Rhodiola rosea: Bibliography and References

Rhodiola rosea: Bibliography and References Ultimate & Complete List of Scientific Articles (Abstracts). Experimental and Clinical data. 2005 Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2005 May;25(5):445-8. Li J, Fan WH, Ao H. Department of Cardiac Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai. Effect of rhodiola on expressions of Flt-1, KDR and Tie-2 in rats with ischemic myocardium. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of rhodiola on expression of vascular endothelial growth factors receptors (VEGFR) in myocardium of rats after myocardial infarction. METHODS: On the basis of successful establishment of myocardial infarction rat model, the experimental animals were divided into the model group, the rhodiola group, the positive control group and the sham-operated group, they were sacrificed after 6 weeks feeding. Their hearts were resected and embedded in paraffin to make sections with standard immunohistochemistry stain. Then the stained slices were analyzed in the IMS cell imagine analysis system using immunohistochemical quantitative analysis software. The field of vision of left ventricular myocardial tissue in three sites selected from the marginal area of infarction in each slice were determined, the mean value was then converted to positive area. Meanwhile, the mean optical density (OD) was calculated and the various expressions of VEGFR, i.e. Flt-1, KDR and angiopoietin receptor (Tie-2) were measured. RESULTS: The expressions of Flt-1 and Tie-2 in myocardial tissue were significantly increased in the rhodiola treated group after treatment, showing significant difference as compared with those in the positive control group and the model group (P < 0.05). The expression of KDR in myocardium after rhodiola intervention was higher than that in the sham-operated and nonintervened group (P < 0.05), but insignificantly different to that in the positive control group and model group. CONCLUSION: Rhodiola could improve angiogenesis to ameliorate myocardial ischemia by regulating the expression of Flt-1 and Tie-2 in ischemic myocardium. 2004 Biofactors. 2004;20(3):147-59. De Sanctis R, De Bellis R, Scesa C, Mancini U, Cucchiarini L, Dacha M. Istituto di Chimica Biologica "Giorgio Fornaini", Universita degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino (PU), Italy. In vitro protective effect of Rhodiola rosea extract against hypochlorous acidinduced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes. Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) is a plant living at high altitudes in Europe and Asia. Its

roots have long been used in the traditional medical system of these geographical areas to increase the organism resistance to physical stress; today, it has become an important component of many dietary supplements. In this study we investigate the antioxidant capacity of the R. rosea aqueous extract evaluating its ability to counteract some of the main damages induced by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a powerful oxidant generated by activated phagocytes, to human erythrocytes. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference substance because of its physiological HOCl-scavenging ability. Our study demonstrates that R. rosea is able to significantly protect, in a dose-dependent manner, human RBC from glutathione (GSH) depletion, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inactivation and hemolysis induced by the oxidant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that R. rosea aqueous extract acts from the inside of the erythrocyte suggesting a probable involving of cell components. The protection on GSH afforded by the R. rosea extract with respect to ascorbic acid, occurred also if added 2 or 5 min. later than the oxidant, suggesting a more rapid or powerful effect. 2004 Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2004;18(24):3113-22. Tolonen A, Uusitalo J. Novamass Analytical Ltd, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. Fast screening method for the analysis of total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with polarity switching. A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method based on time-of-flight (TOF) MS with polarity switching and continuous exact mass measurement using a LockSpray ion source was developed for fast evaluation of the total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs. No complicated sample preparation was needed, but only a dilution of the extracts. A fast generic gradient elution and wide mass range acquisition was used with good sensitivity. The total analysis time was only 23 min. The ion chromatograms for flavonoid compounds were automatically extracted, and the fragmentation patterns obtained using positive ion mode and exact mass data for both polarities were used for the tentative identification of compounds. Software-based automated searching of molecular ions for flavonoids and their glycosides (xylosides/arabinosides, rhamnosides, glucosides/galactosides) from total ion chromatograms was used. The compounds were quantified using quercetin, quercitrin, rutin and kuromanine as external standards and dextromethorphan as an internal standard. The detection limits ranged from 0.01-0.04 mug/mL, while the quantitation ranges obtained were 0.2-10 mug/mL for anthocyanins and 0.2-4 mug/mL for the other flavonoids. The accuracies within these ranges varied between 80-120% and precision was in the range 0-14% (relative standard deviation). Flavonoid contents of two medicinal plants (Hypericum perforatum and Rhodiola rosea), two grape red wines, two orange juices and two green teas were evaluated using the method, and the results obtained were in good agreement with those published previously. 2004

