The cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament

g-'A

«

?r £*-j'

;

root ^3j; =:

"superintendence";

"rule",

^^3

—

muntahhisu

1 1.

mumtahhisu according to Assyr. Babyl. Keilinsch. Ift., root VnD) "warrior", comp. Botta 145, 2, line Assurbanipal 155, 40 &c.

tions,

e.

ummS.n

with

-ma from "l^V

"power",

!

—

"army");

imuk

^2.

comp.

"support";

ra-ma-ni-su

"he

f-mu-ki

Na-ba-ai-ta-ai

av.

a tribe

trusted

"depth"

4.

10;

Smith's

iNDi

P^->

perhaps

"with

HOy

strength";

the

throughout

military

77

271,

24,

Vol.

hitti "master of revolt"

pp.

foil.

of revolt"; comp. the Hebr.

and other

like

combinations;

language", "interpreter" banipal 77.

9).

PJ3

Comp.

may

ideo-

220

"provided with wings" Prov.

cited in

illustration

Bi'l

for

("lord"

and

foil.;

himself guilty 17,

1.

"master of

(Smith's Assur-

in general Sanherib's Taylor-cylind. col. III.

ideogram

the usual

written

pp.

Bi'1-ibni, ideographically written with two signs, is

name

the Assyr. bi'l lis&ni

also

be

— 13.

the

Kings XVII.

2

who had made

it-ti

Naba-

13;

12.

283,

cities

Parad.

i-muk 80

the

of

p.

Delitzsch,

^_j;3

268,

col. III.

10,

"strength",

a-na

also

I,

names of

"one

e.

then

,

on Gen. X.

also

i.

3 pers. plur. pres.

force

Vol.

31,

the

notes

see

bi'l

I,

III.

passage

(in the latter

it-ta-kil

56

I.

own

his

in

Respecting

(Oppert).

graphically

first

^''

iparunum-ma

Assurb.

comp. Sanherib Taylor-cyl.

U'rbi,

14.

"l]~li3

Likewise comp. Sanherib's Taylor-cyl.

taeans".

of

root

Smith's Assurban. 24, 9; 37, 8 &c.

g.

in connection

with

uma'ir,

;

(for

partic.

204)

p.

"cause to hasten", then "despatch", frequently in the inscrip-

strictly

349

0. T.

of

"(God)

2. 6.

which the the

Bel"),

second (KAK, RU') serves to intimate the idea of "making" or "pro-

ducing" expressed

(Assyr.

Babyl. Keilinsch.

in Assyrian

112,

no.

75).

Since

this

idea

is

verb "^"y^ "make", and also by

both by the

pJ3 "produce", we can with equal propriety pronounce the name Bi'1-ibni (bani) "Bel produced", or Bi'1-ibus "Bel made". That the latter name might have been intended may be gathered from the Ptolemaic Canon see the end of this volume p. 490 (German ed.). This, after the twelve years' interregnum, marks down a Babylonian king Belibus. The Elibus recorded by Polyhistor quoted by the verb

;

Eusebius (see above Vol. this

II, p.

2)

is

evidently only a corruption

name; and the existence of a name Belibus has been

the phonetic

mode

of writing

it,

of

from

Bi'l-i-bu-us and Bi'l-ibu-u§, not

only on Assyrian but also on Babylonian documents.

my

certified

On

this subject see

remarks in the Reports of the Konigliche Sachsische Gesellschaft

der Wissenschaften 1880, pp. 9

name

as Bi'l-ib-ni in the

foil.

note.

Nevertheless the writing of the

newly found Babylonian chronicle (Pinches)

decisive in favour of the pronunciation given in the text;

is

— mamuktav

SECOND BOOK OF KINGS

XX.

35

noun from the root p)^^, therefore meaning properly "depth" i. e. an avil mamuktav (= npOyo) means accordingly "man of wisdom" or a "wise man" (Qi^n, NO^Dn Dan. II. 12);

abstract

of knowledge;

dahhi, used interchangeably with "contact",

nm

root

ployed adverbially

"push

at

the sense of

in

dihi "in

comp. Notes and Illustrations Vol.

we know

to be the

name

6,

13;

sahru

"make

irbfi, root |^3~1,

— 15.

Sanherib's Taylor-cylinder lonian u.

:

foil.;

foil.

"in the

;— Suanna

another name for "Babylon";

miranu

signifies

"young dog",

I.

=

astakan

"rear";

Ift.

of

sakanu

Comp. the identical enumeration in 42—47. The tribes are exclusively Baby16.

see the notes on Gen. X. 22;

Gesch. pp. 105

pp. 227

"small", see Assyr. Babyl. Keilinsch. p. 27;

great", here

"appoint";

"place" here

I,

of a town from KI, the ideogram for town, It is in reality

see also Delitzsch Pai'ad. pp.211 foil.; see II Rawl.

properly

"touch something", em-

the neighbourhood",

district";

which follows the word.

(Norris p. 229),

something",

taiartu,

XXV.

root "nn»

13

and comp. Keilinsch.

see page 37;

kangu

adj.

patharis, from paharu "assemble", adverb, formation from a noun with an intruded t; 17. zikru here phonetically written; comp. the note on Gen. 1, 27 (Vol. I, p. 17); .si'ni 1{

Then

the

form

Nebfi-khodr-

corrupted to "li^XDlDIDJ

Hebrew-Masoretic orthography and

Nebfikhadnessar, whence

the Ger-

more accurate English

spelling

the

The Romanists following the Nabuchodonosor &c. the Vulgate give the name in the form which that version presents.

Nebuchadnezzar. of

* Paul Haupt, Der Keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht (1881) p. 4 would pronounce the name Nabu-kudurri-usur "Nebo, protect my crown". It ought, however, to be observed that while kudurri might kudurrija, yet in the ideographic be an abbreviation for kudurri

=

mode

the middle

of writing

element never appears with

the

suffix.

Comp. the name Nabu-abal-usur, and see above Vol. I, p. 232 foil, on the name Tiglath-Pileser. Recently Delitzsch (see Miirdter, Babylon.Assyrische Geschichte pp. 210, 270) would be disposed to understand the middle part of the name viz. k u d u r r u as meaning a cap of woven reeds such as the workman was accustomed to wear when engaged in work. Thus he would take the name as signifying "Nebo, Comp. V Rawl. 10, 93. Obsei've, on the other protect my work". hand, that the word already occurs even in the early Elamite royal names "Kudur-Nahundi", "Kudur-Mabuk" &c. [But, in the recent Calwer Bibellexicon just completed, Fried. Delitzsch furnishes some new etymologies of Assyrian and Babylonian proper names. Thus Nebukadnezzar (Nabu-kudQri-uzur) is rendered "Nebo, protect my dominion". Comp. also E. A. Budge, Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, Loud. (1885) Jan. 1885,

p.

p.

3

"Nebo, defend the landmark!"

183— Transl.]

See "Hebraica" for

SECOND BOOK OF KINGS XXIV. with

royal

the

these inscriptions

— are

By

49 number

portrait

*.

— some

of which are of considerable extent

when they

occupied,

exclusively

far the larger

are

not

religious character, with the royal buildings at

This

Borsippa.

knowledge

interests of historical

We

ordinary

We

—a

feature that in the

greatly to be deplored.

is

however, from these records at

learn,

of the king as well as the

title

of a

Babel and

a general characteristic of Babylonian, 363

is

opposed to Assyrian, inscriptions

as

of

events the

all

name

of his father.

become acquainted with both from the legends on

One legend

bricks.

of six lines I have copied in the Bibel-

lexlkon, as well as inRiehm's

Handworterbuch des Biblischen

Alterthums, from a brick preserved in the Zurich Museum.

The

inscription runs thus

§ar Ba-bi-lu

2.

:

za-uin

3.

Nabti-ku-dur-ri-usur

"1. I'.

SAG. GA.

TU

(saggil)

DA, 5. abal Nabti-ab al-u"sur Ba-bi-lu a-na-ku 1. Nebukadnezzar 2. e. u r. ZI.

4.

Babylon,

temple

the

well-being (?)

of

king of Babylon,

6.

,

1.

The name

in its first portion with the ordinary

second portion

(usur)

it is

it

—

"Babylon"

pp. 124

foil.

tically

throughout;

sense

names *

;

of

2.

—

while in

here written

is

god Nebo;

the

its

foil.

of this

in

third portion is

See also Assyr. Babyl. Keilinsch.

both here and in partic.

"improve".

"restore",

representation

is

zanin

3.

see above pp. 122

A

;

for

once more written ideographically with the sign SI8 which

explained in a syllabary by nas&ru.

the

king

of the

ideogram

written phonetically

is

of Nabopolassar,

son

5.

I".

Notes and Illustrations.

its

and of

of the temple of exaltation 4.

3. restorer

sar

6.

king of

i.

of

Respecting

With respect portrait

line 6. written

zan§.nu to the

often

two

the

name

may be found

I'.

phone-

used

in

templeZI.

DA,

in Schenkel's

Riehm, Handworterbuch des biblischen Alterthums 1067 a. On the question of the genuineness and origin of this cameo see Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 298 (where a photographic reproduction is given) J. Menant pp. 293 in Rev. Arch^ol. Par. 1885; A. Furtwangler in Sammlung zu Ehren

Bibellexicon Vol.

Ill,

p.

511.

—

Leemanns', Leid. 1885

;

flg.

4

;

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

50 I

would

ppi)

observe

imnu

place

explanation

in

that

idu

(with

"right"

see Assyr. Babyl. Keil. p. 194.

;

meaning ki'nu

"trustworthy".

"firm",

or

"of permanence";

—

The

i^JX-

Of

final

u

is

T.

in

the

comp.

first

Hebr.

From

this again' is derived the

We

can therefore hover to a

"House of

right",

The name Nabu-abal-usur

5.

means "Nebo, protect the son" Assyr. Babyl.

=

signifies

hand";

right

"House of the

certain extent between the renderings

well-being"

DA

ZI.

"the

0.

— 6.

126;

Keil. p.

anakii

long (Haupt).

inscriptions in the narrower sense of the

historical

there has

term, resembling the Assyrian,

come down

to

us hitherto only the fragment of a cylinder-inscription which

Aegyptische Zeitschrift 1879

I published in the i.

portion of

the

e.

pp. 87

— 89.

the

that

inscription

Compare

364 extent intelligible.

A.

ibid.

The passage runs

thus

14.

.

.

.

.

foil,

a certain

to

:

.

.

.

mat....

sar

[mat] Mi-sir a-na l-bi§ tahazi al-[lik] ....

.

[A-ma]-a(?)-su sar Mi-sir*

.

upahhir-ma

i.

e.

"37"' year of Nebucadnezzar, king of the land

13. ...

[Babel]

45

Wiedemann 1878, 13. Sanat

XXXVII KAN Nabti-kudurri-usur 1.

is

p.

....

[marched] ....

assembled and

...

14. 1.

.

." .

.

,

.

Aegypt

(to) .

[Ama]sis

After this

we

(?),

fight

to

a

battle I

the king of

Aegypt

read of military incidents,

and horses being slaughtered or transported

of soldiers

kirib m§,t Misir

"into the midst of the land

Aegypt"

but we obtain no more definite intelligence about these proceedings.

we

reign)

By

the date

(37*''

=

would

I

Amasis proposed by Pinches and Wiedemann. also

remark that quite recently an inscription

of Nebucadnezzar,

precipitous *

568 B. C, which agrees Aegyptian king's name into

are brought to the year

well with the completion of the

Amasu

year of Nebucadnezzar's

rock,

engraved has been

in archaistic

cuneiform on a

discovered on the Northern

The word mat, which we should expect

to

stand before Misir,

is

omitted through an error either of thexiopyist or of the ancient tablet-writer.

1

SECOND BOOK OF KINGS XXV. bank of Nahr-el-kelb (Dog's

river),

5

near Beirut.

has

It

not yet been possible to gain any definite information about inscription from

contents of the

the

been made.

hitherto

"Proceedings

in

of Biblical Archaeology"

of the Society pp. 9

the casts that have

See A. H. Sayce

Nov.

XXV.

8.

The Babylonian

Nebuzaradan.

n^l-"^^;

form of the name was Nabti-ztr-iddina bestowed posterity". the deity

Nab 1i,

Kal Imperf. of

the

name

names

II

in the

It

compounded

is

nadanu

And

deportation

it

col. II,

came

to

of Jehoiachin

(Tllip'TW)

ki7ig

,

among

Assyrian original

Rawl. 64,

13.

"give".

the

name

that

is

....

find

of proper

my

Assyr.- 365

year after the

in

then arose

EvU-Merodach

the

year when he became original

Baby-

of Merodach",

"man" and

Marduk

an exactly similar name

in Assyr.-

compounded of

We

We read

37^^'

the

lonian form

"Merodach".

list

in

The name is easily explained. Its was Avil-Marduk i. e. "Man

king.

of

7.

pass in

of Babel,

name

"seed"* and

i/'lT

See further

"Nebo

e.

i.

of the

= Hebrew ]nj

Babyl. Keilinsch. p. 126 No. 2 7.

=

the substantive zir

the

a

1881,

1.

foil.

a vilu

Babyl. Keilinsch. p. 157 No. 69, where Sab-sar (IK'-N^a) is

as II,

explained as well

"man

of the king" (II Rawl. 63. col.

Sab-Adar "man

as

of Adar"

1,

7

Rawl. 63.

(II

22).

Tablets dated from the years of the reign of this king, viz.

from the year of

his

accession

(561) and

his

been added

to the British

*

On

the

(562 B. C),

his first

year

second (560), have within a recent period

Museum. They belong

pronunciation zi-i-ru

Haupt, Sumei-ische Familiengesetze

p.

instead

33 note

to the

of ^~i| or 6.

4*

group

^11, comp.

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

52

The

of so-called I'gibi-tablets.

0.

T.

modes of writing

diflferent

name which have been handed down are Avil-Marand A-vl-lu-Marduk, See Boscawen in Transs. of

the

duk

the Soc. of Bibl. Archaeol. VI,

1878.

1.

FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES. Then

V. 26. Pul,

(piOt>B~T\ih7\)

IDN^O,

in

original

form

This

the

God of and

king of Assyria,

mode

same way

the

n'?Jn

as

of writing the king's

name

is

435

N"iri

Kings

2

opposed by the is

due

See also

the

alike,

or to a copyist.

XV,

letters.

and

20 and compare the

19.

discussion of this passage in Keilinsch. u. Gesch.

critical

pp.

on

of

from the

merely by a transposition of

the Chronicler

to

comments

arose

r\i^T\

Books of Kings and by the inscriptions either

spirit

of Tiglath-Pilneser

spirit

Ofcourse IDJ^D stands by mistake for

etc.

just

Israel aroused the

the

foil.

Hard, a corrupt reading. See Schrader, Art.

Hara

Riehm's Handworterb. des Biblischen Alterthums, and

in

Geschichtsforschung

Keilinsch. u.

notes on 2 Kings

XVII,

6.

p.

XVIII,

430.

Compare

the

11.

SECOND BOOK OF CHRONICLES.

366

In the parallel passage

in the

Books of Kings

Kings X, 17) there stands "three minas".

(1

appear from at

of gold he put on

Three hundred [shekels]

IX. 16. one shield.

100

period. (as

this

shekels.

That was the valuation

The Hebrews

money)

at

50

It

would

mina

that the Chronicler reckoned the

shekels.

commentary on Ezek.

of the later,

Greek

of the earlier time valued the

XLV.

According 12,

we

to

Hitzig,

mina

in

his

should read DI^D in

SECOND BOOK OF CHRONICLES of niND

place

The whole

*.

Smend

appear.

adopts

Gen. XXIII. 16, Vol.

XYB-^. the form

Sammuramat of

statues

127

(written

name upon Nebo found at

dis-

^^

^^^^

We

name

find this

in

Sa-am-mu-ra-mat), monuments

the

,

53

See the note on

foil.

nlOTpi^ Semiramis.

a woman's

as

would then

difficulty

solution.

this

I p.

IX. XV. XXXIII.

Nimrlid

on the

viz.

Rawl. 35

(I

no.

2

appears as the name of Rammannir^r's

line 9).

It there

"woman

of the palace"

(Ramm^nnirar reigned 812

— 783).

Delitzsch in Miirdter's Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens p.

278

meaning

as

thinks that

,

endeavoured

pronunciation. of the

Assyrio

jlSTS^

as

adapt

to

Compare -

for

the

Aramaic

be explained

It is not surprising that

when they adopted

the Hebrews,

name

Sammuramat may

**lover of scents"**.

this to

it

Hebrew

unintelligible

own mode

of

jlSl as the equivalent

Ramm^nu

Tab-Ramm4n

them

their

to

'Psf/fiav]

as

well

See above

(Ta[i£Qe(/d).

Vol. I pp. 196, 197.

XXXIII.

Then Jahve brought ujyon them

11.

the

mili-

commanders of the king of Assyria who took Manasseh captive with hooks and bound him with chains and carried tary

him away

to

Babel.

12.

supplicated Jahve his

ear to

to

his entreaty

And when

God

he 13.

and heard

was

... and He gave

and caused him

his prayer,

return to Jerusalem into his kingdom.

aware that

this

discussion.

Objections were raised by

passage has been the

in distress he

The reader is subject of much 367

critics

to a state-

* [Comp. the converse illustration of the very same confusion of

X

and

J in the case of "IDJ^C ^^"^ 1Dfc

'°

^

Chron. V. 26.

sammu

"scent",

See

comp.

:

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

54

ment which had no place

in the

T.

Books of Kings, and

it

was thought that the passage should be severed from the narrative, as being altogether unhistorical. in the first place,

historical

we have no

that

other

was argued

It

mention

in the

books of a supremacy wielded by the Assyrians

(700

at that time

— 650)

account presupposes;

in

and

Western Asia, such as the

in

second place,

this

we

that

here read that Manasseh was transported to Babel, and

we should have expected if him away into captivity was an

the king

not to Niniveh, as

who

carried

Both objections scriptions.

As

lose their force in

to the first,

we know

Assyrian.

the presence of the inthat even Asai'haddon,

towards the end of his reign, had reduced to subjection the

whole

of Syria

and Aegypt.

In both the

lists

twenty-two tributary kings of the Chatti-country the present case,

haddon and no

less

(as a parallel

to us

by Asurbanipal

list)

by Asar-

we

,

find

(Ir)

Jaudi;

see

note on

not probable that the event

are considering happened as early as in the reign of

Asarhaddon.

Not a word

of the Palestinian states

had

to

is

slightest

Asarhaddon, when the

list,

by Asarhaddon,

in

the

about any insurrection

was the Phoenician Sidon that

(it

be forcibly reduced

certainly not the

said

above

inscription containing the

to

in

a personage mentioned than this Manasseh himself

Mlnasi (Minsi) §ar mat 2 Kings XXI. 1. Now it is we

e.,

Phoenicia, Philistia and the (Cyprian)

which have been handed down

island-states),

of the

(i.

to

obedience).

And we have

hint of Manasseh's latter

conducted

opposition

his great

con-

quering expedition against Aegypt towards the close of his reign.

On

368 his successor,

the other hand that

mUt

we know from Asurbanipal, Aharri) "the

MARTU (= mat

Western country", meaning Phoenicia and Palestine, was

SECOND BOOK OF CHRONICLES about the middle of

648

his reign (about

—

Mlluhhi-Kush, sura-uktn

i.

e.

in the revolt of his rebellious brother

V

may assume

with

Rawl.

he

understanding

foil.

with

At

rebels.

himself the suspicion of Asurbanipal's

rebellious

In order to clear himself of this suspicion or to

brother.

King with guarantees

furnish the Great

and submission

Babel?

to

and

confidence that Manasseh

perfect

may have drawn upon an

lOO

3,

was included among these Palestino-Phoenician having

(i)

Samas-

Sammughes-Saosduchin *. See Smith's Assur-

banipal 154, 32 to 155, 38; comp.

least

and pre-

7 B. C.

involved, along with Elam, the land Guti

viously)

We

55

XXXIII.

second

of his faithfulness

he was conveyed away to Babel.

,

— This

leads

us

consideration

the

to

There can be no

objection.

question

But

of

the

that

the

proper residence of the Assyrian kings, and of Asurbanipal

among

the rest

was concerned

,

was Niniveh

,

Niniveh was the exclusive residence as

and

,

as far as Asurbanipal

,

long as his brother, the above-named Sammughes-Saos-

was viceroy of Babel,

duchin,

Ptolemaic Canon, stands in the after he in

till

way

the year

i.

648

according to

e.,

—

7 B, C.

had assumed the rank of king of Babylon, resided and there received embassies as

well as princes in vindication of themselves. tinent instance

ments that

this

we

are able to

establish

actually occurred.

On

this identification see Keilinschriften

foil.;

and on the reading

In one per-

from the monu-

The Cyprian ambas-

sadors of "the seven kings of the district

*

But nothing

of the assumption that the Great King,

that city for a while

pp. 540

the

Jah of the land

und Geschichtsforschung

Samas-sum-ukin,

according to a

syllabary recently discovered by Eassam and copied by Delitzsch, see

Berichte note

3.

der Sachsischen Gesellschaft

der Wissenschaften 1880,

Also see Assyr. Babylon. Keilinsch.

p.

166.

p.

2,

THE CVNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

56

T

0.

Jatnan", after the conquest of Babylon and after Sargon 369

had placed the crown of Babel upon the Great

At

King

we have under

events

all

Babylon presents

in

head, offered to

his

homage *.

as tokens of

the above circumstances no

reason to draw the inference from the mention of Babel; as

Manasseh was taken,

the place to which

episode narrated by the Chronicler

us

now

Let

turn to the account given by Asurbanipal of the

by the nations and princes

part played

in this insurrection of

Sammughes.

* Khorsab. 149 a-na ki-rib

lu-num-ma

comp. the Berlin

of Sargon

stele

According

year 648 B. C,

in the

On

year of Kineladan).

the

of

Western Asia

His words are (Smith's

BSb-ilu a-di mah-ri-ja u-bibefore me they brought";

of Babylon

the midst

"to

annals Botta 91, 11.

pened

that the whole

unhistorical.

is

II (IV),

col.

to the

28

as well as the

foil,

canon of Ptolemaeus

the last of Saosduchin identity of Kineladan

(647

this hap-

is

the

first

(Ptolemaic canon),

Sardanapallus (Berossus) and Asurbanipal (Inscriptions), see Keilinsch. u.

Gesch.

517

pp.

identifications are

540 foil. The essential grounds for these The Sardanapallus of Berossus was brother of

foil.

(1)

Sammughes-Saosduchin, just as the Asurbanipal of the inscriptions was brother of Sama§-gum-ukin. (2) The "brother and successor of Sammughes" was a ruler of the Babylonians, just as Asurbanipal followed

Samas-sum-ukin as "king of Babylon". Accordingly a Chaldaean tablet belonging to Asurbanipal (Smith's Assurb. 324) is simply

clay

dated according to the "years" of this monarch as "king of Babylon". (3)

The

21

-|-

21

=

42 years

Berossus correspond to

of

the 20

-f-

Sammughes and Sardanapallus 22

=

Kineladan in the Canon of Ptolemaeus. of the cides

reign of the Asurbanipal

of the

And

with that of Saosduchin-Sammughes,

the Ptolemaic canon, while Abydenus,

lastly (4) the

inscriptions (668

who

i.

e.

in

and

of Saosduchin

42 years

beginning

— 667)

coin-

Samas-sum-ukin

,

in

only reports the succession

of Assyrian rulers, conformably represents Sardanapallus as succeeding

Axerdis-Asarhaddon. series of tates,

der

see

For the proof that Abydenus handed down the

Assyrian rulers, and Berossus that of the Babylonian poten-

my

Keilinsch. u. Gesch. pp. 540

Sachsischen

Classe), pp.

2.

14.

Gesellsch.

der

13, as well

Asurbanipal, in Zeitschrift

fiir

foil.

Wissenschaften

Compare 1880

also Berichte

(philol. :

Keilschriftforschung

222

I,

histor.

Kineladan and

as the author's article

foil.

SECOND BOOK OF CEBONICLES Assurbanipal 154*)

ahu

28.

U

27.

:

§u-u

XXXIII.

57

Samas -§um-ukin

la ki-i-nu sa la is-su-rii a-di-ja 29. nist

m^t Akkadi mat Kal-du

va.ki

A-ra-mu) vnti tiam-tiv ul-tav

Bab-sa-li-mf-ti

ardu

31.

