The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament

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CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

OLD TESTAMENT.

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2010 with funding from University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/cuneiforminscri01schr

1

Ayvygn iviM3iAiiyvd3G

^

THE

CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

OLD TESTAMENT DEPART

BY

EBERHARD SCHRAI^E^, PROFESSOR OF ORIENTAL LANGUAGES

IN

D. D:, PIT. D;, THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN &C.

TRANSLATED

FROM THE SECOND ENLARGED GERMAN EDITION WITH AN INTRODUCTORY PREFACE BY

OWEN

WHITEHOUSE,

M. A., C. PROFESSOR OF HEBREW, CHESHUNT COLLEGE.

REV.

VOL. L

WITJI

A MAP.

WILLLAM8 AND NORGATE, 14,

HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

AND

1885,

FROM THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. A

complete decad has intervened between the

publication of the

second edition.

first

some time been out of

new work It

print.

Various circumstances,

impossible to complete the

it

an earlier date.

at

was obvious that

this

new

edition

to take account of the progress that has

in the interval

vestigation treatise.

this

true that the former had for

It is

however, rendered

and the appearance of

been made

by the various departments of

of which

And

would have

it

cognizance

was no

is

in-

taken in this

less evident that this

was

not to be accomplished without a thorough revision

and

without a considerable

which enter

increase

moreover,

not

of the materials

into the composition of the work.

The past

ten

years

have

destitute of results arising

gation of the these pages.

and,

reconstruction

partial

certainly

from the closer

Monuments which During

not

this interval

been

investi-

are dealt with in

we have become

acquainted with an entire literature of great extent

and importance, consisting of ancient Babylonian

VI

legend

whereby

and poetry,

the

have hitherto acquired has been, strikingly

Nevertheless

any

I

its

thought

it

plan

alteration in the

imperative to preserve

it

its

and

me

to

that in

its

many would

am

On

manner.

not mistaken

in attri-

the circumstance,

unassuming form as a commentary

rather enabled

him

it

did

judgment of the reader.

It

form a sound judgment for

to

himself, from the authentic scriptions,

the

accorded to the book

shape chiefly to

least to prejudice the

respecting

the

by those records, and light

especially

character as a commentary.

buting the kindly reception earlier

arrange-

general

seemed

systematic

other hand, I believe I

its

make

to see the materials presented in a

more complete and

in

and, in

undesirable to

do not conceal from myself that

have preferred

cases,

true light in particular details.

ment of the book, and

I

some

in

and supplemented,

confirmed

others, placed in

knowledge we

their

statements of the In-

whole

covered

extent

capacity of throwing

on the Old Testament.

Similar considerations have induced

depart from the plan

I

texts.

underrating the advantage, to one text, of

form which

is

not to

have hitherto followed of

reproducing the cuneiform

an Assyrian

me

I

am

far

from

who approaches

having that text in

the very

to be regarded as the correct Assy-

rian according to the present state of investigation;

VII

who

and he

with

conversant

is

the nature of

if

he has access to the

original sources) can entertain

no serious objection

Assyrian writing (especially

mode

to such a

On

ment.

of transcribing an Assyrian docu-

the other

hand,

who

are those

there

are in danger of regarding a text thus restored as that of the

able

to

Monuments.

dispense

with

which does not belong reproduce the

was accordingly

It

external correctness,

the

to the original texts,

Inscriptions

desir-

as

possible

as

far

and

to

in

the form in which they appear in the Monuments.

This

is

dividing

always effected the

syllables

simplest

the

in

[with

hyphens]

way by

in

words

phonetically written and by combining the syllables

— —

words expressed by ideograms.

in

The map attached owes

to the

kindness of

colleague Kiepert,

come

addition.

book, which the reader

to the

will,

my I

The indexes

will also

to the

new (German)

beg the reader

and Annotations' and

to

be a valuable

desire

I

who

best thanks to Dr. B. Moritz

them I

prove no unwel-

trust,

aid in the use of this work.

my

esteemed friend and

to

express

has adapted

edition.

observe

to rectify

the 'Corrections

the misprints that

are noted, before reading the book.

Berlin, Nov. 1882. Schrader.

INTRODUCTORY PREFACE. The

steadily increasing interest that has been

in the results of cuneiform discovery will,

welcome among English students of theology.

these volumes a

The works high place

awakened

hoped, ensure

it is

of Dr. Schrader have long held a deservedly in the estimation of continental scholars.

In the

department of Old Testament criticism he has made valuable contributions; besides his revised edition of

Introduction

mention

his

to

the

Old Testament

we may

DeWette's especially

"Studien zur Kritik und Erklarung der

schen Urgeschichte" which important in

its

bearing

on the

On

may now be ranked

bibli-

recognized by Noldeke to be

is

early chapters of Genesis.

Schrader

,

critical

this

problems of the

field

of enquiry Dr.

with Dr. Dillmann as occupy-

ing a somewhat conservative position, as compared with the school of which Wellhausen

But

it is

to the

is

the recognized leader.

department of Assyriology that Dr. Schra-

der has in recent years chiefly devoted his energies.

former edition of the work public and

now

The

introduced to the English

the dissertations entitled "Keilinschriften

und

Geschichtsforschung" were held in high esteem by English as well as continental scholars.

derived

from

the

It

was the invaluable

"Keilinschriften

ment" by the writer of

this preface,

und das

aid

Alte Testa-

in the preparation of

IX

Hebrew

notes for his class on the

text of Isaiah, that sug-

gested the idea of translating the original work

,

when

a

second edition should have appeared.

This second edition has attained nearly double the size of the

It

first.

not only embodies the additions to , and

necessary modifications of the views put forth in the earlier edition (already published in the author's "Keilinschriften

und Geschichtsforschung"), but tribution

such

it

has also laid under con-

works as Fried. Delitzsch's ''Wo lag das

Paradies?", Lotz's "Die Inschriften Tiglath-Pilesers I", the exegetic and mythological researches

of

Dr. Oppert and

Fran9ois Lenormant, the remarkable archaeological discoveries of

George Smith and Ilormuzd Rassam and the

invalu-

able contributions to our historic and linguistic knowledge

furnished by Prof. Sayce and Prof. Haupt, to say nothing

of a host of articles in scientific journals and transactions of

learned societies which

The

enumerate.

of the book that

fronted by

it

would be a wearisome task

to

reader can scarcely peruse a single page

now

citations

lies

before him without being con-

and references that indicate the im-

mense industry and wide-ranging enquiry which were necessary to the production of such a work.

Not a stray

article

In

any magazine or journal, English or continental, appears

to

have escaped the unslumbering attention of the author

and every scrap of evidence on the subject tiously sifted

and

its

significance duly estimated.

readily understood that such

and references, while does not render

it

it

is

cau-

be

It will

an accumulation of citations

enhances the value of the work;

more readable

or

perspicuous to

student as his eye glances over the pages. fore

hand

in

been the habit of the translator

of undue length into footnotes

It

to relegate

the

has there-

parentheses

whenever practicable, and

to

present the original under a garb that might be recognized as English.

The English

edition

differs

some important respects

in

from the original German work.

In the English translation

Haupt on

the Babylonian flood-story

the excursus of Dr.

and

accompanying glossary are omitted.

its

however,

points,

upon the

in

All the main

the cuneiform flood-legend that touch

Biblical account are stated

by Dr. Schrader

in the

pages of this volume, and he has kindly added to the English edition a succinct account of the

Chaldaean flood-story and

has likewise appended the translation of an important extract of the cuneiform text,

from the

sages

scriptural

with which corresponding pas-

account

compared

are

an

in

opposite parallel column.

The English additions to the

;

also

and

would take

I

embodies the corrections and

original furnished

as the translation

himself,

press

edition

German

by Dr. Schrader

was being passed through the

this opportunity of expressing

my

great obligations to the author for the valuable aid he has rendered.

Every sheet that came from the printer has had

the advantage of the author's revision, and in the transcription of the cuneiform texts

of

corrections

and improvements

Occasional notes of every

my own

enclosed

case

and elsewhere a very large number

in

have been introduced.

have been added which are

square brackets,

with

in

"Tr." or

"Translator" appended.

The value sided.

To

of the present

the student of

much needed

work

to the

theologian

Old Testament

history

made

necessary.

is

many-

sheds a

light over the foreign relations of Israel during

the regal period, while the discovery of the

has

it

the

On

eponym

reconsideration of our Biblical the earlier chapters of Genesis,

lists

chronology especially

XI the Creation-accounts,

we now

the Paradise- and Flood-narratives,

possess an invaluable store of illustrative material,

while the race-table in Genesis

new

The reader

aspect.