Biomed Chromatogr. 2004 Oct;18(8):550-8. Tolonen A, Gyorgy Z, Jalonen J, Neubauer P, Hohtola A. Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. LC/MS/MS identification of glycosides produced by biotransformation of cinnamyl alcohol in Rhodiola rosea compact callus aggregates. Cinnamyl alcohol was added to the media of compact callus aggregates (CCA) of Rhodiola rosea for stimulating the production of cinnamyl glycosides. The biotransformation reaction produced high amounts of rosin, while only a very low amount of rosavin was produced. As the consumption rate of cinnamyl alcohol was much higher than production of rosin, the aqueous methanol extracts of compact callus aggregates were studied by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods and four new unexpected biotransformation products of cinnamyl alcohol were identified. 2004 Fitoterapia. 2004 Sep;75(6):612-4. Akgul Y, Ferreira D, Abourashed EA, Khan IA. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ege, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey. Lotaustralin from Rhodiola rosea roots. Lotaustralin was isolated as a mixture of two diastereoisomeric forms from the methanol extract of Rhodiola rosea roots, together with the known compounds rosavin, rosarin, rosin, rosiridin, salidroside, and beta-sitosterol. The structure of lotaustralin was established by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, including 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC, and FAB and HR MS. 2004 Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004 Jul;138(1):63-64. Abidov M, Grachev S, Seifulla RD, Ziegenfuss TN. Center of Modern Medicine, Ministry of Defense Industry of Russian Federation; I. M. Setchenov Moscow Medical Academy; Russian Center for Physical Culture Improvement, Moscow; Pinnacle Institute of Health and Human Performance, Wadsworth Medical Center, Wadsworth. Extract of Rhodiola rosea Radix Reduces the Level of C-Reactive Protein and Creatinine Kinase in the Blood. The effects of extracts of Rhodiola rosea radix on blood levels of inflammatory Creactive protein and creatinine kinase were studied in healthy untrained volunteers before and after exhausting exercise. Rhodiola rosea extract exhibited an antiinflammatory effect and protected muscle tissue during exercise.

2004 Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Jun;14(3):298-307. De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy in the Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B3001 Leuven, Belgium. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute and 4-week Rhodiola rosea intake on physical capacity, muscle strength, speed of limb movement, reaction time, and attention. METHODS: PHASE I: A double blind placebo-controlled randomized study (n= 24) was performed, consisting of 2 sessions (2 days per session). Day 1: One hour after acute Rhodiola rosea intake (R, 200-mg Rhodiola rosea extract containing 3% rosavin + 1% salidroside plus 500 mg starch) or placebo (P, 700 mg starch) speed of limb movement (plate tapping test), aural and visual reaction time, and the ability to sustain attention (Fepsy Vigilance test) were assessed. Day 2: Following the same intake procedure as on day 1, maximal isometric knee-extension torque and endurance exercise capacity were tested. Following a 5-day washout period, the experimental procedure was repeated, with the treatment regimens being switched between groups (session 2). PHASE II: A double blind placebo-controlled study (n = 12) was performed. Subjects underwent sessions 3 and 4, identical to Phase I, separated by a 4-week R/P intake, during which subjects ingested 200 mg R/P per day. RESULTS: PHASE I: Compared with P, acute R intake in Phase I increased (p Eleutherococcus > Rhodiola > Leonurus > Aralia > Valeriana > Echinopanax > Schizandra > Panax ginseng. 1998 Eksp Klin Farmakol 1998; Mar-Apr, 61(2):37-40, in Russian Maimeskulova LA, Maslov LN. Department of Experimental Cardiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk Research Center, Russia. "The anti-arrhythmia action of an extract of Rhodiola rosea and of n-tyrosol in models of experimental arrhythmias." Abstract: A daily 8-day course of Rhodiolae fluidum extract (1 ml/kg; ED50 = 0.43 ml/kg)--a preparation from the group of adaptogens caused a marked preventive antiarrhythmic effect on models of adrenaline and CaCl2-induced, but not acontine, arrhythmias. Aglycone--n-tyrosol demonstrated a lower antiarrhythmic activity (ED50 = 16 mg/kg) than that of Rhodiola extract. 1998 Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1998; 125 (4): 424-6. Maslov LN et. al. "Mechanism of the anti-arrhytmic effect of the Rhodiola rosea extract." 1997 Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 1997; Oct-Dec, (4): 22-4, in Russian Salikhova RA, Aleksandrova IV, Mazurik VK, Mikhailov VF, Ushenkova LN, Poroshenko GG. "Effect of Rhodiola rosea on the yield of mutation alterations and DNA repair in bone marrow cells." Abstract: The study was made of the influence of the Rhodiola rosea extracts administration on chromosome aberrations, production of cells with micronuclei and unscheduled DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells of mice under action of mutagens cyclophosphamide and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). It was found that Rhodiola rosea extracts reduce significantly the yield of cells with the chromosome aberrations and micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide in vivo, inhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by NMU in vitro. It is emphasised that Rhodiola rosea extracts are antimutagens due to ability to raise the efficiency of the intracell DNA repair mechanisms.