Ir

my

da-gll pa-ni-

(Var. PI.)

ja us-pal-kit i-na kata-ja Samraughes 28.

A-ru-mu (Var. A-ka-ba a-di ir370 "27.

e.

1.

who

unfaithful brother,

And

that

did not main-

me, 29. seduced the inhabitants of Akkad, Chaldaeaj Arumu, of the maritime country 30. from Akaba to Bab-salimlt, 31. subjects devoted to me, to revolt obedience

tain

against me".

we

to

And

again in Smith's Assurb.

read (III Rawl. 20,

38—42, V

u §arrt m. Gu-ti

34.

Aharri

(Var.

Eawl.

154. 34

p.

3,

Gu-ti-i),

(Var.

foil,

103—106) 35.

Aharri-i), m^t Ml-luh-hi-i,

:

m§,t

36. §a

ina ki-bit Asur u Bilit is-tak-ka-na katS,-ai

nab-har-su-nu it-ti-ja u-san-kir-ma 38. ite. "34. And ti-§u i§-ku-nu pi-i-§u-un (Var. nu) 37.

i.

^

of the land Miluhhi (Kush

(under subjection)

seduced

mon

By

Aethiopia),

my

bidding of Asur and Beltis

the

revolt

to

:

37.

cause" (literally "they

made with him

we must

the king of Aethiopia-Aegypt,

*

also Keilinsch.

Comp.

Ill

them he (Sammughes)

of

all

36. which at

hands had brought

from me; 38. with him they made com-

the king of Miluhhf-Kush

Compare

West country**,

35. of the

the kings of the land Gutt,

Rawl. 20, 31

u.

foil.;

e.

i.

Psammetich, as meant.

Gesch.

V

** See the comments on Gen. X.

Rawl.

6,

their mouth").

evidently understand

Vol.

p.

3, I,

287

foil.

note***.

96—100. p.

73.

*** Despite the objections of Oppert (Journal Asiatique 1872. Extr. No. 1, pp. 11. 13) and of Haupt (Sumerische Familiengesetze I, p. 74) I still adhere to the equivalence of Pi(Tu)-sa-mil-ki and Psamme-

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

58

On

371

0.

T.

these grounds I do not hesitate to connect with

all

attempted insurrection of Sama§-sum-ukin the trea-

this

sonable act of Manasseh which,

was

claimed, place

resolutely

Accordingly

planned.

about the year 648 B.

it

though not openly pro-

C, and

But what are we

in the following year, 647.

would

I

his transportation

say of

to

being deported "in iron chains and with hooks"?

his

not that

in

itself

Does

And

sound altogether fabulous?

is

it

conceivable that a prince so dishonoured could once more

be tolerated on the throne, or that a prince who was so seriously implicated could

have obtained complete pardon?

About

light

this also we gain The Great King

tion.

from Asurbanipal's

reports to us respecting

precisely

what we read

read

Smith's Assurbanipal

in

43,

45

is-bat-u-num-ma ina i§-ka-ti parzilli u-tam-mi-hu seized

See

tich.

(and)

Sarludari

Necho

Smith's Assurb. 66.

28

Sar-lu-dd-ri

:

bi-ri-ti* parzilli

katS, u sipS.

Necho,

(V Rawl.

while the

2.

pi likewise possessed the

syllable

explains the more readily in

my

fact

phonetic

i.

bound with

114).

that

the

value tu

sign

e.

iron

To take

corresponding syllables or words in an appellative sense (Oppert) point of language impossible;

I

We

the Bible about Manasseh.

in

Ni-ik-ku-u

''They

inscrip-

the is

in

for the

(Haupt)

only

opinion the possibility of an Assyrian

name and endeavouring to adapt it Compare also my remarks in Keilinsch.

not comprehending an Aegyptian to his u.

own mode

Gesch.

of speech.

43 and also

p.

observe

that

the

potentate

referred-to

is

on the cylinder of Asurbanipal recently discovered by Rassam, sar mS.t Mu-sur or, in other words, "king of Aegypt". Thus he cannot have been one of the various Aegyptian departmental expressly called,

or petty princes.

* Oppert ingeniously proposes to read kas-ri-ti, root lU^p; yet, so

far

as I

variants.

by the

am

The

context.

aware,

this

reading has not yet been

signification in this

and other passages

confirmed by is

established

SECOND BOOK OF CHRON. and

bonds

hands

chains

iron

BOOK OF EZRA

XXXIII.

and

—And

*.

feet"

59

I.

sub-

we

sequently, after hearing of his deportation to Niniveh, are

how

told

=

"favour (DHI

him

mitted

King 53. ri-i-mu ar-si-§u

the Great

has bestowed upon him"

Dn"l)

Aegypt with

return to

to

§u-u t-sak-i-j a §akntiti a-n a [mat

Mu-sur

a§-pur "my

officers,

1

Aegypt"

But what might happen

**). ,

prince.

The :

(60.

it]-ti-§u

him

sent with

to 372

an Aegyptian

to

could certainly be inflicted also on a Judaean

potentate

follows

the viceroys,

and per-

generals

his

of our

result

— that there

we sum up

investigation

no reason

is

to cast

as

any suspicion on

the statement of the Chronicler (so far, ofcourse, as facts

and

are reported),

what he

that

can be

relates

satis-

from the circumstances that existed

factorily accounted-for

year 647 B. C.

in the

BOOK OF EZRA. 1.

1

Persia. is

and

.

in

The

K'ur'us

the first

year of Koresh

Behistun-inscription

i.

Kura§,

e.

see

28. 39

I,

Babylonian inscriptions the name

Ku-ras

the

inscription

* isk4ti

**

is

;

from p]l)^^

of obscure derivation

Saknuti

variant

XLl. 25 and above on

1

instrument

an

utammih

saknu, sakan,

Pael from

Assurbanipal 35, !

13.

('')•

written with

is

whose phonetic equivalent

in Smith's History of

at

col. II,

connected with ^l^H

passed into the Hebrew in the form IJC (iJD) Is.

of Cyrus

Cyrus-cylinder

properly

\JiM*s:.

— perhaps

"viceroys", plur. of

NAM

In the

Ku-ra-as,

Annals of NabunS-hid Obv.

kept in forcible constraint;

the ordinary ideogram the

20

probably

whereby a man

tam§,hu,

line

;

of Cyrus

etc.

written

is

Murgh§,b, Assyr.-Babylon. Keilinsch. 339

(V Rawl. 35)

name

native pronunciation of the

Mng of

(t£^']3),

is

supplied by

The

title

has

comp. the note below on

Kings X. 15 footnote* Vol.

I p.

175

foil.

—

—

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

60 \

— 30 Rev.

dialect

Persia U^B

12 foil.*

Par 9 a.

(mat)

is

Par-su-u, Pa-ar-su (Behistun 9 etc.); also Par-sa (Xerxes D '^All

2.

kingdoms of

the

Heaven has given me" the

may

yet they

Naksh-i-Rustam

earth

king

We

the Persian monarchy.

Jahve

are

spoken

justified

whom

the

cylinder

21

I,

line

e.r

historically

the

sensu

from

policy of

foil.

left the

to

be

worship

indeed^ he caused the

had removed

Babylonian king

last

from their former shrines col.

of

learn from the recently dis-

of the Babylonian deities inviolate;

(Rev.

God

the

the words placed in

covered annals of NabtinS,hid that Cyrus

divinities

etc.

characterized the reign of the founder of

toleration that

373

41

loc. cit.

that they completely accord with

the fact;

14.

written Par-su,

13).

the

be

I, 5.

Parsu

Though

etc.

mouth of the Persian

Judaeorum,

called in the native

is

See Behistun-inscription

Babylonian equivalent

Its

0. T.

restored to their places

comp. with Rev.

9

I,

foil.).

On

33 we read "And the gods of Sumlr and

Akkad, which Nabtin^hid

to the

gods had carried

Suannaki-Babylon

off to

sorrow of the lord of the ,

I caused to

take up their abode (again) in peace in their sanctuaries,

an abode of joy of heart for the whole of the gods I

brought back

to

their

towns"

**.

whom

In the same cylinder

* The modes of writing the

name hitherto certified by the inKu-ra-a§, Ku-ur-ra-su, Ku-ur-ra-as, Kurra-a§(ds); Kur-ras, Ku-ras and once even Ku-ur-su the last scriptions

are

:

of which represents the native Persian

Comp. Boscawen

pronunciation most accurately.

in Trans, of the Soc. of Bibl. Archaeol. VI.

** The Babylonian text runs thus

:

33.

u ili

1

(1878).

mat Su-mi-ri u

Ak-kadi-KI sa Nabii-nS,'id a-na ug-ga-tiv bi'l ili a-na ki-rib Su-an-na-KI i-na ki-bi-ti Marduk

u-si-ri-bi

bi'li rabi i-na sa-li-im-tiv 34. i-na mas(?)-ta-ki-su-nu u-si'-si-ib suba-at tu-ub lib-bi kul-la-ta ili sa u-si-ri-bi a-na ki-ir-bi

BOOK OF EZRA

Cyrus recognizes Merodach

inscription

61

IV.

I.

in his

character of

supreme god of the Babylonians, represents the deity as announcing road

to

his

(i. e.

Cyrus') march to Babel, and taking the

Babylon, while he leads Cyrus at his side as friend

and comrade

Cyrus also informs us that

(lines 14. 15).

he has daily offered prayers

would intercede on IV.

after

2.

the

especially with

days of Asarhaddon,

who brought us

Assyria,

Bel and Nebo that they

to

his behalf,

As

hither.

tO the

Merodach*. king

the

of

name Asar-

haddon see the notes on 2 Kings XIX. 37 (above Vol. 11,374 p.

The cuneiform

7 foil.).

1

inscriptions contain no express

mention of the settlement of Eastern races

which

this Biblical

From

passage alludes.

Asarhaddon we only learn that he populations into

the

inclusive of Phoenicia

land Chatti

after

his

We

Samaria, to

the records of

Eastern

transferred

generally

and Palestine.

cannot admit of doubt.

in

i.

e.

Syria,

This latter statement

read on Asarhaddon's cylinder,

account of the defeat of Abdimilkut of Sidon,

I Rawl. 45, col.

I,

lines

24

§a ni-ba la i-sa-a 25.

a-bu-ka a-na ki-rib

foil.

:

ni§t-su raps^ti,

24.

alpi u si-l-ni imiri 26.

m^tAssur.

U-pa-hir-ma

27.

ma-ha-zi-su-un 35. u-mi sa(?)-am ma-liar Bi'l u Nabu sa a-ra-ku umi-ja li-ta-mu-u lit-tib-ka-ru a-ma-a-ta du-unki-ja u a-na Marduk bi'li-ja li-ik-bu-u sa Ku-ra-as sarru pa-li-hi-ka u K a-am-bu-zi-ja abal-su etc.— 33. With uggatu comp. the Hebr. JJp;, njlD ;— 34. mas(?)taku is obscure; kullat clearly stands for the form we elsewhere meet with kalu (or uabhar); .

— 35.

ami sam

.

.

=: "daily setting up before Bel and Nebo (scil. the would command length of my days (root HDX* i^ glossary iQt^, nDH) f^'o^" which we have am§,t "command"), bless my exalted command and announce to Merodach, my lord "Cyrus,

prayer)

etc.

that they

=

:

the king

breaks

(is)

thy adorer, and Cambyses his son

off).

* See note p. 60.

.

.

.

."

(hei-e

the text

—

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

(i2

0. T.

Sarrt* m^tHat-tl 28. u a-hi ti^m-tiv ka-li-§u-nu

pani-ja

[I-na

29.

§a-num-ma

**]

Ir***

[A§u r-] ah-iddi-na at-ta-bi ni-bit-su. 31. Nist hu-bu-ut kas-ti-ja sa §adi-i 32. u ti§,m-tiv si-it §am-si 33. i-na lib-bi u-§lu-sl-bl§-raa;

30.

Ir

si-ib; 34. avil §u-ut-sak-ja, avll sak-ua Ili-§u-nu

a§-kun

e.

i.

*24. His (Abdimilkut's)

which are not

dants,

asses 26.

flocks,

together

to

spot

;

me

[before

nabu

^

mention",

"number"; isS =: isu Hebr. 305;

— 26.

abfika

"carry off into exile"; -

-^^ the

see Glossary;

trilingual

sary,

and

— 27.

—

29.

inscriptions

respecting

the

upahir

contents

nabfl

=

subst.

hubut

nibitu

occurs

frequently

combined with the verb

* There

is

see

Lotz

in

then "make

Assyr.-Babyl.

Keil-

astray"

then

"lead

Pael, root paliS.ru;

of

the

attabi from in

(Iftanaal)

no reason

\^i

On sanumma, sanamma

— 30.

j

I settled in that

— 28.

=

ahi

"another"

see

and comp. Assyr.-Babylon. Keilinsch. Glos-

one Khorsabad 155; {

hattuv

any approach

71

(Vol.

I,

p.

see

289);

reading comp. East India House Insc.

I,

my

'town',

designates

bond

scarcely

to certainty

on

where we

find

the

Moreover

accompanied by the determinative expressive of Mesopotamian city Harran, and without this

signifies 'way',

It

is

quite certain

not simply from the present passage nor

from the context of other inscriptions, such as Smith's Assurban.

[*

the

"way", on

the

determinative serves to convey the meaning 'way'.

harranu

is

remarks

syllable written ha-ra (=: ha-ra-nav), see Norris 445.

the same ideogram,

that

it

harranu

21,

"cover",

"terror" ^Jt;

of chain or

condition of the text

parzilli iddisu,

;— 3. Comp.

"conceal",

,*.aj

Probably a special kind

mutilated

foil.

stands for the more usual

of "iQH

possible to determine the signification with

— biritu

chief seat of his worship

the

Sargon-stele col. II (IV), 32

Ill,

401 "altogether overpower";

is

is

phrase compare in general the parallel passages

in Chaldaea.

word

He

moon-god Sin-Nannar.

KI := Uru-KI), Ur being

of Ur" (SIS.

SIS.

17,

For these citations of the Taylor-cylinder the reader should I, pp. 281 foil, text and 'Notes & Illustrations'— Tr.]

refer to Vol.

BOOK OF ISAIAH 69 &c., but from the

i.

e.

•n-iri,

and

lastly

24—26, where

syllabary IT Rawl. 38,

urhu mitiku by

in question is interpreted

by

e.

>

word

the

V

nii< ^"^ ^'^^ ppyp "march" from e.

i.

i.

93

XX.

daragu

np^

(see

50 With the whole phrase The completion of the text ru-[u-ki] is adopted from follow the parallels in this reading we u-§a-as-bi-tu Bruston

comp. Sanherib,

above).

Taylor-cyl.

Ill,

Norris 451. ;

,

and Botta 160,

1,

illikamma

(illik

Assurban. 140,

From

We

u-si-bi-la-a§-su. with the

have here supplied the form

m a)

conjunct,

according

Smith's

to

5.

we

the above account*

clearly see that the revolt

movement

of

Ashdod was connected with

of

Aegypt and Aethiopia against Sargon, and likewise that

a corresponding

the enterprise of the Assyrian monarch,

Ashdod, was connected with

Western power on the

still

After the

Nile.

Aegypt evidently despaired

directed

by a timely

surrender of Jaman, king of Ashdod,

*

We

issue to her 402

secure herself from the

to

further consequences of failure

fled to

of Ashdod,

fall

of a successful

undertaking and endeavoured

and

against

another against the great

retreat

who had

and the revolted

Kfish (Mlluhha).

have a parallel

to

this

record

in the

cylinder,

un-

still

published, discovered by George Smith; see G. Smith, Assyr. Discoveries p.

289

Ashdod

foil. is

In this cylinder

it

is

noticeable

exploit against

that the

dated from the ninth, instead of from the eleventh, year of

the king's reign.

This discrepancy George Smith attempted to explain

by assuming a two years interregnum, but the truth

is

probably that

the writer of the cylinder-inscription reckoned the years of the king's reign not from the

first actual and complete year of reigning i. e. 721 C, but from the year of the royal eponym i. e. 719. We have a somewhat analogous instance in the dividing lines that are placed in the eponym-lists, especially in the case of Tiglath-Pileser II (in Canons II and III for the year 743) and in the case of Sargon himself for the year 719. — Thus the discrepancy is only an apparent one in reality both the writer of the annals (see below p. 96 ) as well as

B.

:

the

composer of the cylinder -inscription placed the

speaking of in the year 711.

event

we

are

;

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

94

The

what date are we

question arises,

We

campaign of Sargon against Ashdod ? ted to

believe that this enterprise

was

T.

O.

to assign to this

might

temp-

feel

identical with that

against Seveh, which ended in the battle of Raphia and the rout of the Aegyptians (see above on

But

if this

Is.

XX,

81).

1, p.

were so, the complete separation of the two

accounts, regarding the capture of

Ashdod and respecting

the defeat of Seveh, would be incomprehensible.

we

Next,

might imagine that the enterprise against Ashdod

is

be

to

connected with the despatch of tribute hj Pharaoh and

may

Samsieh, queen of the Arabs, notices of which

be

read in the opening lines of the Khors&bad- inscription

above

(see

keeps

this

Aethiopian

is

in

despatch

king

other

in

Botta

tribute

peace

and

the

perfectly

narrated

is

But the

volume).

this

of

for

The one

another.

the

88

p.

10

151,

in

inscription

petition

distinct

of the

from one

Botta 145, 2 line 3

line

3.

what

Therefore

intended must be the expedition against Ashdod which 11*"^

the annals place in Sargon's

have frequently annals,

it

year.

Since

to refer to the chronological

would perhaps be opportune

if I

we

shall

dates of the

were

to subjoin

here a chronological survey of Sargon's enterprises based

upon these

records.

Sargon's Annals. 722.

Beginning of

the

Botta

1

pi.

70,

—

* This "beginning of rule" other cases

Conquest of Samaria.

4.

Sarrfiti,

(ri's

surrat sarruti)

expressly distinguished in the inscriptions

year of the king's reign. assar 22,

reign'*'.

Comp.

Tigl.-Pileser I col.

I,

for

22,

from the

is

in

first

example the obelisk of Salman-

Sanherib Bellino-eyl. line

6.

The

BOOK OF JSAIAH 721.

95

XX.

First year.

Defeat of Humbanigas of Elam

Subjugation

of

Botta 70.

Babylonian

the

4

line

ibid,

Babylonian

of

tation

of Merodach-

Conquest

foil.

Baladan of Babylon

*,

Tu'mun

tribe

Transpor-

lines 8. 9.

inhabitants

land

the

to

Chatti ibid, lines 9. 10.

720.

Defeat of Jahubi'di of Hamath

Second year.

the battle of Karkar, Botta 70, 10 of Seveh

Capture lines

719.

716.

—

6; 158,

Expedition

Fifth year.

Botta

72, lines 7

pi.

1

foil.;

Botta 74, 10

— 158,

5

Izirti

158, 13

foil.

Arme-

alive.

Defeat of

burnt.

Botta 72,

Transportation of Daiukku.

Botta 119, 10,

foil.;

Expedition

Deportation of subjugated races to

of the year of the preceding monarch,

The

the throne.

i.

latter

e.

see Keilinsch. u. Gesch. pp. 314

Gesch.

the remainder

year in which the

reckoned as his

foil.

p.

fell in

in the

which was inaugurated by himself as king.

u.

of Gar-

foil.

reason was that the event, which was referred-to,

* See Keilinsch.

Botta

Fresh disturbances raised by Ursa,

Seventh year.

Media.

foil.;

Bagadatti flayed

a king of Armenia.

that

71,

6—12.

against Pisiri

Ullusun and the town of

new king ascended

pi.

Rebellion of Ursa and other

Sixth year.

to

Raphia.

Subjugation of Kiakku of Sinuchta.

nian princes.

715.

at

Botta

Gaza.

of

Defeat

foil.

battle

foil.

72, lines 3

13; 73,

the

Defeat of Mitatti of Zikirtu.

Fourth year.

gamis.

in

5.

71, lines 6

Botta

717.

Hanno

of

—

Third year. pi.

718.

1

Aegypt

of

in

315 footnote.

"first"

year

For further discussion

403

96

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

Tribute of Pharaoh of Aegypt, Sam-

Samaria.

404

Arabia and the Sabaean It'amar*. Botta

sieh of

75,

3—7. Second war against Ursa of Ar-

Eighth year.

714.

Campaign

menia.

Capture of 120,

1

—

Urzana of Musasir.

against

Botta 75, 10

town.

this

76. 77.

foil.

7.

Campaign

Ninth year.

713.

0. T.

against

Amitassi

of

Karalla and some other Eastern potentates and

Botta 120,

territories.

712.

War

Tenth year.

8

foil.

80. 81,

1

81, 9

82. 83,

foil.

Eleventh year.

chular

Ashdod and conquest

War

in

13. 84. 155,

1—12.

Twelfth year.

War

dethronement. 87. 88,

709.

against

this

year,

i.

Sargon dates his

109.

Lepsius' Zeitschrift 1869,

e.

83,

His 86.

foil.

66.

Botta 112, 3 (from below).

108

;— 89. 90.91, 1.2**;

* i. e. "lOXi^n^- Comp. above Vol. Keilinsch. u. Geschichtsf. p. 40. ** From

1.

85.

1

Tribute of the Cyprian kings.

A§ur-li',

Botta 65,

Continuation of the war with

Merodach-Baladan. 110.

of

(with the parallels from Hall V).

Thirteenth year.

111.

Azuri

The king

with Merodach-Baladan.

Botta 65,

I— 11

favour of Tar-

of that town.

of Aethiopia sues for peace.

710.

Botta

— 12.

1

Intervention

Gamgum.

of

8.

against Tarchunazi of Mllid-

Melitene and conquest of Til-Garimmi.

711.

—

709 B. C,

first

I,

the

p.

Botta 91, 3

132.

See

— 10.

further

in

eponymate of Mannu-ki-

year as king of Babylon (see Smith in

pp. 95. 96).

This exactly agrees with

Ptolemaic Canon, which reckons the year 709 as the or Sargon; Assyr.-Babyl. Keilinsch. p. 164. tablets furnished in the "Chronological

first

of

the

Arkeanos

See the dates of the clay

Addenda".

BOOK OF ISAIAH 708.

Muttallu

91

Subjugation

Fourteenth year*. lious

XX.

Kummuch

of

-

the

of

rebel- 405

Kommagene

**.

Botta 107.

707.

Fifteenth year (?).

In

rilip.

10*'^

12

.

We

i.

e.

account

the

In

took

year)

Sarruktn

and the preceding years

this

Botta 83,

Expedition against the land

place

the

Khors^bad ***.

106. 105. 118. No.

respecting the

building

of

Dtir-

Botta 107, 13

foil.

1.

see from the above survey that the great

against

(see

campaign

Aegypt did not Immediately succeed the capture

of Samaria.

Between these two events intervened

prises against

minor Chaldaean races and against the ruler

of Beth-Jakin, JahubI'di

of

Hamath and

Humbanigas. Israel's

to

Merodach-Baladan

capital,

,

difficult

*

The

defeat of

king of the Elamites, fall

of

an enterprise as a war against

when

especially

But

the

even after the

disturbances had arisen in the

Eastern part of his kingdom, which

subdued.

also

did not yet feel himself sufficiently strong

undertake so

Aegypt,

of the

Evidently Sargon

;

enter-

as

soon as

he had

first

required to be

succeeded in reestab-

division of this from the following year cannot be precisely

determined on the basis of the Annals alone, because the passages which settle the

chronology are at this point badly mutilated. From a fragment,

however, in the Canon of Rulers

II

Rawl. 69 below, right hand, line 2

Ku-muh-hi 'against Commagene', we can see that the campaign against Commagene falls in the fourteenth year of Sargon's reign. ** On the identification of the Kummuch of the inscriptions with the Commagene of the classical writers see the complete evidence in a-na ir

Keilinsch. u. Gesch. pp.

*** Compare likewise

A§ur

:

of the

Arab Airu Gm month

Ijjar I

127—155, 181—213. II

Rawl. 69, line

VI.

ir

7,

archonship of Mutakkil-

Diir-Sarrukin ak-[ru] "on

[najmed (root

the ^^^

Jj,

later in

Chaldaean

so exclusive a4i3

of the Babylonians,

excellence

named themselves

after

Nebo

every

in

Nabopolassar, Nebukadnezzar, Nabonid),

except in one case when the monarch

named

himself after

Merodach (Evil-Merodach), in another after Nergal (Neriand

glissor)

in

another after Bel

In the

(Belshazzar).

naram

Borsippa-inscription Nebukadnezzar styles himself

Nabti

"favourite of Nebo", col.

the deity as pS,kid

kisSat §ami

rules over the hosts of lastly as is

to

while he describes

u irsitiv *him who

"faithful son"

of Merodach.