X and XI presents an entirely

of those

portions of the

that are devoted to these chapters will find that that

work

many names,

were formerly ethnographic terms of altogether vague

extent and meaning, have now, in the light of what the in-

have taught

scriptions

whether ethnic or

local

Heth, Shinar &c.).

On

acquired

us,

(e. g.

greater

definiteness

Goraer, Meshech,

Tubal,

these points he will not fail to note

with satisfaction the cautious reserve with which the author

approaches

which

all

proposed identifications, however alluring,

upon an inadequate

rest

— Also

basis of evidence.

to

the student of comparative religion these volumes cannot fail to

our

be of considerable interest in their contributions

knowledge

this

to the illustrative notes

(Vol. 1 pp. 6

— 14)

and pre-Semitic cultus

Semitic

of

Under

mythology.

and

and

head special importance belongs on the Babylonian Creation-story to

the articles on Jahve (p. 23),

Baal and Ashtoreth (pp. 161

Rimmdn

to

foil.),

Dagon

K^wan

(p. 196), Sakklith and

(pp.

170

(note on

foil.),

Amos

V.

26) and on the sacredness of the number seven (Vol. I pp. 18

foil.).

— On

cism, stimulated

the other hand the student of Biblical

by controversies which have agitated Britain

North of the Tweed, logist has

will occasionally find that the Assyrio-

something

to

say on the vexata quaestio of the

Priestercodex and the age of ject

more

least,

the

appended

criti-

its

compilation.

will be said further on.

Hebrew to the

—

philologist will

volume, and

On

this sub-

Last, and certainly not discover in the glossary

in the

"Notes and Illustra-

tions" scattered throughout,

a useful store of information

on Assyrian

to

in

its

relation

Hebrew.

Each Assyrian

xn root

is

with

its

exhibited

compared

and

characters

and also frequently receives

equivalent,

from other Semitic languages.

illustration

ment

Hebrew

in

Hebrew

This

is

a depart-

of investigation that promises to be fruitful of results

destined to exercise a

marked

Old Testament

influence on

Dr. Friederich Delitzsch has already given us the

exegesis.

of his investigations on the relation of Assyrio-

first-fruits

Hebrew

logy to some of the more obscure points of

graphy

in

his

"Hebrew language viewed

in

lexico-

the light of

Assyrian research" and has thrown a welcome light on the rendering of some

Hebrew words

hitherto imperfectly under-

stood.

I

now propose

to

few of the

many

enumerated.

It

exhibit in a

in relation to the recently

hausen.

The

clearer light a

has been already stated that Dr. Schrader

occupied a position that might

as represented

somewhat

of interest that have been just

points

This position,

it

called conservative

developed Pentateuch-criticism

by the names

speculations of

now be

Kuenen and Well-

of Graf,

will

be seen, he

still

maintains.

Graf and Wellhausen have been brought

prominently before English readers in the works of Prof.

Robertson Smith "The Old Testament

and "The Prophets of this preface will

Israel".

in the

The

Jewish Church"

and scope of

limits

only admit of presenting these theories in

general outline in order to show the contrast between the

general position of this school of criticism and the standpoint

The

of Dr. Schrader

,

Dr. Noldeke and Dr. Dillmann.

Biblico-critical views held

by the author of the "Cunei-

form Inscriptions and the Old Testament" are stated fully

and

cleai-ly in his edition (the eighth)

of

De

Wette's Intro-

duction to the Old Testament (Einleitung pp.

The Pentateuch and

the

Book

270

of Joshua,

— 325).

called the

xm "Hexateucli", have long been held bj scholars to consist of diverse elements, and the labours of the past century have

conducted Biblical

length

at

with fair unanimity

critics

(though amid manifold differences of opinion upon details) to the recognition of four

main documentary

sources, from

which the texture of the narrative has been constructed.

These documentary sources have been clearly discriminated

Hebrew

in the

text as

it lies

before us and

may

be designated

as follows:

Annalistic Narrator, the

I

the author of the document.

name given by Schrader

to

By Wellhausen

is

by Noldeke

called the "Priestercodex", while

"Fundamental Document".

the "Grundschrift" or

on the other hand, called

the

it

its

characterized

sacred

"Book

term

significant use of the

of is

the it is

work

entitled

Ewald,

of Origins", on account

flil'pin ""OD.

This document

by the almost exclusive employment of the

name Elohim

as

farasExod. VI.

by

2,

precision

methodical order of statement, by references to ritual

by

certain clearly

logy.

It

to

is

marked

,

and and

of style and phraseo-

specialities

Noldeke that we owe not only the most

complete investigation of the real character and extent of the

document, but also

results; I refer to his

These

Testaments'".

the

clearest

"Untersuchuugen zur Kritik des alten results coincide in the

presented in Schrader's edition of

The writing

presentation of the

De

main with those

Wette's Einleitung.

of the Elohistic annalist comprises portions of

Genesis, most of the legislation in Exodus and almost the

whole of Leviticus.

The document may

Book of Numbers,

considerable sections of the

fragments of Deuteronomy the

Book

this

document

of Joshua. is

also be traced in

,

and

in

in occasional

numerous passages of

The composition

(or compilation) of

placed by Schrader in the early part of

xrv David's reign*, while Noldeke and Dillmann place

it

in the

9"' century.

The

II

Narrator",

usually

is

known by

(or Later) Elohist", because the

use of Elohim.

marked

the

and were thus

the

is

which pervades most of his descriptions,

prominence that

of these passages

writers

the most beautiful in

Geschichte des Volkes Israel

,

have inferred from the special

gives to the patriarch Joseph and special

it

was an Ephraimite.

Schrader the document was composed

Ten

century, soon after the revolt of the

III is

to

The

Prophetic Narrator (Ewald's "Fourth Narrator")

characterized by the

employment

of the

name

approximate date assigned by Schrader

— 800 B.

Book

Book

of

of

Reformation

*

The

,

composed

chief ground urged

part of his reign; 7,

XXI.

is

11.

see 13.

TWT?.

is

The

to this writing

is

whom

nearly the whole

due as well as portions of the

his

accounts shortly before the

in the reign of Josiah,

and introduced them

into •^.

by Schrader for this view is the repeated was the residence of David in the early Gen. XXIII. 2. 19, XXXV. 27; Josh. XV. 13,

reference to Hebron, which

XX.

writer, to

Deuteronomy

Joshua

work

C.

IV The Deuteronomic of the

in the

Tribes.

usually called the Jehovist (Jahvist), because the

about 825

"The

the remarkable exaltation

references to Bethel, that the author

10*''

same sacred name

the

spirit

Most

According

clearly exhibited

conception of the working of the Divine

many

146).

lirst

his

Old Testament" (Ewald

1 p.

of the "Second

characterized by the

is

be confused with one another.

chief characteristic of this writer

and renders

name

the "Third

Second Elohist from the Anna-

whom employ

liable to

and vividness of and prophetic

the

work

was Hupfeld who

It

distinction of the

narrator, both of

listic

Ewald

Theocratic Narrator, called by

XV the pre-existing,

or,

as

is

it

called,

prae-Deuteronomic

Pentateuch. Sections belonging to documents II and III are to be found

throughout the Hexateuch and, according

Books ofJudges, Samuel and Kings.

in the

from

differ

one

another

each of these documents

ment

I.

to

Schrader, also

Critics,

one another as well as

to

however,

by

to the relation sustained

as

to

docu-

Noldeke holds that the Later-Elohistic sections are

those which were incorporated by the Jehovist or Prophetic

Narrator (lU) into his work.

Moreovei", most critics (follow-

ing Hupfeld) are of opinion that the

was

entirely independent

work

of the Jehovist

of that of the annalistic narrator.

Schrader, on the other hand, holds that "there were originally

two main sources, that of the annalistic, and that of while the prophetic, narrator not

the theocratic narrator,

much

only pieced them together but edited them and added of his

own" (De Wette-Schrader, Einleitung

We here

that, in contrast to the

observe

p.

313).

views of Noldeke

and Dillmann, Schrader assigns (1) a more independent position to document II (the Theocratic Narrator), and the Jehovist

(2) to

is

assigned the function of redactor.

Dillmann and Noldeke attribute distinct writer

II and

m

(designated R)

into a whole.

this

editorial

work

This literary product

is

by Schrader the "prae-Deuteronomic Pentateuch", and of

its

influence are found in the phraseology of

Amos;

see Einleitung

§§ 203

—

the

radical

I,

called traces

Hosea and

5.