1997 Eksp Klin Farmakol 1997; May-Jun; 60(3): 34-6, in Russian Lishmanov IB, Naumova AV, Afanas'ev SA, Maslov LN. "Contribution of the opioid system to realization of inotropic effects of Rhodiola rosea extracts in ischemic and reperfusion heart damage in vitro. " Abstract: It has been established that a course of oral administration of Rhodiola rosea extract in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg prevents reperfusion decrease in contraction amplitude of the isolated perfused rat heart. It also prevents reduction of coronary flow and development of contracture in the postischemic period. Intravenous infusion of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) completely abolishes the favorable effect of Rhodiola in relation to the heart contractility and coronary flow parameters. The protective effect of Rhodiola may probably be connected with increase in the level of endogenous opioid peptides. 1997 Radiats Biol Radioecol 1997; May-Jun, 37(3): 366-71, in Russian Iakubovskii MM, Pentiuk AA, Khmelnitskii OK, Oleinik VN. "The activity of the lipid peroxidation processes in the mucosa of the rat small intestine and its morphofunctional state under acute irradiation and the administration of combined preparations created on a base of highly dispersed silica." Abstract: Morphofunctional and biochemical studies were carried out on bastard male rats (weight 200-240 g). The results showed that X-ray irradiation had induced structural alterations and elevation of lipid peroxidation in small intestine. Using of complex preparations defended this organ against pathological damages. The first preparation provided rat organisms with 100 ml/kg of silica, 2 mg/kg of beta-carotene, 30 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol and 0.2 mg/kg of natrium selenite. The second preparation provided 100 mg/kg of silica, 10 mg/kg of dry Rhodiola extract, 0.1 mg/kg of tincture of Lagochilus [correction of Ladohilli] inebrians and 0.05 ml/kg of tincture of Aralia mandshurica. The third preparation provided organism with 100 mg/kg of silica and 20 mg/kg of thiobenzimidazole derivative. All these preparations had produced marked pharmacological effect. 1997 Eksp Klin Farmakol 1997; Jan-Feb, 60(1): 38-9, in Russian Maimeskulova LA, Maslov LN, Lishmanov IB, Krasnov EA. "The participation of the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in the realisation of the anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea." Abstract: A course of the adaptogen extractum Rhodiola rosea (3.5 ml/kg given per os daily for 8 days). produces am antiarrhythmic effect on models of epinephrine-induced

arrhythmia. Blockade of mu-opiate receptors (OR) by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) and deltaOR by ICI 174.864 (2.5 mg/kg) had no effect on the resistance of the heart of rats adapted to epinephrine. Higher doses of naloxone reduced significantly the antiarrhythmic effect of extr. Rhodiola. The antiarrhythmic effect of the extract is assumed to be related to activation of the opioid system and stimulation of kappa-OR. 1997 Biofizika 1997, 42(2), 480-83 Bolshakova IV, Lozovskaia EL, Sapezhinskii II Antioxidant properties of a series of extracts from medicinal plants. 1996 Apthech. Delo 1996; 15: 34-38. Khnykina LA, Zotova MI "To the pharmacognostic study of Rhodiola rosea." 1996 Biophysics 1996; 42: 1480-1485. Bolchakova IV, Lozoskaya EL, Sapezhinski II. "Antioxidant properties of a series of extracts from medicinal plants." 1996 Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1996; Spec No:42-3, in Russian Alekhova TM, Iaremenko AI, Lobanov SA, Belozub EA. "The experimental evaluation of the efficacy of using a Rhodiola rosea extract for treating odontogenic inflammatory diseases." 1995 Urol Nefrol (Mosk) 1995; Mar-Apr, (2):46-7, in Russian Bocharova OA, Matveev BP, Baryshnikov AI, Figurin KM, Serebriakova RV, Bodrova NB "The effect of a Rhodiola rosea extract on the incidence of recurrences of a superficial bladder cancer (experimental clinical research)." Abstract: Oral administration of Rhodiola rosea extract to a small group of patents (n = 12) with superficial bladder carcinoma (T1G1-2) improved the characteristics of the urothelial tissue integration, parameters of leukocyte integrins and T-cell immunity. The average frequency of relapses for these patients has been found to fall twice, though statistical differences were not significant.

