The Story of Old Halifax

October 30, 2017 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

Share Embed

Report this link

Short Description

. —. 257 . CHAPTER XVIII. Akr o yd and Cr Au! Km 47 Nj" The Story of Old Halifax Selected Stories from ......

Description

W T K .

AND

.

H

.

.

,

TH E

G I RL S

BO YS OF

H A L I FA X

.

f 7

E PRE AC F

_

0

.

book has be en writt e n for th e boys and g ir ls of Halifax and district with t he hop e also that old e r I h av e tri e d to k ee p ay ﬁnd it full of int e r e s t e opl e m p n It is not a e w t e xt book of i t a pur e ly local h istory English history furnish ed with local not e s This

,

,

.

.

.

,

Hali fax has b ee n particularly fortunat e in i nspiri n g a lin e of me n who hav e d e ligh t e d i n r e v e al i ng h e r past In th i s tw e nti e th c e ntury we hav e had a band of antiquari e s wh i ch fe w t owns can r i val e nthusiastic Th e Transactions of t h e Hali fa x Antiquarian Soc i e ty hav e provid e d th e bulk of th e mat e rial for this work Mr John L i st e r th e Pr e sid e n t has always b ee n v e ry kind to me Mr H P K e ndall who h as tak e n so many of th e photographs h as also h e lp e d i n oth e r ways to mak e t he history mor e compl e t e Ev e n mor e than th e ir skill do I valu e th e comrad e sh i p and fr i endsh i p of th e m e mb e rs of our Antiquaria n Soci e ty The stor y of the book its elf is as follows F rom January 1 9 1 3 to January 1 9 1 7 I contribut e d a s e r i al h istory of Halifax h to Th e Satch e l Halifa x Schools n wspap r t e e e ( ) Towards the e nd of th at p e r i od a sub -committ e e of the e e e s m r H ad T ach r Assoc i ation invit e d e to e publish the f e r o articl s i n b ok orm I e wrot e t he matt e r M e ssrs Harris H arwood and Hawk i ns r e ad the manuscript and tog e th e r we discuss e d the chapt e rs in som e int e r e st i ng m e e tings Mr W H O stl e r th e Education S e cr e tary prov e d to be one of my most h el pful cr i tics and also h e lp e d v e ry consid e rably to s e cur e t he publication of th e book Many y e ars ago Mr O stl e r said th at what was .

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

’

”

“

,

.

,

’

'

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

PRE F A C E

4

.

want e d was a history that would t e ll liv e d in th e r e ign of Edward III altog e th e r forgott e n his dictu m .

half tim e r

how a and I hav e not

,

.

Mr E Gr e e n t h e Borough Librarian has kindly compil e d the Ind e x I would also than k his staff for th e ir unfailing court e sy I am ind e bt e d to s e v e ral fri e nds for t h e illustrations Mr Arthur Com fort has ta k e n inﬁnit e pains to pl e as e me with his sk e tch e s Mr F H Marsd e n M A pr e par e d the b e autiful map at the front of the book and sk e tch e d th e drinking trough Mr T B roadb e nt dr e w th e e nd map Mr T F F ord A has provid e d two arch it e ctural plat e s Mr W B T rigg allow e d me to us e his sk e tch e s of the windows of t he Parish Church Mr R Br e tton is r e sponsibl e for t he h e raldic illustrations F or oth e r blocks I am grat e ful to Mrs H R Oddy M e ssrs R E N icholson E Hardcastl e S C Moor e S H Ham e r E March e tti L e gh T o lson and t he Halifax Guardian .

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

‘

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

“

.

,

,

,

”

.

Th e

Halifax Antiquarian Soci e ty has v e ry kindly allow e d me to us e th e ir e xt e nsiv e coll e ction of blocks and t he maj ority of t he illustrations hav e b e e n provid e d in that way A cknowl e dgm e nt is mad e to th e various photograph e rs in t he book I am grat e ful to many oth e rs whom I hav e not nam ed I hav e always found Halifax to be a n e ighbourly town and its p e opl e r e ady to h e lp one anoth e r ,

.

.

’

.

“

,

.

’

Lastly I would thank the sta ff of M essrs Ki ng s printing works for th e int e r e st th e y have shown in t h e work T W H .

,

.

.

.

.

CON T E N TS

CH A P T ER I Paris h of Halifax O u t h P nnin Slop T o wnships Op n F i ld — Ro y ds —

—

e

e

e

e

s

.

Woods Farms and Moor Pag s 9 1 9

—

e

e

.

.

—

e

.

CH A P T ER I I Manor of W a k ﬁ l d Courts h ld at Halifax Pag s 2 03 0 .

Warr ns and Lacy s— Halifax Gibb t L aw e

e

Th e

.

e

e

e

-

e

.

CH A P T ER I I I N orman Carvi ng L w s Prior y and Gi nn y A bb y T h Parish Church T ith s— Th Earl y R ctors— Th 1 4th C ntur y Ch u rch E l land and H pton stall Chap ls Pag s 3 0 3 8 .

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

—

e

e

e

—

e

e

.

—

e

CH A PT ER Th e

Elland F u d e

IV

.

.

.

Pag s e

3 8— 42

CH A P T ER V Cloth T rad — Th F l mings— Th Blac k D ath S u rnam s Sh p R aring— Spinning— W avi ng Pag s 42 5 3

.

.

Earl y R cords of t h Th P011 Ta of 13 7 9 F u l lin g D y i ng e

e

x

e

—

e

e

.

e

e

—

e

ee

e

e

e

e

e

—

CH A P T ER V I Th Magna Via— T imb r d Hous s— S h ibd n Hal l— Th Hous at t h Ma y pol —Sunn y Ban k Gr tland— R building of t h Parish Church Vicar Wil kinso n— Th T ow r— Hal ifax i n 143 9 Pag s 5 3—7 8

.

.

e

e e

e

ee

,

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

e

.

C O N T E N TS

6

CH A P T ER V I I Growt h of Hal ifax T rad Gilds — Fairs— U lnag A ccoun t s Th 147 3 Halifax l ads t h W st Ri ding for Cloth— Earl y Halifa x W ills— Gifts to Church —Th Chap ls of t h Parish— Roads and Bridg — Cloth s and th Fu nit u — Ext nding t h Cu l tivat d Land Pag s 7 8 88 .

e

e

e

e

,

e

e

e

e

es

e

e

e

r e

r

er s

e

e

—

e

.

CH A P T ER VIII W ols y r c iv s th Cardinal s Hat— Baptism of A rc h bishop Ro k b y — Princ ss Mar y— D at h of Ro k b y— Ro k b y Chap ls at Kirk Sandal and Halifax- D Robt Holdsworth— F u d b tw n T mp st and Savil Th Pilgrimag of Grac — Th Monast ri s Clos d— D isput about Hal i fax T it h s— Bishop F a Mart y rdom Pag s 89 1 02 .

e

e

e

e

r

e

e

r

er r

e

’

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

.

e

e

’

e

s

ee

e

e

e

e—

e

e

e

e

.

—

e

.

CH A P T ER I X B acon Hil l Th P u ritans— D Favour H ath Grammar School H nr y Savil — H nr y Briggs— Camd n s v isit to Halifax —W ool l n Si T rad in l 6 th C nt u r y Pag s 1 02 -1 1 3 .

—

e

r

e

e

e

—

e

.

e

e

e

r

e

'

e

.

e

.

CH A P T E R x; C ntur y Hous s Jam s Murgatro y d —N athani l W at r h o u s 1 7 th S i Th omas Brown Pag s 1 1 3 1 3 7 e

e

e

e

r

e

e

e

.

—

e

.

CH A P T ER X I Hal ifax m n r fus Knighthood S h ip Mon y— B ginn i ngs of th Civil Wa — Si g of Bradford— L ds ta k n Batt l of A dwal t on R tr at to List r s A dv ntur s Mac k worth garrisons Hali fax H a lifax— Jos ph H alifax R fug s — F ighting b tw n H ptonsta l l and Halifax Mix nd n S k irmish— Scots Arm y in t h D istrict Pl ag u Capt Hodgson s A dv n tur s— Local Ro y al ists Pag s 1 3 7 16 3 .

e

r

e

—

e

e

e

ee

e

e

e

e

’

e

ee

e

e

—

e

e

’

e—

—

e

e

—

e

e —

e

ee

—

e

e

e

e

e

.

.

—

e

.

CH A P T ER X I I J oh n B a liﬁ -16 5 1 Commission Hali fax s F irst M mb r of Parlia m nt— Th Paris h Ch u rch D u ri ng t h Commonw alth ﬂTh l ast y ars of th Gibb t —Th R storation and A t of U niformit y O l iv r H ywood s D iari s— A rchbishop Tillot on Pag s 16 4 17 6 .

r e

e

rc

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

c

e

s

’

e

e

e

e

e

—

’

e

e

.

e

—

.

C O N T E NT S

7

CH A P T ER / X III nd Halifax D fo s Visit to Halifax Local Th Cloth Hal l s of L ond ona Manufactur rs t u rn from W ooll n to W orst d S am Hill of Ma king Plac Coal Min i ng— Jacobit R b llion of 17 45 Pag s 1 7 7 1 88 .

/

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

’

—

—

e

.

—

e

CH A P T ER Cragg Coin rs Jo h n W sl y s Visits

.

’

e

e

e

XI V

.

.

Pag s

189 — 1 9 9

e

CH A P T ER X V — i P i c Hal l W oo l Combing Spinn ng W aving Farming Lim Th Holm s 1 8th C ntur y Hous Ed wards of Halifax Pag s 1 9 9 2 1 5

.

.

e

e

e

e —

—

—

—

—

e

es

e

e

.

—

e

.

CH A P T ER X V I Indus trial R volution Th Val l y s xalt d and t h old T owns Th D ca y Canals Th N ami ng of t h H b bl — T urnpik Roads T wining s Pictur of Cald r Val I nn Yards Stag Coach s— Lu k Pri stl s Journ y from London to Brand y Hol — Enclosur s— F ost r t h Essa y ist— Scarci t of Mil k— Th Gr at Inv ntions— St am Engin s Bradford o u tstrips Hali fax Pag s .

—

e

—

e

e

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

—

e

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

—

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

ey

’

’

e

e

y

e —

e

.

e

CH A PTER X VII Chil d Slav r y— L udd it P t loo— Th R form Wm M iln —Pl u g D rawing Fr T rad .

e

er

.

esm

e er

—

ﬁ

e

e

ee

e

Ch artists Pag s 2 41—2 5 7

A ct —Th e ~

.

e

.

CH A P T ER X VIII A k oy d and C o l y — R ai lwa y — Th Growth of t h T o wn— S w rs and Wat r— Incorporati on of t h Borough— Savil Park W ainh ou T ow r F J S h i ld — P G Ham rton T h P opl s Par k Pag s 2 5 8—2 7 2 .

r

r

ss e

s

s

e

.

.

e

e

e

s

.

.

e

—

e

—

e

e

e

e

e

se

e

e

’

.

e

.

RI N ED

P

F

.

KI N G

T

S oN s L T D

BY

C O M M E R C l AL

H A F AX LI

S TR E E

T

TH E

S T O R Y 01 x -

"

OL D

?

C HAPTER P

AR I S H

or

I

H A L I F AX

.

.

E NN I N E S L OPE — W OOD S F A R M S M OOR — T OW N S HI PS — OPE N FI E L D S — R OY D S

H A L IF A X —

AN D

ON

TH E

P

,

,

.

This S t ory of O ld Halifax 1 8 not conﬁ ne d to the town of Hali fax but is also conc e rn e d wit h t he tract of sur r ound ing country th at was form e r ly known as t he Parish of H ali fax The anci e n t parish cov e r e d that por tion of Cald e r D al e lyi ng b e t we e n Todmord e n and Brigho us e with t h e tributary val e s and clough s and The whol e of England t h e moors and h ills ﬂanking th e m was divid e d into p arish e s and t he c e ntr e of e ach parish was a church H ali fax Parish was one of the larg e st in and t he r e ctor or v icar of t he parish t h e count r y ch ur z h h e ld t he r e li ious and spi r itual ov e rsight of all g t h e p e opl e wh o live d within th at wid e ar e a of mor e than 1 2 4 squar e mil e s The outlin e of Hali fax Parish is similar i n sh ap e to th at of Yor k shir e As the map of t h e county is mor e familiar , i t wil l be h e l p ful to compar e t h e t wo outlin e s in ord e r t o fix in t he m e mor y t h e bounds of our anci e nt a p rish S tarting at H a lifax we g o sou th e ast to Brig h ou s e t h e point wh e re t he riv e r C ald e r l e ave s t he p arish A simila r j ou r n e y from York would tak e u s to Hull and t h e mout h of t he H umb e r F rom Spurn Point g oi ng no rth t he landmarks of t he Yorkshir e Coast ar e F lam bo r ough H e ad Wh itby and M iddl e sbrough i n t he nor th e ast corn e r O n t he corr e spondi ng boundary of ,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

'

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

10

TH E

STO R Y

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

Hal i fax Parish is t h e b e c k that flows th rough Baili ff Brid g e Norwood Gr e e n clock tow e r must stand for F lamborough Lighthous e Qu e e nsbur y C hurch for W h itby A bb e y and Soi l H ill stands at our north e ast e rn corn e r v h h t e r T e e s from e county boundar y on north is ri e t h T e its mouth to it s sourc e on M ic k l e F e ll Th e north e r n lin e of Hali fax Parish is t h e range of h il ls divid i ng th e wat e rs of Air e and Cald e r that str e tch from Soi l Hi ll to .

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

Fig

.

1 — Y oax s u .

Bouls wor t h

m

HA I F A X PA R I H

r1

L

S

.

Jac k son s Ridg e in t he north -w e st is th e h igh e st la nd in t h e parish and Mic k l e F e ll is the corr e spondi ng angl e of Yorksh ir e W i ddop is in j ust — o h e f t such anoth r out Both e wa y corn e r as S e d be rgh th e parish and t he count y march with Lancashir e on t he w e st Compl e ting our b e ating of t he bounds we may compar e the p os it ions of S tain land Moor and F b y to t h e districts of Sh e fﬁ e ld and D oncast e r The Pari s h of Halifax is sit uat e d on t he high slop e s of th e P e nnin e Rang e Its p e opl e ar e living as it w e r e ’

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

_

.

.

,

,

TH E

PE NN I N ES

I 1

.

on the slop e of a roof The ridg e of the roof is t he bou ndary b e tw e e n th e count ie s Of Yor k and Lancast e r The Lancashir e slop e of the roof d ips towards t he we st If we drop O ff the e ave s of t he and o ur s lop e to t h e e ast roof we ar e on t he gr e at l e ve l York Plain wh ich e xt e nds O n the fro m t h e foot O f t h e P e nnin e s to t h e coast La ncashir e sid e is a narro we r str e tch Of l e v e l country b e tw e e n t he h ills and t h e s e a The h istory O f Hali fax is t he story O f a p e opl e living on th e roof O f a gr e at hous e whil e t he kings and armi e s ma k ing t he histor y of England w e re marching along t he l e v e l str e e ts on e ith e r sid e of Hali fax is quit e as n e ar to London t h e Pe nnin e hous e Yor k is and both ar e in t he dir e ct lin e to Scotland accordin g to t he map York has be e n t he sc e n e of many of t he e ve nts m e ntion e d in E nglish history Two of t he Edward III was R o man Emp e rors di e d in York m ar ri e d th e r e Ed ward IV was crown e d in t he city a ft e r h e had won t h e battl e O f Towton ; and Ch arl e s I and many oth e r kings visit e d York H ow i s it t hat t he O ld k ings n e v e r pass e d through Halifax with t h e ir armi e s ? The answ e r to this qu e stion is that t he e asi e st and most n atural rout e b e tw e e n nor t h and south is a long t h e plain a nd not ov e r t h e h ills .

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

o

’

.

The

P e nnin e Hills stand up li k e an island i n t he oc e an and from t h e e arli e st tim e s down to our own day voyag e rs from London to Scotland h ave g on e rou nd one sid e or t he oth e r of ou r h ills I h e Scotch e xpr e ss trains e ith e r go th roug h York or C1 e we and cy clists who appre ciat e a l e ve l road fOllo w t he sam e r Oute s Halifax 1 s off t h e mai n lin e In t he middl e ag e s the position m e ant that H ali fax e scap e d m uch of t he fi ig h tfulne ss of t h e civil w ars l he b ills to th e north w e r e also a bar i ie r h o t e gai n st i ncursions O h S cot who ft n r ac h d f t e e e e s a ,

,

'

.

.

.

,

'

.

,

12

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

"

as far south as Crave n Th e br e ak in t h e P e n ni n e s nam e d t he Air e G ap guid e d som e of t he raids as n e ar as O tl e y and Morl e y but th e r e is no r e cord of t he Scot s p e n e trati ng into Cald e r D al e Th e c i tiz e ns of York w e r e continually e xpos e d to p e rils of t he sword th e r e for e th e y mai ntain e d a wall around t he city to k e e p in vad e rs at bay Ha lifax n e ve r h ad an y n e e d of such a d e fe nc e The hom e st e ad s and small h a ml e ts of Halifax Parish w e r e scatt e r e d along t he h ill sid e s as th e r e was no occasio n for t h e folks t o crowd tog e th e r as t he me n of Ch e st e r and York had to do F or t he sam e g e ograph ical r e aso ns th e r e ar e no c astl e s in our district Pont e f r act Castl e and Sanda l Castl e hold posi t ion s th at guard t h e narrow e s t gap b e tw e e n t he P e nni ne s and the marsh e s th at lin e the e stuary of t he Humb e r S k ipton Castl e is t he strat e gic ke y to t he A ir e G ap and Lancast e r Castl e commands t he w e st e rn rout e The district around H ali fax cannot bo ast e v e n a r uin e d abb ey thoug h t he s mall priory at Kir k l e e s ( wh ich had onl y e igh t nuns wh e n it was clos e d ) is j ust out s id e t he boundary Of t he parish Many of t he abb e y s such as F ountains we r e built i n plac e s fitt e r to all app e aranc e s to be a lair of wild be asts than a hom e for me n but i t a lmos t s e e ms th at H alifax was too inhospitabl e a coun t ry e v e n for mon k s .

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

“

,

,

”

,

'

.

é

The

tourist ﬁndi ng ne it he r w al le d city cast le ruin e d abb e y nor anci e nt battl e fi e ld with i n our pa r ish may j udg e it to be an unint e r e sti ng t e rritory from t he historical standpoin t O ur story h as littl e to t e ll about kings pr e lat e s nobl e s and o t h e r b e ar e rs of famous nam e s th a t cro wd t he pag e s O f E nglish h is t01 ie s O ur story is n i inci all a p account of turni g woods and e ac e ful y p p moorland s into ﬁe lds and of t he d e ve lopm e n t of t he cloth ind ustry I n this h ighland corn e r of YO I ks hii e We ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

w oons F A R M S

AN D

,

M OO R

13

.

lso hop e to trac e t he st e ps by which Halifax b e cam e t he capital of this district hovv i t gr e w i nto a larg e town and how oth e r plac e s in U pp e r Cald e r D al e ha ve ris e n and how oth e rs h av e d e clin e d Wh e r e abouts in Cald e r D al e w e r e t he e arli e st s e ttl e ? nts plan t d Wh e n th is d istric t was ﬁrst occu p i e d and m e me n could h av e th e i r choic e of h ill and val e wh ich situations did th e y s e l e ct for th e ir fa r ms and hom e s 4 If we go i nto Lud de nd e n D e an and tak e our stand at J e rusal e m F arm or b e t t e r still on t he h illsid e above it a ood vi w poin t f r om wh ich to study t he opposit e e we g e t g hi llsid e In t he bottom is t he brook F ro m th e wat e r the bank ris e s st e e ply som e th r e e h undr e d fe e t and is wood e d and ove rgro wn with br ac k e n and marsh y in plac e s We call that p ortion of t he h ill -S id e Wad e Woo d Abov e t h e wood ar e fi e lds and if we w e r e wal k ing up tha t ban k of t h e d e an we should cross ﬁ ve or six fi e lds and cli mb abou t anoth e r th r e e hund re d f e e t Th e s e farms known as Sal tonstall ar e v e ry old and h e r e ove r s ix c e nturi e s ago E arl Warr e n h ad m e adows and pasture s for his cat tl e The top of th e se ﬁ e lds is f e e t abo ve Abov e t he Saltonstall farm land ar e t h e moors s e a l e ve l str e tching away to t he summi t of t he hill The high m oorland is too wild and bl e ak for cultivation The vall e y botto m is too st e e p and wood e d and di ffi cult to cl e ar for farms The e arl y s e ttl e rs live d on t he hig h t e r rac e with t he wood s b e lo w and the moors abo ve th e m Th e b ill sid e s th e r e for e show th r e e d isti nct b ands Th e lowe s t s e ctio n t h e st e e p wood e d bank of t he str e am Th e mid d l e s e ction farm land Th e h igh e st s e ction moorland We s e e th e s e th r e e band s in th e H e bd e n Vall e y v e ry d istinctly F irst th e r e ar e t he woods of Hardcast l e Crags a

’

,

’

-

,

.

e

,

"

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

~

.

.

.

14

TH E

S TO R Y

O F OL D

H A LI F A X

.

w oons F A R M S ,

M OO R

AN D

15

.

Wadsworth farms and high e r again In t he Cald e r Vall e y r e mnants of t h e s e old t he moors di visions can be trac e d F or e xampl e if we asc e nd th e north e rn bank of t he vall e y at Br e arl ey we ﬁnd t he Old town of Midgl e y and its farms S ituat e d on a t e rrac e b e t we e n Br e arl e y W ood and Midgl e y Moor I h e r e ar e som e fe w e xc e ptions to th is r ul e Mytholm I ovd and Copl e y ar e old s e ttl e m e nts 011 t h e ﬂoor of t h e Ca ld e r Vall e y Th e Old e st po r tion of t he town of Halifax is at t h e bottom of t he hill and Elland I s not mor e than a hundr e d f e e t abov e th e wat e r of th e Cald e r B ut g e n e rally sp e a k ing t he whol e of Cald e r Val e and t he branch vall e ys show e d th e s e th r e e d istinct bands O f wood farm and moor That I s th e r e ason wh y mos t of t he old e r h aml e ts ar e h ig h up O 1I t he hills Rastrick Sow e rb y Norland H e ptonstall Illingworth So y land and North owr amw e r e form e rly th e c e ntr e s of trad e and population This is a v e r y impo r tant point to r e m e mb e r and e xplains many th ings th at oth e r wis e would app e ar s t r a ng e and a obscur e l h e s e upland si t uations h e ld p i e e mi1 1 e nce un t il t he e nd of t h e e igh t e e nth ce ntury We liv e I n t he v i lle y s but our for e fath e rs hom e s w e r e on th e h ills The v ast e xpans e of Halifax Parish may be m e asur e d 011 a map or calculat e d in t e ns of thousands of acr e s but a b e tt e r and m of l omint e r e sting wa e a rning its siz e is y to tak e a fe w long wal ks ac r oss i t in var i ous dir e ctions Th e n you will kno w th at t h e Rastrick man live d so far away from t he farm e r of H e ptonstall that th e y w e r e strang e r s rath e r than n e ig hbours to one anoth e r It was only natu r al th at famili e s group e d th e ms e lv e s into small e r d ivisions of t he dis ti ict Ind e e d th e s e small e r divisions call e d townsh ips p r obably e xist e d b e fo r e t he pa r ish was mapp e d out A bov e th e m

ar e

t he

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

'

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

'

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

'

.

'

.

’

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

16

TH E

S T O RY OF OLD H A LI F A X

.

For e xampl e tak e t he old s e ttl e m e nts l y ing around t h e c r own of Be a on Hill Th e most importan t w e r e at Blait hr oy d S ton e y B oy d Backh all E x l e y A s hday and S hibde n Hall and a trac k con ne cting t h e m would ma k e a ring that compl e t e ly e ncircl e s th e hil l The me n living at th e s e plac e s we re n e ighbours and form e d a communi ty kno wn as Sou t howram T ownship The vall ey bottoms th at s e pa r at e d th e i r h ill f r om Hali fax Elland Ras trick H i p p e rholm e and Northowra m w e r e t he b oundari e s Of t h e ir township S outhowram is almost an island and is surround e d by t he H e bble Cald e r S h ibde n Be c k and a h s mal l clou li th at h as its h e ad i n S hi hde n Pa r k e T g short l e ng t h f r om t he t op of t his c lough to (har le s town is t he only land bounda r y The id e al townsh i p would be a dom e sh ap e d island and Sou tho wram is a good e xampl e b I t ought to s a id th at lland Park ood was ann exed e E W ( to Elland townsh ip as a hunting ground for Elland H all ) H alifax township was bound e d on one sid e by t h e H e bble or H alif ax broo k from Sha w Syk e as far as B ir k s H all Th e littl e st r e am tha t d r ains fr om H augh S h aw t o Shaw S y k e divid e d Ha lifax f r om S k ircoat and t h e small clough at Bir k s Hal l was t he b oundar y wit h O ve nd e n A t H igh Road We l l M oo r was the lin e b e tw e e n H alifax and Warl e y Most Of t he hous e s i n Halifax town ship w e r e ne ar t he b r oo k and not high up t he h ill sid e as in most of t he townships The 1 iv e r s and br oo k s form e d t he bound a r i e s of t he townships b e caus e t he e a r ly s e ttl e rs h ad no us e for t he low -lying land s and the vall e y bottoms w e r e no -man s -lands The c e ntr e of t he town sh i p was usu ally a h ill v ill ag e Th e w ord was ne ve r us e d in our district The E nglish v illag e as a rul e cons 1s ts of a compact clust e r of farm hous e s and co t tag e s w i th a church and ,

c

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

‘

.

.

'

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

’

.

“

.

,

,

,

18

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D

H A

m

FAx

.

El land th e r e w e re t he Low most Middl e and High T o wn F i e lds and Vict oria Road was form e rly known as T o wn Fie ld 1 1 8 Th e me n of t h e townsh i p or h aml e t wou ld hold a m e e ting to de cid e wh at crops th e y would g r ow I f th ey had th r e e ﬁ e lds t he ﬁ rst mi g h t be for r y e or wh e at t h e s e cond oats or barl e y and t he thir d h ad to lie fallow They w ould also hav e a larg e m e adow for bay The word ing m e ans ﬁ e ld or m e adow O utsid e th e ﬁ e l ds we r e t he com mon p astur e s for th e i r Ho ok s and h e r ds and Woods wh e r e t he pigs fe d The op e n ﬁ e ld was divid e d i nto strips or lands and th e s e strips w e r e about s e v e n yard s wi de a nd two hu ndr e d yard s long Th e l e ngth w a f r was ur o lo ng from which we d e riv e t he word furlo ng T h is was long b e for e the da y s of standard me asu r e me nts and a furlong l ik e oth e r m e asur e s vari e d in e ach district B e tw e e n e ach strip a l e ng th of unplough e d lan d was l e f t to mar k t he lands Th e plou g h had a t e am of e ight ox e n and t h whol e ﬁ eld was plough e d at one tim e The fi rst strip was claim e d by the ploughma n ; t he s e c ond by t he man wh o provid e d t h e p lough ; th e ne x t two strips we n t to t he ow ne rs of t he pri ncipal pai r of ox e n ne xt c am e t h e drive r s turn and a ft e r h imth e own e rs of t he oth er o x e n and s o on The same ord e r would be gon e through s e v e ral tim e s u ntil t h e larg e ﬁ e ld was plou g h e d up E ach man s strips w e r e scatt e r e d up and down t he fi e ld Th is k e pt the ﬁ e ld common for i f a man had b e e n a llott e d t h e ﬁrst four strips i nst e ad of s ay Nos 1 1 3 2 9 and 40 he would probably hav e fe nc e d his strips and mad e th e m into a li ttl e ﬁ e ld of his own Th e bo y s of t h e haml e t had to ta k e t h e ir turn s in loo k i ng aft e r the h e rd of cattl e on t he moors or the pigs ,

,

,

1

21 1

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

”

“

.

,

,

,

.

“

.

,

e

,

.

’

.

,

,

’

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

R O Y os

19

.

f r igh t e ning t hebirds away fr omt he co r n th in aiid lo ng l e gg e d t he pigs n e v e r g r e w s o f a t as ou i s and sh e e p w e r e k e pt o nly for th e ir wool and skins A ll th e stoc k was v e ry poor compar e d with mod e r n cattl e and th e crops also w e r e far b e low our stand ard Th e op e n ﬁ e ld m e thod of farming comm e nc e d i n t he e arli e st tim e s and continu e d in a fash ion un t il t h e b e gin ning of last c e ntur y A s the numb e r of p e opl e incr e as e d and as som e of t he me n g r e w rich e r m o r e la nd was want e d for farming A ne w p i e c e of t h e h ill y land was mar k e d out t h e tr e e s we r e cut dow n and t he shrubs c le ar e d Rocks we i e brok e n up t he loos e ston e s gath e r e d and a wall built up of th e s e stone s to fe nc e th e ne w lan d Th e land was ridd e d or rid of the tr e e s and roc k s and was th e r e for e call e d a rid ing or rod e Just as bo y s turn t he word coal i nto c oil t hi s word rod e was p r onounc e d roy d It i s a most int e r e sting local word and r o y d is our own word for cl e a r ing You will r e adil y r e call som e plac e V m na e s with this e ndin g J ackr oy d V illr oy d and W al t r oy d nam e d fro m th e me n who ﬁrst cl e ar e d th e m Br ookr oy d th e cl e aring by t h e b r ook A kr oy d or oak cl e arin g H igh royd or E r oy d ( t h e e roy d) h igh cl e aring Ston ey my (I s tonv cl e a r ing Mu rgatroy d or moor gat e i ovd t h e cl e a r in h o on t e wa to h m r t o e g y l he patch e s of royd land f e nc e d and e nclos e d fro mt he moors or woods w e r e call e d c los e s In t he old day s t he word ﬁ e ld r e fe rr ed to t he larg e op e n ﬁ e ld s I f we com e across an old hous e nam e d F i e ld Hous e F i e ld H e ad or We st F i e ld we ma y be s ur e th at one of th e com mon ﬁe ld s o nc e occir p ie d t he sit e I h b oo k s an d pap s m ntion d at t h r omm n d d nd of a h h p t to thos r a d rs who wish to hav full r informat on on an y par icular subj ct I am g atl y in d b t d m y s lf to t h vario u s writ rs L o al Illustrations of S hohn Engli h Vil lag Com mu nity —J H Bra d for d A nti q ua y Vol I ) L I T ER ( in t he woods or The cattl e w e r e

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

23

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

“

.

”

.

”

“

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

’

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

'

”

.

’

.

,

,

,

.

'

e

ei

e

e

.

c

e

,

e

e

e

,

e

e

r e

e

e

ee

S

e e

i

r

’

,

a

e

e

.

“

s

c

c

,

s

.

ei

,

ar e

ec

t

i

e

e

e

e

e

.

.

O

N

20

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

CH W ARR E

APTER II

.

.

N S AN D L A C Y S — T H E M AN OR OF W A KEFIE L D C U R T S H E L A T H AL IF A X H A L IF A X GI B BE T L AW —

O

D

—

.

arli e st wr itt e n r e cords abo ut Hali fax me n and local plac e s ar e 011 t he court rolls of t he Earls O f Warr e n Th e ﬁrst e a r l Wil lia m of Warr e n was one of t h e chi e f among the Norman invad e rs and t he chronicl e r s of The

e

.

,

,

,

,

tim e say he was re mar k ab ly vali ant original hom e was a castl e on t he rive r Vare nn e at B e ll e ncomb r e H e was cr e at e d Earl of Surr e y not far from D i e pp e by W illiam I and gi ve n larg e tracts of English land His p r incip al cast l e was at L e we s in Suss e x Warr e n was one of th e v e ry fe w Norman lords who support e d

th e

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

W A R R EN S

TH E

21

.

Ru fus wh e n t he bul k of the Nor man lords r e volt e d in 88 By t he aid of th e th e ﬁrst y e ar of h is r e ign 1 0 English t he r e b e ls we r e de fe at e d It app e ars l ik e ly th at t he E arl W arr e n r e c e iv e d t h e manor of Wak e ﬁ e ld as a r e ward for h is faith fuln ess At the si e g e of P e ve ns e y Castl e duri ng t he r e volt t h e e arl was wound e d i n t he H e was carri e d to hi s cast le at L e w e s le g by an arrow wh e r e h e di e d in 1 088 The D om e sday Book 1 086 stat e s that t he manor was th e n i n t he h and s of t he King W illiam I The e ntry r e lating to our local townsh ips runs Sow e rby Warl e y F e s le i M id g l e y Wadsworth St ud e nts agr e e L ang ﬁe ld and Stansfi e ld " that t he word F s ez stand s for t he t o wnship of H ali fax The actual gran t of t he manor of Wa k e ﬁ e ld h as b e e n d e bat e d by many writ e rs but we ar e r e lying on a chart e r th at will be m e ntion e d in t he n e x t chapt e r The manor of Wa k e ﬁ e ld was a larg e t e rritory wh ich e mbrac e d In Sa x on th e gr e at e r pa r t of t he parish of H alifax ti m e s the manor h ad b e long e d to Edward t he Conf e ssor /

-

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

f

,

,

/

,

”

.

.

,

.

.

.

William t h e s e cond Earl W a r r e n distinguis h e d h im s e l f at t he battl e of Te ncbe br ai in 1 1 06 wh e r e H e nry L Ki ng of En g land attac k e d h is broth e r D uk e Rob e rt Rob e r t C urt hos e was de fe at e d nickname d Curt hos e and su r r e nd e r e d to Earl W arr e n It was abou t th is tim e h n f l th e b egi ni g o t e tw e fth c e ntury that armour cl ad n f o knigh ts b e gan to d i spla y coats arms on t h e i r shi e ld s in ord e r that fri e nd or foe coul d r e cognis e th e m The W arre n sh i e ld is so sim pl e in d e sign th at it was prob ably one of th e e arli e st coats -ofarms The S h i e ld is di vi de d into squar e s li k e a draught board wi th t he squar e s colour e d gold and blu e alt e r nat e l y Halifax p e op le know th is shi e ld b e caus e t he Corporation has us e d i t in th e ir coat of arms The blu e and gold ch e ck e r e d shi e ld is ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

22

S T O R Y OF

TH E

H A LI FA X

O LD

.

display e d at t he T own Hall and in the Council schools and our public bodi e s d e corat e th e i r not e pa p e r with it

,

.

Fig

.

4 .

L

m Yo k M i n t

Fr o

r

s

er

AC Y

.

.

to wnships of Southowram Elland and Gr e e tland w e r e includ e d in t he Honour ( wh ic h m e a ns a g r oup of small manors ) of Pont e fract and th e ir lor d of t he mano r was anoth e r gr e at e arl I lbe i t de Lacy Pr e v iously a Saxon than e nam e d Gam e l had rul e d ove r th e s e townships T h e s e N or man e arls did not com e to l iv e i n our d istrict nor did th e y build an y castl e s in our parish Both of th e ir Yorksh ir e castl e s w e r e si t uat e d at important strat e gic points b e tw e e n t h e P e nnin e s and Yor k on th e h e W arr e ns built S andal g r e a t r oad to t he north Castl e n e ar W ak e ﬁe ld and t he Lacys h e ld Pomfr e t Castl e two famous strongh olds in English military h istory Pa r t of t he countr y about Hali fax had b e e n d e vastat e d in l 06 8 wh e n Willia m t he Conqu e ror qu e ll e d t h e ins ur r e ction 1 11 t h e north and laid wast e t he land I n D om e sday Boo k Elland and Southowram ar e nam e d and th e s e thr e e t e rrib le W ords add e d It is wast e Th e No r mans w e r e gr e at hunt e rs and U pp e r Cald e rdal e pro vid e d a sporting e stat e for the W arr e ns and th e e arls visit e d it wh e n on h unting e xp e ditions T h e y mad e a park 1 11 Erringd e n ( f r o m Cragg Val e to Callis Woods ) for br e e d ing d e e r Th e wild boar and wol f roam e d t he h ill sid e s in Norman tim e s Ro e buc k s a VV ar le v far m Th e

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

”

.

,

,

.

.

'

.

,

,

TH E M A

N O R CO UR T

23

.

and t he roc k s k no wn as Bucks tqne s and V V O lfs tone s w e r e probably S O nam e d in thos e f ar off hunting d ays .

lord of the manor e sp e c i all y such a gr e at man Earl of Surr e y had a larg e amoun t of pow e r as more than many a k ing has to d ay I n fact one Ear l Warr e n d e ﬁ e d t h e King wh e n Ed ward I ord e r e d t h e T r e asur e r of England to m a k e full e nquiri e s abou t t h e manors and lib e rti e s th a t w e r e h e ld of t he king The e arl would not allow t h e o fﬁ cials to e nt e r his domain nor to v isit W a k e ﬁ e ld and Halifax H e also too k a rust y sword and ﬂung it on t h e J us t ice s tabl e T his sirs is m y war r ant h e said By t he sword ou r fath e rs won th e ir lands wh e n th e y cam e ov e r with t he Conqu e ror and b y the sword we will k e e p th e m The t he

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

’

.

”

,

,

“

.

,

,

”

.

At t he court of t he lord O f t he manor grants of land w e r e mad e to t he me n who wan t e d mor e soi l to culti vat e and for e ach g rant a fe e had to be paid to t he lo r d W h e n a man d i e d t he court d e cid e d who was his h e i r and again a ﬁne was due to t he lord In som e cas e s t he lord s p e rmission h ad to be obtain e d for m arri ag e or for The t e nants h ad t o t h e e ducation of a p e as ant S son plough and r e ap for t he lord and to provid e h is tabl e wi th chic k e ns and e ggs A t t he cou r ts ﬁn e s w e r e impos e d for all kinds of wrong -doing and t he W ar r e ns had also A ll t h e pow e r of ta k ing a m an s lif e for c e rtain crim e s t he corn had to be ground at t he manorial mills and th e lord s al s o ow ne d t he mills for t he fulling of cloth ,

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

’

.

,

.

P e rhaps th e b e s t way of ﬁnding out how Halifax p e opl e fa r e d at t h e hands of t he lord of t he manor will be to tak e an imaginary p e e p into a m anor court In Halifax t h e court was h e ld at t h e Moot H all Moot is an old English word m e aning an ass e mbly of t he p e opl e N e ar ,

.

,

'

.

,

.

24

TH E S

T O RY OF

H A LI F A X

OL D

.

rth we st

t he

n corn e r of t h e Parish Churc h th e r e is an old buildi ng now us e d as a j oin e r s shop but which was onc e upon a t im e t h e Moot Hall About t he c e ntr e of t he wall facing t he ch urch notic e t he an ci e nt wood e n post that support e d th e roof of t h e old ti mb e r e d building and wh ich is a portion of pr obably t he old e s t hous e in t he town We will s uppos e that t h e p e opl e of Hali fa x Sow e rby & c ar e ass e mbl e d in t h e M oot Hall on a day towards t he e nd of t h e th irt e e nth c e n t ury Th e y would all hav e to stand fOr th e r e was littl e or no furnitur e th e n A rou g h tabl e and a p lain be np h would s e rve for the lord s o fﬁ c e rs and t h e r e maind e r of t h e room would The st e ward of t h e e arl of W arr e n pr e sid e s be bar e ov e r t h e court We will tak e for e xampl e t he court h e ld at Hali fax on Tu e sday July 1 7 th 1 2 86 d e sc r ib e d 011 the ro ll as the Tu e sday b e for e t he F e ast of S t Margar e t t he Vi r gin for it was th e n custom ary to r e c k on dat e s from t h e church f e stiva ls inst e ad of t he cal e ndar th at we us e J ohn of Warr e n Earl of S urr e y was lord of t h e manor His on ly son W illiam had b e e n k ill e d in at this dat e a tourn am e n t at Cro y don s e v e n months pr e v iously and W illiam s only son John was quit e a baby In addi t ion to t h e manor court for t he transfe r of land e tc th e r e was also h e ld a criminal court call e d a T ourn Th e k i ng g ra nt e d t o som e of h is principal subj e cts the pow e r to hold th e s e courts and as Wak e ﬁ e ld ma nor had onc e b e lo ng e d to Edward t h e Con fe ssor t h e W arr e ns ap p e ar to h a ve r e c e iv e d this pow e r in t he ori g inal g ran t an or In a S e v e nt e e nth c e ntur y d e ed b e lo ngi ng of t h e m to t he Wat e r h o us e Charity a plot of la nd adj oining t he Moot Hall is call e d S h e ri ff s Tourn Clos e o

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

’

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

”

’

.

Thomas Sh e ph e rd of Holdsworth g i v e s S ixp e nc e for lic e ns e to tak e four acr e s of land from Rog e r son of P e t e r ,

,

,

.

26

“

S T O RY OF O LD H A LI F A X

TH E

.

Sp e nc e r Ralph of O ve nd e n R ob e rt of Low e Matilda wi fe of the F ull e r and A g ne s of A sh w e ll ar e e ach ﬁn ed S ixp e nc e for not s e nding for t he ale tast e rs wh e n th ey h ad br e w e d C e cilia of H allg at e is pardon e d and th e wi fe of Joh n th e Grav e is also pardon e d b e caus e s h e is favourabl e to t he e arl s baili ffs th e

,

,

,

,

.

’

.

ma nor c ourts of t he Earl Warr e n w e r e h e ld at W ake ﬁ e ld Ki r k burton Bri g hous e and Hali fax N e ith e r B r ighou s e nor Halifax ar e n e a r t he g e ographical c e n tr e At th is tim e also Hali fax was one of Hal i fa x P arish T owards a tax of t he l e ast important of t he townsh ips l e vi e d in 1 2 84 Hi p p e rholm e paid t he larg e s t sum 2 0 Halifax s S h ar e 1 1 was t he thirt e e n t h on t he list of In 1 3 I 5 six of t he townsh ips w e r e nin e t e e n townships ﬁn e d for conc ealing t he abs e nce of me n summon e d to t he tourn Hali fax t o wnship was ﬁn e d but forgive n b e caus e it was poo r The

.

,

,

.

/

,

’

,

/

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

W e may i nfe r that the St e ward of WR kCﬁe ld wou ld not V ntur e any farth e r into t he wilds than B righous e and Hali fax and b e caus e Hali fax was n e ar e r to Wak e ﬁ e ld by t he old road s th an t he ot h e r townships our to vi 11 b e cam e th e capital of t he dist r ict The r e cords of the Wa k e ﬁ e ld M anor Court ar e ke p t in t h e Rolls O fﬁ c e he e a at Wa k e ﬁ e ld rl ie t cou r t r olls hav e p e rish e d but th e r e ar e som e tha t ai e o e r six hund r e d y e ars old The e ar ly rolls ar e mad e of ski ns stitch ed tog e th e r th ir ty or forty fe e t lo ng and i olle d I i p li k e a pi e c e of wall -pap e r Lat e r r olls ar e in ﬁve fe e t l e ng ths mad e f1 om about a doz e n s k i ns Th s e larg e skins ar e s t itch e d tog eth e r lik the l e av e s of a book and t he whol e r oll e d up The e n tri e s ar e wri tt e n in Latin and can still be r e ad and parts of t he rolls hav e b e e n copi e d translat e d a r id p r int e d e

,

,

.

’

s

.

,

r

.

,

.

,

.

.

e

e

.

.

,

,

.

TH E

M ANOR CO U R T

27

.

As tim e w e nt on t he s e r vice s due to the lord from his t e nants w e r e not p aid in actual labour but mon e y was g ive n as r e nt in plac e of work This gr e at cha ng e too k plac e e arli e r in t he larg e Wake ﬁe ld manor than in s mall e r manors It was v e ry inconve ni e nt for t he me n of Illingworth or Norland to j ourn e y to Wa k e ﬁ e ld to O n t he wor k on t he lord s hom e far m for a da y or so oth e r hand the e arls h ad mor e labour th an th e y n e e d e d It su i te d both par ti e s to transform the s e rvi c e s into a sum of mon e y This arrang e me nt gave mor e fr e edom to So long as th e y paid th e ir t he me n of Halifax parish r e nts t he y w e r e at li be rty to e mploy th e ir tim e as th e y thought b e st and w e r e not at t he b e ck and call of th e ir lord The t e nants of t he Warre ns had to follow h im to war but we kno w v e ry littl e as to how many from this d istric t we nt wit h t he e arls on the Scottish campai gns Richard of E xl e y was at D unfe r mlin e with E dward I in 130 R i ch ar d 3 wh e n William W allac e was d e fe at e d had kill e d Wi lliam of A s hday and he r e c e ive d a ro y al pardo n for th e murd e r b e caus e of his distinguis h ed conduct as a soldi e r ,

'

-

,

.

'

.

’

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

manor of Wak e ﬁ e ld was gradually split up into small manors T h e s e small e r manors in most cas e s compris e d a tow nship T h e r e was a mano r cour t of O ve nd e n h e ld at L e e B r idg e ; at H ip p e rholm e th e me n me t u nd e r a thorn tr e e Som e local hous e s and lands w e r e ’iv e n to t he ord e r of Knigh ts of St Joh n of J e r us aIe m who h e lp e d and S h e lt e r e d pilgrims to t he Holy land T e nan ts of th e s e lands w e r e not o blig e d to grind th e ir corn at t he lord s mill nor to do suit at h is court Th e s e privil e g e s con tinu e d e ve n aft e r t he ord e r of St Joh n had b e e n supp r e ss e d Many of th e s e old hous e s still display t he doubl e cross of th e knigh ts as Th e

'

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

’

,

.

.

.

,

,

28

TH E S

T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

for i nstanc e F i e ld Hous e S hibden Col ey Hall and H olds wor tli Hou se The Warr e ns lik e so m e oth e r g r e at Norm an lords — h e had t royalty as it was nai ne d grant e d by the ki ng to e x e cut e thi e ve s and oth e r crimi nals who w e re ca ug h t with in t he bounds of th e ir manor F rom th is gr ant t he H ali fax g ibb e t law gr e w and th e custom surviv e d in Hali fax long a ft e r t he roy alty of t he W arr e ns had b e com e obsol e t e T r ad ition says that the harsh law was contin ued in orde r to p r ot e ct t he cloth tr ade fOr it was S O e asy to f h st e al the ke rs e ys rom t e t e nt e r fram e s A jur y was form e d of si x t e e n m en I f t h ey found th at th e prison e r was caught wi t h t he sto le n goods in h is poss es sio n or if h e c onf e ss e d to t he th e ft and if t he s t o le n go ods w e r e valu e d at thirt e e n p e nc e or mor e t he cu lp r it was s e nte nc e d by this local j ury to be b e h e ad e d U nd e r t he fe u da l sy st e m th e r e we r e no paid o ffi cials of t he ma nor cou r t s to corr e spond wi th our mode rn polic e m e n or sh e riffs o fﬁc e rs but e ach t e na nt in tur n had to s e rve in t he va r ious duti e s Th e r e was not much difficulty in p e r s uadin a j ury to s e nt e nc e a man to d e ath for h uman life was OT sm all va lu e in thos e d ays The di fficul t y aros e in ﬁndi ng an Wh e n t he population amount e d to no mor e a li ang m t h an a fe w scor e p e opl e no man c ar e d t o be brand e d as ong his n e i ghbo urs the ha ngman a m An old story told by Th om as D e lo ne y in the six te e nth c e ntury r e l at e s how H odg e kins a Hali fa x clot li ie r c augh t Wallis and two mor e thi e v e s and bro ugh t th e m to t he gallows H odg e kins chos e one of h is an to play the hangman s ne ighbours a ve ry poor m part but he would not by any m e ans do i t tho ugh he Th e n one whos e clo th had would hav e b e e n w e ll paid b e e n S to l e n was command e d to act but in lik e mann e r ,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

’

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

TH E

G I BB E T

29

.

Whe n I h av e

would not sayi ng

k i l l to ma ke an if i t ch anc e m wo r kmansh ip a man I wil l h ang a m y And th us fro m one to ano th e r t he do e s not sui t me pos t was o ffe r e d and r e f us ed At las t a rog ue cam e by who mth ey would hav e comp ell e d to hav e don e th e d e e d Nay my mast e rs not so said he You canno t co mp e l Th e n one pro p os e d that H odg e kins hi ms elf who me had mos t loss should tak e t he o fﬁ c e N o not I quoth tho ug h my loss w e r e t e n tim e s gr e at e r than H odg e kins it is At last li be r ty was promis e d to t he thi e f who wo uld h ang t he oth e rs but as t he y we r e loyal to e ach oth e r th e y h ad to be r e l e as e d and t hus th e y e sca p e d A gray f r iar cam e u p on H odg e kins the d e ath p e n alty wh il e h e was in t he d ump s o ve r th i s b usin e ss and h e a ke a s ai d th a t wit h t he h e l p of a car p e nt e r h e wo uld m in tha t wo uld cut off th e ir h e ads without man s h e l p godge kins we nt up to co ur t and tol d the king tha t t he p r ivi le g e of Halif ax for h angin g th i e ve s was not wor th a pudding b e caus e th e y cou ld not e t a hangman to truss g t he thi e ve s Ho we ve r a friar h ad i nv e nt e d a mach in e tha t disp e ns e d wi t h t he h ang man and h is maj e s ty al lo we d H al ifax me n to us e the ne w gibb e t he

,

.

t he

s

,

,

”

.

.

.

”

,

,

,

”

.

,

”

,

.

,

,

,

”

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

’

.

.

.

,

,

.

Although th e

story is not lit e rally tru e th e r e i s an e l e m e nt of tr uth e m bodi e d in i t I n o t h e r p arts of Eng land all kinds of dodg e s w e r e t r i e d to et o ve r t he d i fﬁc ul ty of g ﬁ nd ing a hang man At Romn e y t he baili ff found t he allo ws and rop e wh i le t he pros e c uto r had to ﬁ nd t he gang man If he could not ﬁ nd one and if he would not do th at s a me o fﬁ c e h ims elf he was put in p r ison wi th t h e fe lon and ke pt th e r e un t i l h e was pr e p ar e d to h ang t he cond e mn e d man The Halifax gi bb e t did not ne e d a h angman A ll t h at was n e c e ssa r y was to pul l ou t t he p i n tha t h e ld t he axe aloft Th e n it slid down t h e groo ves ,

.

.

,

'

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

30

S T O RY OF O L D H A L I F A X

TH E

t he

.

tall posts on to t he cu lprit s n e ck I f it was a cas e of st e aling a hors e or a sh e e p t h e animal was y ok e d to t he p in and se t t h e ax e in motion W arr n an d Lacy in t h D ictionar y of N at i onal B iograph y Th M a k i g of H a l ifax — J H N L I T E i n I I Ling Roth s Y or k sh r Coin rs an d O ld H alifax W a k ﬁ l d Court Roll I I I I I I in Yor k shir A rch a ological Soci ty R cord S ri s H lifax G i bb t L aw —J H N L T E in Halifax Anti q uarian So i t y T ansactions 1 9 1 0 of

’

.

,

,

.

e

“

e

.

n

e

O

e

e

e

R

“

i

.

s,

,

e

e

e

,

e

.

a

O

e

r

,

R

IS

ce

.

CH A PTER

III

.

A R I S H CH U R CH — N OR M AN C A RVI N G L E W E S PR I ORY A N D C L UN Y A BB E Y— T I T HE S — T H E E A R L Y R EC T OR S I 4T H C E N T U RY C H U R C H ﬂ E L L AN D AN D HE PT ON S T A L L CH A PE L S

TH E

TH E

e

.

e

e

S

’

—

P

.

If we e nt e r t he Parish Church by t he south porch and walk across the church to t he opposit e door we notic e that the no r th wall is built of rough sto ne s of all shap e s Among th is rubbl e th e r e is one small ston e and siz e s th at has an int e r e sti ng story to t e ll You will ﬁnd it at the l e ft hand low e r corn e r of t he w e st e rn window The ston e is carv e d with zig zag or h e rring bon e lin e s call e d a ch evron patt e rn Soldi e rs strip e s ar e ch e vrons The styl e of the carvi ng indicat e s that i t was ch is e ll e d in t he tw e lfth c e n t ury T h e re for e we know th at b e for e this wall was built a small e r Norman church was pull e d down and th is particular ston e out of t he old e r church was pic k e d up and us e d by t he maso ns who built this wall Th e r e ar e a fe w mor e similar ch e vron ston e s scatt e r e d about t he walls of the pr e s e nt ch urch F rag m e nts of a plain moulding of t he sam e dat e app e ar in t he upp e r part of th e north wall “

,

.

.

.

,

’

.

.

.

,

'

,

,

,

.

.

.

H A L I F A X P A R ISH C H U R CH

31

.

We will dip a lit tl e furth e r back into t he dim p as t b e for e we tak e up t he s to r y of t he Norman chu r ch ,

,

’

‘

.

m

Pi t— L G Q CG

Fl

ﬂ

( ! u Kg J

Fig

.

6

.

P

in

C E

-H

( H

V RO

12“q :

1

S PO

CH

3 1!

N A ND E

I ST H

C EN

T U RY

CA PI A T

LS

”n

U R CH

ﬁ KE TC A

O ”

N

P

) F

.