But these divergences of opinion are parison with

to a

who combined documents

insignificant in

com-

change of view respecting the

growth of the Pentateuch, which has been introduced within the past quarter of a century by the labours of Kuenen,

Graf and Wellhausen, and has

in recent years exercised

an

XVI

The theory main-

extraordinary influence in Germany. tained with so

much

ability

(Annalistic narrator),

I

this school entirely

Pentateuch.

izes the evolution of the

ment

by

It

reorgan-

represents docu-

which the elder school of

had regarded as the oldest as well as fundamental

criticism

document of the Hexateuch,

as being on the contrary the

to

Wellhausen the Jehovist work was

composed

in the regal

and prophetic period preceding the

downfall

of the

According

latest.

kingdom;

Israelite

approximate date 850

— 800.*

Stade assigns

Next

follows

it

the

document II

(Theocratic narrator or Second Elohist) which was composed

perhaps" 100 years later and was combined by the Deuter-

onomic redactor with the preceding Jehovist work.

Last

and most important of the successive accretions, we have the

document designated I,

called

This document w:ith

writing.

by Schrader the Annalistic its

large body of legislative

ordinances was drawn up in the age of Ezra and incor-

porated in the Pentateuch.

Such are the main

outlines of a theory

which

in a great

measure revolutionizes our conceptions of Old Testament literature

and

scheme of

history".

Kuenen

in the

the disciples of

Vatke

Graf and

,

the current phrase "law and prophets" involves a

voTSQOv jiQOTEQov.

no

words of Dr. Delitzsch "upsets the

To The

legislative retrospects,

prophetic Tdrah

came

first

with

no sanctions of Mosaic ordinance

to rest

upon, such as we have been accustomed

pose.

Coincidences of ideas and phraseology noted by the

elder critics of every shade,

from Hengstenberg

between the language of the

earlier

p.

to

Noldeke,

prae-exilic prophets

and that of the Mosaic Torah, have, we are

* Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel

to presup-

58.

told,

no bearing

XVII

on the question diflferent

and are susceptible of an entirely

at issue

explanation.

"It

is

obvious", says

Graf's hypothesis must produce the departments of

the history

"Mosaic period"

wipes out the

it

"that

a complete revolution in

Old Testament theology and

While

of I'eligion.

Duhm,

it

extends the horizon of the prophetic period as far as the

beginnings

the

of

new explanations

Israelite religion

for the

book of

The 'complete

Judaism".

proper and demands

priestly

revolution'

'obvious'

is

The reader who has perused Wellhausen's

elimination

by Stade

applied

of history

which process he supposes

bias,

to

and again

The as

in later times

with

have been

the age of Josiah (Deuteronomic redaction) exilC;

of

course of publica-

in

Old Neu-

to a process of "tendenziose

reconstruction

or

now

principle

drastic completeness

of the historical books of the

sections

Testament are ascribed gestaltung"

episode in the desert

more

still

"History of Israel"

in his

Large

tion.

with

for

interesting article

The same

almost ignored.

is is

and

enough!

"Encyclopaedia Britannica"

'Israel' in the last edition of the

will not fail to note that the Sinaitic

wanderings

religion

deliberate at

work

in

and during the

about the year 300 B.

C*

readers of this volume will perceive that Dr. Schrader,

he describes the results of cuneiform discovery and exhibits

their relation to the statements of Scripture, does not ignore

these latest developments of critical investigation, will

and

be seen that the facts of Assyriology, as stated by

it

this

cautious and skilful critic, constitute in themselves a powerful

argument

in the

hands of the conservative exegete.

The

main bearing of Assyriological evidence on the problem of the Pentateuch

may

be stated as follows:

* Stade, Geschichte pp.

IG

foil.,

— Assuming that

68—84.

n

xvni

Document

I

was

(the Anualistic priestly narrative)

immediately after the Babylonian

exile,

it

edited

would be a priori

probable that Babylonian tradition would colour the form

Consequently we should be led

of that narrative.

ex-

the Babylonian accounts of the Creation and the

pect that

Flood would exhibit a closer resemblance the

to

Elohistic

priestly

(I)

to

the form of

than to that of the prophetic

,

Jehovist narrative (HI).

On

page 23 our author shows

that,

while some portions

of the Elohistic story of creation are analogous to the frag-

mentary Babylonian cosmogony

the briefer Jehovist crea-

,

tion-account shows a close resemblance at one point.

particular

In dealing with the Chaldaean flood-legend pp. 48

foil, it is

clearly

shown

that,

so

far

from the Elohistic ac-

count exhibiting traces of closer contact with the Babylonian story than the Jehovist

On page 55 Assyriologists

,

,

the fact

is

precisely the reverse.

author refutes the views of the eminent

the

Paul Haupt and Friederich Delitzsch

both Biblical flood-stories wei'e not composed

and argues that they must have existed

800

least in

enquiry to

I

In

B. C.

would take

connection with

this

Prussian

of the primitive

Academy legends

that

Palestine at

this interesting

opportunity of calling attention

an able essay by Dr. Dillmann,

of the

in

,

the Exile,

till

published in the reports

of Sciences, of the

"On

Hebrews."

the

origin

The

writer

argues against the above mentioned theories of Dr. Haupt

and endeavours with considerable success accounts of Creation

,

Paradise

borrowed by the Hebrews

in

and

show that the

the Flood

were not

comparatively late times from

Babylonian sources, but point back antiquity,

to

to

an origin of vast

which was common to both Semite and Aryan.

Probably the position assumed by Dr. Schrader

is

the safest

XIX for us to adopt:

—

"It

is

Hebrews] acquired a primitive accounts*

the time of their

in

from impossible that they [the

far

knowledge of these and the other

now under

earlier settlements

that they carried these stories

On

Chaldees".**

"Wo

das Paradies"

lag

93

p.

the

at foil.

:

—

there

we come

find

to the Flood,

and that

Deutero-Isaiah (LIX. 9) that there

to the

of the "waters of that, apart

any allusion

Noah" aud the promise

is

how it

is

his

post-

is

foil.?

from the mention of God's garden of Eden

it

3,

only Ezekiel and the Deutero-Isaiah refer to this subject

XXXVI.

is

it

that

not until

any reminiscence

Gen. VIII. 21

in

is

XXXI.

of

as Penta-

no distinct echoes of the

are

Elohistic creation-story in the prae-exilic literature; but

we

of the

close "If,

and Graf have assumed, the Elohist

we can understand why

neither do

Ur

these Biblico-critical questions the reader

teuch-critics since Reiiss exilic,

as

Babylonia, and

in

with them from

* Schrader says "myths", p. 54 footnote **. ** Fried Delitzsch clearly states his position

well-kuown essay

back

investigation as far

How

in Joel II. (Is.

LI. 3.

While both mention Noah, no reference to him is made by prae-exilic writers. Nor have we any allusion by these writers to Adam and Eve as the first human pair, nor to the two ill-consorted brothers Cain and Abel, nor have we any express or unmistakeable reference to Enoch, taken away It is impossible to see any allusion to the story to God for his piety. Ezek. XXVIII. 13;

of Paradise

in

such

16:

9.

images

"stream of delight" (Ps. tions of Genesis

8.

as

XXXVI.

"spring of 9).

Hence

35)?

"a tree of life" or

life", ,

with regard to the sec-

which deal with primeval times,

it

cannot be shown

that either Jahvistic or Elohistic literature and religious history existed in prae-exilic days.

Moreover,

not

only does the Elohist agree with

the Babylonian legend, but both writers alike closely follow the Baby-

lonian account.