1995 Farmatsiya 1995; 44(3): 35-8. Krendall FP et. al. "Examining the hepatoprotective effect of a preparation made from Rhodiola rosea culture biomass." 1994 Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Russian Federation Ministry of Health, phase two, 1994. Baranov VM "Experimental trials of herbal adaptogen effect on the quality of operator activity, mental and professional working capacity." 1994 Eksp Klin Farmakol 1994; Nov-Dec, 57(6): 61-3, in Russian Maslova LV, Kondrat'ev BI, Maslov LN, Lishmanov IB. "The cardioprotective and antiadrenergic activity of an extract of Rhodiola rosea in stress". Abstract: The course of administration of Rhodiola rosea extract was studied for effects on the pattern of stress-induced cardiac damage which was assessed by 99mTcpyrophosphate accumulation in the heart. Rhodiola rosea was found to prevent stressinduced cardiac damage. Simultaneously, myocardial catecholamines and cAMP levels were measured. Rhodiola rosea was ascertained to prevent both stress-induced catecholamine release and higher cAMP levels in the myocardium. Moreover, the adaptogen prevented lower adrenal catecholamines during stress. The findings suggest that the antistressor and cardioprotective effects of Rhodiola rosea are associated with limited adrenergic effect on the heart. 1994 Dopovidi Akademiyi Ukrayiny 1994; 0 (11): 164-167. Barilyak IR, Dugan AM "Investigation of anti-mutagenic effect of alcohol extracts from tissue cultures of Rhodiola rosea and Polyscias in experiments with Salmonella typhimurium." 1994 Contract 93-11-615 Phase I, Phase II. Ministry of Health, Institute. of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, 1994 Baranov VB

The response of cardiovascular system to dosed physical load under the effect of herbal adaptogen. 1993 Biull Eksp Biol Med 1993; Nov, 116(11): 480-3, Russian Afanas'ev SA, Alekseeva ED, Bardamova IB, Maslova LV, Lishmanov IB. "Cardiac contractile function following acute cooling of the body and the adaptogenic correction of its disorders." Abstract: In experiments on white Wistar rats the effect of acute 4-hour freezing at -10 degrees C on contractile function of the hearts isolated by the Langendorff technique, and the protective efficacy of Rhodiola rosea extract were investigated. The obtained results testify to the fact that acute cooling leads to a decrease in myocardial contractile activity that recovers during 18 hours. But this recovery cannot be complete as it does not result in stable contractility of isolated heart in perfusion. Preliminary adaptation of animals during treatment with Rhodiola rosea extract prevents the decrease in contractility force immediately after acute cooling and contributes to the stable contractility during 60 minutes of perfusion. Moreover, Rhodiola rosea extract does not remove the disturbance in diastolic function and in all cases leads to a decrease in coronary blood flow. The effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on the myocardium is likely to be similar to that of myocardial recovery after acute cooling. 1993 Biull Eksp Biol Med 1993; Aug, 116(8): 175-6, in Russian Lishmanov IB, Maslova LV, Maslov LN, Dan'shina EN. "The anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea and its possible mechanism". Abstract: A course injection of Rhodiola rosea extract for eight days was reported to increase the resistance of experimental animals to adrenalin- or CaCl2-induced arrhythmias. Preliminary injection of naloxone in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg eliminated the antiarrhythmic effect of Rhodiola. Indomethacin had no effect the antiarrhythmic action of Rhodiola. The antiarrhythmic effect of Rhodiola course injections was assumed to be associated with the induction of opioid peptides biosynthesis. 1993 Dissertation, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Muenchen, 1993 Noerr H Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of the adaptogens: Eleutherococcus senticoccus, Ocimum sanctum, Codonopsis pilosula, Rhodiola crenelatu.