B e caus e a portion of H ali fax tith e s was paid to t he vicar of D e wsbury we ma y c e rtainly say that our d istrict was ,

82

TH E S

T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

onc e part of the a nci e nt Saxon parish of D e wsbury and p r e su me t hat t he gosp e l was p r e ach e d among our h i ll s b e for e any ch urch was e r e ct e d h e r e The ﬁ rst m e ntion of Halifax Church is to be found in docum e nts r e lating to a gift mad e by Earl Warr e n to t h e Priory of L e w e s of s e ve ra l Yorksh ir e church e s includin g Halifax chu r ch Mr List e r h as d is cbve r e d a copy of a char t e r that r e ci te s t he original grant It appears th at wh e n t he priory c hurch at L e we s was d edicat e d ( about 10 9 5 ) th e s e cond e arl con firm e d this gi ft of Yor kshir e ch urch e s H e nc e we kno w that Halifax ch urch was grant e d b e tw e e n 1 086 and 1 09 5 D ocum e nts at that tim e w e r e not dat e d but the nam e s of t he witn ess e s als o h e lp to ﬁx th e s e d at e s The s e cond e arl agai n conﬁrm ed the gi ft about th e y e ar l l l 6 The Priory Of St Pa ncras at L e w e s i n Suss e x was h onks t e first s e ttl e m e n t in England of t he blac k rob e d m of C luny Th e ﬁrs t E arl Warr e n and h is wif e h ad int e nd e d to mak e a pilg r imag e to Rom e but owing to th e war b e t we e n t he Pop e and Emp e ror th ey h ad to be cont e nt with visiting som e of t he monast e ri e s of F ranc e and th ey mad e a long stay at t he Abb e y of Cluny ne ar th e Swi ss bor de r Som e tim e la te r t he e arl was c r ossing t he Chan nel in one of t he s mall v e ss e ls of thos e days wh e n a s torm aros e and the b oat was in gre at p e ril Earl W arr e n vow e d that if th ey w e r e b r ought saf e ly to land h e would found an abb e y In fulfilm e n t of his vow h e i nvit e d the mon ks of Cluny to com e to L e w e s and in 1 07 7 a prior and tw e l ve monks mad e th e ir hom e th e r e The e arl furth er e n rich e d t he P r iory of L e w e s by t h e gif t Of Yor k shir e ch urch e s The mon ks also r e c e ive d out of the mano r of Wak e ﬁe ld the manors of Halif ax and H e ptonstall The r e n ts and ﬁn e s co nn e c te d with t he la nd of Halifax and ,

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

34

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

To r e t urn to th e ch e vron ston e wh e n th e monks r e c e iv ed Ha lifax church ov e r e igh t hund r e d y e ars ago th e y comm e nc e d to build a small Norman church of which t h es e fe w ston e s r e main Som e of t he e arly r e ctors of Halifax w e r e famous me n or it would be mor e co r r e ct to say th at t he fe e s from the parish m t he tw e lft h and th i r t e e nth c e ntu r i e s w e nt into t he pock e ts of som e gr e at me n F or al thoug h t he Warr e ns h ad giv e n Hali fax ch urch to t he Prior of L e w e s th e y continu e d to put th e ir own fri e nd s in t he r e ctory Th e s e r e ctors dr e w the r e n ts and fe e s b ut scarc e ly e v e r cam e n e ar Halifax to att e nd to t he work As t he monks th e ms e lv e s said th e s e me n had mor e car e for the ﬂ e e c e s and m ilk of t he ﬂock than for souls The e arls w e r e so pow e rful that t he mo nks for a lo ng tim e w e r e unabl e to r e sist th e s e appoin tm e nts —

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

John Talvace broth e r to the wife of the th ird Earl Warr e n a pl e asant man g e ne rous and v e ry l e arn e d s e e ms to h av e be e n one of t he e arl y r e ctors H e a lso h e ld t he h igh position Of tr e asur e r of York M inst e r from 1 1 5 4 to 1 1 6 3 and aft e rwards b e cam e Bishop of Poiti e rs and Archbishop of L y o ns Tal vace was an old fri e nd of Thomas a B e c k e t and in a l e tt e r to B e c k e t he advis e s cont e nt yours e l f with a mod e rat e e stablish m e nt of hors e s and me n such as your n e c e ssiti e s r e quir e H e said h e had oft e n wa r ne d B e ck e t to consid e r t he badn e ss of the tim e s wh ich promis e y ou ne ith e r a S p e e dy r e turn nor a sa fe one Th e gre at Hub e rt Walt e rs also h e ld t he r e ctory of Hali fax H e w e nt with Richa r d C oeur de Lion on th e crus ad e and wh e n Rich ard was tak e n prison e r W alt e rs brought t he E nglish army hom e and rais e d th e ransom for the king H e b e cam e Archbishop of Ca nt e r bu r y and a v e r y famous stat e sman It would be about t he y e ar 1 1 85 wh e n he b e cam e conn e ct e d with Halifax and h e ,

”

“

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

”

.

,

“

,

”

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

TH E

N O R M A N C H U R CH

35

.

wrot e a l e tt e r th anking t he Prior of L e w e s for h avin / nown -

appoint e d him to t he unk or obscur e ch urch O Halifax We ca nnot t hin k that Hub e r t Walt e rs e v e r vis it e d th is Obscur e corn e r of England The last of t h e r e ctors was W illia m de Ch ampve n t a man who probably could not sp e ak a word of English but he c e rtainly did visit Halifax a fe w tim e s How e v e r Pop e Al e xand e r IV t he mon k s obtain e d a bull f r o for bidding t he practic e of appointing th e s e abs e nt e e r e ctor s C hampv e nt h e ld t he living for anoth e r s e ve n t e e n y e ars until in 1 2 7 3 he was pr e f e rr e d to the bishopric of Lausann e i n Switz e rland The fo llowing y e ar Halifa x re c e iv e d he r ﬁrst vicar and th e r e w e r e gr e at r ej oicings in t he ch urch H igh Mass was c e l e brat e d by t he V icar G e n e ral of t he Archbishop of York assist e d by the r e cto r s n of T hornhill Birsta ll a d H e aton thr e e of t he black rob e d mo nks of L e we s and oth e rs includ ing I ng e lar d Tur bar d t he ne w vicar H e had to promis e to r e sid e in Halifax and land was giv e n on wh ich to build a mans e for him The t ith e s w e r e d ivid e d and in 1 2 9 2 t he monks of L e w e s took £ 9 3 6 s 8d and t he vicar s shar e was £ 1 6 l ng e lar d Tur har d was vicar of Hali fa x for ov e r forty y e ars for t he Wak e ﬁ e ld Court Rolls inform us th at he di e d in 1 3 1 6 Toward s th e lat t e r e nd of Tur bar d s days th e r e was a r e building of t he church In ord e r to s e e the part that comm e morat e s th at e poch in Halifax church h istory wh e n th e ﬁrst vicar r e sid e d h e r e you must go round th e outsid e of t he ch urch to look at the north wall To t he east of th e north porch is a l e n t h of rough walling f I g o u h will look at t e wall for a minut s you may ﬁnd f w e e y out how i t was built The rough ston e s w e re h e ap e d on th e ground and th e n w e r e mor e or l e s s sort e d into siz e s Th e masons us e d t h e larg e r pi e c e s ﬁrst and th e small e r “

.

.

,

,

m

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

’

.

.

.

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

'

.

.

86

TH E

F ig

.

7

.

S T O RY OF OLD H A LI F A X

A

W1 N D ow (B O U T

0 1 30 )

mN R H O

T

W

A

LL

OF

.

A I H CH U C

P

R S

R

H.

TH E

1 4TH C E N T U R Y

CH UR CH

37

.

h h f r u t e wall as th e o w r l ft pp r part of t e e o e e e n s e st y w e r e e asi e r to lif t Th e r e ai e two lanc e t windo ws l n th is wall that ar e small e r and s impl e r 1 11 d e sig n than t he o t h er windows of t he ch u r ch A third window of the sam e styl e is on t h e w e st S id e of t he porch I t is s e t i n a lat er wall W h en and this windo w probably fac e d w e s t origina ll y th e church was e xt e nd e d w e stw ard it would be tak e n ou t and r e e r e ct e d in t he e x t e n de d north wall I t is mos t int e r e sting to t r ac e t he g r owth of an old church li k e H alifa x but we ar e oblig e d to d e f e r the sto r y of its f urth e r l e r ch apt e r rowt to a at h g .

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

W e do not know t he e xact dat e of t he er e ct ionzof Ellan d and H e pto nstall ch ap e ls Som e Norman b e ak s ton e s h ave b e e n us e d in t he lat e r cha nc e l arch at Ell and We can e asily imagin e th at t he pari h was too larg e to be effi ci e n tly s e rv e d by pri e sts living in H a lifax and we can why H e ptonstall and Ell and w e r e s urmis e t he r e ason chos e n and chap e ls e r e c t e d th e r e for assistant pri e st s H e ptonstall would s e r v e t h e w e st e rn e nd of t he pa r ish and t he town ship b e long e d to t he monks of L e w e s Elland though not a long way f r om Halifax was outsid e t he manor of Wzike ﬁe ld and t he lo r d s of Elland would pr e fe r a chap e l for t h e i r own te nants The vica r ol H alifax ap p oint e d and paid t h e s e pri e sts and ak e s t he Old e v e n to day t h e v icar of Halifax still m grant of £ 4 p e r y e ar The two ch ap e ls did not poss e ss the p r ivil e g e s of a ch u r ch lik e Halifax and for v e ry many c e ntu r i e s t he v ica r of H alifax was t he spi r i t ual h e ad of The conn e ction he t we e r r t he Prio r y of th e whol e parish L e w e s and Hali fax last e d until t he Re f ormation or ove r four hundre d y e ars In thos e e arly day s t he sou t h of or e a dvanc e d than t he nor th and E n gland was mu ch m th e pr i e sts s e n t by t he prior would probably t e ach t he .

.

s

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

38

S T O RY OF O L D

TH E

H AL I FAx

.

p e opl e many th i ngs and h elp to wid en th e ir id e as ab out t he gr e at world outsid e t he parish —J OH N L IS TE R H l fa Parish Church— A n Earl y Chapt r of I t H isto y l ntiquarian Soc i t y n a 1 H a l A t n 5 f a 90 ( .

5‘

a r

x r

e

x

e

'

‘

r

a s

s

,

.

c ro s,

C HAP T ER IV TH E

r

.

E L L AN D FE U D

.

gr e at Norman baro ns Oft e n quar r e ll e d among t he ms e lv e s and arm e d th e ir me n to ﬁght one anoth e r The stor y of th e Elland F e ud is int e r e sti ng b e ca us e i t shows how th e s e quarr e ls a ffe ct e d t he me n who w e re t e nants of th e s e lords The tal e has b e e n hand e d down in a ballad t he v e rs e s b e ing su ng at Ch ristmas tim e I ts appropriat e titl e is R e ve ng e upon R e v e ng e W ith i n r e c e nt y e ars e ntri e s on the Wak e ﬁ e ld Cou r t Rolls con ﬁrming t he truth of th e ballad hav e b e e n disco ve r ed The tr ag e d i e s comm e nc e d w i t h th e e nm i ty be tw e e n t h e gr e at lords of Wa k e ﬁ e ld and Pont e frac t The E ar l of Warr e n of this ti m e was a gr e at fri e nd of Ed ward II Thomas Lacy Earl of Lancast e r was th e l e ad e r of t he barons who put to d e ath G ave s ton t he kin g s favourit e A ft e rwards t he Earl of Lancast e r r e b e ll e d a g ainst t he k ing and was h ims e l f b e h e ad e d O n t he Monday b e for e Asc e nsion day 1 3 1 7 Alic e de Lacy wi fe of t he Earl of Lancast e r was kidnapp e d by Earl Warr e n s me n at Can ford in D ors e t and ta k e n to one Of the castl e s of t he Warr e ns The Lacy s laid si eg e to t he Yorkshir e castl e s of Earl Warr e n In t he ﬁgh ting Exl e y of Exl e y Hall T hough S iddal kill e d a n e ph e w of Sir Joh n Elland Exl e y gav e a pi e c e of la nd as comp e nsation for t h e man s d e at h Sir John would not forgive t he d e ed so Exl e y ed '

The

.

'

.

.

,

”

.

,

,

,

.

‘

.

.

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

’

,

,

,

.

.

,

ﬂ ,

,

.

’

,

,

ELL A N D F E U D

TH E

39

.

to Crosland Ha ll n e ar Hudd e rsﬁ eld wh e r e Sir Rob e rt B e aumont h is kins rna11 l ived ,

,

,

,

.

,

S ir John s hom e Elland Hall is on t he north S id e of t he Cald e r ov e rlooki ng Elland Bridg e Th e h ous e h as be e n r e built s e v e ral ti me s during t h e s i x h undr e d y e a r s but som e windows of t he s e ve nt e e nth c e ntu r y can still be s e e n The E llands h ad acquir e d the manor of Elland from th e Lacys in t he th irt e e nth c e ntury and Sir J oh n Elland was H i gh S t e ward to Earl W arr e n A w e ll -arm e d ,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

F ig

.

BA

8

E

.

U MO

N

T

Qus rms r

.

L

.

AC

Y

mw ll

f Gr o

e

.

m

Botto

.

band of Elland me n was rai se d and Sir Joh n s e t out one nigh t with th e int e ntion Of kill ing S ir Rob e r t B e aumont O n th e ir way to Crosland Hall t he Elland me n cam e to Quarmby Hall and e nt e r ing t he hous e in t he de ad of nigh t th e y sl e w Hugh of Quarmby S ir Joh n n e x t le d his me n to Lockwood and kill e d Lockwood of Lockwood Quarm by and Lockwood w e re ruth le ssly slaught e r e d b e c aus e th e y w e r e fri e nds of B e aumont Wh e n t h e y a r riv e d at C r osland Hall th e Elland me n fou nd t he m oat f ull of wat e r and t h e drawbridge up so th e y wait e df in ambush for t he morn A maid —s e r vant of t he hous e had an e rrand e a r l y t he n e xt mor ni ng and wh e n t he b r idg e was lowe r e d Elland s me n rush e d 1 11 Sir Rob e rt B e aumont ,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

’

,

.

40

TH E S

T O RY

OF OL D

H A LI F A X

.

was in bed bu t u narm e d h e fought manfully and his s e r vants st rov e wi th migh t and main until th e y w e re o ve r p ow e r e d S ir R ob e r t was d ra g g e d do wnst airs into t he h all and th e r e th ey cut off h is h e ad M any of h is fai th ful me n and E xl e y also w e r e kill e d w i t hout m e r cy Sir John Elland mad e a fe ast for hi s me n i n Croslan d Hall and i nvit e d B e aumont s two sons to e at w ith him but Adam B e aumont though but a boy sturdily r e fus e d ,

,

.

.

,

.

’

,

,

“

,

.

ﬁr t f a y h r now hav 3 h ard I h cond ha l l A nd h w n h i l f ft r war d U pon th n d g r w

T he

r

s

e

e se

r

es e r

e

111

rrr

e

e

,

I re ,

e rr

s

rrr

.,

e

1

c r re ers

a

e

e

,

”

.

Lady B e aumon t t ook h e r two so ns i nto La nc ashir e for sa fe t y wh e r e th e y w e r e j oin e d by y ou ng Loc k wood and Qua r mby and Lacy of Cromw e ll bottom l hey live d at B r e r e ton H all and l ownle v ne ar Bur nle t t r aining th e ms e lv e s in fe ncing tilti ng r id ing and shoo t ing with h t e long bow l li e y we r e de t e r mine d t o t ak e r e v e ng e on Sir J ohn Elland and as th e s e fath e r l e ss l ads g r e w into me n th e y discuss e d nr ar r y plan s how to attai n th e ir l he y d e cid d to fall up on S ir Joh n Ell and on t he de sire day that h e at t e nd ed t he Sh e riff s l 011 1 11 at B r ighous e H e ne v e r fail e d t o p r e sid e ove r t hat cour t and as t he r o ads would be busy with me n 011 th e i r way to B ighous e t he me n from Lancashire would not be so notic e abl e The bottom four youth s with th e i r follow e rs hid in C romw e ll \V ood and s e nt spi e s into Br g hous e t o gi ve war ning of S ir Joh n s r e turn The old ro ad from B r ighous e to Elland Hal l we nt U p to L ane H e a d th e n d own t o B1 ookfoot and was Signal u ag ain t h r ough C r omw e ll b ot tom Wood p i e s s e t out t o r ve n of the kni h t s ap ro ach and his e n e m p g me e t h im and the ﬁgh t took plac e at Lan e H e r d S ir J ohn and h is m e n we r e ar nr e d and fough t for th e ir l i ve s ,

'

.

'

C

,

,

,

“

.

tD

,

,

'

e

.

’

'

.

.

,

r

,

.

,

r

’

.

,

.

o

’

,

.

42

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D

H A

LI F A X

.

B e aumont and his fri e nds l e ft t he mill and hurri e dly march e d by Whittl e Lan e End and O ld Earth to Ainl e y Wood An alarm was rais e d in Elland and me n found th e ir w e apons and ar mour th at Sunday morning and pursu e d the murd e r e rs T h e re was a ﬁght in Ainl e y Wood and Quarmby was badly wound e d Th e chas e continu e d to Hudd e rsﬁ e ld but t he oth e rs e scap e d As the Elland men r e turn e d through th e wood th ey h e ard crows and magpi e s chatt e ring about a tr e e cov e r e d with iv y and th e r e th ey found Quarmby hidd e n in t h e tr e e and S l e w him Lockwood was b e tray e d by a sw e e th e art at Cawthorn e Lacy w e nt into t he north wh il e B e aumont w e nt abroad and di e d ﬁghti ng with the Knights of Rhod e s .

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

Thus the Elland family b e cam e e xtinct and the S avile s who had marri e d into th e family b e cam e lords of Elland — h T h e ir hom e is on t e oth e r S id e the south e rn slop e of Cald e r Val e It was call e d t he N e w Hall in contrast to t he old e r Elland Hall and th e int e r e sting Old hous e is still call e d N e w Hall FA T U N Th Ellan d T rag d i s — r print d an d d it d by J H .

.

,

.

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

CHAPTER V TH E

.

O RS

R

LL

ER

.

.

E A RL Y R EC OR D S OF T H E C L O T H T R A D E — TH E F L E M TN G S B L A CK D E A T H — POL L TAX OF 1 3 7 9— S UR NA ME S — S HEE P R E AR l N G — S PI NN I N G— W E A VI N G — F U L L I N G — D Y EI N G

In th e porch of Hali fax Parish Church is an anci e nt grav e -cov e r on which t he mason has carv e d a rud e r e pr e s e ntation Of a pair of S he ars b e sid e t he cross Thos e who h av e studi e d such grav e ston e s say that t he sh e ars ar e a trad e symbol and that a cloth work e r was buri e d und e r th is ston e about th e y e ar 1 1 5 0 W e know nothing ,

.

,

,

.

E A R LY CL O T H T R A D E

.

mor e about the man but it is m ost int e r e sting to th ink that our local cloth t r ad e is so anci e nt W h e n we turn to e xamin e our Old e st writt e n r e cords we ﬁnd t hat the e arli e st court roll of th e W a ke ﬁ e ld manor comm e nc e s with a list Of j urym e n who s e rv e d at Rastrick in O ctob e r 1 2 7 4 and the six th nam e on th e roll is Rog e r th e F ull e r Rog e r is so d e scrib e d b e caus e h is principal occupa ti on was t h e fulling or ﬁnish ing of cloth Th e e arli e st nam e d w e av e r is T homas t he We bst e r of H ipp e rholm e in May 1 2 7 5 ,

.

,

,

.

.

,

Fig

.

9 —G .

R

,

A VE C VE (C O

R

.

1 150 )

IN

,

HA I FA X C H RCH L

U

.

.

that we may afﬁrm wi t h conﬁd e nc e that as far back as r e cords go me n w e r e e ngag e d in the wooll e n industry in the parish of Halifax T h e s e e arly e vid e nc e s of th e trad e ar e important b e caus e th e y disprov e t he l e g e nd that th e F l e mings e introduc d cloth making into our district about th e y e ar 1 3 3 1 wh e n Edward III invit e d F l e mish w e av e rs to s e ttl e in England W e know th at th e y cam e to York but a clos e e xamination Of court -rolls local d ee ds r e v e nu e r e turns and lists Of lat e r cl oth -work e rs th at we shall stud y SO

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

44

TH E

S T O R Y OF

'

OL D H A L I F A x

.

fails to d iscov e r th e s e F l e mish w e ave rs in our part Of t he country W rit e r a ft e r writ e r has r e p e at e d the story without giving pro ofs and though som e W e st Riding h istorians hav e coll e ct e d t h e corr e ct and contrar y e vid e nc e t he F l e mish m yth is still r e p e at ed As we hav e s ee n l th e r e w e r e c oth mak e rs in Halifax long b e for e the F l e mi ngs land e d and the e arly w e av e rs dy e rs and full e rs all b e ar good Old Halifax nam e s B e sid e s th e F l e mings w e r e the most skilful Of t e xtil e wor ke rs and mad e th e b e tt e r cloths Halifax w e av e rs w e r e cont e nt for many ce nturi e s to go on producing t h e coars e r qualiti e s I th ink we may ﬁnd out why th e cloth trad e took root among our h ills In t he e arli e st day s t h e making Each family mad e for Of cloth was a hom e occup at r on its e l f t he cloth it n e e d e d for its own cloth e s But as tim e w e nt on me n who w e r e cl e v e r at w e av ing d e vot e d mor e of th e ir tim e to it and e xchang e d th e ir cloth with thos e who pr e fe rr e d farming for corn and m e at N O W th is district was n e v e r a favo urabl e plac e for agricultur e and the m e n naturally turn e d th e ir hand to trad e Th e comparativ e fr e e dom of t he me n through not b e ing s o clos e ly ti e d t o t h e soil as th e t e nants Of small manors w e r e also e ncourag e d trad e In th e middl e of t he fourt e e nth c e ntury a t e rribl e plagu e visit e d E ngland Its e ffe cts w e r e S O gr e at that th e Black D e ath of 1 3 48 and 1 3 49 is one Of t he g r e at A t l e ast one th ird of t he e v e nts of English h istory p e opl e di e d In t h e W e st Riding out Of 1 4 1 pri e sts 9 6 fe ll victims to the Black D e ath T homas of G ay ting ton vicar of Halifax di e d on S e pt e mb e r 1 0th 1 3 49 and as th e Prior of L e we s had no pri e sts to s e nd into th e north a local man Richard Of O v e nd e n was mad e V icar In l e ss than four months h e also d i e d and anoth e r pri e s t .

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

'

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

TH E

B L A CK

D E A TH

45

.

John of Stanford cam e to th e church O n t he Wake ﬁeld Court Rolls an unus uaLnum be r of e ntri e s w e r e mad e of h e irs paying ﬁnes to inh e rit th e lands Of t e nants who had di e d The poor p e opl e who h ad no land su ffe r e d th e most and th e r e we r e not su ffi ci e nt me n l e ft in England to till t he land and gath e r t he h arve sts Labo ur e rs w e r e v e ry scarc e and th e y d e mand e d mor e mon e y th an th e y had h ith e rto r e c e iv e d for wag e s and mor e t h an t he law allo we d The Gov e r nm e nt att e mpt e d to r e gula t e th e pric e s of e v e ryth ing and to k e e p wag e s at t he Old l e v e l Th e ir action d id not pr e v e nt rat e s b e coming h igh e r but p e rhaps wag e s and pric e s would h av e gon e h igh e r still if it had not b e e n for t he p e nalti e s It was impossibl e to e n forc e many of t h e irksom e manorial customs and t he Black D e ath is said to mark t he e nd of t he f e udal syst e m Th e Stat ut e of Labour e rs was a law pass e d by Par liame nt according to which no man was to tak e high e r wag e s than he h ad r e c e iv e d b e for e t he p e stil e nc e Justic e s w e r e appoint e d to s e e that t he statut e was Obs e rve d W illiam of F irr che de n Joh n of Norland and W illiam Of M ir ﬁe ld w e r e j ustic e s for th e We st Riding Th is W illiam O f M ir ﬁe ld was lord of t h e manor of Sh e lf and coll e ctor of t h e r e v e nu e s of Brad ford Church In the y e ar 1 3 5 5 t he ﬁn e s amount e d to £ 84 4s 7 1 d O ut of this amount £ 3 8 OS 8d was paid to t h e j ustic e s for th e ir f e e s and e xp e ns e s and t h e balanc e ought to h a ve b e e n paid to t he townsh ips which found di fficulty in raising t h e king s tax e s But t h e coll e ctors abscond e d with t he mon e y and t he r e cord O f th e ir misdoings suppli e s us with th e s e fe w The township of Sh e lf r e c e ive d 6 s 8d r e li e f d e tails for t he tax e s Th e country had not fully r e cov e r e d fro mt he ravag e s O f t h e Black D e ath wh e n Richard II cam e to t h e thro ne ’

.

,

'

'

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

’

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

46

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

To provid e the boy king with mon e y the p eopl e w e r e Each man and woman ov e r S ixt e e n y e ars of ag e t ax e d had to pay fourp e nc e though marri e d coupl e s w e r e charg e d as one p e rson M e rchants paid One S hilling and th e r e w e r e e ight in t he paris h tw e nty -thr e e trad e sm e n paid S ixp e nc e e ach Joh n Lacy of Cromw e ll -bottom and H e nry L ang ﬁe ld Of Elland paid 3 S 4d e ach ; and John Savil e of Elland d e scrib e d as a Ch e vali e r paid z 0s Pri e sts and b e ggars h ad no tax to pay It is k nown as poll m e ans h e ad and th e tax th e Poll Tax of 1 3 7 9 was l e vi e d on h e ads In th e Public R e cords O fﬁc e in London ar e th e original lists O f t h e p e opl e who paid t his tax and from th e m we know who w e r e livi ng in Halifax in 1 3 7 9 and som e th ing about th e m W e have in fact a most int e r e sting D ir e ctory of Hali fax in 1 3 7 9 ,

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

”

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

In t he township of Halifax th e r e w e r e 1 6 marri e d coupl e s and 6 singl e p e rsons who paid th e ir groats If we add 4 8 childr e n 3 pri e sts and 1 b e ggar we g e t a total population Of 9 0 for Hali fax It is probabl e that a fe w e scap e d taxation but we can be quit e c e rt ain th at t h e pop ulat ion Of Hali fax was not abov e 1 0 0in 1 3 7 9 or a l e ss numb e r th an live to d a y in one Of our short e r str e e ts It mak e s ri s wond e r how many w e r e l e ft in Hali fax wh e n th e Black D e ath pass e d The tot al population of the whol e parish was und e r two thousand in 1 3 7 9 Elland cum Gr e e tland was the most i mportant townsh ip 6 1 p e rsons b e ing nam e d and the population calculat e d to be 1 88 Elland boast e d such rich me n as Joh n Savil e and H e nry L ang ﬁe ld two m e rchants ; and S ix w e av e rs carp e nt e rs and smiths Sow e rby com e s s e cond and H ipp e rholm e third on th e list Hali fax is hal f way down the list of tw e nty townsh ips and not one man in the township was of su fﬁci e nt social S tanding to pay mor e th an fourp e nc e ,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

S U R N A MES

47

.

We all poss e ss so me th ing that d at e s back to the d that som e th ing is our surnam e fourt e e nth From t he P011 Tax R eturns we can s e e how th e s e famil y nam es cam e into us e for at t hat ti m e th e y w e r e b e ing ﬁx e d Wh e n th e r e w e r e only a fe w p e rsons living in a plac e th e r e was not much n e e d for a s e cond nam e W e n e v e r us e t he s e cond nam e at ho me or among our fri e nds but we call our broth e r Jack Wh e n we go to school wh e r e th e r e ar e tw e nty Jacks we h av e to call h im Jack Gr e e nwood In j ust t h e sam e way as town s gr e w in siz e p e opl e b e gan to us e a s e cond nam e and th e n th e y found it b e tt e r to k e e p th e sam e nam e for sons grandsons gr e at grandsons and so on Thus we w e r e e ach born with a surnam e O ut Of e ight e e n Hali fax me n e igh t w e r e nam e d Joh n Th e r e w e r e 1 3 3 John s or one th ird Of t he me n in t h e parish in 1 3 7 9 To distinguish th e s e Johns anoth e r nam e was add ed and we hav e J ohn Ote s on som e tim e s call e d John O t e s Ote or Odo was t he christian nam e O f his fath e r John son O f Gilb e rt who was call e d J O hr r Gibson wh e n h e was e le ct e d constabl e in 1 3 82 John Smithson whos e fath e r was the smith Joh n S 011 of Joh n was nam e d Joh n Jackson in a court roll Of 1 3 7 0 John Miln e r had t he manorial corn m ill Joh n Fr aur r cay s was a F r e nchman living in Halifax at that tim e John of the W r o and John of th e Bow e s ar e nam e d from t h e situation of th e ir hom e s wh ich gav e ris e to t h e surnam e s Wro e and Boy e s The ﬁrst nam e 011 t h e Hali fax list is W illiam son O f H e nry wh o was aft e rw a rds call e d W illiam Hanson ( or ,

’

—

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

48

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D

H A L rF A x

.

H e nryson ) His broth e r Richard was Vicar Of Halifax and is d e scrib e d as son of H e nry of H e aton Th e vicar s sur nam e was H e aton and his son was a H e aton but his broth e r s family w e nt by t h e nanr e Of Hanson F rom this cas e we gath e r that surnam e s h ad not b e com e ﬁnally — e ﬁx d Rob e rt List e r s nam e app ears in t h e list a list e r was a dy e r In 1 3 1 1 we ﬁnd Bat e t h e list e r Of Hali fax In 1 3 3 8 his son is nam e d Richard Bat e son but in 1 3 5 9 th e sam e man is call e d Richard List e r S O we can s e e that th e List e rs migh t h av e b ee n known as Bat e son or Bat e s T h e r e w e r e O t e s of Holdsworth T homas of Cli ff and Richard of Bottom living in Hali fax and th e ir name s ar e still us e d as surnam e s .

,

’

.

,

’

.

’

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

It is worth whil e pointing out that two nr e rr could b e ar the sam e surnam e and not h av e the slight e st r e lationship to one anoth e r The W il liam Hanson of Halifax son O f H e nr y Of H e at on h ad no k inship with t he W illiam Hanson of Rastric k living at th e sam e dat e for th is s e cond W illiam was son of H e nry of Rastric k — e e n h Th r was a Miln e r for e v e ry o e of t e corn mills Hugh and Joh n at Elland John at Hali fax Randolph at H e ptonstall H e nry at North owram and W illia m at Sow e r by T h e y all h ad the sam e surnam e Miln e r b e caus e th e y all pli e d th e sam e trad e but th e y w e r e not r e lat e d to one anoth e r Th e origin of surnam e s provid e s a fascin ating study It is int e r e sting to discov e r som e fourt e e nth c e ntury Rob e rt or John or H e nry who ga ve h is nam e to a family A r e mot e moorland haml e t lik e Shackl e ton or Saltonstall e ve n a lon e ly farm hous e such as A kr oy d or Sund e rland gav e a nam e to a family and aft e rwards so me gi ft e d m e mb e r of the famil y mak e s the nam e world famous Th e surnam e s d e rive d from trad e s ar e as we hav e alr e ady notic e d v e ry important To .

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

50

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

and l e ngth s of wool wash e d to fr e e it from gr e as e and t h e dust and for e ig n matt e r b e at e n or pick e d from it Th e n e xt proc e ss e s carding and S pinning w e r e don e by Th e cards w e r e lik e t wo squar e hair brush e s wom e n with wir e bristl e s The e nd of e v e ry wir e was b e nt towards the h andl e A hand ful of wool was laid on one card and drawn off the card with t h e oth e r card The carding S trai ht e ne d the wool out r e ady for S pinn i ng Spinning too up SO much Of t h e wom e n s time that unmarri e d wom e n w e r e call e d — and ar e still call e d S pinst e rs In spinning a long rod nam e d a distaff was us e d A bundl e of t h e card e d wool was ti e d on the top e nd Of t h e distaff A littl e Of th e wool was p ull e d out and twist e d into a thr e ad by t he ﬁng e r and thumb The thr e ad was ti e d on to a spindl e At th e e nd of the spindl e was a S pindl e whorl a ro und pi e c e of ston e or I ron th at act e d lik e a littl e fly -wh e e l S O that wh e n t he S pindl e was giv e n a twist t he spindl e whorl would k e e p it spinning for a tim e The wool was gradually pull e d Off t h e dista ff t h e thr e ad was twist e d by t h e continu e d h and wound on S pun wool I S S innin h t e S pindl e T e p call e d t e y arn ,

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

We aving is the most important proc e ss in

th e

making of cloth The yarn is car e fully wound on to a roll e r or b e am wh ich is ﬁx e d in the back Of th e loom and the thr e ads ar e str e tch e d in parall e l lin e s the l e ngth of t he loom and fast e n e d to th e front roll e r Th e s e thr e ads ar e As th e roll e rs ar e slowly turn e d t h e warp of th e cloth t h e warp on t h e back b e am I S gradually unwound whil e T o ma k e th e t h e front roll e r b e com e s full of cloth — cloth a cross thr e ad call e d t he w e ft has to be put i n In darning a stocking hol e th e cross thr e ads ar e mad e by push ing the n e e dl e ove r t he ﬁrst thr e ad und e r the .

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

W E A VI NG

51

.

cond and ove r and und e r the alt e rnat e th r e ads But / h k m t od r i c e loom has a Each horizontal warp u e h t e q thr e ad pass e s through t he loop of a v e rtical thr e ad and th e s e v e rtical thr e ads ar e ti ed top and bottom to a pair Th e r e ar e two pairs Of th e s e laths of laths or b e adl e s hung from pull e ys on th e top Of t he loom fram e and W h e n the fast e n e d at t he bottom to a pair of tr e adl e s w e av e r pr e ss e s down one tr e adl e with h is right foot the right pair of he adle s drop down and the l e ft pair go up The loops pull down t he ﬁrst th ird and all the odd numb e r e d warp thr e ads and t he e v e n numb e r e d The shuttl e containing warp thr e ads ar e rais e d th e w e ft is thro wn th rough t he op e ning and S O t h e thr e ad go e s ov e r and und e r t h e alt e rnat e thr e ads as t h e darning n e e dl e do e s Th e n t he l e ft tre adl e is pr e ss e d down and t he shuttl e thrown back again across the op e ning Th e e arl i e r w e av e rs us e d a short h e avy com b to b e at the w e ft tog e th e r but lat e r a long comb or r e e d was attach e d to the loom This was mad e Of ﬁne re e ds ﬁx e d be t we e e n two laths The thr e ad Of th e warp runs b e tw e e n th e s e r e e ds thus t he r e eds k e e p t he warp s traigh t Th e r e e d is ﬁx e d in a h e avy fram e swinging from t he top of the 10011 1 Aft e r e ve ry th row of the shuttl e th e r e e d is swung against t he w e ft to pr e ss it ti htly into the web of the cloth In Old wills a loom is ca le d a pair of looms wh ich m e ans a s e t of looms j ust as som e tim e s a ch e st of draw e rs is call e d a pair of draw e rs se

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

“

,

,

“

,

”

.

W e bst e r has n e v e r b e e n a com mon surnam e in Th e nam e is v e ry rar e in t he e arly r e gist e rs Halifax and cannot be found in t he publish e d wills Th e r e ason for this is that it was not distinctiv e e nough in a commun ity wh e r e t h e r e w e r e man y w e av e rs The Poll .

,

.

.

52

S T O RY OF

TH E

H A LI F A X

O LD

.

Tax of 1 3 7 9 gi ve s no e xampl e Of W e bst e r as a surnam e How e ve r among t he tw e nty thr e e trad e sm e n rat e d at — e S ixp nce four ar e w e bst e rs Hugh St e ph e nson Alic e and Isab e lla Of t he Cross in Elland and John D e an of Midgl e y Hal f-a-doz e n me n and one woman call e d W e bst e r O f Halifax Parish ar e to be found on th e court rolls b e tw e e n 1 2 7 2 and 1 3 2 7 — that is b e for e t h e — F l e mings cam e for w e aving would not be so univ e rsal th e n The raw cloth from t he loom h ad n e xt to be full e d th at is to say scour e d cl e ans e d and th ic k e n e d by b e ating it in wat e r In th e e arly days this was don e by me n trampling upon t he cloth in a trough -and t he proc e ss was th e r e for e call e d wal k ing and t he full e r was known as a walk e r D uring the thirt e e nth c e ntury improv e m e nts w e r e mad e and t he cloth was b e at e n by larg e wood e n mall e ts which w e r e wor k e d up and down by a wat e r -wh e e l F ulling mills w e r e built by th e str e am banks and th e lord of th e m anor l e as e d t h e right to work such mill to som e F ull e r or Walk e r Th e r e w e r e nin e W alk e rs in 1 3 7 9 and th e r e ar e nin e F ull e rs or Walk e rs me ntion e d in the court rolls prior to 2 T h e s e walk my lne s w e r e t h e only mills us e d 13 7 in t he manu factur e O f cloth for ﬁ ve hundr e d y e ars h e nc e the fulling is nowadays call e d milling though e v e r y proc e ss is to -day carri e d 011 in a mill Aft e r th e fulling t h e cloth was str e tch e d on t e nt e rs to dry In 1 4 1 4 Richard of High Sund e rland h ad a a small ﬁ e ld with t e nt e r fram e s ) in Halifax t e nt e r cr oft ( You may to day s e e te nte r cr ofts attach e d to th e blank e t mills about Myth olmroyd In t h e ﬁnal proc e ss e s of ﬁnishing t he loos e ﬁbr e s O f the cloth w e r e rais e d by t e as e ls t he dri e d h e ads of th e full e r s thistl e This .

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

“

“

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

”

“

.

,

”

“

”

“

,

.

,

.

,

”

“

.

.

,

“

,

”

’

.

TH E M A G N A V I A

53

.

’

lk r e S ff b VV a e o ais d portion was cut Sh ars to e r y produc e an e v e n nap or r the cloth Last of all t he pie c e was dy e d We shall h ave to omit any d e scription of the dy e ing proc e ss e s I n t h e thirt ee nth c e ntury dy e rs w e r e cal le d lits t e r s h e nc e the surn am e List e r In 1 2 7 4 B at e or Bartholom e w List e r carri e d on the dy e i ng trad e at North Bridg e Th e r e w e r e four list e rs or dy e rs in 1 3 7 9 In Bankﬁeld Mus e um th e r e is a valuabl e coll e ction of applianc e s us e d in t he e arly manufactur e of cloth S Y REC R D S ER IE V O 1 H x A NT O Poll Ta '

’

'

.

.

.

”

“

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

“

x,

N

.

.

OO

.

O

,

C HAPTER VI TH E

M A G NA

— I A V

TH E

,

L

.

.

.

T IMB E R E D H O U S E S — S HI R D E N H A L L M A Y POL E —S U NN Y B AN K G R EE T L AN D

H O U S E AT T H E R E B U I L D I N G OF T H E

TH E

S

,

A R I S H CH U R CH — VIC A R T W E R H A L I F A X I N 1 43 9

W I L KI

P

N S ON

—

O

.

most in t e r e sting m e thod of study ing t he h istory is to tak e a rambl e O f Halifax in th e ﬁft e e nth c e ntury along th e ﬁrst two mil e s of th e anci e n t road to Wak e ﬁ e ld Starting from t he Parish Church cross Clark Bridge and climb O ld Bank to B e acon Hill Road wh e r e t he Southowram tr ams run S O far we s e e littl e to r e mind us Of by gon e days e xc e pt t he st e e pn e ss Of the rout e It is obvious that trav e ll e rs 011 foot or hors e and pack hors e s mad e this road and that it was n e v e r i nt e nt ed for carts F ro m B e acon Hill Road a track trav e rs e s the S lop e up to th e should e r of t he h ill j ust b e low t he B e acon Pan Shal e and ston e s hav e b e e n tipp e d and wash e d down th e bar e S lop e by storms so that t he track is obscur e d for t he most part B ut h e r e and th e r e t he anci e nt paving ston e s ar e visibl e and ne ar the summit Th e

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

54

S T O R Y OF OL D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

of th e

pass th e r e is a ﬁne el bow turn wh e r e t he pack hors e pav em e nt is e xpos e d in p e rf e ct condition Aft e r th e high e st point is r e ach e d known as t h e road B arraclough Lan e is for a S hort distanc e a wid e sandy road D own th e e ast e rn S lop e towards Hipp e rholm e it .

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

“AW

5“

Fig ol d p

B N Ba

l l — W 1 $ COM BE h or s e oa on ack -

A

K

r d Hill r e tains its primitiv e stat e and is call e d D ark Lan e The e f r o road has a narrow pav e d track suitabl pack hors e s High banks on e ith e r S id e cov e r e d with holly bush e s bri e rs and brack e n S h e lt e r th e road and in som e plac e s D ar k Lan e e nds t h e small tr e e s almost m e e t ov e rh e ad ne ar an anci e nt hous e nam e d D umb Mill j ust b e lo w Hipp e rh olm e Station Th e

.

.

e

.

con

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

TH E

M A GN A

V IA

55

.

Th is narrow lan e was t he M a gna Via th e Gr e at Road to and from H alifax in th e old days for it was t he Few way to W ak e ﬁ e ld London and t h e outsid e world if any English towns of t h e siz e of Halifax poss e ss a str e tch of anci e nt road as littl e spoil e d by t he chang e s of t im e as our Magna Via It is an h istoric monum e nt —

1

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

Fi g 1 2 — TH .

.

E

M A C NA

VIA

.

that ou g ht to be pr e s e rv e d U p and down th i s road cam e t he mon ks from L e we s and th e e arly pri e sts of th e Parish Church The Earls of Warr e n rod e th is way to th e ir hunting in S owe r by s hir e th e ir st e wards and me n cam e to Ofﬁciat e at t h e manor courts and Halifax me n drov e de s tr aine d cattl e to W ak e ﬁ e ld by this rout e Th e masons and carp e nt e rs of York coming to build the .

.

,

,

.

56

TH E

STOR Y

O F OL D

H A LI F A X

.

church got th e ir ﬁrst glimps e of Halifax from th is ro ad Thousands of pack hors e s carrying cloth to London and oth e r mark e ts and r e turning w ith wool from the south e rn counti e s h av e worn th is pav e d track R e tracing our st e ps and li fting our e y e s from t he road to the surround ing hills we can trac e the e ast e rn boundari e s of th e parish from F ix by to Qu e e nsbur y W e hav e a spl e ndid vi e w of t he Soil Hill and O gd e n upp e r part of S hr bde n D al e Th e r e ar e no ills and no roads in t he vall ey th e r e for e S hibde n hasﬁ not alt e r e d The dal e is s e rv e d by two roads much in app e aranc e Brow Lan e e ach p e rch e d h igh up on t he ﬂanking h ills on the e ast e rn S id e follows a h i gh contour of the h ill O n the oth e r S id e is th e O ld Bradford Road from Rang e B an k to Swal e s Moor The road on wh ich we ar e standing is a similar h igh l e v e l road and i t is important to r e m e mb e r that t he old rout e s w e r e always n e ar the h ill tops This part of the h ill was call e d Bair s tow from its bar e ne ss and the oth e r sid e ove r looki alifax was — ff l d li known as Cl e gg Cli or G e c ff the cli ff— lo ng b e for e the h ill took its nam e from the Be acon F rom Barrowclough Lan e we can s e e s e v e ral ve ry old hom e st e ads U pp e r Br e a on t he e ast e rn sid e and Horl e y Gr e e n on t he w e st e rn S id e occupy two ﬁne S ituations on e ith e r ﬂan k of U pp e r S hi bde n D al e Abov e Horl e y Gr e e n is High Sund e rland loo k ing lik e a fort on t he bar e hillsid e In t he c e ntr e O f t he vall e y S hibde n F ol d p e e ps ov e r t he e mbankm e nt of t he mod e rn road Its wh it e wash e d gabl e front is a timb e r e r e ction of the ﬁft e e nth c e ntury Cosily n e stl e d b e low us li e s Sh ibd e h Hall th e most int e r e sting of all our Old h alls It was from th is road that its e arly own e rs approach e d it and from our st andpoin t we h ave a ﬁne vi e w of its front .

,

,

.

,

,

,

m

.

,

.

,

‘

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

58

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

ig ht

.

and

j oin e d tog e th e r with horizontal oak b e ams Th is fram e work Of posts and b e ams carri e d t he roof and Old c arp e nt e rs us e d to say that in building th e s e Old hous e s t he roof was mad e b e for e th e walls T o mak e

up r

,

.

.

,

.

,

Fr g be

l4

D E E R PL AY

Ti m r H ou th e

.

.

se

at

h

P oto .

H

d ll

P K en a .

.

M il l Bank .

.

walls b e ams w e r e t e non e d b e tw e e n t he posts b e low t h e window l e v e l and also abov e t he windows spac e s b e tw e e n the main timb e rs of the wall w e r e fram e d up with oak batt e ns about s e v e n inch e s wi d e e ith e r ,

,

.

,

T I M B ER H O U SES

59

.

v e rtically or diagonally All this oak framing posts b e ams and batt e ns ( Or studding m ak e s the black lin e s in th e s e magpi e build ings B e tw e e n the studding th in ston e S lat e s w e r e S lipp e d into groov e s and th e n T his giv e s the whit e e ffe ct d aub e d ov e r with clay Th e roo f was cov e r e d with ston e slat e s and moss pack e d into t h e j oints The moss s uck e d t h e rain wat e r up lik e A S it e xpand e d it ﬁll e d up t he j oi nts and a s p onge mad e the roo f wat e r tight Th e s e old hous e s usually fac e d south and th e principal F rom this door a e n tranc e was call e d t h e sun door passag e ran through t h e hous e to the back door O n t he l e ft hand sid e of this passag e was t h e main room call e d t he hous e bod y The living room is to day Ofte I i call e d the hous e This hous e bod y usually was op e n to t h e roof and around its walls was a gall e ry to giv e acc e ss to the chamb e rs or b e drooms Th e h ous e -body and passag e mad e up t h e c e nt r e portion of t he building It was ﬂank e d on e ith e r S id e by wings whos e gabl e e nds fac e d south and nort h In one wr ng would be two parlours wi th chamb e rs abov e In t he oth e r kitch e n and butt e ry w e r e plac e d with two or th r e e mor e b e drooms above th e m In S hibde n Hall Park n e ar t he lak e is a timb e r e d hous e that onc e stood in Crippl e gat e ne ar t he Parish C hurch Mr J Ohn List e r r e mov e d it into h is grounds wh e n som e alt e rations w e r e mad e at the bottom of t h e tow n O v e rlooki ng t he lak e is y e t anoth e r Old hous e now call e d D aisy Bank Its back is clos e to th e Hipp e r W e ma y g e t a p e e p at its front from a h olm e road “ footpath at th e e dg e of t he gard e n Th is building also s av e d by Mr List e r for m e rly S tood in t h e c e ntr e of t h e town It was th e n known as Th e Hous e at t he —

,

.

’

,

“

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

“

.

60

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

Maypol e b e caus e it was clos e to th e ma y pol e at the corn e r of O ld Mark e t and Corn Mark e t Th e e ntranc e to th e hous e is d e corat e d with h e raldic carving A — n d T udor ros e a a portcullis t h e badg e of H e nr y VII d e not e that t he hous e was built at som e dat e b e tw e e n 9 A S h i e ld b e ar ing t h e ar ms of t he 1 485 and 1 5 0 M e rch ant Adv e ntur e rs and anoth e r S h i eld d isplay i ng a ,

.

.

.

.

,

15

.

H

—T1 1E

OUS

EA

T TH E

MA Y

PO L

E

15 1 1

.

1

11

C EN

T

.

R AY

D OO W

.

m e rcha nt s mar k d e not e th at t h e buildi ng was originall y W e do not k no w his nam e t e nant e d by a m e rchant bu t h r s r nr tr als S O ar e ov e r t h e doorway Sunny Bank Gr e e tla nd is probably t h e ol de st in t h e parish of t he timb e r e d hous e th at still r e ma i n A publi c footpath pass e s through t h e farm y ard which ma k e s it possibl e for t he visitor to e xami ne it clos e l y Th e hous e was own e d by T homas Wil k inson Vicar of H al i fax ’

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

T I MB E R H OU SES

Fig 16 -S S h owi ng t h S ton F r .

e

.

H I BD E N H AL L ,

e

ont of t h e

61

.

h

H

P oto

POR CH ,

C ntr e

e

rti

Po

.

on

.

.

ll

P Ke nda .

TH E

S T O RY

Fig

.

17 — H

Fig

.

.

OF OL D

IGII

S

U

NDE A ND

18 —N O R L A1\ .

H A LI F A X

RL

'

D

HA

LL

,

.

.

h

P oto H .

.

d ll

P K en a .

.

T I MB E R H OU SES

63

.

s Its original n am O ve r N abr oyd but e wa e to t he pr e tti e r titl e of Sunn y th e vicar chang e d itS n aI n Bank The Shop now occupi e d by M e ssrs Altham at t h e top of Wools h op s is also a timb e r e d structur e bu t it h as b e e n plast e r e d ov e r and th e timb e r hidd e n

1 43 8 1 480

,

.

'

.

.

,

.

Fig

.

19

w OF

—W 1 \ D o .

T 1M B E R

B U I D NG L

I

h R A ND HA

P oto

,

NO

L

LL

H

.

d ll

P Ken a .

,

.

R e mains of th e s e timb e r e d hous e s ar e to be found in many of t he s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury ston e h alls O ak do e s not last for e v e r so wh e n th e posts b e gan to S how si g ns of d e cay it b e cam e t he custom t o build a ston e front t o r e plac e t he black and wh it e e r e ction At S hibde n H all h t e hous e bod y was e ncas e d with ston e but t he r e st of th e south front was l e ft in its original condition H igh .

,

,

,

.

,

.

64

TH E

S T O RY OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

66

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

scr e e n that hid e s t h e S hap e of th e timb e r e d hous e Norland Hall pull e d down a fe w y e ars ago was a good e xampl e of a timb e r e d hous e with a lat e r ston e e xt e r i o r T h e r e i t was possibl e to s e e the original narrow windows with oa k mullions F or tinr at e ly a r e cord of t h e hous e h as b e e n publish ed Th e poor e r p e opl e w e r e hous e d in v e r y s mall cabins but non e of th e s e mis e rabl e one room e d hous e s r e main for our insp e ction I n 1 2 86 P e t e r Sw e rd unj ustly ej e ct e d Alic e of th e Croft from h e r la nd 1 11 M ankinhole s and cast down he r hous e The damag e was said to be 1 0s 6 d I t S hows us that Alic e s hous e must hav e b e e n a poor structur e In Chapt e r III the e arli e st fragm e nts of t he Parish Church S how e d uS that Old e r and s mall e r church e s stood on th e S it e of t he pr e s e nt building W e hav e n e xt to consid e r t he building Of the church th at we s e e to day O ld church e s ar e mor e i nt e r e sting than mod e rn buildings b e caus e th ey hav e b e e n alt e r e d and r e built to s e rv e t h e var y i ng n e e ds of t he c e nturi e s and it is a fascinating study to trac e th e ir growth England 1 S rich r n anc i e nt Th e paris h church e s and no two ar e e x actly alik e gr e at e r part Of Hali fax church was built during t he ﬁ ft e e nth c e ntu r y W e ma y admir e t he arch it e ctu r e and boast th at it is a larg e and handsom e church but it is impossibl e for us to be impr e ss e d by its maj e sty as w e r e thos e me n Of Halifax who watch e d it gradual ly ris e ston e u p on ston e R e m e mb e r th at at that tim e all t h e hous e s 1 n t h e p arish w e r e timb e r e d buildings F or at l e ast a c e ntury aft e r t h e church was ﬁnish e d th e r e was no oth e r ston e bui lding T h e r e was no oth e r building to — compar e with it a town h all hospital schools e tc we r e undr e a mt of .

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

’

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

TH E

P A R ISH CH U R C H

.

68

TH E

STO RY

OF

OL D H A

LI F A X

.

ch urch has two main d ivi s ions I n t h e na ve or w e st e nd of th e building the p e opl e ass e mbl e d ; whil e in t he chanc e l at t h e e a s t e nd t h e cl e rg y conduct e d th e worship Th e build i ng of t h e nav e is usually ascrib e d to t h e ti me O f Joh n Ki ng who was vicar from 1 3 89 to 1 43 8 Vicar King l e ft to th e fabric of t he c h urch 1 00S hillin g s wh ic h was a v e r y larg e am ount in thos e da y s Th e windows of t h e ﬁ ft e e nth c e ntur y ar e much larg e r th an t h e Old e r lanc e t windows in t h e north wall b e caus e gr e at S h e e ts O f stain e d or pain t e d w indows gav e a b e au t i ful colour e ffe ct to t h e int e rior and p e opl e w e r e e nthu siastic about d e corating th e ir church e s with th e m The roo f was st e e p e r th an t he pr e s e nt one ; th e lin e s of th e original roo f can be s e e n O 11 t h e e ast e rn fac e of t h e tow e r The build e r s ﬁrst id e a was to plac e t h e tow e r at t h e south -w e st corn e r of th e nav e I f y ou e n t e r t h e church y ou will s e e that t he pillar b e tw e e n t he door and t h e font is much strong e r than th e ot h e rs b e caus e it was built to carry t he tow e r In the south -w e st corn e r I S th e door wa y for the staircas e up t h e tow e r Stand w ith y our bac k to th is door and l ook up Abov e th e two arch e s y ou will se e a cours e of sto ne s wh e r e th e oor of t he tow e r would hav e b e e n We can not t e ll h ow high this tow e r was built b e for e it was abandon e d for th e larg e r tow e r The

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

’

ﬂ

.

.

.

,

.

1

.

.

ch anc e l is as lo ng as th e nav e though usually t h e chanc e l of a church is much s mall e r t han t h e nav e The ch anc e l of Hali fax Church was built at two di ffe r e nt tim e s for t h e pillars e ast Of t he pr e s e nt choir scr e e n vary from thos e to th e w e st O f it At one tim e a larg e rood scr e e n dividing t he ch anc e l and nav e was S ituat e d und e r Hal f of t h e door t h e gr e at c e ntral arch of t h e ch urc h way th at gav e acc e ss to th e rood lo ft can be s e e n in t h e Th e

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

TH E PA

Fig

.

23

— .

P1

R I SH CH U RCH

w

oow or

T

HE

: "

C9

.

I S TH

”

C EN U RY T

.

TH E

STOR Y

H A LI F A X

OF OL D

.

pi e r The oth e r hal f was cut awa y wh e n the Hold sworth Chap e l was add e d to t he church The doorway s for t h e stairs to a lat e r rood lo ft can be s e e n opposit e the pre s e nt .

.

Fig

.

24 -L .

choir scr e e n

.

A R GE P I E R

,

D

E IGNED S

To

S

U PPO

R

T T

H E EA R I E R TOW E L

R

.

A noth e r int e r e sting doorway is n e xt to the

orth j amb Of th e gr e at e ast window At pr e s e nt I t op e ns into spac e but at one tim e I t le d on to t he roo f so n

.

