tiental Series. Lusacs Religions
October 30, 2017 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
-1941 ®tiental Series. Lusacs Religions E-Witch Magician\\\'s ......
Description
l
VO L
.
® r i e n tal R el i g i ons fi e r i es
’
ug ac s
I
MY T H O L O G Y
IN DIA N
:
M A H ABH AR ATA VO L
.
II By
H I ST O R Y
TH E
:
T
Jon e s
,
.
de
J
.
B I)
By V
.
.
Bo e r
78 6d .
.
.
.
,
A C C O RD I N G
Fa u s bo l l
OF
.
98
by
TH E
.
PH I L O S O PH Y
Tr a n s la te d
TO
.
IN
I S LA M
Edwa r d R
.
.
S EM I TI C IT S
O RI G I N S
AN D
M AGIC D E V E L O PM E NT
.
SEMITIC
D EV E L O PM EN T
O R IGIN S A N D
ITS
R
MAGIC
.
C A M PBE LL T H O M PS O N M A .
,
LO N D O N L UZ A C
85
1 908
.
CO
.
.
.
T O MY U N CLE
F R ED E R I C
T H O M PS O N ,
W H O S E C O UN S E L S H I LL S I D E ,
BY
T H E L OC H S IDE ,
BR O A D
AN D
W ATE R S ,
H A V E O FTT I M E S
S E RV E D
ME
.
PRE FA C E
.
t h e o r i e s put f o r w a r d or m a i n t a i n e d i n thi s book are b a s e d on a s tudy of th a t i n t r ic a t e d e mo n ology w hich ha s g r a du a lly d e v e lop e d t hr oughout the l a n d s T h e e a r li e s t wr itt e n r e co r d s of t hi s o f We s t e r n As i a m a g ic a r e f ou n d i n th e cu n e i fo r m i n c a n t a tion t a bl e t s fr om As s y r i a ; a n d a id e d by th e v a r iou s s t e ppi n g s to n e s a ffo r d e d by R a bbi n ic t r a ditio n S y r i a c mon ki s h wr iti g s a n d Ar a bic t a l e s w e c a n t r a c e i ts g r owth d e c a d e n c e th r oug h t hr e e t h ou s a n d y e a r s dow n to an d i ts s u r viv a l i n mod e r n O i e n t a l s up e r s titio n F u r th e mo r e th e p a r a ll e l s a ffo r d e d by Ar y a n a n d H a mitic a tio n s s h ow h o w clo s e th e g r oov e s a r e i n w h ich s a v a e g id e a s r u n a n d t ha t the p r i n cipl e s of m a g ic a r e br o adly i n e a ch s e pa a te n a tio n coi n cid e n t a d s p e a ki e t y g All t h e s e a s f a r a s w e k ow o f i n d e p e n d e t i n v e n tio n combi e to t h r ow light on m a n y of the s up e r s titio s p e culi a r cu s tom s o f th e O ld T e s t a m e n t a n d h e lp to e x pl a i n th e h id d e n r e a s o n why t h e s e cu s tom s e x i s t e d F om a s tudy o f th e ch a r a ct e r i s tic s o f th e e vil s pi r it s w hic h th e S e mit e b e li e v e d to e x i s t e v e r y w h e e c e t a i d e ductio s c a n be m a d e w h ich be a r i tim a t e ly on ou k n owl e dg e of th e o r i g i n s of c e r t a i n t a bu s a d th e p r i n cipl e of a ton e m e n t T h e s e m a y be b r i e fly s ta t e d thu s THE
.
,
,
n
,
,
r
r
.
,
n
,
n
,
r
,
n
n
n
,
n
,
,
.
n
,
.
.
r
,
r
n
r
,
n
r
n
.
n
PR E F A C E
.
All e vil s pi r it s could i n flict bod ily h u t on ma n an d h l b s pi r it s um a n be i n g s 2 Th a tio n s e tw e e n e e ( ) w e r e s o clo s e th a t bo t h s e mi divi n e a n d s e mi d e mon i a c offs p r i n g could be bo r n o f i n t e r m a r r i a g e be tw e e n t h e m e it h e r of h um a n moth e rs o r fa t h e r s n te r m a r i a e h i n s pi r it s F om t i li i wit h ef b e s 3 ( ) g c e r ta i n s e x u a l f u ctio n s T he s e a r os e th e ta bu s on h e a dv e t h r e s en t e o r y ) i n dica te t p th a cco r di n t e t o ( g p r o x imity o r p e s e n c e of m a r i a g e a bl e d e mo n s w ho would tol e r a t e n o m e ddli n g i n t h e i r a mou r s H e ce fe a r i n g th e i r j e a lou s y s e g e g a t e d th e th e t r ibe s m a n co n ta mi n a t e d p e r s o fr om th e r e s t of th e t r ib e for s uc h tim e a s h e d e e m e d e x p e di e n t i n 4 n tly h a pp e n e d th a t I t f qu pit c e e s e o f t h e a ( ) t a k e n to i s ol a t e a l l p e r s o n s or thi n gs ta bu a m a n might br e a k a n u n witti n g ta bu a n d a s a r e s ult would f a ll s ick f r om th e a t ta ck of a r e s e n t f ul s pi r it T he p i e s t wa s t h e n ca ll e d i n to e x o ci s e th e d e mo n which h e wa s a bl e to do by a t r a n s fe r e n c e o f th e d e mo n i a c i n flu e n c e fr om the bod y of hi s p a ti e n t i n to s om e oth e obj e ct h f h e a to n e m e n t p r i n cipl e i Thi s t e b a s e o t T 5 s h ( ) p i e s t fi s t of a ll i n v e i g l e d or d ov e out th e d e mo n fr om th e s ick m a n i n to a w a x fi g u r e o r s l a ug h t e e d kid w a s t h e n a bl e to d e s t oy it a n d he As C ivili s a tio n p r oc e e d e d the mo s t p r ob a bl e t he o y i s tha t the o i g i na l id e a of the s l a u g ht e r e d kid be ca m e m e r g e d i n t ha t o f th e o r di n a r y s a c r ific e r e p r e s e n ti n g a commo n m e a l wit h T h e c a c a s e of th e kid t h e n pl a y e d th e p a r t th e g od 1 ( )
r
.
r
-
-
,
.
r
r
n
.
n
r
r
,
,
n
.
,
r
,
n
.
r
re
,
,
’
,
.
r
r
,
r
.
.
r
r
r
r
r
r
,
.
r
,
.
e
r
R E FA C E
P
x
.
ii i
o ffe r i n g i n th e s e n s e i n w h ic h it i s n ow u n d e s tood i n s t e a d of be i n g a r e c e pt a cl e fo th e d e mon coz e e d f o t h f om th e p a ti e n t n r oc e e d e d h a s f a r h r H vi p t u p i cipl 6 t e n f e o ( ) g for th e fi r s tbo r n d e m a n d s a tt e n tio n Thi s s ub s titutio n p r imitiv e c a n n ib a l fe a s t s a pp a e n tly t a k e s i ts o r i g i n i n th e h o r o r o f w h ich w a s s o f t e e d a s th e S e mit e s i n p og r e s s Wit h th e i r mig r a tio n p e r ha p s a dv a n c e d to a mor e f e r til e l a n d wh e r e s tr e s s of po v e r ty a n d fa mi n e did n o t d e m a n d s uc h e x t e miti e s a s c a n n ib a li s m f om a co n t e mpo r a e ou s r i s e i civili s a tio a n d a ls o it b e ca m e n a tu r a l to s ubs titut e a be a s t for a t r ibe s m a n a t th e t ib a l s a c r ifici a l f e a s t s T h e s tudy o f t a bu fr om th e A s s y r i a n s id e h a s b e e n comp a r a tiv e ly e g l e ct e d a d y e t th e e vid e n c e h ith e r to h e r iti s e i fo m s h ow s l f om t cu w t h t it a ea n e d g g p r a ctica lly th e s a m e f o m s i n Me s opota mi a i e xi s te d I ha d h op e d to fi d mo r e p r o of i n ot h e cou t i e s as cu n e i f o r m t a bl e t s d e a li n g wi th o f i ts p r e s e n c e i n c e r t a i m e dic a l a d ki n d r e d s ubj e ct s i n th e B r iti s h M u s e um but my two a pplic a tio s for p e mi s s io to copy u n publi s h e d t a bl e t s o f t h i s n a tu e w e e e fu s e d by the H e n c e th e m a t e i a l a t ha n d for M u s e um a ut h o iti e s mo s t i n t e r e s ti n g b a n c h of C omp a r a ti ve of a S tudy a R e li g io n i s mo e imp e fe ct t ha n I could h a v e wi s h e d s ci e n tific v a lu e of w ha t w e a ctu a lly e l a tiv e an d th e k n ow on t hi s s ubje ct i s p r opo r tio a t e to th e a mou n t w h ic h m a y be a ffo r d e d a t s om e l a t e r d a t e o f e vid e n c e by t h e s e p ivy docum e n t s of
‘
a
s in
’
-
r
r
,
r
n
r
.
,
.
r
,
r
n
r
.
r
,
n
r
r
n
n
,
.
n
n
,
n
r
r
n
r
n
'
r
n
r
n
.
,
n
n
,
n
r
n
r
r
r
r
r
.
r
r
r
,
r
n
r
.
PR
It i s
E FA C E
.
lmo s t u n n e c e s s a r y to s a y how much I a m i n d e bt e d to R O BE RTS O N S M I TH S R e l i g i on of the S em i tes Golde n Bou g h for th e m a n y quota tio n s a n d FR A Z E R S b e a in g on t h i s s ubj e ct w h ic h I ha v e t a k e n fr om t h e m ; to th e E n c y c l op oeoli a Bi bl i ca a n d Jew i s h E n c y c lop ce oli a ; to t ha t s to r e h ou s e of Ar a bic f olklo r e D O UG H T Y S A r a bi a Des er ta ; to C U R T I SS Pr i m i ti ve S em i ti c R el i g i on ; to S KEAT S Ma la y M a g i c ; a n d to KI N G S v a r iou s wo r ks e li io n on A s s y i a n g To my u n cl e F r e d e r ic Thomp s o n I o w e h e a r ty t h a n k s n ot o n ly fo th e ca r e a n d t r oubl e which h e h a s t a k e n i n r e a di n g th e p r oo f s h e e t s but a l s o for m a n y a pp r op r i a t e s u g g e s tio n s of w h ic h I h a v e g l a dly a v a il e d my s e l f S uch a boo k a s t h i s mu s t n e c e s s a r ily b e imp e r f e ct a r ee h h wit d ductio t t e a a n d n ot e v e r yo n e will e n h s t g But a s H um e s a y s i n hi s di s cu s s ion ha v e b e e n m a d e “ a wi s e m a n t h e r e f o r e p r opo r tio s h i s M i r a c les o h e w e i g h s th e oppo s it e b e li e f to the e vid e n c e h e co n s id e r s whic h s id e i s s uppo r t e d by e x p e r im e n t s : th e g r e a t e r n umb e r of e x p e r im e n t s to t ha t s id e he i n clin e s wit h doubt a n d h e s it a tion ; a n d w h e n a t l a s t h e fi x e s hi s j ud g m e n t th e e vid e n c e e x c e e d s n ot w h a t we pr op e ly c a ll p r oba bi l i ty a
’
’
r
’
,
’
’
’
r
r
.
,
,
r
,
-
,
.
,
.
n
,
,
,
,
n
:
,
r
”
.
R
.
CA M PBE LL
T H O M PS O N
.
C O N T E NT S
I t n
r od u c
ti on
T h e D e m on s
an
d Gh os t s
D e m on i a c Pos s e s s i on
an d
Ta bu
S y mpa th e ti c Ma g i c
At
on e m e n
Th e
t
Th e R e de mp ti on
S a c r ifi c e of
th e
F i r s tbor n
App di x I dx en
n
e
Lis t
of
li l Q t ti
Bib
ca
uo a
on s
.
ABBRE V I A T I O N S
OF
LIS T
A mer i c a n Jou r n a l
f
o
H a u p t , A kit a d i s c he
S e mi ti c L a n g u a g es
.
.
S u me r i s c he Ke i ls chr ifttex te
und
.
Cor p u s I n s cr ip ti on u m S e mi ti c a r u m
.
Cu n e ifor m T exts pub
li ti ca
ons
)
f
.
T h om p s on , D e vi ls
F r a ze r
a nd
f
E vi l Sp i r i ts
o
B a by l on i a
.
Gold e n B ou g h
.
,
Jou r n a l As i a ti q u e
.
f
the
Amer i ca n Or i en ta l S oc i ety
f
the
As i a ti c S oc i e ty
f
B i bl i c a l L i ter a tu r e
f
the
Jou r n a l
o
Jou r n a l
o
Jou r n a l
o
Jou r n a l
o
Je wis h
m B a by lo n i a n T a bl ets ( Br iti s h Mu s e u m
ro
.
.
.
E thn olog ic a l S oci ety
.
Qu a r ter ly
.
R e fe r e n c e s to Kou y u n j i k T a b
li
T he M a kl u S e r i e s , p u b B cs c hwbr u n g
s s er i e
'
lt
s hed
Ma g lu
e s
by
i n the Br iti s h Mu s e u m T a ll q vi s t, D i e
a ss
y
.
r i s c he
.
R o be r t s on S m ith , Old T es ta me n t i n the Je wi s h Chu r c h
.
Pa les ti n e E xp lo r a ti on F u n d
f
Pr oc eed i n g s
o
R e fe r e n c es
to
G e or g e S m ith
Su r p u
v
f
S u rp u
Tr a n s a c ti on s
li
Ra w
n s on
,
.
i n the Br iti s h M u s e u m fou n d by .
li
by Z i m me r n
s he d
,
D i e B es c hwor u ng
.
f
o
o
.
T h e S u rp u S e r i e s , p u b ta e ln
B i bl i c a l Ar c hoe ol og y
f
the S oci e ty
T a ble ts
.
the S oc i e ty
I n s c r ip ti on s
f
o
B i bli c a l Ar c haeol og y
f Wes ter n As i a
o
Z ei ts c hr if t f ur As sy r i ol og i e
.
.
.
Z e i ts c hr if t de r D eu ts chen M or g
e n l a n d i s chen
Ges e lls c haf t
.
s
x viii
PR
IESTS
AND W I Z AR D S
.
l ov e s ick Be da wi or the a mul e t o f o me S y r i a n wi s e wom an a ga i n s t the E vil Ey e ; the p r i n cipl e s which u n de r li e the r oot s of r e ligio n it s e l f a n d s uch wiz ar d r y go d e e p i n t for thi s r e a s o n i f for n o oth e m a gic a n d witchc r a f t d e s e r v e t o b e co n s id e r e d a s s om thi n g mo r e t h a n the impote n t A s r e l i g i o u s p r m C pl e s d e v e lop ed tr ick e r y of C h a r l a t a n s th e m s e lve s a mo n g p r imitiv e s a v a g e s m e n b e gan to l e a r n my s t e r iou s n a t u r al fo r c e s which would s om e thi n g o f the j gho s tly comb a t e n a bl e on e t r ib a l wiz a r d to pit him s e l f i n a g a i n s t th e w a r lock o f a n oth e r cl a n a n d d e fe a t hi m by W h e n E lij a h p r i e s t o f Ya h we h hi s s up e r io r m a gic ch a lle n ge s the p r i e s ts of B a a l to a t e s t of comp a r i s o n b e tw e e n hi s god a n d t h e i r s he i s o n ly doin g wh a t m e dicin e m e n o f di fie r e n t s a v a g e t r ib e s a lw a y s do ; thi s an d in i n t e r t r ib a l w a r fa r e of witch d octor s we c a n s e e ho w di fie r e n t cl a s s e s a r o s e a mo n g tho s e who w r ought i n s pi r itu a l m a tte r s F i r s t the p r i e s t who wa s the h e a d o f th e p r o fe s s io n a n d him a s ucc e s s iv e li n e of m a gic wor k e r s i n g r a d e s o f a fte r d e c r e a s i n g p ow e u n til we a r r iv e a t th e bo tt om un g of the l a dd e r the witch w hos e bu s i e s s it i s to c a s t s p e ll s or m a k e lov e ph ilt r e s or di e t d i n k s o f h e b s for a mi s e r a bl e p r ic e Th e n wh e n the e x i s t e n c e o f th i s l w e r or d e r of a
s
,
o
,
r,
,
e
I
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
1
-
.
,
,
-
r,
r
n
,
-
-
.
l
,
r
r
o
,
1 Ki n g s
x viii
S i mi
.
wa n ds , wh i c h b e c ome
ar
s er pe n
i n th e wit c h d oc t or
,
Pha r a oh s ma g i c i a n s a n d a r e fi n a y s wa
ts
ll
ll
cas
t
down
th ei r
by Aa r on s of E g y t M au ry p
-
,
mb a t
owe d
’
b e for e th e Ki n g L a Ma g i c e t l As tr ol og i e 4 0 e x pl a i n s th i s ( qu oti n g L a n e s Ma n n e r s a n d Cu s toms ii 1 0 3 ) by a t r i c k th e ma g i c i a n s h a v e of t h r owi n g a vi p e r i n t o a ki n d o f tr a n c e t hr ou g h c omp r e s s i n g i ts he a d a n d m a ki n g it H e qu ote s a ls o T h Pa vi e S u r l es H a r r i s R e vu e d es a pp e a r a s a r od Al Be i dawi ( qu ot e d S a le Kor a n S u r a h vi i ) D eu x M on d es xl v 4 6 1 s a y s t ha t th e s e ma g i c i a n s i m p os e d on th e by s t a n de r s wit h p i e c e s of r op e a n d wood wh i c h t h e y m a de to wr it he l ik e s e r p e n t s O th e r i n s t a n c e s of O l d T e s t a me n t ma g i c a r e c on t a i n e d i n E x od x v 525 whe r e the wa t e rs of M ar a h a r e ma de s we e t by c a s ti n g i n a t r e e or ( x vii 6 ) ow wh e r e th e s t r iki n g of th e r o c k c a u s e s wa t e r to fl s er pe n
t
l ly
’
co
’
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
C ON JUR I N G
T R I C KS
xi x
.
o r c er er s i s f ully e s t a bli s h e d a n d a cc r e dit e d to whom the c r e dulou s or m a liciou s poo r will r e s or t f or a i d i n s ubt e r f uge it b e hove s the p r i e s tly c a s te t o s e t a bout de fe a tin g the m a chi n a tion s of s uch fo es to l w a n d o r d e r F or th e s e l e s s e r m a gici a n s b e i n g a bl e to i n v oke the po we r s o f d a r k n e s s c a u s e much o f th e tribute d e bit to the p r i e s t s to fin d i ts wa y by ill e ga l ch a n n e l s i n t o th e i r o wn pock e t s a n d it i s s uch up s t a r t r iv a l s who impov e r i s h the t e mpl e F r o m thi s a r i s e s o m a n y o f th e d e c r e e s a g a i n s t s orc e re r s who h a ve d a r e d to s e t th e m s e lve s i n oppo s itio n to th e e s t a bl i s h e d c a s t e The m en o f ol d n e v e r mi s t r us t e d the pow e r o f the s or c e r e r m e r e ly b e c a u s e he wa s o f l ow d e g r e e ; to the m he wa s quit e a s c a p a bl e o f l a yi n g a s p e ll a s th e p r i e s t wa s o f e movi n g it H e n c e we fin d th a t a lthough m e r e c on j u r i n g i s to da y r e ck on e d the low e s t d e pth s to which m a gic c a n d s c e n d on e o f the mo s t bl a ta n t tr ick s po s s ibl e i s d e s c r ib e d i n th e A s s y r i a n l e g e n d of the C r e a tio n it s e l f T he god s a s s e mbl e th e m s e lv e s to p r a i s e M a r duk i n cho r us : T he n th e y s e t i n th e i r mid s t a ga r me n t a n d u n to M a r duk th e i r fir s t bor n th e y s p a k e : M a y thy fa t e 0 lo r d be s up r e m e a mo n g th e god s to d e s t oy o r c r e a t e ; s p e a k t h o u the w o r d a n d ( t hy comm a n d) s h a ll be fulfill e d Comm a n d n ow a n d l e t the ga r m e n t v a n i s h a n d s p e a k th e wo r d a g a i n a n d l e t the g a r m e n t r e a pp e a r ! Th e n h e s p a k e wi t h hi s mouth a n d the g a r m e n t v a n i s h e d ; 1 a ga i n h e comm a n d e d it a n d the g a r m e n t r e a pp e a r e d I n n o wi s e mo r e a dv a n c e d i s the s to r y of the r od b e comi n g a n d M oh a mm e d a n t r a ditio n r e l a t e s a s e r p e n t i n Ex odu s iv t h a t Ab r a h a m him s e l f wa s a bl e to wo r k s imil a r m a gic ; s
,
,
a
.
,
,
,
.
.
r
.
,
-
e
,
.
,
‘
-
,
,
r
.
,
,
,
”
,
.
,
1
C r e a ti on S e r i e s , T a b
l t IV e
,
ed
.
Ki n g , S e ve n Ta ble ts of Cr ea ti on , 6 1
.
C ON JUR
I N G T RI C KS
.
i fic e — a n
hi s n i e e s i n h t wh cut bi d pi c r s e h t h e n e t a d a r n e a a a 9 gl dov oth s a p cock v e r s a s e r o e ea y) ( e — d n o a a s i r e e c ck t i d o n ly th h d wh l mi x d n e a r e h e o a r o n f r s o f r a i o m n e fl h th l yi g th u p t u a n s r f d e a e n a es the moun ta in s Th e n wh e n h e c a lle d t o e a ch by n a m e the y a s r e e h e s s a j oi d t m lv th i fi t p to th i h d r r s i e s n s e e h e n e re f r ers n s o r a n e r f o a e till mo pu il t ivi l p m c co j u t h e a r e r e e r e S h e a a s s s R l t d l t J i li t tu r A hi y th t h r a e s e e r w a e in re a e ; d a n h n e i s s f r o f s c tt t ip s o ilk m r s e a s m a n s aw h e o a w r o f a e f r a told to y id c m l cut r o t h s e i s a H R yy f e r r e a n d e r h i s s h d h c m e l wi t h wo d t h t e a f t o a e h e t ff o s n s e a H a R s g b ll c m e l t ood up w t a n d h e e a a r an yy “Did y o s e e a f te r i t s t ood up th a t the pl a c e wa s di r ty s a w e n e n n a om blo d du T o t hi g H c it h r w s t ? e n d s a o fr o n ly a d a zzli n g of the e y e s sacr
,
,
e
.
n
,
,
e,
,
,
,
.
1
.
r
.
o
r
a
2
,
.
a
,
,
u
r
.
.
,
,
,
e
.
”
3
.
Sa 2
l
S a n he dr i n
I bi d
ii
Kor a n , S u r a h
e,
(
ed
.
.
R od ki n s on ) ,
197
,
.
ti on of m a n (i n th e Je h ovi s t a c c o u n t ) m a n i s fir s t fa s h i on e d fr om c la y a s tor y e x p a n de d by A r a b t r a d iti on wh i c h r e l a te s th a t th e A n g e l of D e a t h t ook bla c k r e d a n d wh it e e a r t h to God to for m m a n a n d fo r t h i s r e as on m e n a r e of di ffe r e n t c ol ou r s r iel M i b i G a c h a e l a n d I s r a fil we r e s e n t r i e s d Or P a a u d i r i s M ( by G od on e a ft e r a n othe r to fe t c h s e v e n h a n dfu ls of e a r th to c r e a t e Ada m ( Kor a n S u r ah ii ) Ac c or di n g to Be r os s u s the Ba bylon ia n t r a d iti on ma i n t a i n e d t ha t m a n wa s m a de of th e blood of Be l m i x e d with e a r t h a n d the fr a g m e n t of c u n e i for m t a ble t i de n tifi e d by M r Ki n g r c o n s h M l viii t t t bl e ts of Cr e a ti on e u a a r du k a n n o u n c e s h i s v en T a S e ) ( i n t e n ti on of for mi n g m a n fr om bl ood a n d fa s hi on i n g b on e I n th e “ s a m e wa y i n th e G ilg a m i s h E p i c ( i c ol ii 1 3 3 ) Ar u r u for m s a m a n S he wa s he s h e r h a n ds k n e a ds a p i e c e of c la y of An u i n h e r h e a r t I n t h i s m e t h od of c ha n g i n g on e m a t e r i a l to a n d thu s c r e a te s E a b a n i s ome t h i n g m or e v a l u a ble we m a y s e e th e p r o t o ty p e of t h a t g oa l of e v e r y E ve n i n a S y r i a c wi z a r d of the M i ddle Ag e s th e Ph i los oph e r s S t on e 1 900 2 1 7 ) we fin d it t ol d s t or y (Br ooks A S y r i a c F r a g me n t of on e I s aa c wh o h a d b e e n a p p oi n t e d to Ka r r h a i a n d th e r e e n t e r t a i n e d T hi s mon k on le a vi n g t old I s a a c to b r i n g hi m a s tr a n g e mon k a p i e c e of l e a d a n d h a vi n g m e l t e d it h e t o ok a n e l i x i r fr om a l ittle wa lle t a n d p ou r e d it ther e on a n d it c ha n g e d i ts c ol ou r a n d b e c a m e g old 3
.
,
E v e n i n the
vn
1 98
.
c re a
,
,
,
,
,
‘
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
”
.
,
,
-
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
C
LA SSES
or
PRI ESTS
xx i
.
Th e s e t r ick s hyp n otic or o th e r wi s e r e p r e s e n t the l e a s t of m a gic a n d h a v e li tt l b e a r i n g o n the s id e e ffe ctiv e mor e s e r ious u s e s to which it wa s put S or c e r e r s i n old e n d a ys w e r e fa r mor e con c e r n e d with the u t ilita r i a n s id e o f t h e i r c r a ft th a n i w ki n g s t e il e wo n d e r s m e r e ly to pl a s a c r owd of s igh ts e e r s ; t h e i r s wa the g r a v e r duty o f c a s ti g o f f r e e i n g m n ki n d f r om t a bu s o f u n cl e a n n e s s f om p s s e s s e d folk or r e li e vi g th e m fr om o t d e m on s Th e i r s om e s p e ll l id up on t h e m by a m a lig n a n t witch wa s the pow e r to w a r d off a ll h os til e gho s t s to l a y also t r oubl e s om e s pi r it s u n d e r a b a th a t t h e y might n o t to m e n t uch mo t l s s l a y wi t hi n th e i r r e a ch Th e p r i e s th ood i which s uch p owe r s w e r e v e s t e d for m e d a l a r g e cl a s s p a r ticul a r ly i n the s y s t e m a tiz e d m e th ods o f B a bylon i a a n d th e i r f u n c t io n s we r e m a n i fold a llott e d to diff e e n t divi s ion s of the c a s t e e a ch wi t h a s e v e r a lly d e s c r iptiv e n a m e I n a n ci e n t M e s opot a mi a n l or e we m a y cl a s s the r itu a l t bl e t s in to t h r e e c a t e g or i e s a cco r di n g to the p r i e s t who p e r fo r m e d th e c e r e mon i e s on e f or th e ba r n p r i e s t s or s eer s r i e s ts h a s e co n d for th e w o a pp r o x im a te to p M wiz a r d s a n d a t hi r d for th e s a mmur a p r i e s t s or c ha n te r s Zimm e r n ha s coll e cte d much m t r i a l a b ou t t h e m ; the ba r n i s me t with a s f r b a ck a s th e tim e of H a mm u r a bi Hd a cc o r di n g to M a r ti n h e b e lo n ge d to a s p e ci a l c a s t e which t r a dition took b a ck a s fa r a s En me du r a n ki Ki n g of the tow n s a cr e d to Sa m a s E n me du r a n ki S ipp a r h a d r e c e iv e d f r om Sa m a s a n d Ad a d th e i n i t i a tio n to my s te r iou s r i t e s the a r t o f the ba r it a n d h e commun ic te d it to th e divin e r s o f S ipp a r a n d B a bylo n The bor n ,
,
e
,
.
n
or
r
s
e
e
a
r
u
n
,
o
n
,
a
s,
.