If the Elohist is post-exilic,

we might suppose him

to

have borrowed his accounts of Creation and the Flood from the traditions of Babylonia but the primeval histories of the Jahvist point no ;

Babylonia, the geography of which he shows himself, in his description of the rivers of Paradise, to have known better than any other Old Testament writer. We are here confronted by problems less

clearly

to

of which not even the latest theoi-y of the Pentateuch has yet furnished

Even admitting that the coincidences of the complete solution". Babylonian and the Scriptural accounts are as strong and decisive as

a

the above extract

unless he

is

makes out, Dr. Delitzsch's argument proves too much, to make a new departure and assert that both Jahvist

prepared

H*

XX may 119

with advantage consult pp. 41 footnote, 145,

The accumulated

175

footnote *

—

—

some regions

albeit in

growth and overthrow of the

the

movements of minor

the progress, collision

may

world-empires, traced.

rise,

Even

nationality.

as well as

the present volume.

on the great theatre of Western Asian politics

during the period of the

Hebrew

in

64, 80, 85, ^6,

results of fifty years of patient investi-

gation have shed a welcome light

only twilight

foil.,

The

races,

and decline of the great

be clearly discerned and confidently

political

forces that played around the Syro-

Palestinian states and determined dynastic interrelations, the signs of the times which the

unerring vision

,

the

Hebrew prophet read with an

external conditions which shaped the

course of Israel's history, that lay so central to the impact of the civilizations that surrounded

it,

can

with a clearness heretofore impossible.

now be understood

This has been a vast

gain to the Biblical student; and whatever be the questions that Aegyptian or cuneiform decipherment

the

Hebrew

settlement in

Aegypt

,

the chronological adjustment of the

Old Testament

nar-

remarkable as well as instructive, that we

may

well hope that the will ultimately

excavation

is

Asia Minor.

raise (e. g.

Goshen and

Hebrew and Assyrian

records), the incidental confirmations of rative are so

may

the site of

new problems which have been

be solved

in

the light of fresh facts, which

ever drawing forth from the

One

raised

soil

of Aegypt and

cheering indication deserves to be noted,

namely that both Aegyptologists and Assyriologists have introduced a very wholesome reaction in favour of upholding the

validity

Old Testament

of

and Elohist composed

Hebrew colouring foil.)

is

only one

history.

The views

their annals in post-exilic times.

of the

But the strong

narratives pointed out by Schrader

among many

objections to this view.

of

(pp.

41

XXI several eminent Aegyptologists on the subject of the anti-

and

quity

of considerable

value

historic

And

Pentateuch^ are well known.*

I

of the

}iortions

would take

oppor-

this

tunity of citing one of the most important attestations from

the words of Fritz

Hommel,

the accomplished and

audacious author of "Vorsemitische Kulturen".

somewhat

This writer

enters a vigorous protest against the extreme views of Stade

respecting the so-called untrustworthiness of Biblical history

and expressly declares of

the

belief in the historic personality

his

"The exodus

Abraham.

Abraham from Babylonia,

of

Kanaanites with

battle of the

the Babylono-Elamite

league in the valley of Siddim and the journey of to

Aegypt

.

.

.

are historic facts" (p. 130).

worthy concession from one who

main an adherent of the

Even

This

a note-

is

declares himself in the

critical school of

Wellhausen.

the cursory reader of these volumes of Schrader's

work cannot ring

still

Abraham

fail to

be impressed with the constantly recur-

confirmations

Old Testament

of

records.

Such

statement, for example, as that contained in 2 Kings that Hazael began

a

X. 32,

to wage war with Israel, receives indirect

confirmation from the Assyrian inscription quoted on page

200

From

(Vol. I).

this

we

learn that while Hazael

maintaining a desperate struggle with Salmanassar

II,

was

Jehu

*son of Omri" was paying tribute to the Assyrian monarch.

Perhaps the similar conduct of the Tyrians and Sidonians

was mainly brought about by Jehu, cessors.

which became

At

all

events

a

this

disastrous

we can

time-serving policy of

precedent for his suc-

clearly understand that the

war waged by Hazael against the kingdom of

*

Compare

for

example K.

1879 "Ancient Aegypt".

S.

Israel

would

Poole, Contemporary Review, March

XXII

be

outcome of Jehu's compliance

natural

the

Assyrian

juncture.

foe at so critical a

be furnished

in

— Other

with

citations

the

might

abundance from the following pages of the

work, wherein similar and even more direct confirmations

may form

These

be found.

annals increase

century

illustrative

number

in

Hebraeo- Assyrian

of

notices from the cuneias

we

reach the eighth

when

history,

Israel

and

Assyria came into more immediate contact, and they supply invaluable links in the chain of history during this eventful period.

It

is

quite true that the discovery of the Assyrian

Eponym Canon

has raised fresh problems, which render

very

difficult to adjust the Biblical

logy.

But the valuable essay

it

and the Assyrian chrono-

of Dr.

Adolf Kamphausen

"Die Chronologic der Hebraischen Konige" would

at least

an adjustment

may be

suggest the possibility that such

found without inventing

artificial theories

logy or resorting to such desperate

former years by Oppert

in

(in his

of

Hebrew chrono-

shifts as those

advocated

Chronologic Biblique).

Before leaving this subject of confirmatory evidence shall call the attention

I

of the indulgent reader to two re-

markable examples.

The 1

1

first

— 13

has reference to a passage

in 2

prisoner with hooks [not sion renders

Babylon.

God

XXXIII.

"Therefore the Lord brought upon them the cap-

tains of the host of the king of Assyria,

his

Chron.

.

it]

"among thorns"

and bound him with

as the English ver-

fetters

and carried him

to

And when he was in affliction he besought Jehovah and He was intreated of him, and heard his .

.

supplication, and brought him

kingdom".

who took Manasseh

back

to

Jerusalem into

— This passage was formerly regarded

great difficulty. this episode

in

There the

is

Book

no reference, said the of

as

his

one of

critics,

to

Kings nor have we reason

to

XXIII

that

believe

supremacy

the

Assyrians

— Accordingly

unhistorical.

But the In the

objections.

towards the close of

place,

his reign

Secondly,

subjection.

and Asurbanipal we of

inscriptions

first

in

to

it

that the

Babylon and not

have demolished

we know

to

was pronounced

entire section

this

any

exercised

how comes

king of Judah was carried captive

Niniveh?

time

that

at

Besides,

in Palestine.

that

these

all

Asarhaddon

reduced Syria and Aegypt to

the tribute

of Asarhaddon

lists

among

2 1 other kings,

Minasi sar mat Jaudi "Manasseh

king of Judah".

mention

find

,

Again, from the records of Asurbanipal (successor of Asar-

haddon) we learn that a serious revolt broke out about

C, instigated by Sammughes (ISama§-sum-ukin). We

the middle of his reign

brother

648

B.

were drawn

as

movement.

well as

Elam and

But why

is

Aethiopia,

participate in the insurrectionary

inscription of a former king, Sargon,

Now

there

which expressly

is

ambassadors and tokens of homage

Babylon and not

in

Niniveh.

Hence there

in the supposition that

is

an

states

that he received

ing the revolt of

e.

Babel mentioned instead of Niniveh,

the usual residence of the x^ssyrian kings ?

reasonable

i.

Surely, then

into the vortex of the rebellion.

Manasseh would inevitably

are told

"Western country"

that not only Chaldaea but also the

Phoenicia and Palestine,

own

his

in

nothing un-

Asurbanipal, after crush-

Sammughes, viceroy

of Babylon, received

who were

guilty

or suspected of being guilty, in the Southern capital

Baby-

Lastly, the

refer-

the submission of the different potentates,

lon,

the

ence

to

is

centre of the

disaffection.

"hooks" and "fetters" and also to the

final

amnesty

aptly illustrated by the mention in Asurbanipal's inscrip-

tion of the arrest of

Nechol, who was bound "in hands and

feet with iron chains"

and conveyed

to Niniveh,

but was sub-

XXIV sequently pardoned and permitted

to

return

Aegypt.

to

details should be read in Schrader's highly instruc-

The

full

tive

commentary on the

Biblical passage in Vol. II.

Nahum

III. 8

— 11,

in

which

the prophet describes an overwhelming catastrophe

befal-

The ling

other instance

N6-Am6n

Libyan

allies

on

from

is

Aethiopia,

Nile;

the

Aegypt and

the

being totally overthrown, and the inhabitants

massacred or carried

captivity.

into

remained an historical puzzle

to

— This

passage long

Some

Exegetes.

resorted to the favourite panacea for exegetical

ills

But

assumed that the passage was interpolated.

it

indeed :

they

has at

length been rescued from violent hands by an inscription of Asurbanipal published by

capture

N6-Am6n

of

described, and the fact

and women

in

which the

were carried

men

into captivity.

Nahum

C,

specially referred.*

explanation of some of the technical terms recurring

throughout

this

work

will

probably not be deemed super-

by some who are not

Ideogram certain

is

Assyriologists.

the cuneiform sign emploved to express a

definite

(originally

material)

Akkadians. scription

They

by the

These

conception.

by the non-Semitic Sumiro-

signs were probably invented

are frequently represented in the tran-

original

* And in the light of safer to refrain from the

Amos

in

circumstantially

incidentally mentioned that

is

great numbers

that the prophet

fluous

is

tremendous event, occurring about 6H3 B.