,

,

CH A N CE L

TH E

71

.

we

know that th e chanc e l roof was th e n low e r than it is now O n the e xt e rior of tlfe south wall of th e chanc e l O n t h e c e ntr e one is a mould ing at ar e thr e e buttr e ss e s O n th e oth e r two ar e carv e d an t he l e v e l of th e roof ant e lop e and a l ion Th e s e h e raldic b e asts w e r e t he badg e s of H e nry VI and th e r e for e th ey h e lp us to dat e th is work Th e y w e r e probably carv e d b e for e 1 45 5 for a ft e r that dat e H e nry VI and Richard D uk e of York who was Lord of th e Manor of Wak e ﬁ e ld )w e r e op e n rivals D uring t he War of th e Ros e s Richard was kill ed in front Lat e r of h is castl e at Sandal in t h e Battl e of W ak e ﬁ e ld again H e nry was oblig e d to hid e i n t he bord e r coun try of V Lancash ir e and V e s tmor e land H e was b e tray e d and h u ll captur e d by t e Talbots at B ng e y Hipping ston e s n e ar Clith e ro e in 1 46 5 A y e ar lat e r Thomas W ilkinson vicar thirty two Hali fa x me n and c e rtain oth e r strong f h f e llows rom t e country S id e attack e d the Talbots at Burnl ey We do not know the e xact caus e of t he quarr e l but it almost looks as if t he Halifax e xp e dition into L ancashir e was on account of th e ir loyalty to t he unfor t unat e H e nry VI '

.

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

Thomas Wilkinson was Vicar of Halifax for t he long p e riod of from 1 43 8 until 1 480 D uring h is tim e the church was consid e rably e nlarg e d The vicar was not satisﬁ e d with th e ch anc e l as it app e ar e d in 1 45 5 and proc e e d e d to add a cl e r e story to i t The building of th is " cl e ar stor e y with its s e ri e s of windows giving mor e li g h t to the chanc e l m e an t that t he e ast e rn wall of t he church had to be built high e r Vicar W ilkinson mad e at h is own e xp e ns e t he gr e at window in t h e chanc e l His will dat e d 1 4 7 7 mak e s no m e ntion of such a gift so t h e window was giv e n during h is lif e tim e Th e r e for e t he cl e r e story was built b e tw e e n | 45 5 and 1 480 Th e r e .

.

,

.

”

,

,

,

“

.

”

,

.

,

.

.

72

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

a fe w mor e d e tails wo r th notici ng The staircas e within th e pi e r to t he north of the e ast window that led " to th e lo we r roo f was continu e d upward A circular st air h e ad with a conical top was ma de at t h e e ast e rn e nd of t h e north S id e of t h e cl e r e story Th e parap e t of t h e chanc e l is di ffe r e nt in d e sign to t h e parap e t of t h e cl e r e story But wh e n th e e as t e rn wall was mad e h igh e r its parap e t was car e fully ta k e n down and r e plac e d at t h e l e v e l of t he cl e r e story In 1 4 6 7 Lawr e nc e B e ntl e y constabl e of Hali fax r e port e d th a t Vicar W il k inson h ad cut down t r e e s at t h e Birks in violation of t h e custom of th e manor and to t h e gr e at d e trim e nt of th e t e nants Probably th e timb e r was wan t e d for t he church ar e

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

Most parish ch urch e s th at boast a cl e r e story — f Brad ford or e xampl e h av e th e m to ligh t t h e nav e In many cas e s t he cl e r e story is e xt e nd e d ov e r t he chanc e l as we ll But Hali fax chu r ch is practicall y uniqu e in poss e ssing a cl e r e s tory to t h e chanc e l witho ut h aving one at t h e w e st e rn e nd of t h e church The pr i e sts w e r e r e sponsibl e for t h e building and upk e e p of t he ch anc e l whil e t he p e opl e had t h e c ar e of t he nav e Vica r W il k inson c e rtainl y e r e ct e d a mag niﬁcie nt chanc e l and t he p e opl e of Hali fax i n e mulat i on s e t about to imp r ov e T h e y d e t e rmin e d to th e w e st e rn h al f of t h e chur ch build a nobl e r tow e r U p to this tim e t h e g r ound plan Th e c e ntral arch of t h e church was a S impl e oblong divid e d th e ch urch half -way into nav e and ch anc e ! Th e to we r add e d to t he plan a small squar e at th e w e st e nd The dat e is known The tow e r was comm e nc e d in 1 449 b e caus e John W at e rhous e wh e n a bo y of S ix or s e v e n y e ars stood with man y mor e childr e n on t he ﬁrst ston e of th e towe r John W at e rhous e liv e d to be 9 7 It too k at l e ast thirty s e ve n y e ars to build th e tow e r for 11 1 1 482 .

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

74

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

Cr omw e ll Bottom who di e d in 1 5 3 1 His coat of arm s and cr e st ar e carv e d i n the gabl e of t h e porch Th e w e st .

.

FI g

.

26 — TH .

E

F N O

T AN D

C VE O

h

P oto J H R

.

.

h

mb

C a

er s

.

.

wall of th e Holdsworth Chap e l shows at a glanc e tha t t he porch was built b e for e the chap e l for th e wall of t he chap e l was e r e ct e d 011 the porch wall ,

.

WOO D WO RK

75

.

In th e ﬁ ft e e nth c e ntury t h e int e rior of th e church was v e ry di ffe r e n t I n app e aran c e to wha t we s e e to day T h e r e was mu ch mor e colour Th e W indows w e r e ﬁll e d with brilliant stain e d glass Th e walls now rough and bar e had a smooth coat of plast e r and b e tw e e n t h e W indows w e r e d e corat e d with larg e paintings r e pr e s e ntin g S c e n e s from t he Bibl e and from the liv e s of t he sa i nts Th e roo f was paint e d blu e dott e d with gold stars and e v e n t h e ston e pillars w e r e pain t e d Th e r e was also som e ﬁne wood wor k part Of wh ich has happily ,

.

.

,

.

’

,

,

’

,

,

.

.

,

,

Fig

.

27

.

-W

oon C

A rr e

c ON

A PR I E

’

ST S

S

EA

T

.

b e e n pr e s e rv e d The font cov e r e laborat e ly car ve d lik e a miniatur e spir e i s a b e autiful e xampl e of ﬁft e e nth c e ntury woodwork O r i ginally it was paint e d gr e e n r ed and blu e and b e d e cke d with gild e d knobs T II pri e sts s e ats in the choir h av e m e rmaids p e lica ns and grot e squ e animals carv e d on th e m B e sid e s th e r e would be I mag e s Of saints around t he walls and a gr e at cruciﬁx ov e r t he rood scr e e n The air was h e avy with inc e ns e and many candl e s w e r e burn ing The pri e sts wor e gorg e ous v e stm e nts on fe stival days and t he whol e of th e int e rior was a blaz e of colour Th e r e w e r e no ,

,

L

.

,

’

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

76

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

p ews t he whol e l e ngth Of t h e ﬂoor was e mpty e xc e pt for a v e ry fe w b e nch e s Th e worshipp e rs had to stand during t h e s e rvic e s Although suc h a larg e church was built at Halifax t h e town its e lf was v e ry small Th e r e nts of t h e land and hous e s w e r e paid to t h e Prior of L e w e s An account of th e moni e s h e r e c e iv e d on D e c e mb e r 1 7 th 1 43 9 has b e e n pr e s e rv e d F rom this r e ntal we can form som e id e a of t he siz e of t he town Rob e rt O t e s had a S hop and som e land at t he w e st e nd of th e churchyard and ,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

Fig

MA N MA R

— .

SO

’

S

KS

.

this land h ad b e e n tak e n la te ly from t h e was te This S hows th at th e r e was wast e land quit e clos e to th e church so t he clust e r of hous e s around t he church was v e ry small ind e e d Strips of t he op e n ﬁ e lds ar e m e ntion e d and we l e arn th at hay was grown that y e ar in t he B lackl e dg e F i e ld and th at t he South F i e ld was plough e d N e xt to t he church was th e Moot Hall and t h e larg e common ﬁ e ld around t h e Moot Hall was call e d Th e r e w e r e no str e e ts of hous e s or shops th e Hall Ing and e v e n the Old e st nam e s of our str e e ts ar e not — m e ntion e d Som e of the plac e nam e s of 1 43 9 ar e now Obsol e t e and we cannot t e ll wh e r e th e y w e r e S ituat e d A gard e n at the boundary of th e town was nam e d D y s hby nde s h e r de a ne w clos e was S ky lde r y e for t h and th e r e w e r e hous e s known as N e w hous e W hit e hous e Machon hous e R e ndur e r Plac e and M y le as P lac e The .

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

H LI F A X P A R IS H CH U R CH A

77

.

r

A— P B—

tT

es e n

F nt

we r“

o

o

7 — U nﬁ nis h e d T owe

r

th P r h F — C h i r S t ll H H l d w rth C h p l D

S ou

o c

o

a s

- o

R

PAR I S H Fig

29 — G R O I N D PL 1

.

.

A

N

.

CH URCH

s

oke b y

o

Ch p

a er

a e

78

S T O RY OF

TH E

OL D H A L 1F A X

.

We ll Hous e ( W e ll H e ad ) and t h e Shay ar e still known to us N e ar th e North B rig was List e r s fulling mill wh il e Rob e rt the Miln e r ground t he p e opl e s corn at n Ston e D am Mill In 13 6 7 two ew mill ston e s we r e brought from G r indle s torr e Bank in O v e nd e n W ood for t he mill Richard P e ck was one of the larg e st land hold e rs in Hali fax town in 1 43 9 though he did not liv e in th e townsh ip His hom e was at Owr am Hall in S hibde n ( n e ar t he pr e s e n t Industrial School ) P e ck was v e ry rich and it is thought that h e subscrib e d lib e rally to t he r e -building of the church for he had th e honour unusual for a layman of b e ing buri e d in t h e choir By trad e P e ck was a goldsmith and S ilv e rsmith ’

.

,

’

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

H ous e at Coin e rs an d

May pol Chap I I in H Ling Rot s Yor k shir H alifax HA L IFA X A N T I QUARI AN S OCIET Y S TR AN S AC T I ON 190 by J L I TER 1 9 07 High Sun d rlan d by J L IS T ER S h ibd n H all 7 Th Evolution of t h l Ql l — 19 17 — N orlan d Hall by H P KEN D A Parish Church Hal ifax ( by I W H ANS ON 1 45 5 1 90 8— H alifax Parish Chur h W oodwor k b y CAN ON SAVA G E HA L IFA X A N T I QUA RI AN S OCIET Y R EC ORD S ERIE Vol I — R ntal f H alifax 1 43 9 Vol I I I — Th A rchi t ctur of th Church of S t J ohn t h B aptist H alifax by F A I RL E B A RBER Th e

the Old

—

e

.

h

.

.

’

S

.

,

.

,

e

LL

.

“

“

c

,

e

.

.

.

,

S

.

“

.

O

e

.

e

.

,

,

e

.

‘

.

,

.

e

.

'

,

S

.

”

“

“

e

.

’

e

“

.

.

e

e

SS

.

e

,

.

CHAPTER VII

.

— — L S F G R T H H A IF A X T R A D E GI D F A IR S W L O O TH E — 1 47 3 H A L IF A X L E A D S T H E W E S T R I D I N G U L N A G E R S A CC OU N T S F OR C L O T H — E A R L Y H A L IF A X W I L L S — GIF T S T O T H E CH UR CH — — S S CH A E T E A R I H R A D AN D B R I D GE C L OT HE S P S O H TH E P L S OF AND F UR N I T U R E — E X T E N D I N G T H E C U L T IV A T E D L AN D ,

.

numb e r of timb e r e d hous e s in t he parish and t he building of t he stat e ly parish church a r e visibl e proo fs that th e p e opl e w e r e prosp e rous and that t he wooll e n Th e

,

G IL D S

79

.

trad e was e xpanding The natural advantag e s Offe r ed by t h e hills w e r e a bountiful supply O f good wat e r and c oal t h for fu e l Coal crops out i n plac e s on e h ill S id e s aroun d Halifax and was work e d 1 11 e arly tim e s The supply of fu e l was a d ifﬁculty for t he w e av e rs and trad e sm e n who liv e d in citi e s and the me n O f York complain e d th at Halifax had a gr e at advantag e in ch e ap fu e l But the r e al r e ason Of the growth O f the local industry was that th e r e w e r e no gilds in Halifax parish Th e trad e Of t he middl e ag e s was controll e d to a larg e e xt e nt by gilds The w e av e rs gild at York or B e v e rl e y had strict rul e s about all d e tails Of the trad e The gild d e cid e d how long an appr e ntic e had to s e rv e and t he numb e r of appr e ntic e s a man might hav e Th e ir O fﬁci a ls insp e ct e d th e wor k shops and looms ; th e y also e xamin e d the cloth and ﬁx e d r r ce s Strang e rs w e r e not allow e d to work at t h e trad e p and no man migh t comm e nc e in th e busin e ss unl e ss the gild admitt e d h im as a m e mb e r Of t he craft F or th e s e monopoli e s th e gilds paid larg e sums of mo ne y to t he king wh il e in r e turn th e king prot e ct e d the gilds Export trad e to th e Contin e nt and e ls e wh e r e was und e r t h e control of t h e gr e at gil ds of M e rchant Adv e ntur e rs W h e r e th e r e was no gild th e r e w e re no r e strictions co ns e qu e ntly t he w e av e rs of t he citi e s had caus e to complain Of the unfair comp e tition O f Halifa x Cloth i e rs .

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

’

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

F ortunat e ly for the trad e of Halifax although th e organ i s e d chann e ls Of comm e rc e w e r e clos e d to w e av e rs outsid e th e gilds th e r e we r e oth e r mark e ts The gr e at fairs w e r e op e n to e v e rybody without r e strictions and t h e k e rs e y s of Halifax w e r e tak e n to th e s e fairs In t he ﬁft e e nth c e ntury t he Com m on Council O f London w e r e d e fe at e d I n an att e mpt to pr e v e nt th e ir citiz e ns carry i ng goods from London to t he fairs and the M e rchant ,

.

,

,

.

,

,

80

TH E

STOR Y

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

Adv e ntur e rs of London also fail e d to stop privat e trad e rs att e ndi ng the gre at for e ign fairs The gilds Obtain e d a law to r e strict tradi ng b y r e tail in citi e s but a claus e was i ns e rt e d e xc e pt it be in Op e n fairs I 5 40 John St e ad of Norland in h is will ( b e qu e ath e d ) 20 to be good to Elizabe th my s to his broth e r T hom as wi fe and Agn e s my daugh t e r as to s e ll th e ir cloth in t h e fairs in Yorksh ir e W illiam Hard y of H e ptonstall H e nry F arr ar O f Hali fax and T homas ma k e S tans ﬁe ld of Higgin chamb e r Sow e rby m ention in th e ir wills of booths in St Bartholom e w s F air in London Th is was t he most important cloth fair and many of the Halifax clot lr ie r s own e d stands in that fair The gr e at e st fair in England was Sturbri dg e F air n e ar Cambridg e Though we h av e no actual r e cord of Hali fax me n j ourn e y ing th e r e in the ﬁ ft e e nth and sixt e e nth c e nturi e s it is v e ry probabl e th at th e ir cloth was sold in t h e D udd e r y th e r e D uds is an Old English F airs h e ld an importa nt plac e in trad e word for cloth for man y c e nturi e s In 1 7 2 4 wh e n D ani e l D e fo e visit e d Sturbridg e F air he was told that worth of wooll e n manu factur e s w e r e sold in a w e e k s tim e H ere h e wrot e from Hali fax L e e ds W ak e ﬁ e ld ar e Clothi e rs and Hudd e rsﬁ e ld in Yor k sh ir e About t he y e ar 1 47 5 Hali fax produc ed mor e cloth than any oth e r parish in t he W e st Riding and k e pt th e pr e mi e r position for mor e than thr e e c e nturi e s Mr List e r discov e r e d t ha t fact in t he U lnage r s Accou nts pr e s e rv e d in the Public R e cords O fﬁc e London Cloth was me asur e d by th e e ll in thos e days an e ll b e i ng 45 inch e s in l e ngth The Latin nam e for e ll is ulna an d the uln age was t he fe e paid for m e asuri ng t h cloth Th e ulnage r s we r e the o fﬁcials who e xamin e d t h e .

,

”

“

.

“

,

.

,

,

,

”

.

,

’

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

’

“

.

“

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

’

.

,

,

“

.

“

.

”

“

,

82

S T O RY

TH E

O LD

or

H A

LI F A X

.

3 20 ,

fourth ; and Bradford was sixth with Mr List e r compar e d th e output of t he We st Riding with t h e famous cloth producing county of Glouc e st e r T hat county ( l e aving out the city of Glouc e st e r ) had only 10 2 4 pi e c e s s e al e d in 1 47 9 a g ainst 2 5 86 for th e W e st Riding In 1 47 5 wh e n th e parish of Halifax paid the tax on 1 488% cloth t he city of Yor k had a total of L 3 543 46 pi e c e s T h e s e ﬁgur e s also show how t he trad e of Hali fax ﬂuctuat e d during thos e nin e y e ars Although Halifax was doi ng b e tt e r th an many wooll e n c e ntr e s it had its bad y e ars If we turn to English history we ﬁnd that th e s e w e r e troublous y e ars The battl e of Stamford was fought in 1 47 0 and in the sam e y e ar Edward IV was oblig e d to fl e e to Holland for a short tim e Th e battl e s of Barn e t and T e wk e sbury in 1 47 1 w e r e victori e s for Edward Though t he ﬁghti ng was always far away from Halifax t he war had a bad F or many a summ e r it would not be e ffe ct on trad e safe to s e nd goods to St Barth o l om e w s F air and t he clothm ar k e ts ake r s would los e many of th e ir m W e may con sid e r t he ch urch tow e r as a mo num e nt of that p e riod wh e n Halifax took t he ﬁrst p lac e in th e W e st Riding cloth trad e So lo ng as t h e tow e r h e ld Halifax main t ain e d its position t h e mast e r y of th e air Wh e n mill ch imn ey s cam e to be built to rival t he ch urch t ow e r in h e ight Halifax as we shall s e e lat e r had to surr e nd e r its proud position in th e W e st Riding trad e So littl e is known of th e e arly trad e rs that t h e fe w d e tails pr e s e rve d in t he stock list of a York tailor ar e most pr e cious In 1 485 John Car t e r of York had in stock 9 % e lls call e d Halifax t a w ny at 7 d 7 k e lls Hali fax gr e e n Gs » .

.

.

,

2

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

’

.

.

.

“

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

W ILLS

TH E

83

.

lls in r e me lande s H alifax 2 s 7 i e lls Hali fax r uss e t 3 s 6 d d 2 0 r sa 2 e lls bl ack Halifax ca y 1 doz e n pairs of boots of Halifax cloth 1 5 s Th e importanc e of t h e cloth trad e is th e subj e ct of som e quaint v e rs e s of t h e tim e of Edward IV e ntitl e d Lib e l of English Policy F or v ry man must hav m at d rin k an d cloth ; T h r is n ith r pop mp ror nor k ing B ishop car d inal or an y man living Of what con d ition or W hat mann r d gr D uring th ir living th y must hav things thr M at drin k an d cloth The cloth trad e was by far t h e gr e at e st trad e in th e country i n fact it was t h e onl y national trad e O th e r cra ftsm e n — carp e nt e rs sm iths & c suppli e d local de mands but th e w e av e rs mad e th e ir good s for distant parts The w e av e rs gild was always th e l e ading gild of t he city 1 » 2

’

‘

e

.

— f

.

.

.

.

,

.

e

e

e

e

e

e, e

e

e

e e

,

,

,

,

,

,

e

e

e

e

,

,

e

ee ,

ee ,

e

”

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

’

.

.

building of the church and th e e r e ction of num e rous timb e r e d hous e s t e stify to t h e e xpansion of Hali fax trad e but t h e growth is also e xpr e ss e d in many oth e r int e r e sting ways We may ﬁll in som e of th e s e d e tails from a study of the w ills Ev e ry man who h ad any prop e rty mad e h is will Th e r e is a hug e coll e c t ion of th e s e local wills pr e s e rv e d at York and from th e s e may be gl e an e d many th ings about t he me n who m ad e th e m and about t he world th e y liv e d in M e n l e ft th e ir will ma k ing until th e y w e r e on th e ir d e ath be d t h e wills usually b e ing dat e d within a w e e k of th e ir d e ath Vicar W ilkinso n mad e his will thr e e y e ars b e for e h e di e d so we conclud e f r om that that h e was an inval id for the last thr e e or four y e ars of h is life The actual writing of t h e will was invariably don e The

,

.

.

,

‘

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

'

.

,

,

.

84

STOR Y

TH E

or

OLD

HA

LI F A X

.

by a pri e st b e caus e v e ry fe w laym e n could writ e It was t h e custom for a man to l e av e his b e st hors e or cow to th e vicar as a burial fe e and som e fe w shillings for church r e pairs N e xt h e would m e ntion a sum for candl e s to be ligh t e d in the church on the day of th e fun e ral and if h e could afford mon e y would be giv e n for a pri e st to si ng mas s e s on h is soul s b e hal f If t h e man was rich h e migh t b e qu e ath a farm t he r e nt of wh ich would maintain such a s e rvic e for e v e r Som e l e ft su fﬁci e n t mon e y to build an addition to th e parish ch urch a small sid e chap e l in wh ich th e ir own pri e st might hold s e rvic e s in m e mory of t h e donor In Jun e 1 49 4 John W ille by e ndow e d such a chantry in Halifax Church Th e d oorway b e n e ath th e middl e windo w on t he south sid e of t he ch a nc e l was th e e ntranc e to t h e W ille by Chan try Chap e l ,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

About th e b e ginning of t he sixt e e nth c e ntury th e s e r e ligious b e qu e sts took a ne w form The p e opl e of Sow e rby Illingworth S t ans ﬁeld Sh e lf and oth e r out lying townsh ips w e r e incr e asing ih numb e rs and w e alt h Th e y consid e r e d it would be mor e conv e ni e nt if th e y could att e nd s e rvic e s n e ar e r th e ir hom e s inst e ad of j ourn ey ing to Halifax Elland or H e ptonst all So lan ds and mon e y w e r e g i v e n for the building of chap e ls at Sow e rby Illingworth Croston e Col ey and e ls e wh e r e and for th e maint e nanc e of pri e sts at th e s e chap e ls — — A fe w of t h e fr e e chap e ls e g Rastrick w e r e in e xist In oth e r cas e s e nc e long b e for e t h e sixt e e nth c e ntury lik e Col e y th e r e had b e e n a privat e chap e l at Col ey Hall and th e n e ighbours would att e nd occasional s e rvic e s th e r e The F r e e Chap e ls w e r e uph e ld by the local p e opl e who w e r e also r e sponsibl e for t h e pri e st s stip e nd Sow e rby and Illingworth Chap e ls w e r e built ,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

.

B R I D G ES

AND R

OA D S

85

.

to s e r ve t h e townsh ips of Sow e rby and O v e nd e n In oth e r case s one chap e l s e v e ral townsh ips T h is th e p e culiar S ituation of Col e y Chap e l n e ar e xplains to t h e boundari e s of Sh e lf Northo wram and Hipp e r holm e for t he ch ap e l s erve d parts of t he thr e e townsh ips Ludd e nd e n Chap e l is on th e bord e rs of Midgl ey and W arl e y Sow e rby Bridg e Chap e l is n e ar t h e j unction of t h e boundari e s of Warl e y Skircoat Norland and Sow e rby townsh i p s .

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

Fig

.

A C H R E R A D H E B DEN VA E Y

30 P .

K

O

S

O

LL

,

.

Incr e asing trad e m e ant mor e tra fﬁc along t he pack hors e roads so me n mad e charitabl e b e qu e sts towards t he improv e m e n t of t he h igh ways and t he bu ilding of ne w bridg e s Th e O ld bridg e s w e r e of wood liabl e to be sw e pt away by storms L e e Bridg e on t he way to W h e atl e y was so rick e ty that it was call e d S h ake h and Brig In 1 5 1 8 Rich ard S tancliffe l e ft 4d to build a ston e bridg e in its plac e £ 6 3s In 1 5 1 4 th e bridg e at Brighous e was still a t imb e r one for J Ohn H anson gav e thr e e tr e e s for its r e pair F orty y e ars lat e r h is son l e ft mon e y towards r e placing the timb e r bridg e by a ston e one F rom 1 5 1 7 to 1 5 3 3 ,

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

“

.

,

.

.

86

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

s e v eral me n m e ntion the ston e bridg e of Sow e rby B ridg e in th e i 1 wills In 1 5 3 3 J oh n W at e rhous e b e qu e ath e d four shillings towards th e batt ily ing or ma k ing th e parap e t wh ich S hows that th e bridg e was n e ar compl e tion H e bd e n Bridg e and Ludd e nd e n Bi idg e w e r e also r e built of ston e at this tim e Elland Bridg e was r e built in 1 5 7 9 t h e mason Richard Ask e cam e f 1 om Hop e in D e rbyshir e Th e pack ho 1 s e caus e ways w e r e imp 1 ove d and pav e d by mon e y l e ft b y charitabl e H olds wo1 th who liv e d at Blac k l e dg e John e rsons p l n H ali fax l e ft 3 S 4d for m e ndi ng t h e highway b e tw e e n h is hous e and t he mark e t plac e .

’

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

F rom th e s e wills we ﬁnd that p e opl e had not so many ne w cloth e s Joh n Crabtr e e ( 1 5 2 6 ) gav e to his fath e r a blu e j ac k et a le at h e 1 doubl e t a pair of stockings and a shirt Margar e t B roadl e y ( 1 5 46 ) divid e d he r wardrob e as follows to J e n e t my b e tt e 1 gown an d my wors e kirtl e ; to Isab e l my worst gown and my b e tt e r kirtl e ; and to William s wife my th ird ki1 tle and b e st p e tticoat B e dcloth e s w e r e also nam e d 1 5 1 8) l e ft to Margar e t as l e gaci e s Joh n Holdsworth ( B oy e s thr e e cov e 1 l e ts one blank e t two S h e e ts and a b e dst e ad A will mad e at Copl ey Hall m 1 5 3 3 g i v e s us an id e a how t he hous e was furnish e d Th e r e w e r e two s ideboar ds and two forms in the h all and in th e b e st b e droom one pair of gr e at be ds t ocks ( b e dst e ad ) and one g 1 e at ch e st In this Will six draugh t ox e n m e ntion e d for ox e n w e r e us e d for plou ghing ar e d h iv e s Of b e e s ar e common Hors e s cows sh e e p an b e qu e sts Th e r e ar e also gifts of loom s S h e ars t e nt e rs and dy e ing vats Silv e r pins girdl e s and spoons wer e l e ft to t he girls wh il e t h e son s 1 e ce ive d swords mai l j ack e ts bows and arr ows ‘

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

NE W

FA R M LA ND

.

growing populati on r e q uir e d mor e cultivat e d land F rom a s e t Of old de e ds we can trac e in d e tail how som e ﬁ e lds we r e add e d n e ar Illingworth Th e farm e rs looking around for mor e land turn e d to that part of t h e W h e atl ey vall ey th at li e s und e r Illi ngworth Edg e If y ou stand on t he Edg e ov e rlooking J ump le s and W alt Ro y d you h av e imm e diat e ly b e n e ath a st e e p bank cove r e d with h e ath e r and bilb e rry and str e wn with rocks Be low th e rough ground cultivat e d ﬁ e lds slop e down to t he str e am Th e contrast b e tw e e n th e s e smooth gr ee n ﬁ e lds and th e wild moorland is almost h as striking as a vi e w of t e oc e an from a s e a clif f O nc e upon a tim e the rough land str e tch e d from th e e dg e down to the str e am and th e s e ﬁ e lds hav e b e e n won from the wast e Th e

'

'

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

W illiam List e r was grant e d two acr e s and thr e e roods of wast e land by H e nry Savil e the lord of t he manor of O v e nd e n Th is land was d e scrib e d as ly ing b e tw e e n Illingworth Edg e and O v e nd e n W ood Brook ( e ast and w e st ) ; and W h e atl e y Walls and th e hous e of Richard W ood ( south and north ) List e r comm e nc e d to cl e ar th is rough land j ust as s e ttl e rs in t he coloni e s to da y cl e ar th e brush or prairi e to mak e farms F irst of all he pick e d out t he big ston e s and bro k e th e larg e r rocks into pi e c e s Th e n h e car r i e d th e s e ston e s to th e e dg e Of h is land and built a wall aroun d it The ston e walls in our district not only s e rv e as fe nc e s but also solv e the di fﬁculty Of g e tting rid of th e surfac e rocks and ston e s Towards t he wh e r e surfac e ston e is 1 10t e ast e rn e nd of t h e parish s o abundant h e dg e s w e r e plant e d Holly was us e d for fe nc e s b e caus e if th e r e w e r e bad h arv e sts t he cattl e could fe e d on holly List e r chopp e d down the tr e e s In

1 524

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

88

S T O RY OF O LD H A LI F A X

TH E

.

uproot e d the bush e s and shrubs and th e n dug up the land foot by foot until it was all turn e d ov e r It was h ard and S low wor k but i t had to be do ne b e for e an y crop could be grown on th e land For this ne w ﬁ e ld W illiam List e r agr e e d to pa y four S ilv e r p e nni e s — h r t e f acr y arly half at ast and e e e e O f P e nt e cost p hal f at th e f e ast of St Martin in wint e r H e also promis e d to ob e y t h e O v e nd e n ma nor court and to The n e xt y e ar 1 5 2 5 List e r us e only th e lord s mills took anoth e r acr e In 1 5 3 2 h e r e claim e d one rood from t he wast e I n 1 5 3 5 t he grant was thr e e acr e s and in 1 5 42 one and a quart e r acr e s So far as we can t e ll in 1 8% y e ars William List e r add e d S i acr e s to his farm The small quan titi e s S how how di fﬁcult was t he work of making corn ﬁ e lds and m e adows from t he moorland ,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

’

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

Stand ing on Illingworth Edg e you will look down on th e s e ﬁ e lds with mor e int e r e st W e know th e ir a e and t h e nam e of t h e man one of t h e anc e stors g of t h e List e rs of S h ibde n Hall who ﬁrst till e d th e m Th is is a sampl e of what was b e ing don e in oth e r parts of O v e nd e n In the thr e e scor e y e ars 1 5 2 1 to 1 5 8 1 Exactly th e 2 80 acr e s w e r e e nclos e d from t h e wast e sam e ch ang e was b e ing wrough t all ov e r t he Hali fax Parish History of t h Wooll n T ra d in t h Halifax an d Bra d for d D istrict J L I T ER ( Bra d for d A ntiquar y V ol I I ) Vols I an d I I ( 1 3 89 E d it d by J W C A Y H alifax W ills an d E W C EY —T W HAN N A H alifax ntiquarian Soci t y T rans Th J um l ( p actions ,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

“

.

S

e

e

e

e

,

.

”

.

.

e

es

,

.

.

.

.

R OS S L .

.

.

.

e

.

.

.

.

SO

.

e

L

TH E

S T O RY

Fig

.

31

.

H A LI F A X

OF

—TH

E

R EBY CH A E OK

P L

.

h

P oto .

.

H

.

E G ledlnll .

.

C A RDINA L

W O LSEY

91

.

abb ey and mass was s ung by t he Archbishops of Cant e r bmy Armagh a nd D ublin and sixt e e n oth e r bishops and abbots The famous D r Joh n Col e t D e an of St Paul s pr e ach e d the s e rmon A ft e rwards th e r e to

th e

/

,

,

,

.

.

,

’

.

.

,

,

A ms o V R A n nm uo 0 D B IN was anoth e r proc e ssion of all t he g 1 e at nobl e m e n of England le d by t h e D uk e s of Nor folk and Suffolk follow e d by t he archbishops bishops and abbots Cardinal Wols ey s ha ll and chamb e rs w e r e h u ng with Fig

.

32

—

.

r

r

\ 1 L L I A\ 1 .

O R R BY,

c

s

1

r

1

,

U

L

.

,

,

’

,

.

92

TH E

S T O RY

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

rich arras and a gr e at fe ast was mad e at wh ich King H e nry and his que e n and t he F r e nch qu e e n w e r e pr e s e nt Archbishop Rok e b y was in London agam thr e e month s lat e r for th e ch rist e ning Of Princ e ss Mary — the littl e baby girl who was d e stin e d to be Qu e e n Mar y Th e princ e ss was born in t h e palac e at Gr e e nwich F rom h th e court gat e to t e church door of t h e F riars an aw ni ng of arras was e r e ct e d and t h e path cov e r e d with sand and str e wn with rush e s Th e church was h ung w ith ne e dl e work e nrich e d with pr e cious ston e s and p e arls Th e was 011 We dn e sday F e bruar y 2 1 s t 1 5 1 6 ce r e mony The proc e ssion was h e ad e d by a g oodly s ig h t of g e ntl e m e n and lord s ; th e n follow e d th e D uk e of D e von s h ir e b e aring t h e basin ; th e Earl O f Surr e y ca r r y ing t h e tap e r ; t h e Marquis of D ors e t h aving th e salt ; and t h e Lord Chamb e rlain and t he Lord St e ward Th e canop y was car r i e d b y four knigh ts un de r wh ich wal k e d t h e Count e ss of Surr ey wi th th e Princ e ss in h e r arms and The s upport e d by t h e D uk e s of Nor fol k and Su ffol k Archbishops of Ar magh and D ublin and th e Bishops Th e of D urham and Ch e st e r o fﬁci at e d at t h e baptis m proc e ssion r e turn e d with trump e ts soundi ng and t h e ki ng s ch ap laI n S i ng i ng m e lodious r e sponds William Rok e by d id not liv e to s e e th e gr e at ch ang e s th at th e nam e s of Card inal Wols e y H e nry VII I and Pri nc e ss Mary sugg e st to us F e ari ng h is e nd h e mad e far e we ll gi fts to t he Prior and Conv e nt Of D ublin Cath e dral in S e pt e mb e r 1 5 2 1 The d y ing archbishop cross e d th e s e a to h is nativ e Yor ksh ir e O n Nove mb e r 2 9 t h h e di e d in Hali fax V icarag e lull e d to sl e e p by t h e murmur Of the moorla nd b e c k I I I his day Hali fax was as qui e t and p e ac e ful as Burnsall in W har fe dal e is to day '

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

'

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

’

.

,

,

‘

.

.

,

.

'

,

,

.

.

,

.

K IRK

Fig

.

S AND AL

E Y CHA E

3 3 — R OK B .

CH U R CH

P L S

C R EEN

.

.

93

94

TH E

S T O R Y OF OL D H A LI F A X

.

His h e art was buri e d in t he choir at Hali fax and his bod y tak e n to Kirk Sandal wh er e Rok e by had built a b e autiful chap e l for h is tomb Th e carving of t he oak scr e e ns is lik e d e licat e ﬁligr e e wor k and th e Rok eby Chap e l of Kirk Sa ndal is consid e r e d to be one of the ﬁn e st s ep ulchar al chap els in t h e k i ngdom Among his many b e qu e sts the archbishop d e sir e d that a Rok e b y Chap e l S hould be e r e ct e d at Hali fax and his ch ap e l was add e d to t he north sid e of t h e Church Soon aft e r Archbishop R oke by s d e ath Rob e rt Holdsworth th e son of a r ich Hali fax man was pr e s e nt e d to t h e living O f Halifax by the Prior of L e w e s b e ing th e last vicar to be nominat e d by th e monks In accordanc e with h is fath e r s wish he built a ch antr y chap e l on th e south S id e of th e church Th e de tach e d buttr e ss e s and clumsy gargoyl e s of th e chap e l hav e littl e arch it e ctural m e rit but t he Holdsworth Chap e l lik e t he Rok e by Chap e l is a monum e nt of an a e that has pass e d g Rob e rt Holdsworth was e ducat e d at O xford and Rom e wh e r e he attract e d th e not ic e of t he Bishop — of W orc e st e r Italian who was H e nry V I I I S an ambassador at t he Popal Co urt Holdsworth b e cam e chanc e llor of t he dioc e s e Of W orc e st e r and also r e c e iv ed oth e r valuabl e appointm e nts Th e r e is one int e r e sting poi nt worth noti ng about h is r e building of t he V icarag e hous e at Blockl e y in Worc e st e rshir e It had tw e lv e ch amb e rs and it was consid e r e d quit e a nov e lty that e ach b e droom had its own e ntranc e from t h e landi ng It was the usual custom th e n to go through t he b e drooms one a ft e r anoth e r and not to hav e a passag e D r H oldswor th s ne w plan gav e mor e privacy In pulling down an old wall at Blockl e y a tr e asur e trov e ,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

’

,

,

,

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

’

.

.

,

VIC A R H O L D S WO R TH

.

95

thr ee hundr e d POU nds was fou nd which mor e than paid for the alte rations

Of

,

.

96

TH E

STOR Y

'

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

Vicar Holdsworth had fe w p e ac e f ul days aft e r he cam e to Hali fax It was a tim e of ﬁ e rc e stri fe and gr e at disput e s and th e vicar was dragg e d into t h e troubl e s F irst th e r e was a fe ud b e tw e e n the me n who liv e d within th e manor of W a k e ﬁ e ld and th os e wh o w e r e t e nants of th e honour of Pont e fract Th e ri val l e ad e rs w e r e Sir Richard T e mp e st of Bolli ng Hal l near B r ad ford and Sir Harr y Savil e of Thornhill Sir Richard T emp e st had b e e n one of King H e nr y s body n d n ard had disti guish u a e d hims e lf at t h e battl e s of g F lodd e n and T ournay H e h e ld t he post of st e ward of Sir Harr y Savil e t h e gr e at royal m an or of W a k e ﬁ e ld had b e e n b rough t up in Ki ng H e nry s cour t and was mad e a K night of t h e Bath at t he coronation of Qu e e n Ann e Bol ey n H e was st e ward of t he h onour of Pont e fr act and also lord Of som e Of t h e small m anors about Halifax .

,

.

,

,

.

'

,

.

,

’

.

.

’

h

.

,

.

Th e r e w e r e s e ve ral s e rious aflr ay s b e tw e e n t h e follow e rs of th e cont e nding k nigh ts in which me n w e r e k ill e d on both sid e s Rog e r T e mp e st sl e w Thomas Longl e y with his s word on April 2 1 s t 1 5 1 8 at Brighous e wh e n Sir Richard T e mp e st was holding h is court th e r e Rog e r fl e d to D urh am and sought Th e pri e sts could k e e p him s anctuary at t h e cath e dral in sa fe ty for forty day s aft e r which tim e h e had e ith e r to app e ar b e for e a j udg e or e ls e quit t h e ki ngdom Gilb e rt B rooksban k a H e ptonstall pri e st was k ill e d by one of Sir Rich ard s Ofﬁc e rs b e caus e h e h ad displ e as e d in som e mann e r t h e gr e at man T h e r e was a ﬁgh t at Halifax F air on Midsumm e r D ay 1 5 3 3 wh e n Gilb e rt Hanson d e puty baili ff of H a lifax and William Ridi ng n e n struck one anoth e r bo th O f Elland o e of S avile s m ) ( dying from th e ir wounds T h e r e w e r e ot h e r cas e s but ,

.

‘

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

’

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

’

,

.

,

98

TH E

The Halifax

S T O RY OF O L D

H A

LI F A X

.

following sc e n e was witn e ss e d in t he str e e t s of A group of me n w e r e S tanding talki ng tog e th e r wh e n up cam e Joh n Lacy son -1 n-law and bailiff of Sir Richard T e mp e st and spok e to H e nry F ar r e r of Ewood Hall who was one of t h e group Lac y command e d F ar r e r and th e r e st that th e y S hould pre par e th e ms e lv e s in har ne ss and go to t h e church and tak e t he cross march with it into Lancashir e and rais e t he co m mon s th e r e F arr e r ask e d W ho S hall go with ? 11s w into Lancash ir e ith the cross Lacy r e pli e d Marry ! your o wns e l f S hall go and your company F arrar again ask e d W hy will not Sir Richard T e mp e st go with us 7 Lac y said No marry !but yours e lf .

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

”

“

.

”

“

.

”

.

We h ave no particulars about this j ourn e y into Lancash ir e but aft e rwards it was stat e d th at Sir Richard T e mp e st s broth e r and s e rvants w e r e t he ﬁrst captains to com e into Lancashi r e .

,

’

.

Sir H e nry Savil e gath e ring h is t e nants and r e tain e rs toge th e r foI th e oth e r S id e march e d from T hornh ill to h I n t h e King s forc e s at No ttingham o e r e b e ls w e r e T j too strong for t he royal army and th e r e for e th e D u k e of Norfolk cam e to t e rm s with th e m publish e d th e King s pardon mad e a truc e and so e nd e d the Pilgrimag e Of Grac e Th e day b e for e t he truc e was mad e on O ctob e r 2 6 t h John Lacy an d a band of his adh e r e nts m ad e a raid O1I Halifax V icarag e looting it and s e nding part of t h e S poil to Captain Rob e rt Ask e Vicar Holdsworth took t he sid e of Sir H e nry Savil e not b e caus e h e approv e d of t h e spoiling of th e monast e ri e s but b e caus e of t he local fe ud O n D e c e mb e r 1 4th 1 5 3 6 Clar e nci e ux — King at Arms th e royal h e rald stood at t he Cross in O ld M ark e t and proclaim e d th e King s pardon to all who ,

,

’

.

,

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

’

,

VIC A R H O L D S W O RT H

99

.

had r e b e ll e d against th e ir so ve r e ign The h e rald not e d that Joh n Lacy was in the crowd at th e tim e The King s S e cr e tary Thom as Cromw e ll had such a syst m of S pi e s that we ﬁnd that privat e talks in such an — out of th e way corn e r as Halifax cam e to th e e ar of t he King Vicar Holdsworth was walking to and fro in his parlour discussing t h e tim e s with h is s e rvan t W illiam R ode m an wh e n h e said By my troth ! W illiam if the King r e ign any spac e h e will tak e all from us of th e Chu r ch all that we hav e ; and th e r e for e I pray God s e nd h im short r e ign The vicar h ad to app e ar in London and was h e avily ﬁn e d for utt e ring such tr e ach e rous words Joh n Lacy of Cromw e ll Bottom mad e a rhy m e about t he King and s e nt it to Rob e rt Wat e rhous e of Hali fax A for t h K ing an appl an d a fair w nch to d all y withal woul d pl as him v ry w ll To us th e r e do e s not app e ar much rhym e nor much harm in t he words but th e y r e ach e d Thomas Cromw e ll and Lacy was in dang e r of losing h is h e ad It was an a e of sn e aks and t e ll tal s and w r r ady i l e S a v s m n e e e e e g to t e ll Cromw e ll s spi e s ta le s about th e oth e r S id e and T e mp e st s me n w e r e e qually willing to damage th e ir oppon e nts in t he sam e way H e nry VIII did not k ee p his promis e s to r e dr e ss th e gri e vanc e s of th e m e n who had j oin e d t he Pilgrimag e of Grac e Inst e ad of doing so he put to d e ath t he l e ad e rs of the r e b e llion Sir Ri ch ard T e mp e st was thrown into th e Tow e r to await h is trial but h e di e d in that plagu e stric k e n prison Th e King proc e ed e d with t h e spoliation of t h e monast e ri e s and h e gav e to Thomas Cromw e ll t he Prior y of L e w e s and all its poss e ssion s e xc e pting its Norfolk lands Th e b e auti ful abb e y was ruthl e ssly d estroy e d th e ston e sold for building t h e .

-

a

.

’

,

,

e

.

,

,

“

,

,

”

.

,

.

.

,

s

e

e

,

e

e

e

,

e

e

.

,

,

,

.

’

,

’

,

’

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

10 0

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

l e ad roo fs m e lt e d down and cart e d away Giovanni Portinari an Italian sup e rint e nd e d th e work and h e t e lls how th e y h e w e d gr e at hol e s in the walls th e n propp e d the pillars and walls with props a yard long ﬁnally s e ttin g ﬁr e to t he props wh e r e upon t he building cam e crash ing dow n Lord Crom we ll thus cam e into poss e ssion of all t he r 1 h ts that t h e Prior of L e w e s had in Hali fax Parish g T hus t he conn e ction b e tw e e n Hali fax and L e w e s that had continu e d for c e nturi e s cam e t o its ﬁnal e nd A fe w y e ars b e for e th is the Prior had l e as e d his rights to Rob e rt W at e rhous e of S h ibde n Hall for a ﬁx e d sum of mon e y to be paid y e arly and Cromw e ll continu e d th e arrang e m e nt Rob e rt W at e rhous e stirr e d up a gr eat disput e in t h e parish by his m e thods of coll e cting th e Gr e at Tith e s A eoor din to t h e original d e ﬁnition of ti t h e s t h e Ch urch was e ntit e d to one -t e nth of t he crops of corn and hay B ut as tim e w e nt on th is h ad b e e n alt e r e d to a ﬁx e d sum of mon e y th at was paid wh e th e r t h e crops w e r e good or bad The farm e r kn e w e xactly what h e would hav e to pay and t h e monks had a c e rtain incom e W at e rhous e su e d som e Hali fax me n for a t e nth of th e ir actual crops and a gr e at lawsuit was comm e nc e d Gilb e rt W at e rhous e pick e d a quarr e l with G e org e Crowth e r one of t h e me n who oppos e d th e d e mands and on a dark F e bruary n ight in 1 5 3 5 Gilb e rt struck Crowth e r with a dagg e r and kill e d h im At l e ngth t he Gr e at T ith e s disput e was s e ttl e d and th e agr e e m e nt for paying in mon ey inst e ad of in kind was r e ad at a public m e e ting h e ld in Halifax Ch urch Edward VI was only n in e y e ars Old wh e n h e succ e e d e d to th e thron e on t he d e ath of h is fath e r .

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

”

“

.

.

,

10 2

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

in W al e s in 1 5 48 Bishop F e rrar was one of th e martyrs in Qu e e n Mary s r e ign and was burnt at Ca e rmarth e n Cross on March 3 oth 1 5 5 5 O n b e ing chaine d to th e stak e h e said I f I stir th rough th e pains of my burning b eli e v e not th e doctrin e I h av e pr e ach e d In Halifax Parish Ch urch th e re is a 1 9 th c e ntur y -monum e nt to Bishop F e rrar carve d by L e yland a Hali fax sculptor and in the v e stry is a d e e d r e lating to som e prop e rty n e ar B radford which has th e Bishop s S ig natnr e by l W H AN N ( A rchbishop R o k by H alifax A ntiq u arian Soci t y T ransactions Lif f D Hol d sworth by J L I T R Halifax A ntiquarian Soci t y ( T ransaction — 1 9 02 o .

’

,

.

,

“

,

”

,

.

,

,

,

,

’

,

.

'

e

,

‘

.

SO

.

e

.

,

e

O

r

,

.

S

.

E

e

t

s

CHAP T ER B E A C ON HI L L —

S CH O O L

—

.

F A V O U R H E A T H G R A MM A R HE N RY S A VI L E H E N R Y B R I G G s C A M D E N S VI S I T SIR H A L IF A X W O OL L E N T R A D E I N 1 GT H CE N T U R Y TH E

P

U R I T AN S

IX

DR

—

.

—

’

—

To

—

.

B e acon H ill crown e d with t he r e production of an anci e nt b e acon -p an continu ally r e minds Hali fax of Elizab e than da y s and t h e Ar m ad a S out howr ams B e acon was not in t h e principal ch ain of ﬁr e s tha t pass e d on the n e ws fro mt he south T ill S k i ddaw saw h ﬁ that b urn d on Gaunt s mbattl d p i l d glar on S k i dd aw rous d th b urgh rs of Carlisl A nd t h But it h e lp e d to S pr e ad t he alarm e ast and w e s t on at Horton Ban k T op n e ar Bradford ; R e ve y B e a c Castl e Hill Almondbur y n e ar Hudd e rsﬁ e ld ; and Blackston e Edg e w e r e t h e n e i g hbouring lin k s in t he gr e at ch ain and watch e rs on B e acon Hill would k e e p th e ir e y e s O 1I thos e points ,

,

’

.

,

t

e r e

e

r e

’

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e,

e

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

~

BE A C O N HILL

10 3

.

Eight y e ars aft e r th e gr e at victory ov e r the Span i sh Armada we ﬁnd that H a l ifax me n we r e obj e cting to paying towards t h e navy In thos e day s it was consid e r e d to be t he duty of th e s e a ports to provid e t he de fe nces of our S hor e s and shipping wh il e t h e inland towns m aintain e d th e army In 1 5 9 6 the port of Hull was r e quir e d to furn ish a ship for the Qu e e n s N avy Th e Mayor and Ald e rm e n of Hull wrot e to Lord C e cil asking that Halifax Wak e ﬁ e ld and L e e ds should pay four hundr e d pounds towards th e ir S h ip Of war T h ey said that th e s e plac e s w e r e th r e e gr e at and rich clothing towns s e nding th e ir cloth t o Hull to be shipp e d across t h e s e as Th e navy prot e ct e d th e shipping and t h e cloth th at was in t he shi p s But Halifax me n thought th e y w e r e paying th e ir S har e in the maint e nanc e of t he land forc e s At th e sam e tim e our for e fath e rs we r e r e ad y to ﬁght for the Qu e e n in th e ir own wa y and wh e n th e y thought it was th e ir dut y In 1 5 6 9 th e r e was a r e b e llion in favour of t he old r e ligion and Mary Qu e e n of Scots which was call e d t he Rising in t h e North A rchbishop Grindal writing to Qu e e n Elizab e th in 1 5 7 6 said A nd in t h e tim e of th at r e b e llion w e r e not all m most r e ady to offe r th e ir l ive s for your en ? d e fe nc e I n s o-much th at one poor parish in Yorksh ir e which b y continual pr e aching h ad be e n b e tt e r instruct e d than t he r e st ( Halifax I m e an ) was r e ad y to bring th r e e 01 four thousand abl e m e n into t h e ﬁ e ld to s e rv e you against th e said r e b e ls This continual pr e ach i ng was carri e d 011 by a long s ucce s s I On of H ah fax V I Car s wh o w e r e Puritans — m en who de s 1r e d to r e mov e all trac e s of th e old r e ligion from th e ir church Bishop Pilki ngto n p r e ach ed at H alifax on '

’

-

,

.

,

.

,

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

1

”

.

“

.

4 10

Au gust with j oy

TH E

3 1 s t, .

S T O R Y OF

1 559 ,

and

OL D H A “

t he

LI F A X

.

congr e gation list e n e d

TH E

STORY

OF O L D

H A LI F A X

.

Vicar F avour e x e rcise d a gr e at inﬂu e nc e ov e r the p e opl e of Hali fax as a fal thful m i nist e r In the R e gist e rs he oft e n adds a S hort not e about the charact e r of t h e .

Fig

.

37 — D R .

.

FA V

OUR S ’

M ON U M EN

T

.

and wom e n he buri e d som e tim e s good som e tim es for e xampl e 1 59 7 J an 2 4— W illiam K i ng f S k ircoat wa a w a d rin k r his last wor d s w r oaths an d curs s 1 60 0 A pril l 5 — R ichar d L a o d 88 y ars hon st — R ichar d W hita 1 60 0 M ay 30 of S k ircoat trul y piou an d r lig ious ,

,

1

,

“

O

.

e

s

e e

e

,

t

,

er

,

e

s

’

.

e

e

e

e

,

“

,

t er

,

”

.

.

s

H

E A T H G R A M M A R SCH OO L

10 7

.

In 1 6 09 t he vicar buri e d two me n who had b e e n to church and w e r e so v e x e d at what th e pr e ach e r said that th ey vow e d th ey would n e v e r com e to ch urch again F avour not e s that both fe ll pr e s e ntly sick and n e v e r cam e to th e church but to be buri ed D r F avour was t he prim e move r in the e stablishm e nt of H e ath Grammar School Th e Qu ee n s Chart e r h ad — b e e n O btain e d in 1 5 85 ov e r e igh t y e ars b e for e Vicar F avour cam e to Halifax — but th e school was not op e n e d until 1 6 00 and t he vicar had to work hard to accomplish — h is d e sir e Its titl e The F r e e Grammar School of — Qu e e n Elizab e th t e lls us som e th ing of t h e history of Th e r e had b e e n schools in Halifax b e for e t h e school this tim e though we kno w littl e about th e m But in Elizab e th an tim e s th e r e was a d e sir e to h av e ne w and good schools and a Royal Chart e r h ad to be obtain ed b e for e such a grammar school could be e r e ct e d This nam e is p e rp e tuat e d in the lan e known as F r e e School Lan e and it is worth noting that t he old road to t h e school was up Sh aw H ill and F r e e School Lan e O v e r the door of t he h e admast e r s hous e facing Skircoat Gr e e n Road is a ston e which was r e mov e d from t h e Old building It b e ars a Latin i nscription which says the land was bad and barr e n but through t he grac e Of Qu e e n Elizab e th this school was e r e ct e d and it was hop e d it would be a bl e ssing to t he p e opl e The only oth e r r e lic of t h e Old school is th e circular appl e and p e ar W indow which has b e e n r e built into t he sh e d n e xt to t he school The G r ammar School was to s e rve t he anci e nt Parish of Halifax and was built in Skircoat b e c aus e the plot Of land was giv e n by one of th e ﬁrst b e n e factors Dr F avour p e rs e v e r e d until he got sufﬁci e nt mon e y to bui l d the s chool and an e ndowm e nt fund to pay th e schoolmast e r ,

— f

,

.

“

”

.

.

’

.

,

“

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

’

,

,

.

,

,

.

“

”

~

.

,

.

.

,

.

10 8

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

Th r e e hundr e d y e ars ago schools w e r e v e ry diffe r e nt from what th e y ar e nowaday s S chool comm e nc e d at six O clock in the mor ning and at nin e th e r e was a quart e r of an hour s play tim e Th e n work w e nt on until e l e v e n wh e n th e r e was a two hours int e rval for d inn e r L e ssons w e r e r e sum e d at one and continu e d u ntil h alf past th r e e wh e n anoth e r quart e r of an hour play tim e was giv e n aft er which it was S chool aga i n un til half past ﬁve Wh at lo ng days 1 In t he Br e ar cliffe M anuscri pt th e r e is a cOp y of th e rul e s of H e at h Grammar School in thos e e arly day S The bo s w e r e r e quir e d to go e arly to t h e school y without n01 s e ling e ri ng or play i ng by t he way taking et O ff th e ir caps to t hos e th e y m Boys who would not be corr e ct e d or complain e d of th e ir corr e ctio n or who to ld out of school of punishm e nt giv e n w e r e to be e xp e ll e d unl e ss th e y humbl e d th e m s e lve s and ob ey e d th e mast e r Scholars wh o le t th e ir h air grow long or cam e with fac e and hands unwash e d w e r e to be s e v e r e l y punish e d Two monitors w e r e appoint e d w e e kly to s e t down t h e faults of boys in t h e school or church 01 in th e town and h ighways Th e ir duty was to hand a r e port to the mast e r and if th ey fail e d to do so th e monitors w e r e punish e d for t he faults of oth e rs Boys w e r e not to us e railing wrangling nor ﬁgh ting nor w e r e th e y to giv e nic k nam e s to th e ir compa nions or to any strang e rs Th ey must e v e r hav e books p e ns pap e r and ink in r e adin e ss and must not r e nd or los e th e ir books but n d r h andsom e ly carry a e carry th e m Th e scholars w e r e to sp e ak in Latin and not English wh il e in schoo l ,

.