,
,
n
s
r
r
a
a
.
n
,
,
,
"
r
,
.
a
,
-
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
a e
l
a
a
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
a
,
.
1
Ki n g L etter s of H a mmu r a bi , 1 7 , 1 4 ,
; 4 2, 1 4
.
xx ii
CL
ASSE S
PR IE S T S
or
.
con s ults god s on the f utur e by the i n s p e ction of the liv e r of a n d a l s o by the ob s e rv a ti o n of th e a n d e n t r a il s fli g ht “ bi r d s T he ob s e r v a tio n of oi l i n w a t e r the s e c r e t of An n Be l a n d E a ; the t a bl e t o f the god s th e s a che t o f l e a th e r of the o r a cl e s of the h e a v e n s a n d e a r th the (w a n d ) l As a mo n g the Je wi s h of c e d a r d e a r to the g r e a t god s p r i e s ts the ba r n (an d a§ ip u too) ha d th e i r liturgica l v e s t m e n t s which th e y ch a n g e d fr e qu e n tly dur i n g the c e r e mon y I t i s th r ough th e se ba r n p r i e s t s th a t Ag u ka kr i me i t h b e m n Kut a cr e a tio n an e n qui r y ; ake s 1 50 0 ( l e g e n d the kin g a s k s of the god s th r ough th e s e s a m e b e fore he goe s ou t a ga i n s t the e n e my T he Cultu s s e er s t a bl e t o f S ipp a r tr e a t s of the i n s ta ll a tio n o f a ba r it to the S u n T e mpl e of the r en e w a l of the p r ivil e g e s of thi s the s ucc e e di n g ki n g a n d a l s o of the a ppoi n t s e e r u n de r — s r ASSu r n a i r p a l (884 m en t of a s ucc e s o (9 80 9 5 0 m e n tion s i n hi s a n n a l s how wh e n h e wa s 86 0 b e s i e gi n g a ho s til e Ar a m e a n t r ib e he c a ptu r e d a s e e r who w e n t a t the h e a d o f the e n e my a n d S e n n a ch e rib ! th r ough the ba r n s e e r s the c a u s e s of hi s f a t h e r s s e e ks vi ol e n t d e a th I t i s th e y a l s o who a r e the m e dium fo r th e f a vou r a bl e ora cl e which E s a r h a ddo n r e c e iv e s co n c e r n i n g h i s r e co n s t r uctio n o f B a bylon Th e f un ctio n s of the a s p u ( which i s p r ob a bly s y n o n ymou s wi t h ma gma su ) a r e di ffe r e n t H e i s th e i n c a n ta tion p r i e s L a n d e x o r ci s t wh o cl e a n s e s t a bu s of u n cl e a n n e s s a n d r e mov e s b an s, a n d h e i s the m a gici a n who ch a n ts th e r ite s p r e s cr ibe d i n s uch m a gic a l t e x t s a s the Su rp u M a klu a n d Utu kku s e ri e s I n hi s h a n d s a l s o li e s th e pow e r o f p e r fo r mi n g ,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
-
,
2
.
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
s
,
,
,
’
-
.
,
,
.
t
'
-
.
,
,
.
M a r ti n , T extes R e l ig i eu x, 1 9 0 3 , 2
I bi d
.
,
xv i
.
x iv
.
E XO R C IS M the
a
t o n em e n t
c e r e mo y n
which
to
,
DE VI L S
or
xx ii i
.
cha p t e
a
r
will
be
d e vot e d l a t e r A mor e p r e ci s e V i e w of hi s fun cti on s m a y be g a th e r e d from the followi n g quot a tio n s f r om the A s s y r i a n e x o r ci s m s which a r e to be r e cit e d ove r s ick p e opl e I t ti T m I ( h m ) f E Th m D m ki f m I ( ) Th m f M k m I d g My p ll i th ll E f p 1
.
n ca n a
on
e
an
o
a
e
an
o
a
na
o
ar
e
es s en
s
e
er
s
e
s
a
,
i n c a n t a ti on i s T h e c i r c l e of E a T he t a m a r i s k the
,
a
u
o
e
My
a
the
,
a,
i n c a n ta ti on
i s i n my ha n d , w e r f o u wea p on p
2
,
I
l
I
l
M a r du k ,
of
l
An u ,
of
In my ha n d h o d, T he da t e sp a the , m i g h ty i n de c i s i on , -
In my ha n d
I
ho d
ta ti on th a t s tille th
” 3 .
n can
t t ha t p a c i fie th a l l By whos e i n c a n ta ti n e ve r yth i n g i s a t p e a c e p H e i s the g r e a t L or d E a S till i n g a l l to r e s t a n d p a c i fyi n g a ll By wh os e i n c a n t a ti o n e ve r yth i n g i s a t p e ac e W h e n I dr a w n i g h u n t o the s i c k m a n He
a ll
to
r es
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
All h ll I m th s
be
a
a s s u a g ed
.
b or n of Er i du Be g o tt e n i n Er i du a n d Su b a r i W he n I dr a w n i g h u n t o the s i c k m a n M a y Ea Ki n g of the D e e p s a fe g u a r d a
ma g i c i a n
e
,
.
,
,
I
t a ti on E a Ki n g of the D e e p th e m a g i c i a n a m thy
n can
O
I 1
R el i g i eu x, 2
3
4
,
,
,
T he fu n c ti on s
de s c r i p ti on
xiii .
.
th e
S e e my D evi ls bi d , i , 2 5 .
.
th e ba r n
,
asi v
ma g i c
a n
p
u
,
to
s ee
lv
e.
s a
asi
an d
’
p 82 ff
R i tu a l taf e ln ,
th e
on
,
a
of
t he m
of
Usu r tu , i
I
me
u .
ta ke n
ar e
fr om Zi mme rn
l
See
a so
.
i
c r c l e , or
d E vi l Sp i r i ts
r ha ps e p
ba n
.
f B a by lon i a
o
l
23
.
’
s
M a r ti n , T ex tes
W
Ma r c h
th ou
A it
( me )
ss s
I ZAR D S my
on
Add thy p u r e Add thy p u r e t ( o
V ou c h s a fe
my
on
s pe
ll
i g ht le ft ; r
v oi c e
E
W ITCH S
AN D
.
h a n d,
to
mi n e ,
to
mi n e ,
m e ) p u r e wor ds ,
Ma k e for t u n a t e the
tte r a n c e s of my m ou th O r da i n th a t my de c i s i on s be ha pp y Le t m e b e bl es s e d whe r e e r I t r e a d L e t th e ma n wh om I (n ow) t ou c h be bl e s s e d Be for e m e m a y l u c ky th ou g h t s be s p ok e n Afte r m e m a y a lu c ky fi n g e r be p oi n t e d O h t ha t t h ou we r t my g ua r di a n g e n i u s An d my g u a r di a n s p i r it ! 0 God t ha t ble s s e th M a r d u k L e t m e be ble s s e d whe r e e r my p a th ma y b e T hy p owe r s ha ll g od a n d m a n p r oc la i m T h i s ma n s ha ll d o thy s e r vi c e An d I too th e ma g i c i a n thy s la v e u
,
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
U n t o th e h ou s e
on
en
.
te r i n g
Sa ma s (i s ) b e for e m e S i n ( i s ) b e hi n d [m e ] N e r g a l ( i s ) a t [my ] r ig h t h a n d Ni n i b ( i s ) a t my l e ft h a n d ; W he n I d r a w n e a r u n t o the s i c k ’
,
,
,
W he n Ma y
It i s
a
I
l a y my h a n d ki n d y S p i r it , a
th e h e a d
on
l
man ,
ki n dly
i k
the
of
Gu ar di a n ,
s c
ma n ,
t a n d a t m y s i de
s
”
2
.
i t h the r i t u l o f the a sip u n d ma i nta i t ha t th e followi n g ch a pt e r s a r e chi e fly c on c e n d O f the s a mm r u l e s s i s k n ow n t h a n of th e s e o th e r tw o but f r om hi s n a m e h e s a g or ch a n t e d the c e r e mon i a l s a llo t t e d to him O n the oth e r h a n d the ha ssalo n a n d l a ss p tzt ( i n H e b r e w ka §§ dp h) a r e the wiz a d a n d witc h wh o l a y b an s or c a s t s p e ll s o n p e opl e who s e d e vic e s e x po e n t s o f bl a ck m a gic w
a
a
r
n
e
.
a
,
n
.
/
'
,
a
r
n
,_
D e vi ls 2
I bid i .
,
E vi l S p i r i ts
a nd ,
15
.
,
f
o
B a by l on i a
1
27
.
W IZ AR DS AN D W I TCH E S
I
t ti on Wh oe ve r th ou
.
n c an a
0 wit c h ,
a r t,
I n wh os e he ar t i s the wor d
my m i s for tu n e ,
of
ton g u e i s b or n my Sp ell O n wh os e l i p i s b or n my s or c e r y I n wh os e foo ts te p s dea th s ta n de th O witc h I s e i z e thy mou th I s e i ze thy t on g u e I s e i ze thi n e e y e s as the y g lan c e I s e i ze thy fe e t as the y walk I s e i z e thy kn ee s a s the y be n d I s e i z e thy ha n ds a s t he y t wi s t I bi n d thy ha n d b e hi n d the e M a y S i n de s tr oy th y b od y i n fr on t Ma y h e c a s t the e i n t o a n a by s s of wa t e r a n d fir e 0 wit c h l ik e th e c i r c l e t of thi s s e a l Ma y thy fa c e g r o w y e ll ow a n d g r e e n O n whos e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
T he wi za r d S it s i n the
wit c h
or
S it s ma ki n g
s pe
th e wa
of
s h a de
ll
i t
,
me
ag a n s
s
ll
,
F a s h i on i n g i m a g es of me ; Bu t I s e n d a g a i n s t t he e th e ha l ta pp a n u n do
To
th e
s pe
ll
-
l t p
an d s es a
an
me ,
,
b a c k thy wor ds i n t o thy m on th Ma y the m a g i c th ou h a s t m a de R e c o i l u p on thy s e lf M a y the i ma g e s t h ou h a s t fa s h i on e d As s u me th y c ha r a c te r M ay the wa t e r t hou ha s t h i dde n ( l ) Be t hi n e o wn ! M a y thy i n c a n t a ti on n ot dr a w n i g h me An d for c e
.
,
,
,
May
thy wor ds
mm a n d
By the
2
e
co
M a l ta , T a ble t
1
vil
I bi d
.
ma y b e
E a , S a m a s, M a r du k ,
of
e
re
,
e
e
a
r oa c h
th e h ou s e
’
-
to g
iv e
de t a i
l
s
lit
.
K 1 0 3 3 3 i s a n i n c a n ta ti on wh i c h s h ows how r om the thr e s h o d of a hou s e R e pe a t t h i s .
.
p m a n hi sp i KAK KA K
on
Be
.
.
i n c a n t a ti on t h r e e ti me s ov e r n ot a p
an d
” 2
I 89 ff
,
l t V 1 ff p ll d f
Tab
,
III
me !
n ot r e a c h
for hi s
of
the
ma n
the ’
u sep
l
t hr e s
’
’
i s) su
r e ea s e
-
.
” .
l h ld o
K
.
s or c e r
.
an d
the
e
vil
foo t
9 49 6 g iv e s the
y be wit c he s
li
ne
h i m,
”
wi
“Wh and
ll
en
g oe s
W I Z AR D S AND W I T C H ES
Or in
Ta bl e t I
“I
n can
T he
t a ti on
s pe
ll
s ha
c u t of
be
Ma y
my
of
H e r wor d
ll t
Ma y the
of n
lik t ll
ig ht
a
kn o t he r
By the
vil
,
own
to h e r
m ou t h, he r
s
s ha
m it e her i n he r m a g i c ,
of
the
n
,
of
my
,
ou t
o w,
l
is
s pe
ll
c om
s he
ha t h wor ke d be
crum
bled l ik e
sa
lt
.
he r wor k i s de s tr oye d,
oos e d ,
fil l th e de s e r t ,
s
ma n d wh i c h th e g od s
of n
i g ht
ha ve
ke n
s po
ta ti on E a r t h e a r t h 0 e a r th Gilg a mi s h i s the l or d of y ou r ba n All tha t ye do I k n ow All tha t I do ye k n ow n ot All tha t my s or c e r e s s e s ha v e don e
.
i n c a n ta ti on
Pe r for m the
I
ll
t on g u e
i g h t loos e h e r e vil s or c e r y m a y h e r t on g u e b e s a l t e vi l wh i c h s h e h a t h s p ok e n be p ou r e d
M a y the ma g i c whi c h
All
e
,
the wor d e
is
ba c k
urn
t hr e e wa tc he s m ou th be fa t
M a y he r
Ma y
s or c e r e s s
.
th e g od s
Her
xx vn
.
.
n c an
,
,
,
,
,
l
r e ea s e
I
b r ok e n
,
l
oos e d
with ou t
.
i n c a n ta ti on
Pe r for m the
.
t a ti on My c ity i s S a p p a n my c ity i s S a p p a n Of my c ity S a p p a n th e r e a r e two g a t e s O n e to th e e as t a n d on e to the we s t s e tti n g O n e t owa r ds the r i s i n g o f the s u n th e oth e r t owa r ds I be a r a box a p ot (a n d) ma sta /ca l pla n t T o g iv e wa te r to the g ods of h e a v e n As I ha v e b r ou g h t y e p u r ific a ti on S o do y e p u r i fy me Pe r for m the i n c a n t a ti on n c an
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
”
.
.
I I
n can a
ta ti on
m de s p a t c h e d,
M a r du k,
th e
my wi z a r d
I
ha v e
l
I
or d of
a nd ca
ll
ed
c om e :
ma g i c ,
I
t ha t h s e n t a
m
s en
,
I bi
r n
me
t g he
me s s a g e
i t
th e mi g h t
ag a n s
my witc h , ;
h e ar the
w or d [ ]
of
th e
e ar
th
!
”
of
xx viii
W I Z AR D S AN D W IT C H E S
.
Thi s i n cide n t of m aki n g a c i tv i s p a r a ll e l e d i n I dia n ch a r m s f r a wom a n a t childbi r t h I n o r d e r to a void bo r tion the s or c e r e r m a ke s t h r e e s m a ll hut s which l i e w e s t a n d e a s t e a ch h a vi n g two doo s o n e to the w e s t a n d Th e wom a n cl a d i n a bl a ck r ob e the oth e r to th e e a s t W a t e r mi x e d e n t e r s th e we s t e rn m os t by th e w e s t e r n doo r wi t h s a mp ata i s c a s t on the l a d l e s plombs s e e op cit l e a d which i s pl c e d on th e w m a n w a lk s o n th a l e a f o f p a l etm T he A s s y r i a n t e x t r un s ou n
o
a
.
,
r
,
.
,
,
,
.
”
e
,
o
e
.
.
,
a
,
‘
.
H o, m y wit c h o r s or c e r e s s ! T hy b ou n ds a r e th e wh o e wor d,
l
v r a l l mou n ta i n s e p Y e t I k n ow a n d h a v e s t e a dfa s t c on fi de n c e ; I n m y s tr e e t i s wa t c h k e p t N e a r m y door h a v e I p os t e d a s e r va n t O n the r i g h t a n d l e ft o f m y door I h a ve s e t L u g a l g i r r a a n d Alla mu T he g ods of th e w a t c h th a t t e a r ou t the he a r t An d wr e n c h ( Q) th e ki dn e ys T ha t t h e y m a y kill m y wit c h a n d I ma y l ive T h ou
c an s
t
l
a ss
o
,
,
.
,
” 2
.
I I
i t he e O c h e r i s h th e e O As th e Pla i n g od c he r s h
,
l
my s e f,
b ody c h e r i s h e t h hi s c a ttl e O r th e e we he r l a mb or th e g a z e lle h e r y ou n g or th e a s s he r O r a s th e wa te r d it c h c he r i s h e t h the e a r th An d th e e a r th r e c e iv e th h e r s ee d I pe r for m a n i n c a n t a ti on for mys e lf T ha t it m a y b e fa v ou r a ble to my s e lf An d d r ive ou t th e e vi l An d m a y th e g r e a t g o ds r e mo ve the S p ell fr om m y b ody ,
my
,
-
,
,
,
foa
l
,
-
,
” 3
.
1
T he
r
ite s
c on
ti n u e
,
and
the
i
c u r ou s
wi
L a M a g i c d a n s l I n de A n ti qu e, 1 9 0 4 , 1 4 2 2 M a hlu , v i , 1 1 8
ll fi d th n
e
m i n V i c t or H e n r y,
’
.
.
I bid T xx iii
3
.
C
.
.
,
,
vi i , ,
4,
23
l
.
.
9,
A
c ha r
an d
1 0,
m
l
.
s
i mila r
26
.
to
thi s
i s fou n d i n th e med i c a
l t xt e
W I ZA R D S AN D W ITCHE S
It
qu a in t t o
.
wi t ch of the ol d n u r e r y t a l s who r id e s on a b r o m s tick r e p e a t e d i n the A r a b l or “Lo I s a w fou r wom e n on e of th e m r idi n g upo n a b oom a fa n I th e r e fo r e k n e w a n d on e o f th e m r idi n g upo n O ki n g th a t th e y w e r e e n ch a n t r e s s e s who w ould e n t e r T he s ilv e r bull e t i s lik e wi s e r e s i s tl e s s a n d t hy city kn ow n a mul e t will p r ote ct the w e a r e r a g a i n s t thi s no 2 m a gic Dough ty t e ll s of M e ta a b (I bn R a s hid ) p r i n c e hi s b r oth e r T e ll a l who wo e a h ij b a ft r o f S h a mm a r g a i n s t bull e ts but it did n ot p e va il a g i n s t a s ilv e r on with which hi s n e ph e ws kill e d him Acc or di g t o M oh a mm e d a n s th wiz a r d i s a n i n fid e l d e a th the fa t e t h r e a te e d to s or c e r e s s e s i n a n d d e s e r ve 4 5 f Ex odu s whil e D e ut e r o n omy d m a n d th e e x pul i on Dough t y ha s two s to r i e of the p ow e r o f the s o r c e r e r A r a bi a n witch e s ; o n e of a p a ti e n t who wa s fa s ci a t e d “ i t i s n efs a s pi r i t which b e s e t s m e a ddin g a n d l a m e n te d th a t t hi s s or t of thin g wa s common i n th e i r p a r t s the wor k of wom e n wi t h th e ir s ly philtr e s a n d m a l e fic e n t H i s d e s c r ip t io n of th e Kh yb a r witch e s i s to d i n ks “ H ow m a y a witch th a t h a s a n h u s b a n d g a d th e poi n t : If the g o odm a n n ot k n ow i t ? an d a b r o a d by n ight t a k e b e twi x t h e r fi n g e r o n ly a lit t l e o f the a s he s he h e a r th a n d s p r i n kl e it on hi s fo r e h e a d the d e a d of th e 7 pon hi m t ill th e mo r n i n g s l e e p will fa l l is
th e
see
s
e
o
e
r
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
”
1
.
,
.
,
e
a
r
,
a
r
,
a
e
.
n
e
3
s
n
,
e
,
s
s
o
s
.
’
n
,
”
,
,
,
,
’
6
r
e
.
,
s
s
,
”
u
1 2 3
4
S t or y i n
l xxii 1 8 xviii 1 0
7
i
xx i
f
,
L a n e , Ar a bi a n N ig hts
.
I s l a m, 18 1
o
.
.
A r a bi a D es er ta ,
I bid
25 7
,
t
c ha p e r
.
,
6
5 1 to
A r a bi a D es er ta , K e i n , R el ig i on ,
5
N o te
.
.
,
1 06 ;
ma g i s f oemi n ce
see
n
,
3 84
.
S p r e n g e r , Ma l l eus Ma le/i c a r u m
s up e r s ti ti os ce r ep er i a n tu r
.
M AG I C I N
XXX
T E S T AME NT
N EW
THE
We s t e r n
.
lw a y s r e cogniz e d a s th e A r a b folk t a l e s a n d e v e n Ps e ll u s t e ll s s or ce r e r i n a a s to r y which b e a r s wit n e s s t o th e pow e r a lw a y s a s c r ib e d t o Mog hr ebi wiz a r d s A ma n a t B l a s on s a id he h a d l e a r n t “ th r ough a c e r ta i n v a ga bo n d s om e thi n g of th e bl a ck a r t A fr ic a n who took him by n ight to a moun t a i n ga v e hi m h e r b to e a t s p a t i n to hi s mou th a n d a n oi n t e d a c e r ta i n H e wa s th e r e by e n a bl e d to s e e h i s e y e s with a n u n gu e n t a ho s t o f d ae mo n s fr om a mo n g which h e p e rc e iv e d a s o r t fly towa r d s him a n d dow n h i s thro a t i n to hi s o f r a ve n s t om a ch S e v e r a l r e fe r e n c s a r e to be fou n d i n th e Ne w T e s t a m e n t 2 a n d th e m a gu s E lym a s who n o t a bly S imo n o f S a m a r i a “ 3 s t r olli n g b e c a m e blin d a t the i n s ta n c e of P a ul O th e r s Je w s e x or ci s t s u s e d the holy n a m e o f J e s u s to c a s t ou t “ d e vil s ; a n d n ot a fe w of t h e m th a t p r a c ti s e d cu r iou s b r ough t th e i r book s t og e th e r a n d bur n e d th e m i n a r ts th e s ight of a l l Divi n a tio n too wa s r e cogn iz e d “A c e ta in m a id h a vi n g a s pi r it o f divi n a tion which 6 b r ought he r m a s t er s much g a i n by s ooth s a yi n g 7 I n S a n hedr i n R a bbi Akib a s a y s th a t a n e n ch a n t e r i s on e who c a lcul a t e s tim e s a n d hou r s a n d s a y s T o da y i s good t o s t a r t on a j ou r n e y to mo r r o w will be a lucky da y for M og hr e bi
T he
is
a
-
,
.
”
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
1
.
e
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
4
,
”
5
.
,
.
,
r
”
.
-
,
8
-
,
1
ed
.
2
4 6
Ps e ll u s
( e l e v e n th
cen
tu r y )
,
-
D i a l og
C olli s s on , 3 8
u e on
the
f
Op er a ti on
o
D oe mon s ,
.
A t viii A t xix A t x vi c s
c s
c s
,
, ,
9
3 .
5
13
.
16
.
A t x iii A t xix c s
c s
,
,
6 ff
.
19
.
qu ot e d H e r s h on Ta l mu di c Mi s cel l a n y D ou g h ty s p e a ks of th e c u s t om a m on g the Ar a b s of for e t e ll i n g l u c ky d a ys : S a1i h he a r i n g I wou ld de p a r t a s k e d me p r iva t e ly ha d I fou n d by divi n a ti on ta my i s i f the c ha n c e we r e g ood for thi s da y s j ou r n e y ? Whe n I e n qu i r e d of hi s a r t Wha t ! s a i d b e y ou kn ow n ot t h i s 2 h ow b u t by dr a wi n a n d it i s g c e r ta i n l i n e s i n the s a n d 7
F ol 6 5 , .
c ol
.
2,
,
.
3
,
,
’
,
‘
,
’
.
,
’
‘
,
H E B R E W W IZAR D S
.
lli n g th e y e a r b e fo r e the s a bb a tic a l y e a r i s g e n e r a lly good for g r owi n g wh e a t th e pulli n g up [ i n s te a d of cutti n g] of p e a s e will p r e s e r ve t h e m f r om b e i g s poil e d “ Acco r din g to the R a b bi s An e n ch a n t r i s he who a ugur s ill wh e n hi s b r e a d d r op s fr om hi s mou t h o r i f he d r op s the s tick th a t s uppo r t s him f r om hi s h a n d o r i f hi s s on c a ll s a ft e r him or a c r ow c a ws i n hi s h e a r i n g or a d e e r c r o s s e s hi s p a th or he s e e s a s e r pe n t a t hi s r ight h a n d or a f ox on h i s l e ft Th e r e i s a cu r iou s s to y i n Pes a chim “ of a m an b e witch e d by a for m e r wi fe Th e s t a t e m e n t e l s e wh e r e tha t te n a n d f ou r a r e e x clud e d f r om e ight si x the e v e n n umb e r s which a r e i n j u r iou s o n ly r e f er s to a ct s c a u s e d by e vil s pi r i t s ; but wh e r e witchc r a ft i s co n c e r n e d tho s e a n d mo r e n umb e r s ma y p r ov e i j u r iou s a s i t e ve n ha pp e n e d th a t a m a o n c e divo r c e d hi s wi fe a n d s h e th e n b e ca m e th e wi fe of a wi n e d e a l e r T he fi r s t hu s b a n d would ge n e r a lly go to th a t win e d e a l e r for hi s wi n e a n d th e y tr i e d to b e wi t ch him but wi thout s ucc es s ; for he wa s a lw a y s c a r e ful to a v o id the e v e n n umb e r s O n e da y h e se
,
,
”
n
.
e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
r
.
1
.
‘
,
,
,
,
n
n
,
,
-
.
-
,
,
.
I
l
t o b e fou n d i n mu c h u s e d h e r e b i t i s a s o r a i a e s r a A D e t , ( , th e m od e r n m a g i c a M S S e tt e r t a b e t s it i s n o I n the s s yr ia n u n c om mon t h i n g to fin d th e a s t r on om e r s m a ki n g th e s a m e c a l c u a ti o n s K 5 6 5 ( H a r p e r , A s sy r i a n a n d B a by l on i a n L e tter s v ol i ) i s a e tt e r to the ki n g fr om two p r i e s t s wh o s a y , t i s we l for the j ou r n e y ; the ” I n K 167 a y s ( or v e r y ) g o od s e c on d da y i s g ood, th e fou r t h d a a w y
l
A
.
l
.