It is to this

An

George Smith, Thebes

or

this

Akkadian equivalents which

instructive

testimony would

assumption of interpolation

in

it

the

the

not

be

case

of

somewhat analogous to that of Nahum? Such a consideration has more weight with me in this particular case than VI. 2, 3 passage

the metrical theories of Dr. Bickell

they be.

,

ingenious and suggestive though

XXV reader

find

will

distinguish

written

In

capital

letters

order to

in

tbem from the Semitic Babylono-Assyrian words

which constitute nearly the entire body of the transcribed text.

This was a kind of Akkado-Sumirian dic-

Syllabary.

The cuneiform system

tionary.

of writing

was invented and

elaborated at a very early period by a Sumiro-Akkadian

This

race speaking a non-Semitic agglutinative language.

system was adopted by the Babylono-Assyrian tribes

But

Euphrates and the Tigris. dian script

adoption of the Akka-

was not accomplished without considerable

Not only was

culties.

this

tliat

on the plains of the

themselves

subsequently established

it

not adapted to express some of

the elementary Semitic sounds, as well as the distinction

diffi-

as the gutturals

between the

sibilants

ri

and

V,

t

and

'i,

but the greater part of the cuneiform characters were polyphones,

i.

e.

had several phonetic values,

might be pronounced chiefly in order to

in

make

syllabaria

I

now

other words,

several different ways.

this

was

It

complicated system of writing

intelligible to the ordinary reader

constructed.

or, in

that the syllabaries

quote from Professor Sayce

:

were

— "The

which were drawn up by order of the king [Assur-

bani-palj usually consist of three columns

:

in the

middle

is

the

character to be explained, while the left-hand column gives its

phonetic powers, and the right hand column the Assyrian

translation of each of these powers

Akkadian word.

the characters are treated as

column

as

when regarded

as an

In the right hand column, consequently,

phonetic symbols,

ideograms, in the so

far

left

as Assyrian

is

hand con-

cerned".

Determinative means a cuneiform sign which was prefixed to

an ideogram.

"It serves to divide words and to

mark

the

XXVI existence and character of proper

names of women,

lows, and the

names

name

upright wedge denotes that the

in

The

a sentence.

of an

individual fol-

countries, cities, vegetable

substances, stones, grasses, birds and animals are respectively

preceded bv their special and characteristic determinative ideograms".

The terms 'Canon of

Rulers' and 'List for Register) of

Governors' require some explanation.

Among

the relics brought

over by Layard and others

from Kiniveh were some terra-cotta ficance of

which was

tablets

to

called in

Hence

Rome.

Athenaeum

1862.

in

of officers, each

lists

Among

Athens or the pair appropriately

this official list is

George Smith's work

ing to the ;

contain

like the aQyvjv trrcn-viioc, of

it,

of consuls at

us

to

being appointed for a particular year and giving his

officer

name

were found

the real signi-

tablets,

explained by Sir Henry Rawlinson

of communications to the

in a series

These

first

'the

Eponym

Canon'.

the Assyrians documents were not dated accord-

number

of years from

some

special event, as with

not even did they, as a rule, date from the king's acces-

sion,

— but

the date was fixed by the

who was eponym The

late

(Assyr.

limu)

name

of the officer

for the year.

George Smitli devoted a special work

to

this

important subject, and he there shows that these eponymofficials

were appointed

in rotation.

Thus

the series

was

headed by the king (Sarru), next came the Tartan (tur-

tanu)

or military

commander, then the niru (?rab) fkal

or chief of the palace, next the officer called

or

t

uku

town governors.

officers altogether

1

1

u.

rab-bitu

r (?),

and then an

Afterwards followed the provincial

Perhaps there were as many as

who

could be eponyms.

When

thirty

the

list

xxvn was exhausted, the

The

recommenced.

series

sequence,

however, varied somewhat at different times.

Now

these official

lists

four copies called

in

come down

or canons have

Canons

1, II,

III and IV.

to us

Unfortu-

nately none are complete, but fortunately they confirm and also

Other copies have since been

supplement one another.

discovered, one supplementing

The

first

quoted

are

four Canons, or in

Canon

I,

and the others being

Canons V, VI and VII.

called respectively

Vol. II pp.

of eponyms, are those which

lists

470

(German pagination)

foil.

under the name "Canon of Rulers".

The

last

Canons (V

three

— VII)

accompanied by

are

some event or events occurring

brief historical notices of

each year (usually military expeditions or revolts). these

Canons which are

referred-to

Governors'; see Vol. II pp.

Now, while their

it

is

chronological

480

under the

foil.

quite evident that lists

of

nevertheless need some

means

of

pag.).

the Assyrians kept

eponyms with great

annual

regularity (with a dividing line to

title 'List

(German

in

It is

mark

a

new

reign),

we

of reducing this chronology

as far as possible to fa:act terms of our own.

of a single eponym can be precisely fixed,

all

If the date

eponyms

that

precede or succeed in unbroken succession are determined also.

Fortunately

this

has been obtained from the notice

which accompanies the eponym of Purilsagali. runs thus

The

notice

:

"In the month Sivau the sun suflfered an eclipse". This eclipse has been calculated by

which occurred on June 15. 763 B.

M"".

C,

Hind

and

to

be that date has

this

been well-nigh universally accepted as that of the eponym.

The

citation I

Raw]., II Rawl. &c. (or simply

occurs on nearly every page of this work.

These

I

R. &c.) citations

XXVIII refer

by Rawlinson five

Inscriptions of Western Asia", published

work "The

colossal

volumes of Sir Henry Rawlinson's

separate

the

to

by Norris, Smith and Pinches)

(assisted

volumes between the years 1861 and 1880,

a citation as II Rawl. 39. 15

numbers which follow

the

e. f.,

'RawL' designate the number of the plate and the while the letters

The

Layard are

fi-om his

work

'Inscriptions

Cuneiform Character' London 1851.

in the

The

citations

Tom.

Ninive'

1

from Botta are from

—V,

Thus 151, 11,

number

means plate 151

line 3,

'Monument de

his

The numbers

1849.

Paris

the lithographed plates and the

I

of the inscription.

no. 11 line 3.

express the use of a substantive (like the

^I/?) as a

ment

common noun (=

as a proper

noun

(=

In the reproduction translation

have

been

preserved

contrast to

'lord') in

of

proper

names

in

the English

,

where

approximate

these

nearly

every

Hebrew tuators

But

text.

erred,

Not only the

instance

in the

just

LXX

German it is

as

retained original

more

(e.

g. Shinar instead

in

Schrader's work).

In the case of the Assyrian monarch Sennacherib

which stands

employ-

Baal),

Hebrew Masoretic text the German Bible and

of Sinear in

its

Hebrew

standing in our Authorized Version

the forms

,

closely to the

form

the

and

,

1

have

Sanherib,

also in our pointed

quite evident that in this the punc-

they did

with the Aegyptian

but also the Assyrian form of the

(see Vol. I p. 2 78) decisively prove that the to

refer to

have adopted from Schrader's work the term 'appel-

lative' to

in

line,

refer to the columns.

e. f.

references to

in

In such

name

N"lD.

name

familiar

English ears, Sennacherib, very closely represents the

true

pronunciation

stance

of a

of

the

Hebrew D^nJO.

wrong Masoretic

tradition

is

Another

in-

probably to be

XXIX found

in

Gen. X.

names Goraer and Meshech

the

2, Vol. I p.

6G

(see notes

on

footnote).

In these prefatory remarks I have indicated the main lines of interest which converge upon Dr. Schrader's important treatise.

The

results of

Aegyptian and Babylono-Assyrian are but the prelude to further

research hitherto obtained

enterprises in the recovery of the great Hittite empire

and Assyria,

long

,

known from

will soon be telling

human

Aegypt

the records of

own

its

when

story; and

Turkish misrule and fanatic obstruction have ceased Minor, as in a few years they assuredly

The

past.

will,

the

in

Asia

unimpeded

progress of European discovery will far outstrip the power to coordinate

iSIeanwhile let us acknowledge with

results.

its

thankfulness the intellectual achievements of the century

now

hastening towards

its

end.