’

,

’

.

.

,

,

.

i

’

‘

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

1

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

1 10

TH E

S TO R Y OF O L D H A L 1 F A x

.

’

H e nry Briggs fam e is due to his association with t he inve ntion of logarithms Lord N api e r was th e actual inve ntor in 1 6 1 4 but Briggs discov e r e d a b e tt e r and e asi e r way which is us e d t o day and knovs n as Br ig g ian Logarithms In Briggs publis h e d t h e ﬁrst tabl e O f logs of numb e rs up to Th e s e .

,

“

.

Fig

.

38 — .

we r e calculat e d to

C H A NED B I

OOK

H EN RY B R IGG G IF S

.

’

T

.

plac e s of d e cimals and in 1 6 2 4 h e had mad e th e calc ulations for numb e rs Astronom e rs navigators and all me n who hav e occasion to multiply or d i vid e larg e numb e rs in th e ir calculatio ns always r e fe r to a book Of logs for it is as e asy to us e as a r e ady r e ckon e r 14

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

C A M D E N S VISI T ’

111

.

In 1 6 2 7 H e nry Br ig g s p r e Se nte d thr e e volum e s of public library in Halifax D e Thou s History to th e Parish Church Th e books ar e still th e r e with this int e r e sting inscription One of th e m has a brass plat e to wh ich was attach e d t he chains for as in most old librari e s t h e books w e r e ch ain e d to t he sh e lve s Rob e rt Clay who was vicar from 1 6 2 3 to 1 6 2 8 took a gr e at int e r e st in th e library and many volum e s w e r e add e d at th is tim e About the y e ar 1 5 80 William Cam d e n t he antiquary visit e d the S avile s at Bradl ey Hall wh e n h e was coll e cting in formation for h is gr e at book Britannia a d e scri p tion of England Som e of h is H ali fax fri e nds told him t he following story or trad ition to account for A c e rtain cl e rgyman b e ing in t h e nam e O f Halifax lov e with a young woman and not b e ing abl e to p e rsuad e he r cut off h e r h e ad I t was aft e rwards hung up in a e w tr e e and was e st e e m e d and visit e d by th e p e opl e as y holy So many pilgri ms r e sort e d to th e plac e th at it b e cam e a la r ge town and was call e d Hali fax or Holy Hair Th e r e is not one iota of proo f for the story or t he d e rivation nor t he slight e st h int of such a tradition in any e arly accounts of our to wn It has b ee n r e p e at e d many tim e s sinc e Camd e n wrot e it but we can be c e rtain that Camd e n was wrong Th e r e is one int e r e sting stat e m e nt i n the Britan nia wh ich is m e a nt to impr e ss th e r e ad e r with th e importanc e of t h e cloth manufactur e i n th e di strict Camd e n ass e rt e d th at in Hali fax Parish t he num be r of me n was gr e at e r than th e total of cows hors e s S h e e p and oth e r an imals ; wh il e in the r e st of England th e r e w e r e mor e ani als t han p eopl e Th is was b ecaus e Halifax liv e d by cloth making and not by farmi ng ,

’

"

”

“

‘

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

”

“

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

‘

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

m

,

.

.

,

S TO RY

TH E

OF O L D

'

H A

LI F A X

.

'

1 h e r e ar e two valuabl e t h e S ixt e e nth c e ntury

r e fe r e nc e s to th e local t r ad e in wh ich ma y conv e ni e ntl y be introdu ce d h er e About 1 5 3 3 King H e nr y VIII s e nt a commission to th e clothing towns of t h e We st Ridi ng to e nquir e into th e p 1 actice of mixing flocks with the wool of th e ir cloth s In th e list O f me n ch arg e d with this o ffe nc e ar e the nam e s of 2 82 clothi e rs in t he p arish of Hali fax who had from hal f ap i e c e to th r e e pi e c e s e ach cond e mn e d This docum e nt is e x tI e m e ly valuabl e for it S hows the magnitud e of t he trad e and g i ve s such a lo ng list of t he nam e s of me n who w e r e making clot h I n our parish at that tim e ,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

In t he last y e ars of H e nry VIII S r e ign pa r liam e n t abolish e d t he trad e of wool drivi ng or wool s tapling The act forbad e me n to bu y wool and to hold i t until th e pric e was forc e d up Th e abolition of t h e wool d e al e r prov e d to be v e ry inconv e ni e nt for Halifax trad e and cons e qu e ntl y a sp e cial act of parliam e nt was pass e d in t he r e ign of Ph ilip and Mar y to r e m e d y this local gri e vanc e The introduction to th e act S tat e s that in t h e parish of Halifax ar e gr e at wast e s and moors wh e r e t h e ground sav e in rar e plac e s is not apt to produc e any corn or good gr ass e xc e pt by t h e gr e at industr y of th e p e opl e Cons e qu e ntly t he inhabitants live b y cloth making and the gr e at part of th e m n e ith e r grow corn 11 01 ar e abl e to k e e p a hors e to carr y th e ir wool T h e ir custom h ad b e e n to go to t he town of Halifax and to buy from t h e wool driv e r some a ston e som e two and Th e y som e th r ee 01 four according to th e ir me ans carri e d this wool upon th e ir h e ads and backs to th e ir hom e s thr e e four ﬁve or six mil e s away Th e wool was conv e rt e d into y ai 11 OI cloth and sold and th e n mor e wool was bought By m e ans of t his industry the ba1 r e n ’

.

,

”

.

.

,

(

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

1

,

,

,

,

1

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

1 14

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

S T O N E H OU SES

1 15

.

sandston e wh ich is obtain e d from d e e p quarri e s at Southow r a m Rin gb y and e ls e wh e r e In Old e n days ,

,

,

Fig/40 —L IL M

t he

.

1 625

.

.

P

h

oto B .

.

e

O US

E

O R S PR I

R

.

S

O

,

e

ll

P K e nda .

NG GA DEN OVENDEN W OD H nry M urgatroy d ) S howi ng S amPoi nt i ng ( EE

H

,

.

.

.

rocks that lay clos e to t he surfac e h ad to be us e d and t he gritsto ne caps t he h ills to t h e w e st of Hali fax

,

.

1 16

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

In Hipp e rholm e and towards t h e e ast e rn e nd of the parish small e r bloc k s of sandston e w e r e us ed Th e s e hous e s h av e a numb e r of gabl e s and a many -gabl e d hous e is alw a y s mor e pictur e squ e th an a plain -front e d one Th e build e rs e r e c te d ha ndsom e proj e cting porch e s to t he main e ntranc e S e v e nt e e nth c e ntury ch imn eys ar e built of larg e ston e s and ar e bold squar e e r e ctions wh ich giv e a good ﬁnish to t h e hous e One local p e culiarity is s e am pointing The joints of t he chimn ey s and the roo f-ridg e ar e point e d with lim e and th e n paint e d wh it e Th e whit e lin e s ar e in striking contrast to t he dark ston e T h e r e w e r e no tr ough ing s or fall pip e s to catch th e rain wat e r Th e rain ran down into h t e gutt e rs of t h e roof and larg e ston e wat e r spouts thr e w t he str e ams of wat e r cl e ar of t h e walls At th e ap e x of e ach gabl e was a carve d ﬁnial Of vari ed d e s igns Som e tim e s a squar e ﬁnial s e rv e d as a sundial as at Wood Lan e Hal l ( Sow e rby ) O v e nd e n Hall and Halifax and Ell and Church e s .

,

.

.

“

,

,

'

.

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

—

.

.

,

,

,

.

windows may be con s id e r e d th e main fe atur e s O f th e s e h ous e s and th e y ar e t he b e st guid e in j udging wh e th e r a hous e b e lo ngs to this p e riod or not Th e y — long ﬁlling almost th e wid th Of t he ro om ar e low in proportion and d ivid e d into half a doz e n or mor e lights by ston e mullions Th e s e uprigh t ablocks of gritston e ar e b e v e ll e d 011 e ach sid e so that th e y W her e th e window do not block out too much light has two or mor e ti e rs of lights t h e horizontal ston e divisions call e d transoms ar e also b e v e ll ed as also ar e Th e whol e window t he window sills and t he top ston e s is d e e ply r e c e ss e d in to th e thic k walls Abov e e ach windo w is a ston e moulding wh ich pr e v e nts th e i am th at run s do wn t he hous e -f r on t from drip p ing into the The

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

1

,

1 18

TH E

S T O RY OF

O LD H A

LI F A X

.

window j ust as th e ey e -brow pro t e cts t he e y e The and th e s e carv e d e nds of th e s e drip ston e s ar e carv e d t e rminals ar e of ma ny patt e rns or The chamb e r b e droom window of te n has t wo lights above four or thr e e ov e r ﬁve li g hts thus follo wing t he lin e of t h e ,

.

,

.

,

"

‘

,

,

,

Fig

.

42 — .

N R A ND HA D R WA Y O

L

‘

J ose p h (

LL

Tay l o

r

OO

and h i s

h

P oto H .

i

I T .

.

.

d ll

P K en a .

.

.

H T 1 67 2 .

.

w fe ) .

gab l e Such windows ar e o nly to be found in our district Th e n th e r e ar e t h e circul ar wh e e l or ros e windows wh ich light t he porch cha mb e r at such hous e s as K e rshaw Hous e Lud de nd e n ; N e w Hall Elland ; and Barkisland Hall .

.

,

.

,

D OOR W A Y s

119

.

It was t he custom for the own e r of the hous e to carv e — ove r his doorway th e date of th e building and th e initials of h ims e lf and his wi fe F or instanc e : ’

f

,

.

Fi g

43 —

.

.

H GH

S

I

UN D E R L AN I ) ,

S OU T

H

h RCH

P oto H

PO

.

.

ll

P K e nd a .

.

.

L ON G CAN O v n d n Woo d I M M 1 6 3 7 -J ohn an d M ar y M urg atroy d S H AW H IL L d oorwa y at t h corn r f Simmon d s Lan I E L 1 6 9 7 J oshua Lay coc k an d his wif B A CK H A L L S iddal T H E 1 66 8— Thoma an d Esth r H anson KE RS H AW H OU E Lu dd n d n Lan 1 6 50 T M A M —1 homas an d A nna M u g at oy d e

e

,

,

.

e

.

e

e

,

S

.

.

,

r

e

,

r

.

.

.

O

e,

.

.

s

.

e

.

.

e,

e

.

'

,

.

.

,

.

.

‘

.

1 20

STOR Y

TH E

O L D H A LI F A X

OF

.

Inst e ad of initia ls and dat e s som e hous e s b e ar t he — coat of ar m s Of the own e r O n th e front of High S und e rland ar e th e arms of Sund e rla nd and Rish worth ,

.

Fig

h H -H IG H S U NDE R A ND GA E W A P oto

.

44

.

L

T

.

.

Y

O v e r t h e south door of Back famili e s s surround e d by S h i el ds t h e Hanson ar m into wh ich Hansons had marri e d

ll

P K enda

.

.

Hall S iddal ar e of oth e r famili e s ,

,

.

High Sund e rland has also som e int er e sting motto e s

STOR Y

TH E

OF OL D

door h e ad

th e

whil e h e raldic b ee n proud Of h is anc e stry

Fig

.

th e

O

L

A E C EI NG

47 — PL S T .

.

build e r to h av e

.

,

.

.

prov e s

F R I E!E N R A ND HA

46 — U A 1{

Fig

H A LI F A X

R

LI

.

h

P oto LL

.

.

H

.

d ll

P K en a .

.

PL A S T ER

W OR K

1 23

.

in te riors of th e s e old halls we r e also handsom e but most of th e m h ave be e n al te r e d at various tim e s during th e th r e e hun dr e d y e ars sinc e th ey w e r e buil t and opportuniti e s of vi e wing th e s e int e r i ors ar e com it h e l rar whilst I S a ways to r at ive l e asy se e t e a p y Th e carv e d oak furniture e xt e riors of t h e hous e s Th e

,

,

,

.

Fig

48 — P

.

.

I A ER .

ST

WO R K

,

FR

OM

N ow in Bankﬁ e ld

h Y I N R A ND

BI N H O M u um se

P

),

O

L

oto

.

H

.

ll

P K e nda .

,

.

chairs ch e sts and b ed st e ad s h ave b e e n bought by coll e ctors and the oak pan e lling of t he r o oms I S cov e t e d and r e mov e d Pan e ll e d rooms and halls oak gall e ri e s and staircas e s and e laborat e ly carv e d oak mant e l p 1e c e s still surviv e in such hous e s as H owr oy d Barkisland ; Clay Hous e Gr e e tland ; N e w Hall Elland ; and t he O ld Coc k Hot e l Halifax —

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

1 24

Th e

TH E

m n of

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

th e

s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury d e corat ed th e ir hom e s with ornam e n tal plast e r work In B ankﬁeld e e e Mus e um is a d p h raldic plast e r work fri e z e that was r e mov e d from Binn Royd Norland wh e n the Old farm h ous e was d e molish e d T h e r e is a S imilar fri e z e in t h e e

.

,

,

.

Fig

.

49 — .

h

P

U E R R oo ms PP

o’ o H '

'

P ” ’

m

a”

b e drooms at Marsh Hall Northowram and in the sam e hous e is a b e autiful plast e r c e iling Th e M ulct ur e Hall in H alifax boasts a good c e iling In many cas e s the ch i mn e y br e ast was adorn e d w ith t h e Ro y al Arms in plast e r work as at N e w Hall Elland ; and N orland Low e r Hall At U pp e r Saltonstall and at t h e F old Mix e nd e n Th ey ar e to be s e e n S p e cim e ns of t h e old ston e ov e ns ,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

‘

1 26

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

T h e y ar e e vid e nc e th at Halifax me n w e r e maki ng mon ey out of trad e and that t he prosp e rity was S har e d among a ,

F ig

.

52 - S T .

A IN ED G A L

SS

,

S

I DEN HA

H R

h

P oto H LL

.

.

.

l

‘ .

d ll

Ken a

1 7 TH

CE N T U R Y H OU SES

127

.

larg e numb e r of substanti al yeom e n wh e r e as in oth e r parts of t h e county , the r ich es w e r e in the hands of a fe w of th e g e ntry I n eBankﬁe ld Mus e um th e r e is a larg e coll e ction Of photographs and sk e tch e s of th e s e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury h alls Study th e m by all m e ans and compar e t he d e tails -

“

,

"

.

,

.

Fig

.

53 — G .

R I N D L E S TO \ E '

BA N K

h

P oto G ,

O

VENDEN

WOO

D

.

.

E S noxell .

.

’

of one hous e with oth e rs but don t be cont e nt with illustrations Tak e walks along any of our hill s i d e s Norland So we rby Ludd e nd e n D e an S hibden D al e W arl e y — and you will e asily ﬁnd som e of the old halls — — and tak e notic e and sk e tch e s of the d e tails of th e ,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

buildi ngs the dat e s and initials ov e r t he door he ads and p e rch anc e ge t a p e e p insid e som e of th e m ,

,

.

Fig

.

54

.

BA

-

LL

G EEN R

,

S OWE

R BY

h

P oto

.

H

.

ll

P K end a .

.

S tr ee t improv e m e nts h a ve practically cl e ar e d away t h e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury hous e s from th e town Of Halifax but th e r e ar e s e v e ral clos e at h and such as ,

,

S T O RY

TH E

OF OL D

H A LI F A X

.

e in O v and K Hous e nd e n Wood e rshaw ( ) ne of th e ﬁn e st in Ludd wh ich is 1 6 0 e nd e n Lan e o 5 ( ) of our local halls Jam e s Murgatroyd r e c e ive d b y his fath e r s will all the looms pr e ss e s sh e ars e tc , wh ich w e r e standing in his S hop so it is e vid e nt th at part of

T ree

1 6 43

,

,

.

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

Fig

.

56 — .

U E

PP R

W

I

L L OW

HA

LL

P

.

h

oto H .

.

ll

P K e nda .

.

h is im me ns e for tun e was mad e in t he wooll e n trad e About 1 6 40 Mr Murgatroy d r emov e d his hom e to East B i ddl e sd on Hall n e ar K e ighl e y and th e r e built t h e hous e in such styl e as to mak e it one of t he larg e st and most imposing h alls in Air e dal e In conn e ction w i th his Air e dal e e stat e s Murgatroyd .

,

.

,

,

.

,

JA

M ES M U R G A T R O Y D

13 1

.

/

had to provid e y e ar ly/a h e n for Lady Ann e Clifford of Skipton Castl e as part of t h e r e nt It was a r e lic of t he anci e nt manorial tim e s wh e n r e nts we r e paid in kind of —

’

.

,

Fig

P

.

57

.

now us e d (

WI L L OW

ttag

as a co

e

)

.

HA

h

oto H

LL

.

.

ll

P K e nda .

S T O RY

TH E

Fi g

.

Fig

58 — L O .

NG

59 — Y E w .

C AN

H A LI F A X

OF OL D

.

O

TR EE

VENDEN

O

WOO D

VENDEN

WO O D

.

P

h

oto

.

H

.

d ll

P K en .

h

P oto

.

a

H

.

.

P K endall

134

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

ﬂ

.

w e nt to t he r e pairing of O ld S t Paul s London —for som e o ffe nc e h e and his sons com mitt e d at Ludd e nd e n Chap e l His sons w e r e also most unj ustly impr ison e d and ﬁn e d many y e ars lat e r through b e ing bond for a n e ph e w Tradition says that the Riv e r Air e chang e d its cours e at R iddles de n and r e fus e d to ow past the Hall b e caus e th e Mur g at r oy ds had to s e ll it Nathani e l Wat e rhous e the gr e at Halifax b e n e factor was making h is fortun e in t he ﬁrst half of th e s e v ent e e nth c e ntury by d e aling in oil and th e salts us e d by dy e rs W e do not know e xactly wh e r e h is hom e was but h e own e d Bank Hous e S alte r he bble th e whit e -wash e d hous e wh ich stands n e ar t h e railway and ov e rlooks th e Bank Hous e is still h e ld by th e Wat e r s e wag e works hous e Trust e e s and its r e nt h e lps to pay for som e of h is sch e m e s A Workhous e was built by Nathani e l W at e rhous e som e wh e r e n e ar t he Pari s h Church for wh ich h e Obtain e d a C hart e r from Charl e s I in 1 6 3 5 in ord e r to r e li e v e the poor This chart e r e mpow e r e d t h e Mast e r and Gov e r nors of t he Workhous e to tak e idl e vagabonds r ufﬁans and sturdy b e ggars plac e th e m in the Workhous e and s e t th e m to work spinn ing wool or making bon e -lac e A wh ipping stock was e r e ct e d in t he workhous e and thos e who w e r e idl e or who spoilt or stol e th e ir work w e r e ﬂogg e d In t he ﬁrst thr e e y e ars s e ve nty me n and wom e n w e r e wh ipp e d and som e of th e m r e p e at e dly Nathani e l W at e rhous e also found e d som e almshous e s for tw e lv e poor p e rsons to live in B y his will h e l e ft mon e y for th e ir maint e nanc e and also a sum to buy black cloth e s for th e m Mr Wat e rhous e d i e d in the ﬁrst w ee k of Jun e 1 6 45 and as he had no ch ildr e n he l e ft h is lands and mon e y for the b e n e ﬁt of t h e tow n ’

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

N A T H A N IEL W A T E R H OU SE

135

.

Church an d P oor I l ft m y H i rs ; M y F ri n d s to or d r my A ffairs as to be alt e r e d to mak e a hom e One of his hous es w for t en orphan girls and t e n orphan boys who w e r e to Th e y w e r e to be dr e ss e d in blu e be taught a trad e coats In 1 85 3 th e Trust e e s Obtain e d pow e r to s e ll th e s e old buildings down by the Parish Church and to build ne w Alins h ous e s and B lu e coat School on Harrison Road Th e

e

e

e -

e

’

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

Fig

.

61

.

H

O US

E

S A L TE R H

,

E BB L E

Photo I I .

.

.

d ll

P K en a .

.

A fe w pounds p e r y e ar we r e to be giv e n to t h e mi nist e rs of t h e tw e lve Chap e ls in th e Paris h -Col ey Illingworth Sow e rby B ridg e Rastrick e tc O n t he ﬁrst W e dn e sday in e ach month th e s e minist e rs in turn had to pr e ach a s e rmon in th e Paris h Church and th e s e Wat e rhous e S e rmons hav e be e n give n r e gularly ev e r sinc e ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

.

136

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

Mon ey was al so b e qu e ath e d for r e pairing th e roads l e adi ng from Hali fax to B r ad ford Wa k e ﬁ e ld and South owr am O n t he top of th e hill opposit e th e T ann e ry at Hipp e rh olm e is a sto ne ( li k e a mil e -ston e) which r e cords one of th e s e gifts The will also m e ntions t h e h ighwa y b e t we e n Sprigh t Smith y and Southowram B ank Spright Smithy would probably be at Smithy Stak e wh e r e a stak e had b e e n driv e n into th e ground to which h ors e s w e r e t e th e r e d wh e n th e y n ee d e d sho e ing Th e W at e rhous e Charity has b e com e rich e r with ti me b e caus e t he land has incr e as e d in valu e In 1 6 45 t he incom e was £ 1 3 1 ; in 1 7 45 £ 2 48 ; in 1 845 and i n 1 89 5 About th e y e ar 1 6 3 4 a young doctor T homas B rown e cam e to liv e at U pp e r S hibde n Hall n e ar t he Th e old hous e has b e e n h e ad of S hibde n D al e d e molish e d S O we can not visit t he e xact plac e To us — — — it s e e ms an out of t he way plac e for a doctor s surg e r y but we must r e m e mb e r it was not far away from th e old Hali fax to Brad ford Road W hil e D r Brown e was l iving in S hibde n he wrot e one Of th e most famous of En g lish boo k s R e ligio M e dici or A D octor s R e ligion T h is I conf e ss he says in t he pr e fac e for m y privat e e x e rcis e and satis factio n I h ad at l e isurabl e hours compos ed It was p e nn e d in such a p lac e and with such disadva ntag e that I prot e st from th e ﬁrst s e tting Of p e n unto pap e r I h ad not the assistanc e of an y good book wh e r e by to promot e my inve ntion or r e li e v e my m emory Thomas Brown e was in h is thirti e th y e ar wh e n h e wrot e his mast e rpi e c e though it was not pu blish e d until som e y e ars aft e r wards H e did not sta y long in Halifax ,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

’

,

°

.

.

,

“

’

“

,

.

“

“

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

”

.

,

.

,

‘

138

S T O RY OF

TH E

O LD

H A LI F A X

.

6 s 8d from our parish One o f king dr e w L ist e rs paid th e ﬁne and t h e r e c e ip t for his ﬁne is ” “ pr e s e rv e d at S hibde n Hall sign e d Strafford , the .

.

.

,

,

'

th e still e arl

.

’

who was Charl e s s principal advis e r and who e nd e d h is days on the S caffold S e v e n Of t h e s e v e nty me n liv e d in t h e townsh ip of Halifax among th e m b e i ng Thoma s Blackwood who built Blackwood Hous e in 1 6 1 7 som e wh e r e n e ar the sit e of Blac k wood Grov e and Jam e s t h e gr e at b e n e factor Nathan i e l W at e rhous e Murgatroyd of W arl e y paid the larg e st ﬁne Of £ 40 Among th e oth e rs we may m e ntion John Clay of Clay Hous e t he b e autiful hall n e ar Gr e e tland Station ; Gr egory Patch e tt whos e initials ar e 011 t he doorway of t h e wh it e wash e d hous e in Ludd e nd e n known as t he Lord N e lson Inn ; J oh n D ra k e of Horl e y Gr ee n ; Abraham Brigg who liv e d at G r indle s tone Ban k and also built Holdsworth Hous e ; and Anthony B e ntl e y of Mix e nd e n Gr e e n Two y e ars lat e r 1 6 2 7 the King of F ranc e laid si eg e to th e gr e at Prot e stant s e aport of Roch e ll e The King s favourit e t h e D uk e of Buckingh am pr e par e d a stat e l y fl e e t of a hundr e d sail to go to th e r e li e f of Roch e ll e Parliam e nt was call e d but th e m e mb e rs would discus s t h e conduct of Buckingham and it was dissolv e d b e for e singl e S ixp e nc e was vot e d for th e war Mon e y had to be found so t he king app e al e d for fr e e gif ts and wh e n littl e or noth ing was giv e n he forc e d me n to l e nd him mon e y An ord e r was s e nt to th e cloth mak e rs of Hali fa x and L ee ds calling upon th e m to contribut e in union with towards t he ch arg e of s e tting out t he port of Hull thr e e ships of the burth e n of two hundr e d tons api e c e for H is Maj e sty s s e rvic e to be at r e nd e zvous at ,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

“

.

,

’

,

SHIP M O N EY

139

.

Portsmouth the 2 0t h day / of May n e xt furnish e d as Th e s e me n Of war and victii alled for full four months w e r e to be thr e e of the fl e e t int e nd e d for Roch e ll e In r e ply to th is ord e r th e me n of Halifax with thos e of L e e ds s e nt a p e tition to t h e Privy C ouncil givi ng s e v e ral r e asons for b e ing e x cus e d Th e y prot e st e d ﬁrst of all that th e y had paid tax e s impos e d by t h e Privy Council Without t he ass e n t of Parliam e n t ; th e y had contribut e d to t he forc e d loans ; paid ﬁve subsidi e s u nlawfully tak e n without Parliam e nt s cons e n t ; and th e y had found and train e d soldi e rs Th e y also r e ason e d that t he ports provid e d sh ips and sailors whil e th e inl and towns paid for sold i e rs ; th at th e ir cloth w e nt to oth e r ports b e sid e s Hull ; that oth e r trad e s had an int e r e st in Hull ; and that som e oth e r trad e s w e r e mor e abl e to pay One hundr e d an d tw e nty ﬁve Halifax m e n sign e d t he P e tition and of th is numb e r th irty could not wri t e th e ir O w n nam e s but t hey mad e a X or som e oth e r mark The ﬁrst to S ign was Rob e rt Clay , Vicar of Halifax and th e n cam e many we ll -known nam e s lik e Wat e rhous e Bair s tow Binns O ldﬁ e ld Gr e e nwood Barraclough e tc A fe w y e ars lat e r Joh n Hampd e n a Buckinghamsh ir e squir e mad e a nam e for h ims e lf in English h istory by f e r using to pay the sh ip mon e y In a ddition to th e s e disput e s about taxation and the pow e r of th e king t he qu e stion of church gove rnm e nt was also d ividing t h e nation Archb i shop L and and t he bishops claim e d absolut e control of t he r e ligious li fe of t h e p e opl e and from Jam e s M ur g atr oy d s cas e we s e e that th e y wi e ld e d a gr e at pow e r O n t h e oth e r sid e the Puritans d e v elop e d the pr e ach ing part of th e s e rvic e s and wis he d t o abolish e v e r y thing that r e mind e d th e m of ,

,

”

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

‘

.

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

1 40

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

t he

.

Roman Catholic Ch urch D r F avour and oth e r Puri tan vicars had mad e Halifax almost unanimously of con fe r e nc e s t h e ir thought and t h e Halifax Ex e rcis e s ( wh e r e famous pr e ach e rs dr e w imm e ns e crowds to list e n to t h e ir s e rmons ) w e r e k e pt up for many y e ars Som e of t he local Puritans f e aring p e rs e cution follow e d t h e e xampl e of th e Pil g rim F ath e rs and to N e w England Matth e w Mitch e ll a e migrat e d pious and w e althy p e rson of Hali fax sail e d in 1 6 3 5 taking with h im h is son Jonathan who b e cam e a c e l e brat e d pr e ach e r in A m e rica Rich ard D e nton minist e r of Col e y also e migrat e d and b e cam e famous Th e s e w e r e among th e pion e e rs who colonis e d the land now k nown as th e U nit e d Stat e s In 1 6 3 7 King Charl e s and Archbishop Laud ord e r e d that a ne w Pray e r Boo k should be r e ad in t h e Scottish Church e s but th e Scotch p e ople who w e r e mostly Pr e sby t e rians would not h av e the ne w s e rvic e and r e volt e d so in 1 6 3 9 Ch arl e s d e clar e d war on Scotland This is known as t h e F irst Bishop s War and me n from our district w e r e oblige d to j oin t h e king s forc e s We g ath e r som e d e tails of th is war from t h e Account Book of th e Sow e rby Constabl e Aft e r training at Halifax Elland Wak e ﬁ e ld and oth e r plac e s S ixt e e n Sow e rb y me n s e t 011 from W a k e fie ld for ac tiv e s e rvic e in Scotland A similar conting e nt would go from Hali fa x and t he oth e r townsh ips Pi k es and guns w e r e r e pair e d gun powd e r bull e ts knapsacks and bandoli e rs provid ed so h th at t e littl e compan y cost Sow e rby p e opl e sixty ﬁve pounds Th e e xp e dition was a failur e from t h e k ing s point of V i e w for t h e Scotch rais e d a much b e tt e r army and Charl e s mad e t e rms with th e m rath e r than ﬁgh t Southowram k e pt th e ir b e acon r e ady in cas e th e Scots invad e d t he north of England .

.

,

.

,

,

,

“

.

,

”

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

’

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

.

1 42

S T O R Y OF

TH E

D OL D

1

“

1

AL I F A X

.

its comm e rcial and ma nu factur i ng activity and its w e alth was on th e sid e of the Parliam e nt but no e xact lin e can be drawn b e tw e e n t h e portions of England wh ich support e d th e two caus e s The cloth ing — f h n t tow s o e W e st Riding Halifax Bradford and — L e e ds and th e e ast e rn towns of Lancashir e - Man — ch e st e r Rochdal e and Bolton took the sid e of the Parliam e nt for t h e y d e p e nd e d upon trad e and th e ir p e opl e w e r e mostly Puritans At ﬁrst the ﬁghting was in what we may call county match e s Th at is t h e Royalists of Yor ksh ir e attack e d th e Yorksh ir e Parliam e ntarians wh il e t he Roundh e ads of Lancashir e we r e busy w i th t h e Cavali e rs of th e sam e county O nly in rar e instanc e s cOuld me n be p e rsuad e d to march from Lord F airfax was the one count y to ﬁght in anoth e r G e n e ral of th e Parliam e n t s Yorkshir e Army and h e was oppos e d by th e Earl of N e wcastl e on b e hal f of t he King ,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

“

.

,

,

.

.

’

,

.

O n Sunday morning D e c emb e r 1 8th 1 6 42 whil e s e rvic e was b e i ng h e ld in Col e y Chap e l a good man one Isaac Baum e cam e in h ast e to t he chap e l and told the minist e r Mr Latham wh at t h e position was in Brad ford Th e m inist e r spok e to his congr e gation abou t it and many in t he ch ap e l w e nt for th e ir w e apons and s e t off to h e lp Bradford Among th e s e volunt ee rs was John Hodgson who a ft e rwards b e cam e a captain in Cromw ell s B radford was in a sor e pligh t for all th e train e d army soldi e rs w e r e with Lord F airfax and h e had r e tr e at e d to S e lby b e caus e of a d e fe at h e h ad su ffe r e d at Tadcast e r y had ta k e n e l e v e n da y s pr e viously The Royalist Ar m Wak eﬁ e ld and L e e ds and w e r e hopi ng to captur e both we do not B radford and Halifax A Hali fax captain ( know h is name) took command of th e d e fe nc e s of ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

.

‘

,

.

D E F E NfL y

s

B R A D FO RD

BF

1 43

.

d Bradford and m and arms he had brought h e lp e d consid e rably Brad for d C hurch was mad e i nto a fOi t b e caus e i t was th e larg e st and strong e st building i n th e town Musk e t e e rs w e r e plac e d i n t he tow e r to ﬁr e on t he e n e my and sh e e ts of wool w e r e h ung around t h e tow e r to prot e ct it from cannon balls Sir W illiam Savil e with a thousand Royalists and som e cannon attack e d t he town on that Sunday morning and th ey me t with mor e r e sistanc e than th e y e xp e ct e d At mid day Hodgson with mor e Hali fax me n arriv e d and w e r e w e lcom e d by th e d e fe nd e rs who th e n d e cid e d 011 a count e r attack in wh ich t he Royalists wer e put to fligh t Sir Thomas F airfax who was w i th h is fath e r on h e arin of th e h e roic e xploit pass e d th rough th e g e n e my s lin e s and cam e to Bradford to h e lp th e m He consid e r e d how e v e r th at B radford was a bad plac e to d e fe nd foi it li e s i n a hollow wi th h e igh ts around it fr om which an e n e my could command t h e town Sir I homas mad e Brad ford his h e adquart e rs fortiﬁ e d it as w e ll as h e could and s e nt an app e a l to th e surrounding plac e s for r e cruits and he obtain e d many Halifax me n Samu e l Pri e stl ey Of Good -gr e av e Soyland j o i n e d though his par e nts tri e d to p e rsu ad e h im to stay at hom e If I stay at hom e he r e pl i e d I can follow no e mploym e nt but be forc e d to h id e i n one hol e or anoth e r wh ich I cannot e ndur e I had rath e r v e ntur e my life in th e ﬁ e ld and if I die it is in a good caus e Eve ry day th e r e w e r e skirmish e s b e tw e e n F air fax s me n and the Royalists who garrison e d L ee ds and W ak e ﬁ e ld Sir Thomas was always a bold command e r and b e ing too many to lie idl e and too fe w to be upon constant dut y we r e solv e d t hiough t he assistanc e of God to att e pt th e m i n th e ir g ar i i sons Th e r e for e on

t ha g f

,

1

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

1

,

,

.

'

,

,

.

,

”

“

.

,

,

,

“

,

,

,

,

.

”

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

m

,

,

,

1

.

1 44

TH E

S T O R Y OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

January 2 3 r d 1 6 43 he march ed g ainst L e e ds and f r a t e r a d e sp e rat e ﬁgh t e captur e d t h e town Th e war -cr y of F air fax s arm y was Emmanu e l Maj or F orb e s was th e ﬁrst man to e nt e r by climbin g ov e r th e wall b y standi ng on th e sh ould e rs of Li e ut e nant Horsfall Of Hali fax Wh e n th e y had e nt e r e d th e town h l ﬁ l d Mr Jonathan S c o e e minist e r of Cross Ston e Chap e l n start e ar Todmord e n e d t h e singing of a psalm : ( ) an d scatt r d L t G od aris L t all His n mi s b ; A nd l t all thos that d o Him hat B for His pr s nc fl According to the account of the ﬁgh t s e v e ral Hali fax me n had marve llous e scap e s F airfax prais e d h is soldi e rs H e call e d th e m un e xp e ri e nc e d fr e sh wat e r me n y e t although th e y had only r e c e iv e d a w e e k s training th ey attack e d most r e solut e l y and valiantly Th e Earl of N e wcastl e r e tr e at e d to York but b e for e long he was vigorously pr e ss i ng th e F ai r fax e s with a larg e r army Lord F airfax wrot e to the Sp e ak e r of th e Hous e of Commons to in form him th at th e p e opl e of L e e ds Bra d ford and Halifax w e r e in want Th e y d e p e nd e d for corn and m e at on th e mor e fruit ful parts of th e countr y and t he e n e my was stoppi ng all suppli e s The wooll e n trad e was al t og e th e r susp e nd e d cons e qu e ntl y th e r e w e r e many poor and no mon e y to r e li e v e th e m The arm y could d e f e nd th e m from th e e n e my but not fro m want F air fax also ask e d that Colon e l O liv e r Cromw e ll migh t be s e nt out of Lincolnshir e with an army t o h e lp to crush t h e Earl of N e wcastl e s forc e s Th is how e v e r was found to be impracticabl e N e wcastl e b e si e ge d and storm e d Howl e y Hall ne ar B atl e y How ley b e long e d to Sir Joh n Savil e who was with th e King at O x for d but h is cous i n al iot he r Sir a

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

e

,

e,

e

e

e

e

e e

e

e

e

e,

e

e

e e

e

ee

”

.

,

.

.

,

’

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

1 46

TH E

S T O RY OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

as military s e cr e tary to F airfax as h e wrot e oth e r d e spatch e s during t he war We will h e ar the story of t h e ﬁght as far as possibl e in Stockdal e s own words I wrot e to you on T hursda y last S inc e wh ich tim e t he stat e of our a ffairs is much alt e r e d b e i ng chang e d from ill into wors e Y e st e rday morning we dr e w our forc e s tog e th e r co nsisting of command e d me n of th e garrison of L e e ds pani e s of Bradford 7 co m 50 0me n of Hali fax and th e coun try th e r e abou t s 1 2 co m pani e s of F oot from Lancashir e 1 0troops of our own Hors e 3 t r o o ps from Lancashir e 0m n! [ A compan y or a t roop shoul d hav 1 0 but the troops for th e most part w e ak We h ad four pi e c e s of brass ordnanc e with us and a gr e at part of our powd e r and match Many Club me n irr e gular compan i e s of me n arm e d with scyth e s clubs or any oth e r we apons th e y could obtain !follow e d us who ar e ﬁt to do e x e cution upon a flyi ng e n e my but unﬁt for oth e r s e rvic e for I am sur e th e y did us non e With t h e str e ngth b e ing not full four thousand me n hors e and foot arm e d we march e d from Bradford against th e e n e my who lay about thr e e mil e s off us in a V illag e call e d Adwalton or Ath e rton and t h e plac e s th e r e abouts Th ey h e aring of our pr e parations had l e ft th e ir quart e rs about Howl e y and chos e n that plac e of ad vantag e b e ing both a gr e at h ill and an op e n moor or common wh e r e our foot could not be ab l e to stand th e ir hors e Th e ir arm y consist e d of of th e ir old foot and about ne w m e n say e n and as most m hors e but ind ee d th e r e ar e many compa ni e s both of th e ir hors e and foot v e r y sl e nd e rly arm e d U pon ,

.

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

e

e

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

'

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

B A TT LE OF

A

DW A L TON

1 47

.

Ath e rton M OO I th e y plante d th e ir ordnanc e and ord e r e d th e ir battl e but the y ann e d dive rs hous e s standing in d t he e nclos e d grounds [ﬁ e ld s !b e twixt Bradford an Ath e rton Moor with musk e t e e rs and s e nt out gr e at parti e s of hors e and foot by t he lan e s an d e nclos e d grounds to give us ﬁgh t O ur forlorn hop e [or advanc e H e had oth e r party !was le d by Captain Mildmay captains with h im in cluding Capta i n F arrar [ who was probably a Hali fax man ! The van wh e r e i n w e r e plac e d l d e by Maj or G e n e ral me n from L e e ds was th e Gi fford Th e main battl e wh e r e in w e r e th e forc e s of Lancash ir e and 5 00 from the parts abou t Hali fax and t h e moors h ad th e Lord G e n e ral hims e lf ; and th e r e ar with t he garrison forc e s of Bradford w e r e led by L i e ut e nant -Colon e l F orb e s Th e hors e w e r e command e d by Sir Thomas F air fax who sh ould hav e led the main battl e if th e Lord G e ne r al could hav e b e e n p e rsuad e d to abs e nt h ims e lf O ur forlorn hop e b e at back t he e n e mi e s ou t of t he lan e s and e nclos e d ground s killing many and taking som e prison e rs and th e n the van coming up fe ll upon t h e e n e mi e s on th e l e ft hand and t h e main battl e upon thos e on t he righ t h and and a ft e r som e disput e b e at t h e e n e my both out of t he hous es th e y h ad mann e d and from t he skirts of t he moor to t h e h e igh t killing v e ry many and among th e m two colon e ls O ur h ors e v e ry brav e ly r e cov e r e d part of th e moor from t he e n e my and maintain e d it and the r e ar fe ll 011 in th e middl e and did good s e rvic e Thus far we had a fair day but t h e succ e ss of our me n at the ﬁrst d r e w th e m unawar e s to e ngag e th em s e lv e s too far upon th e e n e mi e s who having th e advantag e of t he ground and inﬁnit e ly e xc e e d e d us in

m

1

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

i

,

,

,

i

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

1 48

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

numb e rs at l e ast ﬁve for one th e y s e nt som e r e gim e nts of hors e and foot by a lan e on the l eft hand to e ncompass our army and fall on t h e r e ar wh ich forc e d us to r e tr e at O ur me n b e in g unacquaint e d with ﬁ e ld s e rvic e would not be drawn off in an y ord e r but inst e ad of march ing f e ll into running Th e command e rs did th e ir b e st to stay th e m but in vain for awa y th e y w e nt in disord e r y e t th e y brought off two pi e c e s of th e ordnanc e and lost t he oth e r two and many prison e rs but the e stimat e of t h e numb e r I cannot giv e y ou Sir Thoma s F airfax with ﬁve or S i x troops of hors e brought off t he most part of t h e main batt le wh e r e in th e Lancashir e m and mad e h is r e tr e at to en were Hal i fax v e ry w e ll for t he e n e my was gott e n so far b e for e him towards Brad ford as he could not r e ach that plac e W ith much importunity I p e rsuad e d t h e Lord G e n e ral to r e tir e who stay e d so long upon the ﬁ e ld until the e n e mi e s w e r e got b e twixt h im and Bradford ways and r cov r e t h e took b e d t he town e e y y O ur loss was not gr e at in command e rs fOr I do not sav Maj or Talbot kill e d and Li e ut Col e t h e ar of an e y y F orb e s ta k e n prison e r O ur loss of prison e rs tak e n by t h e e n e my was gr e at Sir Thomas F air fax and his brok e n army r e tr e at e d through Gom e rsal Baili ff Bridg e and Hipp e rholm e to Halifax In a lo ng straggling lin e th e y climb e d up the old pack -hors e road to t he S hould e r of B e acon Hill and t h e tir e d worn -out soldi e rs would be pl e as e d to s e e Hali fax lying b e low D own W iscomb e Bank and O ld Ban k th e y hurri e d to t h e town which promis e d r e st and r e fr e sh m e n t Th e littl e to wn would be ve ry busy that The nigh t wi th so many soldi e rs to fe e d and to bill e t p e opl e we r e d ispirit e d by th e bad n e ws and to ad d to ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

i

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

”

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

1 50

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

s e nd Hast e n som e r e li e f to pr e s e rv e part Of the kingdom .

.

th e

”

most constant

.

F inall y com e s t he postscript : As I was closing th is l e tt e r I r e c e iv e d a l e tt e r and a ft e r that a m e ss e ng e r from th e Lord G e n e ral to t e ll me that the e n e my hav e mad e e ight gr e at shot at t he town th is day and hav e e v e n now r e cov e re d c e rtain hous e s without t h e works wh ich if he cannot g e t ﬁr e d will much e ndang e r t h e loss of t he town Sir Thomas is gon e with som e succours from h e nc e and wh at can be had mor e I will g e t up but t he p e opl e stir with f e ar s e e i ng no succours app e ar O n the Sunday nigh t ( July 2 nd ) the Bradford garrison was in such a d e sp e rat e pligh t that F airfax gav e ord e rs to t h e soldi e rs to e scap e from t he town as b e st th ey could with t he id e a Of r e achi ng H ull Lord F airfax and his son S ir T homas with a r e mnant of the army r e ach e d Hull aft e r many adv e ntur e s and Hull was t he onl y corn e r of Yorksh ir e that was h e ld for the Parliam e nt D yk e s w e r e op e n e d and the surrounding country ﬂood e d to aid t he d e fe nc e ; and t h e F air fax s in Hull w e r e in much t he sam e posi t ion as Antw e rp was in S e pt e mb e r 1 9 1 4 Joh n Hodgson who h ad b e e n shot in two plac e s and cut in s e v e ral in t he Tadcast e r ﬁgh t was tak e n prison e r as h e was e scaping fro m Brad ford stript to his S hirt and s e nt to L e e ds Joh n Br e ar cliffe a young Halifax apoth e cary wrot e in his diary 3 r d July 1 6 43 b e ing Mo nday 1 olok morn bradford ta k e n and I into Lancashir e — — The local lads and girls must hav e had som e sti r r i ng adv e n tur e s during that ﬁrst w e e k of July ,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

“

‘

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

J O SEP H LIS T E R S ’

A

D VE N T UR ES

151

.

Jos e ph List e r was sixtee n y ears old at t he tim e and appr e ntic e d to a Mr i S h ar p e wh o h ad fough t in the d e fe nc e of Bradford and th e n e scap e d to Coln e in Lancashir e Jos e ph stay e d in Bradford and saw th e Royalist soldi e rs carrying away e v e ry th ing that was worth s e lling In th e ir s e arch for tr e asur e th e s e soldi e rs e mpti e d all t h e b e ddings and m e al bags and t h e str e e t s of B radford w e r e full Of cha ff fe ath e rs and m e al AS List e r kn e w all t he by way s h e O ffe r e d to guid e one of Aft e r t h e Parliam e ntary soldi e rs saf e ly out of t he town l e aving Brad ford th e y fe ll in with two mor e of Fair fax s Pr e s e ntly one of t he e n e my s hors e sold i e rs men discov e r e d th e m and t he four ran across a ﬁ e ld Jos e ph List e r cr e pt into a thick holly bush and by pulling down The oth e r th r e e w e r e tak e n th e boughs h id h ims e lf prison e rs one b e ing wound e d List e r h eard the hors e man asking wh e r e was t he fourth but he could not be found I hav e Oft e n thought sinc e he wrot e how e asily we might hav e knoc k e d him down i f we had had but any courag e ; but alas ! we had non e Jos e ph r e main e d in the h edg e until dark and th e n s e t Off to Coln e wh e r e he found h is mast e r Mr Sharp e ask e d h im if he durs t ve ntur e back to Bradford to s e e how Mrs Sharp e was faring Back he w e nt and found a c ellar in t h e town wh e r e he sl e pt and in th e morni ng on e nquiring for t he dam e h e found S he had gon e to Halifax A ft e r h e r to Halifax w e n t List e r with h is mast e r s m e ssag e and som e mon e y Mrs Sharp e s e nt him back to Coln e for furth e r instructions H is mast e r said G O thou and t e ll thy dam e to go hom e and go thou with h er G O to th e camp and buy a cow and g e t th e land mow e d G e t h e lp to g e t th e hay and p e rhaps the Th ey bou gh t a e n e my will be call e d away Shortly ,

/

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

’

,

’

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

“

“

.

,

,

”

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

.

.

“

.

,

,

.

.

,

”

.

1 52

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

cow and drov e it h om e and t he sam e day th e soldi ers cam e and took it T h e y bought anoth e r and that also was tak e n S O List e r s e t Off t o Coln e for furth e r advic e which Mr Sharp e gav e b y sa y ing th e y must do as th e y though t b e st for he had mad e up h is mind to go to Manch e st e r and r e j oin th e arm y In the we e k following t he Battl e of A dwalton th e Royalists e nt e r e d Hali fax and Sir F rancis Mackworth mad e t he town h is h e adquart e rs W h e n t h e fo undations w e r e b e ing dug for St Jos e ph s School a fe w cannon balls hors e sho e s and a sword w e r e un e arth ed and th e s e r e lics ar e now in Bankﬁeld Mus e u m Th e plac e is k nown as B loody F i e ld and e v id e ntly a skirmish was fough t h e r e during the Civil War but we hav e no writt e n r e cord of any ﬁght M ackwor th s e ntry t o t h e town may hav e b e e n disput e d at this point or t he r e arguard of Sir T homas F airfax s forc e may h av e b e e n attack e d aft e r A dwalton Battl e Most Of t h e Hali fax p e opl e fl e d ove r th e Lancash ir e bord e r b e for e t h e Cavali e r soldi e rs cam e t o th e town Th e y buri e d th e ir valuabl e s or h id th e m an d som e of t he old d ee ds at S h ibde n Hall sh ow S igns of m ild e w b e caus e th e y w e r e buri e d at th is tim e Th e soldi e rs s e arch e d t he Wor k hous e O fﬁc e s but found noth ing but a bottl e on t he window bottom Mr Pri e stl ey s h oU s e in So y lan d was pillag e d s e v e ral tim e s and Ewood was plund e r ed and Mr F arrar s ne ar Mytholmroyd d e eds and pap e rs ta k e n O n August 1 4th Sir F rancis Mackworth issu e d a sp e cial ord er forbidding pillag e upon pain of d e ath The Halifax R e fug e e s w e nt to various plac e s in Lancash ir e John B r e ar cliffe w e n t to Bury wh e r e he me t D orothy M e adowcroft and aft e rwards marr i e d h er ,

.

,

(

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

’

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

.

,

’

.

.

,

,

.

,

’

.

.

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

1 54

ﬂ

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

pass Th e bord e rland of h ill an d moor was a sufﬁci ent obstacl e to k e e p eith e r sid e from att e mp t ing an attack on th e oth e r and the w e st e rn portion of our parish was no man s land b e tw e e n th e two ai mie s Jos e p h P r i e stl e y of G oodgr e ave had e d into L ancash ii e with his broth e rs but having mad e up h is mind to bgo to Lon don he thought h e would pay a V isit to his wife H e was l e ading his h ors e down th e st e e p S id e from Blackston e Edg e in a thick mist wh e n he walk e d in to a Royalist troop and was ta k e n prison e r H e was imprison e d with so me oth e rs i n th e corn e r hous e in S outhgat e whe i e h e caught a fe ve r due to th e dii ty stat e of the str e e ts and di e d .

,

’

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

Th e r e was also t he oth e r r e ason why th e s e op posing — armi e s n e v e r cam e to battl e b e caus e it was so d i fficul t to p e i s uade me n to ﬁgh t outsid e th e ir own county How e v e r th e r e w e r e pl e nty of W e st Riding me n 1 11 L ancas h iie who w e r e tir e d of b e ing inacti ve and th e y d e cid e d to organiz e a small fo i c e to attack th e Royalists O n O ctob e r 1 4t h Colon e l Bradshaw agr e e d to command th e m Notic e s w e r e s ent to S ixt e e n church e s asking all Yor k shir e m e n to m e e t at Roch dal e on O ctob e r 1 7 th It may s e e m to us a strang e announc e m e n t to be 1 6 43 giv e n from a pulpit B ut th is was to a larg e e xt e nt a r e ligious war and thos e sixt e e n minist e rs would be on th e Pur i tan S id e and b e sid e s t he church was th e gr e at public m e e ting plac e in thos e da y s and many publi c announc e m e nts w e r e mad e in church The Yorksh ir e m e n chos e H e ptonstall as th e ir bas e of op e ratio ns and thus comm e nc e d a small local campaign around Hali fax H e ptonstall was an id e al plac e for a m i litary camp O n thr e e S id e s ar e high st e e p S lop e s with the H e bd e n Cald e r and Cold e n str e ams at th e ir fe e t Be h ind th e .

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

L O CA L S K IR M ISHES

1 55

.

town moorland roads l e ad ov e r t he hills into Lancash ir e It is a r e markably S trong position with a ﬁne rout e for Th e Yorksh ir e m e n 1 e t r e at if t h e worst cam e to pass had th e advantag e of knowing e v e ry inch of t he difﬁcult country b e tw ee n H e pton s tall and Halifax Th ey kn e w all t he path s across Cragg Val e to Sow e rby and all th e S hort cuts across Midgl e y Moor and Ludd e nd e n D e an whil e Mackworth s me n w e r e strange rs to th e s e parts O n th e l 9 th and 2 0t h of O ctob e r 1 6 43 th e W e st Riding me n cam e to H e ptonstall Th e r e w e r e 2 7 0 or b e tw e e n 5 0and 6 0hors e soldi e rs ; and 2 80musk e t e e rs 40 O n t h e n e xt day Saturday th e 0or 5 00 club me n 2 1 s t th e y march e d from H e ptonstall ov e r H at he r s he lf to occupy Sow e rby Town and e v e ry day th e r e we r e skirmish e s b e tw e e n th e m and t he Royalis t garrison of Hali fax Th e sk e tch will h e lp us to follow this Halifax campaign but b e tt e r still by taki ng a short walk into Warl e y we may be abl e to s e e practically the whole of It is important to r e m e mb e r th at th e re t he ground was no road alo ng t h e Cald e r Vall e y Th e main road from Hali fax to H e ptonstall was via High road W e ll and N e wlands to Ludd e nd e n Th e n it climb e d straigh t up t he opposit e h ill sid e through Midgl e y Town to Mount Skip th e n past W ads worth Lan e s i t dropp e d to t he H e bd e n at H e bd e n Bridg e F rom t he bridg e the road w e nt up th e st e e p Buttr e ss to H e ptonstall B eyond H e ptonstall th e rout e was along t he Lo ng Caus e way ( t h e anci e nt cross e s on t h e Caus e way d e not e how v e ry old th is road is ); or the trav e ll e r could tak e t he Widdop track into Lancash ir e It is th e old pack hors e road from Halifax to Lancash ir e and as historically int e r e sting as the Magna Via to Wak e ﬁ e ld F rom the .

,

,

.

.

,

,

’

.

1

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

‘

.