,
i b t h it m i d e e w r er ( )
e
x
c u s es
l
l
I
l
l
-
l
.
,
se
tti n g
.
.
.
hi ms e f fr om
l
j ou r n e y v ol iv ) te lls the lu c ky for e n te r i n g
ou t
on
a
b e c a u s e the da y i s u n fa v ou r a ble R m 7 3 ( H a r p e r ki n g t ha t the 20 th 22 md a n d 2 5th of the mon t h a r e i n to c on t r a c ts O me n s fr om a l l for ms of p or te n ts a r e n u m e r ou s i n E v e n i n th e As s yr i a n ( s e e Boi s s i e r T es tes R el a tif s a u x Pr é s a g es ) le tte r K 5 5 1 ( H a r p e r vol ii ) the p r i e s t r ela te s how a fox fe ll i n to a p i t i n the c ity of Assu r bu t wa s g ot ou t Amon g the m od e r n Eg yp ti a n s S a tu r da y i s n ot a da y to b e g i n a j ou r n e y on s ha v e or c u t the n a i ls ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
( L a n e Ma n n e r s ,
1
a nd
Cu s toms ,
Ed Rodki n s on , 22 8 .
.
,
AR A B W IZARD S
XX Xl l
.
imbib e d too fr e e ly a d a f t e r d r i n ki n g hi s s i x te e n th cup h e b e c a m e co n fu s e d a n d did n ot k n o w how m a n y h e ha d d r u n k S o t h e y s a w to it t ha t he d r a n k a n e v e n n umb e r s ucc e e d e d i n b e wi t chi g him Wh e n he w e n t a n d th e n i n t o the s tr e e t he wa s m e t by a c e r ta i n m e r ch a n t who s a id I s e e a mu r d e r e d m a n w a lki n g b e fo r e m e No t b e i g a bl e to p r oc e e d fa r th e r th e d r u n k e n m a n e mb r a c e d a tr e e f or s uppo r t wh e n th e t r e e e mi t t e d a g r o a n a n d d i e d up a n d the m a n wa s kill e d But e v e n witchc a ft a cco r di n g to h a s n o e fie c t a g a i n s t a h e a v e n ly d e c r e e Th e r e wa s a wom a n who t r i e d to t a ke e a r th R Ha n in a “ a n d h e s id f o r s or ce r y r o m b e n e a th h i s foo t I f f ou ( ) y t hi n k y ou will ucc e e d i n a ffe c t i g m e with you r witchc r a ft a s I a m n o t a f r a id o on a d do s o g It i s cu r iou to e e t h a t th e r e i s a n A r a b t r a ditio n th a t m a gic will n t w or k whil he th a t wo r k s it i s a s l e e p who w e r e t wo of the E gyp t i S a d ur a n d Gha dfir m a gici a n s pi t te d a ga i n s t M o s e s the s on s o f a fa mous s or c e r e r w e r e s e n t f or t o c o u t a n d th e i r moth e r p e r s u a d e d th e m to go to the i r fa the r s tomb to a s k hi s a dvic e The fa t h e r a n s w e r e d t h e i r c a l l a n d t old t h e m a mo n g o th e r thi g s t h a t e n ch a n t m e n t s h a v e n o e ffe ct whil e th e e n c ha n t e i a sle e p Although the powe r of e vil s pi r i t s wa s much f e a r e d e t wi s e m e n could s o m e tim e s ov e r r e a ch S a t a n him s e l f i n y cun n in g S u ch t l e s e x i s t e p e ci a lly a m on g the mode r n A r a b s who d e light to r e l a te s uch l e ge n d s p a r ticul a ly i f t h e y r e dou n d to th e c r e di t of loc a l p a t r iotis m I bli s o n c e to a n a s s e mbly of h on ou r a bl e p e opl e with s on s e n t hi s a n d told hi m to h a v e the fli n t s to n e wov e n a fli n t s to n e n
,
.
,
n
.
,
’
‘
.
,
n
,
,
”
r
r
.
,
,
.
.
a
,
n
s
,
”
n
,
1
.
,
s
s
o
e
.
an
,
,
r
,
,
’
.
,
n
r
,
2
s
.
,
a
.
,
s
,
r
,
.
,
.
S a n hedr i n , Sa
l
e,
ed
.
R odki n s on ,
Kor a n , S u r a h
Vii
.
vi l ,
1 97
.
xxx iv
ASS
YR I AN
M A GI C
.
took a wa y the e a r s l e a vi n g the D e vi l s t ubbi n g up the P r e s e n tly a fte r h e h a d b e e n diggi n g for a mo n t h r oot s h e b e g a n to fin d ou t hi s e r r o r a n d w e n t to the m a n wh o “ Thi s i s a p a l t r y wa s ch e e r ily th r e s hi n g hi s po r t io “ quibbl e s a id I bli s thou h a s t coz e n e d m e thi s twic e “ I ga v e th e e thy d e s i r e ; a n d s a id the fo r m e r Na y furt he r mo r e thou did s t n ot th r es h ou t thi n e o n io n top s S o it wa s a s a n gui n e D e v il t hi s a s I a m doi n g with t h a t we n t a wa y to b e a t th e dr y o n io n s ta lk s but i n v a i n ; s t a lki n g a w a y i n dudg e o n an d a n d h e l e f t M o s ul s ull e n ly on c e i n a whil e t o s h a k e hi s h a n d a g a i n s t s o s toppi n g “ c r a f ty a tow n Cu s e d b y e y e t r ick s te r s ! who c a n o utm a tch d e vil r y lik e you r s ? I n the p r e s e n t book th e A s s y r i a n i n c an t a t i on t bl e t a r e f r e qu e n t ly u s e d a s a b a s e for the v a iou s hypoth e s e s pu t fo r w a r d thi s b e i n g the mo s t logic a l m t hod a t p r e s e n t cun e i fo r m t a bl e ts we h a v e the a c t u a l I n th a v a il bl e wiz a d r y i n vogue a t th e tim e t h e y w r e w r it t e n which r u n s a t l e a s t f r om th e s e v e n th c e n tu r y o n w a r d s u n til the t im e wh e n cun e i fo r m c e a s e d to b e u e d M o r e ov e r i n th e s e t e x t s we a r e d e a li n g wi t h n o u n d e r h a n d s o r c e r y c a r r i e d on but fa i a n d op e n m a gic of s u r r e pti t iou s ly which the v a lue i s a tte s te d by th e e x c e ll e n t l a n g u a g e i n which th y a r e couch e d a n d th e high r e ga r d i n which the cl a s s which m a d e s uch a p r o f s s ion th e i r s wa s h e ld Thr ough ou t the r e s t of the civiliz e d w or ld C ha ld e a n m a gic wa s i n d e e d a n a m e to co j u r e by p a r t icul a ly fr om i ts a s t r ologic a l s id e which th r ough i ts tho r ough n e s s “ S t an d n ow Is aia h h a d g a i n e d g r e a t r e pute s ays with thi n e e n ch a n tm e n t s a n d wi t h the multitud e of t hy s or c e r i e s wh e r e i n thou h a s t l a bou r e d fr om thy you t h ; xlvii 1 2 1 3 ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
n
.
”
”
,
,
.
”
,
,
-
,
,
”
.
-
,
,
,
‘
r
.
e
,
-
a
s
r
e
,
a
e
.
e
r
,
s
.
,
r
,
~
e
,
e
.
n
,
r
,
”
.
,
,
,
1
,
,
.
1
,
R E N O W N OF
TH E
TH E
CH ALD EAN S
X XXV
.
thou s h a lt be a bl e to p r ofit i f s o be thou m a y e s t p r e v a il T hou a r t w e a ri e d i n the multitud e o f thy cou n s el s the s ta r g a z e rs th e mo n thly L e t n o w th e a s t r olog e r s p r o g n o s tic a tor s s ta n d up a n d s a v e th e e f r om the thi n g s th a t s h a ll com e upon th e e T he wor d Ka s a i m C ha ld e a n s a p e opl e dwe lli n g on the Low e r i n A s s y r i a n Ka ldu E uph r a t e s a n d T ig r i s a s s um e s a t the tim e t h a t the Book D a n i e l wa s w r itt e n th e s ig n ific a n c e of m a gici a n s of “ B a r de s a n T he S y r i a c w r it e r s a tt e s t th e s a m e n oto r i e ty H a v e you r e a d the book s of the Ch a lde a n s which s a ith : i n B a bylo n i n which a r e wri t t e n w ha t th e s t ar s are a t the N a t iviti e s of m e n ? e ffe ct by t he i r a s s oci a tio n s 2 P lut a r ch quot e s the Ch a ld e a n s a s b e li e vi n g th a t of t wo a r e be n e fic e n t god s two a r e ho s til e the pl a n e ts Th e h e a din g to a book i n l a t e n e ut r a l are a n d th r e e “ H e b r e w (c a ll e d T he W i s dom of the Ch a ld e a n s ) r u n s “T hi s i s the b ook u s e d by the Ch a ld e a n s ( which t h e y compo s e d ) t hr ough th e i r m e dit a tio n s a n d s p e cul a tio n s wi s dom a n d th r ough the ov e r flo w o f the i n divi n e by th e i r s tr on g a dh e r e n c e s pi r i t o f p r oph e cy upo n th e m to th e i r wi s dom a n d to t h e i r m e dit a t io n s i n the divi n e wi s dom a n d th e i r s p e cul a tio n s co n c e r n i n g the s ph e r e s se s ph e r e s r ul e an d pl t pi th t ho r i ts at n s a n d the s a e ( ) “ mov e t h e m Amon g G r e e k w r ite r s we fin d S t r a bo di 4 s a yi n g th a t the Ch a ld e a n s w e r e s kil l e d i n 2 ed A D ) ( an d Bf li a n th e c a s ti n g o f h o r o s cop e s an d a s t r o n omy t hi d c tu y quot e s both B a bylon i a n s a n d Ch a ld e a n s A n r D r e ) ( po s s e s s i n g a con s id e r a bl e k n owl e dge of a s t r on omy as if
so
be
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
”
’
’
'
.
,
,
,
,
’
‘
.
.
‘
,
”
1
,
,
,
,
.
”
,
,
”
3
.
.
.
5
,
.
Sp i ci l eg i u m, e d C u r e t on , 1 5 viii D e Isid , .
2
.
3 4
G as t e r ,
x vi i ,
5
,
6
xl
.
.
1 900 , 3 3 8
.
.
Pe r i Z oon ,
A
,
xxu , e d
.
H e r c h e r , Pa r i s
.
MOD E R N M AGI C AL
B O O KS
.
con te mpora r y of Augu s tu s s a y s th t th e B a bylon i an p r i e s t s ob s e r v e d th e po s iti on of c e r t a i n a n d tha t t he y i n t e r p r e te d s t a s i n o r d e r to c a s t ho r o s cop e s d r e am s a n d d e r iv e d om e n s f r o m the mov e m e n t of bi r d s M a gic i s s a id t o f r om e clip s e s a n d e a r thqu a k e s an d h a v e b e e n i n t r oduc e d a mon g the G r e e k s by ( E th a n e s wh o c a m e i n to G r e e c e with Xe r x e s a n d di s p e r s e d the oppo r tun i ty I t wa s r udim en t s o f it wh e r e v e r h e h a d a n to p e r f e ctio n by a f t e r w a r d s much imp r ov e d a n d b r ought D e moc r itu s who i s s a id t o h a v e l e a r n e d it ou t o f the 2 w r iti n g s o f c e r t a i n P h oen ici a n s Ho r a c e voic e s th e popul r vi e w D i odor u s Si c u l u s ,
1
a
a
,
r
,
.
,
,
.
,
3
.
a
“T
q u aes i e r i s ( s c i r e n e fa s ) Fi n e m d i de de r i n t, L e u c on oe , u,
qu e m
ne
T e mp tar i s
nu
m e r os
n ec
m i hi ,
q u e m tibi
Ba by l on i os
.
In de e d i n
mod e r n tim e s i n the E a s t fr om M o r occo t o M e s opot a mi a book s of m a gic a r e by n o m e a n s r a r e a n d m a n u s c r ipt s i n A r a bic H e b r e w G e r s hu n i a n d S y r i a c a ll d e a li n g wi t h s om e fo r m o f c a n fr e qu e n t ly b e bought m a gic or p opul a r m e dici n e I n S u a ki n i n the S oud n I wa s o ffe r e d a p r i n t e d book of a s tr ology i n A r a bic illus tr a t e d by the mo s t g r o t e s qu e a n d biz a r r e woodcuts of th e s ig n s o f the Zodi a c the block s for which s e e m to h a v e d on e duty i n o t h e r pl a c e s S uch book s e x i s te d i n m an us c r ipt i n a n ci e n t d a y s a s i s vouch e d for by the s to r y o f th e S ibylli n e book s o r the p a s s a g e i n Act s x i x 1 9 “Not a fe w of th e m th a t p r a cti s e d cu iou s a r ts b r ought th e i r book s toge th e r a n d bu r n e d th e m i n the s ight of a ll I t i s to A ssur b an ip a l Ki n g of A s s y r i a B C 6 6 8— 62 6 th a t we owe i n the m a i n ou r kn owl e dg e of cun e i fo r m ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
a
.
,
,
.
,
,
r
”
,
.
,
,
.
,
1 2
ii
,
29
.
Po tt e r , Ar ch Gr cec .
3
Ca r mi n a ,
i
,
11
.
1
40 6
.
.
,
A
B AB Y L ONI AN
L
E TT E R
X X XV I I
.
m a gic for du r i n g h i s r e ig n book coll e cti n g b e c a m e a h h an d e ad e s t a bli s h e d a io with him y t s n s s em o f a s p obta in i n g copi e s of the b e s t t a bl e t s i n a ll I r a k T he g r e a t t e mpl e citi e s i n B a bylon i a a ffor d e d him a n i n e xh a u s tibl e to d r a w on f or the f o r m a tion o f hi s libr a r y i n s ou r c e N i n e v e h a n d to thi s e n d m a n y s c r ib es w e r e s e t to wo r k t o C opy a n d t r a n s l a t e the a n ci e n t t a bl e t s F or the t e mpl e s o f t h e s e citi e s w e r e lik e th e mod e r n mo n a s t e r i e s which s till e a ch h a vi n g i ts lib r a r y o f m a n u s c r ipt s e x i s t i n th e E a s t a n d it wa s fr om th e s e th a t th e ki n g obt a i n e d h i s m a t e r i a l the b a s e o f hi s g r e a t wo r k By s om e h a ppy a n d m a de ch n c e t h e r e a r e s till e x t a n t two duplic a t e C opi e s of a l e t te r which wa s w r itt e n by a ki n g to a city of B a bylo n i a o r de r i n g t ho s e i n a utho r i t y to s e a ch the hidd e n s tor e of Th e s e two da te r e co r d s l a id i n th e s h r i n e s o f th e g od s f om the l a t er B a bylo n i a n E mpi r e a n d it i s quit e p os s ibl e th a t th e y a r e C opi e s of the o r igi n a l l e tt e r th a t wa s s en t by A ssur b a n ip a l mo r e t h a n a hu n d r e d y e a r s p r e viou s ly f or it i s n d p r e s e r v e d i n B a bylo n i a a s a v a l u a bl e r e co r d o n the mod e l o f th e r oy a l l e t t e r s o f hi s p e r iod T he wo r d of the Ki n g un t o Sa d n u I a m w ll m a y s t thou be h a ppy T he d a y th a t thou s e e s t t hi s l e tt e r o f min e t a k e with t he e S um a the s on o f Sum a uki n a B el e ti r hi s b r oth e r Apl a the s on of A r k a t i l é n i a n d s uch p e opl e o f Bor s i thou k a as n ow e s t a n d s e e k out pp a ll a l l th the t a bl e t s which a r e i n t h e i r hou s e s an d t a bl e t s l a id up i n the T e mpl e of E zi da a n d c oll e ct the o f th e t a bl e ts of the Ki n g of the t a bl e t s for th e d a y s of the mo n t h N i s an th e s ton e o f the 1 mon th T i s ri of the s e ri e s B t S a la th e s ton e -
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
a
,
r
.
r
,
,
a
,
u
e
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
‘
i
,
T he
I
n can
ta ti on s p u b
li
t a ti on
s he d
’
Bi t S a l a i s -
i n Ki n g
’
s
-
k n own
’
,
fr om K 2 83 2 ,
B a by l on i a n Ma g i c
.
and
a
S or c er
li t f i x i x y s
,
o .
n c an
xxx viii
I N CAN TATI ON S E RI ES
THE
.
for the r e cko n i n g the day the four s to n e the wood s h e a d o f the roy a l be d a n d th e r oy a l r oy a l be d th e u r ha r i n n u a n d c e d a r for the h e a d of th e — i M a y E a a n d M a r duk compl e te I n t a t i n z ser e s o c an wi s dom a l l the s e r i e s th a t th e r e a r e r e l a ti n g to wa r b e s id e s a l l th e i r C Op i ou s docum e n t s th a t th e r e a r e the s h a ll n ot com e n e a r th e m a n I n b a ttl e a s ta ff s eries the s e r i e s E D I N N A D I B B I D A E G AL T U B R A s p e ll s p r a y e r s i n s c r iptio n s an d tho s e th a t a r e e xc e ll e n t for ( my ) s to n e th e s e r i e s Ta hp i ti a h I G I N I G I N N A ( a lthough r oy a lty t hi s i s a t r oubl e ) a n d wh a te v e r ma y be n e c e s s a ry i n the p a l a c e a n d s e e k out the r a r e ta bl e t s s uch a s a r e t o be f ou n d on you r rout e but do n ot e x i s t i n A s s y r i a a n d I a m s e n d i n g the a utho r ity for th e s e n d t h e m to me Thou s h a lt p u t th e m i n thy § a ta m a n d i a hu o ffici a l s N o o n e s h a ll withhold t a bl e ts fr o m th e e ; s t r o n g bo x a n d i f th e r e b e a n y t a bl e t or s p e ll which I h a v e n ot m a d e m e n tio n of t o y ou a n d thou s h a lt l e a r n of (i t ) a n d it i s good for my p a l a c e s e a r ch for it a n d g e t it a n d s e n d it to m e B u t i n a dditio n to the m a gic a l t a bl e t s fr om A ssu r m a n y com e fr om B a bylo n i a w r itt e n ban i p a l s lib r a r y du r i n g the l a t e r B a bylon i a n E mpi r e S om e of th e m d a te to the r e ign of Al e x a n d e r a n d oth e r s a r e a s l a te a s th e A r s a cid p er iod a n d t h e e i s co n s e qu e n t ly n o l a ck o f m a te r i al Th e s e g r i moi r es w e r e w r it t e n i n s e r i e s of s e v e r a l t a bl e t s e a ch s e t b e i g giv en s om e n a m e The b e s t for
’
‘
1
,
,
‘
’
,
,
,
’
‘
,
-
-
-
-
-
,
,
,
’
-
r
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
-
.
,
,
,
”
2
.
’
,
,
.
r
,
.
n
,
.
“r e c k i
on n g th e da y O n th e p hr a s e s ee my R ep or ts M a g i c i a n s a n d As tr ol og er s , i t r e fe r s to th e c a c u a ti on d u r a ti on of th e m on t h , a s to wh e t he r it wi c on s i s t of t we n ty 1
xx I .
thi r ty 2
da ys .
l l
of -
the
th e
i
n n e or
.
B M N os 2 5 6 7 6 .
ll
f
o
.
an d
25 678
.
S e e my L a te B a by l on i a n L e tter s , 3 ff
.
'
TH E
s UR P U S
ER I E S
xxx i x
.
k n ow n a t p r e s e n t a r e the M a kl a Su rp a Utu kl i li mmzti Con s umin g E vil S pi r it s Ti i H e a d a ch e s As a kki ma r s zi ti F e v e r S ick n e s s L a ba ta n d N 11 ? ka ti a i s in g h H a a R of t e ( ( g Th e r e a r e a ls o l a rge cl a s s e s of both c e r e mo n i a l a n d m e dic a l te x t s which th r ow con s id er a bl e light on the m a gic a l p r a ctic e s T he s e r i e s M a kl wco n t a i n s e igh t t a bl e t s a l l givi n g di r e ctio n a s h a s b e e n s how n e a li e r i n thi s ch a pt e r for i n c a n t a tion s a n d s p e ll s a g a i n s t wiz r d s a n d witch e s Th e moti m which un s th r ough the whol e s e r i e s i n s t r uct s the b e witch e d p e r s o how to m a k e figur e s of hi s e n e mi e s a n d t h e n d e s tr o y th e m 2 wi t h p r a y e r s I f th e y a r e to be bu r n t th e n the F i r e g od i s the obj e ct of a do r a tion ’
‘
c
r
"
‘
‘
.
s,
r
,
a
.
"
r
n
-
.
,
fl a mi n g Fi r e g od m i g hty s on o f An u T hou a r t th e fi e r c e s t of thy b r othe r s ; T hou tha t c a n s t g iv e j u dg m e n t lik e S i n a n d Sa ma s Ju dg e t hou my c as e a n d g r a n t m e a de c i s i on O
-
,
,
,
Bu r n
up
Fi r e Fi r e Fi r e Fi r e Fi r e Fi r e Fi r e
O O O
0 O
0 0
-
-
-
-
s or c e r e r
bu r n
an
d
my
up
s or c e r e s s
s or c e re r
m e m y s or c e r e r b u r n th e m ! g od , c on s u m e th e m g od, o v e r p owe r t h e m ! h em ! o d e s t r o y t d , g
-
-
od ,
g
-
my
g od, g od ,
g od,
i
c on s u
c ar r
y th e m
o ff
an
d
s or c e r e s s
!
an
d
s or c e r e s s
!
3
t bl e ts which c on t a i n p r a y e r s i n c a n t a t io n s a n d e x or ci s m s a ga i n s t the Ba n or t a bu which li e s on the m a n th r ough s om e u n kn ow n s i n or u n c l e a n n e s s T he p r i e s t r e cit e s a li s t o f s i n s which T he
S u rp
s er es
con s i s t s
!
a
,
i
of n n e
a
,
.
1
Th e
a éa lc/c u ’
)
e
2 3
ac
wa s
Ba b R e l .
x tt
.
,
l ti
ran s a
s h ow n
on
to b e
t i T h e r e a di n g a s a k/cu ( a n d n o t D oc tr i n e of S i n i n c or r e c t by M or g e n s t e r n
is
n ot c e r a n
.
,
1 905, 1 8
.
T hi s i s di s c u s s e d m or e fu Mex/fl u , T a b e t , 1 9 2
l II
.
.
lly i
n
th e
t
c h a p e r on
S y mp a the ti c M a g i c
.
‘
1
UT UKKI L I M N IITI
TH E
th e
to th e B an
ER I E S
.
h a v e commi t t e d a n d s o l a id h im s e l f op e n which i s n ow pl a gui n g him
ma y
ma n
S
,
.
H a t h he
s et a
A fa t h e r with
s on
a
A d au g h te r with
A
at
s on
m ot he r wit h
a
va r i a n c e
wit h
a
fa th e r ,
,
m oth e r ,
a
da u g h t e r ,
” 1
g r e a t m a n y o f the s i n s a r e tho s e which a r e n ow a l l poi n ti n g to a v e r y c ko n e d a s mo r a l o ffe n c e s bi g i vi li z e d commu n i t y a n d i n clud e the u s e of fa l s e w i th e a cc e pt a n c e o f mo n e y w r on g fully e a r n e d lyi n g mu r d e r But th e r e i s a n o t h e r a dul t e r y an d s tra u n d e r lyi n g th e m which d e cide dly p oi n t s to a di s t b e twe e n th os e p e r s o n s who a r e c e r e mon i a lly on cl e a md t ho s e who a r e n o t ; b r i e fly a p r oo f of th e f th e ta bu a mo n g the B a bylo n i a n s Thi s que s tio n a t l e n gth i n the ch a pt e r d e vot e d t o the s ubj e ct U T U G UUL A M E S or Utu lcki l i mm’i ti E vil se ries i s , a s i ts n a m e 1 mpli e s a s e r i e s o f s p e ll s di r e c tg d \ the a tt a ck s of d e mon s gobli n s a n d g hos ts a n L i s te d o r igi n a lly o f a t l e a s t s i x te e n ta bl e t s of which n o w the thi r d fi f th a n d s i x t e e n t h i n a n a lm os t for m a n d the g r e a t e r p a r t of fo u r o t h e r s b e s id e s r g e f a gm e n t s Th e y a r e for of th e r e m a i n de r of p r i e s t s o r i n d r ivi n g ou t the d e vil s e x o r ci s t s fr om po s s e s s e d p e r s o n s a n d the g e n e r a l t e n o r i s the s a m e t h r ough out th e w hol t e x t D e vil s a r e to be c omb a te d by i n voki n g the god s to h e lp t h a t t h e y m a y be l a id u n d e r 2 a b a n o r divi n e t a bu T he mo s t imp or t a n t poi n t i s th a t an
d
so
on
A
.
,
,
e
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
-
‘
-
,
,
,
,
r
~
t
,
,
,
,
,
r
a
.
,
e
.
,
.
Su rp u
,
Tab
l t II e
,
1 20 .
.
Both g od s a n d de m on s h a ve the p o we r of p u tti n g a ba n o n T i a m a t , i n th e C r e a ti on L e g e n d, whe n a tt a c ke d by M a r du k, 2
i n c a n t a ti on T a bl e t I V 1
an
,
.
,
p r on o u n c e d
he r
s pe
ll
K i n e S e v n ( g,
th e r s “r e c it e d o
T a bl e ts ,
7 1,
x lii
TH E R
I TUAL TAB L ETS
.
oth e r n a t ion s of i n t e r mi n a ble r e p e t itio n s a n d t e diou s di r e ction s for the p r op e r n umb e r of c e n s e r s t abl e s wi n e j ug s a n d oth e r f urn itu r e u s e d i n m a ki n g s a c r ific e s o f i n s t r uction s for th e di ffe re n t s o r t s o f food fl e s h a n d win e which mu s t be u s e d a n d how e a ch i s to be t r e a te d T he f ollowi n g i s a s p e cim e n B f ff i g f th i i g f th th h lt p p ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
e or e
r s n
e
o
e
sun
ou
s
re
a
ar e
on e
o
er n
or
S a ma s
be for e Sa ma s s a a c e b e for e Ada d On e c en s er a c e b e for e M a r du k On e c e n s e r s a O n e c e n s er s a a c e be for e A a s a a c e b e for e Bu n e n e On e c en s er O n e c e ns e r s a a c e be for e Ke ttu s a a c e b e for e M e Sa r u On e c e n s e r On e c en s er s a a c e b e fo r e th e g od of th e m a n A t a ble t hou s ha ace e hi n d the c e n s e r wh i c h i s b e for e Sa m a s T hou s ha l t pl ac e t he r e on fou r j u g s of s e s a me wi n e T h ou s h al t s e t the r e on t hr e e ti me s t we l ve loa v e s ma de of whe a t T hou s hal t a dd a mi x t u r e of hon e y a n d bu tte r a n d s pr i n kle wit h s a lt A t a ble th ou s ha l t p l a c e b e h i n d the c e n s e r whi c h i s b e for e Ada d A t a ble t h ou s ha l t pl a c e be h i n d the c e n s e r wh i c h i s b e for e Ma r du k On e
t ho u t h ou thou t hou thou t ho u t hou th ou
c en s er
l t pl h l t pl h l t pl h l t pl h l t pl h l t pl h l t pl h l t pl l t pl b s ha
a ce
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
” l
.