1992 Vopr Onkol 1992;38(10): 1217-22, in Russian Udintsev SN, Krylova SG, Fomina TI. "The enhancement of the efficacy of adriamycin by using hepatoprotectors of plant origin in metastases of Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma to the liver in mice". Abstract: It was shown that the use of an anthracycline antibiotic--adriamycin in mice with metastatic involvement resulted in pronounced liver dysfunction, as suggested by a sharp increase in blood transaminase levels. In the same model, a hepatoprotector of plant origin--Rhodiola rosea extract--was shown to inhibit tumor dissemination. Combined application of adriamycin and the extract proved no inferior in terms of antimetastatic efficacy and nearly free from toxicity. 1992 Yau Hsueh Pao 1992; 27 (11): 849-52, "HPLC determination of salidroside in the roots of Rhodiola genus plants" Authors: Wang S., You XT, Wang FP College of Pharmacy, West China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu. 1991 Biofizika 1991; 36(4): 105-8 Jan-Feb. Udintsev SN, Shakhov VP, Borovskoi IG, Ibragimova SG "The effect of low concentrations of adaptogen solutions on the functional activity of murine bone marrow cells in vitro." 1991 Neoplasma 1991; 38(3): 323-31. Udintsev SN, Shakhov VP. Research Institute of Pharmacology, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, USSR. "The role of humoral factors of regenerating liver in the development of experimental tumours and the effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on this process." Abstract: In experiment on rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma (PLS) it was shown that partial hepatectomy (PHE), a course application of Rhodiola rosea extract (RRE) or combined effects inhibit the growth of tumours by 37, 39 and 59%, respectively, and that of metastases by 42, 50 and 75%. In combined treatment the process of hepatic regeneration was completed in earlier terms versus the animals which underwent PHE, and proliferate activity of the tumour and metastases decreased by 15 and 59%, respectively, judging by the degree of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of these tissues. The assessment of clonogenic activity of PLS cells taken in the animals of this group, using the method of diffusion chambers, revealed a significant decrease in this index versus the rats which underwent PHE or which were given RRE (number of colonies per chamber being 4.8 +/- 0.5; 8.6 +/- 0.9; 5.7 +/- 0.6, respectively; in control

13.8 +/- 1.5). The assumption that these effects are determined by factors originating from the regenerating liver was confirmed in experiments with double-layer agar systems. Inhibition of colony-forming activity of PLS cells was the maximum in application of the hepatocytes of the rats which underwent a complex of effects, as a feeder, versus the hepatocytes taken in intact or hepatectomized animals, or the rats which were given RRE (number of colonies per plate well being 4.6 +/- 0.3; 15.7 +/- 1.6; 7.4 +/- 0.8; 8.7 +/- 0.9, respectively; in the control 25.6 +/- 6.5). In experiments on mice with Ehrlich adenocarcinoma, the factors isolated from the liver of animals subjected to PHE against a background of RRE administration and from the liver of mice which were given RRE only, as well as operated or intact ones, inhibited the tumour growth to 63, 38, 35 and 21%, respectively. 1991 Eur J Cancer 1991; 27(9): 1182. Udintsev SN, Schakhov VP. "Decrease of cyclophosphamide haematotoxicity by Rhodiola rosea root extract in mice with Ehrlich and Lewis transplantable tumours." 1990 Eksp Onkol 1990;12(6):55-6, in Russian Udintsev SN, Shakhov VP. "Changes in clonogenic properties of bone marrow and transplantable mice tumour cells during combined use of cyclophosphane and biological response modifiers of adaptogenic origin." Abstract: The clonogenic activity of tumours and blood marrow cells has been studied in experiments on CBA, BALB/C and C57B1/6 mice with the Ehrlich adenocarcinoma and Lewis lung carcinosarcoma treated with adaptogenic drugs of Rhodiola Rosea extract, a synthetic analogue of Rhodiola phenol derivative, methyluracil and their combinations with cyclophosphamide. The extract and derivative are shown to protect the myelopoietic tissue from the toxic action of cyclophosphamide, retaining or increasing the suppressive effect of the latter towards clonogenic tumours cells. These data can be the reason for using the extract and derivative during the antitumor chemotherapy as biological response modifiers. 1989 Paper released by the Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacology of the Tomsk Scientific Center, Academy of Science of the USSR, 1989. Maslova L.V. "The Cardioprotective Action of Adaptogenic Preparations during Stress."