,

1

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

1 56

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

about We s tﬁe ld in Warl ey we obtain a spl e ndid vi e w Of this s e ction of the Cald e r Vall e y with H e ptonstall in t h e distanc e p e rch e d O 11 a spur of t he ﬂanking h ills and m 1 magination we may s e e th e H e ptonstall forc e s sallying out to annoy M ackwor th s m en O n Monday O ctob e r 2 3 r d Colon e l Bradshaw Captain Taylor and two Lancash ir e compani e s march ed along this H e ight Road until th e y cam e to the Hollins l n Jam e s Mi ir g at r oy d S old hom e ) The Cavali e rs W arl ey ( w e r e insid e th e hous e but th e ir r e sistanc e was soon ov e rcom e The d e fe nd e rs thr e w th e ston e Slat e s off t he roof on to th e attack e rs Th e oak door cou ld not be batt e r e d in and the mullion e d windows w e r e too narrow for a man to g et his should e rs th rough At l e ngth one of th e ston e mullions was hack e d awa y and t he hous e was e nt e r e d F orty -th r e e sol di e rs and two o fﬁc e rs w e r e t ak e n back to H e ptonstall as prison e rs O nly one of th e — — attack e rs was hurt by a slat e and h e soon 1 e cove r e d The guards who w e r e on dut O11 th e n e xt Sunda y y sor e str e aming m t he night b e ing all nigh t r e port e d Th e r e was probably th e nigh t as ligh t as moonlight a ﬁne display of shooting stars and in thos e days p e opl e thought that th e stars for e told importa nt e v e nts Sir F ranc i s Mackworth mad e up his mind to cl e ar th is e n e my out of his t e rritory and gav e ord e rs for H e pton stall to be tak e n on Nov e mb e r l s t B e t we e n thr e e and four o clock 011 that dark morning an arm y march e d out of Hali fax compos e d of about four h undr e d mus k e t e e rs and four hundr e d cavalry Th ey h ad ch os e n a bad da y and th e r e was gr e at wind and rain in th e ir fac e s T h e y att e mpt e d to scal e th e h e ights at H e p t ons tall but t he d e fe nd e rs drov e th e m back and roll e d gr e at rocks down Som e of M ackwor th s t h e h illsid e on to t h e Royalis ts hill sid e

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

,

,

’

.

'

,

.

.

“

,

.

,

.

,

.

1

.

“

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

,

.

“

.

,

,

’

.

1 58

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

me n f e ll down a scar

.

w e r e kill e d and oth e rs We r e drown e d in t he ﬂood e d H e bd e n A h undr e d foot and ﬁfty hors e pursu e d th e r e tr e ati ng Roy alis ts to Ludd e nd e n F orty prison e rs including thr e e command e rs w e r e tak e n and se nt to Rochdal e One of the Pri e stl e y s of G oodg r e ave Soyland who was with the H e ptonstall forc e s aw a;wound e d Royalist in dang e r of drowni ng and j ump e d into t he str e am and r e scu e d h im The sam e night Pri e stl e y w e n t on guard in his we t cloth e s caugh t a chill and di e d l n th r e e w e e ks The Parliam e nta ry command e r Colon e l Bradshaw di e d on D e c e mb e r 8t h and Maj or Ed e n took ov e r t he command Many of t he me n who S p e nt that Christmas around the cam p ﬁr e at H e ptonstall h ad b e e n in B1 adfor d t he pr e v i ous Christmas d e fe nding that town agai nst Sir W illiam Savil e O n January 4t h 1 6 44 Maj or Ed e n march e d his littl e army th rough Sow e rby l e aving Captain H elliwell s company to guard his camp At Sow e rby Bridg e he t h e Royalists , kill e d thr ee and captur e d e ncount e r e d Captain Clap ham and forty me n Captain F arrar and his cavalry chasing t h e r e tr e ating Royalists towards Halifax v e ntur ed too far and could not r e gain th e ir main forc e at So w Mackworth s outposts e rby Bridg e at King Cross and S e n try Edge blocke d the dir e ct rout e back to H e ptonstall so F arrar app e ars to hav e led his men across Hali fax Moor and O v e nd e n W ood with the i nt e ntion of crossing t h e h e ad of Ludd e nd e n D e an and to H e ptonstall T h ey w e r e ch e ck e d in t h e moors Mix e nd e n and oblig e d to ﬁght on th e slop e b e tw e e n Hunt e r Hill and Mix e nd e n Brook Portions of gun barr e ls locks and Hints hav e b e e n found on Hunt e r H ill Th e traditional nam e of t h e plac e is Bloody F i e ld and a and

,

'

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

’

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

L O C A L S K I R M ISHES

1 59

.

p art of Binns Hol e Cloug h is c a ll ed Slaught e r Gap Captain F arrar and n ine of h is me n w e r e oblig e d to surr e nd e r and one Of h is me n was slain Thr e e of t he prison e rs w e r e hang e d forthwith n e ar th e G i bb e t for d e s e rting from S i r F l ancis Mackworth s forc e The r e maind e r of th e troop r e ach e d H e ptonstall bringing a Mr Thompson with th e m having mad e h im a p r 1 s one r at Moor e nd Sir F ra ncis Mackworth s e nt to K e igh l e y for ﬁft ee n h undr e d mor e me n and on January 9 th th e K e ighl ey and Halifax soldi e rs s e t out onc e again to attack H e ptonstall Maj or Ed e n had n e ws of th e i r approach and he l e ft th e town taking all h is prison e rs and m unitions of war H e r e tr e at e d along t he Long Caus e way through S tip e r de n to Burnl e y and O11 t h e n e xt day his forc e s r e ach e d Coln e The Royal i sts e nt e r e d an e mpty town and gain e d a barr e n victory Th e y p i llag e d H e ptonstall and s e t ﬁr e t o fourt e e n h ous e s and barns O n January 1 4th Maj or Ed e n s me n j oin e d Sir Thomas F air fax s Army at Manch e st e r Th e y saw som e ﬁg htin in Ch e sh ir e and aft e rwards r e -j oin e d Lord Fair fax in East Yorksh ir e Sir F rancis Mackworth h ad driv e n h is e n e mi e s out of th i s d istrict but he Only e nj oy e d thr e e w e e ks undisput e d sway for on January 2 8th 1 6 44 the King s Army l e ft Hali fax a ft e r poss e ssing it for six months .

v

.

,

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

"

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

’

.

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

’

,

,

,

.

The

vacuation of Hali fax was due to t he fact th at a Scottish Army cross e d t h e bord e r on January 1 9 th pl e dg e d to ﬁght for th e Parliam e nt O11 July 2 nd th e gr e at battl e of Marston Moor was fou gh t wh e r e Cromw e ll and h is fe llow g e n e rals won a de c1s 1ve victory and the north Of England was gain e d for t he Parliam e nt Cromw e ll s m ilitary g e nius e volv e d t he N e w Mod e l — A rmy an army th at was e fﬁci e nt and r e ady to ﬁgh t e

,

.

,

,

,

.

’

1 60

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

ains t

anywh e r e a

th e

.

King Thus a stop was put to th e was te fuT and unsatis factory county ﬁghting The B attl e of Nas e by was won by this army on Jun e 1 4th 1 6 45 and t he King was utt e rly d e f e at e d In 1 6 45 th e Scottish Army was quart e r e d i n th e We st Riding and a larg e numb e r of t he soldi e rs w e r e bill e t e d in Halifax T h e ir l e ad e rs w e r e anxious t o r e turn hom e for in th e ir abs e nc e Montros e had rais e d a Highland A rmy for th e King s sid e The comi ng of t h e Scots to our town was probably one of the caus e s of the Plagu e which a fﬂict e d Halifax The town was ov e r d h crowd e and t e badly drain e d narrow str e e ts b e cam e ﬁlthy In August 1 6 45 th e r e w e r e 84 d e aths ; in S e pt e mb e r 1 5 3 O ctob e r 2 1 6 and in Nov e mb e r 7 6 Th e s e ﬁgur e s ar e t e rribl e for the small population Tradition say s that e v e ryon e living in t he Mulctur e Hall was carri e d off by t he dis e as e Anoth e r story stat e s that t he soldi e rs and oth e r trav e ll e rs in ord e r to avoid the town w ent round by Troop e r La ne inst ead of down by the Church and up t he O ld Ba nk In ord e r to e scap e t h e in fe ction the Sow e rby Constabl e s had a chain across t he road ne ar So we rby Bridg e and k e pt watch th at 11 0 susp e ct e d p e rson e nt e r e d th e ir town Th e r e had b e e n plagu e s in the district b e for e this out br e ak In 1 6 3 1 ﬁfty ﬁve O ve nd e n p e opl e di e d and w e r e buri e d n e ar th e ir own hous e s Thirty one of th e ﬁfty ﬁ ve di e d in th e month of August and t h e c e ntr e of t h e p e stil e nc e app e ars to hav e b e e n at Cock Hill n e ar Bradsha w In th e sam e y e ar H e ptonstall was visit e d and 1 07 carri e d off by th e Plagu e Th e Scottish l e ad e rs and the En lish Parliam e nt disagr e e d on r e lig ious qu e stions T e form e r alli e s b e cam e e ne m1e s and the Scots mad e a s e cr e t agr e e m e n t .

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

”

“

'

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

162

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

day

.

was at th e Battl e of D unbar Cromw e ll invad e d Scotland in 1 6 5 0 and at th e b e ginni ng of S e pt e mb e r found hims e lf in a p e rilous position at D unbar h e mm e d in by the Scottish Army wh ich was astrid e th e south road to E ngland O live r Cromw e ll actually s e nt a l e tt e r to t he Gov e rnor of N e wcastl e t e lling him what to do if t he E nglish Army was cut up But th e Scots w e r e impati e nt and inst e ad of waitin th e y cam e down from th e ir h ill top to attack Cr omwel The G e n e ral s e iz e d his chanc e and ord e r e d h is me n to advanc e V e ry early in th e mor ning H odgs on s company along with oth e rs me t the e n e my and with push of pike and butt -e nd of t h e musk e t drov e th e m back Cromw e ll h im se lf rod e in th e r e ar of Hodgson s r e gim e nt and gav e th e m ord e rs and pr e s e ntly th e who le of t he armi e s w e r e in battl e and t h e Scots w e r e dr iv e n off in confusion And ov e r St A bb s H e ad and the G e rman O c e a n j ust th e n burst th e ﬁrst gl e am of t h e l e v e l sun upon us and John Hodgson t e lls I h e ard Nol say Now le t God aris e and His e n e mi e s be scatt e r e d and following us as we slowly march e d I h e ard h im say I prof e ss th e y run ! Th e Scots w e r e d e fe at e d and th e G e n e ral mad e a halt and sang the Hundr e d and -s e v e nt e e nth Psalm until the hors e could r e form for t he pursuit D unbar was probably Cromw ell s gr e at e st victory l and Car yl e has writt e n a ﬁne d e scription of t he battl e bas e d on Hodgson s account Aft e r D unbar John Hodgson was mad e a Captain in Cromw e ll s own r e gi me nt Captain Hodgson was a soldi e r for e ight e e n y e ars and s e rv e d part of th e tim e at s e a und e r th e famous Adm i r al Blak e against the D utch W e hav e follow e d the Civil Wars from t he Par liame ntar y sid e b e caus e t h e local accounts of t h e .

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

’

'

,

,

,

,

,

.

’

,

,

“

.

’

,

,

”

,

‘

“

,

,

’

,

,

,

,

,

.

4

’

,

,

’

, ’

.

.

,

.

,

’

,

SOME

R O Y A LIS T S

L OOA L

163

.

ﬁgh ting w e r e writt e n b y men of that sid e and b e caus e m s o larg maj ority of l i f a x e n w e r e mind e d It Ha f e t he is only fair to m e ntion som e of the Royalists Langdal e Sund e rland of Hi g h Sund e rland was broth e r -in-law to Sir Marmaduk e Langdal e one of t he K ing s G e n e rals and so he command e d a troop of hors e in Sir Marm aduk e s army Lang dal e Sund e rland h ad to pay a h e avy ﬁne for taking up arms against t he Parlia e nt and he was oblig e d to s e ll t he family e stat e s at High Sund e rland and Col e y Hall In that way t he S unde r lands lost High Sund e rland aft e r living th e r e for four hundr e d y e ars Nath an D rak e of Godl e y was one of th e garrison that h e ld Pont e fract Castl e so long for the K i ng and he wrot e a diary of th e si eg e Richard Gl e dhill Of B ark island Hall was k ill e d at Marston MOnr on th e Royalist H e had b e e n knight e d b y t he Earl of N e wcastl e sid e Matth e w Broadl e y of Lan e Ends Hipp e rholm e was r Purve yo and Paymast e r G e n e ral to t he King s F orc e s H e was a v e ry rich man and l e nt mon e y to King Charl e s Local Inci d nts in t h Civil W a by H P KEN D A Halifax A ntiquarian Soci t y Tran actions 1 9 09 1 9 1 0 ( Thr C ivil W ar N ot s 1 O fﬁcial D spatch on A dwalton B attl 2 H alifax R f ug s in Lanca hir nd n 3 Mi B loo d y F i l d By T W H AN N H A ntiquarian Soci t y T ransactions ( R f usal of K nighth oo d by H alifax Lan d own rs i n 1 6 3 0-3 2 Halifax G uard ian A lmanac k ( A uto b iograph y f Captain J ohn H o d gson R print d with no t s by J H R FA T URN ER ’

-

,

[

'

.

.

,

,

’

“

,

,

’

m

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

’

.

'

.

,

e

e

r

.

,

e

ee

s

e

e

e

.

xe

e

.

ee

s

’

s

.

e

SO

e

.

.

.

x

.

e

.

e

e

O

e

,

.

e

.

O

S

LL

,

.

,

e

,

,

,

.

e

.

.

LL

.

.

C HAPTER X II J OH N B R AR CL I F E — 1 6 5 1 C OM M I S S I ON — H A L IF A X S FI R S T M E M BE R OF PAR L I A M E N T — T H P A R I S H CH UR CH D UR I N G T H E C OMM ONW E A L T H — TH E L A T Y E A R S F TH GIBBE T — T H E R E S T OR AT 1 ON AN D A C T OF U N IF OR M I T Y — OL IV E R H o on s D AR s -AR C H B 1 S H OP T I L L OT S ON We cam e to Halifax 9 F ebr 1 6 44 b e ing Thursday says Joh n Br e ar cliffe and as he took pains to r e cord the local e v e nts of this p e riod it is ﬁtting that we should hav e a fe w particulars of the man hims e l f John B r e ar cli ffe was th e son of Edmund Br e ar cliffe who was Parish Cl e rk for D r John F avour The Vicar was godfath e r to t he littl e boy wh e n Joh n was baptis e d on A n ust 2 9 th 16 18 D r F avour di e d ﬁve y e ars lat e r and e ft £ 5 for his godson Br e ar cliffe is thus a conn e cting link b e tw e e n t he Puritans of D r F avour s ag e and th e lat e r Puritans who fought against King Charl e s B r e ar cliffe was one of th e H e ptonstall garrison and we o we our knowl e dg e of th e local skirmi sh e s almost e ntir e ly to t h e accoun t that he wrot e of th e ﬁghting In 1 6 5 1 a Commission was appoint e d to e nquir e into all the local charitabl e b e qu e sts B r e ar cliffe was one of t h e j urym e n and h e wrot e out a full account of t h e ﬁndings of the Pious U s e s Commission W itn e ss e s w e r e call e d to prov e how much mon e y had b ee n l e ft to H e ath Grammar School and how it had b e e n sp e nt and the Gov e rnors of th e W orkhous e had to r e nd e r an account of th e ir trust Ex e cutors of wills wh e r e mon e y had b e e n l e ft for th e poor or the church O1 r e pairing of high ways and bridg e s O1 for oth e r pious us e s brough t th e ir pap e rs to S how that th e ir affairs w e r e quit e 1 11 ord e r Th e r e is no doubt that by this e nquiry Halifax p e opl e sav e d many a valuabl e l e gacy that might hav e laps e d or b e e n forgott e n .

E

'

F

E

S

E

O

'

E

I

IE

.

.

,

,

,

,

‘

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

’

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

1

,

,

1

,

,

,

.

.

1 66

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

of r e v e r e nc e for t he historic buildi ng Br e ar cliffe compil e d a list of t he pri e sts and parsons who had b e e n vicars and he colle cte d their coats of arms H e p aint e d th e s e arms in th e ir corr e c t colours on pane ls which we r e plac e d in the church v e str y Th e s e pan e ls dimm e d with ag e ar e still th e r e and lat e r vicars have add e d th e ir arms to t he c oll e ction Aft e r B r e ar cliffe di e d t he larg e pa ne ls of th e roof of the church w e r e d e corat e d with t h e arms of th e vicars and local famili e s and Hali fax Church is t he only one that is so d e corat e d Br e ar cliffe bound th e e arly R e gist e rs and so h e lp e d H e mad e a catalogu e of t he Church to pr e s e rv e th e m Library and hunt e d up som e books that had b e e n H e h ad t h e rusty book -chains borrow e d y e ars b e for e oil e d ne w ch ain s ﬁtt e d to t he volum e s also givi ng a S ixp e nc e to two me n to tak e all t he books out to air th e m W hil e Br e ar cliffe was O v e rs e e r h e m e nd e d the scr e e ns and att e nd e d to oth e r minor r e pairs The Royal Arms w e r e tak e n dow n and the Stat e s Arms put up in th e ir plac e The Scotch soldi e rs whil e th ey w e r e e ncamp e d about Halifax r e move d the old font from t he church b e caus e th e y consid e r e d it a r e lic of sup e rstition The b e auti ful font cov e r was l e ft swinging in t he church for ﬁve y e ars and th e n in 1 6 5 0 it was tak e n to a Mr Hartl e y s parlour and r e main ed th e r e for t e n y e ars D uring the Commonw e alth p e riod s e v e ral b e auti ful win dows w e r e ins e rt e d on th e nort h and south sid e s of th e choir and at th e w e st e nd som e of which we r e t h e gi ft of Mistre ss D orothy W at e rhous e th e widow of t he — gr e at b en e factor Th e s e windows ar e plain glass not stain e d — and th e l e ads ar e arrang e d in a b e autiful patt e r n Th e ir d e sign is e xc e ll e nt and th ey ar e quit e .

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

VIC A R M A R SH

167

.

uniqu e for no oth e r chu r c h has such Commonw e alth glass ,

.

W

64

.

I ND

OW 1 x

HA I FA X C H U R C H L

.

Civil War was a r e ligious war and wh e n {th e P ur i tans cam e into pow e r th ey mad e many sw e e ping alt e rations in t he English Ch urch D 1 Marsh had b e e n vicar Of Halifax also holding s e ve ral oth e r good livings in th e Church H e was one of t he King s chaplains and att e nd e d Charl e s I during h is imprisonm e nt D1 Marsh was also h ims e l f imprison ed b e ing caught on his way to j o in t he forc e s und e r th e Earl of D e rby Th e funds b elonging to Halifax Church we r e vot e d to Lord F ai r fax to pay h is soldi e rs The chap els of Illingworth Ludd e nd e n Sow e rby e tc w e r e provid e d by the p e opl e living n e ar thos e chap els Halifax me n agr e e d to pa y t he stip e nds of th e minist e rs n ee d e d for H alifax Church Th e

,

,

1

.

.

’

.

,

1

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

168

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D

H A

LI F A X

.

in t he sam e way S O that for som e y e ars Hali fax Parish was dis e ndow e d and ours app e ars to be the only Parish Church that was tr e at e d in t hat mann e r U nd e r th e Commonw e alth th e r e was a vari e ty of minist e rs in th e chap e ls of Halifax Parish J ohn Lak e h e rs at Halifax Ch urch was born in one of th e pr e a c P e tticoat Lan e now call ed Russ e ll Str e e t H e aft e rwards b e cam e D e an of York and Bishop of Ch ich e st e r and is famous in English history for b e ing one of the S e v e n Bishops who w e r e imprison e d in t h e Tow e r by King Jam e s II O liv e r H e y wood of Col e y Isaac A ll e n of Rippond e n and H e nry B oot e of Sow e rb y minist e r e d at th is tim e wh e n r e ligious fre e dom and lib erty of co nsci e nc e w e r e qu e stions th at d e e pl y stirr e d th e country The Puritans w e r e v e ry strict about t he morals of t h e p e opl e and th e y so hat e d crim e that th ey r e vive d t h e Gibb e t Law The r e mar k abl e thing about the Hali fax Gi bb e t is that me n should be b e h e ad e d for st e aling h e i r n n goods of so paltry a valu as t te e p e ce h alf p e nny and t he custom r e tain e d so long a ft e r it had fall e n into disus e in oth e r plac e s Most p e opl e consid e r e d it to be a barbarous practic e and wond e re d th at it S hould surviv e at Hali fax In 1 6 45 th e ston e platform was built which stands b e h ind t h e Wat e rworks O fﬁ c e in Gibb e t Str e e t In ﬁve y e ars 1 6 45 -1 6 5 0 ﬁve me n w e r e h e ad e d by th e gibb e t ax e and aft e r that the local law was abolish e d J ohn B r e ar cliffe who was Constabl e of Hali fax in 1 6 5 0 wrot e an account of t he las t trial and h e d e f e nd e d what h e call e d th e Prud e nt Christian and N e ighbourly Proc e e dings About th e latt e r e nd of April 1 6 5 0 Abraham W ilkinson John W ilkinson and Anthony Mitch e ll all O f Sow e rby we r e arr e st e d n e ar Hali fax and tak e n into .

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

”

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

17

0

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

April 2 7 t h e ach bringing four goo d me n to form the j ury Th e sixt e e n j urym e n ass e mbl e d at th e B ailiff s Ho us e wh e r e th e p r 1 sone r s the stol e n goods and t he me n from whom the th ings had b e e n stol e n w e r e all brought b e for e th e j ury Samu e l Colb e ck of Sh aw B ooth in Ludd e nd e n D e an said th at the thr e e prison e rs had stol e n sixt e e n y ards of russ e t colour e d k e rs e y from h is t e nt e rs on April 1 9 th and part of th e cloth was th e r e in the room John Cus for th of Sandal Parish ne ar W ak e ﬁ e ld said th at Abraham W il k inson and Anthony Mitch e ll in th e nigh t of April 1 7 th had stol e n a black colt and a gr e y colt off D ur ke r Gr e e n and t he two colts w e r e produc e d for the j ury to s e e and valu e John F i e ld e n said that Abraham Wilkinson had tak e n a whol e k e rs e y pi e c e from the t e nt e rs at B r e arl e y Hall about Christmas last and wh e n he found part of th e pi e c e in W ak e ﬁ e ld Isaac Gibson s wi fe said that Abrah am W ilkinson had d e liv e r e d t he pi e c e to he r W ilkinson disput e d this last e vid e nc e and the j ur y adj ourn e d t he trial for thr e e days O n April 3 oth th e j ury brought in th e ir v e rdict Th e y gav e Abraham Wilkinson th e b e ne ﬁt of the doubt in the Br e arl e y Hall cas e Th e y valu e d the russ e t colour e d k e rs e y at nin e shillings and th e two colts at forty e ight shillings and thr ee pounds Abrah am Wilkinson and Antho ny Mitch e ll confe ss e d to th e th e fts and both ch arg e d John W ilkinson with assisting th e m The v e rdict e nds : B y t h anci nt C ustom an d Li b rt y of H alifax wh r of th M mory of M an is not to th contrary th sai d J ohn W il k inson an d Anthon y M itch ll a to suff r D ath by having th ir h a d s v d an d cut ff from th ir B o d i s at Halifax G i bb t ; unto which V r d ict w s ub scri b ou N am s t h 3 0t h D ay of A pril Th e n follow the sixt ee n name s The two Sow e r by men w e re e x e cut e d t he sam e day Anoth e r writ e r says ,

’

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

‘1

e

e

e

e

e

e

r e

O

e

e

,

r

e

e

,

e

e

e

e

,

e

e

e

e e

,

se

er

’

e

e

,

.

.

e

TH E

L A S T G IBBE T T R I A L

17 1

.

that it is c e rtain that t he mi nist er att e nd e d t he culprits and p rayed with th e m wh il e t he 4th O n th e sca ffold Psalm was play e d around th e platform on th e bagpip e s I will lay me down m Th e last v e rs e of th is psalm is p e ac e and S l e e p ; for Thou Lord only mak e st me dw e ll in safe ty ,

,

,

“

,

,

,

”

.

Fig

.

66

.

I E FR

G BB

T,

OM

CA M DEN

’

S

“

B I A NN I A R T

.

17 2

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

This was t he last trial and the Gibb e t Book sa y s th at t he Gibb e t and the Customary Law got its susp e nsion b e caus e som e P e rson s in that Ag e j udg e d it Th e C h i e f P e rson of t h e Common to be too s e v e r e w e alth O live r Cromw e ll us e d th e s e words wh e n h e Op e n e d t h e s e cond Prot e ctorat e Parliam e nt But th e truth of it is th e r e ar e wick e d abominabl e laws that will be in your p ow e r to alt e r T o hang a man for S ixp e nc e t h ir t e e np e nce I know not what ; to hang for a trifle and pardon a murd e r is in t he ministrat io n of I hav e known in t h e law through t h e ill framing of it my e xp e ri e nc e abominabl e murd e rs quitt e d and to com e and s e e me n los e th e ir liv e s for p e tt y matt e rs ! This is a th ing th at God will r e ckon for and I wish it may not lie upon th is nation a day long e r than you hav e an opportunity to give a r e m e d y and I hop e I sh all ch e e rfully j oin with y ou in it This h ath b e e n a gr e at gri e f to many hon e st h e arts and consci e ntious p e opl e and I h p e it is in all your h e arts to r e cti fy it We ar e sorry th at th e me n of Halifax did not shar e t h e mor e c le m e n t id e as of Cromw e ll for th e ir r e t e ntion of th e cru e l local custo mgav e Halifax a bad nam e The Stuart family was r e stor e d to t h e thron e of E ngland on May 2 9 t h 1 6 6 0 wh e n King Charl e s II Soon a ft e rwards Parliam e nt pass e d e nt e r e d London th e A ct of U niformity wh e r eby all cl e rgym e n and minist e rs who r e fus e d to acc e pt the usag e s of the Church of England We r e e xp ell e d from th e i r livings O liv e r H e ywood of Col ey ; H e nry B oot e of Sow e rb y ; Timothy R oote h is son of Sow e rb y Bridg e ; and Eli B e ntl y of Halifax w e r e amongst thos e who w e r e H e y wood was ﬁned for n ot att e nding church ej e ct e d and also told that h e would be pu t out if h e tri e d to ,

”

.

,

,

“

.

,

,

”

.

,

,

"

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

”

O

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

“

.

,

e

.

,

17 4

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

wint e r fair in Hali fax a hundr e d b e asts w e r e kill e d in one day b e sid e s a gr e at numb e r in th e to wnships around Th e m e at was salt e d and hung up for t he scatt e r e d hous e s had to provid e as if for a si e g e for th ey might be sno we d up for w e e ks Halifax Mark e t was such an important one that br e ad was brough t from plac e s as far Off as Gom e rsal wh e nc e B ridg e t B rook cam e r e gularly wi th he r br e ad for ove r fort y y e ars W e ar e told of t he dancing and gam e s on May D ay and Mid summ e r D ay and of th e coc k ﬁght s th at took plac e at th e Cross I nn Th e m e rrim e nt Oft e n e nd e d in ﬁghtin g The diari e s ar e also full of t h e doings of h is ne ig t ur s som e good and som e bad Joh n Gill e t was church ward e n in 1 6 6 5 wh e n t he gr e at south door of th e Parish Church was mad e and his initials ar e on one of pan e ls John would not h e lp his fath e r wh e n he was put in Pom fr e t j ail for d e bt Som e t im e a ft e r Gill e t s busin e ss as a drap e r w e nt wrong and h e h ims e lf was cast into Halifax Prison O liv e r H ey wood s hous e is still to be s e e n in North owr am and t h e old doorh e ad has : O H A E B E N E !E R 1 6 7 7 The initials stand for O liv e r H e ywood and his wif e Abigail In 1 6 3 0 John Tillotson was born at Haugh End Sow e rby His fath e r Rob e rt Tillotson was in the cloth trad e and live d to be nin e ty one Coln e Grammar School and H e ath Grammar School claim to hav e had a sha r e in Joh n s e ducation H e e nt e r e d Clar e Hall Coll e g e Cambridg e b e for e h e was s e v e nt e e n Thr e e y e ars lat e r he was Bach e lor of Arts and attain e d h is M A in 1 6 54 O n S e pt e mb e r 1 7 th of that y e ar h e pr e ach e d at Halifax Church whil e e nj oy ing a soj ourn ,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

1

,

.

,

,

.

’

.

,

,

.

’

,

“

.

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

’

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

A

in

R CH B ISH O P T ILL O T S O N

T i llotson b e cam e one Of In 1 6 9 1 he was e ach e r s

bra cing air of Sow most famous of E ng !

t he

t he

0

Flg

.

67

.

-H A U C 11

17 5

.

.

E ND

,

S OW

ERB

,

Phbto

.

H

.

ll

P K enda

.

Y

.

appoint e d A 1 chbis hop of Cant e rbury but he only h e ld t h e h igh o fﬁc e for thr e e y e ars as he di e d on Nov e mb e r 2 2 nd 1 6 9 4 D r Gordon 1 n the D ict i onary of National ,

,

“

,

.

.

17 6

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

Bio graphy

.

says T e stimony is unanimous as to humour T1llot s on s s we e tn e ss of dl s p OS I tI On good absolut e frankn e ss t e nd e r -h e art e dn ess and g e n e rosity In Sow e rby Church th e r e is a ﬁne statu e of A rchbishop Tillotson carv e d by Jos e ph W ilton R A in 1 7 46 “

,

’

,

,

, ”

,

.

.

,

,

Fi g

.

68 — .

A CH B I H T R

OP

S

I L L OT S O

N

’

S

S

IGN A

T UR

.

E

h

P oto .

H

.

d ll

P K en .

a

.

.

Local Portfolio d it d by E J W A L KER Halifax G uar d ian comm ncing J un ( H alifax Parish Ch urch un d r t h Commonw alth . Th G i bb t L aw B oo k 19 15Halifax Chu ch 1 6 40-1 6 6 0 ( 16 By T W HAN S ON H alifax A ntiquarian Soci t y T ransactions) ( Halif ax G i bb t L aw with ap p ndi i p int d by J H ORS FA L T URNER W RIGH T S A ntiquiti s of Halifax do do J ohn T illotson b y A G OR D ON D ictionar y of N ational B iograph y ) ( Our

e

e

,

.

.

e

,

e

.

e,

e

”

e

.

e

1

1

.

,

e

e

.

.

”

e

,

’

x

e

r e

r

e

.

L

.

.

”

e

,

.

.

”

“

,

.

.

.

17 8

S T O R Y OF

TH E

O LD

H A LI F A X

.

top of Cro wn Str e e t h e nc e t he plac e is still call e d H all End The lads who w e nt as appr e ntic e s to the cloth trad e in t he s ev e nt e e nth c e nt ury h ad to work v e r y hard J os e ph Pri e stl e y who was not a ve ry strong youth said th at be r e g ular ly drov e his mast e r s pack hors e s from L e e ds or W ak e ﬁ e ld and wh e n h e r e ach e d his mast e r s hous e h e would be give n but a m e ss of broth or cold mil k and br e ad t he

—

.

.

,

,

’

’

,

,

,

.

Fig R BER O

R A DES M A N S T R EN 16 67 MO CA RR I E R OR HA L I F A X

69 — A T .

.

W H AT

T

’

UG H

,

O

,

.

F

.

D ani e l D e fo e visit e d Halifax s e v e ral tim e s in t he e arly part of t he e igh t e e nth c e ntury and he wrot e a valuabl e accoun t of t he local trad e for he was alwa y s k e e nly int e r e st e d in the making of th ings H is Adv e ntur e s of Robinson Cruso e ar e not pri maril y conc e rn e d with e xploring and ﬁghting but with t h e making of his hom e and the supply ing of his dail y n ee ds History of The R e v Joh n Watson in his Halifax sa ys that D e fo e wrot e part of Robinson Cruso e wh i l e staying at the Ros e and Crown in H ali fax O n one of h is e arli e s t visits D e fo e was surpris e d that b e ing such a busy trading c e ntr e Hali fax had 11 0 magistrat e s no membe r of Parliam e nt nor any ofﬁ c e r but a constab l e In h is Tour through Gr e at Britain 1 which und about D approach h 1 4 e fo e ed e rtook e 7 ( ) ,

,

.

,

“

.

.

,

“

,

”

.

,

,

'

,

,

”

.

WO R S T E D

.

Halifax from Blackston e E dg e H e Obs e rv e d that t he n e ar e r h e cam e to H al i fax the clos e r tog e t h e r w e r e t h e h hous e s h ill sid e s wh ich w e r e v e ry st e e p w e r e T e spr e ad with hous e s and hardly a hous e standing out of sp e a k ing distanc e from anoth e r Each hous e h ad th r e e or four small ﬁ e lds attach e d to it a cow or two w e r e k e pt for th e family but littl e 01 no corn was grown Each cloth i e r k e pt a hors e to bring his wool and pro visions from t he mark e t and to carry his cloth to the fulling mill or to his custom e r At e v e ry hous e was a t e nt e r on wh ich h ung a pi e c e of cloth A rill of run ning wat e r was guid e d past e ach hous e and the wat e r us e d for scouring or d y e ing At th e b eginni ng of th e e igh t e e n th c e ntury Halifax me n b e gan to try w e aving ﬁn e r cloth s Th e ir stapl e trad e had b e e n t he coars e wooll e n ke rs e ys N OW th e y turn e d th e ir att e ntion to shalloons O 1 worst e ds and e nd e avour e d to captur e t h e trad e th at e ngag e d Norwich and the W e st of England Th e r e is a vast diffe r e nc e b e tw e e n th e s e two branch e s of the t e x til e trad e th ough t he important di ffe r e nc e b e tw e e n wooll e n and worst e d may be e xplai ne d v e ry simply In the wooll e n industry t h e wool is card e d and t h e ﬁbr e s plac e d S id e by sid e by roll e rs cov e r e d with t e e th and t he rib bon Of wool is spun into a thick yarn In the worst e d indus t ry th e wool is comb e d i nto long sliv e rs and t he yarn spu n from th e s e sliv e rs is much ﬁn e r and brigh t e r tha n the wooll e n Th e short wool ﬁbr e s ar e comb e d out of t h e yarn sliv e rs and sold to the wooll e n manufactur e rs Samu e l Hill of Making P lac e in Soyla nd was one of th e principal local mak e rs wh o d e t e rmin e d to captur e th e worst e d trad e At th e b eginnin g of t he e ight e e nth c e ntury he was doing a larg e trad e I n wooll e n k e rs e ys .

'

'

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

1

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

1

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

TH E

S T O RY

OF OL D

H A LI F A X

.

had a quaint wa y of marking his pi e c e s nammg various qualiti e s aft e r me mb ers of h is famil y pric e list of 1 7 3 8 r e ads as follows : Samu l H ill of Soy lan d S amHill of So y lan d H ill S aman d Eli Eli ab th Hill R ichard H ill S amH ill J am s Hill H Soy lan d S H

e

,

.

e

z

.

e

z

e

x

x

ab out (

fe w of

Fi

1 87 0 ,

7 0—

wge n .

M A K I NG

PL

AC E

i t wa M r D o .

s

’

ve s

A d my) ca e

.

Sam Hill s busin e ss l e tt e rs writt e n in 1 7 3 8 hav e b e e n pr e s e rv e d and print e d Th e s e l e tt e rs S how him to hav e b e e n a k e e n hard working man blunt and A

’

,

,

.

,

,

1 82

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

writ e s Th e narrow S haloons of the Mark Sam Hill ar e I think such goods as I may sa y ar e not to be out don e in England b y any Man le t Him be who H e wi l l H e also stat e s tha t be co mm e nc e d t h e worst e d manufactur e to k e e p som e of his workm e n from g oing t o East Anglia or th e W e st of England but how e ve r I think it s now ve ry e vid e nt th e s e Manufactori e s will com e in spit e of fat e into th e s e north e rn Countys Samu el Hill was in a v e ry larg e wa y Of busin e ss In 1 7 47 his turnove r was and for 6s 8d s e ve ral y e ars about that dat e h e n e v e r sold b e low O n F e bruary 2 l s t 00worth of cloth p e r annum £ 23 0 nd Jan 1 7 44 one consignm e nt of 2 2 bal e s to Corn e lius a Van de r Vli et of Amst e rdam totall e d i 2s Th e Soyland cloth was s e nt to Amst e rdam Rott e rdam U tr e cht Antw e rp Br e m e n and P e trograd and one patt e rn sh e e t is e ndors e d Provid e d for St P e t e rsburg to be s e nt from th e r e to P e rsia by way of Astracan The introduction of t he worst e d trad e was one of t h e gr e at landmarks in t he h istor y of local trad e It was d e stin e d to mak e th e We st Riding into th e gr e at e st cloth c e ntr e of t he world It is e asy to r e alis e t he vast di ffe r e nc e it mad e to local manu factur e rs In 1 6 44 Tom Pri e stl e y of Soyla nd though t he was doing we ll wh e n h e sold £ 2 0worth of wooll e n cloth in London but a hundr e d y e ars lat e r Sam Hill of Soyland was s e lli ng f 2 0 00worth of worst eds at a tim e 01 a hundr e d fold W e S h all s e e a littl e lat e r t he advanc e in trad e di ffe r e nc e th is mad e in local archit e ctur e At pr e s e nt we must not e for it is v e ry importan t that th is gigantic busin e ss was b e ing conduct ed from Soyland a hill top haml e t which no ﬁrm of to day would s e l e ct as a sit e for th e ir busin e ss pr emis e s ,

,

,

”

.

'

“

,

,

,

,

’

”

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

‘

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

“

.

,

”

.

.

.

,

.

’

,

,

1

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

C O A L M I N I NG

1 83

.

Samu e l Hill work e d in a diffe r e nt mann e r from t he / old e r cloth i e rs I t waS manifes tly impossibl e for him and his family to w e av e so muc h cloth and also im possibl e to hav e su fﬁci e nt looms und e r h is roof to H e gav e out the work to t h e produc e th e quantity hous e s round about in Soyla nd and Sow e rby and h e probably w e nt furth e r aﬁ e ld in his busy y e ars He would sup e rint e nd t he di ffe r e nt branch e s of t h e und e r ta k ing but h e must h av e e mploy e d h undr e ds of me n to up h is vast stock -

/

'

1

.

,

'

.

,

.

,

.

1

1 1

~1 1

1

72 — .

E N RA N C E

To

T

C A M IN E (1 7 O

L

TH

r

ﬂ

y 1 ~

1

>

1

C EN RY ) A I U E R TU

1

1

PP

~

S ID

D AL

HA

LL

.

nam e s of th e s e cloths — calamancoe caml e t gro gram russ e l shalloon and am e ns — ar e as old fashion e d and pr e tty as t he nam e s of wild flow e rs and th e r e is quit e a romanc e in som e of th e s e titl e s The last thr e e ar e patt e rns that w e r e first mad e in F land e rs e and comm morat e th e ir birth plac e s -R ejs se l ( t he m e e F l mish na of Lill e ) Chalons sur -Marn e and Ami e n s The

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

1 84

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

t he

.

top of Soil Hill n e ar O gd e n is a larg e mound in the shap e of a ring and in th e c e ntr e of this ring is a d e e p hollow It is t he shaft of an old coal min e that has b e e n ﬁll e d in Similar hol e s som e ﬁll e d with wat e r ar e to be found about Soil Hill an d oth e r plac e s Th e most int e r e sting r elic is in t he yard at t he back of S iddal On

,

,

,

.

—

.

.

Fig

.

73 — .

RU N 1

S

OF

WA T E R W H EE L

OL D

,

S IM

CA RR C

L OU

GH

,

SH

I BD E N

.

Hall wh er e in what looks lik e the arch of an imm e ns e ﬁr e plac e we hav e th e e ntranc e to a s e ve nt e e nth c e ntury coal pit Th e n again in th e d e e p Clough j ust above Sim Carr S hibde n ar e th e ruins wh e r e a wat e r wh e e l onc e I n the pum pe d t h e wat e r from a n e i ghbouring min e rocks about Halifax ar e th in bands of coal and in many plac e s e sp e cially Northowram and Southowram this coal is n e ar th e surfac e and was work e d in v e ry ,

,

,

'

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

1 86

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

coal m ining

Hali fax but on an e xt e nsiv e scal e was conﬁn e d to th e e ast of the ridg e that runs from Soil Hill to Elland Park W ood In 1 7 45 Bonni e Princ e Charli e land e d in Scotland and taking advantag e Of th e English d e fe at at F onte noy march e d into E ngland with his Highland host On Nov e mb e r 2 8th a s e rg e ant a woman and a drumm e r who was a Halifax man tis said nt r d Manch st r e e e e e ( ) in advanc e of th e Pr e t e nd e r s army and gain e d [ 80 r e cruits Two days lat e r St Andr e w s D ay Charl e s Stuart cam e to Manch e st e r Yorkshir e p e opl e naturally alarm e d at this Scotch invasion and t h e d e put y li e ut e nants propos e d that th e local forc e s should mobilis e at L e e ds as th e vall e ys ar e narrow w e st ward of th at plac e and th e riv e rs now ove r ﬁow th e ir ban k s This m e ans th at in t he w e st e rly parts about Halifax th e r e w e r e such bad roads and so fe w bridg e s t hat it was an impossibl e country for m ilitary op e rations in wint e r Th e J acobit e s march e d as far south as D e rby and th e n t he Pr e t e nd e r turn e d tail and r e tr e at e d northward to Scotla nd G e n e ral Wad e march e d from h e t N e wcastl to catch e r e b e ls and was at F e rr y bridg e wh e n he h e ard of th e r e tr e at His ﬁrst ord e r was to cr O t h e P e nnin e s and march through Hali fax int o SS Lancashir e but the Pr e t e nd e r s r e tr e at was so rapid that G e n e ral Wad e had to aim at me e ting th e e n e m y farth e r north and th e r e for e Hali fax miss e d s e e i ng t h e King s army G e n e ral Gu e st who gallantly h e ld Edinburgh Castl e during t he 45 R e b e llion was born at Spout Hous e Hov e Edg e W illiam F awc e tt who was born at his moth e r th 1 7 2 7 ( S hibde n Hall on Sunday April 3 0 — was a List e r ) b e cam e Co mmand e r in Ch i e f Of the B ritis h ,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

’

’

1

,

’

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

,

’

.

,

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

’

45

Army As an e nsign G e n e ral Wad e s .

’

Fig

.

74— .

he

R E B ELLI O N

n a t o t e no o h t F and with u y f g D ur i ng a tim e of p e ac e be

M AJ O G ENE R A L R

1 87

.

”

,

S

I R

WI L L I A M

FA W C E

TT ,

K C B .

.

.

translat e d F r e nch and Prussian army books i nto English In the S e v e n Y e ars War Captain F awce tt .

,

S T O RY

TH E

H A LI F A X

OF OL D

.

carri e d th e d e spatch e s to t he King announcing th e vi ctory of W arburg ( July 3 I s t G e org e II who spo ke G e rman b e tt e r than English was pl e as ed b e caus e Fawc e tt gav e h im a full accou n t of th e battl e in G e rman Promotion follow e d and ultimat e ly Sir W illiam F awc e tt ros e to be h e ad of th e B ritish Army ‘ Many Halifax me n j oin e d th e Arm y in thos e days wh e n En gland was ﬁghting F ranc e and som e w e r e forc e d to j oin t h e Militia Aft e r 1 7 5 7 e ach township had to pr e par e lists of th e ir me n b e tw e e n 1 8 and 45 h e a r s of a e and t h e numb e r of m e n r e quir e d for t e y g Militia was s e l e ct e d by ballot In 1 7 7 6 for instanc e Militia Clubs w e r e Warl e y found ﬁ ve M ilitia me n form e d an d th e me mb e rs paid a guin e a and a hal f Th e mon e y was us e d to pay for substitut e s for thos e m emb e rs who w e r e chos e n by the ballot Th e vast amoun t of mon e y sp e nt on t h e wars was a burd e n on t he p e opl e F ood was v e ry d e ar and trad e was hamp e r e d — Surt s So i t y Th Pri stl y M moirs ( by D AN IE D EF E A Tour thro u gh G r at B ri ain L tt r Boo k s of J os ph Holroyd an d S amHill di t d by H H EA T N T Bank ﬁ ld M us um N ot s ( by H P KE N D A M a k ng Pla in So y lan d an d t h H ill F amil y alifa x ntiquarian oci t T ransactions A H S y ( Lif nd L t rs of G n S i W illiam F awc tt by J L I TER 1 1 1 0 1 13 al i fax ntiquarian Soci t y T ransactions 9 A H ( Coal M ining in Yor k shir by J L I T R s con d s ri s) 1 885 in Ol d Yor k shir ( ’

,

.

,

‘

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

“

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

e

e

e

e

t

e

e

h e

,

e

e

ce

a

et

e

e

O

.

.

LL

.

.

,

e

e

e,

e

.

,

r

.

e

,

,

e

.

,

e

e

O

L

,

e

e

e

i

c e

ee

,

,

.

S

.

,

.

S

“

E

e,

e

e

e

.

1 90

TH E

S T O R Y OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

with a pair of sh e ars th e y cut sh avings of gold from th e e d e of t h e guin e a Th e n a ne w e d e was ﬁl e d on t h e g g com and it was r e ady to 1 e tur n into circulation for 2 1 s The gold clippings w e r e car e fully coll e ct e d m e lt e d and s truck into imitation Portugu e s e moidor e s At B an k ﬁe ld ar e som e of t he actual coining di e s that w e r e us e d in Cragg Val e It is calculat e d that forty p e nnyworth of gold was clipp e d fro e ach guin e a Th e moidor e pass e d for 2 7 s but th e s e Cragg Coin e rs only put 2 2 s w e ight of gold into th e ir count e rfe its S O th e y mad e a proﬁt of about a pound from s e v e n whol e guin e as D avid Hartl e y s fath e r said th e y oft e n tr e at e d one h undr e d g ume as at a tim e Th e g e ograph ical position of t h e Crag farms was g also an importan t factor for the y e llow trad e Th e y w e r e not far away from Halifax a busy mark e t town wh e r e guin e as could be obtain e d and r e turn e d y e t at th e sam e tim e t h e com er s hous e s w e r e in lon e ly positions wh e r e it was almost impossibl e to catch th e m by a surpris e visit The le ad e r Of t he gang D avid Hartl ey or King D avid liv e d at B e ll Hous e a sm all farmhous e p e rch e d at th e e dg e of b e autiful B e ll H ol e His broth e r Isaac was nicknam e d th e D uk e of York and som e of t h e oth e rs also h ad royal titl e s A cont e mporary list nam e s abou t s e v e nty me n of t h e district who w e r e susp e ct e d of clipping and coining About 1 7 6 7 som e Halifax manufactur e rs r e port e d t h e unlaw fu l practic e s to t h e Gov e rnm e nt for outsid e rs w e r e shy of acc e pt i ng Halifax mon e y but t h e Oﬁi cial r e ply was th at th e y could not sp e nd mon e y in pros e cutin g the com e rs Soon aft e r William D ighton an Excis e man statio ne d at Hali fax wrot e to th e Solicitor of t he Mint and r e c e iv e d a promis e of ,

.

,

.

,

,

.

m

.

.

.

.

.

.

’

.

’

“

.

,

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

,

.

“

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

C R A GG C O I N ER S

19 1

.

Gov e rnm e nt support in any act ion h e migh t tak e to suppr e ss t he gang M i a D igh ton sough t for som e Cragg Val e man who would turn in form e r and s e cur e d th e who lodg e d in Hall Gat e s e rvic e s of Jam e s Broadb e nt Mytholmroyd and lik e most traitors h e turn e d out to About th e ﬁrst w e e k of be a most untrustworthy man O ctob e r 1 7 6 9 D ighton me t Broadb e nt at H e bd e n Bridg e with th e id e a Of catch ing Thomas Clayton one of t h e ringl e ad e rs Clayton liv e d at Stann e ry End a lon e farmhous e at t he corn e r of t he Cragg and Cald e r vall e ys 011 t he e dg e of th e moor abov e My tholmroyd H e was a worst e d manufactur e r and had two or th r e e looms in his hous e O n t he front of Stann e ry End dat e s such as 1 7 6 9 ar e rough ly carv e d r e mind e rs of th e e xciting y e ars that t he hous e th e n witn e ss e d How e v e r wh e n D ighton and his party r e ach e d Stann e ry End Clayton had gon e _

,

’

/

.

,

,

,

,

,

~

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

coin e rs w e r e alarm e d and th ey conspir e d to murd e r D ighton D avid Hartle y and som e oth e rs subscrib e d £ 1 00 to be giv e n to th e man who kill e d h im King D avid was arr e st e d at The n e xt mov e was that t h e O ld Cock Inn and a coin e r call e d Jagg e r at t h e Cross Pip e s Halifax on Saturday O ctob e r 1 4th The two me n w e r e tak e n to York Castl e and Broadb e n t gav e e vid e nc e that h e had s e e n th e m doctoring four g uin e as Jam e s Broadb e nt w e nt from Yo r k to Mytholm royd and told Isaac Hartl ey and t h e oth e rs wh at h ad h app e n e d Th e y p e rsuad ed B roadb e nt to r e turn to York to say th at he had mad e a mistak e and that h is e vid e nc e was wrong Broadb e n t w e nt to York and e ls e wh e r e s e v e ral tim e s to r e cant his e vi de nc e but th e coin e rs w e r e sa fe in York C astl e and th e r e th e y had to stay Th e

,

.

.

,

”

“

,

,

,

,

.

,

’

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

192

Fig 7 5 — A B R A D I DE (F R M HA I F A X P U B I C L I B R A RY ) At th i d t h r w n l o l n w p p r and n w w i r ulat d b y broad d .

s

a e t

e e

O

.

as

o

ca

e

s

a e

L

L

O

S

,

e

s

as c

.

c

e

si

es

.

1 94

TH E

S T O RY OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

r e ward Broadb e nt was so anxious to s e cur e t h e £ 2 00 that h e mad e anoth e r con fe ssion and blam e d Thomas Norma nton and F olds ( a cousin of Normanton ) for th e crim e and th e thr e e w e r e committ e d to York Assiz e s Th e Marquis of Rocki ngh am of W e ntworth W ood hous e cam e to Halifax on b e half of th e Gov e rnm e nt and me t th e local ge ntl e m e n at t h e T albot Inn in W ools hop s Th e m e e ting d e cid e d that th e g e ntry h ad don e th e ir utmost but th e y would e x e rt th e ms e lv e s still furth e r to discov e r th e murd e r e r and to st op th e clipping and coin ing Th e g e ntl e m e n also r e comm e nd e d that D i ghton s family should r e c e iv e a Sta t e p e nsion Lord Rockingh am stay e d with Mr John Royds at his ne w hous e in G e org e Str e e t ( now nam e d Som e rs e t Hous e) wh ich was th e n t he ﬁn e st mansion in Hali fax and contains som e ﬁne plast e r -work The Marquis had b e e n Prim e Minist e r Of England an d is fam e d for his patronag e Of and fri e nd sh ip for Edmund Burk e the famous writ e r and politician At the Spring Assiz e s at York in 1 7 7 0 about two doz e n of th e coin e rs w e r e on trial D avid Hartl ey and Jam e s O ldﬁ e ld w e r e s e nt e nc e d to d e ath and e x e cut e d for coining King D avid tri e d to sav e his li fe by giving e vid e nc e against h is fri e nds and h e stat e d that Normanton and T homas we r e th e murd e r e rs and his broth e r Isaac would conﬁrm him The trials Of t h e oth e r prison e rs w e r e postpon e d to Th e t h e n e xt Assiz e s and t h e coin e rs r e l e as e d on bail prisons of England w e r e so crowd e d at th is ti me that th e r e was not roo m to k e e p e v e n thos e charge d with murd e r in gaol The murd e r trial was tak e n at th e August Assiz e s wh e n Jam e s Broadb e nt gav e most .

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

’

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

”

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

CR A G G

C O I N ERS

195

.

minut e d e tails of what h ad h app e n e d on the nigh t of th e murd e r although we may be quit e sur e that he was nowh e r e n e ar t h e sc e n e on th at nigh t His e vid e nc e was so untrustworthy that th e j ury acquitt e d Norman ton and Thomas ,

.

.

Fig

.

7 6 — TH .

E

I N N A MY H T

T

OL M

R OY D A R E S O R ,

T OF T

H E CO I N E R S

.

Two y e ars aft e rwards Thomas Clay ton and Thomas Sp e nc e r ave fr e sh e vid e nc e against th e two assassins Th ey cou d not be tri e d for murd e r again but th e y w e r e found guilty of high way robb e ry b e caus e th e y had e mpti e d Mr D igh ton s pock e ts The p e nalt y was th e sam e Thomas and Normanton w e r e h ang e d at York and th e ir bodi e s susp e nd e d in ch ains on t he top of our B e acon Hill with th e ir arms pointi ng to t he sc e n e of t he murd e r Hali fax p e opl e d id not lik e th is b e caus e t he u g ly sigh t was always b e for e th e m for a long tim e Som e of t h e coin e rs w e r e imprison e d oth e rs trans port e d and a fe w h ang ed but although the j udg e s w e r e ,

.

,

’

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

196

S T ORY OF

TH E

H A LI F A X

OL D

.

v e ry s e v e r e it was many y e ars b e for e th e e vil practic e was stamp e d out F or instanc e Joh n Cockr oft of San d Hall High road W ell was want e d in 1 7 6 9 for clipping guin e as In 1 7 7 8 he was tri e d at Lancast e r for making half p e nni e s but he got off F inally in 1 7 82 h e was transport e d for making cou nt e rfe it shillings Th e Cragg Val e Coin e rs b e sid e s b e ing bad and d e sp e rat e me n w e r e mostly cowards As soon as th e y got into t he clutch e s of th e law th e y incriminat e d th e ir ne ighbours fri e nds and e v e n r e lations Som e writ e rs h av e tri e d to throw an ele m e nt of romanc e around th e story but it was r e ally a most is e rabl e busin e ss and it is a r e li e f to turn from t he coin e rs to the study of me n of a di ffe r e nt typ e N e ar the bottom of Cragg Val e th e r e stands on a littl e knoll a hous e nam ed Hoo Hol e with a ﬁ ne ch e stnut tr e e b e for e i t F rom the front windo ws can be s e e n t h e ridg e on wh ich stan d Stann e ry End and oth e r coin e rs hous e s whil e on t he oth e r sid e of th e vall ey b e hind Hoo Hol e ar e such notorious hous e s as B e ll Hous e K e e lham and Hill Top Hoo Hol e is in th e v e ry c e ntr e of th e coin e rs country and h e r e on Jun e 2 8t h 1 7 7 0 h is S ixty s e v e nth birthday cam e John W e sl e y one of th e mak e rs of mod e rn England to — — pr e ach Two month s b e for e to t he day D avid Hartl ey had b e e n h ang e d and man y of the men of this d istrict w e r e th e n on bail to app e ar at York in about anoth e r month It r e quir e d som e courag e to pr e ach in such a plac e We sl ey wrot e of his visit in th e s e words : It was a lo ve ly vall e y e ncompass e d by h igh mountains I stood on th e s mooth grass b e for e the hous e wh ich stands on a g e ntly rising ground and all t he p e opl e on th e slop e b e for e me It was a glorious opportunity ,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

m

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

”

’

,

,

,

,

.