An d
so
on
.
m e dic a l t e x t s a r e a l s o o f g r e a t h e lp i n the s tu dyof As s y r i a n d e mo n ology i n a s much a s the phy s ici a n wa s a lw a y s r e c e p t iv e o f a i d fr om the s i s t e r a r t He n c e i n te r we fin d s p e r s e d a m on g p r e s c r iptio n s of d r ug s a n d h e r b s i n c an ta ti on s s c a t t e r e d th r ough the ph a r m a cop oe i a s ho r t f or the B a bylon i a n m e dici n e m a n wa s but a witch docto r wi t h a h e r b a li s t s k n owl e dg e of s impl e s combi n e d with T he
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
’
1
Z i mme r n , B a by l on i s c /i e R e li g i on ,
As sy r i a n s
a n al
i m i la r t a bl e t s
B a by lon i a n L i te r a tu r e h a ve
be e n
pu
ii
l
1 , 1 0 5 ; s e e a s o Gr a y , i n an y M r e r ), 4 0 3 R F H a e d ( p ,
.
.
.
.
bli s he d by Z i mm e r n
,
l oc
.
cit
.
TH E
L
EGEND
W OR M
TH E
on
x liii
.
i n g e n uous b e li e f i n a b r a c a d ab r a T h e s e s p e ll s b r i e f thou gh th e y be ofte n re v e a l s om e lit tl e s up e r s ti t ion s om e folk t a l e which s om e tim e s r e a pp e a r i n th e r e mn a n t of t r a dition s of the dw e ll e r s i n mode r n I r a k The b e li e f i n li ttl e wor m s th a t e a t the t e e th i s cu r r e n t i n M e s opota mi a i n Chi n a a n d a mo n g the M a l a y s a n d y e t it c a n be e x i s t e d i n B a bylo n i a two thou s an d y e a r s s how n to h a v e i Thi a o a n d mo r e s the cu n e i for m l e g e n d g Aft A [h d t d th H v ] an
.
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
s
.
er
a
nu
T he H e a v e n s T he E a r t h
c r ea e
t
e
en s
,
E a r th],
[the
c r e a ed
ea
t the R iv e r s T he R ive r s c r e a t e d the C a n a l s T he C a n a ls c r e a t e d the M a r s he s T he M a r s h e s c r e a t e d th e W or m C a me the Wo r m ( a n d ) we p t b e fo r e the S u n Be for e E a c a m e h e r t e a r s W ha t wilt thou g ive m e for my food W ha t wil t t hou g iv e me for m y de v ou r i n g I will g ive t he e r ip e fig s ” wood An d s c e n t e d W ha t a r e t he s e r i p e fig s to m e woo d ? O r s c e n te d L e t m e d r i n k a m on g th e t e e t h c rea ed
,
,
,
.
-
g od,
.
,
l
2
,
.
,
,
An d
s et
on
th e g u m s
blood of the t e e th An d of t he i r g u m s ( 2) de s t r oy th e s t r e n g t h T he n s ha ll I h old th e b ol t of th e door S i n c e t h ou h a s t s a i d t hi s 0 wor m E a s h a ll s m i te t he e with th e mi g h t o f hi s fis t T ha t
I
me
ma y de v ou r
l
th e
,
.
,
,
.
1
L ite r a
lly
‘
de s t r oy
’ .
t r a n s la ti on i n D e vi ls a n d E vi l S p i r i ts t hi s wa s p r ob a bly i n c or r e c tly tr a n s la te d a s dr i e d b on e s I s M A i s th e wor d i n q u e s ti on c on n e c t e d with a n d I r e a d it a s a S e miti c wor d i s ma Mor e p r oba bly it Sh ou ld be r e g ar de d a s a n i de og r a m for ti ttu (s ee 2
In my
’
‘
,
.
“l i ,
Mu s s Ar n ol t, D i c ti on a r y , -
3
4
T he
li
ne is
Ku s a s i ,
un
di ffi c u
kn own
s u b voc e
lt b l wh
)
,
'
1 e .
e c a u s e of a n
e se
er e
.
.
JRI ! u n u s u a de og r a m
.
x liv
TH E
.
E
H AR T
-
P L AN T
.
Pr a y er for the T o otha c h e
R it u a
l
.
—Mi x
l
th e
fe r m e n t e d dr i n k , the p a n t s a ki l bi r , i n ca n ta t i on th r e e ti me s , ( a n d) pu t it
M o s u l I wa s
,
t og e the r t o ot h
t hi s r e pe a t
for
,
a n d oi l on
hi s
”
.
giv e n s om e d r i e d h e n ba n e b e r r i e s which ha d b e e n b r ough t dow n fr om the hill s a n d wa s told on good n a tiv e a utho r ity th a t a m a n wi t h tooth a ch e would fumig a t e hi s t e e th wi t h th e m u n t il the wo r m d r opp e d o u t o f hi s mout h Th e s a m e p r i n cipl e o f d e v e lop e d m a gic i s a pp a r e n t i n the ch a r m o f the H e a r t pl a n t which i s p r e s um a bly the H yos cya rn us ma ti c us which g r ow s i n S i n a i ( M a k a n ) the A r a b s c a lli n g it s a kr a n d r u n k e n “T h H t pl t p g p i M k t d it d th M g d [ In
,
’
‘
2
.
‘
‘
’
-
,
,
,
‘
,
ea r
e
ou
t
and
an
-
s
ran
u
an
a
n
an
,
o on
e
-
o
r oo e
]
,
l
P n te d a [
it i n the mou n ta i n s ] ; th e S u n g od b r ou g h t it down fr om the mo u n t a i n s [a n d] P a n t e d it i n t h ea r h i t s r oot fil l e th the e a r t h i ts h or n s s t r e t c h l e t [ ] o u t to he a v e n s e z d t e on he he a r t of the S u n g od whe n ] he I t i i t s e i z e d 0 11 [ th e he a r t of th e M oon g o d i n th e c l ou ds it s e i z e d o n th e h e a r t of th e o x i n th e s t a ll [I t s e i z ed on the he a r t of th e g o a t] i n the fold i t s e i z e d on th e h e a r t o f th e a s s i n the s t a b l e s e i z e d o n th e h e a r t o f th e d og i n th e k e n n e l it s e i z e d o n the I t [ ] h e a r t o f the p i g i n the s ty e [ I t s e i z e d on the he ar t o f th e ] ma n i n h i s ple a s u r e it s e i z e d o n the h e a r t o f the m a i d i n he r s le e p i n g c h a m be r s e z e d on th e h e a r t of I t i s on o f N [ -
,
.
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
1 2
d E vi l Sp i r i ts , ii , 1 6 0 I n L es Pl a n te s M a g i q u es , e d S ed i r , 1 9 0 2 , i t i s r e c omme n de d to g u ms with S e n ec i o vu lg a r i s a n d t he n r e p a n t it D e vi ls
an
.
.
th e 3
l
Kii c h l e r , B e i tr
ke n n e l s tye a s t r a n s l a ti on s ’
,
’ , .
‘
.
p
zu r
l
.
Ke n n tn i s d e r As sy r Ba by l M edi z i n ,
ea s u r e ,
'
-
.
’
‘
Sl
i
e e p n g c ha
O n the H y os cy a mu s
-
s ee
m be r
rub
.
’
a r e a ll a
f c r e a e p
9
littl
to D e vi ls ,
i
.
l
S ta b
.
e
e,
’
dou btful
C E REMONY
F OR
R
E BU I LD I NG
TEMP L E
A
x lv
.
p r i n cipl e i s a dopt e d i n oth e r fo r m s of m a gic Wh th w ll f t mpl f ll ( it i y ) t di g th f nd ti Th b n t h ll bl 2 f t hi h ( ) h pl I f v f t bl m t h t d y i th i g h t t h y h ll b E l i g ht f d M d k d M d k th p i t h ll m k y M k ff i g t E p h ll i g i th m di g Th i g i g v th b m f th t T he
en
e
n
e
ar
a
-
a
o
s eer s
ou r a
a
er n
s
e s n
er s
a
a
e
s
es s
on
e
e o
a
e
a
on
,
o
ar
ar
r
a
ac e o
u
a
e
ou s e
n
,
ou
a
on ,
.
e
n
e
s
e a
ra
er ,
ea
s o
,
a
,
e
u
e
o
s
or u n a e
a
a an
s n
s n ec e s s a r
e
a an
or
ra
an a
a
e
n
r es
s
or n n
a
a
o er
e
a
h ou s e ,
thou s h al t offe r to Ea Sa ma s a n d Ma r du k 3 6 0 c a k e s of whe a t me a l da te s ( a n d ) a ter m e a l th ou s h al t offe r H on e y s y r u p b u tt e r a n d s we e t o il (s emn e) [t hou s ha l t offe r ] Thr e e a d a g u r v e s s el s t hou s hal t pla c e [a n d fill ( 2) t he m] wit h wi n e A br a z ie r thou s h a lt pl a c e T h ou s ha l t s a c r ifi c e two l a mb s T h e p r i e s t s h all s i n g b e for e [E a ] S a m a s a n d M a r d u k T hr e e
i
o ffe r n g s
,
,
-
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
e ve r a l l i n es br o/s e n S [
a c e n s er
An d
s ha
wi n e ,
ll p
i n fr on t
Wh e n
Ea
c r ea
ou r
ll
of
t
oil
s ha
ll b i
r ng
[hon e y
-
s yr u p
b u tt r e ] ,
t th e i n c a n ta ti on W he n br i c kwor k
An u
,
lk
s es a
,
me wi n e , -
t
c r ea ed
the h e a v e n
.
c r ea ed
th e he a v e n ,
th e O c e a n , hi s dwe
ll
lli
n
g,
l
Ea i n the O c e a n p u e d off a p i e c e of c a y , H e fa s h i on e d the God of Br i c k wor k for th e
H e for me d
mi
.
r e pe a
th e
]
,
‘
t
An u
te d
ie s t
for th the
a n d s we e
An d he s h a
‘
th e p r
,
an d can e
r e e ds
b r a ke s
for th e
r e n e wa
of
use
It
l
b u ildi n g
.
g oe s on to d e s cr ib e the v a r iou s gods e tc who t a k e p a r t i n buildin g The r e f e r e n c e to a n ci e n t occu r r e n c e s wh e n cu r e s a r e b e in g e ffe ct e d occu r like wi s e i n E gypti a n m a gic F or in fl a mm a ti on s th e r e wa s a r e m e dy a mo n g the E gypti a n s compoun de d with the milk of a wom an th a t ha d bo r n e “ O my a n d ov e r thi s a ch a r m to b e r e cit e d : a m a n child it bu n s on the hill s ; n o w a t e r i s th e r e n o s on Ho r u s ! ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
r
1
We i s s b a c h
,
,
Ba b Mi s ce l l e n , 3 2 .
.
x lvi
TH R EE
h e lp e r
is
C
OMPONENTS
I N AN
I
NCAN TAT IO N
.
th e r e ; b r i n g w a t e r ov e r the flood (i e the w a t e r Wi e de m an n th e i n un d a tio n ) to put out the fir e of a r a ti on nd thi s a s a myth o f u n iv e r s a l c on fl a e x pl a i n s g j u s t a s Ho r us h a d e xt i n gui s h e d the fl a m e s on th a t occ a s io n 1 a mm a ti o n s o w o uld h e s ubdu e th e i n fl I n a ll m a gic th r e e thi n g s a r e n e c e s s a r y for th e p e r fe ct F i r s t the W o r d o f P ow e r by which the s o r c e r e r e x o r ci s m i n vok e s di vi n e or s up e r n a tu r a l a i d to i n flu e n c e the obj e ct S e co n dly the k n owl e dg e of the n a m e of hi s u n d e r t a ki n g o r d e mo n h e i s wo r ki n g hi s or d e s c r iptio n o f th e p e r s o n ch a r m a g a in s t wi th s om e thin g mo r e t a n gibl e be it n a il p a r i n gs or h a i r i n the hum a n c a s e T hi r dly s om e d r ug t o which wa s o r igin a lly a s c r ib e d a powe r vouch s a fe d by the g od s f or th e w e l fa r e o f m a n ki n d or s om e ch a r m or i n the b r oa d es t s e n s e s om e thi n g m a t e r i a l e v e n or a mul e t a wa x figu r e o r a to n e m e n t s a c r ific e to a i d the phy s ici a n i n his fi n a l ffo t Almo s t a ll i n c a n t a tion s c a n b e s plit up i n to t hr e e m a i n divi s io n s e a ch with i ts o r igi n i n t h e s e t h r e e d e s id e r a tiv e s Th e W or d of P ow e r co n s i s t s i n i ts s impl e s t f o r m of the n a m e o f s om e divi n e b e i n g or thi n g c a ll e d i n to h e lp the m a gici a n with s up e r hum a n a i d I n the N w T e s t a m e n t “ i ts u s e i s obvi ou s M a s t e r we s a w on e c a s ti n g out d e vil s i n thy n a m e e x a c t ly e x p r e s s e s th e b e li e fs o f a ll tim e a n d mo r e i n s t r uctiv e s till i s the r e buk e which the “ P ha r i s e e s b r ought d o w n on th e m s e lv e s by s a yi n g Thi s f e llow doth n ot c a s t ou t d e vil s but by B e e lz e bub the p r i n c e of the d e vil s Ju s t a s a Ch r is ti a n mon k R a bb an “ H or mi z d th e P e r s i n b a n n e d th e d e vil s of the impur e .
.
’
.
'
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
‘
,
e
r
.
,
.
,
e
.
.
,
,
,
,
”
3
.
a
1
3
,
W i e de m a n n R elig i on ,
2
,
Mar k M a tt
.
ix 38 x ii 2 4
cf
,
,
.
.
l
a so
,
273,
M a tt
.
qu oti n g vi i ,
22
Pa p E ber s , p l Lu k e i , 4 9 .
x
.
.
lxi x l ,
.
3 ff
.
TH E
W O RD O F
PO W ER
.
“ wo d By Je u Ch i t
I g n a tiu s
r s s s wi t h the I bi n d y o r s s o would a n A s s yri a n m a gici a n O y e t r e mbli n g ho r d e t hou s an d y e a r s e a r li e r e n d hi s s p e ll s a g a i n s t d e mo n s a “ by sa yi n g By h e a v e n be y b a n n e d ! by e a r t h be y e 2 ! ban n e d But the A s s y r i a n e x o r ci s m s s how a f a r mo r e e l a bo r a t e g r owth E a a n d M a r duk a r e the two mo s t pow e r ful gods i n A s s y ri a n s o r c e r y the l a tt e r a s th e s on o f E a b e i n g a pp e a l e d to by th e m a gi ci a n to a c t a s i n te r m e di a r y wi t h hi s fa th e r who i s l e a r n e d i n a ll s p e ll s I n n um e r ou s i ii ca n ta ti on s it i s r e cog n iz e d a s a r e gul a r fo r mul a to r e p e a t the l e g e n d o f M a r duk goi n g to hi s f a th e r E a for a dvic e ; a n d thi s wa s s uch a commo n p r oc e du r e th a t the l a t e r the i n cid e n t by putti n g th e i n iti a l a bb r e vi a t e d s c ib e s “ wor d s of the th r e e p i n cip a l ph r a s e s i n the s to r y : M a r duk h a th s e en Wh a t I ; G o my s on Th e f ull r e cit a l i s a s follow s Ma r duk h a th s e e n him ( the s ick m a n ) a n d h a th e n t e r e d an d th e h ou s e of h i s f a th e r E a h a th s a id : F a th e r h e a d a ch e fr om th e u n d e r wo r ld h a t h go n e fo r th Twic e W h a t thi s m a n h a th do n e h e h e h a th s a id u n t o him kn ow e t h n ot ; wh e r e by ma y h e be r e l i e v e d ? E a ha t h ”
u,
1
,
,
,
e
,
”
.
"
,
,
[
,
-
,
.
'
r
r
”
”
.
,
,
,
,
’
3
.
‘
,
’
bi i l y n i m s d s f p I t r u n s thr ou g h a l l As s yr i a n ma g i c it i s s a i d of to l a y u n d e r a b a n “ hi m t ha t i s b ou n d th ou loos e s t th e S u n g od a su /cs u r a ta p a tta r — u s é o s T e x t 1 8 1 9 1 n d a ttama mu d i r zks zs u n u y a b a r n a e li i r a R G g ( “ t hou kn owe s t t he i r bon ds mu éa l l i k r a g g i map a § § i r N A M B UL R I e iv 1 7 r e v d e s t r oyi n g e vil ma ki n g r e l e as e 2 C hr i s ti a n t h n t we r e a a bl e r i e s t s i n e O r i e c o t u i t i f r n n h e r p p g c a l a c c ou n t b n in g t o r a c ti a s i s c l e a r o b o o w o f a n f r m J a c of e r p p “ Ede s s a Qu 4 7 C on c e r n i n g a p r i e s t who wr it e s a c u r s e a n d h a n g s it i o n a t r e e t h a t n o ma n m a y e a t of the fr u it R o b e r t s o n m it h e l i o n S R ( g 1
Bu dg e , H i s tor i es
o
R a bba n H or mi z d , 4 7 4
.
To
’
.
’
v
-
s
”
,
’
‘
’
,
,
,
-
-
’
.
-
,
,
”
,
,
,
.
’
‘
,
,
,
.
”
,
f
o
the S e mi tes , 3
T hi s l i n e
is
a
lw y v i a
s
a r e d,
’
it be i n g
th e
fi r s t li n e
of
the
t a b le t
.
x lviii
P AR AL L EL S
FR
OM
M AL AY S
TH E
.
we r e d hi s s on M a r duk O my s on wh a t do s t thou n ot kn ow wh a t mo r e c a n I give th e e O M a r duk wh a t do s t thou n ot k n ow wh a t c a n I a dd to t hy kn owl e dge ? W h a t I k n o w thou k n owe t a l s o G o my s on M a r duk the p r e s c r iptio n to b e u s e d i n a n d E a th e n giv e s h i s s on h e a li n g the p a ti e n t Thi s m e thod of quotin g a t l e n gth d e v e lopm e n t of the Wo r d s uch a n e pi s o d e i s m e r e ly th e o f P ow e r M a l a y c e r e mo n i e s a r e v e y s imil a r i n p r i n cipl e to tho s e To m a k e a n e utr a li s i n g ch a r m the o f th e B a bylo n i a n s m a gici a n mu s t s a y ‘
an s
,
,
,
,
,
s
,
.
,
.
1
.
r
’
‘
.
“N ot
mi n e
t he s e m a te r i al s T he y a r e the ma t e r i a ls of Ké ma l u l h a ki m N ot to m e b e l o n g s t hi s n e u t r a l i s i n g c h a r m T o M a li m S a i d i b e l on g s t h i s n e u t r a l i s i n g c ha r m I t i s n ot I who a p ply it I t i s M a li m Ka r i mu n who a ppli e s i t are
,
-
-
,
.
,
”
2
.
In
an
“(T h
r
e
T he
It
is
e
n c an
is
An d
n ess
s c
n c an
T he
It
A s s y r i a n m e dic a l t e x t th e p a a ll e l i s compl e te w t i k i ll t t N f N ) t i v I t ti i t d f m ki d th I t ti f B d G l h k dd I t ti f Ni th l t ti d f i a
a
on
n c an a
no
s
a
on
re u r n
on
n
’
o
o
en
a u
n -a
a-
un o
e
o
,
an
an
u
.
s on n
o
.
,
u a,
u,
e
or
o
n can
a
on
;
t he y
who h a v e p e r for me d, ” 3 h a v e a d op t e d
I
.
y p r e s c r ip tio n
T he
no
t
s or
goi n g to hi s fa th e r E a duplic a t e d i n H e r m e s T ri s m e gi s tu s
is
sa
y s ( R e l ig i o n
f or in
,
th a t fr om th e fa c t t ha t E a a n d E r i d u a r e s o ofte n m e n ti on e d th e the or y i s s u g g e s t e d th a t we m ay u l ti m a t el y t r a c e m a n y i n c a n ta ti on s to the t e m pl e of E a t h a t on c e s t ood i n E r i d u ; a n d th a t wh e n G i r r u a n d N u zku a r e m e n ti o n e d the i n c a n t a ti on s mu s t be r e fe r r e d to the a u thor ity of the p r i e s t s of th e t e mple s of th e s e g ods O n the g ods of the i n c a n ta ti on s e e ibi d 2 89 S k e a t M a la y Ma g i c 4 2 7 3 F e b r u a r y 1 9 0 8 T he t e x t i s fr om my c op y i n C T xx iii 1
Ja s tr ow
M a r duk
of
,
Ge r m a n
ed
.
,
2 75)
,
.
.
,
,
,
3 , 1 3 ff
,
an
d 1 0 , 20 ff
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
NO W L E D GE OF
1
K
bu r n
NAME IN M AGI C
TH E
.
h e a r t of N s on of N (to follow ) a fte r 1 I n the T a lmud t h e r e N the s on ( or d a ugh t e r ) of N i s a s to r y of R Jo s hu a a n d R Akib a who on goi n g t o the b a th s s a w a m a gici a n who ut t e r e d a m a gic wo r d a n d I n r e tu r n R Jo s hu a pro n ou n c e d h e ld th e m p r i s on e r s th e wo r d of pow e r th a t h e k n e w a n d imm e di a t e ly the 2 doo r b a r r e d the wa y for the m a gici a n s e g r e s s E n ough ha s b e e n s a id on thi s u s e o f m a gic a l n a m e s th e s e co n d compo n e n t o f th e p e r fe ct a s wo r d s of pow e r ; c ha r m wa s th a t the m a gici a n s h ould kn ow s om e thi n g e ve n i f o n ly the n a m e o f the p e r s o n or d e mo n whom h e hope d T he origi n o f t hi s would a pp e a r to b r i n g i n to s ubj e ctio n ra g s o r n a il to h a v e a r i s e n i n the b e li e fs a bout h a i r p a rin g s which a r e coll e cte d a n d w r ought i n t o the ch a r m the co n n e cti n g li n k s b e t we e n i t a n d the victim as If t h e s e a r e w a n ti n g th e n the n a m e a lo n e wil l be e n ough f or w a n t of a y t hi n g b e tt e r ; i n the c a s e o f a d e m on it i s obviou s ly th e o n ly e m an a ti n th a t the s o r c e r e r c a n i n fir e the
.
.
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
n
o
l Th l ly th
S e e my a r ti c T hi s i s p a r ti c u a r 1
e
e
F olkl or e
e c as e
f M os sou l
o
with the
n am e n o
l
1 90 7 , 1 70 , N o 9
,
.
.
(
s ee
Ba u di s s i n , S tu d i e n ,
l
H e b r e w m a g i c wa s a wa y s r e s p e c t e d by Ge n ti e n a ti on s , a s i s t e s tifi e d to by the wa y i n whi c h th e H e br e w divi n e n a me s a r e u s e d a s
i n c a n ta ti on s th i s u s e i s p r e v a le n t ( s e e L e e m a n s Pa py r i Gr eec i ) a n d e v e n i n D e mo ti c Eg y p ti a n it i s fou n d T o p r e v e n t a s h i p wr e c k a D e mo ti c p a py r u s p r e s c r ib e s th e foll owi n g C e n om s i tu l i n voq u e s a u de va n t d ( u n e ) t e m p ete e lle s e r a s a n s n a u fr a g e a c a u s e d e s n o m e s des D i os kor os q u i ( s on t ) de da n s a fin q u i l s a u v e tu c r i e r a s An u k Adon a i l a for m u le (e s t d u n e la n g u e ) etr a n g er e i l d on n e r a u n e g r a n de for c e ( e t) 11 n y a u r a p a s de dé s a s t r e ( Gr ofl E tu d es s u r l a S or c ell er i e m é mo i r es p r é s e n tés a l i n s ti tu t ég yp ti en C a i r o 1 89 7 iii fa s c Gr off s e e s i n t hi s An u k Ado n a i a p os s i bl e iv ) e me n da ti on for ”UR HJ N i n Jon a h I n the Gr ee k p a p yr i the As s yr i a n n a me Er e Ski g a l ha s be e n fou n d u n de r the for m Ep x q x T hi s wa s p oi n t e d ou t fi r s t by L e g g e Fe br u a r y 1 9 01 S a n hedr i n vii wor ds
w e r o p
of
.
I n the Gr e e k ,
,
’
.
’
-
,
,
’
,
,
’
,
,
,
’
”
’
,
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
ea
,
2
,
,
i
a
.
C E R EMON I E S
li
.
obta i n of him a n d h e n c e to l e a r n th e n a m e c a m e to be th e e quiv a l e n t of obt a i n i n g s om e thi n g mo r e r e ga r de d a s ta n gibl e Thi s i s the r e a s on for th e lon g ca ta logue s of d e vil s th a t the B a bylon i a n wiz a rd r e p e a t s i n th e hop e th a t h e ma y hit on th e corr e ct di a gn o s i s of the di s e a s e d e mon who wil l s t r a ight wa y com e fo r th wh e n he p e rc e iv e s th a t hi s n a m e i s k n ow n Wh e th e r thou a r t a n e vil S pi r it o r a n e vi l D e mo n or a n e vil G ho s t or a n e vil D e vil o r a n e vil God o r a n e vil F i e n d or s ick n e s s or d e a th or P h an tom of Night or Wr a ith of N ight or fe v e r 2 be thou r e mov e d fr om b e fo r e m e or or e vil p e s til e n c e e v e n lo n g e r c a t a logu e s o f gho s t s of pe opl e who h a v e di e d u n n a tu r a l de a th s or h a v e b e e n l e ft un bur i e d who h a v e r e tu r n e d to to r m e n t th e livi n g t h a t the r it e s n e c e s s a ry to giv e th e m r e s t ma y be p a id T he thi r d a n d l a s t p a r t of the s p e ll a s we h a v e a l r e a dy m e n tion e d i s the c e r e mon y with w a t e r d r ug s a mule t s T he s impl e s t fo r m th a t thi s c a n t a k e w x figu r e s e tc i s pu r e w a t e r with which th e d e mon i a c i s w a s h e d pl a i n ly 4 wi th the p r in cipl e of Cl e a n s i n g lyin g u n de r n e a th i t W h e n a ma n h a s f a ll e n s ick of a h e a d a c h e the A s s y r i a n m a gici a n ta ke s wa te r fr om two s tr e a m s a t the s pot wh e r e th e y r u n i n t o on e a n oth e r which lik e the c r o s s r o a d s i s a lw a y s a pl a c e for m a gic With thi s w a te r he s p r i n kl e s the p a ti e n t 5 F or s om e oth e r fo r m of di s e a s e a ddi n g du e e n ch a n tm e n t s th e p r i e s t will cl e a n s e him with w a t e r i n which c e r t a i n 6 h e r b s h a v e b e e n s te e p e d a cu s tom s till pre v a l e n t a mo n g th e M a l a y s A fte r childbi r th a mon g the Ma l a ys a p a r t ,
1
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
,
3
.