1989 Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 1989 Nov-Dec;35(6):82-7, in Russian Molokovskii DS, Davydov VV, Tiulenev VV. "The action of adaptogenic plant preparations in experimental alloxan diabetes." Abstracts: Experiments on mice and rats with alloxan diabetes were conducted for comparative assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic use of adaptogenic plant pharmaceuticals as well as some other commonly used plant drugs. Of marked antidiabetic properties were root and leaf ginseng tincture (LGT), Echinopanax tincture, extracts of Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola (ER) and Leuzea which decreased the blood level of glucose in a CTT (5 g h of glucose per I kg of the animal body mass) from 17.15 to 11.19, 11.50, 12.72, 11.69, 13.47 mmol/l and increased the alloxan-reduced level of liver glycogen by 50-80% (P less than 0.05). Aralia and Schizandra tinctures for this diabetic model were ineffective. Yarrow, everlastings and birch leaf tea also possessed marked hypoglycemic and glycogen sparing properties. The most effective experimentally plant adaptogens LGT and ER increased the blood level of insulin in alloxan diabetic rats in a GTT from 16.75 up to 44.42, 35.31 microU/ml and decreased the level of glucagon from 495 to 195 and 138 pg/ml, respectively. The authors discussed mechanisms of antidiabetic, insulinotropic and hypoglucagonemic action of the effective plant pharmaceuticals and the prospects of their use in multimodality therapy of diabetes mellitus of type I. 1988 Antibiot Khimioter 1988; Aug 33(8): 615-7, in Russian Borovskaia TG, Fomina TI, Iaremenko KV. "A decrease in the toxic action of rubomycin on the small intestine of mice with a transplantable tumour through the use of a Rhodiola extract." 1987 Biull Eksp Biol Med 1987; Apr 103(4): 422-4, in Russian Lishmanov IB, Trifonova ZV, Tsibin AN, Maslova LV, Dement'eva LA. "Plasma beta-endorphin and stress hormones in stress and adaptation." Abstract: The experiments on white rats have shown that the induction of 4 hour stress produces an acute increase in beta-endorphin level, as well as characteristic changes in ACTH, cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and triiodothyronine concentrations. Different types of adaptation (training with short stress periods or injection of rhodiola rosea extract) promote a moderate increase in the amount of serum immunoreactive beta-endorphin, preventing its subsequent stress-induced elevation. Adaptation is characterized by a decrease or total prevention of hormonal change peculiar to stress. The role of opioid

neuropeptides in enhancing stress tolerance and the effect of adaptation factors are discussed. 1987 Vopr Onkol 1987; 33(7):57-60, in Russian Dement'eva LA, Iaremenko KV. "Effect of a Rhodiola extract on the tumour process in an experiment." Abstract: Antitumour and antimetastatic effects of an official extract of Rhodiola rosea were established in experiments on inbred and noninbred mice and rats with transplantable NK/Ly tumour, Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma, melanoma B16 and Lewis lung carcinoma. Application of the said preparation to sarcolysin-treated animals was followed by an increase in survival. 1987 Rhodiola Rosea is a Valuable Medicinal Plant. Tomsk: Medical Institute, 1987, 194. Saratikov, A.S., and E.A. Krasnov. "The Adaptogenic Attributes of Rhodiola." 1987 Medicinal Plant. Tomsk: Medical Institute, 1987, 91. Saratikov, A.S.. E.A. Krasnov, and B.Yu. Salnik. "The Biochemical Mechanism of the Stimulative Action of Rhodiola." 1987 Medicinal Plant. Tomsk: Medical Institute, 1987, 150. Saratikov A.S., Krasnov E.A., Marina T.F. "The Influence of Rhodiola on the Central Nervous System." 1987 Med Physiol 1987;40:85-87. Stancheva SL, Mosharrof A. "Effect of the extract of Rhodiola rosea L. on the content of the brain biogenic monamines." 1987 Rhodiola Rosea is a Valuable Medicinal Plant. Tomsk: Medical Institute, 1987, 180. Saratikov A.S., Krasnov E.A. "The Influence of Rhodiola on the Endocrine Glands and the Liver."