,

’

,

,

,

,

”

,

,

.

,

.

.

“

.

,

,

”

.

.

198

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D

H A

LI F A X

.

by a cl e ar winding str e am This I s ind e e d high prais e for John W e sl e y had s e e n mor e of England th an any oth e r man of h is tim e About H e bd e n Bridg e and Eas t wood t he sc e n e ry is still b e auti ful though th e main vall ey has b e e n alt e r e d much I n one hundr e d and ﬁ ft y y e ars ; how e v e r th e gl e ns of t he H e bd e n and Cr ims wor th still r e main unspoil e d E wood n e ar Mytholmroyd was a favourit e hous e of the gr e at pr e ach e r Ewood which I still love for good Mr Grimsh aw s sa k e Mr Grimshaw r e ctor Of Hawort h and We sl ey s right -hand man had a gr e at inﬂu e nc e on t he p e opl e about Hawor th Halifax and Todmord e n Mrs Grimsh aw s hom e h ad b e e n at Ewood and th e r e t he two pr e ach e rs w e nt for r e st aft e r h e avy days of trav e lli ng and sp e aking A t L ig h tcli e liv e d a good and int e r e sting lady in a — — ﬁ ne old hom e Mrs Holm e s of Smith Hous e who was one of t h e ﬁrst to w e lcom e John We sl e y to our district To Smith Ho us e also cam e t he Moravians— missiona r i es — from G e rma ny and th e y e stablish e d a s e ttl e m e nt in T h e y built a larg e squar e hous e ( L ig h tcliffe L ig h tcliff e Hous e ) ne ar to Smith Hous e and t h e y also occupi e d a hous e I n W ak e ﬁ e ld Road call e d G e rman Hous e Lat e r th e y mad e th e ir h e adquart e rs a t F ulne ck Th is gr e at R e vival of t h e e igh t e e nth c e ntury had a wond e r ful e ffe ct for good on our country and our own n e ighbourhood r e c e iv e d its full sh ar e of t h e b e n e ﬁt In t h e str e e ts and mark e ts in t h e ﬁ e lds and country plac e s pr e ach e rs work e d hard to m ak e b e tt e r me n and wom e n O rdinary far me rs colli e 1 s and cobbl e rs took to pr e aching as w e ll as the r e gular m inist e rs and small ch ap e ls o ft e n m cottag e s w e r e start e d I n e ach h a ml e t Baptists and Ind e pe nd e nts as w e ll as W e sl ey ans w e r e aliv e to the Som e of th e chap e ls of this e poch li k e ne w spir i t .

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

ﬂ

,

,

’

.

.

.

.

’

,

’

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

TIT U S K N I GH T

199

.

W ains gat e n e ar H e bd e n Br idg e and Mount !ion n e ar O gd e n app e ar to us to be situat e d in out Of th e -wa y plac e s and i t has b e e n sugg e st e d that th e ir sit e s w e r e chos e n for th e ir ﬁrst m e mb e rs to be s e cur e from p e rs e cution Th e r e al fact is that at th e tim e of th e ir e stablishm e nt th e s e h illy plac e s w e r e c e ntr e s of population Titus Knight a colli e r in t h e S hibde n Hall m in e s cam e und e r t h e notic e of M I W e sl e y and as h e was of a studious and thoughtful turn of mind t he colli e r was ask e d to pr e ach and to b e com e a schoolmast e r Mr Knight d e v e lop e d into a famous pr e ach e r but lat e r he l e ft the W e sl e yans and Ultimat e ly t he larg e brick Squar e Chap e l was built for him wh e r e he h ad larg e congr e gations ,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

1

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

Yor k shir Co m rs b y H L IN G R OT H H A ntiquarian S o y T ran Cragg Coin rs by W HAN N ( Th J o u rnal of t h R v J ohn W sl y M tho d ist H ro s in t h Gr at Haworth Roun d 1 7 3 4 to 1 7 84 Compil d by J W LAY C CK Th e

e

e

e

.

.

,

SO

.

.

x

.

c

.

s

,

190 91

.

'

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

.

e

e

O

.

.

e

,

.

.

C HAP T E R X V P

TH E

L

IME

IECE H A L L —

—

H

— E M s oL

IN G — W E W OOL -C O MB I G — S PI ” — 1 8T H CE T U RY H O U S E S E DW

N

N

A VI N G — F A R MI N A R D S OF H A L IF A X

NN

G

.

Pi e c e Hall is one of t he ﬁn e st historic monum e nts of our town The building may be lik e n e d to a gigantic squar e amph ith e atr e and e ach s i d e of th e squar e is a hundr e d yards long Th e land t e n thousand squar e y ards was g 1ve n by Joh n Cayg ill a we alth y m e rchant who liv e d at th e Shay who also mad e a donation of It cost e ight hundr e d guin e as to t h e build ing fund about t e n thousand pounds to build and t he Pi e c e Hall Th e

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

20 0

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

is consid e r e d to be a good e xampl e Of arch it e ctur e r e ﬂ e cting cr e dit on th e d e sign e r Thomas Bradl e y a local man The top stor e y was nam e d the Colonnad e ; t h e low e r gall e ry t h e Rustic and t he bottom stor e y along the east sid e was t h e Arcad e Th e Pi e c e Hall was op e n e d on January 1 s t 1 7 7 9 with a gr e at proc e ssion with ﬁr e works in the e v e ning and much r ej oicing It was a manufactur e rs hall and e ach manu factur e r who subscrib e d £ 2 8 4s b e cam e t he own e r of one of t he 3 1 5 rooms Th e s e ﬁgur e s and particulars ar e not as impr e ssiv e as an actual visit to t h e Pi e c e Hall and th e circuit of one of th e gall e ri e s Imagin e e ach room full of pi e c e s and a manufactur e r in e ach doorway waiting for buy e rs to com e and look at h is stock Wh e n t h e mark e t op e ns t h e gall e ri e s ar e busy with m e rchants walkin from room to room and looking for th e ir T r cloth D own b ar r ticu a e low in t h e ea r e the a a p small e r mak e rs who h av e carri e d th e ir t wo 01 thr e e pi e c e s to Halifax Mark e t for sal e Ev e ry Saturday a larg e amount of cloth was sold h e r e to be s e nt to L e e ds London and oth e r parts of th e kingdom wh il e oth e r buy e rs w e r e acting for the me rchants of Holland and A D ire ctory of t he Manufactur e rs Hall th e Contin e nt publish e d in 1 7 87 informs us that th e manufac tur e rs who had rooms cam e fro m O v e nd e n Sow e rby Soyland W arl e y H e ptonstall Stans fi e ld and the oth e r townsh ips of t he parish ; from Burnl ey Coln e P e ndl e Skipto n K i l d w i c k S u t t o n in-C r a v e n B ra d fo r d B i n gl e y K e ighl e y and Cullingworth Rob e rt H e aton of Ponde n b e yond Stanbury had Room No 1 2 0 in the Rustic ,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

“

.

,

,

1

.

,

,

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

Pi e c e Hall is a striking tribut e to th e p r e th e cloth trad e at e min e nt plac e th at Hali fax h e ld ih The

PIECE H A LL

TH E

20 3

.

thoug h a good busin e ss man was a poor sp e ll e r for boys had littl e schooli ng th en H e wrot e p e e s H aull for Pi e c e Hall In O ctob e r 1 801 th e r e is th is puzzling — ntry It a P e as e sin e d this D ay by B on e y Part e r e f e rs t o the pr e liminari e s Of p eac e with Napol e on that w e r e sign e d on O ctob e r l s t 1 801 Th e prosp e ct of p e ac e mad e trad e br isk and 2 2 3 pi e c e s w e r e r e duc e d to 10 2 in a fortn ight ,

,

“

'

’

,

,

.

,

”

“

.

,

.

,

,

.

manufactur e rs lik e th e A kr oy ds who sold th e ir cloth in th e Pi e c e Hall did not mak e th is cloth I n mills as is t h e mod e rn m e thod but th e y sup e rint e nd e d t he — various proc e ss e s though the work its e l f combi ng — spinni ng or we avi ng was don e at hom e Aft e r t he wool had b e e n sort e d a w ool comb e r would r e c e ive a small quan tity along with som e soft soap and oil Th e wool was thoroughly wash e d and t he comb e r took it h hom e At hom e e had a small drum sh ap e d iron stov e 1 1 ns 1 ins high and 6 diam eter to h 6 e at h is combs ( ) Pot and oft e n four me n The stov e was call e d a work e d with one stov e and t he y call e d i t a pot 0 four An unsociabl e 01 ind e p e nd e n t man was nick nam e d a pot 0 one One comb was ﬁx e d on to a pad which in turn was ﬁx e d to a post in t he middl e of t he The wool was th rown 011 to t h e hot comb and room aft e rwards drawn off with the s e cond hot comb The wool was work e d again on to t he ﬁx e d comb and drawn Off by h and into long sliv e rs The slive rs w e r e plac e d 01 1 t h e wool comb e r s form r oll e d into balls wash e d again and wrung through roll e rs The sliv e rs w e r e brought back to th e b e nch brok e n into small pi e c e s sprinkl e d with oil and r e -comb e d Aft e r the s e cond combing t he wool was drawn th ro ugh a hol e in a horn disc and twist e d in to a n e at -loo k ing top The short Th e

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

”

“

,

’

,

”

1

.

,

“

’

”

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

”

,

.

20 4

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

ﬂ

wool that was c omb ed out was call e d noils and that was us e d for th e coars e r wooll e n cloths blanke ts e tc In B ankﬁeld Mus e um is a cas e containing t he ut e nsils of a hand comb e r and an illustr at e d pamphl e t may be obtain e d giving full partic ulars of th e proc ess e s F our spinn e rs w e r e r e quir e d to produc e s u i cient yarn to k e e p one w e av e r going ; th e r e for e the manu factur e r was oblige d to s e nd h is tops far aﬁ e ld to spin F rom th e A kr oy d account books we discov e r that th e ir wool was spun at Tos s it and W iggl e sworth n e ar Long Pr e ston ; at Austwick n e ar C lapham ; and a larg e quantity w e nt as far as D uns op Bridg e which is in t h e Troug h of Bowland a pass that l e ads to Lancast e r Th e wool trav e ll e d 011 pack hors e s and t he carri e rs charg e d h alf a cro wn to tak e a pack of wool to D uns op Bridg e The spinn e rs wag e s w e r e s e nt hidd e n in t h e wool packs e xactly in t he sam e wa y as t h e E g yptia ns h id th e ir valuabl e s in corn sacks in Jos e ph s tim e At Jonathan A kr oy d h ad a small e ach plac e m e ntion e d shop -k e e p e r or ag e nt who was paid a half -p e nny a p o u n d fo r p ut t i ng ou t t h e wool W i ll i am Thomas of D uns op Bridg e one of th e s e ag e nts would distribut e t he wool among t he farmhous e s for t he wom e n to S pin and a ft e rwards coll e ct t h e yarn Th e oth e r Halifax manufactur e rs s e nt th e ir wool into Crav e n and North Yorkshir e to be spun and Halifax was such an important c e ntr e that th e old mil e ston e s b eyo nd S e ttl e giv e th e distanc e from Halifax In t h e val l ey abov e Wh e atl e y is Waltr oy d a whit e wash e d farmhous e sh e lt e r e d by a hug e ch e stnut tr e e which in su mm e r tim e is li k e a big umbr e lla ove r t he h ou se Just ov e r a hundr e d y e ars ago Waltr oy d was f hom Corn lius Ashworth arm r and hand loom h f e e e o t e “

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

20 6

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

two me n hang e d on B e acon H ill th e ir nam e s Thomas Sp e nc e r and Mark Saltonstall h aving b ee n tri e d at York Assiz e s and fou nd g uilty of b e ing active in a riot in and about Halifax in J une last Th e y w e r e s e nt e nc e d to be e x ecut e d on th e above hill W e hous e d 3 8 h attocks ,

,

.

.

Fig

.

78— .

WA 1 TR OYD .

h

P oto H

,

.

.

ll

P K enda .

.

in t h e aft e rnoon Th e drough ty w e ath e r h e lp e d t he warp to dry aft e r the sizing Thomas Sp e nc e r was t he man who arranged t he murd e r of Mr D ighton and he cam e to his e nd for l e ading a mob to br e ak into t he war e hous e s on Corn Mark e t wh e n br e ad was ve ry d e ar 1 11 ord e r to compl e t e the portrait of Mr Ashworth we must not e that he w e nt most r e gularly e v e ry Sunday .

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

LI M E

20 7

.

to Squar e Chap e l and lat e r to P e llon Lan e Chap e l If h e did not att e nd s e rvic e he wrot e an apology in his — d iary aft e r this styl e z Sunday August 7 th 1 7 85 I stay e d at hom e till noon as I discov e r e d a wound in a young h e ife r I though t it a work of n e c e ssity to ge t it dr e ss e d imm ediat e ly B e tw e e n t he morning and aft e r noon s e rvic e s he would go to an inn for dinn e r and h e ar all t he local n e ws of the w e e k Corn e lius A shworth comm e nts s e v e ral tim e s on t h e numb e r of op e n grav e s he saw in the Parish Churchyard for ch ildr e n during s e v e r e e pid e mics The mini st e rs of Squar e and P e llon Lan e Chap e ls cam e onc e a month to W altr oy d to hold s e rvic e s in t h e larg e hous e and th e p e opl e about cam e to h e ar th e m pr e ach '

/

,

"

.

_

‘

“

,

,

,

.

”

.

'

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

Th e

h ighlands of our parish h av e ne v e r b ee n favour abl e to agricultur e but in t he e igh t e e nth c e ntury th ere was mor e farming th an is carri e d 011 nowadays Th e r e w e r e no larg e farms but most of the cloth i e rs lik e Corn e lius Ashworth gr e w th e ir own corn and k e pt a fe w cows Corn was high in pric e and if it h ad to be import e d from a d istanc e by pack -hors e s it was v e ry d e ar Som e of th e h i gh e r farms lik e Stann e ry End n e ar Mytholmroyd harv e st e d crops from land wh e r e to d ay it would be thought impossib l e to mak e such farming Th e farm e rs h ad a fe w int e r e sti ng m e thods of pay improving th e soil th at ar e now practically obsol e t e Li m e was an e xc e ll e nt dr e ssing for t he land bu t Halifax is a long way from t h e lim e ston e ar e a O n the oth e r si de of Bouls wor th Hill about Thur s de n and Wy collar is a glacial drift wh e r e in r e mot e ag e s a glaci e r l e ft bould e rs of various rocks Th e lim e ston e bould e rs w e r e pick e d out of the dri ft and burnt in l im e kilns The oth e r us el e ss bould e rs w e r e h e ap e d into hug e mounds ,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

20 8

TH E

S T O R Y OF

H A LI F A X

O LD

grass grown

.

Th e s e hillocks now cov e r e d w ith small tr e e s and form a pictur e squ e and puzzli ng f e atur e of th e landscap e Th e lim e was carri e d on pack -hors e s to t h e farms about Halifax and som e of the Old pack -hors e tracks b e y ond Wadsworth ar e call e d L ime r s Gat e s In a S hibdcn Hall account book is th is e ntry : 17 2 1 5 loads Lancash ir e lim e 6 S 8d A load was two panni e rs of 1 cwt e ach Emily Bront e t e lls of Jos e ph l e ading lim e from Wy collar district to W uth e ring H e igh ts h P G Ham e rton saw t e pack hors e s carrying lim e about Widdop as lat e as 1 85 6 Corn e lius Ashworth r e cords that at W alt-royd the land was irrigat e d by wat e r furrowi ng In the ﬁe lds b y t he str e am sid e long ditch e s w e r e dug from which chann e ls and drains carri e d the wat e r ov e r the ﬁ e ld In t he spring tim e th e b e ck was damm e d and t h e wat e r turn e d into t he ditch e s to ov e rﬂow th e land In the high e r ﬁ e lds ditch e s w e r e mad e and wat e r tur ne d on to In t he ﬁ e lds at Waltr oy d t he land from t he s p r in s and e ls e wh e r e trac e s of t e ditch e s and gutt e rs can S till be s e e n Th e s e str e am -sid e ﬁ e lds w e r e nam e d holm e s island ( for Th e original Scandinavian word m e ant Th e n it was us e d for land in t h e e xampl e Stockholm ) b e nd of a riv e r that was liabl e to be ﬂood ed Locally we hav e old plac e nam e s s uch as Till ey holm e Mytholm B ird -holm e and D odg e -holm e Lastly a holm e was a ﬁ e ld th at might be irrigat e d by a str e am Wh e n consid e ring th e s e ve nt e e nth c e ntury hous e s we d e cid e d that t h e windows a fford e d th e sur e st guid e for th e dat e of t he hous e s In th e e ight ee nth c e ntu r y hous e s th e window j ambs and mullions ar e ﬂush with For th e wall b e caus e th e walls w e r e not built so thick t he sam e r e ason th e mullions ar e squar e in s e ction ar e

,

,

.

,

’

.

“

,

”

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

”

“

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

”

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

2 10

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

brick would supplant t he nativ e ston e and that futur e Halifax would be a brick buil t town ,

th e

.

Fig

.

7 9 — S OUT

Th e ﬁ

.

rt s

r

H

ST

R EE K I NG C R T,

r tdi

ow of h ous e s e e c e

OS S

n t he

L

t

A NE

,

own

.

Th e w e alth y g e ntl e m e n of our n e ighbourhood built man y ﬁne hous e s during the e ight e e nth c e ntury In fact all ov e r England gr e at mansions like W e nt wor t h Hous e and Chatsworth w e r e b e ing e r e ct e d One of th e most famous Of provincial archit e cts was Carr of York .

'

,

,

.

,

who d e sig ne d F arnl ey Hall D e nton Hall and Har e wood Hous e 1 11 our district h e e r e ct e d Py e N st Wh it e W indows and Mr Royd s hous e in G e org e S tr e e t John Carr was th e s on of a Horbury mason O ne story of his e arly days t e ll s th at h is moth e r mad e ,

,

e

.

,

’

.

.

.

CE N T U R Y M A N SI O N S

1 8TH

m a

hi

— l larg e circu ar m e at p ie morning Joh n d ivide d

211

.

v e ry w e e k Each Mond y h is p ie with his a The mansion s mason s compass e s into s i x e qual parts of this p e riod w e r e large squar e buildings and t he d e corations and orna me nts w e r e Oopi e d from anci e nt Roman arch it e ctur e The styl e is know n as Classical B e sid e s the hous e s alr e ad y nam e d th e r e ar e Clar e Hall Hop e Hall ; Hopwood Hall ; F i e ld Hous e S owe r bv and Making Plac e Soyland J ohn Horn e r s s k e tch e s ( to be s e e n at Bankﬁe ld) giv e us an id e a of t he b e autiful an d e xt e nsiv e grounds that surround ed t h e s e hous e s Compar i ng th e s e classical hous e s with th e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntury halls th e y ar e much larg e r and s mor e impo ing tha n the com fortabl e farm hous e s of t h e pr e vio us c e ntury Th e me 1 ch ants for whom th e y w e r e usually b uilt we I e rich e r an d fe w e r th an the small manu fac t ur e rs of t he p r e vious c e ntury Th e O fﬁc e s and war e hous es of the me rchant w e r e o ft e n at th e back of A t Hop e Hall two wi ngs j ut out from the his h ous e hous e one of wh ich was the stabl e s and the oth e r s e rve d as t he m e rchan t s war e hous e e

.

,

’

.

,

,

“

.

.

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

’

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

’

.

Th e t he

larg e hous e s th at w e r e e r e ct ed all ov e r Engla nd in usually had ﬁ ne librari e s e igh t ee nth c e ntury One of th e most famo us bookshops in t he kingdom was that of Edwards of Hali fax W illiam Edwards t he was for many y e ars v e ry em in e nt in h is fath e r profe ssion and of 11 0 common e stimation for the e n e rgi e s of his mind ; and h is skill i n coll e ctin rar e books not l e ss than h i s e xquisit e tast e in r icﬁ and e xp e n siv e bindings wi l l long be r e coll e ct e d H e di e d in 1 80 8 Jam es Edwards his most famous son who op e n e d a London book shop in 1 7 84 was th e ﬁrst London book s e ll e r to display valuabl e books in spl e ndid bindings ,

.

,

”

“

.

,

,

,

,

”

.

,

,

.

,

.

(

,

.

_

Fig

.

81 — .

B I ND ING I N TR A N A EN V E U M E DW A R D h E f E F i r y M r tt i h L b a o m t q ) ( SP R

r

e

r

LL

T

o

.

BY

a c e

,

s

.

S

OF

HA PIFhA X L

.

oto G .

,

E G ledhr ll .

E DW A R D S OF H A LI F A X

2 15

.

Gr e cian vas es O th e r book s we r e cov e r e d with tran s par e nt v e llum and t h e i r nde r s ide of the ve llum was d e corat e d with appropriat e paintings or drawings Edwards also paint e d landsca p e s on the for e e dg e s of books Th e s e b e auti ful pai nt i ngs ar e h idd e n by th e gold wh e n t he book is clos e d but wh e n t he volum e is op e n e d and the l e av e s fann e d out th e b e autiful painti ng 1 s discov e r e d A pray e r book bOll ll d for Qu e e n Charlot t e is always on vi e w I n th e show cas e s of the British Mus e um Bindings by Edwards of Halifax ar e high ly priz e d by book coll e ctors Th e r e ar e a fe w ﬁne s p e c1me ns of th e ir work I n Hali fax Public Library H an d W ool -com b ing by H L R T H Bankﬁ ld M us um N ot s N 6 ( b y T W H AN ON Th D iar y of a G ran d fath r H alifax nti uarian So i t y T ransactions A q ( E d wards of H alifax by T W H N N Halifax A ntiquarian Soci t y T ransactions ( .

’

,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

e

e

O

e

e

O

.

.

,

.

.

,

”

e

,

S

.

.

c e

”

,

.

.

.

,

A

SO

.

e

,

CHAPTER X VI

.

I N D U S T R I A L R EV OL U T I ON — T H E V A L L E Y S EXA L T E D A N D TH E OL D D EC A Y C ANA L S — TH E NA MI N G OF T H E B E E B L E — T UR N PIKE T O \V N S R O A D S — T V I N I N G S PIC T UR E OF C A L D E R V A L E — I N N Y A R D S — S T A GE C OA CH E S L U KE PR IE S T L E Y S J O U R N E Y F R O M L ON D ON TO B R A N D Y H OL E — E N C L O S U R E S F OS T E R T H E E S S A Y I S T — S C A R CI T Y OF MI L K G R E A T I N VE N T I O N S — S T E A M E N GI N E S — B R A D F OR D O U T S T R I PS TH E H A L IF A X TH E

—

’

V

’

—

—

.

D uring t he latt e r half of the e igh t e e n th c e n tury and m the e arly part of the nin e t e e nth c e ntury Hali fax pa ss e d th rough th e gr e at e st chang e s 1 11 its h istory F i rst of all ne w m e thods of trans i t for m e rchand is e and — ne w mod e s of trav e lli ng w e r e introduc e d canals and h l m e t O d good roads b e ing ad in plac e of pack hors e e caus e ways S e cond ly it was an ag e of gr e at inv e ntio ns ,

,

.

,

,

’

.

,

2 16

TH E

STOR Y

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

218

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

plac e nam e s

.

of th e Cald e r Vall e y The principal town at the w e st e rn end of t h e parish was H e ptonstall but H e pton ( H e bd e n ) Bridg e took its plac e w h e n trad e d e sc e nd e d from th e bills to th e vall e y A nci e nt Lu dd e n d e n w a s o u t st r i pp e d by Lu d d e n d e n F oo t Sow e rby onc e t h e r ich e st township i n th e parish saw its trad e and p e opl e d e sc e nd to Sow e rby Bridg e Rastric k s e t on a bill a t t he e ast e rn e nd of t he parish h ad look ed down on t he insig niﬁcant hous e by th e bridg e ov e r the Cald e r wh ich aft e rwards gav e its nam e to th e busy ne w town of Brighous e As we hav e s e e n many of t h e industrial c e n tr e s Of Cald e r Val e b e ar nam e s that S how that th e y stand at a low e r altitud e than th e old e r towns One of th e proph e ts in looking forward to a gr e at chang e in H ebr e w tim e s said that Ev e ry vall e y would be e xalt ed and e ach mo untain and hill brough t low T his po e tic phras e would almost lit e rally apply to this p e riod of our local history O r th e r e I s much t 1 uth 1 n th e world was turn e d t h e striking stat e m e nt that upsid e do wn in th is district Sow e rby Township was dom e -shap e d and bound e d by Cragg Brook Cald e r R y burn and Lumb B e c k with Crow Hill as its ap e x Th e ne w urban district of Sow e rby Bridg e is bowl shap e d with th e hous e s crowd e d in the bottom along th e riv e r S id e an d the rim of th e bowl form e d by t h e h e ights of Norland Sow e rby Warl e y and Skircoat Th e low ly ing lands that had b e e n consid e r e d us e l e ss in the middl e ag e s provid ed th e b e st sit e s for mills and works Th e Parish of Halifax is one of t h e most int e r e sti ng plac e s in wh ich to study t h e e ffe ct of th e Industrial R e volution In oth e r parts of indus t rial Engl and all

t he

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

“

,

,

.

°

1

.

“

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

°

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

TH E

F IR S T M ILLS

2 19

.

r e lics of an e arli e r p e riod have d is ap p e ar ed as compl e t e ly as if an oc e an had r olléd ove r t h e land but about Hali fax the tid e of industrialism n e v e r ros e high e nough to subm e rg e t he old landmarks It is e asy to follow t he cours e of the gr e at cha nge s A H e ptonstall cloth i e r h could not e r e ct a spinning m ill on t e h ill top b e caus e ’

f

,

.

.

,

Fig

85 —0L D .

M I LL

IN

AC

LO U

G H NE A R B A C H A W H E A D L

KS

.

th e r e was no str e am th e r e to turn a wat e r -wh e e l T h e r e for e t he e arli e st mills w e r e built in t he cloughs such as the mill at N e w Bridg e n e ar the lodge to e T h e wat e r wh e e l h as b e e n r e mov e d Hardcastl Crags but the goit r e mains A clust e r of h ous es was built about the mill for som e of the work e rs O n th e banks of the H ebd e n str e am from Gibson Mill ( clos e to Hard .

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

220

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

castl e Crag ) down to H e bd e n Bridg e s e ve ral mi lls and groups of hous e s w e r e built F ro mthis tim e th e anci e nt town of H e ptonstall c e as e d to grow wh il e b e low it t he vall e ys w e r e b e coming mor e populat e d A ft e r a tim e t h e mills i n th e H e bd e n vall e y instal le d st e am e ngin e s and th e h igh e r mills w e r e h andicapp ed b e caus e it was The t wo mills at so costly to cart coals to th e m Hardcastl e Crags hav e stopp e d runni ng and in Jumbl e Hol e Clough n e ar Eastwood Station ar e ruin e d mills and cottag e s ) that mak e us wond e r why th e y w e r e ( bui l t in such positions e ve r D 1 W hittak e r who publish e d a history of t his district at t he b e ginning of t h e nin e t e e nth c e ntury said th at a mountainous coun try was th e b e st for manufacturing H e was th inki ng of Wat e r -pow e r wh e n th e e arly mills w e r e driv e n b y h n moorlan d str e ams T e canals and e w high roads w e r e mad e alo ng the vall e y s and th e mills that w e r e abl e to us e th e ne w m e thods of transport had a gr e at advantag e Th e ag e of st e am and railwa y s mad e t h e low e r l e v els still mor e valuabl e and doom e d th e an ci e nt h ill tow ns to stag nation W e notice d that in t he old townships a group of hous e s was call e d a town and we h ad Sow e rby T own and W arl e y Town This word was also giv e n to t he clust e rs of ne w hous e s that w e r e e r e ct e d Th e r e is a Charl e stown n e ar H e bd e n Bridg e and a Charl e stown n e ar North Bridg e Halifax A row or two of hous e s midway b e tw e e n Hal ey H ill and Boot ht own was cal led N e wtown ; th e hous e s around P e llon La ne Chap e l b e cam e Chap e ltown ; and t he d istrict now call e d O ur for e Clar e mount was form e rly B e aumo nt To wn fath e rs with a touch of humour dubb e d t h e mor e — h xt nsiv building sc m O rang e Str e e t and in e e e e e Th e Ci t y W h e atl e y ,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

1

.

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

”

“

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

”

.

222

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

boat in ord e r that he might tak e m e asur e m e nts and particulars of the rout e At that tim e the Cald e r was as cl e ar and b e autiful a riv e r as t h e W harfe is to -day To cut a long story short plans w e r e drawn and p e rmission obtain e d from Parliam e nt to make t he Cald e r navigabl e Som e of t he landown e rs and mill own e rs whos e prop e rty adj oin e d t he riv e r oppos e d the sch e m e and a larg e amount of m o ne y had to be S p e nt in law suits and for comp e nsation S e rious ﬂoods occurr e d wh il e the canal was b e ing mad e and som e of th e work h ad to be don e two or t hr e e tim e s Ho we ve r th e promot e rs p e rs e ve r e d but the work cost much mo r e mo ney th an had b e e n e stimat ed Th e canal end e d at S alt e r h e bble for at th at tim e it was not consid e r e d practicabl e to continu e it up t h e narrow st e e p vall e y to Halifax The old S alte r h e bble D ocks south of t h e bridg e b e c am e a v e ry important and busy plac e wh e r e Halifax cloth was shipp e d to Hull and th e Contin e nt .

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

Th e Lancashir e manufactur e rs w e r e planning a ca nal from t h e Irish S e a to Rochdal e and onward into York shire T h e y forc e d the Cald e r and H ebble Navigation promot e rs to mak e a branch canal from S alt e r hebble to Sow e rb y Bridg e and th is link mad e a through canal fro m th e North S e a to t h e Irish S e a Th e Rochdal e Canal was not compl e t e d until 1 802 The principal str e e t in Sow e rby Bridg e was nam e d W harf Str e e t Th e b e caus e it was the road to the canal wharv e s e xt e nsion of t h e canal to Halifax was op e n e d in 1 82 8 T hos e who liv e n e ar t he ca nal and who us e th e Old word cut for it may be int er e st e d to know that t h e Act Of ,

.

,

.

.

.

.

,

”

,

says a navigabl e cut or canal from ( It is di fficult for S alte r h e bble Bridg e to Bail e y Hall us to und e rstand why th e r e was so much e nthusiasm Parliam e n t

1 82 5 )

“

.

C ANA L

TH E

223

.

about th e canal Cont e m p ora ry e ngravings d e pict a large str e tch of w at er b e aring a f ull r igg e d sh ip with our hills in t he background An all e gorical ﬁ ur e bringing th e horn of pl e nty d e sc e nds from th e s gie s and on t h e lad e n wharf in t he for e ground g e ntl e m e n in quaint G eorg i an costum e wave th e ir thr e e corn e r e d h ats with j oy publish e d I n 1 7 6 1 A n Essay on Halifax brok e into po e try w ith : M thin k s I upon th b aut ous val U pon t h glossy surfac of th str am Th t ming v ss l gli d ing smoothl y on ; I t sw llin g canvas hol d s t h g ntl gal h h d a h a W hil on t d c k t bo y pla y s y F arl ss of storms .

,

.

,

,

,

°

”

“

,

.

,

,

e

s ee

e

ee

s

e

e

e

e

e

e,

e

,

e

e

e

mi ni

e

e

e

e

e

r

e

e

,

e,

e

e

se

,

”

e

.

.

Fig

.

84

.

B A -H R E VE R

-

O

T

O

S

S

A C -H R E

US P

K

O

S

S

.

Halifax me n f e lt that th e y had a visibl e conn e ct ion wi t h t h e oc e an and mor e int e r e st in the Navy whos e gr e at victori e s w e r e making ov e rs e as comm e rc e mor e s e cur e F or e ign trad e d e p e nd e d to a larg e e xt e nt on B ritain s mast e ry of the s e a Th e gr e at b e n e ﬁt to local trad e wrought by t h e canals can be e xpr e ss e d in a simpl e sum One hors e will p ii ll as m uch we ight on t he Cald e r and H ebble Canal as a string of six h undr e d pack hors e s can carry By m e ans of t h e canal t h e corn grown 011 t he rich York Plain b e cam e availabl e for ,

.

’

.

,

.

.

,

2 24

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

Halifax and W a k e ﬁ e ld b e cam e a gr e at corn mart for t his district By 1 83 4 Hali fax was r e c e iving corn from Ir e land In 1 7 7 5 W illiam W al k e r want e d a larg e amount of timb e r for the r e building Of Crow N e st Cliffe H ill and L ig h t cliffe Church H e chart e r e d a v e ss e l in Hull w e n t to th e Baltic shor e of Russia brough t the ti mb e r back to Hull and th e n conv ey e d it by canal to Brighous e Soon aft e r th e canal was ﬁnish e d a lar e printing pr e ss was brough t to Hali fax It was imp os s ibT e to carry such h e avy goods ov e r th e Old st e e p roads P e rhaps th e gr e at e st boon brough t by t h e canal was coal Miss List e r s D iary stat e s that in 1 82 8 th e local coal was s e lling at 7 s and it cost anoth e r 7 s for l e ading from Swal e s Moor into Halifax The coal fro mKirkl e e s could be d eliv e r e d to Bail e y Hall wharf for 9 s and the l e ading into t he town was only 2 s The local coal was g e tting work e d out and D r Wh ittak e r mad e a wo e ful proph e cy H e for e saw that wh e n the coal was e xhaust ed t h e f e nc e s and hous e s and e v e n t h e Parish Church w ould fall into ruins th e land would go out of cultiva He tion and our hills and val e s b e com e a sh e e p run was sure that with in a m e asurabl e tim e the e xt e nt of t he anci e nt parish would support but a fe w sh e ph e rds and the population d e clin e until it b e cam e l e ss than b e for e th e Norman Conqu e st I f it had not b e e n for Hali fax would hav e b e e n in a d e sp e rat e t h e canal pligh t ind e e d wh e n co al for st e am -pow e r b e cam e a prim e n e c e ssity for manufacturi ng ,

.

,

,

.

,

h

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

’

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

canal gav e th e pr e s e nt nam e of H e bble to our str e am W h e n t he vall ey bottoms w e r e n e gl e ct e d and of no account t he brook had no S ingl e nam e of its own Each s e ction had a s e parat e titl e such as O gd e n Broo k Mix e nd e n B e ck The D odg e J ump les B e ck O v e nd e n The .

'

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

226

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

touch e d a fe w plac e s Roads w e r e n e e d e d on wh ich waggons and carts could trav e l e asily for in our part of t h e country th e st e e p pack hors e caus e ways w e r e impossibl e for wh e el e d tra ffic Th e r e we r e v e ry fe w bridg e s and most of thos e w e r e lik e the narrow arch that spans Lumb F alls If th e r e was a similar probl e m .

.

,

.

,

.

Fig

.

85

TO

— .

LL

BA R

ON

WA K EFI E L D

R AD O

,

S OW

E R B Y B R I DGE (1 824

to tackl e to day th e gov e rnm e nt or the public would und e rtak e it but i n th e e ight e e nth c e ntury it was l e ft to priva t e e nt e rpris e A numb e r Of m e rchants and landown e rs for me d th ems e lve s into a company 01 Turnpik e Trust wi t h the obj e ct of improvin g t he road b e tw e e n two towns and th e y appli e d to Parliam e nt for -

,

,

.

1

,

,

,

T U R N PI K E R O A D S

227

.

pow e r to mak e th e ir Th e r e v e nu e of t h e Trust was Obtain e d from the t olls coll e ct e d at t he bar hous e s The Turnpik e Roads w e r e b e tt e r plann e d than t he old — th e tram roads The pr e s e nt road to Qu e e nsbury — rout e was a Turnpik e Road mad e und e r an Act Of Parliam e nt dat e d 1 7 5 3 and its toll bars w e r e abolish e d in 1 86 1 The old road w e nt up Rang e B ank and across Swal e s Moor and it was also th e only way to L e e ds until t he W hit e h all Road was Op e n e d The Act conc e rning t h e Hali fax and Rochdal e Road ov e r B lackston e Edg e cam e into forc e on Jun e 1 s t 1 7 3 5 and is one of t h e The road to Todmord e n and e arli e st in th e country Burnl ey was mad e by a Trust cr e at e d in 1 7 6 0 and follow e d a rout e through Ludd e nd e n F oot Mytholm ro y d and H e bd e n Bridg e The old pack hors e road in to Lancash ir e w e nt by H ighroad W e ll In the 1 8t h c e ntury this was known as Har e wood W e ll or in t he — dial e ct pronunciation Harrod We ll Aft e r t he low turnpik e road was mad e the nam e was corrupt e d to Highroad We ll This high road is about Midgl e y call e d t h e H e ights Road and b e yon d Blacksh aw H e ad it is known as t he Long Caus e way The local troops us e d t h I S road I n t h e C1v1 1 W ars In many plac e s it r e s e mbl e s a mountampass Its rout e 1 s I ndicat e d I n th e following j ingl e : B urnl y for r a dy mon y M a loug h noa trust Yo r p ping in at S tip d n A nd call at K b s y o must ; B lac k shaw H a d for trav ll rs A nd H ptonstall for ru st ; H p ton Brig for lan d la d i s A nd M i d gl y n ar t h moor ; L udd nd n a warm spot R oy l H a d s col d ; A n wh n y o g t to H alifax Y o mun b va y b ol d -

—

'

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

_

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

e

e

e

,

r c

e

’

ee

e

er

e

e

e

e

e

e

’

’

e

,

e

’

s

e

e s

,

t

e

’

,

’

e

e

e

e

,

’

’

e

e

e

rr

,

”

.

228

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D

H A

LI F A X

.

A j ourn e y ov e r a s e ction of this old rout e r e turni ng hom e b y t h e n e w e r and low e r road will giv e you t he b e st id e a of t h e improv e m e nt mad e Th e r e is a point worth noting about this Cald e r Val e road If th e r e had b e e n a national syst e m of roads as th e r e is in F ranc e th e r e would be a gr e at trunk road from Todmord e n down th e l e ngth of t he Cald e r Vall ey to Wake ﬁe ld B e caus e the roads w e r e mad e by local committ e e s th e r e is a link missi ng b e tw e e n Ludd e nd e n F oot and Sow e rby Bridg e and carts h av e to tak e the hilly way by T u e l ,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

Fig

.

86 — PAC R S .

A DD E A ND PI I N LL O

L

.

most famous English road e ngin e e rs w e r e T e lford and Macadam T e l ford s road fro mLondon to Holy h e ad was so plann e d that a hors e might trot e v e ry inch of t h e way e v e n ov e r t he part that th r e ad e d t he W e lsh mountains Macadam inv e nt e d a ne w surfac e for roads and we still sp e ak of macadamis e d roads Yor k sh ir e h ad a gi ft ed road -mak e r e v e n b e for e th e ir tim e nam e d H e lost his sigh t Joh n M e tcalfe of Knar e sborough wh e n quit e a child t hrough small -pox but Blind Jac k Th e

’

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

.

“

,

230

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

Parish of Halifax in Yor ksh ir e writt e n by t he R e v Joh n W atson 17 7 5 It is a th ick quarto volum e and co ntains t he r e sult of much industry and r e s e arch i u i t es q

O

f th e

,

.

,

.

,

.

summ e r of 1 7 8 1 a Colch e st e r cl e rgyman wh il e on a driving tour d e scrib e d t h e sc e n e ry on t he main road b e tw e e n H e bd e n Bridg e and Todmord e n : Th e vall e y contracts its e l f ; t h e hills cro wd about you rising almost p e rp e ndicularly on e ach sid e wood e d from top to bottom with blac k craggy rocks p e e ping out h e r e and th e r e ; pictur e squ e littl e mills with th e ir rush of wat e r clos e und e r t he woods bridg e s som e of ston e of a singl e arch oth e rs of wood but all e xactl y such as a paint e r would hav e th e m; cottag e s p e rch e d about som e in t he road oth e rs clos e to the str e am oth e rs ove r your h e ad in most romantic and improbabl e situations mor e lik e ston e ne sts than hous e s ; h e r e and th e r e littl e cross val e s op e ni ng into th is paths winding up t he woods craggy roads losi ng th e ms e lve s round t he corn e r of a wood e t c e tc I sick e n with vagu e d e scription ! In short th e e ffe ct it h ad on me was th at of paint e d landscap e s of t h e most inv e nt e d and po e tic kind r e alis e d ; and e v e ry obj e ct animat e or inanimat e that we saw was of a pi e c e with t h e surrounding sc e n e and th e y s e e m to h av e b e e n plac e d wh e r e th e y w e r e on purpos e as much — as mil e ston e s and guid e posts ar e in vulgar ro ads ; a man with a pack on his should e r and a sta ff in h is hand trudging ove r a rustic bridg e O1 climbing up a wind ing path through a wood ; me n driving pack hors e s or — — lou nging along sid e ways on th e e mpty pack sa ddl e a favourit e ﬁgur e with paint e rs W riting of t h e V i e w of Cald e r Val e at Elland h e said I n e v e r fe l t an y thing so ﬁne I S h all r e m e mb e r it and thank God for it as lo ng th e

1 11

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

1

,

,

.

“

,

.

S T A G E C O A CHES

23 1

.

as I liv e I am sorry I did not th ink to say grac e aft e r it A r e we to be gr at e ful for noth i ng but b e e f an d pudding to thank God for life and not for happ in e ss ? — Th e gr e at inn yards ar e int e r e sting r e lics of th is W e hav e th e U nion Cross Halifax e poch of old e n Yard O ld Cock Yard Northgat e Hot e l Yard U pp e r G e org e and Low e r G e oig e Yards Many of th e s e yards we r e larg e r at one tim e but th e ir spac e has b e e n Th e larg e ston e s plac e d e ncroach e d upon by building h at the e ntranc e s and corn e rs and t e hors e blocks sp e a k of a tim e wh e n t h e yards w e r e crowd e d with farm e rs gigs manufactur e rs carts carr i e rs waggo ns and stag e coach e s Ev e ry morning at nin e o clock a waggon b e lo nging to D e acon Hanson CO s e t out for London and oth e r ﬁrms also had a s e rvic e Th r e e tim e s a w e e k a waggon l e ft for S k ipton S e ttl e L ancast e r and K e ndal and oth e r carri e rs cat e r e d for Sh e fﬁ e ld Manch e st e r L e e ds and all oth e r c e ntr e s In 1 845 th e r e w e r e about ﬁfty carri e rs who mad e r egular j ourn e y s from Halifax to various plac e s Pack hors e s w e r e still work ing about 1 85 0 and P G Ham e rton the art critic m e ntions in h is book pack hors e s at W iddop In 1 83 0 t he follow ing coach e s l e ft the Wh it e Swan .

.

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

’

’

’

,

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

to Lon d on in 2 7 hour to B lac k pool to M anch to Wak ﬁ d to B rad for d an d L d s to Liv rpool to W th r b y to M anch st r to Yor k to Liv rpool to L d to M anch st r to I d

s

.

.

e

e

er

e

.

.

ee

e

e

.

e

.

e

e

.

.

e

ee

.

s.

e

xe e

s

.

e

.

.

23 2

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

Coach e s ran from t he oth e r inns e ith e r as rivals to thos e from th e Swan 01 to di ffe r ent plac e s Th e Post O ffic e u s e d th e mail coach e s for s e nding l e tt e rs but posta ge was d e ar In 1 82 0 t he postag e on a l e tt e r fro m Hali fax to B radford or Hudd e rsﬁ e ld was 4d to Ma nch e st e r 6 d and to London 1 1 d Halifax had not so good a coach s e rvic e as L e e ds Wa k e ﬁ e ld and Man ch e st e r and Hali fax m e rchants at t h e b e ginnin g of th e nin e t e enth c e ntury found that th e n comp e t i tors in oth e r town s h ad full e r and lat e r in formation about the r various ma k e ts T rav e lling b y stag e coach was too de ar for poor p e opl e and we h av e an int e r e sti ng account as to how one man cam e by road from London Luk e Pri e stl e y of Brandy Hol e Gr e e tland was disch arg e d from t he army in April 1 8 1 7 in t h e Isl e of W i ht g We aring h is r e d coat and knapsack w ith about a g ume a I n h is poc k e t h e s e t out for h om e By th e tim e he r e ach ed London h e had littl e mon e y l e ft Enquiring for t h e north road h e walk e d to Highgat e wh e nc e a man c arri e d h is knapsack thr e e mil e s for S ixp e nc e and a coachman gav e h im a li ft to Hatﬁ e ld wh e r e he stay e d At th at tim e waggons load e d with wool t h e nigh t j ourn e y e d from Lo ndon to Halifax the driv e rs riding on pon i e s b e sid e th e ir waggon s Pri e stl ey look e d out for th e s e driv e r s and would g e t a rid e on t h e pony whilst th e driv e r had a sl e e p in th e waggon tail By th is m e ans he r e ach e d W ak e ﬁ e ld wh e r e h e sough t out a ﬂock d e al e r who tra de d wi th Gr e e tland H e stay e d th e night at h is hous e and r e ach e d hom e t he n e xt day on t h e ﬂoc k d e al e r s cart ,

1

,

.

°

,

,

.

.

.

, °

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

’

.

John F ost e r who was born at th e Manor Hous e W adsworth Lan e s ne ar H e bd e n Bridg e in 1 7 7 0 b e cam e a gr e at English writ e r by r e ason of h is famous e ssay s ,

,

,

,

.

234

TH E

S T O R Y OF

t he

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

old op e n ﬁ elds wh ich as m e ntion e d in one of our chapt e rs had b ee n in e xist e nc e from tim e e arli e st imm e morial w e r e divid e d up along with the commons Th e poor man lost his right to pastur e h is cow donk e y or pig and t he right to gath e r fu e l in t he woods or on Som e men who had a small pi e c e of land t h e moors allott e d to th e m could not afford to pay th e cost of fe ncing and e nclosing it nor t he l e gal ch arg e s for t he Parliam e ntary work and th e r e for e th e y had to s e ll th e ir shar e to som e rich e r n e i g hbour The English p e asant h t e e f lost his hold on land and is th e r or e to day in a v e ry di ffe r e nt position from th e F r e nch p e asant who how e v e r poor has som e right to the land I I I t he gr e at agricultural districts of t h e Midlands and the South t h e small e r farms w e r e d e stroy e d and v e ry larg e farms substitut e d The p e asants w e r e thrown out of work and hom e and th e y and th e ir childr e n ﬂoc k e d into Lancashir e and Yorksh ir e to ﬁnd e mploy m e nt in th e ne w mills and thus comp e t e d with t h e local p e opl e for work Th e landown e rs b e cam e v e ry rich by th e s e e nclosur e s Parliam e nt r e pr e s e nt e d only the land e d class e s and t he poor p e opl e had fe w champions and th e s e had not th e pow e r to oppos e th e Acts to any purpos e In the farming districts larg e farms w e r e mad e and as ne w m e thods of agricultur e w e r e b e ing tri e d and as corn was at a h igh pric e farming was v e ry proﬁtabl e ,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

In

th e

township of O v e nd e n tw e lve hundr e d acr e s — w e r e e nclos e d in 1 8 1 4 Skircoat Moor is about ﬁfty six acr e s and from that we can form som e id e a of th e larg e quantity of land involve d Som e of it would be v e ry poor land and som e was th e most valuabl e land in O v e nd e n Th e total ar e a of the townsh ip is littl e mor e th an ﬁve thousand acr e s th e r e for e about one quart e r of ,

.

,

.

,

.

,

TH E

M ILK T R A D E

23 5

.

townsh ip was e nclos e d at t h at tim e The ﬁ elds of this p e riod may be ide ntiﬁéd by th e ir straight walls and math e matical planning T h ey ar e e asil y trac e d in the ﬁ e lds along Cousin Lan e Illingworth and th e ﬁ e lds on — Illi ngworth Moor b e tw e e n W rigl e y Hill and Soil H ill Th e sam e proc e ss of e nclosur e took plac e in t h e oth e r townsh ips until t h e whol e parish was criss cross e d with ston e walls The e nclosur e of th e commo ns oblig e d many famili e s to giv e up k e e ping a cow and th e r e was a th e

.

’

.

,

,

.

,

.

Fig

.

87

.

—E NC I

.

OS U R E S

,

C

P OUS

IN

L AN F , O

VEN DEN

h

oto E .

.

R ober ts

.

.

s e rious milk famin e for t he farm e rs would not troubl e to T s e ll milk r e tail “ ats on m e ntions t he S hortag e as one and th e Luddit e s of t h e drawbacks of t he district thr e at e n e d to shoot G e org e H aigh of Copl e y Gat e if h e would not s e ll milk to h is n e ighbours O atm e al and oatca k e had b e e n the stapl e food and for porridg e you must h av e mil k The milk famin e mad e t h e p e opl e into t e adrink e rs and whit e wh e at e n br e ad took t he plac e of hav e rcake The cottag e rs also lost th e ir privil e g e of gath e ring sticks in the woods and p e at from th e moors for e v e rywh e r e th e r e w e r e plant e d notic e boards ,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

236

TH E

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

Tr e spass e rs will be Pros e cut e d John F ost e r was e n who voic e d th e inj ustic e of t h e one of t h e fe w m Enclosur e s and we can e asily und e rstand how t he sight of all th e s e ne w raw walls mov e d himwith indignation The gr e at inv e ntions by m e ans of which cloth was — e mad e by machin e ry wat r pow e r and st e am -pow e r — n a h e taking t e plac of h a d l bour mad e mor e alt e ration s in th e life of t he p e opl e th an had e v e r tak e n plac e b e for e Most of th e s e inv e ntion s w e r e ﬁrst introd uc e d in the cotton trad e a c om parati vely ne wtrad e and t h e mor e cons e rvativ e wooll e n and worst e d manufactur e rs w e r e lat e r in adopti ng t he improv e m e nts In 1 7 6 4 Hargr e av e s a Blackburn w e av e r pat e nt e d a s p mnmg j e nny by which e ight th r e ads could be spun inst e ad of th e si ngl e thr e ad of t h e old fash io ne d spinni ng wh e e l F iv e y e ars lat e r Arkwrigh t a Pr e ston barb e r inv e nt e d a S pinning mach in e i n wh ich t he cotton was drawn out Th e ne w S pinn ing mach in e s ﬁne by m e ans of roll e rs w e r e at ﬁrst turn e d by h and and lat e r by a h ors e gin A ft e rwards wat e r wh e e ls w e r e us ed to provid e pow e r for th e spinn ing machin e ry T h e r e was much pr ej udic e against t h e new mac h in e s and man y of th em w e r e d e stroy e d by crowds who though t that t he mach in e ry would tak e awa y th e ir liv e lihood Som e of th e inv e ntors w e r e in dan ge r of th e ir li ve s Th e r e w e r e a numb e r of cotto n mills I n the parish e sp e ciall y towards its w e st e rn C alico Hall t he old nam e for Clar e Hall shows e nd t hat th e cotton trad e was carri e d on in Halifax and in t h e e ight e e nth c e ntury th e r e was a cotton factory in Spring Hall Lan e It h as b e e n transform e d i nto a row of hous e s and is n e ar t h e Barracks O ur int e r e st how e v e r is mor e in the worst e d t rad e We hav e alr e ady not e d th e gr e at d i fﬁculty th e r e was in .

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

23 8

TH E

S T O R Y OF O LD H A LI F A X

.

yarns W e h e ar of a w e av e r s e tt ing a r ow of nin e t e e n ca ndl e s und e r th e loom b e am to sing e the h os e o f h t e rough machin e spun y arn hairs A bout 1 800 Micha e l Gr e e nwood of Lim e d Hous e in S h ibde n inv e nt e d a fals e r e e d or sl e y to guid e the yarn into its prop e r plac e and that was a gr e at h e lp in w e aving the

t he ne w

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

Fig ne w

.

“ — 88 .

MI

LL

NE A R OVENDEN TA EN hd h Hm K

S ketc

e

by J o n

o

er

D OW

N IN

1 81 7

.

.

yar n The w e av e rs had not b e e n abl e to ta k e full advantag e of Ka y s F ly Shuttl e wh ich h ad b e e n h inv e nt e d as e arly as 1 7 3 8 until t e strong e r mill spun yarn was procurabl e Kay s d e vice was to h av e a S huttl e box on e ach sid e of t h e loom e ach box attach e d by a cord to a short stick which h e h el d in one hand By m e a ns of th e stick and t he two cords h e co uld j e r k t he shuttl e from one box to th e oth e r along a rac e board .

’

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

ﬂ

S T E A M E NG I N ES

239

.

b e n e ath th e warps , while -his oth e r hand was fr e e to push th e w e ft hom e . Th e r e is a sp e cim e n in Bankﬁe ld h Mus e um T e y shuttl e mov e d much fast e r than t h e old one and so e ach w e ave r could mak e mor e cloth and want e d mor e yarn Th e R e v Edmun d Cartwright i nv e nt e d a pow e r -loom b e tw e e n 1 7 84 and 1 7 87 but it was a long tim e a ft e r th at b e for e w e aving mach in e ry was succ e ssfully us e d Miss List e r s D iary informs us that in 1 82 6 t hr e e H ali fax ﬁrms had pow e r looms A kr oy d s P e t e r Bold s and K e rshaw s — but for many y e ars a ft e r th at dat e fancy fabrics w e r e wov e n by h and looms ’

f

“

.

,

.

.

,

’

.

,

’

’

’

,

,

,

.