,
,
,
a
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
1 2
4 5
T hi s i s mor e fu
lly di
s c u s s ed
t
c h a p e r on
i n the
the
O n the
d E vi l Sp i r i ts , i , 1 6 , 1 7 , 11 1 5 4 fi h o i n e s s of wa t e r s e e Ba u di s s i n , S tu d i e n ,
D e vi ls ,
ii
'
D evi ls a n
l
,
.
.
lt
Tab
e
P,
’
l
.
6 5 ff
.
6
I bi d
.
,
3
At m t I bid xxx ff on e .
ii T a bl e t
,
en
.
,
.
l
fl
1 48
.
‘
T,
.
30
”
.
lii
IN CAN TAT IO N OF
T HE
ER I D U
.
c e r e mo n y con s i s ts i n a dmi n i s t e r i n g a n e x t a o r di n a r y mi x tu r e ca ll e d i n S e l a n g or the Hu n d r e d H e r b s but i n M a l a cc a me r e ly pot h e r b s which i s co n coct e d fr om a l l ki n d s of h e r b s r o ot s a n d s pic e s The i n gr e di e n t s a r e put i n to a l a r g e v e s s e l of w a te r a n d l e f t to s o a k a po r ti on of the liquo r b e i n g s t r a in e d o ff a n d giv e n to th e p a t i e n t a s a potio n e v e r y mo r n i n g f r a bout te n d a y s “ — A n oth e r A s s y r i a n s p e ll i s s till mo r e e x plicit Ma y of N i n th e b ody b e c a r r i e d off a l l th a t i s e vil [ ] [ ] with the w a t e r of hi s body a n d the w a s hin g s of h i s h a n d s t h e r iv e r c a r r y it a w a y dow n s t r e a m a n d ma T h e y ph r a s e p e r fo r m the I n c a n ta tio n o f e x pl a n a t io n of th e E r idu which i s s o o f t e n p r e s c r ib e d mu s t be s om e s impl e c e r e mon y of thi s ki n d for E r idu i s th e hom e o f E a the s e a god I t i s n ot p r ob a bl e a s a n a lt e r n a tiv e e x pl a n a tio t h a t th e docto r s r e comm e n d e d a fr e que n t u s e of the “ c er e mon y which b e gi n s I n E r idu g r ow e th the th e po s s ibility b e i n g t h a t th e s c r ib e a s u s u a l r ef rs to t he S p e ll by p a r t of i ts fi r s t li n e I t i s v e r y e l a bora te how e v e r to be m e r e ly a n a dj u n ct to the m a i n e x o r ci s m i n t hi s s a m e t e x t m e n tio n i s m a d e of a n a n d fu r t h e r I n c a n t a t i on o f th e D e e p which i s p r ob a bly a pu r ific a tion of a s imil a r ki n d Th e foll owi n g t r e a tm e n t i s i n t e r e s ti n g W M d k h t h h t I my ; G [ Ag i t th (f v )h t d ld ki dly f th fl h Fill b wl with w t f m p l th t h d h th t h d P t th i t m i k m st / l h d lk l i
of
the
r
’
‘
,
,
‘
’
-
,
'
,
,
.
‘
,
1
o
.
.
,
,
”
-
2
.
”
,
,
,
,
n
-
.
,
,
,
e
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
,
.
ar
a
u
a ns
s e en
e
e
er e n
u
a
’
a
ea
an
co
a er
ro
a
er -
o
a
‘
ar s
a
,
’
a ca
o,
un
oo
s on
n
a
,
or
no
es
an
or n e
,
e
,
a
a
ou c
a
e
,
,
wm e , S k e a t , M a l a y Ma g i c , 3 47 ii , 5 1 b, 11 1 ff For the .
.
.
wa t e r 3
foot n ot e to p 1 29 ’ ‘ D e vi ls , i , T a b e t K, 1 1 83 ff
wor d
see
NUN
l
KI , i s .
.
.
E r i du
vil i n fl u e n c e s
wa s he d
a wa
y by
.
.
-
e
.
.
T he S u me r i a n
b eg in s
wit h th e
W AT
the r e i n
ER I N M AG IC
liii
.
i i ( 2) r i n g G iv e h i m p u r e wa t e r to d r i n k Pou r th e wa t e r u p o n th i s ma n Pu ll u p a r oot of s a ffr on u p p u r e s a l t a n d p u r e a l k al i F a t of th e ma t/c u bi r d b r ou g h t fr om the m ou n t a i n s p u t t he r e i n An oi n t (the r e wit h ) th e b ody of tha t ma n s e v e n ti me s Pu t
s h n ng
a
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
and
,
” 1
.
E l s e wh e r e
the
M a y M a r duk
,
r a bi s a e
ld s t
d e mon
s on
e
o
f
thu s w a s h e d a w a y kl him with E r idu s p r i n — e , wate l i mpi d wa te r with is
n
r,
,
_ _
h e b e p u r e , m a y he b e _
,
cl a n ; l e t the evil r a bi s u g o f o r th a n d s ta n d a wa y fr om him ; m a y ma y a ki n d l y h i ma s s a ge n iu s b“e p res e n t n e a r hi s bo dy But fa r a bov e or di n a y w a t e r wa s the s a c r e dn e s s of the E uph r a t e s T a citu s r e l a te s th a t the A r m en ia n s r e v e r e n c e d “ it ; Luci a n s a y s th a t t wic e a y e a r a g r e a t co n cou r s e o f wor s hipp e s a s s e mbl e d a t th e T e mpl e (o f Hi e r a poli s ) “ b e a r i n g w t e fr om the s e a a s y n on ym for the E uph r a t e s which wa s pou r e d out i n th e t e mpl e Amon g the A r a b s i f w a t e r fr o m the E uph r t e s i s p r ocu r a bl e it 5 S hould be s p r i n kl e d on the n e w bo r n b a b s f o r e he a d “ a n d th e the R iv e To th e H e b r e w s it wa s a lw a y s T a lmud c on t a i n s s om e r e fe r e c e to t hi s v e e a tion At th e s igh t of B a bylo n on e s h o uld r e ci t e five b e n e dic t io n s ; “ t hu s on s e e i n g th E uph r a t e s : P r a i s e d be th e Au tho r e
-
-
.
.
.
”
.
,
w
?
e
r
3
.
r
r
a
,
.
,
a
,
,
-
e
’
.
r,
n
n
iv
1
,
26 , 7
.
H a u p t,
1 1,
by wa te r s e e Q u ote d by M i n a s C on g r ii 82 6 3
.
,
,
iii
1
,
ii
fica ti on
4
.
e
,
2
r
T c hé r a z
On
.
5 8,
,
on
ano
No
.
6
t he r t e x t
li
with p u r i
ng
.
Am i r
de a
en a n
Ma g i c , T r a n s N i n th Or .
.
.
D e D ea S y r i a ,
l
13
l
.
Q t d by uo e
R ob e r t s on S m ith , R e l S em .
.
,
ll
2 32
.
T o th e d we e r s i n mp a r e s a s o M e it o, Sp i c i l eg i u m S y r i a c u m, 2 5 M e s op ot a mi a the Eu phr a t e s wa s the s e a ( Phi l os tr a tu s , Vi ta Ap ol l , 1, 5 H a dj i Kha n , Wi th Pi lg r i ms to Mecc a , 4 7
He
co
.
.
liv
W ATE R at
the
s
igh t
.
“P ra i s e d
be H e idol s f n s o f h e t t h s o ight rui a t e er in who i s l on g s u fl ; g “ P r a i s e d be H e who h a th the p a l a c e o f N e buch a d n e zz a r s e e i n g th e on d e s tr oy e d the p a l a c e o f thi s impiou s on e pl a c e of the fi e r y fur n a c e of H a n a n i a or D a n i e l s de n o f “ lion s P r a i s e d be H e who p e r fo r m e d mi r a cl e s i n fa vou r If on e s e e s the pl a c e i n thi s pl a c e a n c e s to r s of o u r d om which m e n u s e d to t a k e e a r th to s p r e a d eser t f r n o w ( ) “ a p ti s m of s or t which co b n s titute s a on a n im a l s ( “P r a i s e d be H e th a t t a lke t h a n d a c te th who o r d e r e th l a tr y er e s tr o t o d idol O ld a n d k e e p e th H i s p r omi s e s ) ( y th a n t h e s e cu s tom s p r ob a bly i s the A s s y r i a n hym n of
C r e a tio n
M AGI C
IN
of
the
,
”
,
’
,
,
’
.
,
”
.
,
,
O
t hou
R iv e r , wh o di ds t
t
a ll
c re a e
thi n g s
W he n the g r e a t g ods du g the e ou t T he y s e t p r os pe r ity u p on thy b a n k s Withi n the e E a the Ki n g of the D e e p
,
,
,
,
t
c r ea ed
hi s d we
lli
n
g
” 2 .
But mo s t r iv e r s w e r e doubtl e s s fa mou s i n th e i r o wn l oc a liti e s I n P a l e s t i n e i t wa s the Jor d a n which could h e a l l e p r o s y a s i n the c a s e of N a a m a n a n d r e mov e the ta bu j u s t a s i n l a te r tim e s Joh n b a ptiz e d a l l the r e gion r oun d 4 a bout th e r e i n T he o r igi n i s doubtl e s s to b e s ought i n the wo r s hip o f r iv e r g o d s j u s t a s i n mod e r n tim e s i n P a l e s ti n e s tr e a m s a r e v e n e r a t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r loc a l s a i n t S h ekh Y u s e ph e l h a gg o f N e bk s a y s with r e s p e ct to th e s a i n t who h a s ch a r g e of the s t r e a m s a t N e bk who s e n a m e i s M oh a mm e d ar e l Ghu fl a t h e a pp e a r s i n v a r iou s f o r m s t h om tim s e e s y a s a n old m a n s om e tim e s a s a you n g m a n i n whit e but .
3
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
-
,
,
,
'
-
,
,
1
B er a hhoth,
ix
,
,
2,
ed
.
S c hwa b , 1 5 1
W Ki n g S e ve n Ta bl e ts M a tt iii 5 O n Ba p ti s m Bi bl i c a v 23 9 — 36 1 2
L
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
1, 1 2 9 an d
.
3 .
C hr i s ti a n
A
2
Ki n g s
l y
r c h ae o og
v
,
s ee
10
.
S tu d i a
AS H
E S I N M AG IC
lv
.
lw a ys i n hum a n for m ; s om e s e e him a t n ight oth e r s s e e him by da y s om e s e e him i n d r e a m s on ly tho s e who h a v e the light i n th e i r h e a r t s s e e him F r om th e s e c a s e s it i s but a s t e p to th e holy w a t e r I n the e x t r a o r di n a r y c e r e mo n y for the o r d e a l o f a dult r y “ i n N umb e r s v 1 1 ff the p r i e s t t a k e s holy w a te r i n a n e a r th e n v e s s e l a n d put s du s t o f th e floor o f th e t a b e r n a cl e th e r e i n whil e the a ccu s e d wom a n i s brought b e fo r e Ya hw e h with he r h a i r u n boun d a n d a m e a l o ffe r i n g i n he r h a n d s T h e n th e p r i e s t i s to m a k e th e wom a n s w e a r w r iti n g the “ o a th i n a book a n d w a s hi n g it ou t i n the wa te r f bitte r n e s s which the wom a n mu s t th e n d r i n k I f the a ccu s a t io n b e t r u e th e n s he s h a ll s we ll up a n d he r thigh f ll a w a y but i f fa l s e th e n n o t hi n g s h a l l h a pp e n Amo n g th e Gr e e k s pu r ific a tio n by w a t e r wa s comm o i n the c a s e o f d e mon i a c po s s e s s io n Afte r the e x o r ci s m o f th e e vil divi n ity the p a t i e n t wa s w a s h e d cl e a n o f th s i n s which ha d b r ought on th e s ick n e s s the body a n d s oul 3 b e i n g pu r ifi e d by w a t e r a n d f umiga tion s (Ovu au ) O n e o f the mo s t cu r iou s di r e ctio n s fo r m a ki n g m a gic a s h e s f or pur ific a tion i s con t a i n e d i n N umb e r s A r e d h e i f r withou t bl e mi s h i s to be s l a ugh t e r e d a n d the p r i e t mu s t th e n s p r i n kl e s om e of the bl oo d s e v e n tim e s b e fo e Th e whol e of th the t a b e r n a cl e of th e co n g r e g a ti on c a r c a s e i s t h e n to be bu r n t a n d the p r ie s t i s to c a s t c e d a hy s s op a n d s c a r l e t i n to the fir e i n which the h e i fe r i be i n g con s um e d H e th e n mu s t pu r ify him s e lf a n d a “ cl e a n ma n g a th e r s up the a s h e s for a wa te r o f s e p a r a tion “ Wh e n a n y of th e p e opl e as a purific a t ion for S i n a
,
,
,
”
1
.
’
‘
.
e
”
,
,
,
-
.
,
o
”
.
,
,
2
a
,
.
,
n
.
e
,
,
-
a ra
i
.
4
.
e
s
,
r
e
.
r,
,
s
,
,
.
”
,
’
.
1
C u r ti s s , P r i m S e m R e l , 7 9 , n ot e 2 R e l S em , 1 80 ; Je wi s h E n cy c l , i , 2 1 7 .
2
.
3
.
.
Ma u r y , L a M a g i c,
.
.
.
26 4
.
.
x ix
,
1 ff
.
lvi
E IN M AGI C
AS H S
.
b e c a m e un cl e a n t h r ough a d e a t h i n a t e n t th e m e thod of cl e a n s in g wa s to ta k e s om e of t he s e a s h e s a n d mi x th e m A cl e a n ma n wa s th e n wi t h r u n n i g w a t e r i n a v e s s e l a n d s p r i kl e it on the to t a k e hy s s op dip i n thi s w a t e r t e n t the v e s s e l s th e r e i n a n d the p e r s on s wh o h a d b e com e u n cl e a n by r e a s on o f the c o p s e S a l e p oi n t s ou t th e s imil a r i t y o f t hi s s t or y of th e r e d h e i fe r wit h a n Ar a b p a r a ll e l of a cow c a lf l e ft by a fa th e r H i s m oth e told him to s e ll th e c a l f for t h r e e to hi s on pi c e s o f gold ; a n a n g e l a cco s te d him on th e wa y to m a r k e t a n d o ff r e d S ix pi e c e s but th e s o n d e cli n e d to mot he r con s e n te d H e th e r e f r e r e t u r n e d s ll u n t il h i s hom obt a i n e d hi s moth e r s p e r mi s s ion a n d g a i n me t as much who thi s t im e o ff r e d him twic the a n g e l p r ovide d t ha t he would s a y n othi n g of it t hi s moth e r T he y ou n g m a n h ow e v e r did n o t g e e n d h i s moth e r p e rc e iv e d th a t i t wa s a n a n g e l th a t ha d s poke n T he a n g e l t h e n d e cl a r e d th a t th e I s r a e lit e s would t s om e tim e buy t h a t he i f r a t a n y p r ic e S ho r tly a ft e r wa r d s a mu r d e r wa s commit t e d a n d i n the a b s n c e o f e vid e n c e a s to the c r imi n a l G od comm a d e d t ha t a c ow with s uch a n d s uch m a r k s s hould be kill e d a n d thi s a ppli e d o n ly t o the h e i fe r i n qu e s tio n T he I s r a e lit e s w e r e oblig e d to buy h e r a t s much gold a s he r hid e would h old a t r a diti o n s imil a r to th a t c on t a i n e d i n the his to r y of the wo r d Bép ; a n d th e n th e y s a c ific e d the h e i fe r a n d by divi n e di r e ctio s t r uck the d e a d body with p a r t o f it Th e co p s e r e viv e d 2 a ccu s e d the mu r d e r by n a m e a n d t h e n fe ll b a ck d e a d ,
n
.
n
,
,
,
,
r
.
1
-
s
r
.
e
e
,
,
e
o
.
’
e,
a
,
e
e
,
,
o
,
a
,
r
,
.
a
.
a
e
.
e
,
n
,
,
.
a
,
-
oa
r
n,
,
,
r
.
er
1
Kor a n , S u r a h
ii
,
.
,
.
l
O n th e i de a s of b ood b r e a ki n g for t h fr om a c or ps e a t the p r e s e n c e of the m u r de r e r , a n d on th e u s e of b ood to d e t e r m i n e c or r e c t a n c e s t r y 2
t i s a b s or p ti on i n t o b on e s ) by (
l
,
s ee
Koh u t ,
xx iv
,
1 29
.
lviii
M AGI C C I R CLE
TH E
.
igh t th a t i s i f a gu e s t s hould n ot h a v e r e m a i n e d m or e t ha n two n igh t s bu t s ho u ld h a v e b e e n s u ffe re d to go a wa y b e fo r e f ulfillin g th e th r e e n ight s d e m a n de d by “ cu s tom T he r e c e ipt r un s : T a k e a s s a foe tid a s ulphu r hu n y i t t r u s (a n e vil s me lli n g r oo t) o n io n s ki n s d r i e d l e mon g r a s s l e a v e s a n d a n ol d ma t or a r e c a n u t hu s k clo th bu r n t h e m a n d l e a v e the as h e s for a bout a n hou r 1 a t s u n s e t on th e floo r of th e p as s a g e i n f r o n t o f the doo r T he u s e o f a c e n s e r t o fumiga t e the m a n would a pp e a r to h a v e i ts o r igin i n fir e p u r i fic a ti on a lthough th e r e i s th e s e co n d p os s ibility th a t it i s the e vil s t e n ch which d r iv e s th e d e mo n a w a y The liv e co a l bo r n e by the s e r a ph t o t ouch 2 Is a i a h s mouth to ta k e a w a y u n cl e a n n e s s i s p a r a l le l e d i n 3 which di r e ct s t h a t gold s ilv e r b r a s s the l a w o f N umbe r s i r on ti n l e a d a n d a n ythi n g th a t will s ta n d fi e i s to be fi r s t p a s s e d t h ough the fl a m e a n d th e n cl e a n s e d wi t h the w a te r of s e p ar a tio n t h a t it ma y be cl e a n To r e t u r n to the m a gic ci r cl e which ha s a l r e a dy b e e n m e n t i on e d The A s s y r i a n s o r c e r e r i s a dvi s e d to m a k e s e v e n lit t l e wi n g e d figu r e s t o s e t b e fo r e the god N e r g a l with the foll owi n g s p e ll th e
n
,
,
,
‘
.
,
’
-
-
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
”
.
-
,
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
r
,
r
4
,
.
.
,
Ih v p I hv b
t he i r u p r a i s e d a r ms o u n d t he i r a r ms with a c ol o u r e d c or d a e t a ma r i s k ( e r a ) (a n d) th e he a r t o f the p a l m h a v e c om p le t e d th e u s u r tu ( m a g i c c i r c le ) wit h a h a v e I s u r r ou n de d t he m a
I
e s
r ead a
da r k d r e s s
on
,
,
,
se
tti n g ( t he r eb y ) i kl i n g
s pr n
of
lim
e
,
1 2
S ke a t, M a l a y Ma g i c , 3 5 1 vi , 6
.
.
3
xxx i 2 2 Ihv
,
,
4
a
e
23
s ee n
.
an
A b ib x e
ra
i n t he
S i n a iti c Pe n i n s u
l
t
a, a f e r
ve r a l da y s fir e on e of th e t hor n b u s he s of th e de se r t a n d j u mp ov e r it a s it bl a z e d p r e s u m a bl y to c u t off the b a d for t u n e dog g i n g hi s s te p s ( M a n Ju n e T he r e a r e s e ve r a l i n s ta n c e s i n Fr a z e r s Golde n B ou g h iii 2 7 3 we h a d h a d
no
l kf
hu n te r
'
uc
or
se
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
.
M AG IC CI R C L E
TH E
li x
.
Ni s a b a (the c or n g od) the ba n of the g r e a t g ods I ha ve s e t a r ou n d t he m At the he a d of the s e s e ve n with fe ar fu l wi n g s I ha v e s e t a fi g u r e of N e r g a l I ha ve pla c e d N u zku (the fir e g od ) a t the i r he a d i n the br a z i e r I ha ve s e t two twi n fig u r e s c omple te i n for m to whe lm the e vi l de vi l a t the he a d o f th e s i c k ma n r i g h t a n d le ft I ha ve s e t a fig u r e of Lu g a lg i r r a tha t ha th n o r ival i n the fou n da 2 n ti o s ( l ) of the hou s e A fig u r e of Si tla mtae a tha t ha th n o r ival I ha ve s e t a fig u r e of N a ru du the s i s t e r of the g r e a t g ods be low The
fl ou r
of
-
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
th e be d ,
T ha t
no e
vil
ma y dr a w n i g h ,
I
ha v e
s et
Am l di Sp e
-
an d
u
L a ta r a g
at
th e door ,
Ih v
ive a wa y a l l e vil T wi n wa r r I or s of l i me I h a v e fa s t e n e d wit hi n the door T wi n wa r r i or s ( 2) of bitu m e n on the thr e s h old of the door r i g h t a n d le ft I h a ve s e t T wo g u a r di a n fi g u r e s of E a a n d Ma r d u k I ha v e s e t with i n the door r i g h t a n d l e ft The I n c a n t a ti on i s th e I n c a n t a ti on of Mar du k the m a g i c i a n i s the fi g u r e of M a r du k N s on of N whos e g od i s N whos e g odde s s i s N i n wh os e b ody th e s i c k n e s s l i e th Pe r for m for hi m the i n c a n t a ti on whe n the c a ttl e c ome hom e wh e n th e c a ttl e g o ou t O y e p u r e offs p r i n g of th e D e e p y e s on s of E a E a t wha t i s g oo d d r i n k W h a t i s s we e t th a t n o th i n g e vi l dr a w n i g h a g a i n s t y ou r wa t c h i n g a
e set a
hu ld upp u
at
th e door to dr
,
,
1
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
” 4
.
I n di a th e ma gic wi t h of bl a ck p e bbl e s In
,
1 2 3
1
Ki ssu r u ti R i hi s Sa
u
.
a
.
.
ma s i ‘
.
Z i mme r n , R i tu a ltaf e l n ,
De mon i a c Pos s e s s i on
(p
ci r cl e i s r e p r e s e n te d by a r mp a r t which the m a gici a n s u r r ou n d s the
an d
1 6 8,
T a b u for
ll
.
2 ff
an o
.
S ee
l
a so
th e r i n s t a n c e
of
the th e
t
c ha p e r
ma g i c
i
on
l
c rc e
lx be d
TH E
of
wom a n
the
at
M AGI C C I R CL E
.
childbi r th to w a r d
th e
off
a
ppro a ch
d e mo n s Thi s m a gic ci r cl e a s a p r ot e c t i on f or the m a gici a n wa s a n d i t i s quit e cl e a r t h a t a l wa y s u s e d i n m e di ae v a l m a gic Th e we h a v e a p r ototyp e o f it i n thi s A s s y r i a n wiz a r d r y e n clo s u r e i s giv e n i n F r a n ci s B a r r e tt s se o f s uch a n M a g u s w h e r e di r e ctio n s m a y be f ou n d for c a lli n g s pi r it s i n to it The bl e s s i n g for a p r ot e ctiv e ci r cl e i s a s I the n a m e o f the holy bl e s s e d a n d glo r iou s f llow s T r i n i t y p r oc e e d we to ou r wo r k i n th e s e my s te r i e s to th a t which we d e s i r e ; we t h e r e fo r e i n th e a cc ompli s h fo r e s a id co n s e c r a t e thi s pi e c e of g r ou n d fo r o u r n a mes d e fe n c e s o th a t n o s pi it wh a ts oe v r s h a ll be a bl e to b r e a k th e s e bou n d a r i e s n e i t h r be a bl e to c a u s e i n j u r y n or d e t r im e n t to a n y o f u s h e r e a s s e mbl e d ; but t h a t th e y m a y b e comp e ll e d to s t a n d b e fo r e thi s ci r cl e a n d a n s w e r t r uly o r de m a n ds F o r s uch a s c a r e t o k n ow th e th e o r i e s a bout th e m a gic ci r cl e i n l a tt e r d a m gic M a th e r s i n y hi s I n t r oductio n to the B ook of S a c r e d M a g i c of A br a me li n s a y s it i s t r u e th a t i n th e Co n voc a tio n of th e S pi r its a s l a id d wn by th e a uthor i t i s n ot n e c e s s a r y to f o r m a M a gic Ci r cl e fo r d e fe n c e a n d p r ote ctio n H e s ugge s ts howe ve r “ th a t the Lic e n c e to D e p a r t s hould n ot be omit te d “b e c a u s e the E vil F o r c e s will be o n ly too gl a d to r e v e n g e t h e m s e lv e s on the O p e r a to r f or h a vin g di s tur b e d th e m S hould h e i n c a utiou s ly qui t the Ci r cl e without h a vi n g p r e vi ou s ly s e n t th e m a w a y A r m e d wi t h a l l th e s e thi n g s th e wo r d o f pow e r the a cqui s ition o f s om e p a r t of the e n e my the u s e of th e
of
1
.
,
,
,
.
’
u
2
,
’
‘
.
n
o
,
,
,
,
a
,
r
,
e
e
,
,
’
‘
u
.
‘
-
a
’
,
,
3
,
o
,
,
,
.
”
,
,
”
.
,
,
1 2
V i c t or H e n r y , L a Ma g i e cl a n s l I n de A n ti q u e, 1 9 0 4, 1 4 2 1 80 1 , 9 9 fi ’
‘
.
3
1 4 5 8,
ed
.
1 89 8,
xxx vii
.
.