History will commemorate

won

the vast cosmic revelations of Natural Science

by the discoverers of spectrum-analysis. will be the

meed of

awarded

to that heroic

kind will ever

for

honour

the

illustrious

Champollion, Lepsius and Brugsch

,

names

of Lassen

of ,

for us

less high

human knowledge great realms former have won for it immensities of space.

have conquered as the

praise

But no

few who of time,

ManYoung,

Grotefend,

Burnouf, Rawlinson and George Smith, who with unwearying

toil

of eye-sight

and

brain, with boundless resource

and

marvellous penetration, have recovered from complicated and too often mutilated scripts the

tongues that are

now

ancient and long-forgotten

slowly declaring to us the secrets of

three thousand years.

Jan. 26. 1885.

Owen

C.

Whitehouse.

COI^ECTIONS AND ANNOTATIONS. The argument

page XVIII. to

have here stated Wellhausen endeavours

I

evade (Geschichte Israels

I

X, 2nd

p.

by suggesting coming direct from ed.)

that later exilic or post-exilic influences,

Babylonia,

But

may have moulded

own

his

the Jehovist flood-narrative.

admission, that the Nimrod-story

than Babylonian in

form,

Syrian rather

is

presumption against

itself a

in

is

this arbitrary hypothesis.

„

4 line 11 from above, read:— of the author. East India 6 footnote * for 'E. Hincks' read

„

9 footnote **, read

„

„

:

:

A

26 line 10 from above.

German

—

literal

rendering

— may

29 line 3 from below, &itQr ^,^^^j^ read T

commencing

:

Chavilah

;.

it

was.

— The sentence.

'Delitzsch Parad. &c.' should be placed in brackets

The term Anmerkuny by 'remark' or

'note',

as

been impossible

has

It

Schrader's references, though this

number

— footnote

*.

German we have usually rendered may mean a note embodied in it

in

the midst of the text.

large

here given of the

-;

•

from above, for 'remark' read:

line 4

is

be conjectured that

27 line 2 from above, read:

„

31

Inscr.

Hebrew.

original as well as the

„

„

House

tenebres.

The

of instances.

has

verify

to

been done

reader, however,

in

may

all

a very

most

in

cases assume that the term signifies a footnote.

-unmistakeably.

„

41 line 13 from above, read

:

„

45 line 10 from below, read

:— Nimrud-Kalah.

„

57 line 2 and again in line 12 from above, read:

„

63 line 13 from above, place 'Abydenus' in brackets. is

the

writer

of the

lAaovQiuxu xal

— Auunnaki.

MrjdLXU

— Abydeuus whom

from

Eusebius quotes.

from below read:

„

91

„

92 line 6 from above, read

line 2

line 8

Kings X. 29;

1 :

— to

from below, for 'Chaldaeans' read

„

107 line 7 from below, for 'later' read

„

108 line 8

needs

foil.

The statement

rectification.

Dr. Joh.

2

Kings VII.

:

— Chattaeans.

:— younger.

referring to the temple of Borsippa

Flemming has shown

in his

essay

H"

(Got-

on "The great stone slab-inscription of Nebucadnezar tingen 1883) p. 26, Inscr.

I.

from a comparison of East India House

13 with ibid. Ill

36—38, Nebucadn. Grotcfend

that the temple called I'-zida

is

in fact

sippa (Schrader). „

120 Hue

4

6.

a people.

I'rom above, lor "an'

read:

— and.

the

II,

18,

temple of Bor-

XXXI page 131 line 4 from above, for 'drachmas' read: — shekels. Corap. Brugsch, Hist, of Aegypt (Lond. 1881) 139 Gen. XLI. 43. „

—

Vol. I p. 306.

Layard 89 &c.

9 read:— Salmauassar II's Obelisk,

„

143 Hues

„

147 footnote

8.

*.

Dr. Friedrich Delitzsch's explanation of the phrase

occurs in a note to Dr. Franz Delitzsch's article 'Der mosaische Priestersegen' in the Zeitsch.

may

length: §it the

kirchliche Wissenschaft.

fiir

— "The

passages read as follows

It

some Asur nasi r pal ni-

be worth while to quote Dr. Fried. Delitzsch :

at

Bel u Adar na-ra-am A-nim u Da-gan "Asurnasirpal, favourite of Bel and Adar, the beloved of Auu and Dagon"

(Asurnasirp. standard insc.

1).

— "Asurnasirpal, the king without mankind ni-sit Bel u Adar" A-nim u Da-gan "the

equal, the sun of the whole of

(Asurn.

I.

11).

— Sargon

ni-sit ina

favourite (properly, the object of the raising of the eyes) of

Ann and Dagon" (Sargon in explaining the

To

ing "pupil of the eyes".

form

feminine

Schrader agrees with Oppert

1).

above ni-sit with or without ina as mean-

nisit,

this 1 object:

—

(1)

how can

assumed word

the

fi'om

the

'man'

for

nisu, acquire the force of a diminutive? (2) nisu does not mean "man" in Assyrian but always "people". (3) The

down

interpretation altogether breaks

the face of passages

in

inisunu

alani nis

ina

long unobserved, such as Nebuk. VII. 16:

"in their (the gods') favourite cities", or VII. 35:

Here a Babylon al nis in&ja "my favourite city". instead of the feminine ocis employed curring in the other passages. Accordingly nasQ ina ana

in

masculine form

(to raise

the eyes to some-one)

"to look graciously

signifies

on some-one", show him favour or honour it of r&mu 'love' and naplusu 'be gracious'. ;

also belongs to the

Akkadian,

some-one" appears

meaning as the Assyrian "take pity on", and also (liy) does not

mean

"pupil

other

Targ.

hand

,

Dictionary

'strength',

'power'

I

72

and

foil., is

confirmed by the Assyrian.

whence

IJ'X'jri^

=^ 'Jahve

light of Assyrian

,-»>;*ii

is

Research"

that

p.

9

liy^'^X

attractive

may

..jLw.il

litJ/^J^

root

strong'".

naplusu

be.

On

propounded

poetically

The

however

on

same

Moreover

ina.

of the eye",

eye

having the

as

"see", "look",

nasu

view already

the

a synonym The phrase

the

"to raise

texts

amaru as

the comparison of the Arabic

the

where

bilingual

in

is

by Levy, originally meant

employed is l/^/^H

— Comp.

foil,

like

p^J?,

is

"to be strong",

"Hebrew

and footnote

'.

in the

XXXII

— there

page 149 Hue 3 from below, read: „

is

150 line 5 from below, for 'form' read:

„

156 line 6 from below, read:

„

163

— the

mentioned as king.

— from.

same

verse.

The word for 'gods', being a plural, is written ill (with circumflex), when not divided by a hyphen. Similarly kakk i 'arms', sabi 'soldiers' &c. — tahazi has the circumflex on the penult, when undivided. foil.

— South

Arabians.

„

168 line 8 from below, read:

„

172 last line, for 'Cyprus-' read :— cypress-.

„

178 line 14 from above, add:

— Compare

also Sargon's iuscriptiou

where Juda

in Smith's Discoveries p. 291,

Edom and

in alliance with Philistia,

named

is

as being

other seditious peoples

(Schrader). „

202 footnote

*.

am

I

by Dr. Schrader that no deter-

informed

minative for deity stands before

Ba'li-ra's

either

or

Ba-

'-li-sa-bu-na. In other words the Assyrians do not appear to have regarded the names of these localities as having any reference to the god Baal. This, ofcourse does not in ,

how

the least affect the question

names

deity

for

For we find that even in native Babylono-

originated.

Assyrian names,

e.

Asur- ah-id din

g.

sometimes

is

while in foreign names

222 line 3

foil.

It

is

now

by

omitted (e. g.

the

,

is

name

IlojQioq), and, as

name

the Babylonian substitute for the Assyrian

The name Pulu

the recently discovered parallel of the

list

scribe;

&c.)

nearly always absent.

definitely ascertained that

the Babylonian form of the

Tuklat-abal-isarra.

determinative

cuneiform

the

Hazakijahu, Abiba'al

the determinative for divinity „

these Canaauite-Phoenician

Pulu was we assume, of the king

has been found in

of Babylonian kings, which

Canon of Ptolemaeus

(see

is

Theoph. Pinches

a in

May Pu-lu and follows Ukinlist, Pulu reigned two years

the Proceedings of the Soc. of Bibl. Archaeology, 1884, 6,

pp. 193—204).

zir or Chinzer. (728

— 27).

It

is

written

According

Babylonian chronicle there for these

to the

In the parallel passage

two years

is

the newly discovered

Tuklat-abal-isarra

„

224 footnote ***, read: — there stands.

„

258 line 3 for 'Imperf.' read :— Imperat.

„

279 footnote **.