* Even the

3,

heaven and earth"

ablav kinuv

say,

I,

(col. I,

1

3),

(col. II, 66),

Comp. East India House

grandfather of Tiglath-Pileser

I

(the

latter

and that

Insc.

reigned

name which was compounded of Nebo, namely Mutakkil-Nabfl [or should we transcribe by Nusku?] about

1100

B.

C.)

had

"Nebo gives confidence"

a

I

=

Rawl.

Babyl. Keilinsch. 146 No. 42.

15,

col.

VII,

line 45

;

comp. Assyr.

—

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

106 1,

30

toll.

Marduk, btlu

sa

:

31. I-ib-§i-tu-§u

na-a-du!)

rabti, ilu ba-ni-ja

na-ak-1 a-a-ti 32.

l-li-i§ (at-ta

§a Nabti a-bi-il-§u ki-i-nuv 34.

33.

na-ra-am §ar-ru-tl-ja progenitor

0. T.

"30.

e.

i.

whose divine

(I)

Merodach, the great Lord, 31. whose works

is

32. (are) very wonderful (yea, exalted art thou!), 33. whose faithful son

my

Nebo, the beloved of

is

Other

realm".

bilu aSaridu

epithets applied to the deity are as follows

:

dominus princeps "supreme lord"

kalama

of the world";

or

"science";

of

mudti yilO

il

il

tili'u

muStabarrti salimi (partic.

such

is

"god of the oath"

II

Rawl. 60,

(?)

— 45.

ilu

He

is

"creator of

the writing of the inscribed clay tablets" (line 34)

dub-sar gim-ri

;

and as

writing,

dubsarrliti*

b^nti Sitri

called

28

god of the art of

specially designated as

"ruler

"god of knowledge"

bii

"god, establisher of friendship"

NHD),

of

Istaf.

rikis

;

;

also

"writer of all" I Rawl. 36, 49.

nakl&t

Notes and Illustrations,

fern.

plur. of

an

adject,

naklu

inscription 134 in

nakluti occurs in Khor.sab. 157 structures, and the adverb nakli§ occurs in the same connection with the verb, abni I built), root ^3^

"make something

artistically",

"artistic",

"wondrous" (the masc.

in a description of

nized

414 from

its

ili

"to erect";

habal

as is

nar&mu,

root

banipal 302, 10

abil "son"

II,

16

:

=

is

— 32. "-^-P

ili§

abverb

^^-

kinu,

>

simply a collateral form

ab-lav ki-i-nuv.

Qm = Om)

foil.

of the gods, Bi'lit

;

immediately evident from the parallel passage in

the Borsippa inscription of

^3J

nS'du from nah^du nn3'

"high";

see Assyr.-Babylon. Keil. 161;

of abal,

Oppert has already recog-

the Hebr.-Aramaic

connection with i^_j;

plur.

(= V

^^7

Rawl.

"Beltis", is

10,

— 34.

The

signification

^^ gathered from Smith's Assur26

foil.),

in

which the mother

termed hi-ir-tu na-ram-ti

Asur

"beloved consort of Asur".

[* p.

141

forms

The reader should compare and on

— Trausl.]

Jer. LI. 27 in the

the note

on Exod. V.

6,

Vol.

I,

present Vol. in illustration of these

BOOK OF ISAIAH LXIII.

JEREMIAH

LXIII.

^nm

"jHINOni Itt'lp

15.

of thy sacred and

Kings VIII.

majestic palace, comp. note on 1

107

XXV.

VII.

3.

1

BOOK OF JEREMIAH. VII.

Athar-Astarte

7 foil.

1

Comp. chap.

CDtt^n HD'^D queen of heaven.

18.

XLIV,

is

meant who

repeatedly

is

mentioned under the form A-tar-sa-ma-(ai)-in

"Athar of heaven"

as the goddess of a

b— comp.

Vol.

I,

Comp.

p. 134).

dissertation in "Sitzungsberichte" of the

May

the

author's

Academy

of Berlin

^(^

20. 1886.

XXV. It

D^i; ^d'?P"'?3 HN^

24.

and

of Arabia.

all the kings

has long been recognized that Arabia in the Old Testa-

ment

merely the name for North-Arabia or of a North-

is

Arabian

tribe

the Assyrian

people

,

in

group

or

On

usage.

A-ri-bu(bi)

K

i

monuments

the

d

r

a

i

l^p and the

Pileser II

we

100

as queens of latter

mat Aribu

appears again

in

nni

25.

"'5'?a-^3

p.

;

a

i

"Naba-

see Keilinsch.

and

I,

pp.

to

246

Sa-am-si

foil.).

The

the reign of Sargon in the form

27.

Comp.

Vol.

all the kings

Henry Rawlinson

I,

p.

134.

Nam-ri

Follow-

of Zimri.

and Prof. Sayce,

237) holds that we can recover

Zimri in the (mat) sar II

repeatedly t

i

In the reign of Tiglath-

(see Vol.

DN) and

hints of Sir

Delitzsch (Parad.

mat

find

find reference to Za-bi-bi-i

Sa-am-si-1 Khorsab. ing the

— 105.

the term

N aba

taeans" (the Cedrei and Nahataei of Pliny) Geschichtsf. pp.

with

denotes a North-Arabian

whom we

with

agrees

This

of tribes.

Ar-a-bu)

(also

conjunction

mentioned the

u.

e.

96; 271, 104; 283,

of Kedarenes (Smith's Assurban. 270,

92; 295

i.

North- Arabian tribe

this

name

of the inscriptions (Salmanas-415

and subsequently), a name which might

also

be pro-

nounced (mat) Sim-ri, (see Syllab. 624) a district which

we

^^

TEE CUNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

108

0.

T.

must place South- West of Media, South of Turnat-Tornadotus in North-East Babylonia,

somewhere

in the present

region of Jereztir; see Keilinsch. u. Gesch. p. 169 footnote I

70

But, as I have already pointed out,

footn.

the sign standing for

nam

§im

or

orthography consisting

mar

Nebukadnezzar

in the inscr. of

26.

"?|?^??^

and

'^^pi

a resolved

in

Moreover the name

syllable Zi-im-ri.

is

first

Na-

often written

I (about

1

130 B. C).

From

king of Sheshach.

the

70,

1

power zim; nor have we

to possess the phonetic syllabic

met with an

ibid. p.

has never yet been shown

the

context as well as from the parallel passage chap. LI, 41 it

can scarcely be a matter for doubt that we must under-

stand by this

is

Athbash* alphabet,

was

']L5'I2^

other hand

it

214

11. pp.

it

1

was thought

On

the

has recently been pointed out by Lauth in

—8

47

that in

foil.,

way

the

to

Jerem. LI,

to be taken as equivalent to ^32.

of Biblical Archaeol. 1881,

the Proceedings of the Soc.

Jan.

""Oi^'^? in

In the same

equivalent n''W'2.

that

According

the king of Babylon.

title

principle of the

and

also

by Delitzsch, Parad. pp.

an ancient Babylonian regal register 11

(10) kings of Si§-kti-KI are enumerated on the reverse of the tablet opposite I I

other kings of

Pinches

ibid.

or in other words,

to,

D

n

i

1880,

-

1

i

r

Dec.

-

KI

7.

,

p.

opinion that the reproduction of the is

i.

e.

21).

name

subsequent to

of Babylon

Delitzsch D''*12^D

(see is

of

by ^Op~37

simply due to an imitation of the misunderstood and

wrongly interpreted 1^^^.

[*

The

secret alphabet

because the

first

eleven

The passage

called

characters

Athbash (tJ^^'pN) of the

were taken as respectively equivalent reverse order

(i.

e.

j^

to ^)

Jer. LI, 41,

'"'^.s

Hebrew alphabet

where

so ({<

named to

3)

to the last eleven characters in

—Translator.]

BOOK OF JEREMIAH XXV. XXXIX. the parallelism in the

would lead us

word

to

member

first

expect a proper

which corresponds

"^^S

the verse,

to

in

it

(= '^^)

of the verse

name

from the

different

the second portion of

events favourable to this view.

at all

is

109

mind, however, that

We

must bear

in

literature

(dating from the time of Nebukadnezzar), with

the later Babylonian 4i6

in

which we are now specially concerned, or, as

name

this

(Delitzsch suggests Borsippa)

the city

been found

has not hitherto

,

the inscriptions, while the reading of the

in

name, which appears to be an ideogram, definitely settled.

XXXIX. Sar-sekim, the

of

sarezer

3.

Comp.

Then came

all the

(I^JNIK'*

Of

army-commanders of Samgar-Neho,

Nergalsarezer

;

the chief of the eunuchs,

Magians.

by no means

is

also chap. LI, 1.

of Babel ....

king

the

,

Nergalsarezer, the chief

names only the

these

where

it

occurs as the

the king",

I

Nirgal-§ar-usur

is

Rawl. 67,

Babylon. Keilinsch.

I,

col.

1.

p.

with in the inscriptions.

the

Its

"Nergal, protect

See further Assyr.-

gracious,

Imperat. Shaf. (Borsip.

which frequently occurs

not yet been met

Babylonian type

Its form, as originally

Sumgir-Nabti "Be

cation

name

Its original

128, No. 12.

The second name Samgar-Nebo has perfectly evident.

us in the

to

of the well-known Babylonian king Neriglissor.

Babylonian form

Nergal-

first,

has been preserved

^T^X),

original cuneiform documents,

be

for Babel,

Fried. Delitzsch supposes, for a quarter or division of

II, 2 7)

in the

Nebo!" of

is,

however,

pronounced, would

Sumgir

m ag^ru,

is

a verb

inscriptions in the signifi-

"be favourably disposed" (East India House Insc.

VIII, 60; Khorsab. 3

etc.).

"show oneself gracious", oneself kind"

Micah

II.

The Shafel has

like

7 etc.

the

Hebrew

the

meaning

D"'10\1

"show

In the passage from the

1

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

10

0. T.

Borsippa-inscription which has been referred-to, the prayer

l-ib-§i-tu-u-a su-um-gi-ri undertaking"

ray

to

"show thyself gracious

addressed

is

by Nebukadnezzar

to

Merodach. 417

Sarsekim (D^Dp")^)

in its first part is quite clear

But the second portion of the name

"king").

("IK'

=

obscure.

is

Is the reading quite correct?

jp'D"]

So according to the

Chief magian.

rendering;

comp. verse 13.

the alternative

If

we

traditional

adhere to

strictly

it,

before us, either to regard the word as

lies

of Babylonian origin and to refer

Babylon-Chaldaea for

Magism

ultimate source;

its

accordingly to or,

to

assume

an Iranian origin for Magism and then to consider the

name

compound,

as a Semitic- Aryan

that

translation of an original

word maghupaii.

the latter hypothesis the

facts

Herodotus

I,

may

to

is

say as a

In favour of

be observed that in

101 the Magians Mayoi are mentioned along

with other races as a special Median tribe; also that the great Behistun inscription

of the

Persian Darius makes

repeated reference to a "Magian" (Gaum^ta) the

word maghupati

form; lastly that possible that an into

it

=

'^Mobed"

is

evidently

era,

in

it is

itself

— indeed

it

subsequent to Nebukadnezzar's accession,

daughter of a Median king.

the

See Schoene's Eusebius

I,

30

;

Neue Beitrage zur Geschichte 1876, pp. 113 foil. the

Aryan

Aryan Magism may have insinuated

who married Amyitis,

On

next, that

cannot be altogether denied that

Babylonia even before the Persian

may have been

;

other

worthy of notice:

comp, A. Von Gutschmid, des alten Orients, Leipzig

hand the following considerations are

—

(1)

name maghu (which

is

It in

is

scarcely an accident that the

Aryan a word of uncertain

BO OK OF JEREMIAH XXXIX. derivation)

Ill

only found in Western Persia which

is

is

situa-

ted towards Babylonia^ while the other name, having the

same meaning, atharvan, which derivation

only

is

,

to

That Babylonian

(2)

regions of Medo-Babylonia

note

u.

certainly be pointed

See

DijS,lS,.

in the

words

in other

,

frontier-

the district

in

fuller information

Geschichtsf. p. 169 footnote **

Moreover Herodotus' statement

*.

Eastern Persia.

in

century B, C.

lying near the source of the in Keilinsch.

may

civilization

early as in the 9"'

out as

likewise of uncertain

is

be met with

constructed out of "variegated" (glazed)

Agbatana,

capital

points deci-

tiles,

Compare

sively to the influences of Babylonian civilization.

the tower of Borsippa with

zed by different colours

which

(II style of cuneiform),

— that or as

it

(seven ?) stages characteri-

That the cuneiform

may have

ultimately of Babylonian origin;

is

entered

Media

directly from Babylonia,

by a round-about way through Elam

we may

hand,

infer

,

was

first

;

(4

Gaumata was a Magian,

on Media and the Medes

;

of Media,

;

on the other

I,

59.

(5)

That there

Aryan element

an element that was

whose language has come down

to

us

,

however

* This Aryan element as the beginning of the

names

of

Median

is

,

was

probably

the

Aryan, in

the

This non-

distinctly subject

clearly proved to

seventh

* in

woy;-

second or so-called Median style of cuneiform.

Aryan element

Magism,

the latter depending mainly

Beh.

evidently existed, along with the

population

that

)

imported into Persia from

Darius Hystaspis was a Persian

Media.

script,

* Median"

important reasons designated as

for

is

its

(3)

!

foot-

98) respecting

(I,

Median

the ""seven" encircling walls of the

170

to

Baby-

have existed as early

century B. C. by the Aryan proper

rulers inscribed on Asarhaddon's cylinder.

4i8

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

112

Ionian injiuence,

which

T.

0.

an indication that the cuneiform

is

which these non- Aryans employed; was borrowed

script,

some way from the Babylonians. ments

in

Magism,

if

(6)

we regard them

The

specific

in

ele-

as consisting in astro-

logy and the Interpretation of dreams, are precisely what is

419

stated respecting the Babylonian "Chaldaeans".

Daniel the

II, 4.

5; also in Diodorus, as the reader

name "Chaldaean"

their

Babylonia, an importation of "Median"

Babylonians

But

Comp. aware,

would be

a certain

to

dominion over

Magism among extent

the

conceivable.

was not the Medes but the Persians, who,

it

Now,

stands for Babylonian priest.

were the Medes who established

if it

is

we

as

learn from their inscriptions, adhered tenaciously to their

native faith in

Auramazda and were

variance with Median magism,

subjugated Babylon.

On

Aryan Magism had been kadnezzar,

officially

(A. von Gutschmid),

some trace

(7)

On

above) cient

may

we

should then have expected to find

But

the

what

is

specific

Nebukad-

what we do

this is just

in the inscriptions of the latest

Babylonian

Babylonian

peculiar to

cults.

Magism

(see

be already pointed out in the works of the an-

civilized non-Semitic people, the in

their

Sumirians and

hymns and formulas of conjuration.

Again, the far-reaching influence of Babylonia and the

Chaldaeans upon the East even

may

Medo-

days of Nebu-

recognized as a species of state-religion

the other hand,

Akkadians, (8)

in the

of this either in the inscriptions of

Even

and

certainly at political

was the Persians, who

the other hand, if the

we simply meet with

kings,

it

already,

nezzar or of his successors. not find.

—

be shown on other grounds.

the Babylonian

in

times of vast antiquity

Indeed the

Man a

i.

e.

mina (Hebrew HJp) occurs as a measure of

3

BOOK OF JEREMIAH XXXIX. gold even in the RIgveda *

(so

A. Weber, Th. Noldeke).

West upon

In fact this influence of the

have been brought-about upon the

by

that a similar influence

of Babylonian civilization, operating on the East

and, moreover, on the frontier country

Media,

seeing

that

it

is

quite

monuments were erected even Again,

of the Dij§,la ?

we

in

by land,

the immediate

might thus be exerted on

of Babylonia,

neighbourhood

must

the East

lines of their intercourse 420

W^ho would therefore deny

sea.

1 1

Babylonian

that

certain

as far as the fluvial region

possess further evidence of the

intimate acquaintance of the Babylonians with these regions

which often recurs

in the phrase

Comp.

bylon".

the

call

my

remarks under

(5).

(Herod.

own is

to

I,

that

Magians were

the

—Lastly

(9)

we

statement of

to the

a

*(the

e.

i.

sons of Ba-

stronghold of the

ought not attach too much importance

Herodotus

Pileser's in-

abal Ba,bilu ikabbuslini

sa

which they

city)

-

reference to the localities in Media §a (ir)

scriptions in

dannHtu

in Tiglath

^ tribe"

of

Medes

101), since the former, according to Herodotus'

were a

representation,

class rather than a tribe,

say the Median priestly order

No

**.

disposed to contest the possibility that the as well as the thing

i.

e.

the office,

that

one would be

name "Magian",

was introduced

into

* See A. von Gutschmid, Orients

Neue Beitrage zur Geschichte des alten "The Kalijuga of 432,000 years corresponds to the 432,000 years which Berossos reckons from the first king till

p.

period of

132

:

the great flood.

The

lated a

that

Semites.

position

A.

flood-legend it

Weber has

day in Gjotisha, which minute with

its

among

might be

the Indians occupies so iso-

regarded as

discovered that the

does not

apply

to

borrowed from the

duration of the longest India,

ascertained duration in Babylonia,

but agrees to a

has

all

ance of having been directly imported from Babylon." ** Comp. M. von Niebuhr Gesch. Assurs und Babels

8

p.

the appear-

154.

1

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

4

1

And

Media from Babylonia.

imga, imga

with the

upon

tainly be looked

or 1-

im-ga

the

sense

name be

of the inscriptions,

T.

identical

may cerim-ga

it

This word

as Babylonian.

often occurs in the Babylonian inscriptions in

"exalted" (interchanged with

of "respectable",

42igit-ma-lu "perfect"). See

Nebuk. Bab.

11

I,

imga

rubti

this

if

0.

example Nebuk. Borsip.I, 4;

for

and

etc.

compare the combination which

"the highly exalted"

is

an

epithet

bestowed on the father of the Babylonian king Nabunlt,

namely Nabti-bal§.t-su-ik-bi*, who himself did not bear the royal

see

title;

I

Rawl. 68 No. 2

(comp. No. 4 line 3 rubli gitmalu).

line 6

3; No. 3

line

If the

word

Semitic, a derivation suggests itself from the root pl^H,

is

softened Babylonian form iOP **, with some such

the

in

meaning

"one who

as

If the

reputation or in insight".

dian

we must

origin,

interpreted

"fullness of power",

as

by puluhtu,

Akkad.

Sumer.

u.

refer

it

syllabaries

the

in

ramanu, nbo

root

whether

deep

is

word by

root

"fear",

IM, which

root

m

i

DH,

of Sumlro-Akka-

is

the

to

power and

in

ti

ku

p^P,

root

,

is

"exaltation", as well

"reverence" (Haupt,

Keilschrifttexte 28,

617

—

9).

In the

rab-mag would be a similar hybrid compound rab-sak "chief officer" = Hebr. Hp.K^?'] ***. See note

latter case to

* "Nebo announced his

life".

** [A good illustration of the same Babylonian tendency to adopt the weaker g in place of k for ^p'^ipi)

and

*** According in

the

mahu

light is

in to

Gutu

may

for

be found in

Kutii; see Vol.

Fried. Delitzsch

of Assyrian

research",

the Babylonian I,

pp. 33,

Diglat

123.— Transl.]

"The Hebrew language viewed London 1883, p. 14, the Assyr.

a synonym of a§ipu "sorcerer"; comp. Smith's Assurb.

25 "The Sumerian form of the word

Babylonian in the form mS.hu fully applied to the

Magi by

is

magha, which

'the right reverend',

p. 128,

has passed into a

name

the credulity of the people".

respect-

BOOK OF JEREMIAH XXXIX. XLVL on 2 Kings XVIII.

1

(Vol. II, p. 3

7

foil.)

Talbot In Journ. of Royal Asiatic Soc.

1869

new

,

consult

also

;

IV,

series

4 No. 148.

p.

Nebuzaradan, see on 2 Kings

13. p.

115

L.

XXV.

8

(Vol. II,

51).

Nebusliazban

names

The name has been preserved

|31K^1D^,

Assyrian pronunciation in the

in its original

64

II Rawl.

col.

Aramaic

"rescue");

32, where

I,

form Nabti-sl-zib-an-ni

i.

Assyr.

-

me" (^T?^

delivers

Babyl.

of proper

appears in the

it

"Nebo

e.

list

Keilinsch.

131

p.

No. 18.

XL VI. XXIII.

Pharao Necho

2.

29.

— Karkemtsh

p.

74

Kings

2

(W'^1?^'^2)

,

X.

see note on Is.

Vol. II,

9.

foil.

— Nebukadnezzar,

king

Karkemish (606

battle at

605 B.

father Nabopolassar

Hence the

pare notes on also

early date

this

2

my

is

his 422

(Josephus-Berossus). is

bestowed on the

Com-

certainly inaccurate.

Kings XXIII. 29

article

the

monarch and while

living

still

case

C.) took place before

'king of Babel' which

title

conqueror at

was

any

In

of Babel. or

the accession of the above-named

and

on

note

see

,

Vol. II, p. 43.

44

(Vol. II, p.

'Nebukadnezar'

foil.)

Riehm's Hand-

in

wort, des bibl. Alterthums as well as notes on Daniel V.

L. p.

*??

2.

162

Bel

also "Tll^np (Is.

106); comp. 2 Kings

XX.

12),

Babylonia, to a less extent in Assyria * He Pileser

11.

II.

1.

Vol. I,

foil.

^lip Merodach, (p.

See notes on Judg.

1

is

not

referred

-

to

mention him in the

inscription.

His son

XXXIX. chiefly *,

Salmanassar

,

of deities at the II

appears

;

XLVI.

worshipped

1

in

a deity held in high

by AsurnSsirabal list

1

,

it

does

Tiglath-

head of

his great

nor

is

true

8*

,

to

have

1

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

16

0. T.

repute to whose service Nebukadnezzar was most attached.

The Babylonian pronunciation

Ma-ru-du-ki; No. 13

its

;

Assjr.

see

included the (the passage to

name

of this

on the stone not

It is

it.

Babyl.

-

signification is obscure

of Nebukadnezzar the god

till

*.

Keilinscb.

obelisk-inscription

deity in line 9 of his

but makes no further reference

corrupt)

is

subsequent

129,

p.

In the inscriptions

bilu rabli Hhe great

called

is

name was Mar-duk,

of the

i-eign of

to the

Sargon (Khorsab.

2),

Babel by that monarch, that the Babylonian kings acknowledge themselves more frequently worshippers of Meroi.

after the capture of

e.

dach, as, for example, Asarhaddon banipal

line 4. 5 (2.

9,

3),

X

(I

Rawl. 48 No. 9 line

sum

-

-

iskun

(I

Asur-

1),

Rawl.

8

No.

6

3)).

* According

Delitzsch Parad. Fritz

Asurb.

(Smith's

to

228

Sayce-Lenormant

Mar-Urudug

Hommel Mar dug

lonian and Akkadian

arises

name

=

Amar-utuk;

out of

Amar-udug,

according to

[According to

"son of Eridu".

the North-^ahy-

This deity

of the city-divinity of Babel.

confounded with Bel. Amar-udug, as a nonSemitic or Akkadian name, is rendered by Hommel "Gazelle of the

became light

gradually

(or of

as a solar

day)"

;

divinity.

he also follows Lenormant in regarding Mardug

Moreover

in

the Akkadian

identified with the /Soiti/i-Babylonian

hymns we

Meri-(nmZM)-dug.

probably an unpronounced determinative

=

'man';

dug

find

'Mulu' is

is

him here

an adjective

meaning 'good' and was an epithet of Ea (^'the good' par excellence). Thus the city of Ea was called Uru-dugga ("good town"). Another ancient South-Babylonian name of Mardug was Meri-alim-nunna. Alim-uunna ("ram of the water") was an epithet of E a (la), father of Mardug. Meri- therefore, as can be shown from other passages, evidently means 'son', and Meri-dug simply designates Mardug as son of Ea (I'a). He was regarded as mediator of all good between Ea and mankind and is occasionally designated 'first-born of the water-depths' or 'first-born of Ea'.