A
M U L E TS
lxi
.
m a gic ci r cl e a n d holy w a te r a n d th e kn owl e dg e of the — f n m a gica l p r op e r tie s o s ub s t a c e s the a n ci e n t w a r lock wa s w e ll fi t te d for hi s t r a d e H e wa s th e n c a p a bl e of d e fyi n g ho s til e d e mon s or s ummon i n g fr i e n dly s pi r its of d r ivi n g c a s ti n g s p e ll s of m a ki n g a mul e t s to gu a r d o u t di s e a s e or F u r th e r mo r e h e ha d th e c r e dulou s who c a m e to him c e r ta i n s tock i n tr a d e of t r ick s which w e r e a s t e a dy a Lov e s ick y o uth s a n d m a id e n s a lw a y s s ou r c e of r e v e n u e hop e d for s om e r e s ult fr o m hi s phi ltr e s or lov e ch a r m s ; h e wa s e v e r r e a dy to put h a t r e d a t th e d e m a n d of j e a lou s y b e tw e e n hus b a n d a n d wi fe ; a n d for s uch a s ha d n ot the pluck or s kill e v e n to u s e a d a gg e r o n a d a r k n ight hi s littl e e fl i g ies pi er c e d with pi n s w ould b r i n g d e a t h to H e wa s a t on c e a phy s ici a n a n d wo n d e r wo r k e r a r iv a l for s uch a s would p a y him f e e To w e a r a mul e t s on the p e r s on ha s a lw a y s a pp e a l e d to th e s a v a g e mi n d a n d th e wo r d phyl a cte r y e x a ctly e x p r e s s e s t h e i r u s e F r om the blue b e a d s pl a it e d i n to ho r s e s m a n e s t a il s or s e wn i n to child r en s Skull c a p s up to the an d e l a bo r a t e s ki n pu r s e s co n t a i n i n g lo n g ch a r m s w r itt en ou t by the b a z a r s cr ib e th e y r e m a in a s much a p e r p e tu a l ch a r m to th e S e m it e s a s th e c r o s s i s to Ch r i s ti a n s F u r th e r mor e i n th e c a s e of s ickn e s s m a gic n a m e s e n du e d with pow e r c a n be w r itt e n on p a r chm e n t a n d s te e p e d i n w a t e r “ which the p a tie n t mu s t d r i n k to be h e a l e d At e l H j r the g a t e A r a b s d e m a n d e d of me hija bs or a mul e t s ; s uch p a p e r s w r itt e n with the n a m e s of U ll a h th e y would s t e e p i n w a t e r a n d thi n k th e m s e lv e s h a ppy wh e n th e y ha d dr u n k 1 it dow n T o dr i n k the i n k i n which m a gic a l n a m e s h a v e b e e n writt e n i s s o w e ll k n ow n th a t fe w e x a mpl e s n e e d ,
.
,
,
.
-
,
-
.
-
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
’
‘
,
’
.
’
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
”
.
1
D ou g h ty , Ar a bi a D es er ta ,
i
,
1 55
.
e
l x ii
M U L E TS
A
.
quot e d A l a t e H e b r e w g r i moi r e p r e s cr ib e s a t a li s m a n to be w a s h e d off a n d d r un k by on e who ha s b e e n bit t e n by a m a d dog ; for lov e t h a t c e r t a i n s e a l s be w r itte n v e s s e l of w a te r fr om which the youth a n d put i n to a “ 2 d r in k s a n d he wil l love th e e with a s tr on g lov e h a n d i s a fa vou r it e hija b (a mul e t) worn by T he Ara b s a n d P e r s i a n s I t i s s o cur iou s ly s imil a r to the thun d e r bolt of Ad a d wo r n i n the n e ckl e t of the A s s y r i a n ki n g s a lon g with the e mbl e m s for th e s u n the moon a n d V e n u s th a t it m a y be a s ur viv a l W h e n a t T a k i B u s ta n i n P e r s i a I n otic e d a s m a ll boy w e a r i n g a s ilv e r circl e t h i s n e ck o n which w e r e s t r u n g two h a n d s of r ou n d thi s kin d a n d the figu r e of the n e w moon The whol e wa s s t r iki n gly s im i l a r to th a t figu r e d on the N i n e vi te s culptu r e s Ja s t r ow ( R elig i on G e r m a n e dition p 3 39 ) poi n ts out th a t the A s s y r i a n a mul e t give n i n Myh r ma n L a ba r tu iii — 4 6 7 i s to be comp a r ed to the He b r e w Sa br i r i ber i r i r i r i i r i r i e tc ( A boda h Z a r a h 1 2 b) Th e A s s y r i a n ru n s be
.
1
’
‘
,
”
.
,
’
‘
.
,
,
,
- -
.
,
,
,
.
3
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
r si
,
.
,
i s ti l i bi ti -
-
-
s ti l a li bi hi -
-
-
l a li bi -
p is ’
i g S a t i p ’
a n - z i - i s - ti V
-
’
Sa ’
Su
an si -
2
F ol kl or e
f M os s ou l
o
I bi d N v mb .
,
o
e
er ,
i
y t ’
a n -z i - i s
an
1
-
z i - i s. ’
-
D e c e mb e r , 1 90 7 , 3 2 7 , N O 6 6 1 90 7 , 2 87 , N o 5 7 ,
.
.
.
.
C f M a r ti n D e l R i o, Di s g u i s i ti on es , bk i , 5 9 : H u c r e fe r e n du m, s i fig u r a m a tte n d u n t, q u od H i s p a n i c i s p u e r i s e x Ga a t e a d c o u m g d e l i g a n t, m a n u i n de r i s u m i n s e r to i n t r a di g i tos p r i m or e s p o i c e c on 3
.
for ma t a, H i g a m
.
voc a n t
.
”
T h i s wa s p r ob a b
ly d
ll
ue
to
M oor i s h
ll
i n flu e n c e
.
C O R NE L I AN S S
.
504 i s
i n c a n t a tion
an
o
AM UL E T s
As
f the
sa
l x iii
.
m e ki n d
R I - KI - KI
E N -EN -E N- E N - EN -E N -E N B UR - B UR - B U R - B UR
It
i n f e que n t t o fin d t ha t a n t u r a l d e s i r e t o i c a c y of a mul e t s l e a d s to tes t s s uch a s c a lcul a te th e e fl T he Ma g ha r by a r ti fic e r s will s ubj e ct th e i r a rmou r pl a t e to of the S in a itic P e n i n s ul a m a k e a n a mul e t of a s t r ip th e s a m e l e n gth a s the m a n for who s e o f p a r chm e n t pro te c tio n it i s i n te n d e d a n d cov e r e d with w r i t i n g It i s th e n f a s t e n e d o n a n a n im a l a s a t r i a l of i ts pot e n cy If the a n im a l e s c a p e s the ch a r m a n d a bull e t fi r e d a t it h a s p r ov e d i ts wor th a n d c a n b e t r u s t e d a g a i n s t a n y t hi n g but a s il ve r bull e t a g a i n s t which n o a mul e t i s kn own I h e a r d of S imil a r t e s t s i n M o s ul th e w r iti n g b e i n g ti e d Judgin g by the a v e r a g e to a f owl a n d the fowl s hot a t A r a b m a r km a n s hi p with a r e volv e r ( or r ifl e for th a t m a tt e r u n l e s s fi r e d f r om a r e s t) th e a mul e t s hould p r ov e s a ti s fa cto r y i n n i n e c a s e s ou t o f te n I n E gypt a n d th e S oud a n a n d p r ob a bly s till fu r th e r s m a ll pi e r c e d co r n e li a n s i n the s h a p e e a s tw a r d of a r r o w h e a d s a r e wo r n th r e a d e d on n e ckl e t s I b e li e v e th a t t hi s i s a s up e r s titi on th a t c a n b e t r a c e d to the A s s y r i a n m e dic a l t e x t s I n th e s e l a tt e r i n c a n t a tion s t h e r e a r e di r e c t ion s giv e n for th r e a di n g c e r ta i n s to n e s on h a i r to be wo r n by the p a ti e n t who i s a pp a r e n tly s u ffe r i n g f r o m r h e um a ti s m The n a m e o f th e s e s ign ifi e s W h e a t s to n e s the y an d IS
n ot
r
a
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
1
,
.
,
2
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
’
-
,
1
W E Je n n i n g s Br a mle y , F olkl or e of M os s ou l , -
.
2
.
1 90 6 , 1 9 8
.
1 90 6 , 81
.
l xiv
O E CHAR M S
L V
hi s to r ic a l i n s cr iption a s wh e a t wh e r e of the s h a p e i s fa s hion e d a s the s e e d s o f s t on e s cucumb e r s s uch a s a r e h e ld i n p r ic e for n e ckl e t s a s to n e th a t g r a n te th (i ) the ob t a i n i n g of f a vou r a n d co n fid e n c e T he comp a r i s on wi t h th a t n o s ick n e s s d r a w n e a r to m a n 1 co r n a n d s e e d s of cucumb e r i s too obviou s to be mi s s e d “ — S pi n tog e th e r h a i r fr om T he A s s y r i a n p r e s c r iptio n r u n s nd a th r a d th r co li e e a do a n d h a i r fr om a lio n e r n e an s ( ) g n a n d h e s h a ll r e cov e r th o bi d it n o r n e e ) [ ( ] Lov e philtr e s a n d ch a r m s for h a t r e d a r e f r e qu e n t i n E v e n th e s t a id hi s to r i a n Jo s e phu s the m a gic a l book s 2 An d to go b a ck s till lov e potio n s to r y of a a r e l a te s f ur th e r the m a n d r a k e s o f G n e s i s w e r e to h a v e the s a m e I n l a t e r E a s t e r n m a gic lov e ch a r m s a r e m a d e of e ffe ct th e b r a i n of th e hoopo e pou n d e d up a n d a dmi n i s t e r e d i n or of m a gic wick s i n s cr ib e d a c a k e with p r op e r c e r e mo n y 5 Th e bo n e s of a wi t h i n voc a tio n s a n d bu r n t i n a l a mp f r og bu r i e d f or s e v e n d a y s a n d th e n e x hum e d w o uld i f c a s t i n to w a t e r a utom a tic a lly s ho w th e m s e lv e s good for i f th e y s a n k th e y would fo r m the e i t h e r lov e or h a t r e d ; b a s e of a ch a r m for h a t e but i f th e y floa t e d th e y w e r e are
fu r th e r
d e s c r ib e d
.
in
a
,
,
,
’
,
”
.
.
.
,
,
-
.
-
.
3
e
,
-
,
.
1 ‘
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
ti c le Fe b r u a r y 1 9 0 8 I n th i s te x t i s a ca se of the As s y r i a n p hy s i c i a n b u r n i n g hi s p a ti e n t on th e a ffe c t e d pla c e j u s t “ H old the fl e s h of h i s l oi n s i n a s h i s m od e r n Ar a b de s c e n da n t doe s a r e th e d i r e c ti on s foll owe d by th e b a r b a r i a n of th e fl a me of a t or c h the p r e s e n t d a y 1 C omp a r e the d i s c u s s i on s i n S pTe n g e r Je wi s h Wa r 1 xxx An m a l e fic i m e n t e s h omi n u m a d M a l l eus Ma l efic a r u m 1 5 80 “ m a l a n t m v e i mu ta r e (p a m or e m ve l odi u An g e n e r a ti va m i a m s e u a c tu m V e n e r e u m ma l e fic i i m e d i r e t n o e t q l o s u s n t u o d M a e p p p fic i u m i n b u lla c on ti n e tu r (p 1
S e e my
ar
,
,
.
,
.
”
.
2
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
,
.
”
.
3
4 5
xxx
14
,
.
F olkl or e
I bi d
.
,
f Moss ou l
o
,
N ov e mb e r
D e c e mb e r , 1 9 0 7 , 3 3 0 , N o 9 2 .
.
,
1 9 0 7 , 2 85 , N o 4 1 .
.
l x vi
CH AR M S
To
E S CAPE F R OM PR I S ON
.
v e ry ki n d o f a n im a l a duty wa s a s s ign e d The dog a n d the c a t w e r e r e li e v e d fr o m m e n i a l duty b e c a u s e o f the f a ith ful n e s s of the on e a n d the cl e a n li n e s s of the o t h e r w r itte n docum e n t wa s giv e n t h e m i n a tte s ta ti on an d a th e r e o f a n d the dog took ch ar g e o f it H e bu r i e d it wh e r e he k e pt hi s s tock of ol d bon e s but thi s p r i vil e g e e n vy o f the hors e a s s a n d of e x e mptio n s o r ou s e d the o x th a t th e y b r ib e d the r a t to bur row u n d e r g oun d a n d d e s t r oy the ch a r te r S in c e the lo s s of thi s docum e n t the dog h a s b e e n li a bl e on a ccoun t o f h i s c a r e l e s s n e s s to be ti e d or ch a i n e d up by h i s m as t e r a n d w ha t i s mo r e 1 th e c a t ha s n e v e r fo r giv e n him E s c a p e f r o m p r i s o n wa s to be obt a i n e d f r om ch a r m s I n E thiopic l e g e n d a c e r t a i n m a n who l a y bou n d i n p r i s o n fo r the sa k e o f Ch r i s t a pp e a l e d to th e V i r gi n a n d s he a pp e a r e d i n th e f o r m o f a bi r d a n d fl e w out o f the p r i s o n 2 with him T hi s wa s doubtl e s s mod e ll e d on the s to r y i n 3 the N e w T e s t a m e n t o f P e t e r s r e l e a s e fr om g a ol In l a te r m a gic the p ri s on e r mu s t g e t h old o f t hr e e fr e h e gg s l a id th a t da o il th e m h a r d b h ll th m w it e e a n d r e y “ on e a ch th r e e m gic wo r d s a n d e a t the e gg a n d he s h a l l go for t h by G od s T o be i n vi s ibl e wa s a n oth e r a tt a i n m e n t a l s o to b e s ought a ft e r F r om di r e c t io n s i n the l a t e He b r e w M SS a r i n g of C opp e r a n d i r on e n g r a v e d wi t h c e r ta i n m a gic s ign s a n d worn on th e p e r s o n would s cu r e thi s r e s ult ; or the h e a r t o f a bl a ck c a t d r i e d a n d s t e e p e d i n hon e y a n d wo r n e ith e r a t the be l n n m o f t h mo th with w i g e n or t h e n n a g g e
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
r
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
’
.
s
,
,
,
s
,
a
s,
’
.
.
,
e
,
1
2 3
1
H a n a u e r , Pa les ti n i a n An i ma l F olkl or e , 1 9 0 4, 2 6 5 Bu dg e , L i ves of Ma bd S ey bn a n d Ga br a Kr és tds , l i c ts ii , 7 ff ‘
A
x
F olklor e
’
xx
.
.
.
M oss ou l , f
o
D e c e mbe r , 1 90 7 , 3 2 7 , N o 6 8 .
.
CHARM S
moo n
ER
UP W AT
T o D RY
l x vii
.
p a py r u s publis h e d by L e e m a n s i f a ma n t a k e a h a wk s e g g a n d gild on e ha l f a n d s m e a r the oth e r ha l f wi t h C i n n a b a r h e will be i n vi s ibl e i f he c a r r y thi s wi t h him a n d p r o n oun c e the m a gic w or d ov e r it Ju s t a s we fin d ch a r m s f or owin g di s s e n s i on i n the fa mily ci r cl e which i s a ccoun te d a b r e a ch of t a bu i n the Su r p u li s t s o a l s o to ta mp e r with a n e ighbou r s w a t e r ch a n n e l s a s e r iou s mi s d e e d i n a hot cou n t r y a n d o n e r e cko n e d as ( t a bu a l s o by the A s s y r i a n s ) c a n be e fie c t d by m a gic Th e s e ch a r m s a r e a n i n di r e ct s ou r c e for i n c r e a s in g ou r kn owl e dge of t a bu a n d f or thi s r e a s o n i f for n o n e oth e r th e y a r e w e ll wo th the t r oubl e of coll e cti n g R e i n a u d d e s c r ib e s a n A r a bic t li s m a n ic pl a qu e m e a n t to m a k e w a te r di s a pp e a r fr om a ci s te r n or w e ll I bn Kh a ldun r fe r s to thi p r a ctic e s a yi n g th a t i n A fr ic a p e opl e who wi s h to obta in thi s r e s ult u s e the figu r e of a m a n d r a wi n g a buck e t wi t h a co d i n h i s h a n d s fr om the bottom of a w e ll O n hi ch e s t the l e tt e r 5 i s m a r k e d th r e e tim e s an d l b e twe e n the l g s which , a s R i n a u d r e m a r k s i s e x a ctly W h a t occu r s on the pl a qu e I bn Kh a ldu n a dds th a t a bi r d mu s t be s a c r ific e d a n d th e t a li s m a n r ubb e d with the blood ; t h e n s an d a r a ch i n c e n s e a n d my r h mu s t A fte r thi s it s hould be cov e r e d be bu r n t to fumig a t e it with s ilk boun d with two wo oll e n t h r e a d s the a u s piciou s m om e n t for doi n g a l l thi s b e i n g wh e n L e o r i s e s on th e 3 ho r izo n T he mi x tu r e of s ilk a n d wooll n th r e a d s i s a c on 4 n e i th e r fir m a ti on o f the t h e or y th a t the L e vitic a l l a w s h a l l a g a r m e n t mi n gl e d of li n e n a n d wooll e n com e upo n I
1
.
the Gr e e k
n
2
,
’
-
,
,
.
s
,
’
-
,
,
e
.
,
,
,
r
.
a
.
s
e
,
r
s
.
,
a
e
e
,
,
.
,
r
,
.
,
e
.
1 2 3
F o lkl or e
f Mos s ou l ,
o
P ap y r i e
ci,
N ov e mb e r
,
1 9 0 7 , 2 86 ,
19
.
.
47
98
.
R e i n a u d, Mo n u men s M u s u l ma n s d a D u e d e Bl a c a s , xi x,
N0 8 11,
3 34
.
an d
49
.
l x viii
S
U MM ARY
.
th e e i s du e to a n a ve r ion to m a gic A H e b r e w ch a r m “to dr y up a r iv e r i s to w it e a m a gic a l n a m e on a s ton e f r om the s a m e w a t e r on the S a bb a th a n d c a s t it i n to th e M a n y s u ch ch a r ms a r e to be fou n d i n th e S ep he r s tr e a m Th e form e r c on ta i n s R a s i e l a n d the S wor d of M os es m e thods for tur n i n g th e h e a r t o f a wom a n puttin g lov e b e tw e e n hu s b an d a n d wi fe filli g the hou s e with s m ok e a n d fir e a n d m a n y oth e r r e c e ipt s o f th e sa m e n a tu r e E n ough ha s b e e n s a id howe v e r o n the m a g ici a n s a n d t h e i r lite r a tu r e a n d pow e r s T he i r w a r fa r e a ga i n s t the gobli n s a n d gho s ts d e m a nde d a k n owl e dge of c e r t a i n p r e s cr ib e d r ul e s which m a d e th e i r m a gic e ffe ctu a l wh e n p r op e r ly p e r for m e d The i r p er o n a l r i s k f r om d e mo n i a c a tt ck s wa s s m a ll a n d i n m a n y c a s e s the m a gic C i r cl e wa s a s a fe gua r d a lthough it s e e ms to h a v e b e e n u s e d mor e to p r o te c t the s ick ma n i n e a r ly t i me s th a n the p r i e t Bu t p r ovid e d th a t th e y k n e w the p r op e r wo r d o f pow e r di s p la y e d a n o s te n ta tio us k n owl e dg e of th e i r gho s t ly a s s a il a n t n othi n g f u r t h e r wa s w a n ti n g to a s ucc e s s ful i s s u e th a n s om e con c r e te ch a r m a s a n e ff e ctive a i d to the d e mon s e x pul s io n s
.
’
r
,
1
.
.
,
n
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
s
‘
a
,
,
s
.
,
,
’
.
F olkl or e
s s ou l , M o f
o
D e c e mb e r , 1 90 7 , 3 2 7 , N o 7 3 .
.
THE
D
EMON S
G H O S TS
AN D
.
T H R O U G H O U T the Ne a r E a t f r om pr e hi s to r ic tim e s down to th e p r e s e n t d a y rth i h a bit a n t s h a v e b e e n fi r mly co n vi n c e d th at Sfiper natfifal be ng to u s e a g e n e r a l e x p e s s io n a r e i i O f nfl c tm e v ou s h E u t u th t h t n m e a n d a M g n po t he ma la di es a n d b dily il l s to which th e y a r e s ubj e ct a r m di r e c t ly d e to thi s b a e f ul pow e r T he m od e r n n a tiv e s of I a k a n d B a r ba y h a v e i n h e r it e d fr m th e i Sy i for b a s a l e g a cy o f s up e r s t i t i on s a n d b li fs which s how lit tl e v r ia tion f o m th e i p i s ti n e implicity a n d th r ow n e w light on m a y a n ci t S e mi t ic ide a s Al though i n mo s t i n s ta n c e s the S p e cific n a m e f or the d e mo n s o f on e S e mi t ic di a l e ct h a v e n o e t ym ol o gic a l co n e ctio n with t hos e of a n oth r (a n d the fe w c s e s i n H e b e w a n d S y i c whic h a r e i n o ppo s i t i o t o t h i s ta te m e n t s e e m to h a v e b e e n bo o w e d a t a c o mp a r a tiv ly l a t p e r iod ) the id e a s which a r e s t ill cu r r n t S h o w s th a t th e mo r e a ci e n t fo m s o f h obgobli n s v a mpir e s p ook s a n d d e vil s e x i s t un d e r v a r i o u t i tl wi t h th e s e v e r a l a ttr ibute s th a t w e e a s s ig n e d to t he m by th e B a byl on i a n who cultiva t e d on e o f th e mo s t e l bo a t e a n d i n t r ic a t e s y s t e m s o f a n ci e n t m a gic th a t we kn ow I n m a ki n g a n e x a mi n a tion i n to the s h a ll th e r e fo r e a v a il ou r s e lv e s of a n c i e n t witchc r a f t we s
,
-
e
-
' '
n
fl
l
M
s,
r
'
’
r
‘
‘
n
e
e
.
r a,
,
,
o
u
r
,
r
o
r
e
a
r
r
n
e
s
r
r
,
en
.
s
n
a
e
n
r a
r
s
,
e
rr
e
n
r
,
s
es
e
u
s,
,
1
s,
r
r
a
.
F or the
1
na
me s
of
d e m on s i n
l
lt
a e
H e br e w
s ee
S c h wa b , Voca bu l a i r e
d e l An g e l ol og i e, a n d th e i s t s i n The B ook of S a cr e d Ma g i c , e d M a th e r s i n Gr ee k i n E g y p ti a n , Wi e d e ma n n , D er Gdtte r u n d D a emon e n n a me n ’
L e e m a n s , Pap y r i Gr ee c i Fe b 1 9 0 1 , 4 1 .
.
.
D i e t e r i c h , Pap y r u s M a g i c a
L eg g e ,
C L AS S E S
2
OF S P I R ITS
.
much of mod e r n f lkl or a s m s v e to e lucid a te the old e r s up e r ti t ion s n d by c omp i o of th m a gic of bta i n th e a n ci n t s wi t h t ha t o f the i r d e s c e n d a n t s tr y to S mi t e o f th e b e li e f o f th e p imi t iv s om e glimp s I t will b e a dmitt e d e a dily th a t wh e n on c e a s y s te m a t l e a t t h r e e cl a s s e s o f o f d e mo n o l o gy h a s b e n e v o lv d T h e impl s t a n d mo s t u iv e r s a l s p i r i ts mu t be r e c o g n iz d f o r m of t h e s wa s th di e mbodi e d pi i t th s o ul s o f m e n wom e n who h a vi n g di d h a d c ha n ge d t h e i e ar thly or i c o por e a l on e S e c on d to thi s com e s th e s ha p e fo a t hly a tu r a l b e i n g w ho n e v e r wa s s up a ph an t o m o r d e m on f te n of uch g ote s que o hor id s h a p e a s s va g e im a gin a ti on might i n ve n t L a s tly we h a v e a cl a s s of de mon h a l f gho tly h a l f hum a n the o ffs p r i n g of i n t e m a i a g e b e t we e n hum a n b e in g s a n d th e S pi it w or ld j u s t a s w fin d d e mig od s of h a l f di v me or igin i n a l l myth logi e s T a ki n g e a ch of t h e s e cl s s e i n t u r n we b e a bl e by a c omp a r i s on of the diffe n t id e a s s h ll p r e va ili n g a mo n g th S mitic a n d oth e r p e opl e s of the E a s t to fo r m s om e s ub s ta n ti a l b a i s for a c itic a l i n s ight i n to thi s ph a s e o f th e ology I n a s much a s the A s s y r i an i n c a n t a t i on s s how a y s te m a t e d d e m o ol ogy which i s a t tim e the e a r lie t a t ou r di s po s a l the e ver a l a me th e A s s yr i a n n a m e s for d e vil s for m a n e x c e lle n t s ta r ti n g poi n t i n the v a iou s s p e ci e s The fi s t cl a s s t he n i s th a t o f the di s e mbodi e d s pi r it Th e m a in id e a con c e r n i n g t hi s g h o s t i s th a t it r e tu r n s to thi s wo ld f om the pl a c e of the d e p ar te d s pi r i t s m a ki n g i ts p r e s e n c e ob s e r v d e ith e r by a vi s ibl e a pp e a a n c e a s it wa s i n th e fl e s h o r by m a kin g a n u n s e e n a t t a ck on s t r ick e n s o th a t h e i s down by di s e a s e The s om e m a n f or i ts r e s tl e s s n e s s a r e m a n y : the s oul fi n d s r e a s on s as
o
s
er
ar s
a
a
,
av
e
n
e
o
e
r
s
e
r
e
e
e
e
an
e
s
s
e
r
s
r
s
-
r
,
r
a
,
,
s
e
,
.
e
o
r
r
e rn
,
n
,
r
n
.
s
,
s
.
,
r
e
,
e
s
e
-
,
r
,
rr
r
,
e
o
a
.
a
s
,
re
,
e
e
s
,
r
.
lz
s
s
s
r
r
r
n
,
s
,
.
,
,
.
r
,
e
r
,
.
G H O S TS
3
.
p e a c e i f i ts c r p or e a l Sh a p e i s u bu i d o i f i ts d e s c e n da n t s c e a e t o fe e d i t by p a yi n g it i ts d e r i t e s liba t i on s or s a c r ific e s o f or a hun d r d th r c u e s which a e fr e qu t ly s e t f r th a t l e n gth i n th cun i for m i n c a n t a tion s Am on g the As s y g i a s th e w or d u d for a d this g h o s t wa s lik e o t h e r n t i s th e y b e li e v e d t ha t the s oul c uld e t u n to e a t h a n d toth s e gho s t s th e y a s c ib e d m a y of the i b odily ill s I n o di n r y ci r cum s ta n c e s wh e n a p e r on di d a d wa s duly bu i e d the Hou s e of D k n s s hi s s oul e n t e r e d the u n d e w o ld t h e hou s e fr om which ne o th s e a t o f the o d I r ka l l a g th a t e n te r c o m e for th a g a i w h e it wa s c omp e ll e d to fe e d on dus t a d mud Of S he bl a m on g th e H b e w s to the mo s t p r i mitiv e b li f we ha v e v e r y a cco r di n g li t tl e di e ct k n owl e dg e I n h i s t or ic t im e s i ts p r i n cip a l ch a r a ct e r i s tic i s d a r kn e s the w o d for du s t b e in g 1 5 u s e d a s a s y n o n ym It wa s u n d e r the e a r th a n d wa s 6 d e s c r ib d a s a pl a c e fr om which on e did n ot r e tu r an d a s i n the A s s y r i a n pictu r e i n the D e s c e n t of I s ht r “ i it i s po r t r a y e d as ti City wi th g ate s The d e a d w ould o
no
n
r e
r
,
s
u
r
,
,
e
en
r
.
