e R Le e , H l e , l w, S l e , iv l , 25 , B St ee t, L S e h , G e e, W te S in n e , H ll B n k , H lif S H e, H enle on -Th m e Sw ith in b an k , J Sw in e , D en m h m, ne B f S w en , J h n , A ti t, 1 , Blenh eim R , M nn in m e , S h le , le h e t n , via Sh m nt n , W illi m , W s , 5, Sell e , h le , M n e , G l e, Y in te an d D e t , W ell in gt n St eet, Lee Sw le , Kidson , Smi th , J h n , S e in ten en t, Taj M h l, A t I n ie , E h e St eet, Lee Sim n , J hn , 1 47 , W ew tl e -u o n -T n e St e , J hn , A ti t, 7 6, L ov ain e l e, B H e, B ri h e, n e H ali x S en , Ri h , mm i i n A en t, am p R Sm ith , Al f e d, s , Le e h St e et, We t B w l in ne S t n , W illi m , l B f d ’ n , J h n , H z l ew ill , All S in t ve, S h S n e , F l l e, l v e le , n e G ll w St n h e, Le e m W e m e l W S t n ew illi 5 t n R o 9 a e t l e n T ne w , , , n ttin le , n e r L e e Sp ofi orth , J m e W e, k Smith , J e h , Tim e M e h n t, W e tw , l l le l W , S in l e, el S e m n Ar h i ed s , Al S ff th , M h m, 3 , h e te Te c e, L n n , W l e, Al e t, T v ell e , H e el St mm n , W e el Sc h ofi eld , H en , Al i n M ill , We t te (2 Gl to n e Te S th , h le , M n f t e e, M le le Step h en n , Alf e , l th Fin i h e , r n k M ill, St ti n R , M R Sm i th , H en E c k roy d , A th , a n W l en , E e , S ff l e , Sam el , M n f tu e , een St e et, M St le l e, L n n, Smith , S J 1 0, Hi h f t e , ft H e, M le St w ell, E w , M n (2 ell e , ve e M et, L ee Sh w , J m e , J u n , B w ell, J i t i R St e h, M n f t e , le , M (2 iet , in te an d N ew sp a er een St e et, M le Ste , S m el , h n t, l 4, p rin gfield M n t, Lee Sl e, R e t, n Me le e en St eet, M S k e , M tth ew , M i Sell e , n tef ct Sch ofi eld , C , Th e G n e, H em w th , h St eet, M le Sch ofi eld , S m el, G en t em n , h H e, een St eet, M le Sch ofi eld , J e h , G en tlem n , Win en t, 3 6 , Al e t G v e, Le e ew Sch ofi eld , S m el, t n e Te e, M le Ste h en n , Th m , l th Fin i h e , Gl (3 m n , h e te el l e B ew e Saw d en , H K , S (2 S h n t, h h St eet, M le e , Alf e , R ag M e nf th S lt, S m el, G te i e, Wh i h m , u m e l n , via Sm ith n , W R , in te , orth all erto n t n e Te e, M le S h l e , D vi Will i m , M n f t e , Gl le S th , J e h , B ee e , N ew B i h t n , M Sm ith , J h n H en , M n f t e , B it n n i M ill , M le M ill , M le Flet h e , M n f t e , S h le , E w J m e , Ju n , G ve tt e, A l e t R , M le Sh (2 , L n h e te , D h m Smith , T l , B w , ” 5 , R ee St ee t, H ll Sh e h n , J J A th Hi t of H ll, of n n, S W Sm ith , R H mw ell R in t n H e, 1 7 4, , L S en e , W H E x p ress Of e, Sel .
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3 34
S
U B SC R I B E R S
.
Warburton William G en tlem an B irkdale Southport W oodcock R ev H en ry Pr imitiv e M eth od is t Mini s ter M orley W right S am u el Solicitor 2 M an or R ow B rad ford W right R ichard 2 St G eorge s G ate D on cas ter Wilson J o hn M an ufacturer M oun t Pleasan t M orley Watso n I saac Cro wth er M an u factur er Qu een Str eet Morley W ard Seth A lb ert R oad M orley W alk er L aycock B ooks ell ers 3 7 B riggate Le e ds W ilcock Th omas M St J o hn Str eet C hes ter Walk er Walter West C liff D ew sb W ak e C Stan ilan d 2 W es tbourn e v en u e Th e Park Hu ll Wilso n C h arles M acro W ald ersh aigh B olsterston e S heffi el d Webs ter C h arles J Th e W oo dl an ds G ilderso m e n ear Le eds W ebs ter J os ep h Th e Grov e I lkley an d Old H all G il dersome W hiteh ead E d win C hurc h Fiel d R o th w ell n ear Le eds Wh eater W illiam L an d S u rveyor 28 A lbion Str eet Leeds W ilson W illiam Sp in k w ell M il ls D ew sbury W ard William 3 2 H yde Terrace L eeds W in gate Geor e 1 2 St J am es Sq uar e Le eds Wilso n J i lerk to Sc h ool B oard Park R oad B a tley Waterh ous e D a vid 21 Co leridge Pl ac e Hillh ous e Villas B radford Wilk in son W ill iam A es V illa R ou n dhay R oad Leeds W alk er R egin al d T H an o ver Square L eeds W oodh ous e A H W oodlan ds H ors forth n ear Leeds Waterh ous e Samu el E B ooks eller Sun B uildin gs B radford W h iteh ead Georg e B os ton Cas tl e G ro ve R otherh am W alker Cou n cill or I saac C laren don Vill a W ard Geor e Bu ckin h am Terrace H eadin gley n ear Leeds W ard m an eury B ri ge Road H olb eck n e ar L ee ds W ildrid e T T A rtis t San drin gh am Street An laby R oad H u ll W e st eorge Sw in e fl eet G oole Y ork shire W orn er J ohn Kin g Stre et H eckm on dwike Walker E dm un d Th e G ran ge Otley n ear Leeds ,
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our alist R p rt r Ofii D wsbu ry ur o R oad Withi gto ar M a ch st r a or d D rap r W ad La L ds a or d D rap r Wad L L ds
YA TE S , W W , J Y e , J h n, B t Y n , G B , T il Y o n , J W , T il .
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F R E D E ight F
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UA R Y,
Q U A R T E R LY J OU R N A L
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L L E WE L L Y N N
W
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BY
E W T I T F A S , J .
.
.
o n a n y m a tters of i nteres t a nti q uari an h i s tori cal b iog rap hi ca l g e n es l o gi cal t opo g rap hi cal or scie nti fi c ; and BOOKS P R I N TS and MAGAZI N E S & c for R evi e w re req ues t e d t o b e a dd resse d to t h e Edi tor MR L L E WE L L Y N N J E W I TT TH E HOL L I E S
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