1987 Rhodiola Rosea is a Valuable Medicinal Plant.Tomsk: Medical Institute, 1987, 216. Saratikov A.S., Krasnov E.A. "Clinical Studies of Rhodiola." 1987 Tomsk: Medical Institute Saratikov AS, Krasnov EA Rhodiola Rosea is a Valuable Medicinal Plant. Chapter I: Chemical composition. pp3-39 Chapter III: Stimulative properties. pp69-90 Chapter VI: Influence on endocrine glands and the liver. pp180-93 Chapter VII: Adaptogenic properties. pp194-215 Chapter VIII: Clinical studies. pp216-27 1986 Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1986 Sep;8(9):547-52. Lazarova MB, Petkov VD, Markovska VL, Petkov VV, Mosharrof A. "Effects of meclofenoxate and Extr. Rhodiolae roseae L. on electroconvulsive shockimpaired learning and memory in rats." Abstract: In experiments on albino rats, the authors studied the effects of meclofenoxate and Extr. Rhodiolae roseae on the memory-impairing action of convulsant electroshock. "Step-down" passive avoidance training with negative reinforcement was used to trace the changes in memory. Meclofenoxate administered i.p. in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for five days prevented the retrograde amnesia observed after convulsant electroshock upon retention testing on the 3rd and 24th hr after the end of the training session. The Rhodiola extract administered orally in a dose of 0.10 ml/rat for 10 days, which in other experimental approaches improved learning and memory, remained ineffective here. The role of biogenic monoamines in the learning- and memoryimproving effects of meclofenoxate is considered on the basis of earlier studies by the authors. 1986 Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 1986; 12(1): 3-16. Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, Kambourova T, Alova L, Petkov VV, Todorov I. "Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory."

Abstract: The effect of alcohol-aqueous extract (1:1) from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on the processes of learning and memory is studied on rats. Several methods of active avoidance with negative and positive reinforcements are used, as well as of passive avoidance. Using the maze-method with negative (punitive) reinforcement, it has been found that Rhodiola extract in a single dose of 0.10 ml per rat essentially improves learning and retention after 24 hours. Significant improvement of the long-term memory is also established in memory tests after 10-day treatment with the same dose of the extract. In the other two doses tested (0.02 and 1.0 ml per rat) the extract has no substantial effect on learning and memory. In a dose of 0.10 ml per rat the Rhodiola extract had a favourable effect on the training process using the "staircase" method with positive (food) reinforcement as well. With the other methods used (active avoidance method with negative reinforcement "shuttle-box" and passive avoidance methods "step down" and "step through") Rhodiola extract in the dose used (0.10 ml per rat) had no substantial effect on learning and memory (a certain deterioration of the training process was even observed using the "shuttle-box" method, while the "step-down" method resulted in deterioration of the memory). The great significance of the method used for studying the effects of the pharmacological agents on learning and memory for the results obtained is evident. 1986 Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 1986; 20 (10), 1231-1244. Kurkin, VA., Zapesochnaya GG "The Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Properties of the Rhodiola Species." 1986 In: Saratikov AS (ed.) Modern problems of pharmacology and search for new medicines. Tomsk State University Press, Tomsk, 1986. pp58-60 Brichenko VS, Kupriyanova IE, Skorokhova TF The use of herbal adaptogens with tricyclic antidepressants in patients with psychogenic depression. 1985 Novosibirsk. P. 85-114. (1985) Polozny AV, Revyakina NV, Kim EF, Sviridova TF. "Rhodiola rosea or Golden root. Biology of Siberian plants requiring protection." 1983 Proceedings of Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Science, 6: 70-77, 1983. Dementieva LA, Yaremenko KV

"The study of the influence of Rhodiola rosea extract on the growth of tumors in experiment." 1982 J Ethnopharmacol 1982; 6: 339-353. Baranov AI. "Medicinal uses of ginseng and related plants in the Soviet Union: recent trends in the Soviet literature." 1981 Stomatologiia (Mosk) (1981 Jan-Feb) 60(1):81-2, in Russian Frolova GI, Prosandeeva GF, Larionova LV, Maslennikova GV "Use of a golden root (Rhodiola rosea) tincture in treating periodontosis" 1980 Pharmaceutical Journal 1980; June, 3: 58-60. Komar VV, Karpulnik ZV, Kit SM, Komar LV, Smolinska VO. "Macro- and microelement composition of root extracts of Rhodiola rosea." 1980 Farm Zh. 1980 Jun;(3):58-60. Komar VV, Karpliuk ZV, Kit SM, Komar LV, Smolins'ka VO. Macro- and microelement composition of root extracts of Rhodiola rosea (golden root) 1978 Plant resources 14 p. 90-92. (1978). Krasnov EA, Zotova MI, Nekhodova MF "Simulative effect of Rhodiola rosea." 1978 Health Care, Kazakhstan, 2, 78-79. (1978) Bender KI, Freidman CL, Bogoslovskaya CN "Effect of Rhodiola rosea (golden root) and Eleutherococcus on physiological parameters." 1978 Ulan Bator, 1978 Khaidaev Z, Menshikova TA Medicinal plants in Mongolian medicine.