,
-
e
e
n
.
se
n
.
a
r
o
r
n
r
r
,
r
e
e
r
.
a
r
n
e
r
on
,
r
s
ar
,
e
n
”
2
er
,
r
e
.
e
r
,
n
,
n
s
a
e
o
.
_
o
,
e
,
s,
.
3
s
r
,
‘
.
,
e
n,
’
a
,
“
-
l
n
a v
,
‘
t e x t s p u bli s h e d by L W Ki n g ( 0 T iii 2 —4 a n d v 4—7 ) a n d t r a n s l a t e d by H u n g e r ( B ec her wa hr s a g u n g be i d e n B a by l on i er n t ha t we m u s t r e a d ed i mmu 1 9 0 3 ) S h ow a s H u n g e r p o i n t s ou t ( p T he v a r i a n t s e d i i i n mi a n d e te i m mi i m l e a v e n o a n d n o t e ki mmu I h a d hithe r t o thou g ht th a t m a n n e r of d o u b t t h a t e ki mmu i s wr on g it m e a n t th e th i n g s n a t c he d a wa y ( D e vi ls 1 xxii ) a s it h a s a lwa y s b e e n r e fe r r e d to th e r oo t eké mu to rob a l th ou g h with wha t i s a n i m p os s ible t r a n s l a ti on n g r e g a r d to the for m ) t r o b a b l y h a vi h e p ( s e i ze r 1
T h e two
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
’
,
‘
,
,
’
‘
,
,
‘
,
’
.
2
S e e Je r e mi a s , Vor s te l lu n g
iv d e s c r ib e d 3 ‘1
Job Job
x
2 7,
,
as ,
Ru
21
vi i ,
l
1— 3,
it
e r of
H a de s
.
7 .
m L e be n
n a ch
vo
T a mmu z
is 4
10
en
,
th e h u s
de m T od e , 5 9 ff
ba n d
.
of
I ht s
ar,
Job
xi
who i s
.
Job Is a
.
xv 1 61 xxx viii 1 0
5
11,
,
,
e tc
.
,
In
8
.
4
R ABBI
N IC B E L I EF S
.
—th old
th e k n own by th e i r d r e s s e m a n by hi s r ob e 2 s oldi e r by hi s s wo d But S he bl i s i n d e p e n de n t of Ya hw e h i n e a r ly t im e s a n d t h e r e i s littl e ch a g do w n to the fo u r th c e n tur y I n th e p imi t iv e b e li e f wh e n f m a n di e s he i s fr om th e j u i s dicti on a e mov e d Y a hw e h a n d th e a r e n o m or e e l a ti on s b e t w e n t h m T h e R a bbi s b e l i e v e d t ha t th e r e wa s pl a c e c a lle d a fil l) 1 2m which d e r iv e s i ts n a m e f om th e f a ct t h a t it i s d e p a r te d s pi r its of m e n I t e pr e s e n t s a s s ign e d to th e e n ci r cl e d by a fe n c e B e for e a buildi n g with a cou r ty a r d a djoi n i n g which i s a fi e ld the c ou r t y a r d flow s a r iv e r E v e r y da y Dum a h l e a d s ou t the s pi r it s to p a s tu r e i n the fi e ld a n d to d r i n k o f the r iv e T he K a bb a li s t s b e li e v e d i n m e te mp s ycho s i s f r om the b ody o f o n e s p e ci e i n t o th e body of a n oth e r s p e ci e s S om e of th e l a t e r s a ge s of th e K a bb a l a s a y th a t th e s oul of a n u n cl e a n p e s on will t r a n s migr a te i n t o a n u n cl e a n a n im a l or i t o c e e pi g F or o n e f o r m of u n cl a n e s s the thin g s or r e ptil e s s o ul wi l l be i n v e s t e d with the body of a G e n t il e wh o will b e com e a p r os e lyt e ; for n oth r th e s oul will p s i n to the body o f a mul e ; fo th e r s i t t a n s migr a te i n t o a n a s s a w om a n of A s hdod r b a t a r a bbit h a e a s h e mul a or c a m e l I s hm a e l tr a n s mig r a te d a fi r s t i n to th e he a s s of B a l a a m a n d s ub s e qu e n t ly i n t o 6 the a s s of R a bbi P i n ch a s be n Y a i r
be
r
1
,
.
n
,
e
r
,
r
r
3
re
,
o
e
r
1 ‘
e
.
r
,
r
.
.
,
.
,
r
”
5
.
s
.
r
r
n
,
n
e
.
n
,
,
a
e
r
o
r
,
e
,
r
,
,
-
a
,
a
s s
o
,
.
-
s
,
.
1
3
4
1
xx viii 1 4 lxxxviii 5 xxx viii 1 8 T h
S am
PS
,
.
Is a
.
.
,
.
2
Eze k
.
xxx ii
,
cf
27
.
l
a so
Is a
.
x iv
.
.
p as s a g e s ha v e b e e n t a k e n fr om th e B i bli c a , s u b D ea d , E s c ha tol og y , a n d S heol
.
,
i n the E n cy c l op oed i a
ese
ar
ti c le s
’
.
qu otin g M i d Khi l li m (e d Bu b e r 5 1 b) N i s hma th Cha r i n x iii N o 1 4 qu ot e d H e r s h on T a lm M i s c 3 2 6 F or fu r th e r r e fe r e n c e to th i s s u bje c t s e e H e r s h on l oc c i t a n d F r a n c k L a Ka bba le c h a p v 5
Be n de r , I
Q,
vi ,
3 3 8,
.
.
,
,
.
5
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
6
S
YRIAC B E L I EF S
.
p a s s by the g a v e of a f r i e n d he s hould h a il the s oul wit h a g r e e ti n g 2 Th e S y r i a c b e li e f s a r e giv e n i n the Bo ok o f the Be e : Wh e n the s oul goe s fo r th fr om the body a s Abb a I s a i a h s a y s th a n ge l s go with it : th e n the ho s t s o f d a r k n e s s go fo r th to m e e t it s e e kin g to s e iz e it a n d e x a min e it i f th e r e b a n ythi n g of th e i r s i n it A S to wh e r e the s oul s a bide fr om the tim e th e y l e a v e th e i r b odi e s u n t il th e r e s ur r e ction s om e s a y t ha t t h e y a r e t a k e n up to h e a v e n th a t i s t o the r e gi on o f the s pi r it wh e r e the c e l e s ti a l ho s t s d we ll O th e r s s a y th a t th e y go to P a r a di s e th a t i s to th e pl a c e which i s a bu n d a n tly s uppli e d wi t h good t hi n gs o f the my s t e r y of the r e v e l a tion s o f God ; d a r k n e s i n the a by s s a n d th a t th e s o ul s o f s i n n e r s li e i O t h e r s s a y t h a t th e y a r bur i e d of E d e n out s id e P a r a di s e with th e i r bodi e s ; th a t i s to s y a s the two w e r e bu i d i n G od a t b a p t i s m s o a l s o will t he y n o w dw e ll i n Him un til the da y o f r e s ur r e c t i on O th e r s s a y th a t th e y s t a d R e de e m e r ; t ha t a t th e mouth o f th e g a v e s a n d a w a it th e i i s to s a y th e y p os s e s s th k n owl dg e of th e r e s u r cti on o f th e i r bodi e s O th e r s s a y t h t th e y a r e a s it w e e i n a b e c a us e of the s ho r tn e s s of the t im e s lumb e T he Y e zidi s ( the d e vil wo r s hipp e r s of the S i n j a r Hills i n M e s op ot a mi a ) s a y t h a t th e S pi r it s of wick e d m e n t a k e up th i r a bod e i n d og s pigs do n k e ys ho r s e s or a ft r s u ff e r i g a whil r e h a bilit a t e a s m e n Th e s pi it s o f th e 3 go od i n h a bit the a i r to how the s e c r e ts of ou r w or ld ma n
a
r
,
1
.
,
e
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
n
s
e
.
a
r e
,
,
n
.
r
r
e
,
e
re
a
.
r
”
r,
.
-
e
,
,
n
,
,
e,
e
,
r
.
s
W e llha u s e n ,
1
su
bj e c t
see
R es te , 2 md
Ja c ob , L e be n d er
E d Bu dg e , 1 3 1
2
.
C ha b o t , J A
3
.
E th i op i c '
Kr es tds ,
b e l i e fs xxx iii .
.
,
.
ed
.
,
1 83
(a n d
vor i s l a mi s c hen
cf
.
1 7 7 ff
)
;
B e d u i n en , 1 4 3
on
l
th e wh o
e
.
.
v ol
.
vi i ,
1 89 6 , 1 2 8
.
A pi t
i s g iv e n i n Bu dg e , L i ves
c u r e of
S h e bl
M a b d e d n S f y
o
i
a c c or d n and
g to
Ga br a
AS S
Y R I AN G H O S T S
7
.
tte n tio n s of i ts f r i e n d s on e a r th s hould c e a s e a n d the s o ul s hould fin d n o t hi n g to e a t or d r i n k t he n i t wa s d iv e n by f o r c of h u n g e r t o com e b a ck to e a t h to d e m a n d i ts du e T hi s i s d e s cr ib e d on a n A s s y r i an t a bl e t which b e gi n s N ow i f the
a
,
,
r
e
r
.
T h e g ods wh i c h
H a ve
co
i
s e ze
(u p on ma n )
me for t h fr om th e g r a v e
vil wi n d g u s ts H a v e c o me for th fr om the g r a v e T o de m a n d th e p a y me n t of r it e s a n d th e l ib a ti on s T he y h a ve c ome for th fr om the g r a v e A ll t ha t i s e vi l of th os e s e v e n H a th c ome lik e a wh i r l wi n d The
e
=
i
p ou r n g
‘
1
” 2
.
an o
th e
T he
e
r
vil
S p i r it , the
vi l
e
D e m on , the
e
vil
Fr om th e e a r t h ha v e c ome for th Fr om the Pu r e Ab ode u n t o e a r th the y I n h e a v e n t he y a r e u n kn own O n e a r t h th e y a r e n ot u n de r s t ood T he y n e ithe r s t a n d n or S it H e c an n o t e a t food n or d r i n k wa t e r
Gh os t, the
h a ve
e
vil D e vil
,
m e for th
co
,
.
.
” 3
.
thi s l a t t e r te x t h ow v e r the r e fe r n c e i s mor e to d e vil or d e mo th a n to gh s t s but a s will be s e e n l a te r th e cl s s s of s pi r i t a e much co n fu s e d with on e a n o t h e r O n e f th e m s t i t e e s ti n g p a s s a g e s i n th e G ilg a mi s h l e g e n d d e s cr ib e s th e a i s i g of the s p e ctr e of E a ba n i In
e
,
s
ns
a
s
o
,
,
o
e
e
,
,
,
r
n
o
.
r
r
n
-
m
1
“ j
I
en e
h a ve
t
S iebe n
b i en za hl e S (
H e hn
a dop e d
un
i n de r [
se
’
s
ti on Z e i le
miti s c h e n
my p r e vi ou s t r a n s ihr e Ge s a mthe i t s i e
of
c or r e c
;
=
’
‘
.
.
,
’
‘
a
e
]
.
,
3
on
’
‘
D e vi l s ,
a
d S a bba t, 1 9 0 7 ,
ii T a ble t Y I bi d T a ble t C C The la s t li n e r e fe r s T a ble t s A 1 5 ; X I 6 7 ; I X 6 3 ; T 2 5 a n a m e for E r i du ( of D evi l s xv 2
l ti ll
’
‘
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
to th e p a ti e n t Pu r e T he
“
cf
.
Ab
ibid
ode
”
.
,
is
Y
8
AS S R I A
N NE C ROM AN C Y
.
B a byloni a n h e r o G ilg mi s h a t t e mpt s to a n d the od N e r a l s e e hi s f r i e n d E at b an i : who h a s di ed g g T he h a d e i s di r e ct e d by E a to r e s to r e E a b a i to e t h r i s e s t h r ough a n op e n i n g m a d e by th e g od of th e d e a d m “ lik e th e wi n d tr a n s p a r e n t s p e ct r e i n hum a n i n the e t h s ha p e E a b a n i t h e n d e s c r ib e s wh a t h e h a s s e e n i n th e un d e r wor ld “T h m wh t i t h d l i t h p h ft d I h v Th t th t i th th H i S p i it
f r om
Ha de s
T he
.
a
'
‘
“
‘
‘
,
n
-
ar
1
s
.
an
”
ar
a
,
?
-
os e c or
an
e
a
ou a n
T hou
and
T he dr e g s
Ih v
of
a
the
An d t h a t wh i c h
3
a n on e
e ear
n
h a th
sp r
es er
e
en s een s u c
e o
i it
T he m a n wh os e
n
e
no
e
r es
r
s
se
to
n on e
c ar e
for i t
t
e of e n s e e n s u c h a n o n e
ve s s el is cast
,
l vi
th e ou t
ea
i n to
n g s of
th e
s
th e fe as
tr e e t
t
,
hi s fo od
a re
” 1 .
T h i s l s t i s a l s o the c o diti on o f the e gl e c t e d s pi it If o ff e i n g s w e r e n o t a cc o r di g to th e E gyp t i a n t he l o gy p a id to the de c e a s e d i n E gy p t h e wa s o blig e d to w a n d e r i n to un cl e a n pl a c e s to at uch filth a d d i n k s uch di r ty w a te r a s he migh t fin d i n th c ou s e o f hi s w r e tch e d 5 w a n de r i n g s w d d i thi i t Ut kk i th A y i C f th S t y r
n
n
a
o
n
r
.
,
n
s
e
r
r
e
.
1
of
u
u
O dy s s e u s 2
C f Job .
3
4
T a mu r
s
ss
e
i i
,
15,
a ta ma r ,
T a bl e t X II
or
T e ir es ia s
ra s ng
iv
r an
use
n
s
ns
an ce
.
.
‘
e
or
.
T he n a s p i r it ( bre a th ) p a s s e d b e for e my fa c e wh i c h Je n s e n t r a n s la t e s s a h s t du s e h e i c h
.
.
,
.
5 5 2 t 3 S e e W i e de m a n n R e a lms of f E g yp ti a n D e a d 4 4 A n E g y p ti a n s t e l a p u t s i n t o the m ou th o f a de a d wi fe the followi n g a dj u r a ti on to h e r l ivi n g h u s b a n d O my c o mr a de my hu s ba n d C e a s e n o t to e a t a n d dr i n k to be dr u n k e n to e n j oy th e love of wom e n to hold fe s tiva l F ollow thy lo n g in g s by da y a n d n ig h t F o r the W e s t l a n d [a d o m a i n of the G ive c a r e n o r o o m i n thy h e a r t d e a d] i s a la n d of s le e p a n d da r k n e s s a d we lli n g p la c e wh e r e i n th os e wh o T he y s le e p i n the i r m u mm y for m s th e y wa k e n o a r e t he r e r e ma i n mor e to s e e th e i r c omr a de s t he y s e e n e ith e r fa t he r n o r m o th e r t h e i r h e a r t d oe s n ot y e a r n for wi fe a n d c hil dr e n O n e a r th e a c h d r i n k s th e wa t e r o f l i fe bu t I s u ffe r wit h t h i r s t Wa t e r c o m e s to hi m t ha t s oj ou r n s on e a r t h b u t I p i n e for th e wa t e r t ha t i s by m e I lon g for 5
B ook
o
the
D ea d ,
,
c ha p e r s
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
H EB R E W
NE C R OM AN C Y
9
.
A s imil a r b e li e f i n n e c r o m a n cy i s h ow n a mon g th H e b r e w s f or S ul go e s t vi i t a w om a n with a fa mili a r it at E n do r S he b r i g s up S mu l o t o f the pi s e a r th a n d he w s th que s ti on s w hich S a ul wi he s t a k T he v y m e of a cl a s o f m a gici n s mu éel it edi mmu R is e th e a mo g th e d p a te d pi r i t of A s y r i a n s s h ow s ho w gr a t a h old s uch p r a ctic s h a d ov e r th e p opl e I M oh a mm d a n t r a dit i n C h i s t a i s e s S he m th e o of No a h who t hi n ki g h e h d b e c a ll e d to j udgm e t c m e o t f hi s g a v wi t h hi h e a d h a l f gr e y “wh e r a m n did n ot g o w g e y i n hi s d ys ; a f t e r which h e imm e di t ly di d ga in s
a
,
”
o
s
.
ans
o
1
s
er
er
.
a
,
s
s
s
n a
r
e
n
”
s
a
,
2
n
,
s
o
o
r
e
a
e
r
a e
,
en
s
r
,
”
a
3
a
e
r
.
th e my h e a r t i n i ts wo e F or th e n a m e of th e g od wh o r u le s h e r e i s T o t a l D e a th At hi s c all H e m a k e s n o d i ffe r e n c e a l l m e n c om e u n t o h i m t r e m bl i n g w ith fe a r be t we e n g ods a n d m e n i n h i s e ye s hi g h a n d l ow a r e e qu a l H e Sh ows n o fa v ou r to h i m wh o l o v e s hi m ; h e c a r r i e s a wa y th e c h il d fr o m hi s N on e c ome s to wor s hi p hi m m o th e r a n d th e g r e y ha i r e d m a n a l ik e for he i s n o t g r a c i ou s to hi s wor s h i p p e r s a n d he p a y s n o he e d to hi m wh o b r i n g s g i ft s to hi m ( W i e de m a n n The R ea lms of the Eg yp ti a n I t i s c le a r th a t offe r in g s of D e a d t r a n s la t e d b y H u t c h i s on lib a ti on s whe n p ou r e d on the g r ou n d we r e s a c r ifi c i a l bl ood a n d b el i e ve d to p e r c ola te thr o u g h to th e s u p e r n a tu r a l b e i n g s u n de r the e a r th W he n E a b a n i a n d G ilg a m i s h d e s i r e a d r e a m t h e y a s c e n d o ff e r i n g of u u n tu m e a l a n d di g a h ol e a n d p ou r a n a m ou n t a i n p “ i n t o it a s a n offe r i n g to th e m ou n t a i n p r a yi n g : O m ou n t a i n b r i n g o d a d r e a m [to E a b a n i ] ; g r a n t h i m [dr e a m s 0 g ] (v iii l c ol s ii — T e r t u lli a n s a ys ( D e I d ol qu ot e d C on yb e a r e 1 S a m xx viii 7 “ J Q viii T he m a g i c i a n s c a ll u p g h os t s (p ha n ta s m a ta ) a n d d i s h on o u r the s ou ls of t hos e l on g de a d ; t h e y s m ot h e r y o u n g b oy s to m a k e th e m g a s p o u t o r a c le s ; the y p l a y o ff ma r ve ls wit h the tr i c ke r y o f j u g g le r s C f 1 S a m ii 6 of Y a h we h b r i n g i n g d own to S h e Ol a n d r a is in g u p ii 5 1 2 r 2 0 2 1 S a le Kor a n n ot e to S u r a h iii F o r the Pa le s ti n i a n b e l i e f e r a is in g h or t of th e s t or y of L a z a r u s i l f n c c l B b s e e E ( y t h ed of th e d e a d a m on r c /u r ol og i a Gr es c a 7 k P tt h e r s s e e o e r A G t e e g th e b r e e z e
ba n k
r
n
,
u
,
e
e
,
'
a
s
r
n
e
u
e
.
n
e
a
e
,
e
r
n
-
,
e
th e
on
of
th e
r
ive r
to
s oo
.
’
.
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
-
,
,
,
”
-
-
,
,
.
,
.
1
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
.
,
,
,
'
”
.
.
,
.
,
.
2
,
,
,
.
,
.
3
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
IO
D
bon
E S E C RATI ON
G R AVE S
OF
.
d e a d we r e r e mov e d fr om th e tomb the s pi i t a t n ce b e ca m e r e s t l s s a n d wa comp e ll e d to r oa m a b ut th e e a th h om e l e s s AsS r ba n i p a l e l a t e s how h e d s c r a t e d t he t o mb s of of E l a m by c a r r yin g — a wa y t h i b on e s a n d c u s i ng t h e i r r it e s to ae a s e thfi t he i pi r i t s migh t h a v e n o s t I n E gypt C a mby s e s ha d Am a s i dy d r gg d f r th f r om i ts tomb t o be bO m a gl d d bu t O n the oth e r h a d S a m a s S m uki n r e la t e s t ha t h e r e in t a t e d the r i t e s a d lib a ti on s to the kin g wh o ha d p r e c d e d him w h ich h a d fo a tim e b e e n b r o ga t e d “ M a y hi s I t wa s u s u a l to cu r s e futu r e d e s e c a to r s : n a me be d e tr oy e d m a y h i s e d be blott e d o t m a y hi s li f be e d e d i n w n t a d f mi n m a y hi s c o p s e b e c s t o t tha t it m a y h v n o O n th e s a r coph a gu s f E hm i c r ib d a cu r s e a r the Ph oe ici a n ki n g h a “ es t : M a y t he y h a v e on a ll t ho e wh o s h ll di s tu b h i n r e t i n g pl a c wi t h the S h d e s n o be bu r i e d i n a g r a v e 5 n or h a v so o seed An d th e e i e vid e n t ly s om e id e a “ 6 i J e r e mi h s p r oph e cy: At t h a t tim e s a ith th o f thi If th e
of
es
r
the
o
e
o
e
,
r
s
,
u
.
r
e
U0
e r
q
-h m
n
n
a
“
u
,
!
s
r
re
s
'
’
a
an
e
.
'
m
n
1
e
o
?
rn
n
s
s
-
u
-
,
n
e
,
r
,
,
3
a
.
r
s
n
e
a
a
s
,
r
e
-
s
n
in
e
E a s te r n
th e
H a de n do wa s , c h a r g e of
i
r se 1
3
a
W AT
a r g
v
,
l
c os e
a
i it
sp r
of
fe w
by
i viii
,
Je r
.
,
,
3 “,
l
s er
m o n g th e Bi s ha r i n ,
,
hi m
'
.
a
,
l
wa s ha d
e ft
s een
an
l
in a
d
so e
h o st g
.
ii 2 1 qu o te d Je r e mi a s ,
l wa y s the t r a v e lli n g
H e r od ot u s ,
iii
,
16
.
.
,
Vor s te l l u n g
en
vom
L e be n
.
8
.
.
1 ff
.
Vor s te l l
i
by
h om e
a
2
6 1 , 4 8 ff
Je r e mi a s , c arr ed
I
the S o u d a n ,
a n d a p r oa c h p
a
.
.
d e m T od e , 4 7
5
g In
T he g r a v e i s wa s 1 9 0 6 , W he n 3
va n ts wh o n i g ht s d e c l a r e d t h a t he
L e h m a n n , S a ma s s u mu ki n ,
n a ch
.
s,
6 , 7 0 ff
,
v
er i n
S o u da n e s e
th e
m p for
ve
a
vi n c e s
v
4
6
ca
see
of
on e
th e
fr o m
r o p
e
,
to
ac e
s
’
a
lik ly p l
,
r
.
n
e
r
,
”
r
ns
r
s
a
3 48 ; R o u s e , Gr e ek Voti ve Of
mos t
r
s
a
e
e,
n
s
o
a
,
e
unaz
s
u
e
n
a
u
o
i
s
,
.
,
O n th e d i g g i n g N ot e a 5 4 ff .
M os e s , E x od
.
x iii
,
of
l
so
19
.
fo r e i g n
t om b s t ha t the b on e s
for
b on e s
s ee
of
Jos e p h
are
D
E SE C RATI ON OF GR AVE S
11
.
Lor d th e y s h a ll b r in g o t the b on s f the ki g s o f Jud a h a n d the bo n e s o f hi s p r i c e s a n d the bon e s of th p r i e s t s a d the b on s of th e p r o ph e t a n d the b n e s o f the i h a bit a n t s of J r u s a l e m o t of th e i r g a v s : a n d th e y h a ll S p r e a d th e m b e for e the s u n a n d th moon a n d whom th y h a v e l ov e d a n d wh o m l l th e ho s t of h e v e th y h a v e s e r v e d a n d a ft e wh m t h e y h v e w a lke d a n d whom t h e y h a ve s ought a n d wh o m t h e y h a v e wo r s hipp d th y s h a l l n ot be g a the r e d n or be bu r i d ; t h y s h a ll be f or du g u p on th e fa c e o f the e a t h S imil a ly i n th e t omb i n s c r iptio n s of H e j r a i n A a bi a w r i tt n i n Na b a t a n a b out th e b gi n i n g o f ou e r a the m a k e of a f mily v a ul t f r qu e n t ly c a ll s d ow cu s e s on “ M y D Sa r a d M a a th u a d K s a h f u t u e m e ddl e r s cur s e a l l wh o s h a ll s e ll t hi s t omb or buy it r pl dg it giv i t a w a y or l e t i t t fo hi or w it a y or o i n s c r ip t i on t h e r bu y t he e i n a n y x c e pt th o e who e m e ti o d f r t hi t omb a n d i s cr ipti on a e ar e n me s f th e N b t a s n d S h la me a n s ha m s t he ha r a m of th di s tu bin g a e ff c t s up e r s t itio s a n ci e n t Th on g a v e r e a pp e a r i n the m od e r n M oh mm e d a n opin io n ; it wa by the b e s t a dvic e t h a t Lo d Kitc h e e c a u d th e d e s t r uc t i on of the M a hdi body ft r the b a ttl e o f O mdu m n i n W he the r th e A s s y r i n s b e li e v d i n ki me t i s u n c e r t a i n I n the l g n d of Z fi we r a d of the T bl e t s of D s ti y b e i n g by Z0 f r o m He v e n Si mtu i th e u s u l wo r d for s t le n fa t e a n d a commo n e uph e mi s m for d e a t h i s to a y Si mtu u bi l§ u f a t e c a r r i e d him off e
u
,
n
,
n
,
n
e
,
s,
e
n
o
e
o
u
,
r
s
e
,
a
a
e
n
e
,
r
,
e
,
,
o
a
,
e
,
e
e
,
n
r
r
e
.
r
,
e
e
r
e
a
n
r
e
r
a
.
u
n
‘
e on
n
a
ra
,
ou
,
a
,
n e
r
r
a
e
e
n
e
s
s
r
n
n
a e
n
e
e
o
r
s
o
ai
re,
r
r
o
,
r
n
,
e
,
n
a
,
a
e
”
a
.
r
e
a
r
n
r
s
’
r
a
se
e
a
a
e
s
r
s
e
e
e
e
a
a
o
s
.