We

of

mentioned as Babylonian

here

draw

attention

i"uler

(Schrader).

the

to

fact

that

Dr. Schrader henceforth adoj.ts the infinitive form sakftnu,

with other Assyriologists, as the best

mode

of indicating the

root.

For further supplementary remarks, see the "Addenda" Vol.

II.

at

the end of

Map to

illnslrato

i.SCHRADE:R'S CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE OLD TESTAMENT. BY H KIEPERT bc-ale

I

4000000

GENESIS. Chap.

and

1.

I.

In the beginning when

the EartJi,

God was

^c*

we

as

the

primal Jiood and ,

read

Assyrian language on a

the

in

it

Museum

is

,

The

analogous.

a transcription** and rendering:

is

the

God

then

3.

of the opening of the Chaldaean crea-

clay tablet in the British

following

created the Heaven

hovering over the water)

The form

tion-story,

God

Earth however was a waste and

and darkness was over

desolation,

breath of

said

2. (the

— ***

* For the construction of this introduction to the Biblical creation-

und Erklarung der biblischen

story, see the author's "Studien zur Kritik

Urgeschicbte", Ziirich 1863 1882.

chap.

I.

p.

and A. Dillmann's Genesis, Leipzig

40,

1.

** The transcription of Assyrian followed by the same as

I

adopted in

my

me

in this

With

den Jagdinschriften Asurbanipals in Anlage" Berlin 1880. to

my

transcription of sibilants, see

my

essays on this

fiir

Keilschriftforschung

reproduction of the respective Assyrian

I.

1884

characters

p.

text, see 6.

Archaeology IV.

Biblical

pi.

1

G. Smith

Sayce edition

"The Chaldaean account

ibid.

of

2nd ed. Lond. 1880

Smith's

p.

2"'i

57

— 95,

On

the

— 284.

Fried. Delitzsch Assyrische

ed. p. 78.

of Genesis"

Chald. Genesis

79

Smith Transactions of the Soc. of

(page 363).

Lesestiicke ("Assyrian Extracts")

p.

foil.

1

by the equivalents

ai and ja, see Monatsb. der Berl. Ak. 1880 pp. 271

*** For the original

respect

subject in the

Monatsbericht der Berl. Akademie der Wissenschaften 1877

and in Zeitschrift

book is Mit

publication "Assyrisches Syllabar.

foil.

;

p. 62,

Fr. Delitzsch in the

Leipzig 1876;

origines de I'histoire, Paris 1880 p. 494

For explanation

London 1876 Fr.

German

Lenormant,

foil.

1

see

A. H.

les

...

;

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

2

u-m

a

T.

a-m a-m u

1

I'-n

2

s

3.

apsti-ma ris-tu-u za-ru-su-un

4.

mu-u m-mu ti-amat mu-al-li-da-at gim-

a p-H

r i-s

i-1

s

i

1

m a-t u v

s

s

u-m a

s

a z a k-r a

1

mi-su-nu is-ti-nis i-hl-ku-u-ma

6.

gi-pa-ra la ki-is-su-ra su-sa-a la

7.

I'nu-m a ill la su-pu-u

u-m

9

b-b a-n u-u-m a

a la

Lah-mu

11. a-di

ir-bu-u

12. (ilu)

Sar

13.

(ilu)

A-n

15. (ilu)

Sar

.

i

a b

[r

H

la

t i]

La-ha-mu us-ta-pu-u

(ilu)

.

.

.

Ki-Sar ib-ba-[nu-uj

Umi

Ur-ri-ku

14. (ilu)

1

i 1

si-'.

m a-n a-m a

zuk-ku-ru si-ma-tav

8. 8 i

t

u-u n

5.

10. (iluj

i.e.

a n a-b u-u

0.

u

"When

above

the

Heaven

had

not

jet

announced, 2.

Beneath, the land had not yet named a name,

3.

— The

4.

The surging

sea the mother of their whole,

5.

Then

waters

ocean, the august, was their generator,

their

embraced

one

—

another

and

united 6.

The darkness however had not

yet been withdrawn,

a sprout had not yet sprung forth. 7.

"When

of the gods as yet none had arisen,

8.

Had

9.

Then were

not yet

named

a

name, not yet [determined]

the destiny, the great gods produced,

10.

The gods Lachmu and Lachamu proceeded

1

And grew

1

12.

aloft also

....

The gods Sar and Ki-Sar were produced.

forth

—

GENESIS

14.

"The days extended .... The god Anu ....

15.

The god Sar

13.

The the

the

"

clay tablet, on which the above tablet

first

to

3

I.

(dup pu)

commencement,

Compare

above."

recorded, formed

is

of a series designated, according

=

I'numa ills

as series

"When

of tablet No. 5

the subscription

below): D up-pi V.

(see

KAN, MI' 1-nu-ma is. Kisdat A s u r-b &ni-habal sar kissati sar m§,tAssur,i. e. "Table V of the

1-1

series

'When

property of Asur-

above',

For

banipal, king of the host of nations, king of Assyria."

the meaning of the

phrase,

latter

assyrisch-babylonischen

see

Keilinschriften"

lonian Cuneiform Inscriptions"), Leipzig

kissat

(sing,

Inschriften tJ'JD

not plur.

;

of Istar to

The

1.

my

As

p. 15. in

p.

remarks

Lotz die

76), root in Assyr.

p.

55.

2 cannot be lines 3 and 4 (Geo.

Smith, Oppert, Lenormant*). These latter contain no verb, and i/IJ

their participles

zaru,

asbu 3^N

from Pit (comp.

to

Hollenfahrt der Istar ("Descent

Hades") Giessen 18 74

apodosis to lines

1872

Leipzig 1880

I,

(Hebr. CJD), see

Babyl. Keilinsch. 15, 89,

treatise

("Assyrio-Baby-

comp. Fr. Delitzsch

Tiglath Pilesers

= Aramaic ^2D

my

"Die

i.

e.

"^T,

finite

which stands

from asibu

=

for

r^'^),

and

an intervening

cir-

muallidat (nipNp)

clearly point

cumstantial clause.

doubt the correctness of P. Haupt's**

rendering,

who

I

takes

inuma

to

as a special clause

= "there

* Both the latter, while they differ in the rendering of the opening

ne s^appelait pas; Lenormant: au temps, ou &c.),

lines (Oppert: jacZis

fut fleur gdndrateurj. They not as an explanatory parenthesis, but as the

agree nevertheless in the choice of tense also

take

lines 3.

4

:

statement of an event. This I regard as inadmissible. ** Dr. Haupt has kindly communicated to me his own translation of the opening of the Chaldaean creation-story, which reads thus

1*

:

THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS AND THE

4 4

was a time when f

nu

ma

occurs in Assyrian texts

Tiglath Pileser future

(''if

I col.

has clearly descended

particle,

sometimes (see

VIII. line 52) even referring to the

however,

followed by an apodosis

below

it

,

mere temporal

ever the temple shall become old" &c.).

instances,

these

In other cases where this word

«&c."

to the condition of a

T.

0.

introductory

this

In

all

Inuma

is

compare the cuneiform

;

text cited

In the present case the

in illustration of verse 20.

The

verbal form shows that line 5 constitutes the apodosis.

meaning Earth*

is:

(i. e.

— Before in the

the creation of the

Heaven and the

mind the of author, before the separation

of the entire universe into an upper portion ='Heaven', and a

lower portion

= 'Earth')

was simply a chaotic flowing

there

mass, within which the generative processes were at work.

An

a cosmos, had not yet arisen.

ordered world,

the products of generation were tion

necessary to organic

life,

still

Indeed

destitute of the condi-

namely

light.

Accordingly

the buds of vegetation had not yet sprung up (lines

1.

2. 3.

1

—

6).

There was a time, when above the Heaven had not named, Beneath, the Earth had not named a name, The Ocean was their first generator,

Mummu-Tiamat the mother of their whole &c. Compare with this Oppert's translation — Formerly what is above was not called Heaven, And that which is the Earth beneath had not a name An infinite Abyss was their generator, A chaos, the sea was the mother that gave birth to 4.

:

:

,

all

this

universe.

[The reader might also compare the rendering given by Prof. Sayce, his remarks on pages 51 3 in the History of Babylonia (Ancient History from the monuments S. P. C. K.), and also in his later work

and

—

"Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments" p. 27— Tr]. * "bear a name" and "exist" are to a Semite correlative Respecting Q]^' in the sense of 'the nature of a thing manifesting see the Old

Testament theologies, and compare P. Haupt

ischen Familiengesetze' I (1879) p. 81.