Th e n came th e St e am Engin e Th e e arli e st e ngin e s we r e of rudim e ntary co nstruction and only slowly d id h th e y Supplant t e wat e r wh e e l One of t he e arli e st st e am e ngin e s to be e r e ct e d locally was at J ump les Mill an d its duty was to pump th e wat e r th at had run ov e r t he wat e r wh e e l up again into th e m i ll -rac e to driv e t h e wat e r W h e e l onc e mor e In 1 82 5 th e own e rs of t he m ills d riv e n by t he Mix e nd e n and W h e atl ey str e am w e r e so e cont nt w ith wat e r pow e r th at th ey d e cid e d to make a r e s e rvoir at O gd e n to e nsur e a mor e constan t ﬂow of wat e r But in 1 82 6 th e r e was a long drough t and the mill own e rs abandon e d th e ir r e s e rvoir sch e m e and e quipp e d th e ir mills w i th st e am e ngin e s Bra dford manufactur e rs adopt e d factori e s and st e am pow e r mor e r e adil y than th e Hali fax me n and from th is tim e we may dat e Bradford s p r e e min e nc e in th e worst e d trad e O n Saturday Jun e 2 5 th 1 83 1 Miss List e r mad e a j ourn e y from Halifax to York S h e wrot e In passing along I could not h e lp obs e rvi ng on th e comparativ e ly ﬁne cl e ar air of Halifax N e v e r in my li fe did I s e e a mor e smoky plac e th an Bradford Th e gr e at long .

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

2 40

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

ch imn eys ar e doubl e d I th ink in numb e r within th e s e The sam e may be said of L e e ds two or thr e e y e ars I b e gin to co nsid e r Halifax one Of th e cl e an e st and most com e ly of manu facturing tow ns F iv e y e ars lat e r Miss — m List e r ad e this not e : Rob e rt Mann said that thr e e 40 6 n hors e pow e r and o e 0hors e pow e r st e am e ngin e s ord e r e d at Low Moor and four 40-hors e pow e r e ngin e s ord e r e d at Bowling for mills to be built in Halifax R e turning from a w e e k e nd at B olton W oods in 1 83 7 Miss List e r found that Hali fax is now bright e ni ng into th e polish of a larg e smok e -canopi e d comm e rcial town One of th e larg e st mills built at this tim e was O ld Lan e Mill situat e d b e tw e e n O ld Lan e and L e e Bank which was e r e ct e d by Jam e s Akr oy d in 1 82 8 an d had an e ngin e of 6 0hors e pow e r The A kr oy d s as we hav e s e e n had originally carri e d on a larg e busin e ss from th e ir hom e s at Brookhous e and L ane he ad n e ar O gd e n Th e n th e y built Brookhous e Mill run b y a wat e r wh e e l which was fe d by an ing e nious syst e m of g oits and aqu e ducts With the e r a of S t e am the A kr oy d s mov e d low e r down t h e vall e y and e r e ct e d larg e mills at O ld Lan e and Bowling Dy k e St e am e ngin e s r e quir e a larg e and r e gular supply of coal th e r e for e it was an advantag e to be n e ar th e ca nal Gradually the mills in the moor land clough s h ad to clos e and n e w e r and larg e r mills w e r e built in th e Cald e r Vall e y and this induc e d t he population to move from t h e h e igh ts i nto t he vall ey bottom by T W HAN N Th N aming of t h H bbl Halifa x ntiquarian Soci t y s T ransactions A ( Halifax in th Eight nth C ntur y b y F A L EY N D H alifax Couri r comm ncing March 6 t h A Countr y Cl rg y man of t h Eight nth C ntur y TW INI N by J L B H A MM N D Th Villag La b our r 1 7 6 0 Social Lif in H alifax arl y in th N in t nth C ntur y n 1 1 th D iar y of M iss Lis r Guar d ian comm ncing J u H ! [ ,

.

.

”

.

,

“

,

,

”

.

,

”

.

,

,

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

e

e

e,

e

e

e

e

”

e

e

”

e

.

,

,

te

e

e

.

.

x

G

e

ee

.

,

LA

.

,

e

e

e

,

e

,

.

’

e

ee

SO

.

.

.

,

.

”

e

e ee

”

.

O

.

.

.

e

e

,

TH E

STOR Y

OF O L D

H A LI F A X

.

B e sid e s turn ing our local world upsid e down the mills wrought tr e m e ndous chang e s in th e h abits and liv e s of th e p e opl e Th e wom e n and childr e n who had pli e d th e sp i nning wh e els w e r e e ngage d to att e nd to t he ne w s p innI ng machin e s and w e r e th e ﬁrst to su ffe r in t h e mills Childr e n had b e e n badly tr e at e d b e for e this tim e D e fo e not e d with approval that about Hali fax scarc e anyth ing abov e four y e ars old but its hands w e r e su ffi ci e nt for its own support Th e stat e m e nt shocks us The littl e biographi e s of wor k e rs in t h e W e sl e yan R e vival giv e us glimps e s of th e hard tim e s impos e d on childr e n F iddl e r T hompson and Jonatha n Savil e w e r e mad e crippl e s by th e cru e lti e s of hard mast e rs Titus Knight aft e rwards minist e r of Squar e Chap e l work e d in th e S hibde n coal -pits wh e n h e was s e v e n D an Taylor who was born at Sour Milk Hall and b e cam e a B aptist pr e ach e r comm e nc e d Work in a colli e ry und e r B e acon Hill at ﬁ ve y e ars Old The sl e dg e s w e r e h all dragg e d from t e coal face to t he pit S haft by boys and girls It was said th at unl e ss th e ir backbon e s w e r e b e n t wh e n th e y w e r e littl e boys would n e v e r ma k e colli e rs ,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

“

,

”

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

Th e mills cr e at e d a gr e at e r d e mand for child labour and t he hardships and cru e lty w e r e int ensiﬁ e d Boys and girls w e r e s e nt into th e mills wh e n th e y w e r e ﬁve or six y e ars Old ; som e w e r e e v e n you ng e r In thos e days inst e ad of the childr e n b e ing taugh t th at t he r ocks said Caw l Caw! th e y w e r e told th at th ey call e d War k l War k l We know that fath e rs too k th e ir ’ ch ildr e n out of bed b e for e ﬁve O clock on a dar k wint e r s morning and carri e d th e m on t h e ir should e rs to th e ,

.

.

,

”

“

’

,

mill Clocks w e r e a luxury and many childr e n afraid of b e ing lat e w e r e at th e mill gat e s long b e for e t h e .

,

,

,

C H IL D SL A VE R Y

2 43

.

op e ning hour and th e tir ed littl e m1 t es would fall asl e e p " until wak e n e d by th e r attle of t he machin e ry Th e y stay e d at the mill until e igh t o clock at nigh t and th e Th e r e was no h alf e ngin e did not stop for m e al tim e s — tim e no Saturday h alf holiday t h e machin e ry was not The fe nc e d nor w e r e th e r e any factory insp e ctors ov e rlook e rs b e at th e ch ildr e n unm e rcifully hitting th e m to k e e p th e m awa k e and th e sl e e py in fants som e tim e s fe ll against th e mach in e ry and w e r e maim e d or kill e d A spi nn e r in h is e vid e nc e b e for e th e Commission e rs in I ﬁnd i t di fﬁcult to k ee p my pi e c e rs awak e 1 83 3 said h av e s e e n th e m fall the last hour of a wint e r s e v e nin asl e e p and go on p e rforming t e ir work with th e ir hands whil e th e y w e r e asl e e p aft e r t he bill e y h ad stopp e d wh e n th e ir work was ov e r ; I hav e stopp e d and loo k e d at th e m for two minut e s going th rough th e motions of pi e c e ning wh e n th e y w e r e fast asl e e p wh e n th e r e was no work to do and th e y w e r e doing noth ing A tradition clings to Brookhous e Mill about a dark wint e r s morning wh e n s e v e ral factory ch ildr e n me t th e ir d e ath It was so dark and slipp e ry th at th e y must hav e fall e n from t he bridg e into t h e str e am but all th at was kno wn was th at th e ir littl e bod i e s w e r e found b e tw e e n t he bridg e and t h e st e pping -ston e s ,

/

.

’

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

“

,

’

,

,

,

,

,

”

,

.

’

.

,

.

Larg e numb e rs of ch i ldr e n w e r e want e d for th e ne w mills and t he mill -mast e rs import e d many of th e m from a distanc e The O v e rs e e rs of t he Poo r in t he Midlands and the South of England w e r e glad to g e t rid of th e ir paup e r ch ildr e n who w e r e oft e n s e n t in batch e s to th e mills of Yorksh ir e and La ncash ir e Many of th e s e bo y s and girls h ad liv e d in b e auti ful plac e s S imilar to Gold smith s Sw ee t Auburn lov e li e st villag e of the plain but t he Enclosur e Acts h ad mad e th e ir ho me s into a ,

.

°

,

.

’

”

“

,

,

2 44

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

D e s e rte d Villag e and sunk th e ir famil i e s into pov e rty Th e s e poor mit e s ho us e d and fe d by th e mill o wn e rs w e r e work e d und e r horribl e and cr ue l conditi ons th at may be d e scrib e d as S lav e ry Th e worst p e riod was from 1 804 until 1 8 1 9 wh e n the Gov e rnm e nt was mov e d to mak e e nquiri e s about the paup e r mill ch ildr e n b e caus e th e y w e r e in a s e ns e wards of the stat e About t he y e ar 1 83 0 Richard O astl e r was mov e d by the condition of t h e ch ildr e n and d e t e rmin e d to g e t an Act Of Parliam e nt pass ed ﬁxi ng te n hours as t he long e st tim e for ch ildr e n to wor k O astl e r was st e ward for t he Thornbill s of F ixby Hall and th e r e is a S tatu e of him in B radford H e was tall of commanding app e aranc e a gift e d orator and h e b e cam e the l e ad e r of a gr e at move m e nt in t he We st Riding in favour of short e r hours of labour O n April 2 4t h 1 83 2 th e r e was h e ld a gr e at m e e ti ng at York M e n wom e n and childr e n wal k e d from all parts of t h e W e st Riding on a Pilgrimage of M e rcy York Rac e cours e was crowd e d with t he multitud e of p e opl e many Of whom su ffe r e d gr e atly by th e ir long march to York and hom e again in bad we ath e r O n January 1 s t 1 83 4 an Act cam e into forc e by which no ch ild und e r ni ne could work in a mill and ch ildr e n und e r e l e v e n w e r e not to work mor e t han fort y e igh t hours a w e e k Christmas D ay and Good F riday w e r e to be holidays and th e r e w e r e to be e igh t half day holiday s in t h e y e ar to be ﬁx e d by the mill mast e r I t was not until Jun e 1 847 tha t th e Te n Hours Bill b e cam e law larg e ly throu g h t h e uns e lﬁsh advocacy of John Fielde n M P of T odmord e n wh o though a larg e manu factur e r h ad wor k e d for y e ars to b e tt e r t h e conditions of factor y work e rs any The introduction of mach in e ry thr e w a gr e at m ,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

’

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

°

2 46

TH E

S T O R Y OF

O LD H A

LI F A X

.

of guns pistols and oth e r w e apons and w e r e pr e pari ng for a ge n e ral uprisin g in May H e conclud e d by sayi ng that som e Nottingham me n e v e n advocat e d shooting t h e mast e rs who own e d t h e ne w mills G e org e M e llor a Hudd e rs fi e ld cropp e r who b e cam e t h e ringl e ad e r in this district w e lcom e d the sugg e stion and d e clar e d that the Luddit e s ough t to attac k Cartwright of R awfold and Horsfall of Marsd e n two m ast e rs who w e r e alway s th r e at e ning what th e y would do to t h e Luddit e s if th e y cam e to th e ir mills A f t e r som e discussion a coin was toss e d up to d e cid e which should be attack e d ﬁrst and t h e choic e fe ll on Cartwrigh t Th e Luddit e s tal k e d about various plans and ﬁnall y d e cid e d t o m e e t n e ar t h e D umb St e e pl e at Coop e r Bridg e at e l e v e n O c loc k on Saturda y night A pril 1 1 th 1 8 1 2 Guns and pistols w e r e coll e ct e d by small groups of arm e d and disguis e d me n wh o w e nt visiting lon e ly hous e s in t he nigh t tim e comp e llin g t he inmat e s to d e liv e r up th e ir ﬁr e -ar ms At th e appoint e d tim e t he Luddit e s from Hali fax Hudd e rsﬁ e ld th e S p e n Vall e y and oth e r plac e s ass e mbl e d in a ﬁ e ld n e ar th e D umb St e e pl e Some of t he m e n did not car e for th e d e sp e rat e wor k but having ta k e n th e oath th e y fe ar e d to be kill e d as traitors if th e y n e gl e ct e d to turn up at th e m ee ti ng plac e It was about midnight wh e n the e xp e dition march e d to t he attack Many of th e Luddit e s wor e masks oth e rs had black e n e d th e ir fac e s so that th e y could not be id e ntiﬁ e d and th e y all answ e r e d to numb e rs wh e n t he roll was call e d Som e had guns and pistols W h il e oth e rs carri e d larg e h amm e rs mauls h atch e ts or stout sticks ot far away and Samu e l Hartl e y R awfold Mill was n a Halifax cropp e r who had at one tim e wor k e d for Cartwright act e d as guid e Cartwrigh t was e xp e cting ,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

A

TT A CK O N

M ILL

R A W F OL D

2 47

.

half a doz e n

an attack and he h ad a bout soldi e rs and we ll arm e d insid e t h e mill en ﬁv e or S ix trust e d wor k m and h e had barri cad e d th e doors and staircas e s The Ludd it e s w e r e e xp e cting a conting e nt from L ee ds but not daring to wait any lo nge r th e y comm e nc e d t h e attac k by shatt e ring the mill windows with a S how e r of ston e s Th e y w e r e me t by a voll e y from t h e d e fe nd e rs and t he alarm b e ll was s e t clanging to call t he cavalry bi ll e t e d at Liv e rs e dg e R e p e at e d att e mpts w e r e mad e to gain an e ntranc e to the mill but t h e stro ng doors r e sist e d all e ffor ts Th e Ludd it e s p e rsist e d until th e ir ammunitio n was ﬁn ish e d bu t th e y kn e w th e y could not with stand t he cavalry whos e arrival was M e llor w as oblig e d to call e xp e ct e d at any mom e nt his me n Off and t h e d e fe at e d Luddit e s e d It was impossibl e to r e mov e t he wou nd e d Eve ry man was anx I Ous to e scap e and to h id e hims e lf b e caus e of t h e s e arch that was c e rtain to be mad e Hartl e y t h e Halifax cropp e r di e d t he n e xt day from t he wound he had r e c e iv e d His fun e ral was att e nd e d by a multitud e who look e d upon h im as a martyr for th e caus e Booth a Hudd e rs ﬁe ld man had one le g S hat t e r e d an d he als o succumb e d to h is wounds ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

ﬂ

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

.

B e for e t h e e nd of t h e sam e month on April 2 8th M I Horsfall of Marsd e n was shot by G e org e M e llor and a fe w accomplic e s as h e was r e turning hom e fro m Th e authoriti e s w e r e arous e d Hudd e rsﬁ e ld and proc e e d e d to e nd th e Luddit e s t e rrorism and to punish thos e who h ad ta k e n part in th e s e attacks Two polic e spi e s M D onald and Gossling cam e from Manch e st e r on July 8th 1 8 1 2 to tr y to trap som e of t he H alifax Luddit e s Th e y w e r e dr e ss e d as workm e n and pr e t e nd e d to be s e e king e mploym e nt in Halifax Th e y ,

,

1

.

,

.

,

’

,

.

’

,

, °

,

.

,

.

.

2 48

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

w e nt to t he St Crispin Inn an d found th e r e a man nam e d Charl e s Miln e s a Ludd it e who was v e r y talkativ e and th e y soon dr e w from him man y facts about th e local Luddit es M D onald and Gossling profe ss e d to be Sympath e tic towards the move m e nt and anxious to e nrol th e ms e lv e s as L uddit e s and tr e at e d Miln e s to so much drin k that he told all th e y want e d t o k now Aft e r it was dark t he th r e e w e nt to th e hous e of John Bain e s wh e r e th e y found t he old man with two of his sons and oth e r two me n s e at e d round Miln e s introduc e d his ne w fri e nds and th ey t h e ﬁr e M D onald call e d s e v e r al tim e s t ook t he Luddit e s oath aft e r this at B aine s s workshop to talk to t he old man and to notic e who cam e to visit him A fe w days aft e r th e spi e s l e ft Hali fax soldi e rs surround e d Baine s s shop and the six me n who had b e e n pr e s e n t at t he sw e aring ? i n c e r e mony w e r e s e n t to prison to a wai t th e ir trial .

,

,

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

’

’

.

’

,

.

’

,

,

.

Th e

ﬁ r e -arms

coll e cti g of still continu e d for t he Luddit e l e ad e rs w e r e planning a g e n e ral rising through Th e following e pisod e out t he North of England wh ich too k plac e locally 1 s typical of many such midnight raids O n t he last Saturday nigh t in A ugust 1 8 1 2 G e org e Haigh who liv e d at Copl e y Gat e h e ard a H e got up and w e nt on to t h e l oud rapping at h is door landing and h e ard som e me n calling out Your arms ! Your arms ! Haigh said What do you want and G e n e ral Ludd my mast e r one of th e party answ e r e d has s e nt me for t h e arms you h av e I hav e nothing r ej oin e d Haigh for God s sa k e go hom e of t h e kind The me n b e gan to ﬁr e and to mak e a t e rribl e nois e by bangi ng t he door Haigh tri e d to pacify th e m again but th e y insist e d that h e had two guns and four pistols Mast e r you had J ohn Tillotson th e appr e ntic e said n

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

“

,

”

“

,

,

”

.

”

’

“

.

,

,

.

,

.

“

,

,

,

2 50

TH E

S T O RY

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

p e opl e and th e Gov e rnm e nt and thos e in authority w e r e afraid th e r e would be furth e r risings orki g n W \ me n b e gan to think th e r e would be no improv em e nt in th e ir conditions until Parliam e nt was e l e ct e d b y t he whol e p e opl e inst e ad of by a favour e d fe w To support th e s e vi e ws a hug e m e e ting Of sixty to e ighty thousand p ersons was h e ld on August l 6 th 1 8 1 9 in St P e t e r s F i e ld Manch e st e r Through som e mis -manag e m e nt cava lry w e r e ord e r e d to cl e ar t he ground and half -a doz e n me n w e r e kill ed and v e ry many p e opl e maim e d This m e l e e was call e d the Manch e st e r Massacr e or t he — Battl e of P e t e rloo a nam e compound e d from St P e t e r s and Wat e rloo Som e me n from Hali fax district w e r e pr e s e nt and a Tria ngl e man cam e hom e with a s e v e r e sword -cut on his should e r Th er e was much e xcit e m e nt in Hali fax that Monday nigh t wh e n t he n e ws cam e and Miss List e r wrot e Gr e at many p e opl e about to night in t he str e e ts m B e nj amin e n tal k ing tog e th e r in groups Wilson stat e s th at at Skircoat Gr e e n t he me n w e n t into mourni ng and wor e gr e y hats with w e e ds round th e m O n t he We dn e sday A ugust 1 8th a m e e tin g was h e ld on Skircoat Moor but t he constabl e and a magistrat e put in an app e aranc e and thr e at e n e d to r e ad t h e Riot Act The principal sp e ak e r a man dr e ss e d in black mount e d on a black hors e who h ad com e to giv e particulars of t he Ma nch e st e r m e e ting was afraid of proc e e ding with his sp e e ch A noth e r gr e at m e e ting of t he R e form e rs was h eld on Skircoat Moor on Monday O ctob e r 4th Th e proc e ssion with ﬂags ﬂying and bands of m usic was form ed in Horton Str ee t and thr ee thousand p e op le list e n e d to t h e sp e e ch e s from one o clock until aft e r four Th e r e was a panic onc e or twic e 011 a v e ry we t day b e caus e it was r e port e d that t he Y e omanry w e r e going to charg e the crow d ,

'

.

,

.

,

’

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

.

,

.

,

“

”

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

’

,

.

.

V O L U N T EER S

25 1

.

Miss List e r t e ll s 11 8 t hat a war e hous e at Ward s End was mad e into a barracks and th at four compani e s of t he 6 t h F oot w e r e station e d th e r e in anticipation of a rising The outlook was s e rious for all class e s for whil e t he poor e r folks w e r e short of work and food th e rich e r p e opl e w e r e afraid that viol e nc e would be don e to th e m or to th e ir prop e rty A m e e ting was h e ld in th e S e ssions room n e ar t he Th e atr e Royal to consid e r th e formation of a Volunt e e r Cavalry Troop to d e fe nd t h e prop e rty own e rs Many Volun t e e r Corps w e r e rais e d at this tim e not as a d e fe nc e against a for e ign foe but to ﬁght t h e p e opl e if th e 1 e should be a r 1 s 1ng In 1 82 6 th e r e w e r e riots in Lancash ir e and at Brad ford wh e ri crowds of h and loom w e av e rs who w e r e out of w01 k att e m pt e d to d e stroy t h e pow e r looms D ragoon s cam e to Hali fax in May 1 82 6 to prot e ct th e po we r -l ooms 1 n t h e mills of K e rshaw A kioy d and P e t e r Bold "

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

R e for m Bill wh ich b e cam e law in 1 83 2 gav e Halifax two m e mb e rs of Parliam e nt Exc e pt for the fe w y e ars und e r t h e Commonw e alth Halifax h ad n e v e r h ad a m e mb e r B e for e the R e form Act t h e W hol e of t h e county of Yorkshir e was one undivid e d constitu e ncy and r e turn e d four m e mb e rs Wh e n t h e n e ws cam e to Hali fax one of th e large st bonﬁr e s e v e r s e e n was light e d and the town was cramm e d with p e opl e The e arli e r drafts of t he b ill propos e d that the whol e of th e Parish should be the constitu e ncy but t he Act cr e at e d a Parliam e ntary Borough of Halifax wh ich includ e d the townsh ip of H ali fax and the north -e ast e rn sid e of th e vall e y from South owram Bank Top to N e w Town in Hal e y Hill The ﬁ1 s t e l e c t ion was h e ld on D e c e mb e r 1 2 th and 1 3 th 1 83 2 and 49 2 vot e d out of a possibl e 5 3 6 e ntitl e d t o a vot e Th e two candidat e s 1 n favour of Th e

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

252

TH E

t he

S T O RY

OF

O L D H A LI F A X

.

R e form Act w er e el e ct e d Rawdon Briggs a Halifax bank e r and Charl e s Wood of D oncast e r who was son in law to t he Pr e mi e r Earl Gr e y and who aft e rwards b e came Lord Hali fax The unsucc e ssful me n w e r e Micha e l Stocks a local man a mor e advanc ed r e form e r and th e Hon Jam e s Stuart Wortl e y son Of Lord W harncliffe who was oppos e d to the R e form Mov e m e nt Miss List e r was on t he losing sid e although s h e mad e a condition that all he r t e nants must vot e as s h e dir e ct e d and as the S hibde n Hall e stat e s w e r e larg e Miss List e r r e ckon e d 011 in ﬂu e ncing ﬁfty vot e s S he was ve ry candid about t he matt e r and summ e d up th e situation : The populac e not t h e prop e rty of our borough is r e pr e s e nt e d but th is cannot last for e v e r Th e voting was in public and it was known how e ach man had vot e d To poss e ss a vot e a man had to occupy a hous e or som e oth e r prop e rty worth £ 1 0 a y e ar wh ich m e ant a much bigg e r hous e than t he sam e r e ntal r e pr e s e nts to da y Th e population of Halifax township was ov e r ﬁft e e n thousand and b e sid e s th e r e w e r e th e portions of S outhowram and Northowram y e t th e r e w e r e only 5 3 6 vot e rs The R e form Act of 1 83 2 did not satisfy th e aspirations It was but one st e p in t he en O f th e gr e at body of m righ t dir e ction and it was though t that if the Hous e of Commons could be furth e r r e form e d t he gri e vanc e s of The P e opl e s Chart e r t he p e opl e might be r e m e di e d th e r e for e b e cam e the gr e at hop e of m any working me n Th e Chartists d e mand e d a vot e for e v e ry man wh e th e r Th ey h e h ad prop e rty or not and voting by ballot want e d a Parliam e nta ry e l e ction e v e ry y e ar paym e nt of m e mb e rs of Parliam e n t and e ach voting district to be —

’

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

“

,

”

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

’

.

.

,

.

,

,

,

2 54

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

W illiam Miln e r a Halifax groc e r and g e n e ral d e al e r h ad Chartist s y mpathi e s H e s e t to work to provid e working me n with ch e ap e ditions of good books Th e ﬁrst wor k he print e d was t he pamphl e t by J ohn F ielde n M P e ntitl e d Syst e m The Curs e of t h e F actor 1 83 6 In 1 83 7 Miln e r comm e nc e d the pu blication of his Cottag e Library and for many y e ars th e s e boo k s could claim to be t he ch e ap e st books in t he world Miln e r found that th e ord inary books ell e rs would not tak e his ch e ap books as th ey w e r e us e d to d e aling only in e xp e nsiv e volum e s h So lik e t e Halifax cloth mak e rs of t h e sixt e e nth c e ntury h e tri e d th e fairs and mar k e ts In som e of t he mark e ts he sold pots along with his littl e books H e ﬁtt e d caravan s up and s e nt his me n all ove r th e kingdom Rob e rtson Nichol ! in t he far nor th of Scotland F ran k fort Moor e in B elfast and man y oth e r me n who hav e b e com e famous hav e t e st iﬁ e d to th e good th ey r e c e iv e d in th e ir youth from M iln e r s ch e ap e ditions of t h e English po e ts At one tim e th e Chartist n e ws pap e r North e rn Star e dit e d b y F e rgus O Connor was forbidd e n by th e Gov e rnm e nt and copi e s w e r e d estroy e d if th e y w e r e found Miln e r arrange d for a h e ars e containing a grim black co fﬁn to be drive n from London to Halifax The co fﬁn did not hold the r e mains of som e d e vot e d Yorkshir e man but was full of copi e s of th e proscrib e d n e wspap e r O n its r e turn j ourn e y to London th e h e ars e carri e d a fe w hundr e d volum e s of Miln e r s ch e ap r e prints as ballast W illiam Miln e r d i e d in 1 85 0 age d 47 W ith in thr e e y e ars of t he Chartist disturbanc e th e r e was anoth e r r 1 s 1 ng wh ich was call e d th e Plug Riots Th e wor ke 1 s l e ft th e ir spinning 01 we avmg stopp e d t he mills and march e d from one town to ,

,

.

.

”

.

.

,

,

.

,

”

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

'

.

,

.

,

,

’

.

,

’

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

’

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

PL U G D R A W I N G

2 55

.

anoth e r in Lancashir e and Yorkshir e stopping all Work At st eam mills t he bo i l e r p l ugs w e r e drawn to e mpty ill dams w e r e e mpti e d wh e r e t he boil e rs and all th e m Councillor t he mach in e ry was run by wat e r pow e r Jos e ph Gr e e nwood of H e bd e n Bridg e in h is boyhood saw th e s e plug draw e rs in August 1 842 The following is h is account of th e sc e n e s : .

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

'

I w e ll r e m e mb e r s ee ing th e crowd coming along t he turnpik e aft e r it h ad l e ft H e bd e n Brid e ; it was a l spl e ndour r e markably ﬁne day ; the sun shon e in its fug Th e broad whit e road with its gr e e n h e dg e s and ﬂank e d one sid e with h igh tr e e s was ﬁll e d with a long black straggling lin e of p e opl e who ch ee rfully w e nt along th ey w e r e doing e vid e ntly poss e ss e d of an id e a that som e th ing towards a b e tt e rm e nt A numb e r of us boys had b e e n s en t down into t h e woods to gath e r black b e rri e s and th e woods we r e th e n clad in d e e p gr e en; blackb e rri e s w e r e pl e n tiful now th e y do not grow to maturity b e caus e of t he smok e The p eopl e w e nt along ove r F alling r oy d Bridg e towards H awks clough On r e aching th e r e a local l e ad e r of th e Ch artist move m e nt Be n Rushton st e pp e d asid e into a ﬁ e ld and le d off with a sp e e ch A numb e r of thos e wh o w e r e among the mass of t he strik e rs in going on th e ir way l e ft th e proc e ssion w e nt into t he dw e llings and h e lp e d th e ms e lv e s to w hat e v e r t h e y could ﬁnd in the way of food B e n Rush ton I be li e v e was not one of th e s e nor w e r e thos e t hat w e r e with him H ow e v e r th e y w e r e w e ary and th irsty and b e for e t he sp e aking a big milk can was obtain e d and ﬁll e d with tr e acl e b e e r only th e liquor h ad not b e e n charge d with y e ast nor had it had tim e to g e t fr e sh and h tart Aft e r t e sp e aking th e proc e ssion r e start e d and w e nt on as b e for e and on to Halifax wh e r e oth e r .

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

2 56

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

con t ing e nts from Yorkshir e had gath e r e d Att e mpts w e r e mad e to join th e s e but for a tim e w e r e pr e v e nt e d by t h e polic e The str e e ts b ecam e block ed and it was said th e r e w e r e wom e n and me n th e r e Th e y we r e poorly clad and many w e r e without sho e s and stockings bar e foot e d Th e disord e r b e cam e so viol e nt th at th e Riot Act was r e ad Sp e cial constabl e s sworn in and the military call e d out The wom e n took up positions facing th e polic e and th e soldi e rs and dar e d th e m to k ill th e m Many p e opl e w e r e trampl e d und e r t h e hors e s f ee t and many p e opl e w e r e inj ur e d Anoth e r ey e -w itn e s s s account say s that on August 1 5th n e ws cam e that thousands w e r e marching fro m B rad ford to stop the Halifax mills Coming do w n New Bank th e y w e r e stopp e d j ust abov e B e rry s F oundry by the sp e cial consta bl e s and soldi e rs with bayon e ts ﬁx e d and swords drawn Th e Riot Act was r e ad and t h e Th e crowd told that th ey must not e nt e r th e town riot e rs got ove r th e walls into th e ﬁ e lds and w e nt The through the ﬁ e lds on t h e top sid e of Northgat e day e nd e d with a larg e m e e ti ng on Skircoat Moor wh e r e som e of th e me n w e r e arr e st e d and committ e d to W ak e ﬁ e ld Prison The prison e rs w e r e tak e n in a bus to Elland th e n e ar e st railwa y station guard e d by an e scort of hors e soldi e rs W h e n th is b e cam e known thousands of p e opl e arm e d with ston e s gath e r e d at S alte r h e bble and Elland W ood Bottom waiti ng for t he soldi e rs r e turn Th ey cam e back ov e r Exl e y but rod e into t he cro wd at S alt e r h ebble The cavalry start e d at full sp ee d up S alt e r h ebble Hill amid a show e r of ston e s One or t wo w e r e k nock e d from th e ir hors e s and one soldi e r r e c e iv e d such inj uri e s th at he di e d The infantry cam e to m e e t th e hors e soldi e rs at Sh aw Hill and th e y all r e turn e d to Hali fax T h e y n e xt march e d up Hal e y .

,

'

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

’

”

.

,

’

,

.

’

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

258

CHAP T ER X VIII

.

R OW T H OF T H E T OW N S EWERS AN D W A T E R — I N C OR PO R A T I ON OF T H E B OR O U GH — S A VI L E PA R K — W A I N H OU S E T O W E R — F J S HIE L D S — P G H A ME R T ON T H E P E OPL E S PA R K

A K ROY D

C R O S S L E Y s — R AI L W AY s — T H E

AN D

.

G

.

.

.

’

.

I

the

arly part of t h e nin e t e e nth c e ntury B radford took t he plac e of Halifax as t h e c e ntr e of t he We st Riding worst e d trad e This was partly due to t h e fact that Halifax manu factur e rs did not ta k e r e adily to th e factory syst e m ; par tly b e caus e of our n e arn e ss to L ancash ir e th e r e w e r e mor e cotton than worst e d mills in t h e parish ; and partly b e caus e t he hills h ind e r e d communication with t h e outsid e world Ho we ve r from about 1 840 Halifax r e c e iv e d a ne w imp e tus to growth from t he two gr e at ﬁrms of Akr oy ds and Cr os s le y s W e have alr e ady s ee n how t h e A kr oy ds conduct e d th e ir busin e ss b e for e t h e days of t he factori e s Th e y built a mill at Broo k hous e ( now in ruins) run at ﬁrst by a wat e r -wh e e l and lat e r by st e am As th e ir busin e ss gr e w th e y found that Broo k hous e was an out —of—t he -way plac e for a big mill so t h e y cam e farth e r down t he vall ey and built gigantic plac e s at O ld Lan e Bowli ng D y ke and in Hal e y Hill with a hug e war e hous e and o fﬁc e s b e tw e e n A kr oy d Plac e and N or thg at e A kr oy ds d e v e lop e d into one of t h e larg e st worst e d manu facturing ﬁrms in t he kingdo m and sp e cialis e d in damasks and oth e r fanc y fabri cs Cr oss le y s built up th e ir D e an Clough Mills from v e ry small b eginnings John Crossl e y was a carp e t w e ave r for Curri e at Ludd e nd e n F oot and h e b e cam e ma nage r of Job L e e s carp e t wor k s in t h e Low e r G e org e Yard about 1 800 F our y e ars lat e r L e e di e d v e ry II

e

.

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

’

.

,

OR OS S L E Y S

259

.

sudd e nly an d Joh n Crossl e y w e nt into p a1 tne I S h ip with Not long a ft e r t wo oth e rs to carry on t h e busin e ss wards John Crossl ey with anot h e I two partn e rs took a small mill at D e an Clough and a ft e r tw e nty y e ars trading th e r e was to divid e among th e th r e e Th e mill th e n b e cam e his sol e prop e rty and as his sons Joh n Jos e ph and F rancis gr e w up he took th e m into r os s ie Joh n s b e n i or di e d 1 11 1 83 7 e for e r t r ie r s h i C a y p p About th is tim e t h e works had b e com e famous mach in e looms w e r e be ing introduc e d for w e aving and t h e young e r Cr os s le y s turn e d th e ir att e ntion to th e f inve ntion O a pow e r loom th at would w e av e carp e ts and at l e ngth th ey succ e e d e d in making a practical loom Aft e r th is D e an Clough Mills i ncr e as e d at a rapid rat e ,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

of t h e probl e ms that conf1 onte d th e s e manu fact ur e r s was to g e t t he ne w railways to H ali fax Th e ﬁrst lin e to com e n e ar th e town was t he Manch e st e r and L e e ds Railway Its rout e was down the Cald e r Vall ey and L e e ds was r e ach e d through Normanton So th at in 1 842 pass e ng e rs from Manch e st e r had to aligh t at Sow e rby Brid g e and tak e an om nibus to Halifax Brighous e was t he n e ar e st station to B radford and Coop e r B ridg e was t he station for Hudd e rsﬁ e ld In July 1 844 t he branch lin e from North D e an to Hali fax was op e n e d and the ﬁrst locomotiv e st e am e d into t he town The station was at Shaw Syk e and it was a t e rminus for a fe w mor e y e ars e laps e d b e for e t he lin e was mad e to Bradford It was not until August 1 st 1 85 4 that t he lin e to L e e ds via Bowling was compl e t e d Th e O v e nd e n Railway to Qu e e nsbury and K e ighl e y was only ﬁnish e d I n 1 87 9 Th e e arly railways e e 1 w r mad e m a p e c e m e al fash ion as t he turnpik e roads One

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

260

TH E

S T O R Y OF

OL D

H A LI F A X

.

had b e e n and not with a broad outlook The Gr e at North e rn and Midland Compani e s w er e j e alous rivals and sp e nt much of th e i r e n ergi e s in opposing e ac h oth e r s sch e m e s Both Cr os s le y s and A kr oy ds w e r e k e e nly int e r e st e d in rail way d e v e lopm e nt for Halifax was handicapp e d b e caus e of i ts indiffe r e nt railway faciliti e s ,

.

,

.

’

.

,

.

The town gr e w tr e m e ndously during t h e ﬁrst half of th e nin e t e e nth c e ntury At th e b e gi nni ng of t he c e ntury t h e hous e s and S hops on Northgat e e xt e nd e d .

,

no farth e r than Northgat e End Chap e l Northgat e Hot e l wh e n it was conv e rt e d from a r e sid e nc e into an inn was said to be too far out of t he town to s ucce e d Th e Baptis t Ch ap e l at t h e bottom of Pe llon Lan e w as call e d Top O t Town Chap e l King Cross Lan e Hopwood Lan e Gibb e t Lan e and t he ot he r main roads of the upp e r part of Hali fax w e r e r e ally lan e s with ﬁ e lds on e ith e r hand though th e y do not loo k in t he l e ast lik e lan e s to day Jam e s Bolton a famous botanist who liv e d at Stannary near Hali fax at t h e e nd of the e ight e e nth c e ntury coll e ct e d fe rns and fungi about L e e Bridg e in the woods b e tw ee n Birks Hall and P e llon Lan e and in Cross F i e lds This give s som e id e a how di ffe r e nt a plac e Hali fax was from th e town we know for th e r e w e r e gard e ns and ﬁ e lds b e h ind t he Crown Str e e t shops and b e tw e e n th e Parish Church and t he brook Som e ne w groups of hous e s w e r e built in t he high e r part of th e townsh ip an d nam e d aft e r famous — victori e s of the tim e Tra falgar D unkirk and Gibraltar As A kr oy ds and Cr os sle y s gradually ﬁll e d th e vall e y abov e North B ridg e wi t h big mills and as Shaw Lodg e Mills and oth e rs w e r e e r e ct e d mor e hous e s w e r e r e quir e d for the workp e opl e Many dw e lli ngs w e r e built on t he .

,

'

,

.

’

“

’

”

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

262

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

has rust e d a way and a littl e us e l e ss hollow r e mains Th e y can be s e e n for e xampl e in List e r La ne Crossl e y T e rrac e or W e stgat e W h e n t he hous e s w e r e built e v e ryon e h ad to scr a p e th e thick mud off his boots b e for e he e nt e r e d b e caus e th e str e e ts w e r e v e ry ﬁlthy n u as th e y w e r e pav e d and s e ldom sw e pt Ev e n so lat e as 1 87 2 t he n e wspap e rs r e cording t h e fun e ral of Sir F rancis Crossl e y m e ntion th e fact th at man y of the ,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

Fig

.

89 — .

D OO R S CR A PE R

.

ld e rly g e ntl e m e n could not walk in the proc e ssion b e caus e of th e dirty cond ition of t he roads b e tw e e n t he town and th e G e n e ral C e m e t e ry We can scarc e ly imagin e th e unh e althy and insa nitary condition of t he town in the forti e s To r e m e d y th e bad stat e of affairs t h e borough was incorporat e d in 1 848 and t h e Town Council e l e ct e d by the rat e pay e rs sought pow e rs to b e tt e r t he sanitation and t h e wat e r supply and to cl e an It was a h e avy task Th e r e was ve ry th e str e e ts much dis e as e and a t e rribly high d e ath -rat e F e v e rs e

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

.

~

W A T ER

S U PPLY

263

.

oft e n rag e d in t he h Ous e s at the bottom e nd of t h e town and many liv e s w e r e lost that ough t to hav e b e e n sav e d Th e ne w Municipal B orough of Hali fax includ e d t he old township of Halifax and t hos e small portions of Northowram and Southowram th at w e r e in t h e Parliam e n tary B orough ’

,

.

,

.

W at e r was so scarc e th at one ald e rman said that p e opl e told h im th e y had to st e al it About e ight h undr e d p e opl e d e p e nd e d on a dropping w e ll n e ar B e rry Lan e T his wat e r cam e from a S pring in t he c e llar of t h e Cat i n t h e W indow Inn about s e v e n yards from t h e Parish Church grav e yard and th e nc e ﬂow e d clos e to a main s e w e r to th e dropping plac e by t h e bridg e S e wag e and th e wash i ngs of bar r e ls oft e n soak e d into Many p e opl e had to go half a mil e for wat e r t h e w e ll and som e d e clar e d th e y w e r e not abl e to g e t th e ir br e akfast until aft e r mid day for wan t of wat e r O th e rs w e r e up at two O clock in t he morni ng to be ﬁrst at th e w e ll and wom e n oft e n wast e d thr e e and four hours a day f e tch ing wat e r In 1 848 t he Victoria R e s e rvoir in Gibb e t Lan e was mad e to ﬁnd work for a larg e numb e r of me n who w e r e thrown out of e mploym e nt by t he ne w t e xtil e ach in e r y Th e y w e r e paid a sh illing a day for six hours work As the town gr e w the Corporation had to look farth e r aﬁ e ld for th e wat e r suppl y F ortunat e ly the hills to th e north and w e st of H alifax ar e cov e r e d w ith p e at moors which act lik e e normous spong e s in r e taining a consid e rabl e portion of the r ain fall t hat t he w e st e rly wind brings ov e r The r e s e rvoirs at O gd e n W iddop Wals h aw D e an F ly Flatts e tc provid e us with a bountiful supply of good wat e r W h e n the Corporation was form e d t he s e w e rs of the town w e re disgrac e ful B e h ind Ch e apsid e for in stanc e .

.

,

,

,

.

,

’

.

,

.

’

,

.

m

,

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

264

S T O R Y OF O L D H A LI F A X

TH E

.

th e r e was an op e n drain In rainy w e ath e r a str e am ﬂow e d down and t he hous e s e mpti e d all th e ir ﬁlth and rubbish into the str e am The drai ns that we r e mad e w e r e e ith e r cut through the solid rock or e ls e mad e squar e and lin e d with ston e s In e ith e r cas e t he s e wag e l e a k e d through t he cracks and ooz e d up in all ki nds of plac e s A h e avy thund e rstorm chok e d th e .

,

.

,

.

,

.

Fig

.

R IN NG TR O U G H

KI 90 —D Th e old ( .

meth od

of

FOR

MAN

OR

t r ppl y )

wa

su

e

B EA

ST

.

.

drains and ﬁll e d c e llars and hous e s with a ﬂood Of s e wag e Th e Corporation mad e a ne w syst e m of drains and s e w e rs and though i t was an e xp e ns i v e unde 1 taking it mad e t h e town a much h e althi e r plac e to live I n Gradually th e str e e ts w e r e pav e d foot paths w e r e mad e th e roads drain e d sw e pt and k e pt swe e t and cl e an Th e h e alth of th e p e opl e i s th e ﬁrst consid e rat ion of the .

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

266

TH E

S T O R Y OF OL D H A LI F A X

.

The Cr Os sley s w e r e t h e principal contributors buildin of th e h andsom e Squar e Co ngr e gational Edwar A kr oy d sp e nt a fortun e on All Souls

to th e Church d Church which 1 s one of th e ﬁn e st mod e rn gothi c church e s and 1 s consid e r e d the mast e rpi e c e of th e famous archit e ct Sir Gilb e rt Scott A kr oy d pla nn e d A kr oy don as a mod e l suburb and built Copl ey as a mod e l villag e Akr oy don and Copl ey had th e ir ﬂow e r S hows and gard e ni ng which was not a common art in Halifax w a s ( ) Edward Akr oyd was k e e nl y int e r e st e d in e ncourag e d e ducation and th e W orking M e n s Coll eg e at Hal e y Hill and t he various class e s in conn e ct i on with it provid e d an education that was a bl e ssing to many Halifax me n Edw ard A kr oy d was an e nthusiasti c support e r of the Volunt e e rs and he b e cam e colon e l of t he local battalion h e nc e h e is usually r e fe rr e d to as Colon e l A kr oy d H e was also a p l one e r in saving s banks and the Yorksh ir e P e n n y Bank was found e d y e ars be for e the gov e rnm e nt institut e d t he Post O fﬁc e Savings Bank His inspiration for th at pi e c e of work cam e from a s e rmon he h e ard by Charl e s Kingsl e y ( t he author of W e stward Ho ! A lton L oc k e e t c ) T h e r e is a statu e of Sir F rancis Crossl e y in th e P e opl e s Park and one of Colon e l A kr oy d clos e to All Souls Church O ur librari e s and mus e ums ar e hous e d in mansio ns that w e r e onc e th e hom e s of th e s e me n and gard parks e ns ar e now our e th ir Th e Borough of Halifax gradually e xt e nd e d its ar e a and in 1 86 4 the Town Council cont e mplat e d push ing t he boundary lin e b ey ond the l ittl e vall e y th at runs from Haugh Shaw to Shaw Syk e The townsh ip of Skircoat was in t e r e st e d about the futur e of Skircoat Moor and the F r ee hold e rs e l e ct e d a committ e e to watch th e ir int e r es ts .

’

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

’

,

'

.

,

,

.

,

.

”

“

“

.

,

’

,

’

.

,

.

|’

,

.

.

,

S K I R C O A T M OO R

267

.

T h e s e landown e rs had the I ig ht to us e t he common for pasturing th e ir cattl e sh e e p or donk e ys and it was cont e nd e d th at t he lord of the manor could not dispos e oor without th e ir co ns e nt Skircoat Moor has Of t he m surviv e d as an un e nclos e d common and som e ho w e scap e d t he various m e thods of e nclosur e th at we h av e not e d in this story Som e m e mb e rs of th e Corporation wish e d to plant tr e e s to mak e walks and oth e r alt e r ations whil e som e w e n t so far as to sugg e st building a wall around t h e moor How e v e r th e F r e e hold e rs of Skircoat stood ou t again st th e s e alt e rations and e v e n we nt to law b e for e t he Corporation would s ii bmit that Skircoat Moor should r e main un e nclos e d for t he b e n e ﬁt of t he public for e v e r Th e F r e e hold e rs r e c e iv e d th e nominal sum of £ 2 0 1 for th e ir rights Aft e r th ey h ad paid th e ir solicitor s costs th e balanc e was pu t into the ban k and in 1 889 this balanc e wh ich with int e r e st had b e com e £ 2 6 4 1 0s 2 d was giv e n to the building fund of th e ne w In ﬁrmary Capt H e nry Savi le of Ru fford Abb e y acc e pt e d t h e nominal sum of £ 1 00for h is righ ts and as a m e morial of h is gr e at g e n e rosity Skircoat Moor was nam e d Sav i l e Park It was e stimat e d th at the Moor was th e n worth B ut its mon e tary valu e i s not e ve ry thing ; as a r e cr e ation ground and an Op e n spac e Savil e Park is a pric e l e ss poss e ssion of th e town Captain Savil e mad e one condition or e xpr e ss e d the wish tha t th e Council would do all in its pow e r to abat e th e smok e nu isanc e W e still h ave a smok e pollut e d atmosph e r e though o ld e r p e opl e t ell us it was wors e forty or ﬁfty y e ars ago The m e ntion of smok e introduc e s us to J E Wainhous e an e nthusiastic m e mb e r of the Skircoat ,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

’

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

26 8

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

F r e e hold e rs committ e e who wrot e many l e tt e rs to th e commons His e xplaini ng th e ir a n ci e nt right monum e nt is the O ctagon Tow e r and as it ove rlooks t h e Moor it is only ﬁtting that we should notic e t h e Tow e r and its build e r W ainh ouse ow ne d th e W ash e r Lan e D y e wor ks and in ord e r to abat e t he smok e nuisanc e h e d e t e rmin e d to e r e ct a tall ch i n e y on t he H e had a passion for hill sid e abov e W ash e r Lan e good archit e ctur e and he commission e d his arch it e ct to build h im a be auti ful m ill chim ne y for the e xisting tall ch imn e y stacks w e r e co nsid e r e d to be t he ugli e st thi ngs built e ver The r e sult was a ch imn e y and tow e r combin e d In t he c e ntr e is t he ch imn e y ue and around th e ue a spiral staircas e within t he octagon tow e r l e ads up to a ha ndsom e balcony wh il e the whol e is crown e d by an e laborat e dom e Som e authoriti e s h av e d ee m e d it to be the ﬁn e st pi e c e of archit e ctur e in Halifax It is c e rtainly a stri k ing landmar k Th e To w e r was also nicknam e d Wainhous e s F olly by p e opl e who could not appr e ciat e a th i ng of b e auty but who though t it a wast e of mon e y Wainhous e sold the dy e wor ks b e for e his to we r was compl e t e d and so t he O ctagon Tow e r was n e v e r us e d as a ch imn e y H e also built som e h andsom e hous e s about Wash e r Lan e and e mb e llish e d rows of ordinary cottag e s with ﬁne porch e s ch imn ey s and railings Wainh ous e T e rr ac e tuck e d out of sigh t b e t we e n the Burnl ey and Rochdal e Roads is a r e markabl e row T h e y ar e onl y gall e ry ho us e s but t h e gall e ry is of such archit e ctural charact e r that i t would grac e any univ e rsity buildi ng ,

.

,

,

.

m

ﬂ ﬂ ,

.

,

,

.

‘

.

,

,

.

.

.

’

“

,

.

,

.

-

,

,

.

,

,

,

”

“

.

,

.

Though s mok e h as spoil e d much

of

country S id e

our and mod e rn industry mad e ugly blots upon it we ar e n e v e r v e ry far from wild and unspoil e d h ills Hali fax ,

.

,

ST O RY

TH E

OF

H A LI F A X

OL D

.

most w e st e rly of t he gr e at We st Riding tow ns and furth e r to t h e w e st ar e t h e ﬁ ne moors and b e a u tiful cloughs of th e P e nnin e s L e t me t ell you of two me n — w t o artists who h av e acknowl e dg e d t h e d e bt th ey ow e d to t he moorlands of Halifax Parish F r ed e ric Shi e lds wh o was born v e ry poor had a h ard struggl e to b e com e a paint e r His e arli e st e ncourag e m e nt cam e wh e n Stott an e ngrav e r in Swin e Mark e t o ffe r e d him a post at ﬁ fty shilling s a w e e k Sh i e lds on ly stay e d in H alifax about a y e ar lodging at N O 9 Brunswick S tr e e t S hi e lds was a v e ry e arl y ris e r and took long walks to mak e sk e tch e s b e for e h e We nt to his day s work His own tribut e to our h ills is : It mad e me fr e e of t he invigorat ing air of t he Yor k shir e moors wh ich gr e atly r e cruit e d my e n fe e bl e d h e alth during a y e ar s soj our n Shut up h er e unto in t he narrown e ss of big citi e s I r e call t he dancing d e ligh t by the ﬁrst sight of wid e spr e ad e xcit e d in my h e art h ill and dal e from the cr e st of a moorland ris e 1 In the s am e y e ar Philip Gilb e rt Ham e rton who b e cam e a famous art critic was living with in our parish Ham e rton was th e n tw e nty -two y e ars old a y e ar younge r than Sh i e lds but h e was b e tt e r off th an Sh i e lds and had a comfortabl e hom e n e ar Burnl ey In ord e r t o study rocks and h e ath e r h e camp e d n e ar Widdop in 1 85 6 and has writt e n about his e xp e ri e nc e s in a book and also in his Auto e ntitl e d The Paint e r s Camp biography H e r e again we ar e fortunat e in having H ame r t on s own words about W iddop moors : That month of solitud e on th e wild hil l s was a singularly h appy tim e so h appy that it is not e asy without som e r e ﬂe ction to accoun t for such a d egr e e of fe licity I was young and t he brisk mountain air is

t he

,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

’

,

,

’

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

“

”

,

.

’

“

,

,

,

.

,

TH E

M OOB S

27 1

.

ke d out e ve ry day on t he xhilarat e d me I WaT h e ath e r wh ich I lov e d as if my fath e r and moth e r h ad h ow is it possibl e to fe e l b e e n a brac e of grous e oth e rwis e than ch e e rful wh e n y ou hav e l e agu e s of fragran t h e ath e r all around you and blu e Yorksh ir e h il ls on t he h igh and far horizon ? A not e worthy e ffe ct of th e month s on t h e moors was th at on r e turning to Hollins wh ich was situat e d amo ngst trim gr e e n pastur e s and plantations so astonish ingly e v e r y thing s e e m e d artiﬁcial It cam e with the forc e of a discov e ry F rom th at day to this th e natural and t he artiﬁcial in land scap e hav e b ee n for me as cl e arly distinguish e d as a wild boar from a dom e stic pig My strong pr e fe r e nc e was and still is for wild natur e e

1

1

’

.

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

_

,

,

.

’

In that sam e y e ar 1 85 6 th e P e opl e s Park was laid out Th e id e a of such a park had com e to Sir F rancis Crossl ey whil e on an Am e rican tour B e ing e ntranc e d with a magn iﬁc e n t suns e t v ie w n e ar Moun t Washington — his thoughts of gratitud e took this form : I t is t r ue t hou canst not bring t he many thousands th ou has l e ft in thy nativ e country to s e e this b e autiful sc e n e ry but thou canst tak e th is to th e m It is possibl e so to arrang e art and nature that th ey sh all be with in the walk of e ve r y working man in Halifax ; that h e shal l go to tak e h is stroll th e re aft e r h e h as don e h is hard day s toil and be abl e to g e t hom e again without b e ing tir e d Th e r e is no h in t h e r e of the g e nuin e mountain sc e n e ry th at li e s within a fe w m il e s of Hali fax nor any fe eli ng of t h e diffe r e nc e b e tw e e n artiﬁcial and natural landscap e that Shi e l ds and Ham e rton kn e w S e v e nty y e ars ago t he working man had to toil so h ard and h ad such littl e l e isur e not e ve n half -holiday on Saturday that he had not th e opportunity to roam ov e r th e moors Trai ns ,

,

.

.

,

“

,

,

.

’

”

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

'

.

27 2

TH E

S T O RY OF O L D H A LI F A X

.

and trams e nabl e 11 s to r e ach e asily t he utt e rmost r e c e sse s of our hills W e can sing with Emily Bront e th e words s h e wrot e at Law Hill Southowram : A wa k n o all m y d ar moorlan d W st -win d in th y glory an d pri d Oh call m from vall y an d lowlan d To wal k b y t h hill -torr nt s si d I do hop e th at this littl e book will h e lp you to lov e your own country mor e r e m e mb e ring th e s e words of a good man : F or t he England that I lov e is not m e r e ly — t h e England of nobl e towns and t h e fair country sid e but t he England of th e spirit th e for e most of all countri e s in which a man may e nj oy the us e s of h is soul F ortun s ma d in B usin ss Vol I I I Th C o l y of H alifa x R port on t h Sanitary Con d ition of H alifax b y W RANGER A (pril l 6 t h H istor y of S k ircoat M oor an d Savil Par k ( 19 0 8) by C T RH OD E T oil rs in A t Chap V I I — F r d ric Shi l d s an A utob iograph y Th Lif an d L tt rs of F r d ric Shi l d s E d it d by E RN E T IN E M I Th P aint r s C amp b y P G H A MER T ON Philip G il b rt H am rton A n A uto b iograph y an d a M moir b y his wif .