376

foil.

Lenormant

in

his

See 'Vorsemitische Kulturen' pp.

'Chaldaean Magic', transcribing by Silik-

mulu-dug (or-khi), gives many interesting examples of incantations and hymns in which this deity's good offices were invoked (see pp. 10 foil. 19. 22, 190 foil.). A vivid description of the conflict of Merodach with the goddess or sea-demon Tiamat, derived from a recently discovered fragment of a tablet, may be read in Budge's 'Babylonian Life and History' (Relig. Tr. Soc.)

pp. 142 foil.— Translator.]

BOOK OF JEREMIAH (East India House Inscr.

lord'

siru "exalted

ruler" (ibid, 5).

nates him ilu

b^nija

sippa inscription he of

(col.

105, 63)

The king

my

"god,

likewise desig-

In the Bor-

begetter".

26), also ilu ilu "supreme

(col. II,

Asurbanipal

lastly

15);

I,

calls

30) and also patfsi

I.

named §ar §ami u irsitiv "king

is

Heaven and Earth"

god"

117

L.

him sar

(Smith's Assurb.

"king of gods".

ilt

moon -deity, Nergal Mars, Nebo

Just as Sin was the

Mercury, Adar most probably Saturn, Istar or Beltis Venus, 423 so

(Borsip.

among i.

e.

1,

the

called

the circumstance

16)

Compare

Bel-Merodach.

Nebo 21.

showed

XLVI.

Regarding 1

105).

(p.

inhabitants of

PekSd (Tip?

conjecture has

received

since

have

been

evidence in Keilinsch.

verses further

23,

I

edition of this

considerable

the circumstance that this race to which

115.

^^I?'^).

work (1872) that Pekod This the cuneiform race-name Pu-ku-du.

reminded us of

also

his relation

land Merdthaim (D^nnp), advatice against

the

in the first

must clearly

"Bel"

as

evidence in Theolog.

the

342.

p.

see the note on Is. at/ainst the

and against

it,

can be explained that

Mandaeans Jupiter was worshipped

Studien u. Kritiken 1874 to

From the fact that Bilu "Bel" := "Lord God"

Merodach was the planet Jupiter.

he was also simply

The 28.

u.

a

Babylonian

we

support from are referring

See the

one.

Gesch. pp. 108. 111. 113 comp.

context manifestly points to Babylonia ; see

This

identification

,

combination

is

which Delitzsch

confirmed

shows

to

by the be ex-

ceedingly probable (Farad, p. 182), of the land Merathaim, in

the original form

Merdthim, with the cuneiform

marri,ti "the sea-country" Khorsab. 22

:

i.

e.

South Babylonia.

mat Btt-Ja-ktn Sa ki-§ad nar

"the land Beth-Jakin which

is

raS,t

Comp.

mar-ra-ti

on the shore of the sea-

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

118 river"

of the Persian gulf (Oppert).

e.

i.

mj

phrase see

last

Assyrian inscriptions", Berlin 1877 (8) Botta

55 and

7 (bis),

pi.

seas

for

the

in

176, as well as

p.

Comp.

parall.

T.

Respecting the

*The names

essay

0.

also the note

on

Ezek. XXIII. 23. LI.

1.

XXV.

=

3^

'•Oj?

alphabet,

mno.

O^JJD")

Comp. and

(Vol. I, pp. 175. 6)

27.

Is.

53 and Vol.

II, p.

chap.

XLI.

in

of

15

25.

See above

16. of Nicol.

3.

I,

Mann ai (M a n-n a-a

Perhaps

Kings X.

1

Damasc. — Comp. the Mivvaq — undoubtedly the Josephus Antiqq. i

Asarhaddon the

6.

Ma-an-na-ai) of Salmanassar II

,

(Obelisk 165 comp. 168); also

on

notes

"Minnaean".

^^p

quoted 424

the Athbash-

to

See the note on

"kingdoms of Ararat".

nlD^PD

I0'^^^«

I, p.

—

according

26.

23.

Vol.

Dnit'D

as "^VJ =. ^23.

just

of Sargon, Khorsab.

and Asurbanipal

(Norris,

36

etc.;

Gelzer).

may also be identified with the inland Mun (m§,t Mu-un-na) mentioned

tribe

habitants of the

by Ramm§,nnirS.r

Rawl. 35.

I

Comp.

8.

Keilinsch.

u.

Gesch. pp. 174. 212. 520. "IDDI?

Syll. II

scribe

370

the

is

which

of

Babylono the

70, 78).

We

gress

I,

of a

word

D

is

that

dip-sar II Rawl. 48,

retention of the sibilant s in the form

the only correct orthography in the case

was

The connection

Whether

originally Babylonian.

Assyrians pronounced the word

*

comp. Ill Rawl.

Transactions of the Berlin Oriental Con-

The

2 77).

of the Hebr.

is

sibilant

likewise find the form in

dup-sar-ru dup-sar-ru -ti

Assyrian

abstract

Rawl. 27, 27 e (respecting the

38 a (Haupt

-

of the

dupsarru

or

the

dupsarru*

Akkado- Assyrian dupsar, dupsarru

;

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL

On

cannot as yet be precisely determined.

comp. Vol.

Museum" Akkadian

142

p.

s

this

subject

also the "Sargon-stele of the British

;

on the one

line 6 foil,

on

and

origin

and

'tablet' it

30

p.

Parad.

litzsch

141

I, p.

119

7.

the

side,

and F. De-

The word

other.

of

is

compounded of d u p meaning Hence as a name for a person

is

a r 'write'.

signifies 'tablet- writer'.

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL. On

1.

I,

river

the

Kebar

This stream, accord-

(13?).

ing to verse 3, lay in the "land of the Chaldaeans"

moreover we only

Babylonia;

receive

information

i.

e.

of a

deportation of Israelites to Babylonia by Nebukadnezzar *

name

lastly, the

Mesopotamian

that of the

We

up the word.

cently been

508)

"liDPI

favourite

the

very clearly distinguished from

by the sounds which make

must therefore

Mesopotamia,

in

we should

**,

is

assign

definitely

abandon the

streams which have until re-

of these two

identifications

Kebar

of this river

Instead of placing the

ones.

with it

Noldeke

(Bibellexicon

to Babylonia, though

with "IQO^ was originally suggested by Fr. Lenormant;

langue primitive de * Babel 15

a.

[**

b.

is

Chaldee, Paris 1875,

la

expressly

referred -to

p.

I,

are

see his 'La

365'.

times

three

we

(2

Kings XXIV.

16) as the land of the exile.

"The name has

for the

"entirely disappeared, in fact", says Noldeke, system of rivers and canals in Babylonia has in the course of

millenniums suffered so

have even vanished, preserved.

purposely

I

many changes, and so many rivers and canals we can hardly expect all the names to be

that

speak of canals in

from olden times up to the

employed smallest

in that

— of

country to express both

which there were thousands.

was a canal."

— Transl,]

this

present the same

connection,

because

name {nahar) has been

river

We may

and canal

— even

the

imagine that Chebar

425

THE CUNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

120

0. T.

no longer in a position to point out a river or canal of

name

that

in this region.

VIII. 14.

lammuz

Tisn

name

inscriptions, as the

written on the Babylonian

is

of a

month,

in the

Du

form

-

u-zi

and Du-'-u-zi (Haupt, Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte

44)

I,

The name Dti-zi

Semitic origin.

The

**son of life".

ing

the

to

Babylono - Assyrian deity of non-

a

,

syllabary

V

Akkadian

signifies in

form of the word was, accord-

original

Rawl.

which comes much closer

21

23,

the

to

d.,

c.

Dumuzi,

Western Semitic

tlDH.

Respecting the legend of Tammtiz-Adonis, see F. Lenor-

mant

M^moires du Congr.

in

1873.

No.

II,

comp.

11;

Assyr. I (1886), p. 17

XXIII. (Vol.

I,

23.

23.

6.

On

viceroys.

175

p.

specting Tip?

Accordingly

nlriB

all the

4^1p

provincial governors

XLI, 25

Babel and

and

in Zeitschr.

see the notes on 1

f.

and

Kings X. 15

(Vol. II, p. 103).

all the

Chaldaeans, Pekod and

sons of Assur with them etc.

= Puklidu,

^'S^

Jensen

also P.

D^JJpi

foil.). Is.

K6a\

Shoa^ and

des Oriental. Paris

foil.

this subject

Tlie sons of

intern,

Re-

see the note on Jerem. L. 21.

may

likewise be race-names,

and

Delitzsch would be justified in identifying them with the

Kutti (Gutium), who dwelt and

with

associated

[*

On

upper region of

Adhem

the

The form Kutt would become

them.

abbreviated to Kti

cites a large

in the

and with the Sutii (Assyr.) who are constantly

DijS,lS,,

(=

Jt/lp)

and Sutti

to Sti

(VP

=

ylti^)*.

names Gutii and Suta Delitzsch (Parad. pp. 233 foil.) number of illustrative cuneiform notices. From these he

draws the inference

:

— "that

the region of the

land Sutft

(including

Sumastu and Jatbur) was the steppe that extended Eastwards from the river Diji,M towards Elam and the river Kerkha, from the Tigris as far as the Southern declivities of the Medo-Elamite mounthat of

tains"; see

Cheyne on Isaiah XXII.

5

foil.

It is

also evident that the

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL

We

have already noticed (Vol,

that

Guti (which

the

XXIII XXVII

VIII.

I,

the softer Babylonian mode of

is

(Vol.

I,

18. in the is

Setnr;

TJt?'

5.

123) the conjecture

p.

XIV.

pronunciation) are mentioned in Gen.

XXVII.

121

on

note

see

1.

Deut.

III.

9

146).

p.

"I'^s'pn

Helbon, a Syrian town, the modern Hall)1\n

neighbourhood (North West) of Damaskus(Wetzstein),

mentioned

one of Nebukadnezzar's inscriptions * (Bel-

in

lino-cylinder

I,

23

mat

comp. I Rawl. H5) under the form

;

Hi-il-bu-nuv, as a region from which the king obtained

kar§,nav

among

"wine",

other

various

in Smith's

present

to

as

objects

"oil"

"birds" (is-su-ru),

comp. Delitzsch

order

in

—

referred-to runs

have

is

with this

15.

up together with other imaginary words.— Transl.].

Hal bun "Helbon",

to

should

be

of

signi-

It

is

has

in

iden-

been generally assumed.

much

further to the North or rather

extremely likely that we ought,

think of Berroea-Haleb. specially

mentioned

"Geography" who

different sources,

as

is

the Euphrates", spoken-of as lying in this district,

points to quite a different region

others,

:

— Gesenius

as situated in the region Xa?.v^u)ViTig,

17,

The Barbalissus "on North-East.

]}yp

by no means certain whether the XuXv^ujv mentioned

Ptolemaeus V. tical

name

to be given

fications attached to these

* It

to the

thus

compares Arabic cLS "spring upon", used of a breeding-

Lexic. 8th ed.

— will

(nu-u-nuv),

Chald. Genesis, p. 285), "cream"

meaning "prince", which has been attached

camel

"fish"

deity

the

(§a-am-nuv), "honey" (di-i§-pa

The passage

(hi-mi-tu HNpn).

to

it

and

ultimately it

is

It

is

with Kiepert and

not surprising that Berroea

along with Chalybon derived his

by an author

materials

from widely

equally natural that Haleb- Aleppo, which

was subsequently well known to classical writers under its proper form XdXsTt, should have been blended with Helb6n {XccXvj3c6v), celebrated for its wine and bearing a closely similar name. With this confusion of Halbiin-Chalybon with Haleb-Haleb we might compare that of Halman - Holw&n with Halman - Haleb among the Assyrians (Keilinsch. u. Gesch. pp. 229 foil, footnote), and that of Hamath-

Hamath with 'Ahmetha-Ekbatana

in

Herodotus (Hitzig, Noldeke

etc.).

426

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

122 22,

ka-ra-nav

ka-ra-nav

f-il-lu

(so!)

m^t

0.

T.

I-za-al-lav

mat Tu-'-im-mu m^t S i-i m-m i-n m^t Hi-il-bunuv 24. m^t A-ra-na-ba-n u v mit Su-u-ha-am 25. mat Bit- K u-ba-tiv u m^t Bi-ta-a-tiv e. 23.

i

i.

"22. delicious wine (namely)^ wine from the land Izallu, 23.

from the land Tu'immu etc." of wines II Rawl. 44, 9 h

list

Hul (Hil?)-bu-nu it

is

well

e.

i.

Also

an Assyrian

in

we meet with

the kari,n

*Helbonian wine".

known from Strabo XV, 735

Moreover

that the Persian

kings held the Helbonian wine in high estimation. 427

23.

|"iy

name

a

Geschichtsforschung

on 2 Kings ip'p3

of a country.

Kilmad

,

Keilinsch. u.

199 footnote* and see above note

p.

XIX. 12

Comp.

*,

Vol. II, p. 11.

identified

by Smith and Delitzsch with

the modern KalwS,dha near Baghd§,d, where bronze rings

have been discovered bearing the inscription

ara-mu-ra-bi Bibl. Archaeol. I

XXVIII.

(1872)

p.

nV^ii

14. 16.

:

ikal Ha-

See Transactions of the Soc. of

S^arri.

61; Delitzsch Parad. It^-lp

-in? on the

p.

206.

mountain of

* [Til Barsip, the modern Biredshik, was the capital of Bit Adini and was situated on the left bank of the Euphrates. Delitzsch (Parad. p. 4) speaks of it as a centre of the most important mercantile caravan tracks running between Syria (and we might also add Cilicia and Asia Minor generally) and Mesopotamia, Assyria and Babylonia. Moreover it was the point whence navigation started down the Euphrates, and was thus celebi'ated from ancient times for its ship-building and com-

manded

the

commerce which passed down the Euphrates

to the Pei*sian

This spot as well as Bit Adini are unfortunately not marked on Til Barsip or Bire^hik lies, however, the map appended to Vol. I. within the limits of the map at the extreme end of the Euphrates to gulf.

the North West,

above Karkemish (Gargamis), while Bit Adini might between the Euphrates and its

be said to occupy the whole region tributary Belikh

(Balihu).

Schrader, Keilinschr. to that work.

u.

Comp. the

Gesch.

— Translator.]

p.

facts

already stated by Prof.

199; 219 sq. and the

map appended

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL God's

—

sanctuary ;

evident that

Compare

"iri3

D'^Klh^

we have here 2.

3.

o7i

123

God's mountain.

It

is

a hint of heathenish associations.

the remarks on Is.

XXXVIII.

XXVIII. XXXVIII

XIV. 13

(Vol. II, p.

79

foil.).

Gog, prince of Magog.

aiH

This

reminds us of the cuneiform representation of the name of the

Lydian

Gu-gu, Gu-ug-gu

king Gyges

Assurban. 64, 5

=V

71, 86; 73, 1).

We

Rawl.

the ruler of a district which has not

m^t Sa-hi

yet been definitely ascertained, called 1

name

are likewise reminded of the

Ga-gi orGa-a-gi, Assurb. 97 IV,

(Smith's

Smith's Assurb.

95;

col. II,

Whether

foil.).

there

is

(Smith's

any connection

between the name of the Biblical prince and the one or the other of the above-mentioned potentates

Comp.

a matter of uncertainty. (Vol. I,

footnote

p.

62)

u.

Gesch,

X.

2

159

p.

*.

— prince of Rosh

(t^'NI),

Meshech and Tubal.

Delitzsch

combines the unknown race-name Rosh

(Parad. p. 322)

(comp.

must remain

the note on Gen.

as Keilinsch.

as well

,

XXXIX.

1),

accordance with inscriptions of

in

Asurbanipal (V Rawl. 5, 67. 70), with the "land R^sh" (mS.t Ra-a-Si) of the inscriptions situated on the Tigris at the frontier of

Elam.

But does

this

position harmonize

with the mention of the people in connection with Meshech

and Tubal, two races which we know to

for certain

belonged

Asia Minor? 6.

The house of Togarmah, from

North.

Here Togarmah

distant,

and Gomer

race -table

(in

to

Genesis)

* Respecting G. Smith's

the

most

distant 428

evidently appears to be the

be the nearer race, while

we have identification

exactly

of the

the

more

in

the

reverse.

inhabitants of the

land Sahi with the Sakians, see Th. Noldeke in Zeitschrift der deutsch.

morgenland. Gesellschaft XXIII, pp. 328

foil.

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

124

G6mer

standing at the head of the

But during the

distant people.

which the

as being the

list

interval,

most

the period

e. in

i.

between the composition of the race-table and

lies

of Ezekiel

life

0. T.

Gomer

the

,

Kimmerians

the

e.

i.

(Gimirrai) had broken into Asia Minor, had taken possession

of Cappadocia,

had

presume, driven this

people to

the

we may Tdgarmah and

Tubal and Meshech and

caused

a

disruption

in

,

With

North or North -East.

the

occupation of Cappadocia by the Gdmer-Kimmerians

must be connected the

Gamir

mann's Genesis 1882

XLV.

later

deLagarde,

(P.

p.

name

Cappadocia

for

collected Essays

p.

254;

viz,

Dill-

163).

Twenty Shekels, twenty five shekels and fifteen

12.

shekels shall be the

does not here

mina among you.

mean

three

Ofcourse the prophet

minas (Hitzig),

different

but

without doubt fixes the standard of the entire mina at sixty shekels

e.

i.

at the old value of the imperial or royal mina.

See the note on Gen. XXIII, 16 (Vol.

I,

p.

127

foil.).

XLVII. 16. 18. pin Haurdn, an Aramaic region lying East of Gilead in the

also

and frequently referred-to

in the

form (mS,t) Ha-u-ra-a-ni,

(fr)

From

Ha-u-ri-na. 55

this region

was a mountainous one,

(cited in Vol. I, p.

foil,

See Keilinsch.

u.

Ha-u-ra-ni and

the passage III Rawl. 5

no. 6 lines

other grounds.

(Ir)

Assyrian records,

as

200)

we

Gesch.

it

follows that

already p.

know on

115.

BOOK OF DANIEL. 1.

the 2 429

1.

XX.

The

original

name was Nab^-kudurri-usur.

Kings 4.

Nehukadnezzar.

XXIV.

1,

Respecting

Vol. II, p. 4 7

'??"'n,

18, Vol. II, p. 39.

Aram.

pronunciation of

See

note

on

foil.

'?^^"^

"palace" see 2 Kings

XLV. XLVII. DANIEL

THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL

Respecting the

Writing and language of the Chaldees.

and meaning

form

Gen. XI. 28

name Chaldees (DHK'D)

the

of

(Vol. I,

116

p.

The

foil.).

we meet- with

"wise men", that

125

I.

Book

the

in

see

signification

of Daniel,

foreign to Assyrio-Babylonian usage and did not arise after the fall of the

Babylonian empire. post

of the

a clear indication

-

This

date

exilic

is

is till

in itself

of the

Book

of Daniel.

Belteshazzar (1^N^^)'?3).

7.

name was Balatsu-usur

the "his

protect",

life

balatsu-ik-bi in

=

The Babylonian form

Balatasu-usur

or

i.

of e.

name which resembles SamaS-

a

"Saraas proclaimed his

see further

life",

Assyrisch-Babylon. Keilinsch. Exc. Eigennamen p. 154,

No. 59a, and respecting the change of forms bala.tsu

and

bal4ta§u

(comp. also ba-la-ti-ja Nebukadn. East

India House Insc. representation

the

berichte

II,

1.

of

64) see

sibilants

der Berlin. Akad.

ibid. p.

Hebrew

in

1877

79

pp.

Dan. IV. 5 the name Belteshazzar

Regarding

249. ,

see Monats-

foil.

— When

in

stated to have been

is

bestowed on Daniel "according to the name of the god of Nebukadnezzar", the writer was evidently, the

first

(comp. Jer. LI. 44) and in

name

name

syllable, thinking of the

this respect

parallel with the other,

chap. V,

1.

Compare my

essay

in

the case of

of the god Bel ^5

wrongly placed the

Belshazzar (1^X^75)5

"The Sargon-stele of

^^e the

Berlin Museum", Akad. der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1881 (2) p.

28

foil.

The name Shadrach

(J\'y}^')

is

explained by Delitzsch

with considerable probability as a Babylonian one,

Aku "command He

of

Aku"

points to the Assyrian

Hebrew

'lM^D^{.

On

i.

e.

of the

Tem-ilu

the other

=

hand

Sudur-

Moon -deity

(Sin).

and

to the

"PN'DyiO

his interpretation of

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

126

name Meshach

the

Aku

like

ki-Aku

= Mi-§a-Aku

me open

to objection,

i.

(see Assyr.-Babylon. Keilinsch.

«who

e.

is

because, in the

Mannu-

the true Babylonian form would be

place,

first

as

('^K'''p)

?" seems to

0. T.

171 No. 6) and,

in

the second place, the corresponding Babylonian designation

would certainly not be a mere translation of the corresponding

Hebrew

e.,

(i.

of the

in this case,

name

We

bNC£^"'P).

should have to deal with genuine Babylonian names, for

which the Hebrew ones were

be exchanged, as

to

is

clearly

shown by the other bestowments of names. Abednego

confirmed by

(HI Rawl. 46 430 as

a

col. I,

have

instances

we have long known, for The conjecture has been

(Assyrio- Aramaic)

82), in which the

been

among

found

of

]0mDJ?

name

Babylonian

also

1855, 2

we have

(Oppert-M^nant docum.

certainly identical with the 1'?0131?

meet with on a Babylonian p.

11.

meaning be

Other

names com-

]':'013I/; also

that appears in the Insc, of Citium 2, 3.

—

[1]3il3i/ occurs

271), the latter apparently meaning "servant of Ham-

m6n", the former being

we

inscription

the Assyrians.

Ab-du-mi-lik

^Di;, as

Ab-du-uh-mu-nu

jurid.

as

Nebo".

of

bilingual

one that actually existed

pounded with an

stands,

(1J^ "l?I{)

"servant

Id? "QV.

422

in

"1^7? as

latter

name

an

of

name

seal (Journal Asiatique

Levy, Phoniz. Studien (Dictionary)

'overseer'.

explained as

The

official,

p. 35).

having some such

may possibly Assyrian massaru

This obscure word with

identical

the

(ma-as-sa-ru) "guardian", root "IJIJ; V Rawl. 32, 29 massar b^bi "guardian of the gate". The insertion of a liquid after the removal of the duplication would not be

unusual II.

=

in

2.

Assyr.

Aramaic (Del.) ^K^X conjurer

a-si-pu

(II

;

comp. note on

(one

Is.

who employs

Rawl. 32, 11

e. f.

VI.

1, p.

73.

conjurations)

38, 12

e. f.)

;

BOOK OF DANIEL see Delitzsch, Assyr. Studien

by

Akkadian equivalent KA. KA.

its

Comp.

speaker".

Akkadian language" 5.

Haupt

me

azda

:

— "The

discussed by

e.

transcribed

when no

this

,

XI "The

Persian.

is

It

Sumero-

XXIII,

220

p.

the

is

foil.,

and

it

because in Persian cuneiform

ah

should final

a

otherwise expressed)

is

same way.

in the

form

deutschen mor-

in Zeitschrift der

aspirate follows;

and k are written

the Transactions of

in

No.

,

"the earnest

e.

i.

obscure word Theod. Noldeke

word

Kern

genland. Gesellschaft

be so

1

MA

of the

guaranteed

is

}.sq-a.])

282.

p.

Respecting

f of Hezekiah's reign, with a previous invasion by Sargon, which was in the 14'^ year of Hezekiah's reign (H. Brandes, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte des Gesellsch.

XXIII (1869)

Herodot 1881

Orients,

Kritiken,

p.

26),

Halle 1874 1877

p.

p.

or

p.

171;

76 foil.;

Raska,

P. Kleiuert

Theolog.

in

Studien

Chronologie der Bibel, 1878

p.

u.

286;

H. Matzat, Chronolog. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Konige von Juda u. Israel (Weilb. Progr. 1880) p. 23, also previously Prof. A. H. Sayce. [The theory that the chapters in 2 Kings and also in Isaiah have been transposed was originally put forward by Dr. Hincks in the Journal it

originally

of Sacred Literature Oct. 1858.

stood was

probably

to

this

"The text" he says "as 2 Kings XVIII. 13

effect

:

—

—

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

166

0.