'die

ideas. itself,

sumer-

GENESIS Now,

just as the terrestrial

when no such cosmos

5

I.

cosmos was preceded by a time

existed

so also

,

the super-terrestrial

cosmos was preceded by a time when no such cosmos

Thus

gods) existed.

a second corresponding paragraph,

inuma,

introduced by

the gods (lines 7

—

describes the origin*

(ibbanH)

13

.

.

.

.,

or

of

After a long interval something

12).

took place, that has some reference to the gods

and Sar

e. 5

(i.

may have been

Anu

.

,

.

uttered by them (lines

foil.).

Notes wnd Illustrations.

I lines

1

—

6.

1.

I'nu-ma.

Respecting inu

G

and the

..-jkS*

Leipzig 1880 lateral

form

affix

ma,

p. 183.

see

W.

Lotz Inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser

— samamu

of sami'

(pronounce

(plural of

samu),

see

§amamu), my 'Istar's

poetic

I

col-

Descent to

—

Hades', Giessen 1874 p. 98. As object to nabu understand the accusat. iuraa from the following line. 2. Instead of matuv "land" we should expect irsituv "earth". Haupt explains the substitution of the former for the latter by the assumption that the non-semitic original, of which we have an Assyrian translation in the fragment that lies before us, was composed in the Sumerian dialect, not in the closely allied Akkadian. For, instead of the Akkadian an^-ta ki^-ta 'above and beneath' (= Assyrian ilis u § a pi is), i. e. properly speaking 'in Heaven, on Earth', we should have in Sumerian nima ki "height" "earth". To avoid saying kiaki mu nupada "when on the earth the earth had not named a name", for ki in Sumerian was substituted k u r "land", which the Assyrian translator then represented Consult IV Rawl. 30, 8 and 10c, and Fr. Delitzsch by matuv. apsfi Akkadian abzu (= 'Assyrian Extracts' 2"'^ ed. 74 line 4 zu-ab) meaning 'primal flood', 'depths of the sea', 'ocean'; see 'The

—

—

—

—

=

Assyrio-babylonian Cuneiform Inscriptions' 32, no. 127 (where is

to

be read);

Fr. Delitzsch

'Assyrian Extracts'

2^^

absu

ed. 49, no.

is

128.

"The Akkadian abzu properly denotes 'house of wisdom' [Akkadian

* I

say

Assyrian

'origin',

banS,

Also the Assyrian

not

'generation',

nab nit u

'sprout' indicates

mean

know, only

'build'.

the

connection

of

the

in the

in

the

first

place

the

The verb bana occurs in Assyrian, signification 'produce', when it does not

conception of sexual generation. so far as I

though

with the Heb. 13 might suggest such a rendering.

—

THE CUNEIFOBM INSCRIPTIONS AND TEE

6

ab 6

0.

=

=

T.

a°^ idii and lam^du, roots bitu n".2; Akkadian zu see tbe Syll. II R. 1, 188; 11,41 foil.]. The name is to be explained

IdS.

pix

from the circumstance that the god E a is the king of the Ocean (Assyr. sar apsi), Akkadian lugal abzuakit (for ex. IV R. 18, 54a), also bel nemeki (poyj) is "Lord of inscrutable wisdom" [compare observe also the designation of I'a as 6. g. Sanherib I Rawl. 44, 77 bil 5ami' (u) irsitiv 'Lord of heaven and earth' II R. 55, \8 c i Schr.]. Moreover the name Ea (from the Akkadian S 'house' and a 'water') ;

= "Aoc,

means precisely the same as the ordinary Akkadian name For the text see 'water-house' (Haupt).— ri'gtu.

a-ab-ba:

sea

Delitzsch, quoted in Lotz p. 118 rem. 28.

63 lines

"Mistress"

— "the

8

7,

=

nb^D)

it

ideogram

u.

— mummu

But

this

Sumerische Keilschrifttexte"

mummu.

accordingly better

in

vav).— mummu be equivalent

in

We

are

seeking the

to follow Fr. Delitzsch in

word biltuv from a

root T^XSt w^bich in

=

would coincide with the Heb. Si3

signification

515 explains also the

assuming a similar signification also for

therefore,

It is

V R.

mummu

word

Assyrian

I no.

si-ki-tuv root Hplt* (°0' ^^^)-

(DI') for 'irrigation'

probably right,

derivation of the

according to

appears natural to bear this in mind and render:

mistress or sovereign sea".

"Akkadische

1.

biltuv means elsewhere „Lady",

Since

bi-il-tuv.

for Fr.

=

biltuv (comp. ri-i-su from meaning to 'irrigation.'

essential

Arabic J.i (middle

lJ>{i^^)

Mummu

its

would therefore

tiamat

accordingly

has the general signification of the moist or surging sea (see Transla-

For the transcription ti-amat compSre Fried. Delitzsch in G. The word is Genesis, Germ, edition 1876 p. 296.

tion).

Smith's Chaldaean

the construct state of 6.

Sam as, Sin

g.

tiamtu

Yet on the other hand we

many

other examples.

wife of

comp.

l47icco(bv,

my

such forms as

find

mentioned

'Descent of Istar'

to be found in the

(comp. the

deities

Ramm4nu, Samsi

p.

name

mummu

name Mwvfxlq, who sprang according

II,

15.

TavS-h, the

Damascius (Lenormant

Likewise

152).

and

of the feminine principle,

certainly lurks in the

in the writings of

* Comp. E. Hincks Nebukadu.

This

tiamtu

is

to

is

probably

Damascius

of course

Hebrew "iDp putting aside the feminine ending Assyrian irsituv earth and the Heb. V~i{«{). In Assyrian

identical with

this

Moreover the names of

Of the two designations

tiamat, t§,mat,

the second,

"sea"*.

&c. generally occur in the construct state (Haupt).

the

,

Babylonian ti&mtu appears as a rule to be contracted into t&mtu.

At any

we meet with the plural t^m&ti e.g. Salmanassar's BullLayard 12 B. line 9 (ta-ma-a-t i); and V R. 30, i6a (Haupt,

rate

inscriptions

Sumerische Familiengesetze

am-tuv).

We

transcribe

p.

39)

gives the

however by the

singular

single

tamtu

form ti&mtu.

(ta-a-

—

GENESIS from both the above mentioned

mummu

that

ti&mat

and

formerly (Descent of Istar,

deities.

7

I.

from the Inscription

It is clear

together form a complete whole.

regarded

ibid.)

mSmi

Hence

I

'water' (comp. the

mi'-su-nu of the

text) as au Assyrian equivalent for the same thing. Haupt has an ingenious theory that perhaps mummu itself is only a new formation from mimi, and that accordingly my former rendering was in the main right. Observe also that in the translation, instead

of retaining the Babylonian words apsii and

may

mummu-tiamat

(which

be shown from Damascius to have been treated as proper nouns

times), I have substituted appellatives (see transl.). In the Assyrio-Babylonian original we meet with no determinative, whether it

in later

Thus

be that of a person or of a deity.

are regarded as appellatives, and this fact translator.

— 5.

istini§ adv. from

"as one", "iu

h&ku

=

one", "in

^L»» comp.

Arabic

tin

is

and with

ihiku

one another".

the Heb.

appropriately compares the Heb.

words must be remembered by the (= Hebrew ipjJ,'T;) meaning in the original text the

n^nS

n^n "bosom". DDlt*

Impf.

from

So Haupt, who

support of the sexual

^^

meaning belonging to the verb * in this passage. I certainly cannot follow him in the further conclusions which be bases upon this interpretation of the words. His opinion is: "The waters of Apsu and

Ti'amat

unite together, and the gods were generated from this fertil-

ization of

Ti'amat by

I p. 15 foil.)

Ti&mat)

it

and destroys

Now

in Berossus (see

Eusebius-Schoene

cleaves 'OjMo'pcyAr«-0aAar5-

e.

(i.

the sea-monsters

,

the i6iO(pveTg

i.

e.

the creatures that

naturally arose from the blending of the waters of Apsii and

Next Belus cuts

ofl"

Mummu-

forms Heaven and Earth out of the two halves,

twain,

in

Apsii."

who

Brjkoq

is

own

his

Tiamat.

head, and the remaining gods (who were

thus existing at that time) mingle the flowing blood with the

and fashion men {roizov xov &ebv TO QV£v

cd[i.a

dvS^QWTiovc)the product

On

its

products, in order to put

* The general sense

2°