1974 Moscow, Medicine Press Publisher, 72p. (1974) Turova AD "Medicinal plants of the USSR." 1973 Proceedings of Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Science. Biological Sciences, 3: 85-89 (1973). Marina TF, Alekseeva LP, Plotnikova TM "The influence of Rhodiola rosea preparation on the spontaneous bioelectric activity and electrographic reactions of the cortex of the Large Hemispheres and Some subcortical structures." 1970 Modern Pharmacology, Kemerovo, Russia, p. 298-300. (1970) Krasik FD, Morozova ES, Petrova KP "A new clinical result of anti-stress effect of Rhodiola rosea (Golden root)." 1970 In: Proceedings: Modern problems in psycho-pharmacology, Kemerevo City. Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 1970. pp298-330 Krasik ED, Morozova ES, et al. Therapy of asthenic conditions: clinical perspectives of aplication of Rhodiola rosea extract (golden root). 1970 In: Proceedings of the all-Russia conference: Urgent problems in psychopharmacology. Sverdlovsk, 1970. pp 215-17 Krasik ED, Petrova KP, et al. New data on the therapy of asthenic conditions. Clinical prospects for the use of Rhodiola extract. 1970 In: Proceedings of Scientific Conference on Endocrinology and Gynaecology. Russian Academy of Science, Siberian branch, Sverdlovsk, 1970. pp46-48 Gerasimova HD Effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on ovarian functional activity. 1969

Ann Rev Pharmacol 1969; 9: 419-430. Brekhman II, Dardymov IV. New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. 1969 Pharmazie Feb 1969; 24(2): 118-19. Thieme H. "On the Identity of Glucoside Rhodioloside and Salidroside." 1969 Dissertation, Tomsk State Medical Institute, Tomsk, 1969 Adamchuk LB Effects of Rhodiola on the process of energetic recovery of rat under intense muscular workload. 1969 Dissertation, Tomsk State Medical Institute, Tomsk, 1969 Revina TA Effect of stimulators of the central nervous system on carbohydrate and high energy phosphylated compound metabolism. 1969 Academic Press, Novosibirsk, 1969. p264 Krylov GV Herbs for life. 1968 Pharmazie 1968; Jul,23(7): 392-5. in German Saratikov AS, Krasnov EA, Chnikina LA, Duvidson LM, Sotova MI, Marina TF, Nechoda MF, Axenova RA, Tscherdinzeff SG. "Rhodiolosid, a new glycoside from Rhodiola rosea and its pharmacological properties." 1968 In: Saratikov AS (ed.), Stinulants of the central nervous system. Tomsk State University Press, Tomsk, 1968, pp22-26 Marina TF, Alekseeva LP Effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on electroencephalograms in rabbit.

1968 In: Saratikov AS (ed.), Stinulants of the central nervous system. Tomsk State University Press, Tomsk, 1968, pp27-31 Marina TF Effect of Rhodiola rosea extract on bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex isolated to a different extent from the brain. 1968 Dissertation, Tomsk State Medical Institute, Tomsk, 1968 Danbueva EA Effect of stimulators of the central nervous system on lipid metabolism at different muscular workloads. 1966 Aptechn Delo 1966; Nov-Dec, 15(6): 34-8. Khnykina LA, Zotova MI "To the pharmacognostic study of Rhodiola rosea." 1966 In: "Natural stimulators of central nervous system." Tomsk, p. 124-127. Oleynichenko VF Effect of Eleutherococcus and Rhodiola rosea (Golden root) on hearing of employees of Tomsk electrochemical factory and pilots at Tomsk International Airport." 1966 In: Saratikov AS, Stimulants of the central nervous system, Vol. I. Tomsk State University Press, Tomsk, 1966, pp3-23 Saratikov AS Screening for natural central nervous system stimulants. 1964 Boerntraeger, Berlin, 1964. pp199-200 /book/ Engler A Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien 1939 (1971) Genus 698: Rhodiola L. USSR Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 1939. (Translation: Jerusalem, 1971. pp20-36) Komarov VL (ed.) Flora of the USSR, Vol. IX, Rosales and saraceniales.

1938 Textile Colorist 1938;60(715):483-84 Mell CD Dyes, tannin, perfumes and medicines from Rhodiola rosea 1749 Liber I: De Plantis Stockholm 1749. pp182-87 Linnaeus C Materia Medica. 1725 Stockholm 1725. p127 Linnaeus C Oertabok