T.

claim a greater credibility for the Books of Kings in respect of their chronology in the earlier portion of history which

would be

exempt from involuntary errors?

far less

be disposed

463 should

this *

doubt

to

such doubts as justified

and substance, when,

in fact

chronological details bearing on the earlier time,

in the

we

take

which have been preserved with such

as our guide sources

and completeness

fulness

We

and can only regard

the monuments in which

for the later period.

we

I

refer to

possess the additional advantage

of gaining access to documents which have not, like the

Now

year of king Hezekiah

the fourteenth

in

came up'

[referring to the

the

king of Assyria,

attack mentioned in Sargon's annals against

—

and Ashdod 711 B. C.]. XX. I 19 'In those days was king Hezekiah sick unto death etc' XVIII. 13 b 'And Sennacherib king of Assyria came up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them'

Philistia

XVIII. 13 b— XIX. 37."— The reader

Eponym Canon

Assyr.

p.

Cheyne's commentary (introductory to

Is.

171

foil,

on Isaiah

II,

p.

6,

3*^ ed.

above

Keilinsch. u. Gesch.

p.

XXVI

1880 No. 12 II

pp.

201

foil,

see Vol.

345

as well

foil,

XXV

I,

p.

303

foil.,

my

remarks (1871) pp. 449 as

(1872) p. 816; Leipzig. Centralblatt 1873 No. 35 col. 1089

—91, 1874 No. 47 Zeit.

I,

theories

in Zeitsch. der deutsch. morgenland. Gesellsch.

454,

Vol.

(1884)

XXXVI— XXXIX).— Translator.]

For a criticism of the Vol.

might also consult Geo. Smith's

and the excellent discussion in Canon

p.

(1875)

col.

274

1545

— 277;

No. 3

p.

foil.

Theolog. Literatur-Zeitung

and comp. H. Gelzer 38

Histor. Zeitsch. 1875 p. 387

foil.;

in

V

Jen.

Jenaer Literatur-

Ad. Kamphausen in Von Sybel's

foil.

* In support of this

statement we would especially refer to the documentary memorial, which quite apart from the uncertain dates of Aegyptian records comes in aid of comparative chronology in addition to the cuneiform inscriptions and the Ptolemaic third non-Biblical

—

canon.

I refer to

the stone of Mesha.

—

Here again the Biblical synchronistic

The stone of Mesha in line 8 assumes that the reigns of Omri and Ahab together lasted at least 40 years, while the Bible limits them to 34 years. Probably the discrepancy is even greater. On this subject see Noldeke's article Masa in Schenkel's scheme

is

left in

the lurch.

Bibellexicon IV. 188.

EXCUR8 US ON CHRONOLOO T.

167

scriptural writings, notoriously been subjected in the course

of centuries to numerous alterations If

we

cast a glance

'Canon of Rulers'

**,

these

at

the following fixed dates

858.

SalmanaSSar

854.

*

we

chronology,

eponym-year

II's

arrive at

***.

(Dajan-A§ur).

V"' (IV'") year

It is

at the

:

hardly necessary for

War

with Ben-

Battle at Karkar.

hadad and Ahab.

that also these

viz.

and ask the question, what

bearing on scriptural

their

monuments,

the 'List of Governors' ** and lastly

the 'Babylono-Assyrian tables', is

*.

me

to

monumental statements

remind the intelligent reader are

not free

from error and

are themselves chargeable with mistakes of various kinds and there-

should be employed with discrimination and judgment.

fore they too

may be read in my Keilinsch. u. [We find copyists vacillating between

Further remarks on this subject

—

Gesch. pp. 42 foil., 299 356. the forms Mu'ab and Ma'ab

fer Moab, Arumu, Arimu and Aramu Aram, Samirina and Samiurna for Samaria etc. To these may be added such lapsus calami as sarrfitija for §arrfiti§u, see Vol. I, p. 184 line 90; the number of slain at the battle of Karkar 25,000 in

for

Salmanassar's obelisk inscription but 14,000 in the monolith inscription.

A

number may be observed in the footnote on But while acknowledging the possibility of error on the part of the cuneiform scribe, we must regard with considerable suspicion any attempt to amend these ancient documents contemporary 2

further discrepancy in

Maccab.

13.

I.

with the events they describe, in order to support an hypothesis. yet this

is

what we

find

so

sober a

(Chronologic der Hebraischen Konige

p.

a theory that Wellhausen has abandoned

viz. that

of the events of the year 854 in Salmanassar II's

'Ahab' stands in line 91 by mistake for Joram.

**

We

retain these

names

as the

And

Kamphausen doing 43 footnote), when he revives

scholar as

in

the description

monolith-inscription

— Translator.]

most concise modes of expression

though aware of their inadequacy. *** This was according to the ancient usage the second complete year of the king's reign, who thus in reality ascended the throne in the year 860 see Keilinsch. u. Geschichtsforschung p. 326 foil. ;

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

168

850.

464

IX*'^

War

year (HadilibuS).

0.

T.

with Dadidri (Ha-

dadezer).

849.

X'"

(Marduk

year

-

alik

-

pant).

War

with

Dadidri.

846.

XIIP'' year.

842.

XVIP

War with Dadidri. War with Hazael.

year.

Tribute of

Jehu *son of Omri".

War

839.

XX**' year.

823.

Sa.insi*Ra.inniin's

810.

RamiDdQ-nir^ri's eponym-year.

803.

VHP'' year (A§ur-ur-nist).

with Hazael.

eponym-year.

Campaign

to

the

sea-coast including Palestine.

781.

SalmanaSSar

775.

VIP'' year (Nirgall§§i§), Expedition to the cedar-

Ill's

eponym-year.

country.

771.

AsUPdan-il's eponym-year.

763.

IX*''

year (Purilsagali).

Eclipse of the sun

on

June 15. Asur-nirari'S eponym-year.

753.

745.

Tiglath-Pileser

of his reign

*

From

the

II 'S

year of accession and

time of Tiglath-Pileser

constantly find in the eponym-list Canon accession

nyms. the

is

also

The

king's

reckoned as the

dividing-line

first

II

(745—727) onwards, we

that the year of the king's

year of the

invariably

stands

new

before

series of epo-

the year of

Canons II, III and IV vary in their mode of Sometimes they reckon it as the year of year.

first

the king's accession, the first

now

I,

accession.

reckoning the the

first

*.

year

is

first

complete year of his

the year in which the king

rule, at other times

became eponym.

Before

the time of Tiglath-Pileser II (as indicated in a previous footnote) the king's accession

eponymy.

is

to be

— Keilinschriften

placed in the second year before the king's u.

Gesch.

p.

330

foil.

EXCUB8US ON CHEONOLOOY. 738.

VHP hem

Tribute of Mena-

year (Rammanbflukin).

of Samaria.

His contemporary,

and the

to the Bible

169

inscriptions,

according

was Azarjah-

Uzziah.

734.

XII"' year

Expedition to Palestine

(Blldanil).

(Ahaz and Pekah). 733.

XIIP

732.

XIV*''

727.

accession, Salmanassar IV's IV 'S accession.

year

Campaign

Damascus

to

(Reztn).

„

724. siege of

Samaria (according

to the Bible).

723.

722.

(Adar-malik).

SargOU'S accession

to the throne, 465

Conquest of Samaria. 721.

P' year

(Nabti-t^ris).

Defeat

of

Merodach-

Baladan.

720.

IP''

Defeat of Sab'l

year (A§ur-iska(?)-danin).

of Aegypt.

715.

VIP'' year (Takkil-ana-Bil).

Tribute from Pha-

raoh king of Aegypt.

711.

XP'' year (Adar-S,lik-pant).

Siege and capture

of Ashdod.

710.

XI P"

709.

XIIP'' year.

705.

Sanherib'S (Sennacherib's) accession (Pacharbel).

704.

I''

year.

Defeat of Merodach-Baladan.

Sargon king of Babylon (Babel).

year (Nabti-din-ibu§).

Conquest of Babylon

(Babel).

702.

IIP" year (Nab61i').

Construction of the Bellino-

cylinder.

701.

IV*''

year (Chananu).

Aegypt.

Campaign

against Judaea-

—

1

TEE CUNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

70

699.

T.

First year of the reign

Vr'' year (Btl-§ar-U8ur). of

0.

ASurn^dinSum, installed by Sanherib as king

of Babel.

681.

Asarhaddon's accession and

(Nabliahi§Sl§).

(?)

the first year of his reign.

VHP"

673.

(IX'"?) year

inscription

The year

668.

The

(Atarilu).

cylinder-

drawn up. of Asurbanipal's accession.

Let us compare with the above the

Biblical dates.

The

stated according to the traditional computation, will

latter,

be as follows. According

monuments

to the

Ahab :— 854

Battle

According

to the Bible

— 897

period

:

918

of

Karkar.

Jehu

:

— 842

payment

of

884

— 856

:

742

809

740.

of

his

— 758

of

his

of

his

period

reign.

— 738 Payment

771

:— 734

by

Defeat

period

last

758

— 738

(?)

period of his

reign.

Tiglath-Pileser.

Hoshea :— 728

— 761

reign.

of tribute.

Pekah

period

reign.

466Azariah (Uzziah)

:

his

reign.

tribute.

Menahem

:

of

year

that Ausi' can have

730—722

period

of

reign.

paid tribute to Tiglath

-

Pileser.

722

Fall of Samaria.

Hezekiah:

— 70

1

Sanherib's

(Sennacherib's) cam-

paign.

722 Fall

of Samaria.

714 Sanherib's

invasion.

his

EXCVBS US ON CHRONOLOO Y. According

monuments

to the

According

:

— 673; 668

ManaSSeh: 681

696—642

(667?); about 647

ghes

We

to the Bible

period

:

of

his

reign**,

,

Samrau-

of

revolt

171

*. I

see from the above comparison that the discrepancy

in point

of time between the Bible and the monuments

is

not throughout the same in extent during the different periods, but that

sometimes more and sometimes

it is

while at the date of the capture of Samaria

less,

seems to

Then, again, for the subsequent period

disappear entirely.

we

it

observe a discrepancy amounting to 13 years, while in

the reign of

Manasseh both systems of chronology

satis-

factorily harmonize.

From

the character of the discrepancies exhibited in the 467

preceding pages

we can

clearly perceive that they do not

depend on any individual and

special error in computation.

* In the interval between the accession of Asarhaddon (681) and the composition of the cylinder-inscription (673 B. C),

have paid tribute

ment of

to

the

tribute to Asurbanipal

(Rassam's cylind.

54

took

52, 69 foil.)

I

than the year 667 B. C. p.

above-mentioned Assyrian place

Manasseh must

The pay-

ruler.

during his

campaign

first

and cannot therefore be placed

** Attempts to reconcile the two systems of chronology 270

Max Duncker's

foil.;

raelitischen

Alterthums, cited

II,

foil.

found in p.

later

Respecting the year 647 see above Vol.

Hommel,

Fritz

Geschichte mit

History

6

above pp. 164

,

Abriss der

Leipzig

Tabeilen,

of Antiquity

1880;

Leipzig

— 166 footnotes.

Germ.

5*''

may be

ed.

babylonisch-assyrischen V.

Floigl,

1882.

[To these

Gesch.

Comp.

may

'Beitrage zur Biblischen Cbronologie' in Zeitsch.

(1878') u.

is-

des semit.

also

the

essays

be added

J. E.

Konig,

fiir

kirchliche Wissen-

IX and XII; and also Kamphausen's Die Cbronologie der hebraischen Konige, Bonn 1883. See also the Notes and Addenda at the end of this volume Translator.] schaft 1883 Nos. VI, VIII,

—

— ;

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

172

by removing

SO that

harmony between

* As

this error

we

0.

T.

should obtain the desired

the two systems

*.

example by assuming a break of 46 or 47 years in the [This was Prof. Oppert's theory the gap of 47 years occurring between the eponymate of Nirgal-n^sir (B. C. 746 according foi-

—

of eponyms.

lists

which

to Eawlinson's,

ing eponymate

now

is

the accepted, chronology) and the follow-

marked as the year of Tiglath-Pileser's was placed by Oppert in the year 744 the former in the year 792 B. C. Prof. Oppert's scheme was based upon two leading considerations. (1) The eclipse of the sun referred-to in the notice attached to the eponymate of Purilsagali Oppert identified with that of June 13. 809 B. C. (2) The reign of 'Pul', the problematical king of Assyria, was introduced by the French Assyriologist into this 47 years' gap in the Assyrian canon. Grave objections to Oppert's theory were clearly stated in Geo. Smith's Assyrian Eponym Canon p. 75 and objections still more serious indeed fatal— were (which

The

accession).

also

is

latter

;

—

advanced 346

foil.

Geschichtsforschung pp. 340, In fact Prof. Oppert's hypothesis involves fresh difficulties.

in Schrader's Keilinschriften u.

As that hypothesis Tiglath-Pileser,

and since (744

— 726

adapted to meet the supposition that Pul and

is

mentioned

mention

is

according

in

were

belonging

The

Tiglath-Pileser.

and

name Pulu

for the

list

period

=

I,

Tiglath-Pileser

p. II,

quently by Lepsius, array

comp.

of arguments Vol.

I,

pp.

eponymate

—

is

Translator.!

7,

1884,

while

recorded

of

assume that each

pair

may

when Mr. Pinches published in

the

the

name

is

recently of

found the discovered

Tuklat-abal-

the same XXXII). In this way the hypothesis that Pul subsefirst advanced by Sir H. Rawlinson and and supported by Schrader in an overwhelming (Keilinsch.

219

u.

— 231),

eponym

lists

ruler for

precisely

Geschichtsforschung pp. 441 an ascertained fact,

foil.

becomes is

of Purilsagali with

continuity of the

Menahem

in

of Babylonian kings, in which

thereby an indirect confirmation the

to

as Babylonian

(Tiglath-Pileser) (see Vol.

of

became necessary two Azariahs, one

May

years 728

Babylonian chronicle there

i§arra

of Tiglath-Pileser

coup de grace to this entire structure

be said to have been given in the newly discovered

personages,

distinct

time of Pul and the other to that of

to the

final

it

,

inscriptions

own chronology),

Oppert's

to

two Menahems

of namesakes

the

in

Samaria and Azariah of Judah there

Kings XV, were

2

made,

and

obtained for the identification of the

year 763 B.

C.

and

for

the

preceding and succeeding that date

EXCVRSU8 ON CHRONOLOGY.

On

the

173

we must acknowledge

contrary,

the

artificial

character of the Biblical chronological data both

for the

time succeeding as well as for the time preceding the year

On

722,

the other hand, the historical record of the Bible,

apart from these chronological details,

We

ned.

have had

speaking, and, at of persons

and events, required by the circumstances

volved, has been,

on

notes 2

1

213

(p.

255

foil.

XX.

XV.

foil.);

29

(Vol.

(p.

277

12 (Vol.

30. 37

XVII.

foil.);

Though as

fully demonstrated.

as a rule,

Kings XVI.

Kings IX. 2 (Vol. I, pp. 199

(p.

1

contemporaneous relation

events, the

all

on the whole sustai-

is

few inaccuracies, comparatively

to note

foil.);

II, p.

1.

3

23

(p.

3.

Kings

2

foil.);

255

XVIII.

foil.);

(Vol. II,

7

See the

183—190); XV. 1 XVI. 8. 9

pp.

foil.);

251

(p. foil.

XIX.

I,

in-

17

p.

foil.);

foil.) etc. etc.

the chronological system of the Books of Kings,

compared with that of the monuments,

shown

is

to

be

untenable, yet in other respects the Bible receives from the

even in the matter of chronology, satisfactory corro-

latter,

boration.

We

have thus far endeavoured to

relation of the

exhibit clearly the

two systems of chronology, with which we

are at present concerned.

remains for us

It

tation its

is

,

be

to

absolutely

fixed

Herod

in the

datum, as

and what fixed data

For the Hebrew chronology,

are available for this object. this fixed

all

are aware, in the death of

year 4 before the era of Dionysius

in the Dedication

of the

Temple on

year 148 of the Seleucid era In both cases

we take

compu-

for

and receive throughout

requisite chronological adjustment;

we have

show how

to

that system, which we hold to form the basis

i.

e.

the

25^''

;

and

also 468

Kislev in the

December 164 B. C.

into consideration the dates

of the

;

THE CVNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

174

0. T.

Ptolemaic canon with regard to the length of reign of the

Babylonian kings from Nebucadnezzar

up

as of the Persian kings

to

to

Nabunit, as well

Alexander the Great.

For

Assyrian chronology the fixed point of departure

June 15. 763 B. C, which

of

eclipse

accompanying List

Governors

of

marked

is

occurring

as

is

the

in the in

the

*.

In consequence of this chrono-

logical determination, with

which the data of the Ptolemaic

archonship of Purilsagali

canon

throughout , the

tally

king of Babylon

Canons

year of Sargon's rule as (see the

accompanying

and IV), while the year of Tiglath-Pileser II 's

III

accession

first

709 B. C.

falls in

(i.

e.

the scriptural Tiglath-Pileser)

745 B. C,

ia

that of his successor Salmanassar 72 7, that of Sargon 722, that of Sanherib (Sennacherib)

705

monarch

it

as certain

that of

Asarhaddon

Now, we may

681 and that of Asurbanipal 668. present time regard

,

that the last

at the

mentioned

identical with the Sardanapallus of Berossus,

is

on the one hand, and with the Kineladan of the Ptolemaic

we

canon, on the other;

made above,

Vol. II, p.

refer the reader to the

56

footnote.

remarks

Moreover the reign

of Kineladan, like that of Sardanapallus, terminated in the

Consequently the year 626 B. C. was the date

year 626.

of his immediate successor's accession to the throne.

successor

[*

may have been

The astronomical

which was nearly a

X-§um-i§kun

This

or A§ur-itil-ili-

data for the solar eclipse of June 15. 763 B.

total

one for Niniveh and

its

neighbourhood,

C,

may

Eponym Canon p. 83 (according to Hind and the Astronomer Royal, Mr. Airy)

be seen in Geo. Smith's Assyrian the

calculations

of Mr.

compare Schrader's Keilinschriften u. Geschichtsforschung p. 338 foil, where substantially the same results are given as calculated by Mr. P. Lehmann. Some explanatory remarks on the termini technici occurring in the to Vol.

text I,

p.

may

be read by the student in the Introductory Preface

XXVI

foil.— Translator.]

EXCUBSUS ON CHRONOLOGY.

lib

ukiuni; and the Saracus mentioned by Abydenus may be identical with the second of these

unknown history

third personage

we

in

the

Konigl.

Wissenschaften 1880 Philol.

264, Vol.

II, p.

(viz.

163.

Compare

Sachsische Gesellschaft hist. CI. p.

ting the date of the conquest of

Assyrian account

still

II?) whose

are not yet in a position to know.

the Reports

p.

two names or with a

(A§ur-ah-iddin

28

foil.

Respec-

Samaria according

722 B. C.)

,

see

der

to the

above Vol.

I,

CHRONOLOGICAL ADDENDA.

12

178 470

ai

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

0.

T.

TEE ASSYRIAN CANON OF RULERS.

:2

03

;:3

.i Oh

^ <

H-

^ cS

<

179

180 472

THE CVNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

0. T.

TEE ASSYRIAN CANON OF RULERS.

-5

181

182 474

THE VVNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

0.

T.

THE ASSYRIAN CANON OF RULEES. Q S

475 a,

o o

XI .a-

_

_2

= o

he

» a

S5

0)

=

;iw

a

183

-^•£=5

J CO

as

r

'

184 476

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

0.

T.

:

TEE ASSYRIAN CANON OF RULERS.

185 477

a

^. * 2

^^ _

o.

£

U j3 •-

^«

IB

I « S § "5 -o = S

A-bu

written

(bi) 380.

Ideogr. 335 (III Rawl. 2 No. 24); 488, C. 11.

|NDN uban 15.

—

px-

see

2DN abubu

^ood

Subst.

79; til a-bu-bi ivater-billow 234, 25; 262,

a-bu-bis kdi\. just as a water-billow 247, 2; 450, w

3UN ibbu

comp. 2X) Arab.

pure,

74.

i:

O)

Syr. ^s]

,

,

^asoi.

Plur.

msc. ib-bu-ti 19, 31.

iAaC

•^'^

comp. "13^,

n3N

1

—

(also in Assyr.).

name liJrnDI/

Babyl. -Phoenic. proper

^^0.

— Ab-d

Ab-du-uh-mu-nu i-li-'-ti

Phoenician

—

Ab-du-mi-lik Babyl. -Phoenician name 104 ad fin; 288, 49. proper name T^OI^i; 430. — Ab-di-nii-il(mil)-ku-ut-ti Phoenician proper name Abdmeleketh nD^dDi^ 104. proper

-I3X u-ab-bid, see pDN-

TDK

U-bu-du name

(avil)

m2N

l^T^ji} (mat)

SdN SdN

'iblu Subst. son; as proper

44; 45; 91, 55

—

name

of a tribe 277.

Ab-da-da-na name of a country

libil etc. see

ibila,

of a town 346, 15.

(avil) I-ba-di-di Arab,

abal, abbreviated into bal, Akkad.

cstr.

St.

Phon.

passed into Heb.

also

ab-lav 413; a-bi-il (with

Plur. Ideogr. 153, 63; 289, 60, col. III. 4; 302, 26.

Assyr. proper

name

SdN ahull u

8.

SdV

name ^^p] perhaps

foil.

213,

Sufif.)

—

Ideogr.

413, 33.

Abal-usur

329.

Subst. city-gate, Talm. nSiZIX 232,

10; Ideogr. 234, 23;

261, 7; 290, 22.

name

'?D(n) [A-]bi-il 255, 17.

of a

^DN

(avil) U-bu-luv 346, 15.

pN

abnu

p3N note

Subst. stone

town

(?)

=

[A]bel-[beth-Maacha]?

Ideogr. (Sg. and Plur.) 345, 9 etc.

px;

(pD3> pDn"*) at-ta-bak

1.

Ps. Impf.

Ift.

1 poured out 48, foot-

ff

—

i-bir 1. Ps. Impf. Kal 1 passed over 82, "IDN comp. Hebr. "^3^. 105; 156; 193, 82; 202; 203; 207, 97. 102; 3 Ps. Sg. he crossed

—

over 152. i-ti-bir

1.

—

i-pa-ru-n

Ps. Ifte.

um-m a

3.

Ps. Plur. with parag.

/ crossed over

constr. crossing 184, 66.

193, 78.

—

ma

345, 11.

—

i-bir-ta-an Subst. Stat.

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

202

ni^N a-ba-rak-ku

524

^1"13X ab-ra-ru-u joining word rap-§u.

?

Ps. PI.

ibu-us 97; 213, i-bu-§u-u)

(for

same 333, 20; 488

i-pi-is the

/

Shaf.

—

18.

Perhaps

comp. the

field;

i-bu-su the same 124, 28.

290, 7;

caused

=

C,

—

14.

289, col. III. 4;

written i-bi§ (Stat, constr.) 154; etc.

1

ibu-us

—

i-bi-iu

201; Infiu.

ibus

1.

ad-

— i-bi§

291, 41;

1.

— ib-§u-u

124, col.

278.

232, 7;

Ps. Sg. Impft.

Part. Stat, constr.

—

302, 26.

291, 41;

Kal /

Ps. Sg.

194, 87;

u-si-bi§

prepared, built 374, 29.

to be

making, doing [194, 95]; 36; 364, 14; 396,

—

302, 26.

Ideogr. with phon. complem.

made.

Inf.,

100.

=

=

plement

—

152.

T.

~~ ibus, also ibus, 3. Ps. Sg. Kal he made, erected, (tyON'')written i-bu-su 248 II Rawl. 67, 4. Ideogr. with phon. com-

K^DN built,

3.

—

195,

Subst.?

— —

0.

ibiSu

333, 10. 13; 352, II.

5.

14.

—

i-ib-

§i-tu Subst. doing, deed 413, 31; with Suff. 416.

(=

{j;3{<

Arab.

^-^.jt?).

—

ab-§a-a-ni,

obedience 189; 287; 289, 64; 398 (151. presents, tribute

transcribe!)

1.

Ps. Sg. Impft. Pa.

root

is

See on this Lotz "The

insc.

of Tigl.-Pil. I"

in-nab-tav

Subst.

subjection,

According to Stan. Guyard

The

ground 232,

13X-

ab-sa-ni

(?).

u-ab-bit (so

nSN

1).

9; 234, 25.

{he took himself of, disappeared)

3.

/

cast

to

the

identical with Hebr.

ultimately

169.