,

,

’

e

er

,

e

e

,

e

,

e

e

,

’

e

e

e

”

.

,

,

,

.

e

e

e

e

.

,

r

e

.

ss e

s

.

”

e

.

.

,

,

e

e

e

r

e

1

‘

e

e

S

e

e

,

e

e

e

LLS

’

e

.

”

,

.

.

.

.

e

S

.

.

,

”

,

e

e

.

.

e

e

e

,

.

e,

.

I ND E X

27 4

Blac kw ll Hall London 7 7 Blac kwood T homas of Bl ackwood Hous 3 8 B lait h oy d 6 B l a k A dmira l 6 Blind Jack oadmak 8 9 Blood y F i l d 5 5 8 B l u coat School 3 5 Boat Hors v rs u s Pac k Hors s 3 Bois Jo h n 09 Bold P t r 3 9 5 Bol ling Hall 9 6 Bo lton Jam s 6 0 Bol ton Lancas hi r 4 Boo k s Ch ap 5 4 Boo k s D mand for 9 Boo k s Rar and B a u tif ul 3 Boot h Hudd rsﬁ ld Luddit 47 Booths William of t h 5 B oot h t own 65 0 9 Borough Grant of incorporat i on r fus d 6 5 Borough Incorporation 6 Boro u gh Ext nsion of 86 4 6 6 Boro u ghbridg 9 Bot tom Richard of 48 B oul wo t h Hil l 07 Boundari s of Parliam ntar y Borough of 83 5 Bowling 5 9 Bo wling D yk 40 5 8 Bo y s J ohn 47 Bo y s Margar t 86 B a k nb d 53 Bradford 7 8 8 0 3 6 48 e

,

1

,

.

,

1

e,

r

.

1

,

.

e,

1

,

er

1

,

2

e

,

e

,

e

2

.

.

2

,

1

2

,

,

e

2

,

.

2

1

.

.

e

2 2

,

e

,

.

e

e

,

e

1

,

.

.

2 2

,

.

2

e,

e, 2

1 2

2 1

,

,

,

.

.

e,

,

2 2

,

.

e

,

.

.

,

,

,

e

1

,

—

22

e

,

,

1

1

,

e

.

r

,

e

2

.

:

e

e

1

,

.

2

,

e

,

2 2

2

,

.

e

e

1

2

,

e

c

r

,

2

e

,

e

5 2 3 1 —2 2 58 1

1

,

1

6

.

1

.

1

2

,

2

,

37

2

,

2

1

,

00

2

,

.

.

,

2

,

1

2

,

,

1

,

2

,

2

,

.

,

e

2

.

e,

e

.

.

,

r

2

,

.

,

s

.

1

,

e,

2

01

39

1

,

,

2 2 1

,

2

,

1

2 2

,

2

44

,

5 53

.

Bradford Ch u rch 45 Bradford Road Old 5 6 Bradl y Th omas 00 Bradshaw 6 0 Bradshaw Co l on l 5 4 6 Brand Hol Gr t l and 3 B a li ff Edm u nd 6 4 B a li ff John 5 0 5 68 B a li Man u script 08 Br ar l y 5 Br arl y Ha ll 7 0 .

,

e

ﬂ 1

,

e

r c

r e

r c

1

r e

1

.

ee

e,

e,

,

e,

.

r c

e

e

e

e

1

,

e

,

1

,

I

.

,

1

.

2

1

1

2

.

ee

e

2

,

.

e

1 1

,

,

,

,

1

,

e

,

1

64

,

.

,

,

2

e,

2

2

,

2 1

,

e

.

—1 1 1

1

,

1 1

,

2 2

,

2

.

”

’

e

,

e

e

,

r

1

,

1 1 1

,

1

,

,

e

,

.

—

1

.

,

e

.

.

,

,

2

,

.

e,

,

.

.

e,

12

,

e

;

.

,

e

1

,

.

'

,

e

,

r

1

,

2

e,

r

1

1

,

2

2

,

2

,

2

,

.

.

e

e,

.

,

.

r

1

,

1

,

.

e

e

,

,

e

2

1

.

e

e

ee

2

.

.

,

,

2

,

.

,

r

2

,

,

70

.

B uck s t one s

3

2

.

B ull Clos Lan 9 3 Bur k Edmund 9 4 Burn l y 40 7 5 3 5 9 00 7 B u ry 5 3 Cadd y F i l d 6 Cald r 6 3 9 5 4 5 3 Cal d r Val l 4 5 5 6 9 7 8 Cald r Va ll y W ar Map of 5 7 Calico Hall C l ar Hal l 3 6 Cambridg 80 7 Camd n W ill iam Canal s 5 5 Cant rbur y Tillot on Archbishop of 7 5 Carl yl Th omas 6 Carr J ohn of Y or k A rchit ct 0 Carri rs 3 Cart r J ohn Stoc k L t 8 83 ,

e,

1

,

.

1

,

,

1

1

1

2

,

ey

,

e

e

,

2 22—

,

2

,

,

1

,

4

.

2 1

,

1

2

,

.

.

.

1 1 1

.

.

s

,

,

2

2

1

e

,

,

,

,

.

.

e,

e

1

,

—2 2

1

,

,

,

2 1

2 2

,

—

1

:

e

2 2

,

.

1

,

,

e

,

2

,

.

e

,

1

,

,

.

1

,

e

e

1

e,

e

e

,

1

2 2

,

.

.

,

.

,

e

.

,

e

e

e,

—

2

,

Br r t on Hall 40 Bric k B u ildings in Eight nth C ntur y 09 Bridg s and Roads 85 86 86 6 Brigg A bra h am 3 8 Briggs H nr y 09 3 Briggs Rawdon 5 Brigh ous 6 9 6 8 4 5 9 Brigh o u s Bridg 85 Brigh ous T o u rn at 40 Brigh t Jo h n 5 7 Britannia Camd n s Broadb nt Jam s 9 9 3 4 B oad b ot t om M y tholmro y d 5 Broadl y Margar t 86 Broadl y Matt h w 6 3 Bro nt e Emil y 08 7 Broo k Bridg t 7 4 B ook foot 40 Broo kh ous 0 40 43 5 8 B ook oy d 9 Broo k sban k Gi l b rt 9 6 Brow Lan 5 6 Bro wn S i T homas 3 6 3 7 Bro wning Mrs Th Cr y of t h Childr n 4 Br u nswic k Str t hom of Shi l ds

e

.

.

,

r e

2

,

,

y

.

,

,

,

.

1

,

2 1

.

,

1s

,

2

,

.

.

I NDE X Cartwright of Cart wrig h t R v Edm u nd 3 9 Castl Hi l l A l mondbu y 0 Cat in t h W indow I nn Spring in 63 Cawt h orn 4 Ca gill J o h n 99 C h ain d Boo k 0 C h ampv nt W ilh am d 3 5 C h ap ls of t h Parish 84 85 C h ap ltown 0 C h ariti s 3 4 6 6 4 6 5 -6 C h arl s I 3 7 6 3 C h arl sto wn Hal ifax 6 0 0 C h arl stown H bd n Bridg C hartists 5 7 C h atsworth 0 C h apsid O p n dram i n 6 3 4 Chi ld Labour in F actori s 4 -3 C hrist s Hospital 7 7 Ch u rch Gifts to 84 C i t y Th O rang Str t an d Wh atl y 0 Civil W ar Hal ifax and 3 7 6 3 Civil Wars Halifax scap s fright fuln ss of C l ap h am Captain 5 8 Clar Hal l 36 Cla mount 0 C l ar k Bridg 5 3 C l a y J ohn of C l a Hous 3 8 Cla y Hous Gr tland 3 Cla Rob rt Vicar of Hal ifax 3 9 Cla yt on T homas 9 C l gg C l iff 5 6 Cl i ff Hil l L igh t liﬁ 4 C l i ff T homas 48 Cli fford Lad y A nn 3 3 3 C l it h ro 7 Clos s Origin of T rm 9 C l oth s 86 Cl oth Hall at Hall E nd 7 7 C l oth T rad 4 44 7 9 80 3 C l ot hi rs W st Riding 85 Coach s Stag 3 Coal Mining 7 9 83 84 85 Coal Pits Childr n in 4 Coat -of-Arms Halifax 33 Cobd n Ri h ard 5 7 e

,

e

2

,

.

r

,

2

1

,

e

2

,

.

2

e,

y

.

1

,

,

e

1 1

,

e

.

.

e

,

e

e

e

e

,

e

,

e

,

e

1

.

e

e,

2 2

,

e

.

2 2

e.

.

2 1

,

.

.

2—

2

2

,

— 1

e

,

1

,

1

,

.

—

1

.

,

,

2 2

,

.

.

.

e

,

e

’

1

—

2

.

2

,

2

.

.

,

,

.

,

e

,

e

e

e

2 2

,

.

,

e

e

1 1

,

2 1 1

r e

2

,

2 2

,

e

1

,

,

.

.

.

e,

.

e,

ee

e

c

.

,

.

1

e,

2 2

e,

e

,

1

1

e

1

,

,

2—

e,

e

,

1—2

2

e,

,

1

.

1 1 2—1 1

,

1

,

2

.

1

,

2

,

,

,

.

.

,

e

,

c

1

1

,

,

.

.

,

e

,

,

e

1

,

.

,

e

.

.

,

e

.

.

,

e

1

1

1

.

,

e

.

,

,

e

1 2

,

.

,

,

e

1

e,

y

,

,

.

.

,

e

—1

1

,

,

y

ee

2

2 1

.

.

,

.

2 2

,

27 5

.

Coc k F ights 7 4 Coc k Hil l Plagu at 6 0 Cock roft J o h n 9 6 Coin rs Cragg Val 89 9 7 Colb c k Samu l 7 0 Co l d n 5 4 Col t D John 9 Col y 84 0 3 5 40 6 8 7 Col y Chap l 84 85 4 6 Co l y Hal l 8 6 3 Coln 5 5 3 59 9 7 00 Coln Grammar School 7 4 Combing Hand 03 5 Commons 3 3 6 7 Commonw a l th Window in P arish Ch u rch 6 7 Coop r Bridg 59 Cop l y Gat 3 5 48 49 Copl y Hall 86 Corn Laws 5 7 Corn Mar k t 6 0 06 5 Corn Marts 3 —4 Corn Mills 3 7 8 Cottag Librar y 54 Cotton T rad 3 6 Court Rol ls 6 85 Cousin Lan Illingworth 3 5 Crabtr Jo h n 86 Cragg Val 5 5 8 Crav n 04 Crav n Sp i nning in 3 7 C imwo t h 98 Crippl gat 5 9 C ot t on t all ( P ) Crom w ll Ol iv r 00 44 6 — 7 Crom w ll T homas 9 9 Crom w ll Bottom 40 4 7 4 Cropp rs 46 Cros l and H al l Hudd rsﬁ ld 3 9 40 Cross F i lds 6 0 Cross I nn 7 4 Cross Pip s I nn 9 Cross -Ston Chap l 84 44 Cross t h Ol d Mar k t 9 7 Cross l y Richard of 5 D an Clough 5 8 5 9 C o l y 65 Crossl y T rrac 6 Cro w Hill Sow rb y 8 1

,

.

e

,

e

e

1

,

.

.

1

1

e

e

e

1

1

,

1

1

,

2

1

1

,

.

.

.

2

,

.

—

2

,

2

2

.

1

,

,

1

2

,

e

,

1

,

1

,

.

1

,

1

,

,

,

1

,

.

,

,

2

,

1

1

,

,

,

e,

1

,

.

.

r

,

e

e

— 1

1

e,

,

.

.

,

e

e

1

,

,

1

,

.

e

1

,

.

e

2

e,

2

e,

e

e

2

,

2 2

,

2 2

2

,

.

.

,

,

2

,

.

2

e

2

,

,

,

.

.

.

.

,

2

e

2

e,

2

,

.

.

1

,

.

e,

.

ee ,

e

,

1

e

,

2

1

,

2 1

,

e

e

,

,

.

—1

1

,

1

1

,

2

,

.

,

e

2

,

e

,

,

,

1

1

e

1

,

e

2

,

e

s,

,

e

,

e

2

2

,

2

.

2 1

.

.

,

e,

.

1

.

e

.

.

,

,

ss e

,

.

e,

e

,

.

e,

,

e

e

2

1

e

.

,

.

,

,

1

,

,

e

2

1

,

.

e

r

.

.

s

2

2

.

e,

e

1

.

.

r

r

2 1

,

,

s

r

.

.

,

e,

2

.

,

2

,

I NDEX

27 6

Crow N st L igh t li ff 4 Crowt h r G org 00 Cul ling worth 00 Curs of F actor y S y st m 5 4 C u sworth J o h n 7 0 Cut Canal D ais y Ban k S h ib d n 5 9 D ar k Lan 5 4 D an J ohn 5 D an Cloug h Mil ls 5 8 9 6 D p l ay Mi l l Ban k 5 8 D fo D ani l 80 7 8 85 88 D nﬁ l d D an F i l d W h atl y 7 D lon y T homas 8 D nton Hall 0 D nton Richard 40 D wsbur y Saxon Parish of 3 D ighton Wil l iam 9 0 5 06 D is ndo wm nt of Paris h C hu rch 68 D odg D odg —holm 08 4 D olp h in Holm Lanca t r 3 7 D om sda y Boo k local n t ri s in D oncast r 6 D oor Scrap r 6 D ra k John f Horl y Gr n 3 8 D ra k N athan of Godl y 6 3 D rin k ing T rough 6 4 D ropping W ll 6 3 D ubl i n A rc h b i sh op of 9 D uds Clot h 80 D u k of Y or k Isaac Hartl y Coin r 9 0 4 D umb Mill Hipp r h olm 5 4 D umb St pl Coop r Br i dg 46 D unbar Battl of 6 D un kir k 6 0 D un op Bridg 04 D urham 9 6 Du k Gr n 7 0 e

c

,

e

e

,

1

e,

2

,

2 2

e,

1

,

,

e,

2

,

e er

,

e,

e

e

I

,

:

1

,

e

1

.

e

1

,

,

e

e

,

,

e

2 1

,

e

2

1

e

.

,

2

,

,

,

e

—

1

2

,

e

2

e,

e,

2 1

e

,

2 2

,

1

1

,

e

2

e

e,

ee

e

,

2

,

e

1

,

.

e

e

e,

ee

2

e, 2

,

1

2

2

e,

er

ee

,

,

6 7

1

,

1

e

.

e,

e

e

,

,

,

1

,

1

2 2 1

.

,

2

.

.

e

,

.

.

2

.

—

2

,

2

,

2 1

e

.

.

1

1

,

.

.

,

2

1

1

,

1

,

.

e

,

e

e

1

,

1 1

,

e

e,

e

e,

e

e

1

1

,

.

.

,

,

x

e

e

es

1

,

,

.

1

,

e

,

2

,

e

,

2

,

.

,

c

I

,

,

1

,

,

1

2

.

.

,

e

,

,

2 1

1

,

e

,

e

,

1—2

1

.

e

e

,

1

,

.

.

2—

,

2

.

.

e

e

,

2

.

.

.

e

2

.

2 1 1

,

es e

,

,

.

1

,

e

e

.

East R iddl d n Hall K ighl y 30 33 Edd y ston Lightho u s Ed n Maj or 5 8 5 9 Edmondson T homas 3 7

.

.

1

.

D y s h b y nd e s h er d e

1

.

,

,

,

.

1

2

’

.

,

1

e

.

.

.

,

c

.

.

s

,

e,

e

,

2

1—

2

2

2

r

.

,

,

1

.

.

,

,

1

.

e

e

,

,

e,

,

,

.

2

,

,

.

,

1

,

,

—

1

2

.

.

e

,

.

e

,

.

.

,

1

,

12

,

.

e

.

,

:

1

,

1

2

1

,

2

,

,

.

2

,

,

1

,

r

.

O

e,

e

,

.

2

,

1

,

,

.

e

1 2

,

—

2 2

,

,

.

e

2

2

,

1

,

.

,

1

,

.

e

.

2

,

1

,

1

x e

.

2 2

,

s e

e

r

e

.

.

e,

1

,

,

.

.

—

1

,

e

1

2

r

e

1

1 1

,

e

.

2

,

.

e

,

2 2

,

,

.

,

,

1

,

,

.

.

,

,

:

.

e

1

,

,

.

e

1

1

2

1

,

,

,

,

.

1

,

2

,

,

e

e

—

2

1

,

e

.

e

1

e

.

,

ee

,

e,

.

,

2 1 1

e

e ,

.

e

,

.

,

z

.

2 2 2

,

,

e

2

,

2

,

.

e

Education 6 6 — Edwards of Halifax 5 E l ction Parliam ntar y 83 5 E l i ab th Qu n 09 Elland 5 6 7 8 46 48 Elland Bridg 86 Elland C h ap l 3 7 6 Elland F ud 3 8-4 Elland Hall 6 4 Elland Mill 4 Elland N w Hall 4 3 4 Elland Par k W ood 6 86 Elland S i John 3 8 4 E l land W ood Bottom 5 6 Enclosur A cts 3 3 5 6 7 Erringd n 7 Ewood 0 5 9 8 Exl y 6 5 6 8 0 E l v of Exl y Hall 3 7 4 F actor y S y st m 4 3 Fair Halifax orig i n of 3 3 Fairs 7 9 80 5 4 F airfax 4 — 5 9 6 7 F all ing oy d Bridg 55 Farming 8 87 07 8 3 3 Farnl y Hall 0 F arrar Captain 47 5 8 9 F arrar H nr y 80 Farrar of Ewood 5 6 5 7 3 F avour D John 05 -7 3 40 64 F awc tt G n ral 86 - 88 F i l ding John M P 7 0 44 5 4 F i ld Hous S h ib d n 8 F i ld Ho u s Sow rb y F i n h nd n W illiam of 45 F in s and P u nishm nts 45 6 F irst Bish op s W ar Halifax and 0 4 F iv Mil A t 7 3 Fi by 7 56 F rrar Bishop Rob rt 0 Halifax) F l i ( F lamboro u gh H ad 05 Fl and rs 8 F l mings 4 4 5 F lodd n 9 6 Fly F latts R s rvoir 6 3 ,

.

e

e

.

.

.

.

.

I N D EX Hartl y D avid Coin r 9 0 4 Hart l y Isaac Co i n r 9 0 4 Hartl y Samu l L u ddit 46 h lf H at h 55 Ha u g h E nd Sow rb y 7 4 5 Haugh Shaw 6 6 6 Ha u gh Shaw Hous 9 H awk l ough 37 Hawort h 9 8 Hawort h Rog r of 5 Ha l hurst S h ibd n 09 H ath Gramm ar School 07 —9 H aton H nr y of 48 H aton Rob rt 0 H b b l Broo k 6 5 4 H bd n Str am 86 e

,

e

,

,

e

e

,

e

,

er s

e

,

1

,

,

2

,

2

,

1

2

,

e

,

2

1

,

e

e

,

e

e

e

e

e

1

9

1

1

,

e

e

1

,

2

,

1

1

,

2 2

,

22

,

9

58 20

1

,

2

,

,

.

.

2 1 1

ee

e

.

2

2

1

2 1 1

.

2

,

e

e

.

.

,

,

2 1 1

,

,

,

,

.

.

1

,

1

,

.

e,

.

2 1

,

22

e

e

.

.

,

1 1 1

,

1 29

,

1

e

,

,

99

,

.

,

98

3

.

,

,

I 1

2

.

,

e

e,

,

1

,

e

e

,

.

r s

,

,

.

e

2

e,

.

,

e

,

.

e

e

.

.

,

e,

e,

e

—1

.

,

.

12

e

2

,

.

e,

z

.

—

1

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

2

Hol dsworth Jo h n 86 Ho l dsworth Vicar Rob rt 9 4 0 Holland 00 Hol l i ns Th W arl y 56 Holm 08 Holm s M 98 Holro y d J os ph 88 Hol y F ac l g nd 3 3 Hol y Ha ir Hol y h ad 8 Hoo Hol 9 6 Hop Hall Hopwood Hal l 09 Hopwood Lan 6 0 Horl y Gr n 5 6 3 8 Horn r Jo h n 38 Horsfall of Marsd n 46 7 Horsfal l Li ut nant 44 Horton Josh u a of So w rb y 6 5 Horton Str t 5 0 Hous at t h Ma ypol 5 9 6 0 Housing T imb r Hous s 5 6 6 6 Hov Edg Spout Hous 86 H ow oy d Bar k i and 3 0 H udd rsﬁ ld 3 80 7 7 46 47 H u ll 03 3 8 9 5 0 4 Hunt r Hill 5 8 H untingdon Earl of 05 Il l ing worth 5 7 84 87 3 5 Ill ingwort h C h ap l 6 7 Illingwort h Edg 87 88 Illingworth Moor 3 5 Industria l R vol u tion 5 0 Coachin g 3 I nn Y ards Inv ntions Gr at 3 6 40 Ir land 89 4 Irish Massacr of 6 4 4 Isl of W igh t 3 ,

—

e,

e

sc

.

1

,

1

,

,

e

—

1

.

.

—

2

.

e

.

1

,

.

°

H H H H H H H H H H H

igh t s Road 7 bd n Val l y 3 4 nry V I 7 nr y VIII 89 0 nry son Will i am 48 ptonstall 5 7 48 80 84 00 89 97 5 4 59 ptonstall Chap l 3 7 0 ptonstall G arrison 6 4 ptonstal l Manor of 3 3 3 y wood Lancashir 5 3 ywood O liv r 68 73 4 H g h oad W ll 93 55 7 High Road W l l Moor 6 E oy d) Hig h ro y d ( 9 High Sund r l and 5 6 6 6 4 6 5 0 63 9 Hill Samu l 7 9 -83 88 Hi l l Population 5 Hill Top Cragg 9 6 Hil ls and Road Construct ion Hipp rholm 6 7 6 7 43 e

2 2

,

e

e

e

e

.

,

1

,

1

,

—1

1

,

e

1

,

1

1

1

,

1

,

,

,

e

2

,

e

,

,

e

e

2

e

,

12 1

,

1

,

,

1

7

r

e

1

,

1

,

e

,

1 2

,

1

,

e

,

1

,

e

1 1

,

1

,

r

2 2

,

2

.

,

,

1

,

1

,

,

1

,

1

5 4 5 9 85 1 85 2 53 H od g e kins .

.

.

,

1 1

1

2

,

6.

1

2

,

36

,

1

.

48

,

6 3.

Hal i fax Cloth i r 8 9 Hodgson Captain John 4 - 6 3 Holdsworth Chap l 7 0 7 4 89 9 5 Holdswort h Ho u s 8 Holdsworth S u rnam 8 e

,

2

,

2

,

.

,

,

e

e,

:

,

,

2

2

1

,

,

.

e,

1

1

.

.

.

1, 2

2

1

2

,

1

,

1

2 2

.

2

.

—2 2

2 1

1

2

k r a c oy d , J

1

9

—

2

.

1

1

2

.

1

1

.

.

Jack son John 47 J acobit s 86 Jagg r 9 J u mbl Hol Clough m u 4 J p l B ck m 8 8 Mill u l 39 J p Ka y s F ly Shuttl 3 8 ,

e

e

,

1

1

1

es

’

.

.

e

es

.

,

,

e

2 2

,

e

,

,

.

.

2

,

2 2 ,

.

2

e, 2

.

.

,

,

1

,

,

e

,

22

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

2 22

,

.

.

,

2 2 1

,

,

e

9 46 ,

.

,

,

e

.

.

.

e

I

,

1

,

e

2 2

,

e,

,

.

,

e

78

,

.

1

1

,

e

22 1

,

,

—

1

,

.

1

1

e,

.

,

1

,

e

.

1

,

.

,

_

1

9

,

,

—

1

e

e

.

,

12

,

e

.

—

e,

,

,

.

,

1

e,

.

.

,

,

1

1

,

e

1

.

e

e

s

2

,

,

e

9 6,

,

,

.

—

e,

e

r

.

1

,

e

1

,

.

e

:

.

,

2

,

e

.

.

e

e

ee

.

1

e

,

.

.

0

.

.

.

.

INDEX m

K e e lh a

96 30

1

0 K ighl y 59 59 2 0 33 K ighl y Road 9 K nt 7 7 K rsh aw Hous Ludd nd n 8 K rshaw s Po w r Looms 3 9 5 Kil d wic k 00 King Cross 5 3 5 8 King Cross Lan 09 6 0 King D avid D avid Hartl y Coin r 9 0 4 King John vicar 6 8 King Wil li am of S k ircoat 06 Kingsl y Charl s 6 6 Kir k b u rton 6 Kir k l s 4 Kir k Sandal D oncast r 6 4 89 Knar sborough 6 Knight T itus 9 9 4 Knights of S t John of J rusal m 7 4 Know l Top L igh t liff 09 Labo u r rs Stat u t of 45 -9 0 6 8 Lac y John 9 3 4 73 9 Lac y Th omas 3 8 3 9 40 4 4 La k Co u ntry 85 La k J o h n 6 8 La ncas h ir 7 4 86 7 Lancast r 9 6 04 Lancast r Ear l of 3 8 Lan H ad Brigh o u s 40 0 L an h ad O gd n 40 Langdal S i Marmad uk 6 3 L ang ﬁ ld 7 L angﬁ l d H nr y 46 L angﬁ ld T homas of 5 Latham of Col y 4 L aro y d Richard 06 Ban k 7 85 6 0 6 L J ob 5 8 L L ds 80 8 03 3 8 3 9 4 ,

e

e

e

e

e

,

1

,

1

,

22

,

1

,

2

,

,

’

e

e

2

,

e

e

,

2

,

1 1

2

,

1

1

,

2

,

.

e

e

,

,

,

,

e

e

,

2

,

ee

2 2

,

2

,

.

e

e

1

,

1

.

,

1

.

2

,

2

2

c

e

e

,

,

,

2 2

,

e

1

,

e,

1

e,

e

1

,

e

2

,

e

e

,

e

,

I

2 1

e

L L L L

2

,

5

,

1

77

e

1

,

1

,

—8

2

,

1

,

00— 1

2

,

ee

e

2

,

.

2 2 1

e,

e e

e

e

,

,

2 2

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

.

,

I 1

5

.

7

2

2

1

,

,

2

1 —2

1

,

.

.

2 2

,

2

,

2

,

.

e

,

.

.

,

,

,

e,

.

,

22

,

.

e

e

.

2

,

1

.

e,

e

2

,

.

,

1

,

,

.

r

,

e

2

1 1

,

2

,

2 2

,

.

2

,

e

,

1

2

,

1 1

2

1 2

,

.

,

.

e

1

,

1

,

2

e

,

e

,

e,

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

,

,

e

2

e

,

,

,

—

.

,

2 1

.

.

1

,

.

,

1

,

1

.

.

1

,

e

1

,

e,

e

2 2

.

1

,

e

e

,

2

,

1 1

,

,

.

e

,

,

.

1

,

,

e

1

,

,

2

2

,

1

,

1

1

1

.

,

,

,

.

1

2

.

,

e

e

,

.

ds Rail wa y 59 Hous O v nd n W ood w s Mon k s from 3 7 5 5 w s Prior of 44 7 6 9 4

ee

.

.

,

1

e,

.

.

1

,

.

1

,

1

1

,

s

.

,

,

,

2

,

e

,

,

,

.

.

e

e

,

2

.

.

.

,

.

1

2

,

,

2

1

,

,

2

1

2

,

ee

1

2

,

2

.

e

,

e

.

,

,

,

1

,

e

.

e

ee

2

,

e,

,

,

2

e

e

.

r

,

2 2

,

2

1

e

.

e,

,

e

2 2 2

,

e

e

.

.

,

e,

ee ,

1

,

,

e

e

2

1

,

,

e

.

,

e

e

2

,

e

e

.

1

.

1

,

,

,

,

09 24 2

e

1

,

2

.

,

,

,

e

.

.

,

,

,

2

e

1

,

.

e

e

~

,

e

e

e

e

.

9 8,

1

2

,

e

.

,

.

e,

e

.

,

,

2

,

e

.

,

.

,

,

e

.

,

Churc h Lill y Bridg 09 Lim d Ho u s S h ib d n 3 8 L im Gat s 08 Lincolnshir R b llion in 9 7 Lin n Hal l 7 7 List r 7 8 3 8 86 List r Bart h o l om w 5 3 List r J r m y 85 List r J ohn 9 3 0 3 3 8 5 9 80 List r J ohn of U pp r Br ar 6 5 List r J os ph 4 5 List r Lan 6 List r Mis 53 4 39 40 0 5 5 List r Richard 48 List r Rob rt 48 List r William 87 88 List r Road 9 Lit rat u r Ch ap W illiam Miln r 54 Liv rpool 3 Liv rs dg Cavalr y from 47 Loc kwood of Loc kwood 3 9 40 4 4 Logarithms B iggian 0 London 5 5 7 9 00 8 3 3 Long Can O v nd n W ood 9 9 3 Long Caus wa y 5 5 5 9 7 Looms Pow r 3 8-9 Lord N lson I nn Ludd nd n 3 8 Low Rob rt of 6 Ludd nd n 8 3 8 5 5 Ludd nd n Chap l 85 3 4 6 7 L u dd nd n Bridg 86 L u dd nd n D an 3 7 5 5 7 0 Ludd nd n F oot 09 8 7 8 L u dd G n ra l 45 9 Luddit s 45 9 L u mb B ck 8 er s

.

,

,

1

,

2

,

01

1

,

e

,

,

,

e,

.

,

,

.

2 1 1—1

L igh t cli ff e L ig h t cl i e

—

1

.

,

,

.

,

ﬂ

.

e

.

2

e

2

,

e

.

,

,

e

,

1

e

1

.

.

e,

e

e

.

e

2

L w s Prior y of 3 3 4 3 5 89 9 9 00 L y land F A 40 L y land Halifax Sculptor 0 Librari s 66 5 Librar y Public at Parish Ch u rc h

.

1

27 9

.

1

1 2

,

,

2

,

2 1

,

—

.

1

2 2

,

,

1

2 2

.

.

2 80

I NDEX

Lumb F al ls 6 Macadam 8 M D onal d Polic S p y 47 Mac roni 0 Pi k W arfar 53 Mac hin r y in T xti l T rad s 7 Machin r y Obj ctions to 3 6 Machin r y Riots 5 Machon -Ho u s 7 6 Mac k worth S i Francis 5 9 Magna Via 5 5 Ma king Plac 7 9 - 80 Malt Shov l I nn M y tho l mro y d 09 Manc h st r 4 5 3 3 47 8 Manc h st r and L ds Rai l wa y 59 Manc h st r Massacr 5 0 M ankinh ol 5 66 Manor Courts 3 6 Mar k t Halifax 7 4 Marsh D Vicar 6 7 Marsh Hall N ortho wram 4 Mar y Princ ss Baptism of 9 0 Marston Moor 5 9 M ado wcroft D oroth y 5 M l l or G org Luddit 46 49 M rchant A dv ntur rs 6 0 7 9 B l ind Jac k M tcalf John 8 9 Midgl y 5 7 93 55 Midgl y W il liam of 5 Mildma y Captain 47 Militia Ba ll ot 88 Mil k T rad 3 5 M i ll Ban k 5 8 Mill C h imn y s 8 Mill n ar Blac k s h aw H ad 9 Mills Earl y Halifax 83 84 Mi l n r Hugh John t 47 48 Mil n r Rob rt t h 7 8 Mi l n r W illiam Publ is h r 5 4 Mil n s C h ar l s Luddit 48 M i ﬁ ld W il l iam of 45 Mitc h l l A nthon y So w rb y 6 8 70 Mitc h ll Matth w and J onathan 40 M i x nd n 5 8 9 3 9 2 2

,

22

,

c

.

.

e

,

11

e

e

e

e

,

2

e,

1

.

.

.

1

2—

1

,

.

.

1

1

e,

e

2 1 1

,

2 2 1

,

.

,

,

.

e

e

e

e

2

2

1

,

1

,

1 —2

2

,

—

2

,

ee

,

.

e, 2

e

e

2

es,

e

2

r

,

.

2

,

.

1

,

,

.

1

,

,

.

.

,

,

.

e

,

1

e

e

,

e

e

,

1

,

e

1

,

2 1

,

1

,

,

,

1

,

e,

2

.

.

.

e

2

,

.

e

e

,

,

,

e

,

e

,

.

.

,

.

,

e

,

,

2

e,

2

.

.

.

,

e

,

,

.

.

,

1

c

e

,

e

2 1

,

,

e,

,

e

,

1

,

.

e

e

,

,

e

,

.

2

,

e

1

,

.

1

,

,

1

.

,

,

.

e

e

,

.

—

2 2

e

2

1

e,

e

.

e, 2

e,

e

2

1

,

e

,

,

.

e

,

1

,

2 2

,

2

.

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

2 2

,

:

1

,

2

,

1

.

,

1

,

.

,

,

,

.

.

e

e

e

2

,

1

,

1

e

r e

1

1

2 1

e

2

37

,

1

1

1

,

’

.

2

,

95

.

1

,

2

—1

1 2

.

e,

9 3,

.

.

s

,

1

2

,

:

,

e

.

.

,

e

.

e

,

,

1

,

e

e

.

.

,

12

,

,

12 1

,

.

,

c

.

.

e

e

.

1 2

,

e

,

.

e

ee

e

.

.

,

Mix nd n B c k 4 Mix nd n th F old 4 Mix nd n Gr n 3 8 Monast ri s Clos d 9 9 Mon y W ighing 89 Moot Hall 3 7 3 7 6 Moor E nd 5 9 Motto s on Old Hom s Mount Pl asant 6 Mount S k ip 5 5 Mount !ion O gd n 9 9 M ul t u Hall 4 6 0 M u nicipal Gov rnm nt 6 5 Murgatro y d 9 Murgatro y d Jam s 9 3 3 3 8 Mus u m Britis h Edwards B i nd ings 5 Mus u ms 6 6 M y l a P l ac 76 M y tholm 85 08 M y t h o l mro y d 5 5 5 9 5

.

,

,

,

e

12

,

,

r

2 1

,

.

r

,

.

2

,

,

,

2

e,

e

e

2

.

e

e e

2

,

.

07

2

,

2

,

09

2

,

1 2

,

1

,

2

2 1

,

7

,

,

1

1

2 2

7

,

,

.

N am e s Pl ac e 1 9 7 6 2 2 0 N am e s Surnam e s 43 5 0 N api e r G e n e ral Charl e s 2 5 N apo l e on P e ac e with 2 03 N as e b y Battl e of 1 6 0 N av y Halifax obj e cts to s u pport ,

,

,

.

,

—

.

,

,

3

,

,

,

,

.

.

.

,

,

1

03

.

N av y : Hawk e and Rodn e y N e th e r F i e ld 1 7

22 1

,

Bridg 9 England Puritans and Hal l El l and 8 3 Hous 7 6 N wlands 5 5 N wlands Gat 9 3 N w T o wn 0 5 N icholl Rob rtson 5 4 N orfol k D u k of 9 N orland 5 7 7 85 7 N orland Hall 6 6 3 6 6 7 8 N or l and John f 45 80 N orland Low r Ha ll 4 N ormanton 5 N o mant on M atth w 9 3 -5 2 1

e,

.

,

,

e,

1

e,

2 2

,

2

,

1

,

1

1

,

2

,

2

,

.

.

,

,

,

1 2

2 1

,

,

,

.

o

,

,

,

,

2

,

9

.

,

e

r

.

2

,

e

,

,

.

.

e

,

I

1

,

.

e e

1 2

,

.

.

1

,

1 1

40 24

1

,

,

e

.

.

,

N ew N ew N ew N e w-

1 2 2

,

1 2

.

.

e

,

1

.

,

7

-8

1 1

8

.

IN DE X

2 82

Post Ofﬁc Mail Coach s 3 Post Ofﬁc Savings Ban k 6 6 Pound all Maj or 6 Pr ach rs W s l y an and oth r 98 Pr sb y t r i ans 40 Pr sto n Battl 6 Pri stl y John 7 3 Pri stl y Jos ph 5 54 58 78 Pr i stl y L uk 3 Pri stl y Sam u l 43 Pri stl y Tom 7 7 8 Princ ss Str t 4 Printing Pr ss 4 P u ds y 4 Punishm nts 6 Puritans 03 3 9 6 4 6 7 6 8 Py N st 0 Quarmb y Hall 3 9 Quarmb y Hugh of 3 9 40 4 4 u nsbur y 56 53 59 7 Q Rail wa y s 5 9 6 0 Ramsd n Rob rt of S t on y oy d 65 Rang Ban k 5 6 Rastric k H nr y of 48 Rastric k 5 6 7 43 84 0 R awfol d Mi l l A ttac k on 49 47 R cords Ofﬁ c P u blic 80 R cr ation Gro u nd Savi l Par k 67 R ctors 3 4 3 5 R form A t 5 P t rloo 5 0 R form rs R ligio M dici 3 6 R l i gious B q u sts 84 Plac 7 6 R nd u R ntal s in Hal ifax 7 8 R s rvo irs 6 3 E l land R v ng upon R v ng F ud 3 8 0 R v y B acon Rid i ng 7 3 Riding Will iam 9 6 Ric h ard D u k of Y or k 7 Rich ard t h N ail r 85 e

e

e

e

e

1

1

,

e

,

1

2

2

,

,

2

,

.

.

.

e

e

.

e

e

1

,

e

1

e,

e

e

e

e

1

.

,

1

1

,

.

e

,

.

1

,

2

1

,

1

,

,

.

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

,

ee

1

,

1

2

,

1

e

2

.

.

1

,

,

.

.

,

2 2

,

2

,

1

,

,

,

2

,

2

,

.

.

—

2

,

—1

1

.

,

ee

.

.

,

e

1

,

1

,

2 1

,

.

.

e

e

,

2 2

,

.

1

2 2

,

e

2

1

,

,

e

e

2

e,

,

.

e

,

r

e

,

1

e

2 2

,

,

e

,

1

,

.

,

1

,

1

,

,

,

e,

e

e

,

e

:

2

.

e

,

c

e

.

,

e

1

2

,

:

e

1

e

.

.

e

.

,

e e

2

,

e

e

.

e

.

,

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

.

,

e,

r er

e

2

,

,

e

e

.

e e

e

e

e

2

,

1

2

.

.

,

,

.

,

e

,

e

1

,

e

,

1

2

1

,

.

.

,

e

1

,

,

.

.

,

.

Ringb y 5 Riot A t R ad 5 6 Riots 5 0— Riots Plug 5 4 7 Ripon 8 6 Rippond n 6 8 9 Rishworth 7 Rish worth F amil y 0 Rising in t h N ort h 03 Road Gr at to and from Halifa 55 Roads 5 3 5 4 85 5 3 Roads R pa i r of 3 6 Robinson Cruso 8 7 Rochdal 4 4 5 5 4 Rochdal Canal Rochdal Road 7 R oc k ingham Mar q u is of - 9 4 Rod man W illiam 9 9 R o b u c k s Warl y Rog r t h F ull r 43 Ro il s H ad 5 3 Ro k b y A rc h b i shop 89 0 Ro k by A rc h bishop W A rms of 9 Ro k b y Chap l 9 0 9 3 R oot H nr y 5 3 6 8 7 R oot T imot hy 7 Ros and Crown I nn 7 8 Ros s Wars of th 7 7 3 Ro y ds Jo h n 9 4 Ro y d s Ho u s G org Str t 0 R uﬁ o d A bb y 67 Rushton B n 5 5 R u ss ll Str t 6 8 Russia 4 R y burn 8 S t Bartho l om w s F air 80 8 —8 S t Crispin I nn 45 S t John O rd r of 7 S t Jos ph s School Southowram 5 Sanitation Lac k of prior to 848 1 1

,

,

.

c

e

2

1

,

1

—

2

.

1

,

e

1

.

1

,

2 2

,

1

,

.

.

,

,

2

,

.

.

1 2

,

e

e

,

,

,

,

e

.

1

,

.

x

,

,

,

1

,

1

1

2

1

,

e

1

e

2 2

,

2

1

,

.

.

,

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

.

,

,

e

2 2

,

.

,

e

—1

,

.

,

1

2

.

,

.

e

e

e,

e

,

.

,

1

,

e,

1

,

2

1

,

e

,

1

,

’

1

e

e

e

,

ee

2 2

,

,

.

2

.

1

.

’

e

.

,

,

2

2

.

.

e

,

2

,

.

’

e

.

2 1

,

.

.

.

ee

.

2 1

,

.

,

e

2

,

e

,

2

1

.

.

e,

r

.

.

e,

,

2

1

,

,

e

1

.

.

,

1

,

1

,

,

.

.

1

,

2 2 2

,

2

.

e,

e,

—2

2 1

,

.

1

,

6 2 —2 6 3 S ake l d e ne , 2 5 S alt e r h e b b le 2 2

.

.

2 2

56

2

,

.

Broo k 5 Sal tonstal l 3 48 Sal tonstal l W illiam of 5 ,

S alt e r h e b b le ,

,

,

1

,

2 2

.

.

,

2

.

.

I NDE X Sandal Parish 7 7 0 Sand Hall Hig hroad W ll 9 6 Savil H nr y 87 9 6 9 8 09 Savi l Captain H nr y 6 7 Savil Jo h n 46 S avi l S i John 45 Savil Jonat han 4 Savi l S i W i ll iam 43 5 8 Savil Badg 9 7 Savi l Clos 9 3 Savil Par k 6 5 6 7 0 S avil 4 Sc n r y 3 0— 3 3 7 0 S h ol ﬁ l d Jonat h an 44 Scott S i Gilb rt 6 6 Scout Hall S dlings Mo u nt S y d ll-ing S lb y 4 S ntry Edg 5 3 5 8 S rvic s charg d to R nt S ttl 04 S ttl rs Earl y 3 Shac kl ton 48 S h ak h and Brig 85 Sha p M 5 Shaw Booth 6 9 7 0 Shaw Hil l 07 9 5 6 S h aw Lodg Mills 6 0 Shaw S yk 6 3 7 5 9 6 6 Sha y Th 7 8 9 9 Sh ars Th 37 S h lf 7 45 84 85 Sh ph rd J ohn and Al ic 49 S h ph rd T homas 4 1

,

1

,

,

,

,

e,

r

1

,

e,

r

e,

e,

e

2

e

c

e

1

,

1

1

e

2

,

2

,

e

1 2 1

2

,

1

,

2

1

e,

e,

e

e

2

1

,

,

r

e,

.

1

,

,

,

,

e

1

e

e

e

e

e

,

,

2

e,

,

2

,

S h ib d e n 49 ,

56

,

78

,

,

7

53

B ck 6 Coal pits 85 9 9 4 F old 5 6 Hall 6 5 6 5 9 6 7 8 86 6 08 5 38 S h ib d n Ind u stria l School 9 Shi lds Fr d ic 7 0 Ship Mon y 3 7 —9 — S id d al 3 8 9 S idd al Hall 84 Simm Carr 84 S kipton 6 00 S k ipton Castl 3 S kircoat 6 7 85 07 8 S h ibd e n S h ib d e n S h ibd e n S h ibd e n 1 2

e

,

1

1

,

1

,

2

1

,

,

er

e

,

e

1

1

,

.

2

.

1

e,

,

1

,

.

.

1

,

,

12 1

1

,

.

.

1 1

,

,

,

1

,

—1

2

2 2

,

1

,

1

.

,

1

,

2 1

.

.

2

e,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

00 ,

1

,

1

,

1

,

1

,

—2 2 2

2 1

,

1

,

2

,

,

.

.

e

,

.

55

,

.

So y land 5 7 43 5 5 8 83 00 9 Sp nc r T homas 6 9 3 9 5 S p n Va ll y 46 Spic Ca k Lan 09 Spinning 5 0 03 —5 3 6 Spring Gard ns 5 Spring Hall Lan 3 6 Squar 09 Sq u ar Chap l 9 9 07 09 65 St ainland 7 3 3 Stanbur y 0 S t an li ﬁ Richard 85 Stanford J o h n of 45 Stannar y 6 0 Stann ry E nd 9 9 3 07 S t an ﬁ l d 00 5 84 7 S t an ﬁ l d Th omas 80 1

2

,

e

1

,

1

,

2 1 1

,

,

e

e

2

,

2 2

,

e,

,

1

,

2

,

1

2

,

,

1

2

,

1 1

,

.

2

1

,

.

2

,

2

,

2

,

,

1

.

.

e,

,

,

2

,

e

.

.

e

s

.

,

,

e

.

.

.

s

79

.

2

e

c

1

.

e

2

1

.

.

2

e,

2

2

.

e

,

1

,

,

e

.

1

.

1

,

e,

.

,

2

,

,

2

,

,

.

,

,

e

e

2

,

2

e

e

2

,

—

1

,

84

.

,

,

1

,

1

,

e

.

,

1

,

1

2

,

e,

1

1

,

1

,

,

,

.

1

,

2 1

,

,

L 1 40 S owe r b y s h ir e

.

1 2

,

C

.

,

2

2

1 1

,

.

e

.

.

,

2

,

e

1

,

e

.

2

e,

,

1

,

1

.

2

2

e

.

,

1

,

1

2

2

,

e,

,

,

,

e,

2

2

,

2

So w rb y Bridg 86 3 5 5 3 5 8 60 89 59 7 7 So w rb y Chap l 6 7 Sow rb y Constabl s A ccount Boo k

.

1 1

1

:

,

—

1

.

,

1

,

2 2

,

1

,

,

.

1

.

84 85 1 01 1 2 5 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 40 1 55 1 58 161 1 65 1 68 1 7 4— 6

.

1

.

.

e

.

,

1

,

.

1

,

r ee

1

ee

.

1

1

,

.

e

2

1

e,

2

,

e

,

.

,

,

7

.

e

e

e

1

.

e

r

1

,

e

e

e

1

.

e e

,

2

,

2

,

r

.

1

,

e,

e,

.

.

1

,

1

e,

.

1

e

e

.

.

c

,

.

e

2 2 1

,

,

,

,

.

ee

,

e

.

:

1

,

,

—

2

.

e,

.

1

,

,

,

.

ee e

.

.

,

,

1

,

,

r

,

2

,

2

,

1

.

2

e,

.

.

2

,

e

.

2

.

2

e

.

1

e,

e

es,

2

,

e

e

2

r

er

.

.

,

2

,

,

.

.

,

e,

2

,

ee

.

—1 1 1

1

,

e

e,

1

,

—

er s , 2

r ee

.

e

e

e,

S k ircoat F h old 65 7 S kircoat Gr n 50 5 3 S k ircoat Moor 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 S ky l d y fo t h 7 6 Sla u ght r Gap 5 9 Sm aton Engi n r Smit h Ho u s L igh t liﬁ 9 9 Smithson Jo h n 47 Smith y Sta k 3 6 Soil Hill 5 6 84 86 3 5 Som rs t Ho u s G org Str t 9 4 So u r Mi lk Hall 4 Southampton 05 So u t h F i ld 7 6 Southgat 7 5 4 5 So u thow am 6 0 5 8 0 5 36 4 37 4 So u t h owram Ban k 5 6 So u th Parad 09 South St t A rchit ctur 09 0 Sow rb y 5 7 5 46 48 80

1

,

2 83

.

,

,

I

,

1

2 1

1

,

,

2

1 ,

,

2

,

,

.

2

.

2

42

I NDEX

2 84

St am Engin 3 9 40 St p h nson Hugh 5 S t ip d n 59 Stoc k dal T homas 45 6 49 Ston D am Mil l 7 8 S t on h y Gat 97 Ston y Ro y d 6 9 6 5 09 Stott Engrav r 7 0 Str t N am s 6 Stuart R b l li on 86 88 Stump Cross T o ll Bar 5 Sturbridg F air Cambridg 80 S t y h og John 5 S u ffo lk 7 7 S u ffolk D u k of 9 Sugd n 4 Sund rl and 48 0 S u nd rland High S und r H i gh Sund rland Langdal 6 3 S u nd rland Ric h ard of Hig h 5 S u nn y Ban k Gr tl and 6 0 6 3 S u rnam s S N am s S u rr y Earl of Wi ll iam of W arr n 0 Sutcliff G amw l 89 Sutton -in-Crav n 00 Swal s Moor 5 6 4 7 S w ndall 37 Sw rd P t r 5 6 6 Swin Mar k t 7 0 Swir s Road 9 3 T adcast r 4 5 0 T al bot I nn 9 4 T al bot Maj or 48 T albots 7 Tal va John 3 4 T ax s 6 46 3 7 9 T a y lor Captain 5 6 T a yl or D an 4 T l ford 8 T mp st S i R i c h ard 9 6 9 8—9 9 T mp st Badg 9 7 T n Ho u rs Bi l l 44 T h ft Punis h m nt u nd r Gibb t L aw 8 Th omas Rob rt 9 3 5 Th omas W illiam 04 T hompson F iddl r 4 T h ompson M 59 e

e

e

-

2

e,

.

,

er

e

1

,

2

,

.

e,

1

e,

e

1

,

ee

e

e

1

1

,

2

,

e

—1

2 2

1

,

.

e

1

,

1

e

e

1

,

1 2

,

1

e,

.

.

2

,

,

ee

,

e

.

e

,

2

.

.

,

ee

e

.

e

e,

e

e

2

,

e

e

e

.

.

—

1

,

,

.

1

,

,

,

2 2

,

e

.

.

,

e

2 2 1

,

2

,

.

1

,

ce ,

e

1

,

,

,

1

2

2

.

.

.

r

,

,

e,

e

e

:

.

e

e

2

.

e

,

,

e

,

,

r

.

,

—

1

,

,

.

.

2

,

,

.

.

1

,

,

2 2

.

1

2

1

,

,

.

,

2

,

,

e

2 2

,

.

e e

,

.

2 2 1

,

2

,

.

2

,

,

e

1

,

e

e

e

ee

,

e

e

.

,

e

e

.

.

,

e

.

.

,

e

2

,

.

e,

,

,

.

.

,

e

2 12

,

.

1

,

2

,

.

1

2

,

.

.

,

e

,

1

,

.

,

e

—

1

,

e

es

.

1

.

2

.

2

,

.

2

.

e

.

T hornhill 9 6 9 8 Th ornhil l of F i b y Hall 44 Th ornton W ill iam 5 3 07 Th u d n Till y -holm 08 T i ll otson A rchbishop John 7 4 6 Ti ll otson Jo h n L u dd i t 48 49 T i ll otson Rob rt 7 4 T imb r Ho u s s 5 7 Ti n k r Richard t h 5 Ti t h s 3 00 T odmord n 9 7 7 8 3 0 44 T oll Bar Ho u s s and T oll s 57 T o k n T rad sman s 7 8 Top 0 t h T own 7 T op -o t T o wn C h ap l 260 04 T o it T our thro u g h Gr at Britain 7 8 T o u rna y 9 6 T o u rn ( Crim i nal Co u rt ) 4 T o w r O ctagon 6 8 T o wn Council 6 5 T own Growth of 6 0 3 T own Gat s 7 T o wn l y 40 T owns h ips Bo u ndari s of 6 7 m T rad F or ign S a H il l 7 9 83 T rad Growth of 7 8 T rad Loca l T rad S u nd r W ool W orst d Cloth t T rafalgar 6 0 T ransport 1 5 3 T riangl 9 50 T roop r Lan 6 0 8 T u l Lan T u b a d I ng l a d 3 5 T urn r J M W 3 T urnpik Roads 6 3 5 7 T wining T homas 3 3 .

,

,

x

2

,

r s

e

2

,

e

2

,

.

.

.

2

e,

.

,

,

e

,

e

e

1

,

,

1

e

2

.

2

.

.

.

1

,

2

2

,

2 2

,

2

,

,

e

2

2

.

e,

3

,

.

,

,

e

.

e, 2

,

e

1

,

2 2

.

e

’

e

,

’

’

.

’

’

2

,

.

1

,

ss

1

,

e

.

,

.

e

,

2

,

,

2

.

1

,

—

2

,

,

e

.

.

.

,

e

,

e,

e c

2 2

2

.

.

.

r

e

2 1

,

.

—

2 2

,

2

,

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

1

e

,

,

.

e

,

2

,

2 2

e,

e

-

2

e,

r

1

.

e

e

.

.

2

,

1

.

e

ee

,

r

1 1 2

,

,

.

,

,

1

,

e,

e

1

,

e

e,

e,

.

.

2

,

e

2

2

,

.

ccounts 80 8 U niformit y A t of 7 U n i on Cross Yard 3 U pp r and Low r G org Yards 3 U pp r Br ar 5 6 6 5 U pp r Roo k s 4 U pp r Saltonstal l 4

U lnage r

’

s

A

c

1

e

e

1

2

e

e

e

e

2

1

,

,

.

e

e

1

,

,

,

1 2

,

1

,

,

,

2

.

.

,

e

1

,

.

.

12

.

.

.

.

e

,

I NDE X

2 86

Wilson B nj 50 5 7 Wilson Rob rt 89 W iscomb Ban k 48 W ol f t on 3 W ol s y Cardinal 89 9 Wood Charl s 5 Wood Lan Hal l Sow rb y Wood Richard 87 W ool omb i ng 9 9 — 07 W ool D riv i ng W ool l n T rad 49 7 8 88 e

,

.

2

,

e

,

1

,

e

s

2

2

,

e

,

2

,

e

2

e

,

,

1

,

2

1 12

,

e

6

1 2

5

.

1 1 2 —1

,

3

,

Y or k

Tr .

2

2

,

ee,

5

.

79

52

Wor k hous Gov rnors of Work hou Wat rhous s e,

se ,

2

.

e

e

1

,

e

’

,

64

2

07 8

1

—1 2 0 3 3

08

.

3 4 43 .

.

.

55

.

82

2

.

1

05

44

Y or k Castl 9 Y ork shir P nn y Ban k ,

34

.

e

,

.

e,

.

1

39

83

.

.

,

—1

.

e

W y collar Y ew

.

2

.

.

,

e

.

—

e,

36 W ools h op s 6 3

1 1

,

.

,

c

e,

.

2

,

66 1

e

,

e

.

2

e, e,

e

.

,

e

e

.

—

W ork ing M n s Coll g W orst d Manufactur W ortl y Jam s St u art Wrigl y Hil l 3 5 Wro John 47 Wu t h ring H ights ’

e

.

.

1

es,

e

2

2

,

.

e

1

1

.

,

2

66

.

.

1

44

.

The Story of Old Halifax

Short Description

Description

Comments