—

Ps. Impft.

in-na-bit,

Nif (Hpt.)

255, 20; 288, 37; 301, 19; 345, 7; 353, 37; 397, 2; 398 (Botta 150,7).

comp.

HDN masonry

Hebr.

124, 10

^2V-

—

ab-ta-a-ti

Subst.

Plur. firmly

bound

foil.

—

ug-g a-tu Subst. displeasure {anger as J3{< comp. Hebr. JJ^, niHComp. also Haupt Akk. u. Sum. well as trouble) 373, (footn. ** 33).

V R. 1, 64: lib-bi i-gug. A name of divine beings, apparently. These in A word of unknown called V. II 213, 1; Phon. 285, 2.

Keilsch. 177, as well as

an

(ilu) I-gi-gi

other cases are origin.

DiN a-gam-mi

Subst. Plur. marshes.

Comp. QJN, i^^J 345,

7.

11;

351, 59.

inWN

(ii")

m^t) A-ga-ma-ta-nu,

Old Persic HangmatS,na,

also

A-gam-ta-nu Ekbatana Ar&m.

New

Persic .^I^A*^ -ffamod^ XnpnN) 455. species stone a ug-na Subst. (aban) of UN of river name a 232, 6. (nS,r) Ug-ni-i (Uk-ni-i) yX

ON

igisu

gift (is

378.

Hebr. ''DD3 treasures connected?); i-gi-si Subst.

Plur. 82, 106.

liX agurru ur-ri

Subst. burnt

124, col. II. 3.

tile,

Arab. r>^> y>-' 121;

written a-gu-

203

GLOSSARY.

^N 323

ink) comp. Hebr. inN; Aram.

(from

(line 9,

—

below).

fr.

ad

Hebr.

^{OIN (n&r)

j-]';)^^}^

—

^48.

name

I-di-ig-lat

Di-ig(ik)-lat 32.

comp. Hebr.

till,

ultimately Hebr. Aram. ^-\^, \j^c, 15;

83,

(=

—

Hebr.

pointed 15,

(m^t,

DIN

'ix

Hebr. also

—

3.

a-di ili Prep,

root

201

a-di

1 1

2,

;

22,

from below); 203.

(line 5

213, 10.

—

perhaps

is

13.

n-ad-di

3.

Ps. Sg. Pa. he ap-

a-di-i, see ^-jy

U-du-(u)-mu (mi, mi), name of a country Edom 355, 3. — (mat) U-du-mu-ai Adj. 257;

ir)

213, 12;

U-du-um-ma-ai

288, 54.

]^X idinu Subst. IHN

?)

5.

The

i^^.

=

abbreviated into

;

\J^(D', Written

till

Arab. J^Cj

*^"i,

149;

u-di-ni

of the river Tigris

Ar. iiJL>0

,

-^j;,

194, 97;

67. 69;

184,

Ideogr. 91, 60.

name

(I-d i-ik-lat)

Ideogr. 184, 67; 193, 78; 232,

^^X adi Prep,

of a tribe ^ciSeeZ

Gentile adj. I-di-ba-'-il-[ai] 148.

Hebr. '?pin, Sam. ST'TH) Aram. ^Ixej

i-»t(

idinu

"|>.

bND"lN (avil) [I]-di-bi-'-i-lu, I-di-bi-['-]i-lu

footn.

—

fin.

^f} hand, see

=

o"« (Ace.) 525

397, footnote * especi-

alone Adj. i-di-nu-u§-su he alone 191; 261, 6; ally

— i-'i^

"inCN)

i-dis Adv. alone 345, 7; 450, 72.

HU

_^eZcZ,

(latter

Hebr.

Phon. and Ideogr. 17;

]-:w.

Ideogr.

for

'bird''

=

26.

name

issur),

of a

bird 385.

A-du-ni(nu)-ba-(')-al

PN

105; 173; 194, 94. (ir)

]1N

Phoenic. proper

(li)

name

=

7_j;3''JlN

Comp. Hebr. IHOIX-

A-di-in-nu name of a city

—

88.

194,

(Bit-) A-di-ni,

see p^3.

^^{< i-dur (so read!) he avoided 350, 54; i-du-ru Kal they avoided 194, 86.

"n^K (Determ.) ud-ri Subst.

PI.

Ps. Plur. Impf.

3.

two-humped camel (dromedary) 345,

8; (Del. Par. 96); 348.

"I^X Adar 284; 333, 16;

malik ~l-j{<

Adar name

deity

with

(from Akkad. a

name (and name

of

-)-

tar).

phon. complement ra of deity) Hebr.

month Adar *nN-

Ideogr. 160;

284.

—

Adav-

TlSsi^N

284.

Written Ad-da-ru, A-da-ri

Ideogr. 314, footnote.

renew,

i-§u-ii-tu)

(150.

of

389, 156;

Assyr. proper

380, 12. li^'^ii

name

12).

comp.

renovation.

—

Hebr.

A-na

tt'-jpl-

is-su-ti

From (ti)

this

issutu

anew 97;

338,

(is-su-tu,

15;

398

—

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

204 526

X1N comp.

—

Ar.-Hebr. niH-

a-u

a-iv

,

T.

0.

wind

Subst. breath,

25,

T T

footn. **.

avilu

7lN (^DN')

Written a-vi(mi)-lu

Guyard

Stan.

1.

c.

— Ideogr.

{?).

comp.

being,

(Tjl^O^'i'^IN-

850 in Haupt and Norr. 35.

^^^

22 from ^\, J.^t,

p.

tant", "town-dweller"

man, human

Subst.

Syll.

=

According

—

complement i) 198, 85; without it mankind (= tinisi'tuv II R. 24, 24

Av(m)il-ap8i(?)

Babyl. proper

Babyl.

name

king 129.

of

a

=

Tjlip

—

with Haupt?) 272.

201 ad fin; 203; 345,

light,

11t{

Avil-Marduk

u-nu-ut Subst.

1'jx,

(oi'

JiD

9.

name Hoshea

j;t£^"jn

255, 28.

see "i-iK-

=

3IX comp. 3]^.

i-zib

1.

Ps. Sg. Impf.

Kal

I

left,

50.

behind,

left

remaining 153 (Gen. XLIX. 1); 234, 24; 262, 15(?); 345,

(=

^){<

=

In Assyrian

Hebr. ]|^

etc.).

—

92. As Accadian the name must be we must transcribe by 1st u bar.

izzu

Adj.

Plur. msc. iz-zu-ti 193, 79.

350, 54.

izizu?

—

^tN []1N

uznu

-1]{<

A-zu-ri Philist. proper name

ear,

mind, purpose.

Phon.

strong.

—

name

the root 105.

of a country 426, 22.

Phon. u-zu-un 455,

(=

(Gen.)

iz-zi

—202. Is proper name '^^3]^ iz-zi-zu?

A-zi-ba-(')-al Phoenic.

(^JJN?) (mS,t) I-za(sa?)-al-lav

(ir)

7.

Iz-du-bar proper name

thus pronounced.

y^

—

—

130.

,

"l^Tlfi}

Arab.

Stat, constr. furniture, vessel

Hebr. ^!){i{. Ideogr. 129; "11X Uru name of a town Ur U-ru-mil-ki Phoen.-Bybl. proper name t'jdIIK 185; 288,

left

26, 15.

g.)

of a river Eulaeus i^lX EilaZoq 438.

A-u-si-' Israel, proper

NOIN

—

100.

195, f.

h^)ii 365.

i-nu Subst. possession, property; comp. Hebr.

p{«{

9Lj!

name

name Evil-Merodach

(n^r) U-la-ai

^^•){<

"inhabi-

94, footnote *; 323; often as determ.

Ideogr. PI. (with phon.

a-vi-lu-tu humanity,

=

alu town

to

2.

—

Transl.]

Hebr. IVIX^?) 162; 898,

6.

—

A-zu-ru name of a Kanaanite town, perhaps the modern JS,zur

167; 289, 66. 1N^"11{< Az-ri-ja-(a-)u

Judaean proper

name Azarjah

-in^l]^ (188)

218; also Az-ri-a-[u] 217; 219, as well as [A-]su(?)-ri-ja-u 218.

nX ^^u ahi 201;

Subst. brother,

Ideogr. 289, 60; 202.

llO(footn.

proper

— p.

name

Hebr.

350, 57.

A-hi-ja-ba-b a

—

HNT

^^^-^

a-ha-vis

phon. a-hu 398, 10.

Adv.

brotherly,

Mesopotamian proper

name

==

Plur.

mutually

33>nN

— A-hi-mil-ki, Ah(i)-mil-ki Phoen.-Philist. — Achimelech = Hebr. T||?p^n{< ^^5; 163; 355,

95Eng.

ed.).

12.

205

GLOSSARY. A-hi-mi-ti Philist. proper name 162; 398,

—

10.

A-hi-ra-mu Mesopot. 527

—

name

D"l^n{< 1*0 (Eng. ed. p. 95 footn. *). near, see ^nV ^"^i prep, ^flN Hebr. ^NFIN 194, 91. 3nX A-ha-ab-bu proper name

proper

=

]nH comp.

I

Kal

—

took 213, 19 (20?).

ary formation from the

—

r-l-

u-sa-hi-iz

— ta-ha-zu

taken 272.

to be

A'iH' j^

i-kal-luv

ikalati

354;

,

in

Ethiop. Assyr.

i-gal 123; 212,

(so read,

I;

comp. Tigl.

ikalMi!) 193, 80; 194, 89; 458, footn. 49. 50. VI, 94 etc. DODD''N I-ka-sam-su(?) Philist. proper name 355, 7. "inWN I'-har-sag-gal-kur-kur-ra, name of a locality 389, 156. of a temple 213, 3; similarly I-sar-ra 213, 3. ~I!D{"')N I'-kur name

Pil. I col.

—

302, 32

atalu.

29.

Ideogr. written

Ideogr. see Hollenf. der Istar 148.

^HN

^^

Sam.

1

'j^^ri)

Phon.

origin).

itfltu phonet.

Phon. Spr.

name

(ir,

(ra^t)

Kal I spared 345,

an objective

is

—

under

comp. Eth.

e,

Schroder,

cf.

4.

this

TJD^-^N

22, 30;

—

up, Syr. j-Jii*.— Transl.].

Ps. Sg. Impft.

1.

SnI^N

UJBY1A.J

wrap

Comp. with

9.

MAR.TU)

(m^t

86.

darkness 455,

Subst. Genit.

prohibitive particle not, Lat. n

i

preserved in

"ni/^N;

HDy

dark [comp. Heb.

i-ti-i

the

Eanaan

6.

i-

370, 35.

301, 19;

A-bar-ra-ai Adj. Phoenician, Kanaanite 157,

iti

nn.nX

>

(mat) Aharri name of a country

properly Hinder land

West country,

—

J caused

iproperly hand-to-hand fight, second-

battle,

see ibid.

battle,

90;

Sg. Impf.

i's.

l-

Ps. Sg. Impft. Shaf.

1.

Comp.

:

also

below pi^.

"inU'D'N I-ki-iS-tu-ra Cypr. proper p{i{

i-nu-ma,

Arab, t-yip-

=

from inu O't

=

the time,

name

Arab. i-*iP^

when

2,

1.

+

7; 17,

Ikistura 355, 13.

ma, 1

in the sense of the

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

206 528

0.

T.

intiv, also inuv, Subst. eye, spring, Hebr. y\y, Arab, .••.xc

pjij

Plur. ini,

uame

(Dual ina)

ini

Hamath

of a prince of

Airu name

Ti{<

—

6.

t-ni-ilu

etc.

proper

Phon. Ai-ru(ri)

-^sji}.

footnote ***;

405,

333, 11;

Hebr.

Ijjar,

strengthened sep. pron.

\i^i^ ai-si

Comp. j&si under

fill.

Akkadi

(mat)

"^2^^

52a and b

65,

line

Tigl. Pil. II

335, 4;

486

(B. C. 745);

14;

346,

—

459, 4 (footn.).

mur. Louvre (^1")

31DX

I,

Ps. Sg.

1.

me,

etc.

Akkad, written Ak-ka-di 460, footn.; Comp. ^gx- Ideogr. Akkadi-KI Khors. 3;

m&t

with

also

prefixed 136, footnote

351, 65;

369, 29;

373, footn. **;

(avil)

Akkadim

Subst. those

12);

of

/,

{land)

etc.

etc.;

1

of the

j^i.

Ak-ka-di-i

Ak-ku-u name

Akkad

of

(adj.

of

88.

Akkb

of a town

(^0 Ak-zi-bi name

—

*.

458, 49 (footn.);

Phon. Ak-ka-di-im (Ham-

Akkadfi).

relation in plur. from the sing.

1DN

218,

7.

152 ad

II R.

160;

^{

AM, name foil.).

s®®

—

DN1-

of the elephant

Comp. 187

(I

Ki. X.

22) and footn. *.

'^NDiiX Am-mi-ba-'-la Mesopot. proper name =: 95 footn.).

'5_j;2>23^

110 (Eng.

ed. p.

Jon Is it of

i-im-ga, im-ga Adj. exalted.

Syn. of

gitmalu

Akkadian origin (IM-GA) or Semitic?

perfect 420; 421.

(root pO_j;) ?

—

421.

—

comp. Hebr. 1J3^. i-mid l.Ps. Sg. Impft. Kal I appointed, I imposed 272; 273, 4; 287; 289, 64; the same 189. The signification "on the redigere assumed on p. 189 is unnecessary translate

IDX

:

;

land Juda (and)

on Hezekiah

,

its

king,

I

—

imposed obedience".

We

have an abbreviation of imid absani in the phrase imid (without absani) used in the same sense (288, 37; 301, 19 etc.). Ni-mi-itti-Bil name of a rampart of Babylon, interpreted by Delitzsch as

—

meaning "Foundation of Bel".

IDN

(^'^)

Comp. under

A-mi-di name of the town Amid-Didrbehr, lA^i,

(footn. **); 480, B. C. 800; 484, B. C.

^]QX (m^t) Amadai, people 80.

n{«{}3.

762; 488 C,

written A-ma-da-ai

name

^]

106,

6.

of a country and

;

209

GLOSSARY. ^OX

li-ta-mu-u

—

333, 9, also 156).

ma-mit

amStu

(Hpt);

jiicoio

,

Hebr.

also

rilSn?

command

{that) they might

Ps. PI. Volunt. Ifte.

3.

(footn. **).

ed. p.

comp. Syr. jla^

(""O^)

—

373, 35

command. Stat, constr. a-m&t531 a-ma-a-ta 373, 35 (footn. **) and a-ma-tuv 455, 13 (Eng. mamitu Subst. mandate, divine command, Stat, constr. Subst. saying,

—

262, 16; 289, 70.

1DDN A-muk-ka-a-ni

name 234

proper

A-muk-a-ni

,23; also written

232, 11.

amilu,

•JISX

see ^y^.

Am-mu-la-di-in, name of a Kedarene king

nSoN

ummu

DDC<

^f?^J DDX

Subst. mother, Arab. •«!, Hebr. {«{, Aram. )ie)

um-mu

Pbon.

Or ought we

QDJ?? umma-na-at) host,

constr.

323; 345,

—

um-m§.nu,

assume a special

to

Subst. PI.

umman^ti

Pbon. 195, 99; 209, 43

troops.

Ideogr. 152; 203 (6is); 398 (150.

10.

Eth.

,

Ideogr. 175; Stat, constr. 175.

175.

comp. Hebr. (qi^j;) Q]}-

root jDi;, as extension of (Stat,

148.

foil.

Plur. Stat, constr.

1).

301, 23.

}3{< mals

umS,mu

=

Hebr.

meaning u-[ma-am] 17, 4.

Subst. beasts, especially with the

Phon.

mOHS-

DDN ammatu

Stat, constr.

Subst. yard

{"i

cubit),

]DN comp. Hebr. VQ^, Arab,

Hebr.

rj^^^

^^^ J —

Ethiop.

,

Ideogr. 124, 29.

HSN-

s

-

large ani-

timinu

^

Subst. foundation-stone, foundation (secondary formation from the

written ti-mi-in-(§a) 124,

ION

(m&t,

ir)

)"iSi'i

Bit-Am-ma-nu name

m^t) B it-Am-ma-na-ai Adj. he of A-ma-na-ai Adj. the same 194, 95. mountain

DON DDK

?)

pQ^

etc.

—

imflku

346,

12.

—

(Sad)

257;

11.

288, 52.

—

—

(ir

(m^t)

Am-ma-na name

of a

—

name Amasis

(^)

364,

4.

Subst. properly depth, then power,

Written i-mu-ku comp.

footn. *;

Ammon

Ammon, Hebr.

355,

141;

220, 27.

[A-ma]-a(?)-su Egypt, proper

might 421. 326,

(= Amanus

comp.

of the country

Am-ma-na(ni), Am-ma-a-[na]

written

Ifte.),

7.

imuki,

H

R. 36, 55.

written

Stat,

const,

i-muk

i-mu-ki, the same,

PI.

—

raa-muk-tav Subst. depth of wisdom{^), npDj/D (^) 346, 14. For i-im-ga, im-ga see above JDKppDN (^0 Am-kar-ru-na name of the town Ekron, lilpjt?, ^Axxd-

military forces 289, 75; 301, 24.

—

QU)V 164; 289, 69. col. III.

"lOK comp. Eth. Kal / saw 261,

1; 290, 25; 301, 22; 302, 25. 30; 355,

/^/\^^^'

14.

—

i-mu-ru

3.

—

i-mur

1.

Ps. PI. 332, 21.

—

(Hpt.).

Ps.

Sg.

im-ma-ru

14

7.

Impft. (for

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

210 i-ma-ru)

532

look,

Ps. Impft. Nif. he

3.

then

circle of vision

ta-mar-tu Subst. *lt3N

Ideogr.

was seen 345,

imiru

=

*.

—

2.

—

Arab.

ass,

i-mi-ri III Rawl.

2,

.L^.*-

ta-mir-tu Subst.

45 (XX,

Aram.

>

Ideogr. Plur. 290,

3).

6.

—

56.

Hebr. "liDH

,

—

amUru

(Eng. 'sight') 289, 76; 301, 20. 24; 345,

object of display, present 288,

Subst.

397,

11;

Written a-ma-ri (Gen.) 389, footn.

seeing.

Inf.

456 (Notes and lUust.).

Ps. PI. Pres. they see 455, 9;

3.

in-na-mir

0. T.

)i.^4*.

18; 345,

8; 374, 25.

niSX (mat) A-ma-(at)-ti name of a country, prob. Eamdth 105; Comp. non- — (m^t) A-mat-(ta-)ai 281; 323 {ter). Adj. 201; 202; also A-ma-ta-ai 203; 323. 194, 88. 91;

IX 26,

ana

towards,

Pr^ep.

|j<

ina Prep.

124, 8.

Phon. a-na 18;

Ideogr. 48, footn. ff.

to,

124, 5 etc.

15; 82, 105;

Ideogr. 82, 104. 105;

in.

Phon. i-na

91, 52.

17,

1;

13 etc.

— |J5 annu Pron. dem. this, written an-nu-u 332, 25; 459, 4. annutu Pron. Fern, of the above an-nu-u-tuv 79. — an-nu-ti Plur. ;

msc. these 194, 95.

U-nu name

|{i{

(ir)

1}^

comp, Hebr.

town

of a

—

[T'^ti]^^.

It is

perhaps the Semitized Akkad.

also

AN.TA

284;

411.

^WJ<

=

—

iia.

—

A-nu

*Anu-malik

I'-ni-ilu,

Upper Aegypt

in

Anu name

152.

of a deity

(=

Oannes?).

—

ana "Heaven", then "deity"; comp. A-nuv 160 (Deut. XXXII. 10);

14;

2,

proper name Anammelech

Hamathite proper name

=

Phoen.

284.

?]7SJ3_j; '?{j{J''_j;

107 (read

I'-ni-ilu!); 252.

jWN AN. AN

Akkad. designation of the supreme God

(= AN)

N^nJN (mSt) An-di-u (also An-di-a) name of a country 213,

—

^JX comp. Hebr. HJl?) T\IV'

^"°^

^*

ri^^ i-na-ah 3. Ps. Sg. Impft. Kal perhaps a collateral form of ni3 ^7.

it

124,

127.

9.

^^' ^S- Impft.

Kal 1 injured

to ruins,

became waste,

7.

njX anaku

Subst. lead, Hebr.

fell

Ideogr. 208, footn. *.

njj^.

Plur.

pieces of lead, Ideogr. 157, 87; 193, 84; 208.

1D3N anaku(ka?) Pron. a-na-ku 335

plement ana-ku IJN (rUN"*)

302

(col.

III.

— 4).

Pers. Sg.

1.

Rawl. 48 No.

(I

5.

1)

;

I.

363,

6.

Hebr. s^Jf^

Phon,

etc,

Ideogr. with phon.

com-

91, 55; 459, 5.

annu

—

Subst.

root

ill,

HJI^''

evil,

—

«'

badness. njll)

1-*^

Written an-ni 289; *end.

—

Ace.

to

QL0S8ABY. Haupt

Gloss, under

annu

P{i{

Eng.

and

which, however, would 533

signification.

J{{.

A-nun-na-ki name of a deity of the subterranean waters

Anunnaki);

Vol. I p. 57 (read

ed.

174; 285.

A-nu-ni-tuv name of a deity Annnit 280.

(i^'^)

nJJK

see

this,

(ilu)

'3Jj{i{

stands for arnu,

^*

nj{>

collateral use

have been a

still

211

DJDJN U-na-sa-gu-su Cypr. proper name 355, 21. pJN (m&t) Un-ki name of a country 249, footn. f. U^JX assatu woman,

—

IZUf.

Comp. below Plur.

398, 9; 452, 67.

tu

atta

333, 11

anta)

pers.

(ir)

ra^t)

(^J"?

nilK^N '62;

291, 39;

(= avilutuv

As-du-du(di) name

as-kup-pa-tuv Subst.

"lODX asmaru

24,

HDN

|7pDX

(^1")

of a town,

2J]

g.).

;

o-j',

51.

threshold,

name

—

JAAamc)

384.

of a North-Arabian tribe

PI.

Is-ka-lu-na,

—

As-du-di-im-mu, see

{= Ishmael

as-ma-ri-i 261,

Is-ka-al-lu-na

name

5.

93.

of a

302, 29;

town 355,

(m&t) As-ka-1 u-na-ai Adj. 257.

1DN

—

f.

Ashdod, Hebr.

Ashkelon, Hebr. li^PtJ^N 165; 289, 58. 63; 301, 20. 21;

—

ti-ni-si-i-

12; 398 (149, 6; 150, 8).

Subst. spear (NR. 28).

mSt)

24

>

(m^t) U(?)-sa-na-ta-ai Adj. he of U{?)sanat 194,

n3DN

6.

—

302, 32. II R.

comp.

pron. thou,

290, 24; 302, 29; 323; 355,

I^tJDN (avil) I-sa-am-mi-'

c'^^

32.

As-du-da-ai Adj. he of Ashdod 288,

DDDDN

i^^flTT"!'

ntJ-'N)

Ideogr. 12, footn. f; 289, 60; 345, 10;

as§ati Ideogr.

Written at-ta 413,

^J'J';.

nnON

(for

—

i^'J.

men

Subst. mcmkind,

pj{(

comp. Hebr.

wife,

comp. Hebr. "iQN, Syr. jif, At.j^\, Eth.

i-sir

1.

Ps. Sg. Impft.

Kal

1 shut

Afl/.'. iAUJ/,'.)

in 209, 54;

213, 16;

234, 23;

261, 9; 289, 72; 290, 21; 301, 23; 302, 29.

Hebr. -^D^ etc. misratu Subst. Thence comes the denomin. verb u-ma-

,

as-sir

3.

:

Ps. Sg. Impft. Pa. he divided into tens 15, 3

•^QN comp. Hebr. "iQn-

powered 399,

3.

(Eng. ed.

191

p.

—

~

apiktu

last line);

it-ta-pi-ik

3.

and Notes andlllust.

Ps. Sg. Impft. Ifte. he over-

Subst. subjugation, defeat Id. 194, 97;

201

202; 203; 209, 48; 289, 79 (read apikta-

§u-un); 326, footnote*; 349,

DOX

—

New

1DX comp. Hebr. lij;y decad, comp. "lij^^tJ 15, 3.

52.

apsfi, the Sumer.-Akk. zu-ab Subst. Sea, Ocean,

14*

ideogr.

2, 3.

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

212

534

pDN

from which

pQ{^

(ir)

is

tupku,

derived

Ap-ku name

see

pOH-

of the town Aphek

pF^

"IDN ipru Subst. dust, 10_i;, ^ac, ]^^ 455, 1 456 (Job XXVIII. 6).

i-par 235, 27; 450, Rev.

appartu

"IDN

(a)-ti 345,

issu

is,

Y^

schung

reed (Del.),

Subst.

(on the

183

Kings V. 13);

(1

ap-pa-ra-

PI.

Aram.

aUiac,

also

184 ad

init.

etc.

0^>

Ethiop.

As determinative

y^.

—

etc.

in

WW,

Hebr.

tree,

See Hal^vy-Sayce

i-si.

—

NION-

-iQ{ 27.

Subst. Plur. apes (comp. Hebr. nip):*

Vp^?) iksu

)

23.

Aram.

field,

epithet

"ly^.

ik-ki-bu-ug 290,

Suff.

DpN

[ti]

is-su-ru(ri)

Ideogr. (for this comp. II R. 40, 17

a bird" 350, 57.

'^like

with

Phon.

._j.a^ac,

Adj. strong, powerful;

from

— 450,

Rev.

3.

which ik-su-

2.

Synon. Slu. Ideogr. 79, •^X iru (i'ru?) Subst. town, Hebr. -^ly. footnote*; 93 (Eng. ed. p. 76 footn.) ; 97 and footn.; 156; 193, 80. 81 etc.

Plur. ira-ni 193, 78; 194, 87.

—

•"li^?

Q''\H

K'NIN ^•It^

Ur

urumu

—?

proper

name Uruk{7)

Subst. tree-stem

I'-ri-i-su Cypr.

proper

Impft. Kal

ri-ib(bi)

7,

3.

—

1.

Ps. Sg. Impft.

**).— u-gi-ri-bu

[u-]ru-mi Plur. 17,

Ar. v_J^?).

i-ru-ub-ma)

he entered 193, 80; 261, 7;

and

?)

2.

355, 17.

31_j;,

(for

94.

Rad. Q^-)

name

comp. Aram. ,.sj^ (Hebr.

TU.ub), with Cop. i-ru-um-ma

(footn.

(?

Shaf

345, I,

do. 3. Ps. sing, he

7.

1.

9;

— iru-ub Ps.

and

450, 72.

he brought in

had brought

(written

3.

Ps. Sg.

—

u-Si-

373, 33. 34

in 290,

33; 299

213

GLOSSARY.

&

(Notes

302, 31.

Illust.);

—

482, B. C. 787.

Ideogr. (Gen.) 178;

With

455,

suflf.

i-ta-rab

—

179.

5.

Arabia), comp.

Ur-bi name of a

KD1N see n^-]. ^NDIN i^^) Arba-ilu, name

of Istar

as

^3^N

184, 69.

140;

of the country Arabia (North

302, 31;

Ar-ba-'-il

name

—

535 av.

(mat) Ar-ba-ai

of the town Arbela,

—

Pers.

Arba-ilu proper

— A r ba-ilu-asi-ra

proper

t

36.

Arba-ha, Ar-rap-ha name of a

('')

—

346, 13.

333, 16; 484, B. C. 759.

Albdq 112; 480, B.

pachitis,

—

4.

goddess of Arbela 36.

name, Aram. "Id'^D^X

/ will assuredly ^ribu Part. act. Kal

voluntat.)

253: 255, 30; 262, 15; 397, 3; 414.

Adj. the Arbaite 194, 94; 277,

Arbird 118, footnote *;

name

,

290, 31;

tribe

Ps. Sg. Impft. Ifte. he entered

Transl.].

i-rib

constr.

Vj^

21Vj

—

^^.

(m&t) A-ri-bu, A-ri-bi

^•^f^

(or

i-ri-bu Subst. entrance, of the sun setting.

Stat,

7.

3.

precat.

under ^^ or

15, see

enter 455,

—

[lu-ru-ba

Arrha-

city or country

C. 812. 803; 484, B. C. 769; 486, B. C. 745.

735.

name

{{^^J"1X

184 (and footn. **). n"nfc{

urhu

niN

(Rad.

IT^X arhu

?N'?mK

Subst. way, Hebr. n~lx. ?)

a r-h

i

s

Plur. ur-hi 450, 73.

Adv. at the right time

(?)

289, 68.

Subst. month, see n~lV

Ir-hu-li-(i)-ni(ua) Hamathite proper

name (V];"^ni^?)

l^'!

194, 88. 91; 201.

Arahti, written A-ra-ah-ti, name

piniX

(nar)

"]NnN

I'ri-Aku,

name

of an old Babyl. king

of a river or canal 31.

= Hebr. TjInN

'^^5 ^^^-

THE CDNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

214 |*1{«{

long

H*l{>{

urku

a-ra-ku

ur-ri-ku

Subst.

(stat.

Ps. PI. Impft.

3.

Kal 373

length

constr.)

-]-1X

^^at. constr.

8.

arki, see

-ji").

n^{< Arka, also 94;

comp. Hebr. HD'iy.D-

Subst. battle-array,

u-ru-uk 345,

Uruk, name of a town Erech- Wa/rka, Hebr. Tl^lf^ Arkaitu Adj. Fem. she of Erech 94, written

—

346, 13.

Ar ka-ai-i-tu, 536

—

13.

2,

**).

(footn.

13;

—

comp. Hebr. TI^X-

to be long,

they became

0. T.

Var.

A r-k a-a i-i-t a v

Sm. Assurb. 250,

o) 457.

"inN U-ri-ik(-ki) proper name of a Kuaean 252; 257. ^'^a (mSt, §ad) Aralu, written A-ra-al-lu(li), A-ra-lu. Name of a locality, especially of a mountain, at the same time an Assyr. term for the

Lower World

"^X arammu Q"l{<

Hebi".

389, 156 and footnote.

Subst. bulwark, rampart,

comp.

j»-c 290, 15.

A-ra-mu, A-ru-mu, A-ri-mu(mi), name of a race, Aramaean, 115 and footnotes. — (mS,t) A-ru(ra)-mu name of the country

nnN

— (mSt) Ar-ma-a-ja race-adject. 232, 13; 369, — A-ra-mi, proper name of a North-Syrian king 193, 83.

Aramaea 116; Aramaean 116.

29.

5.

DIN U-ri-im-mi, name of a prince 253. T^OIN U-ru-mil-ki, see under "nj^. arnu Subst. sin. With Suff. a-ra-an-su-nu 'j"1f<

—

tion uncertain.

pN

(is)

i-i*

i-n

Comp.

u V (n

Subst. cedar, comp. Hebr.

i)

388; Plur. irini Ideogr. 184; shortened

ni^X (d^O A-ra-an-tu name (i^)

6.

—

Deriva-

J~f{<

411;

412;

—

ir-ni 412.

Comp.

of the river Orontes 195, 101.

Aegypt. Anurtha, Arnutha (Chabas

D/DIN

290,

also under i^N-

Arantd).

:

Ur-sa-li-im-mu (ma) name of the ciij Jerusalem

^h^^YW " T :

>a2Xk,»o)

nOIN

161; 290,

m§,t)

(ir,

8.

20. 32; 302,

27.

Ar-pad-da name

modern Tell-ErfM 323 (Khorsab. 33 484, B. C. 754; 486, B. C. 743—40.

y]H irsituv ir-si-tiv (Gen.) r)^{i{

arku

p'nX

(ir)

29. 31.

of the

foil.);

Subst. earth, comp.

VIXj ^^-

123; 124, 27; 178.

—

Adj., see

Ar-ka-(a)

town Arpad

HQIK

>

^^^

324; 328; 480, B. C. 806;

(J-»j')

Aram. jL?)

Written irsi-tiv

.

Phon.

ibid. 177.

piv name

of a town, Arkd, Hebr. {i)p1]}

,

Greek

\4pxa, Lat. Area 104. Q3p~l{< ((mat)

I

r-k a-n a-t a-a

i

Adj.

man

of the land Irkanat 194, 92.

215

GLOSSARY. urru

~n{i{

comp. Arab.

Subst. light,

53, footn. * (Eng. ed. p. 54)

U-ru-mil-ki, see under

arratu

"1"1{<

(to

.1,

Hebr.

written ixr-ru

'^"j{«{,

—

be pronounced firu?

53, 30.

)

—

"Tij*}.

Subst. curse. Stat, constr.

arrat

Ideogr. 47. Hebr. 1*1 J

(not irsu!).

J-sOf^, (_,i*yC

Ideogr. 213, 19; Plur. 290, 36; 299. jj;^{<

^^

mar§itu,

see ^'Tl-

as-su properly

illative particle accordingly

the sense of in order

isatu

tt'N

to)

may suppose Keil.

(1872)

compounded

to be

it

transitional or

296),

p.

8); Prep, to (bef. Infin. in

398 (Botta 149,

353, 36.

Subst. yire ]l}^

,

/^"^^

Phon. i-sa-a-ti (Gen.) 182.

isatu.

PI.

(we

that

to

ana-gu, see Assyr. Babyl.

from

Phon. i-sa-tuv 180.

(l^^^i)-

I

181

Ideogr.

194, 89. 90.

;

tJ^X i§§(itu, see tJ^IX-

315>X

iSbu

ItCN

('!)

Written is-bi 397,

Subst. vegetable Z'WV-

U-su-u name

of

a

town 288, 40;

3.

Accord, to

301, 20.

=

Hebr. f^U^^N (?). intJ'N (sad) As-ha-ni name of a mountain 220, 29.

Delitzsch

nriK'N Us-hi-it-ti, name of a Tunaean 253; 257. Subst. Plur. stores, comp. Hebr. DDJ^, Aram. JON sabi u§-ma-ni baggage servants (!) 261, 8. 209, 51.

Dtd< u§-ma-ni

—

P)tfX a-§i-pu Subst. one who employs conjurations (on Dan.

II.

F^tS'N)

^^^

|»sa-^l

2).

nti'N i§-ka-ti Subst. Plur. fem. bonds, fetters (root

T^li)^,

oi,**«.c ?)

371.

Itt'N

aSru

Subst. place, comp. Ar.

with Suff. a-§a-ar-§u(§a) 124, fin.)',

41;

397, 2;

398 (150, 8;

389 (footn. *);

^^X

a§§,ru

*.

136 (footn. * p. to be

Ideogr. with

masc. Awid 36.

,

"inN-

—

a§-ru,

— a-§ar-su

188; 213,9; 345, 11 Stat, constr.

p.

2).

Gen. with

156).

a-gar Suflf.

{ad 288,

(a-na)

—

i§ritu Subst. holy place, temple. 122 Eng. ed.), i§-ri-ti 389, 156.

good, hind; comp.

management, regulation 124 a§irat.

50).

|j^|

10 line

455, 8 (Eng. ed.

a§-ri-§u-nu 458 (footn. Plur. i§-ri-i-ti

7.

151,

Aram.

SI,

(col. 1.

32).

"itt^i.

—

—

§u-ti-Su-ru Inf. Istaph.

§,§ir Part, good, kind;

phon. complement rat 36.

—

* as

fir {sic\)

Fem. Adj.

—

mu-sar(sar)-i see 1DDname of the god Asur, written A-§ur

"ItCN ASur 153; 194, 96; 201

etc.

—

Asur-ah-iddin

a proper

35.

Ideogr. 91, 52;

name Asarhaddon

537

i

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

216

Hebr. lliniDK)

bis);

1

=

'AaagiSivog

Grr.

335 (line

44. 8;

337, 6;

0. T.

Axerdls (35); 326, footn, *;

—

374, 30.

Agur-bani-ab

333,

al "Asur

—

name Sardanapalus 335, bis. Asur-iamong the gods, made me", proper A§ur-na-din-§um "Asur gives the name", proper name name 359. Gr. \4.occQavd6iog (written ^Anagai'dSiog) 35; 351, 63. — Asur-n^sirabal "Asur protects the son", proper name 184, 63. A s u r-r §-i-§ "Asur, exalt the headl" proper name 91, 56. ^^^ lU'N (ir) Asur name of the town (comp. the name of the god) Asur, written A-sur 35; 97; 193, 85. — (mS,t) A§§ur (Asur) comp. Hebr. the creator of the son" proper

til-ili-iikinni "Asur,

exalted

the

—

—

TltS'N

^y- JoZ) name

)

A-§ur

—

etc.

Ideogr.

35.

117;

A§-§u-ri-tuv Adj. Fem. Assyrian

Tltt'N a-sa-ri-du Adj. certain

[Ace.

origin.

Phon. As-§ur and

of the country Assyria.

91, 52. 56. 57; 97;

184, 63. 64

180;

35.

—

from

3 ^^ ed.

Assyr. Lesest.

Fr. Delitzsch,

and idu

156;

princely 266 footn. * P. S.; 413; of un-

chief,

to

i'

Occurs frequently in the Assyrian royal name Su ImSnu-asSr idu, see below under Q^J^r.

aSar (airu)

'place'

= CIN

(B^)t5'N

'one'.

~

=

fj^om ty-|n

Hebr. Jjfin^ i-i^-^i-is Adv. from i§sfltu Suhst. newness. 124, l5b.

—

meaning anew

the Adj. iSsu new,

Phon. (ana) i§-§u-ti, is-§u-u-ti

Transl.].

in newly founding,

e.

i.

anew 97; 249

241 footn. f). Phon. is-tu iitu Prep, from, out of (of what etymology?). nii^N Comp. also nSXIdeogr. 91, 58; 179, bis; 184, 66. 184, 69.

(Eng. ed.

ntJ^f?

p.

a§§atu,

—

i§-ti-nis

Aram.

see tfJN-

comp. Hebr.

intfN istin, (so

Nnn3

I'ead!)

"intJ'N Istar

Ideogr. 13;

,

—

nX Phon.

(|£t.^)

>2\^ 177.

178;

326, footn. *;

itti Prep, with,

302, 31 etc. PJi^

26, 16;

2.

(avil) I-tu-'

^f^{< itii

5.

24.

Comp.

—

i§-ta-ri-tuv

333, 15 etc.

i§-tar-at 180;

name

H'intt'y

,

—

Stat. cstr.

=

of the goddess

goddess

177.

iStarSti goddesses, i§tar-at

177 (179);

hp']l\i/i} 1'^.

comp. Hebr. pj< and (Del.) Assyr. ittu

"side".

140; 194, 97; 201; 203; 289, 78; 290, 34; 301, 24;

Ideogr.

atta Pron.

NDN

jAjlc,

written Ig-tar 176;

I§tar-dar-ka-li proper name

it-ti

2,

Is(Mil)-tu-an-da-ai Adj. the Istvmdaean 253; 257.

comp.

written istar^-ti 177; 180.

one another

with

(^Pt-); Hebr. "iriNS etc.

-J3P{j;{{(?) (Ir)

Istar-Astarte

one,

in

Written isti-in 234,

^Pl^i/-

("iJS'i/)

Adv.

(= KI)

passim.

pers. thou, see

name

nJN-

of a tribe 232,

Subst. boundary.

Gen.

i-ti-i

of the feminine form ittu, Plur. it§.ti?

Insch. Tigl. Pileser I 115

foil.

5.

398 (150.

—

on

6).

this

Masculine form

comp. Del.

in

Lotz

217

OLOSSABY. I-tu-u-an-da-a

"niNIDN SpoQ 355:

IHN utukku Subst. Oenius, Demon TnN v'lu) I-tak name of a god 283. atalu

l'?nN

=

name Itvandar

Cypr. proper

r

^ExeFav-

16.

Subst. overshadowing,

Ideogr.

line 50).

AN.MI

160.

39;

eclipse (see III

Rawl. 58 No. 8

Should we compare Arab.

484 B. C. 763 ^

JJac, Hebr. ^^]Q^'i A-ti-in-ni

ION ('0

PDN pDN

town

of a

220, 30.

— i-ti-ik — ti-ti-ku

comp. pnV' p^ni^M-

Rawl.

(I

name

(mat) At-na-na name of a country, Cyprus

No. J. 3) 287, 28.

7

went 262,

—

16.

he was carried

in-n i-it-k

away 277

401; Stat, constr.

(I

m i-ti-ik name

"IHN (ilu) A-tar

a-am-ma

3.

Rawl. 36.

3.

pn^-

Kal he received

Ps. Sg. fern. Impft. Ifte she

with Cop.

Ps. Sg. Impft. Nif.

—

20).

Subst. march,

mi-ti-ku

m i-ti-ik

218, 2; 289, 65; also

of a god*e«5,

86, see also

Ps. Sg. Impft.

3.

301, 22.

Adar, comp. "n^j^T^j^, properly

father of decision, father of destiny 179; 443.

IPN li}35^

414

A-tar-sa-ma-(ai)-in Syr.-Arab. deity

(il")

(Jer. VII.

=

pj3D "inyi

(footn. * Eng. ed.

"^ Athar {Astarte) of heaven 110

p.

i-

®-

94); 148;

18).

D 1ND b{-

Hebr.

,

Adj. in a mass, complete.

Fem.

Plur. gab-ga-ti 218, 8; gab-§a-a-ti 323.

u.

XI3 Gu-ai Adj. the Guaean Gesch. 121. 236 foil.; 257

Gu-gu, Gu-ug-gu

JJ

427 (Ezek. XXXVIII.

2).

i.

proper

—

one of the land

e.

foil.)

|DTJ (m^t) Gu-zu-um-ma-n

(B.

Gu-za-na name

C. 794);

484

(B.

name Gyges

,

Pvytjg

i

of a

Ill,

name

77; proper

name

town Gozan 275; 480

C. 763. 759. 758); 488 C,

name

of

a

mighty, majestic comp. Akkad. .

.

'^J

(Ir)

(Keil.

Hebr.

Ji-j?)

ibid.

193, 83. 7.

11.

(B. C. 809);

482

II. 13).

Not im-

I'jn^I

^) (ilu) Gu-la

.

Ku'i

6.

+

=

(=

of a country 345,

jnj guhlu Subst. Phon. gu-uh-li 290, 35. DI (Assyr. Guhanu?) 31 (Gen. jnj Gu-ha-an probably

or

Ga-gi, Ga-a-gi proper name 427,

D^J Gu-si, also Gu-u-si (Asurn.

n;i (ir)

Gu'i

194, 92.

deity,

GAL.

the goddess

Phon. 333,

Ga-al-[ad?] name of a town

Quia, properly the 12.

Gile[ad'i]

2bb, 17.

543

;

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

222

J.

0.

^^J gullatu Subst. region (Syn. of subtu) comp. Hebr. ^"h^, Th'h^^

Haupt Sumer. Familiengesetze 28 and comp. Asurn. Stand. 4 dagul-lat n&kiri "treading down the region of the enemy^\ as well as the passage cited in 456 ad fin. belonging to the Salmanassar-inscr. but this meaning is ill-suited to the passage Cyrus Cyl. 34 (above Ought we to assume the existence of two completely p. 373, footn. **). distinct words? Comp. below ^3. hZ'Ol (avil) Gam-bu-lu name of a tribe 346, 16. JDJ (mat) Gam-gu-ma-ai Adj. he of Gamgum 193, 84; 253; 257. see

a-is

—

boj comp.

"p^^Ali J^^i liiaJ- ~ gammal Subst. camel, 194, 94. — gam-mal 397, 3; Plur. gam-mal

'pi3!|,

gam-raa-lu

phon.

(with sign for Plural) 290, 18; 345, 8; 346, 17. "l^J comp. Hebr. IJJJ, Aram.

—

4.

2,

Stat, constr.

sa

Suff. gim-ri-(su,

—

gi-mir-tu (same

ri)

gi-mir etc.)

— gimru

^V/'

Subst. the

total,

Gen. 213,

meaning)

9.

whole

With

83, adinit.; 174; 234, 24; 332, 18.

10; 249 (Eng. ed. p. 241 footn. f).

—

220, 27. 29 {bis).

git-mu-ru (Gen.

333, 15.

"lOj (m^t,

avil) Gi-mir-ra-ai

Adj.

the

Kimmerian

,

comp. Hebr.

IDi, KiixfxEQLOi 80; 84.

544

"'

town, perhaps

=

Q^lipx Pi ''

ginfl garden,

P

name

(^O Gi-im-tu-As-du-di-im-mu

DIIDNTIDJ

written

—

(Hal.)?

166; 398,

.

8.

Os gi-nu-u,

|Ll^, "Ji^', (Akkad. ga-na) 27

comp.

lij,

.

of a Phoenician

Ai'ab.

.

iCL>, Aram.

foil.

NDnjJ Gi-in-di-bu-' proper name Oindibuh 194, 24. nj3JJj (mS.t) Gi-nun-bu-un-da name of a country

213,

7.

giparu Subst. darkness, gloom, Akkad. in origin; gi-pa-ra 2, 6. GAR.GA, GAR.su [these readings have been meanwhile shown "TJI be incorrect. With Delitzsch, Assyr. Lesest. d^^ ed. p. XVI, read "lOi

to

§a-ga §a-§u as a-su;

—

shown by the variant p.

to

348

Taylor

cyl. col.

wealth, baggage

and also

II

(Eng. ed. Vol. II

Ideograms of essentially similar meaning

Transl.].

232,

is

comp. Dr. Schrader's note on

stores, provisions 193, 81

;

viz.

56 §ap.

33).

property,

194, 88. 89; 213, 20;

255, 21; 289, 56; 295.

10. 11;

10N~lJ (mat) Gar(Sa)-imiri-su name of a country Syria- Damaskus 202; 213, 15; 262, 15; abbreviated (mUt) Imiri-su 138; 201;

138;

bis; 209, 41; 213, 15. - (m^t) Gar-imiri-§u-ai Adj. Syrian Comp. under "1DX imiru. DDJ"1j (ir> mat) Gar-ga-mis name of the town Karkemish, Hebr.

203; 207, 252.

K'"'P3"13)

384,

ad

written

fin.

;

also

Gar-ga-mis 314 Kar-ga-mis

384,

(Eng. ed. Vol. I

ad

fin.

—

(ir,

p.

308 footn. *);

m&t) Gar-ga-mis-ai

GLOSSABY. Adj. he of Karkemish 193, 83; also

DOpD

—

—

326, footn. *;

gi-ri 294 (Notes and

Gu-ru-ma name

(avil)

"IJ

Subst. campaign,

girii

301, 18. 22;

289, 65;

(150. 5).

323 (Botta 40.

fin.;

written

-)Ij>jgusuru 184,

ad

beam,

Subst.

well

as

gasru

cites the adject,

or

398,

of a tribe 346, 15.

comp.

_«aO«-,

|^

84

193,

«

—

^

—

Gar-

Ideogr.

Plur.

bis.

and Arab.) means

(comp. Syr.

Fried. Delitzsch, Assyr. Lesest. 3^^ ed.,

'beam'.

as

(Gen.)

350, 52;

Illust.).

(Targ. and Talm. XIK^^^

init.

gir-ri

332, 19;

^-|Q^j Gir-pa-ru-da (so read!) proper name pa-ru-un-da the same 197, Notes and Illust.

'bridge'

See

20).

under l^-

i^j conip. i5y>-288, 34;

ad

252,

223

gisru

fern,

gisirtu

—

strong, powerful.

Translator.]

nj ga-tu (Babylon.) Subst. hand, comp. Assyr. ka-tu mology see Assyr. Babyl. Keil. p. 194) 124. Dual kata ^^sf"

^njj

Gen. XIV,

^np

(inp) Cruti, Kuti(ii)

1?),

written

Gu-ti-(i),

name

of a

race

Gu-ti-um, Ku-ti-i

(for the ety-

370, 31. 36.

137 (=r 370,

34;

qi^ 425

(Ezek. XXIII. 23).

545

"J

"lt©efl*kmaHjt--sstkb--4M?#et-^a«c»9atwe.

what

is

Ideogr.

ad

init.;

153

(Gen.

Adv. subsequently.

XLIX.

81, footn. **;

Adv. behind 135, ad

Written arku-u

^

subsequent, comp.

init.;

1).

^^i,

—

209, 53; 207,

(Ideogr. with phon.

Ideogr. with

,*i,

ad

DDT)

D^DD"!^-

arki(ka) Prep. 291, 40;

fin.

—

complem.) 392.

—

phon. complem. 333, 20.

15*

450, 73.

ark ft

Adj.

ar-ka-

—

ma-

549

^.i

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

228

—

ak-ru(?

ma-ar-ku?

for

—

Subst. that which

)

is

0.

subsequent

T.

381,

{!)

footn. **.

and

O,^, G)i^l*l

t^y\ comp. sion, property,

2W^ comp.

',

Aram. ^£)£u.

Impft. Kal he placed himself sat, abode 287,

and l.Ps.Sg. Sbaf. he

marSitu

Subst. posses-

Pbon. Gen. mar-§i-ti 261, 10; 276.

>_aS») Hebr. 3^1,

(Arab.

—

2|-i.

tt'T',

comp. Hebr. ni^liOT T

II, 2;

—

452, 67.

273, 3; 276; 286 etc.; also in the sense oi changed 351, 61.

—

745).

— it-tu-sib

constr. 83;

—

a-si-bat ditto Fem. 175. also a-si*)-bu-ti

277, 4;

mu-sab

—

as-ba Kal 3 fem.

— u-gi-§i-ib

init.;

458,

273, 1;

a-si-bu-ut Plur. msc.

—

180.

written su-ba-at (Stat, constr.) 123, ad

—

3.

init.;

[477 (B. C. 705 III)]; 478 (B. C. 681); 486 (B. C.

init.;

—

ad

Ps. Sg. Ifte. he set

3.

a-sib Partic. Stat constr. dioelling 272, ad

footn. * 48.

Ps.

3.

u-si-sib

for I) established, or assigned abodes 208,

the same 373, footn.** 34; 374, 33.

himself 333, ad

u-sib

—

init.;

sub at

stat.

Subst. dwelling,

373, footn. ** 34; 455,

4.

Subst. abode Stat, constr. 335, 7; 455, 4 (Var. see footn. **). (or plur.)

sing,

Permansive they dwell ^bb,

9.

T

33}

XXV.

z

—

20).

aba In

23.

'».f.j^\

253; 414 (Jer.

us-zi-iz

forth 15,

2.

4;

3.

Ps. Impft. Shaf.

13). |^}.

—

ta-zi-iz

Ps.

3.

Fem. Sg. she raised 332, come

Ps. Sg. Impft. Shaf. of the Pael he caused to

124, 11.

comp. Arab.

-|i|

XXX.

/ or he caused to be esteemed (3.) Bit-zabal name of a temple: house of exaltation

comp. Hebr.

(tit)

—

1.

—

17.

Kings VIII.

(1

TIT

^

honour, esteem highly, comp. Hebr. ^3} (149, Gen.

u-sa-az-bil

highly (?) 219.

185

of an Arabian queen

24).

/DT

550

name

Za-bi-bi-i

.IJ,

Hebr.

"I^J

they despised, rejected 398, 11.

—

**).

—

i-zi-ru

Kal

Ps. Plur. Impf.

3.

zi-ra-a-ti Subst. Plur.

Fem. summons

to rebellion 398. 8.

* So

The

we should

half-obliterated

read with Oppert

phonogram

is

against his

to be

own published

** To regard these and similar roots as those with a middle -|{i{7,

Kal to

with Lotz, Die Insch. Tigl. is

formed in

me extremely

tion

dai§

one kjinu

is

S-'i e.

Pil.

g. zS,-'i-ru,

questionable.

I

p.

arises

by

182,

si.

X

because the Part.

=

act.

da-'i-Ju (root Jj'^l) ^t^. , appears is that the forma-

Probably the truth

the regular and original one, etc.

text.

completed into the sign for

out of which the collateral

contraction, just as

asbu from asibu.

229

GLOSSARY. zukku

II

zuk-ki 389,

Plur.

Subst. cell (Del.).

Comp. 390,

157.

footn. *.

Hebr.

comp.

"131

named

—

2.

2,

—

-13|.

zuk-kii-ru

zak-rat

1)

3.

Fern.

Ps.

Kal she

Perf.

Kal they named

Ps. PI. Perf.

3.

—

8.

2,

iz-zak-kar (for iz-ta-kar) Ifteal Impft. 3. Ps. Sing. masc. (for fern.) za-kur Adj. mentioned, rehe [she] announced, addressed 455, 13. zikru Subst. name, invocation, Stat, constr. ported {'i) 460, footn.

—

—

zi-kir 153 (Gen. XLIX.

ki-ru

3.

zikuratu

"l^f

suvimit.

Should we comp. jj^??

Haupt

comp. Hebr. I^T,

")3y

ka-rat

We

179.

Arab.

find also

So,

zik-ru

u-za-ak-

2)

]jj> 124 (col.I. 29).

124

(col.

27).

I.

be high.

17,

Gen.

(Var. zi-kar)

lij?-

—

Fem.

zi-

{ram),

Aram. I^r]

27;

I.

Gen.

17,

27; 346,

I.

Ideogr. 290, 17.

17.

^^1 iz-lal 3. Ps. Impft. Kal Hebr. ^Sj 97.

lie

became ruined, destroyed, comp. Arab.jJ,

" T

zamu

[riDT

shut

Infin. (?) shutting out

comp. Eth.

Vy\ 1

to

Phon. zi-ka-ru

manly.

Adj. male,

—

Glossary gives a form zikku-

in his

zakaru

"ipj

2).

zi-ku-ra-at

constr.

Stat,

—

ratu summit under a root

zikaru

397 (footn. *

247, 3;

1);

Ps. Plur. Impft. Pa. they raised, comp. Syr.

shut

—

in

or

=

devoid of 455,

out.

[zanknvi

J-J^^^^

zu-um-mu-u

7.

—

to rain.

Sing. 1 caused to rain phonet. u-sa-az-nin

confii-med

by Mr. Pinches

Salmanassar's monolith Subst. rain, Eth.

nuv

124, col.

'

"J^^f^^

II.

Vol.

Pael

read)

— usazniu

Shaf. Imperf.

with Dr. Craig

(so read

me) instead of u-sa-as-su-u

in a letter to

col. II 98.

(so

Transl.]

I

p. 185.

(Hebr. -)!?).

—

—

Transl.].

in

zunnu

Ideogr. 47; phon. zu-un-

1.

za-nin Part. (Stat, constr.) preserver, keeper, perhaps protector, P) comp. Hebr. pj^. It may, however, be objected to the latter signification

,

Ipso.

that,

as

12

the

I,

Notes and

is

shown by the Subst. zi-in-na-a-ti

first

radical

is

not

Ji

but

—

npl comp.

p|p|,

q nv

—

zakipu

we should expect under

comp. Hebr.

syllable ^= i-zi-i-ru,

my

363, 3 and

which

is

T)T)],

p^^

,

pJi^E-,

Subst. pointed stake, comp. {.a^ai

these circumstances,

Imperf., to meet with the orthography with modified

far as

House

East. Ind.

213, 3;

Illust.

pj zu-ku-ut Subst. Stat, constr. ladle, 208 (Eng. ed. p. 199 and footn. ***).

Moreover,

].

i

e. g.

in the

in the middle

not exhibited either in this case,

observation extends, in the other roots of this class.

or, so

THE CUNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

230

Written za-ki-pu(pi) 232, 10; 379 and footn. **

crux.

pa-a-ni 261,

Adv.

— ?—

247,

XIT comp. Hebr. y^^, Arab. Wi-itten zi-i-ru 364 (Eng. ed.

Plur. za-ki-

2.

1st.

15; 282.

—

3; stands as

2,

j;")|

who

of a deity properly she

Zar-pa-ni-tuv the same

etc.

za-ru-

z^riu, as

for

see

{^-jj.

throwing qf{?) 221, 31;

Subst.

—

bestoios seed 175;

175; 282.

19, 28;

DiDIT (n^DIT) Zirbanitu, Zarpanituv, za-rar(?)-ti

—

Ideogr. 350, 57.

51 footn.).

p.

Hebr. seed yi|

zi'ru

obv. 9 for ^gibu; comp. Assyr.-Bab. Keil. 889.

name

Zir-b^ni-tuv(ti)

—

etc.

c.yS

(su-un) Part. act. begetting, begetter

as-bu Descent of

-)-||

T.

8.

^r)] zi-ki-kis

232,

;

0.

398, 11.

Reading

\y^^

^'^ ^^^

not certain.

(^0 Zi-ta-a-nu

]T\t

name

of a city 220, 30.

n (n^r)

T3n

Ha-bur name

of a river Chdbbr

Ti^Hi

footn. **.

niDn ih-ta-nab-ba-ta

3.

Sm. Assurb. 258, 113.

PI. ibid.

79, 9 etc.

Stat,

he carried

Ps. Sg, Impft. Iftana.

booty).

(see 375,

—

away

ih-ta-nab-ba-tu the same

Notes and

—

Illustr.).

(as

Ps.

3.

hu-bu-ut Subst.

constr. carrying-off, spoil 374, 31.

"I^n (^•vil)

Ha-ga-ra-nu name

i^n comp. nnri' !»-»»• T T f "m-j hirtu, hirtuv Illust.; Stat,

—

of a tribe 346, 16.

ha-di§ Adv. joyous 345,

Subst.

tuife.

9.

Written hi-ir-tu 414, Notes and

constr. hi-rat 177; also hi-ir-ti 175;

Plur. hirati, writ-

ten hi-ra-ti with Suff. 389, 156.

Ha-u-r a-(a-)ni, Ha-u-ri-na, name of a mountain or Hauran pip 210, 55: 428 (Ezek. XLVII. 16). (mSt) Ha-zu (so read!) name of a country 220, 28. — Ortho(m§.t, ir)

|-)^p

country jpl

graphy and presumable position show that the country

is distinct

from

the lin mentioned below. ^{

161,

init.;

255, 20; 290, 26; 302, 30; 355, 5; 396, 1; 397,

man

—

of Gaza 257, ad fin.

NtOn comp Hebr.

323;

289

III.

col.

—

13.

346,

etc.

(Ace);

6

re«oZ< 289, col. III.

220, 31;

2.

162, acZ Mn"^pl

halsu

Subst. /briress

,

bulwark,

rampart,

castle,

PI.

hal-sU553

(with sign for plurality) 290, 21; 302, 29.

*)

The

sign

hul probably

also possesses the phonetic value hil.

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

232

Ace. to Haupt

pSn-

/

ah-li-ik

may

divided

its

fundamental meaning

195,

{'i)

they destroy 459, footu.

nSn bul-tuv

—

100.

3.

T.

escape

to flee,

is

lu-hal-li-ku

0.

(?).

—

Ps. PI. Prec. Pa.

3.

Subst. liuiiishment, revenge, of obscure origin, perhaps

(HUL = limnu!) 398, 8. NDH bimitu Subst. cream, Hebr. HNDn ^'^^• lOn (i^) Ha-mi-di-i name of a town Amid-Didrbekr (?)

Akkadian

Comp. above

note **.

DOn ba-ma-mi and

{Notes

106, foot-

"JJ^X-

Subst.

Ideogr.

Plm-.

124

lights

(col.

27);

I.

Ha-ma-nu name

IJSn (sad)

mountain Amanus

of a

388,

footn. *.

DIDPI Ha-am-mu-ra-bi proper name 427. Israelite proper name Omri, Hebr. l"}Oy 188

^ItSn Hu-um-ri-i XII. 19); 189

—

65.

mat

Samaria

ad

ad

220, 31. 253,

ad

—

;

name

country Eamdth,

—

PDN-

tribe 346,

Ila-am-ma-t

,

(^i")

Hebr.

16.

Ha-am-m

i,

nOH

'0^'

(I'd

a-at-ti,

106;

fin.;

Ha-am-ma-ta-ai Adj. Hamathite

257.

Ha-ma-a-tav Hammoth-Dor

(^'')

Omriland,

XVI. 23); 191, passim; 213, 12;

Ki.

Ha-ma-(at)-ti

or

country

of a

Ki.

210,

init.

See under

init.

DDn XXI.

™ ^t) town

a

(1

Ha-am-ra-(a)-nu name of a

(^•vil)

ntsn name of

188; 189

(1

208 (2 Ki. IX. 2);

190, passim;

Hu-um-ri-i(i-a)

fin.;

255, 17. 26; 277,

(^'')

XVI. 23);

Ki.

(1

(Bit)

150,

IIDH

125

Illust).

(?)

niiSH

"IJv^

^'^2

(Josh.

32),

non

i^^')

(sad)

jpl

Hu-mut name of a town 232, 6. Ha-na name of a mountain 388, footn.

*.

(m&t) Ha-ni-gal-mit (pronunciation dubious), name of a country region in South-Eastern Cappadocia 332, 18.

pQ^j^p

(?)

(avil) Hi-in-da-ru

"n^n

pp Ha-nu-nu, |!)in

name

Ha-a-nu-(u)-nu,

Philist.

proper

162; 255, 19; 257, ad fin.; 396, 1; 397,

Diin (^0 Hi-ni-in-si name

Hachnensu,

"imn iryn

pp

Hebr.

DJp]" T

410

of a (Is.

(^'^)

town Chdnes (Heracleopolis), Egypt.

XXX.

4).

Har-ra-na(ni name of a town Harran

barrSnu

Subst. way, see below

(^^')

name Hanno, Hebr.

2.

(™^t) Har-har name of a country 213,

D^DpDin city

of a tribe 346, 16.

Har-sak-ka-la-ma

6.

134, Gen. XI. 31.

T^H-

'^summit of the ivorld"

name

of a

Gharsalckalama 232, 16; 346, 13.

nin harpu ed. p.

54 footn.

Subst. autumn, Hebr. F|~fn, written *).

ha-ar-pu 53 (Eng.

233

GLOSSARY. Scin har-pa-lu(?) Subst. — ?— 195, har4su (hui-asn?), comp. Hebr.

hu-ra-su 134, ad

Ideogr.

fin.

218, 2;

401, Notes

and

iD^n

Subst. wood., forest, Hebr.

(m^t) Hat-ti,

J^ll

country

ira?/,

campavjn (comp. Ethiop.

—

452, 69.

Hu-iim(rik)-na-ai Adj

(')

written 554

For the

Chattiland

Ha-at-ti(ti)

or

ti'~l"n'

—

hur-sa-ni Plur.

Chusimnaean

the

col. IT.

name

~iinn (™^t)

also

of a

B.

772; 484, B. C. 765. 755.

C.

nnn

—

140 (Gen. XIX. 14);

Ha-ta-rak-ka

Ha-ta-ri-ka,

,

country Hadrach "Ijlin 220, 28;

comp. Hebr. flDri'

453 (Zech. IX.

ha-at-tav Subst. terror 399,

3113 comp.

^IL>

(F.

i.),

made good

3"i{3, v_sa^,

which comes the Adv. ta-bi§ good, best 455, (Ps.

II. 12).

T153 comp. 0,h, y^,

—

—

—

made good

{he

'i)

389, 157.

u-tib-bu 213,

—

2.

3.

t^bu

pi-'

(Subst. constr.) the

ti-ib

Asurn. Stand. Inscr. 18

]132)-

t

Ja-da(ta)-bi

(ir)

3P

u-si-zi-bu

.^lOA.

353, 34.

209, 52; 261,

Impft.

54 footn.

124, 31.

—

Ideogr.

with

fimi

or

phon.

UD.mi)

p.

immu

day, *);

iimi',

Arab.

(Botta 75.

*).

ir)

Ja-va-nu

81; 169.

Jin.)

Plur. Ideogr.

complement 82;

etc.

—

—

19,

153

2,

28; 13;

(Gen.

Ina iimi'(mi)-su-ma

im-ma Adv.

(Layard

pi.

ditto, written

ever,

153

29;

written

(Gen.

XLIX.

=

28.

19,

124, 8;

LXIX.

1).

157,

84

1);

in his

53

u-um

i.

e.

those

90. 59); 203, adinit.

im-mu

comp. (Haupt) Syr.

53 (Eng. ed. ).SnSD.«|

277,

4).

ni (m&t, 81.

^V't',

203 {msc. ad

Ideogr.

etc.

|»j.j

Stat, constr.

(pronounce imu!) Subst.

54 footn.

Aram.

rescued,

he

Shaf.

Inf. Shaf. Stat, constr.

days, then {happened this or that) 201

—

15.

220, 29.

6.

Hebr. "ji

p.

(written

su-zu-ub

tribe 346,

town

C-o-

V umu, (Eng. ed.

of a

Sg.

Ps.

3.

—

name

Javanu name 81,

ad

Jin.

—

of a country Greece, written Ja-a-va-nu

(m&t) Ja-av-na-ai Adj. Greek, Ionian

•

235

GLOSSARY.

Comp.

351,

355, 9 (Asurbanipal).

init.;

IQi ira-nu comp. ppi,

Notes and

ID^ (ir)

the right,

also

135 (Gen. XIII. 9);

363,

Illust.

mi Ja-ma-ni

=

and Adv. on

Adj.

etc.

.-y^.J

on the right hand side 123;

right (moral.),

NS""

350, 50;

235, 26;

above under pi^.

also

Ja-ki-in-lu-u Arvado-Phoenic. proper name 25, footu. *; 105,

l'?JD^

ad

Ja-kin Babylon, proper name

Ja-ki-ni,

P^ 59.

Ashdodite proper name 398 (149.

11,

l;D^ see ^r^]^}. Ja-(ap-)pu-u name of the city Joppa,

556

150. 5).

172 (Josh. XIX.

'jQs

46); 289, 66.

comp.

{ij"l>

—

f^-^^.

i-rim-ma

3.

Kal with

Ps. Sg. Impft.

Cop. he

•T

feared 397, (n§,r)

{

157, 86.

Written ki-im-ti (Gen.) 301, 20.

family.

connect with this Assyrian word the Hebr.

[Fried. Delitzsch prefers to

nD^3

(the Hebr.

and Aramaic name

IX.

XXX Vni.

31)

9,

ki

(Am. V, 26) 443.

j-jij.-^^

VJ (VO')

^3

Written

Hebr. 3.

non-agreement of ivill of the gods i. e. against the will of ki-i ^n just as comp. Hebr. -i^

M^

his 'Heb.

see

'heap';

Q^

comp. also below under

Lang, and Assyrian

C^n Ki-i-su Cypr. proper name Kisu 1^3 kiru

By

i-ri.

the contrasted phrase

meaning "inner (under

|

VI.

14

mean

to

(ana)

ki-

grg

48, footn.

ana libbi we

:

Gen.

and

ff

are led to infer the

V^nOI

:

:

Haupt

n"*3D-

a covering of pitch,

:

karku,

(for

root -|-13

comp. Aram.

,

—

"]~13?).

weapon (properly equipment?), comp. Hebr. and Aram, nil^f)Plur. foot.

comp.

^^

kakku

-]2

comp.

understands the word

"l^p)

Aramaic

side''\

69

p.

Transl.].

355, 15.

etymology

Subst. of doubtful

Research'

—

kummu.

Assyr.

79;

193,

194, 96;

201

195, 99;

ad

202,

fin.;

Subst. Ideogr.

footn.

f (277,

t).

nn ki-ku

Subst.,

some kind of receptacle 350, 55; O

DDD kakkabu Plur. 15,

2.

jJ^br

no'PD

p.

125 footn.

VI.

(mat)

2,

5).

—

Kal-du(di)

115, footn. **;

B. C. 813.

—

(avil)

o

-

\.^y^

Arab.

ka-ak-ka-bi-is

Babylonian town,

of a

or nj'jS Gen. X.

XccXdaiot

'2'2'Q,

Ideogr.

etc.

Adv.

like

stars

*).

Kul-unu-KI name

Am.

"1^3

139 (Gen. XV.

4;

139 (Eng. ed.

Subst. star, Hebr.

352. -

Subst.

10 (also ^^^3

Chaldaea

131, bis;

Kal-du

gent,

Hebr.

,

232, 14;

Is.

perhaps

Kalneh

X. 9?) 96; 444.

Qi^ifS

346, 12;

name Chaldaean

>

Greek

369, 29;

133;

480,

346,

13

(Kal-du).

jiSd (lO

hu(ha,

Kalhu name

hi) 97; 482, B.

t)^3 comp. 1.

Ps. Sg.

^^2,

Impft.

C

J-i',

Shaf

of a town, Kalah, Hebr.

nSS)

written Kal-

798. 772; 486, B. C. 744.

'Cs,

YIAA."- -

/ completed,

u-sak-li-il, u-sak-lil

comp. Aram.

'Ji'^J^jJ,'

,

V V'^

a.

TEE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

238

—

335, 10.

kalu (kala, kali)

—

354, 12; 374, 28.

—

ad

Ideogr. 178,

ever,

232,

init.;

of all kinds.

Ideogr.

name

kummu

II.

4).

The word

Ideogr. 139 (Gen.

169.

102 ak-mu 5 lines

XV.

of the

—

see IX^D-

ku-um-mu 124, kimtu family.

written

Prep, or Conj. just as 124, 15 a.

—

195, 98 etc.

5);

ki-ma sa

just

'3.

Kam-bu-zi-ja Pers. proper name

also

Kal burnt down 323 (Eng.

ed. Vol. II.

below).

ir)

Kommagene 323

Kum-mu-hi, Ku-muh-hi name (Botta

405

40, 20);

—

(footn. *).

of a land or city (ir,

mat) Ku-

(um-)mu-ha-ai, Ku-muh-ai Adj. he of K. 193, 83; 252, 50; 257,

D1JDDD K am-m u-su-na-ad-b D13DDD

=

"'^

DlJti^DD C'*')

57.

Moab. proper name Kamosnadab Comp. the Hebr. tt^lQ^ init.); 288, 53. i

Chembsh and Hebr. 3"7^ ou the one hand, and the name "][j]"^tDD -T the stone of

line

their

Mesha recent work

'Die

name

as

'h'Q'^'Q^

1

on the other. Inschrift des

Chemosh-melech.

P|^-jjn Ku-un-da-as-pi proper

kunukku

Subst. seal.

footn. 4; 460, footn.

N^^3D

(^^')

^^ in

Konigs Mesa' (1886) read the Transl.] Ka-(ma?)-as(?)-

—

—

name

37).

193, 83.

Ideogr. 155

(Exod. XXVIII. 19):

459,

Derivation obscure.

Ki-na-li-a

nj3 kappu

Smeud and Socin

[But

hal-ta(?) Moab. proper name 141 (Gen. XIX.

-]J3

=

35).

Ps. Sg. Impft.

1.

fr.

(m&t,

nOD

^t^-

Comp. above under

c.

Kul-unu,

chief portion,

probably connected with

is

i]303 Ka-am-bu-zi-ja,

559

23).

Subst. total

kalama

Comp. the

of a town, written

Subst. mass,

Kambuj'ija 373 (footn. **

7,

28.— mu-kal

totality 220,

ki-ma, comp. Hebr. )^2

as 124, 15

p.

301, 19;

Kings XVI.

article.

(?)

15c;

288, 55; (1

etc.

Nom.

—

ka-la-ma Subst. world, earth 413.

P3 Kulunu

3 3

184, 68;

8);

^ also

ka-la-ma Pron. indef. what, whowith phonetic complem. ma 235, 28. Comp. however 2; 373, footnote ** 34.

—

(Col.

(Gen.,

—

5.

under ^^J. ki-lal-lu Subst. 315 (root 'J^T?).

^j

Phon. ka-Ii

ka-la with following Gen. 191

kul-la-tu Subst. entirety 247,

preceding

comp. ^3,

Subst. entirety,

(Haupt sub voce assumes a root ^13). and Ace. with SuflF.) 154 (Exod. XXI.

0. T.

name

Subst. wing,

of a

town

comp. r]33

,

249, footn.

^Xf,

ff

}.ais,

11.

^Q^^^T

—

Plur. kap-pi 383, ad Jin.

^2D (= (they)

Hebr. j;33?)

submitted

also u-§ak-nis

1.

ik-nu-su

and

3.

3.

Ps. Sg.

289, 59. 68;

301,

Ps. Impft. Shaf.

/

288, 43;

and Plur. Impft. Kal he 20.

—

u-sak-ui-§a(§u),

(or he) subjugated 184, 70.

239

GLOSSARY.

—

u-sik-ni-su

kit-nu-su

—

mu-§ak-nis

346,

213, 5.

ditto

—

u-sik-nis ditto

Shaf.

Part.

232,

213, 14;

—

13.

had submitted Tayl. Cyl. Ill, 70. kan-§u Adj. submissive ad Jin.

they

Ps. PI. Perf. Ifte.

3.

188,

—

16.

^33 (= Aram.

Hebr.

^'^"2,

kissatu Subst.

QJ^)

413.—

Phon. Stat, constr. kis-sat, ki-is-sa-at 10; 65; 212,

entirety,

host.

Ideogr. 184, 63. 64.

1.

NDD kussu

Subst. throne, comp. {