.
’
n
a
s
,
’
.
,
1
N o 1 9 7, H u b e r 2 9 , E u ti n g 2 H R H a , G u i d e to Eg yp t a n d the S u da n .
2
See
.
.
.
ll
( M u rr a y )
,
1
.
Ahu r a ku Ag
I
t
r es
l
M duk
li tti i
a ri a n a a
t
T he m o t h e r
t
u s i mtu m
a
bti l
KU R
tta r
-
NU
-
GI
.
ti n y h a th c a r r i e d hi m off h a t h g on e to th e l a n d whe n c e
th e fa he r , de s
a on e
re ur n
za r
t h a t b or e
me
,
” 1 .
i s th e g od ma § i m Si mdte § a i l tzn i ka la ma , ‘
ar
n on e
d e te r mi n e th th e f a t e s
2
“th
at
god s B ut th e ph r a s e i n a “ i § i mta t (S e n n a ch e r ib v he di e d um l a Si mti su a r r a k p r e m a tu r e ly i n da y l Si mti éu s how s t h a t the id e a i s mo r e t h a t o f the a ll o tt d s p a h e r a t a n y r a t th a n of a n y p r e de s ti a t io A po s s ibl e fe e n c e t o T a bl e ts of D e s tin y “ W h os o e v e r h a t h s i n n e d i s to b e f ou n d i n Ex od x x xn 3 3 o f Y a hw e h a g a i s t m e him will I blo t out o f m y b ook ( ) Am on g the A r a b s A l la u hu l M a hfus i s the n a m e for the p e s e r ve d t a bl t o w h ich th e d e c r e e s of G od a r e r e co d e d with r e fe r n c t o m a n ki d T he po s ibility o f a v oidi n g d th i s the s ubj e ct o f a n i n cid t i n the E pic o f G ilg a mi s h A fte r E a b a n i d e a th f t G ilg a mi s h i t r o o f s uch go e i n s e a r ch of S i t n a i h ti m n d e e d w ill n ot d i e lik I i b i h t h a E a n w o e a p Bu t S i t n a p i s h ti m t e ll s e n t e r e d my body ; I fe a r d e a th him th a t he c a n t e c a p e the c omm on l t bu t t h e r e i s “ won d e r f ul pl t c a ll d Si bu i s s a hi a me lu ( th e ol d a G ilg mi s h s t a r t s i n m a n m a d e youn g to m a n h d s e a ch o f i t yi g th a t h e will a t of it a n d r e t u r n t o H e fi n d th e pl a n t hi s yout h d c om e s a p ool o f n c ool w te i which he b a t he s but s a k e a d e iz e o f p r in g s c t the pl t a d d t ou t a d c a r r i e s i t th e l a vi g G ilg mi s h l m t i n g o v e i ts l o s o ff o
f
all
”
th e
.
,
”
a
a
‘
,
n
’
n
e
n
,
e
,
re
.
.
e,
r
,
,
”
n
.
,
’
-
r
’
e
e
‘
-
n
r
3
n
e
.
s
ea
en
-
.
e
n
,
s
r
r
a
a
e,
e
o
-
s
an
o
e
sa
,
n
s
s
,
,
n
1
an
n
r
a
e
.
a
a
s
an
a
a
n
ar
en
Ma r ti n , T extes R e l i g i e u zc , 1 6 4— 5 , 11
3
H e h n , B e i tr
.
zu r
H u g he s , D i et
.
4
l
f
o
Gi g a m i s h Ep i c
As sy r
.
,
v,
.
.
n
,
s
n
n
s
9, 10
3 75 , D T
I s l a m, 2 85 s ee
n
r
.
2
o
,
en
,
r
oo
r
,
-
.
n
s
s
,
,
e
’
1 ‘
.
.
10 9,
l
.
5
.
.
Je n s e n , Ke i li n s c hr B i bli othek, 2 0 3 ff .
.
OFFER I NG S T O
14
TH E
D
E AD
.
b e i n g u n cl a n n or giv e n t h e of for the d e a d Thy An A s y i a t x t d e c ib e s th f a s t of a n v il s pi r it f o d i s th e foo d o f gh os t s thy d in k i s the d i n k of gh o t s i t i s s a id th a t the d e a d I n th N e s tor i n bu i a l s e r vic e ar e m e a bu n d a n tly h e lp e d by kitr ban é a n d r e qui e m s a n d a lm s whic h a r e do n e i n t h e i r b h a l f an d th e y a tt a i n r e s t ul n d e xpi a ti on of t he i r s i n s wi thout doubt o f th e i Am on g the S a bi a n fe a t u s e d to b m a d e to th e d e a d th f Ti r i E a ch m a n w o uld buy a ll s or ts of i the m r f r e s h a n d d i e d f r uit a n d c o ok s w e e tm e a t s f od m e a t bu r n i g t h m a ll n ight for the d e a d n d a l s o pou r in g lib a t i o s on the fir e T he y h a d a l s o a cu r iou s cu s tom of “ bur n i g the thigh b on e of a c a m e l for the Dog of the 4 m a te W itch H k th a t h e a n t b r k a t t h d a d o e e ( ) y Th Pe s i s u s e d to b e li e v e t h a t th e gho s t s of th e i r i n the h a bit f r e t u n i n g to on e of th e i r a c e t or s w e e th e r e o f
e
,
s
n
r
re
,
s
e
r
r
s
”
2
.
3
r
a
e
r
,
1
.
e
e
o
e
”
or
e
r
so
s
”
a
on
o
o
s
.
r
a
,
n
.
-
n
e
a
,
.
an
r
e
s
r
fe a s t s
,
,
e
n
n
e
s
a
o
,
,
.
,
s
n
,
o
T a ba r a n ) ( j
r
5 .
Am o g th l a te r H e b r e w s p a r e n t s w e r e f o r bidd e n to w a s h du r i n g the fi s t d a y s of the mour n i n g for th e i r d e a d n
e
,
r
1
Den t
.
xx vi
14
,
On
.
n a c h ele m
S c hwa lly , D a s L e be n
l ki
mere of s o 2
3 4
un uc
m e fo r m
D e vi l s , 1,
I
s aac
of a n
n es s of
H Ha .
ll
,
i v
E n N e di m , -
yt h i n g
wor s h i p
T a b le t ,
i
A,
‘
as ’
to th e de a d
o ffe r n g s
T od e , 3 1
c on n e c
i n Is a
viii
.
a
“A
re
.
te d with 19 2
,
m on g th e H e b r e ws
”
th e
.
( E n cy c l
.
Bi bl
.
of ,
the or
,
1 7 ff
H ebr a i c a ,
iv
,
1 98
.
7 , C h wol s oh n , D i e S s a bi e r
,
th i n k d e a d ( H os i x we to
s ee
M oha mm e d Ab u T h a l e b D i m e s h ki
31
.
F r a z e r Gold en B ou g h iii 88 q u oti n g a p e c u l i a r of the At h e n i a n s fr om H e s y c h i u s t h a t the s ou ls of th e d e a d c a m e ba c k fr om th e n e the r wor ld T he p e op l e s m e a r e d t he i r h ou s e s with p it c h a n d we n t a b ou t th e c ity a pp a r e n tl y t h i n ki n g t h a t t h e y wou ld t h u s b e r e n de r e d u n r e c o n i s a bl e g S e e a ls o F r a z e r Jou r n An thr op I n s t x v 6 4 if for g h os ts a n d th e O n the wor s h i p of g h os t s i n the E a s t s e e d i s p os a l of th e d e a d b ody L y a ll As i a ti c S tu d i es 1 899 1 4 5 If 5
ibi d b e li e f
ii
-
,
,
,
,
.
23 2
Cf
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
THE
RE TU RN OF
GHO ST
TH E
15
.
hild AS l n g s the b ody r m i e d u bu i d the p n t w e e x cu s e d f om r e a di g th S h m a d the w e a i g of ph yl c t r ie s T h r e w a l s o cu s to m of t ur in g ts “ up s id e dow n i n S ign of m ur n i n g T hi s w s d n e d e a d wa s c a r i d ou t o f th ho u e O th a s th s oon r pl a c e d a ts we but on the S t u r d a y th e e ve o f ga i Th e e S a tu r d a y e v e n i n g t h e y w r e tu n e d up by th R a bbi s f t hi : ( 1 ) F om e x pl a n a tio n s we r e giv e 1 3 w h e e th x p s io n u s d of Job ii e x pl a n a ti on an “ t h e y a t wi t h him fi s h a n d n ot on the e a t h is f i i a r n H g v m lik tu d c G o d a e o e n s 2 s n o w f e a e ) ( i n d e a th a s a pu i s h m e n t for s i ; h e c e th e u pw a r d s c ouch S hould b e tu r n e d up ( 3 ) I t i s o the c uc h th a t h e n c e a t d a t h i t hould be t u e d up a bi t h t a k e s pl a c e N otwith s t a n di g t h s e e l a b o t x pl n a t i I thi n k the i d e a i s to p e v e n t th e gh s t r e tu n i g to i t i n th h ou e S imil a r ly a s l on g a s th e c or p s e i s a b o v e g r ou d the mou e r s S h ould e a t with n e ighb ou s ; i f t h e y h a v e n o i n a n y ch mb e but the cu to m y d n g n e ighbou s r o om I n d e fa ult of t hi om e s e p a ti o b e t w e e n th m d e a d s h o uld b e m a d o i th impo s s ibility of n d the d oi n g e v e n t hi t he y s hould t u t l e s t for e t i g t ow r d s the pp o it e w a ll i th m Am o g the Je ws i P l s ti e a t th e p r e s e t d y u l e s the Ka ddi s h i s he c a n n o t T h e m od e r n t s d a th s id a f t e r a m a m a n ha s oblig a tio s A a b s a n d S yr i a n s c on s id e r tha t t owa r d s the d e a d w hich mu s t n ot be n e gl e ct e d a d t h e y t ll s tor i e s o f the wa y i n which d e p a t e d s pi i t s l e f t t o th e m s e lv e s h a v e r e tu r n e d to t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s s hi f t f or 1
C
a
o
.
n
r
er
e
a
n
’
e
e
ar e
,
an
’
e
se
re
e
s
e
,
or
r
,
‘
n
s
e
e
v lf
r
re
s
es
e
e
n
e
ra
r
n
n
.
e
rn
a
r
o
o
s
e
.
rn
,
n
r
.
on s ,
n
s
e
s
.
n
,
r
rn
r
a
,
r
s,
.
s
ra
e,
r,
s,
o
a
s
n
n
n
’
e
a
n
,
e
e
a
n
a
s
3
.
a
r
n
n
,
r
e
B er a khoth,
ii
,
ed
7
.
S c h wa b,
M a s t e r m a n , Bi bl Wor l d, .
xx ii
,
i
45
,
2 50
.
r
2 .
,
n
.
res
,
1n 1
n
a
,
e r oo
n
a
n
rn
2
ar
s
a
3
e
’
n
1
r
.
r
s
a e
e
”
s
n
as
n
.
a
e
,
o
,
r
n
s ea
a
.
r e
e
s
r n
n
o
a
r e
a
as
e
.
a n
e
I bid
.
,
i ii , 1
.
OFFE R I NG S
16
T o TH E
D
E AD
.
d r e a m s a t n ight r e p r o a chi n g t h e m for t he i r l ck of 1 fili a l du t y Am g the N s a i i y e h t h e r i s a s a c r ific f or th e d a d a n d a p a r e n t m a y s a y a t th e s a c r ific e “r e de e m s oul by s oul th a t i e de e m th e s oul of the d e a d m a n by the s o ul of th e a n im a l to b e kill e d a s victim Am o g c e r ta i n Ar a b s w he n t h e y di e d th e i c a m e l wa s ti e d t o t h e i r s e pulc hr e a n d s o l e ft without m e a t a n d d r i n k to p e r i h a d a ccomp a n y th e m to the o t h e r w or ld l e s t th e y s h ould be oblig e d a t the r e s u r r e c t i on Acc or di n g t o Cu r ti s s a n A r a b o fte n to g o o n f oot l e a v e s a s u m in hi s wil l to b e e x p e n de d i n the s a c r ific e of O n th e da y o f Ko r b n the g r e a t a victi m i n hi s b e h a l f M ou t A r a fa t e a ch A r b f mily kill s a s s a c r ific e on m a n y c a m e l s a s the e ha v e b e n d e a t hs o f a d u l t p on s du i n g the l a s t y e a i th t f mily s e v e n S h e e p b e i g 5 n c m l P lg v e e x pl a i n s i n th e f ll s ub s t i t ut e for h i s ch pt e M a a n to the Dj ouf A r a bs t ha t the o ul s of “ pl e a s e d with n a y r e qui e s a c ific e a t a e th e d e a d th e i r tomb s a n d the bl ood t hu s h e d n our i s h e s a n d I n Pa l s t i n e the t o p s of tomb s a e s a ti a t e s th e m m a d e c on c a v e to a llo w the r a i n wa te r to s om e tim e s 7 d e a d m y d in k T he s e a r e a ccumul te t he e th a t th e of the O dy s s e y i n which the p a r a ll e l e d i n the gho ts d r in k gr e e dily o f the s a c ifici a l bl ood W e h a v e th e r f r e mpl e e vid e n c e th a t the S e mite s g e n e r a lly p a id i t e s a n d m a d e offe r in gs to the de a d u n de r th e imp e s s io n th a t t h y w e r e f e e din g th e gho s t s an d in
a
,
on
.
e
r
u
e
e
,
s,
,
?
n
r
,
r
,
,
s
n
,
,
3
.
,
1 ‘
a
.
n
a
,
r
n
o
u
a
a
e
r
r
,
a
e
er s
a
a
e
n
,
ra
a
.
,
‘
r
s
,
r
r
,
,
r
s
s
,
”
6
e
.
r
r
a
a
r
r
.
8
’
e
k ul a
,
r
s
e
o
.
a
r
,
r
1
e
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S e m R e l .
.
3
5 6
7
l
Sa e ,
Kor a n ,
s ec
t i .
Bu r c kh a r d t , N otes
i
,
33
.
,
,
1 78, 2 0 6
.
4 .
on
the B ed ou i n s
.
Ba l de n s p e r g e r ,
2
1 89 3 , 2 1 7
.
a nd
Wa ha bi s
,
i
,
I bid L oc 99
.
.
.
,
2 08
.
cit
.
,
206
.
NAI L I NG
D
OW N
GH O ST
TH E
7
.
th a t i f th e y c a s e d to offe r s u t e n a n c e to the s oul s of the i r a n c e s to s th e y migh t r e n d e th e m s e lv e s li a bl e to a fflictio n v e n p o s e s s i on by the hu n gr y s oul s of the d e p a r t e d or Bu t th e e a m a n y o th e r a ccide n ts which p r e v e n t a s oul f r om e n t e i n g i t o r e s t H t h t l i th i d it h e
s
r
r
e
s
.
r
re
n
r
e
a
e
n a
c
t h a t n o g r a v e c ov e r e t h H e t h a t l i e t h u n c ov e r e d W hos e he a d i s u n c ov e r e d with du s t T he ki n g s s on t h a t l i e th i n th e d e s e r t O r i n th e r u i n s T he h e r o wh om t he y h a v e Sla i n with the He
,
,
’
,
s
wo r d
”
1
.
Amon g the mod e r n A r a b the s oul of a mu r d e r e d ma n mu s t b n il e d d own If a m a n i mu d e r e d i n E gypt hi s afr i t r i s e s fr om the g ou n d wh e r e hi s bl o od ha s b e e n but it c a n be r e s t i n e d by d ivi g a n e w n a i l which s he d ha s n e v e r b e e n u s e d i n t o th gr oun d a t the s p ot wh e e the mu r d e r wa s c ommi t te d I m e t wi t h s uch a c a s e i n T ipoli a iti g f o r B r ba r y W h il e I as w my c a r a v a n to b e w ) ( m a d e up for a j ou r n e y r oun d th e i n l a n d di s tr ict s the p r op r i to of the li tt l e I t a li n loc a n da s howe d m e a n a il which h a d b e e n d iv e n i n to th e p a vi g of the p or ch flo o A f e w y e r s b e fo e a n a t ive h a d b e e n mu d e e d clo s e ig hb o u r i n g Ar a b s to th e doo n d imm e di a t e ly th e th r on g e d thith e r with h a mm e r a d n a il a d thu s s e cu e d fr e e d o m of th e pl a c e f om b e i n g h u n t e d by th e d e a d th m a n s oul S m e t im e a ft e r th e p r op r i e to a t te mpte d to the n il but h e wa s a t o n c e p e v e n t e d on the r e m ove g r oun d s th a t the ghos t w ould th e r e by be r e l e a s e d s
e
a
s
.
r
r
r
ra
,
n
e
r
?
a
r
n
.
‘
,
e
a
r
n
r
a
r
r,
r
r
,
n
,
r
o
.
a
r
a
r
e
s
e
n
a
n
’
r
.
r
,
,
.
1
1 1,
17 ;
H a u p t,
2
S a y c e , Ca i r e n e
ii
,
6
Cf
.
.
Nu m
fi e ld t ou c h e th on e t h a t s h a ll b e u n c l e a n s e v e n d a y s F ol kl or e F ol kl or e ii 3 89
An d wh os oe v e r i n th e a s wor d
11,
op e n
”
.
,
,
,
.
is
.
x ix
li
s a n
,
1 6,
wit h
NAI L I NG
18
W hil e
D
OW N
THE
S
P I R IT
.
ubj e ct of n a ilin g d own a d e m on the m e thod i n vogue for cu r i n g a h e a d a ch e a t M os ul i wo r t h quotin g The s hekh c om s a n d l a ys hi s h a n d s o the p a ti e t s h e a d a n d th e n d r iv e s a n a il i n t o th w a ll thu s obvi ou s ly tr a n s fixi g th e d e vil the e with F a z e i n the 2 Golde n B ou g h qu o te s o th e i n s t a n c e s n o t a bly two a mo n g a d or ou s e i n the A r a b s L a h M og on e f r om ar ed o f e ( ) h a un t e d by s pi its a n d d e vil s who th r e w s ton e s a b out but w e r e fi n a lly l a id by a holy m a n pr on ou ci n g a n i n c a t a t ion n d d r ivi n g a n a il i n to th e w a ll T he s e co n d i s m e n ti on e d by L a n e s imil a to the cur e fo h e a d a c he th a t I me t i n M o s ul ; the p e opl e o f C a i r o s u ffe r i n g f r om mi g r a i n e u s e d to kn ock a n a il i n t o th e g r e a t wo od e n d oo r of the old S out h G a t e Accor di n g to Ba l de n s pe r g e r the M a r e d a v e r y t a l l Ar a b gh os t a pp e a r s chi e fly wh e r e p e opl e h a v e b e e n kille d a d the M oh a mm d a n s u e big i r on or woode n p e gs to p r e v e n t s uch gho s t s a ppe a i g A s imil a r b e li e f m a y be t r a c e d i n the s tor y of R a bbi I s a a c Lur i a wh e n he wa s p a s s i n g the g r e a t a c a d e my o f R a bbi Y oc ha n a n i n Tib e r i a s H e s h owe d hi s di s cipl e s a hol e i n the w a ll s a yi n g I n thi s s to n e t h e r e i s a t r a n s mig r a te d s oul a n d it c r i e s t h a t I s hould p a y o n i ts B u t i n a dditi on to th e s e gho s t s we fin d th a t th e s oul s of me n a n d w o m e n w ho h a d di e d p e m a tu r e ly w e r e comp e ll e d to h a u n t m a n ki n d u n til th e y w e r e l a id to r e s t Amon g th e s e we fin d m en tion e d i n As s y r i an S p e ll s th e
on
s
‘
,
s
n
n
e
.
’
e
n
?
r
r
,
,
r,
r
,
,
r
,
n
n
a
.
r
,
r
3
.
,
,
,
n
,
s
e
r n
.
.
,
,
r
,
r
.
1 3
l
S e e m y a r ti c e P E F , 1 899 , 1 49 .
.
b ee n 4
c om
H e r s ho n ,
f ol 1 1 , .
m itt e d,
c ol
.
2
.
.
O n th e M a r e d
.
i
a ppe a r n g
.
.
Mi s c
.
,
3 2 7,
2
.
G R obi n s on L e e s , Vi l l a g
s ee
T a lm
F e b 1 9 0 6 , 80 —1
qu oti n g
e
whe r e
a
iii
—
,
33 4
.
m u r de r h a d
L ife i n Pa l es ti n e, 2 1 7
.
Ka bb a la , E me h H a mel ec h,
G H O STS OF TH O S E
H AVE
W HO
D
I ED
PREMATU RE L Y
t h a t h a th d i e d o f h u n g e r i n p r i s on H e t h a t h a t h di e d of t hi r s t i n p r l s on T h e hu n g r y m a n who i n hi s h u n g e r h a t h He
19
.
,
,
n ot s
me
l t th
e s
me
ll
of
f oo d ( ),
b a n k of a r ive r h a th l e t p e r i s h a n d h e ha th di e d tha t h a th d i e d i n th e pl a i n or the m a r s h wh o m the S t or m g o d h a th s u b me r g e d i n th e p la i n
H e wh om the He
,
,
,
He
” 1
-
.
A w m ( th t h th di d ) vi g i A m ( th t h t h d i d) m i d A( d 2) h l t ( t h t h t h di d) W h b dy i i k A w m ( t h t h t h d i d) i t v i l A w m (th t h th di d) with b b t th b t A w p i g w m ( th t h th d i d) with b b t th b A vi l m ( th t h th di d) o
an
an
a
a
e
a
s ac r e
e
ar o
a
a
a
e
o
an
a
a
e
n
o
an
an
Thi s li s t
gh os t
m a y be th e
ii
1
,
.
a
s s c
,
,
a
e a
a
e
r e as
e
a
,
e a
e
r eas
t
,
” 1 ‘
l b or a te d by the de ta il s t h a t it a d a d wom a n wh o wa s n u s i n g
e a
e
an
,
o
os e
,
ra
a
2
.
e
e
of
1 7 , 2 2 ff
”
a
a
i s f u r th e r
,
arr e
n
a
a
n
r
a
an
e
a
un
o
ee
n
a
r
d H a u p t,
11,
ii
,
2 2 if
.
T a ble t I V iv 4 5—6 S e e the n ot e s a s to the a c t u a l m e a n i n g o f Vi r g i n a n d u n m a r r i e d wh i c h c a n n ot b e s a i d to b e a l t h o u g h th e e vi de n c e i s d i s ti n c tl y fa v ou r a ble to a b s ol u t e l y c e r t a i n — Be s i de s i n H a u p t 1 1 1 1 5 two o th e r s u c h a t r a n s l a ti on a i r ti an d i d u h t s l m u ti r N U U r ibi n g h r a s s d e s c o s N D A R e I A g p a s i m i la r me a n i n g Ac c or di n g to E u s ta thi u s s e e m to p oi n t to h xx iii 1 am on g t e Gr e e k s it wa s c u s t om a r y to a d 1 4 I l p ( h h e d u n m a r r i e d a wa t e r w l t h e a v e o f t os e o d i a r c a ll r a c e o n e d g p j L ou tr op h or os i n t ok e n th a t the d e a d h a d d i e d u n b a the d a n d withou t o ffs p r i n g (J E H a r r i s on Pr ol eg ome n a I b id v 2 1 ff T a ble t V i 5 1 ff For the we e p i n g woma n I wou ld s u g g e s t th a t he r b a b e ha s a l s o d ie d I v e n tu r e to thi n k the e x pl a n a ti on t h a t t h e y a r e a l l g h os t s of d e a d p e op le to b e a b e tt e r on e tha n t ha t of M F os s e y E n fin u n e p e r s on n e or d i n a i r e m e n t i n offe n s iv e e ll e s s on t l a fe m me t v t c e r t a i n s m om e n t s d e e n i r da n g e r e u s e ; a e u p ll a ite l a fe mme m or t e d u n c a n c e r a u s e i n e t l a fe mm e e n c e i n t e u i a q L a p r os tit u é e e s t e x or c i s é e c omm e u n v er i ta bl e d em on ( L a Ma g i c T h a t it i s n ot m e n ti on e d S p e c ifi c a l ly tha t t h e y a r e de a d i s n o s t u m bl i n g bloc k I t wa s I th i n k c l e a r ly u n d e r s t ood a n d fu r t he r th e i ll ome n e d me n ti on of de a th wa s i n m a n y c a s e s t hu s a v oi de d j u s t a s it wa s a mon g “ a p u r ifi c a ti on for y ou to wh o m it i s m e e t a n d r i g h t th e Gr e e ks i e th e de a d (J E H a r r i s on l oc c i t D e vi l s ,
2
1,
,
’
‘
.
,
’
‘
,
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
‘
-
-
-
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
‘
3
.
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
.
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
W OME N
20
D
Y I NG
CHI L D B E D
IN
.
chil d who s e b r e a t wa s w e e t bitt r ulc e r a t e d or w oun d e d ; or of a w om a wi t h c hild wh os e womb wa s ? h e a l thy loo s e n e d (p a tr u ) c a s t ( r u mmu) or n ot h e l t hy The u n t im e ly bi th a g a i n s e e m s to h a v e b e en cou te d a s ” a gho t ? N ow thi s cu r iou s gh o s t the w om a n who ha s d d i n childbi th i s u n iv e s a l Doughty e l a te s h ow i n A r a bi “ h e a r d s c r itchi g owl s om e tim e s i n the n ight ; th e n he a s w e r e d t h e m wi t h mocki n the n om a d wiv e s a d child g It i s a ga i n Y m g bas ! Y m g bé ! T he h a e e m s id w a il ful w om an s e e ki n g he r lo s t child th r ough the a 2 wild e r n e s s which wa tu r n e d i n t o thi s fo r l or n bi r d Amon g the M a l a y s i f a w om a di e i n childbi th s h e i s or flyi n g d e m on a f male s upp o s e d to b e com e a l a n g s uy a f a mili a r T o p r e v e n t t hi s g l s s b e a d s a e put i n th mou t h o f the c or p s e a h e n s e g g i s put un d e th e a r mpi ts the p a lm s o f th h a n d s T hi s s top s the a n d n e e dl e s i n d e a d w om a n s h r i e kin g w a vi n g he r a r m s or op e i n g he r he r
s
,
s
1
e
,
n
,
,
,
a
,
,
r
,
,
n
,
s
Ie
,
r
?
r
,
n
s
ren
n
‘
e
e
,
a
r
n
s
‘
a
r
,
,
’ ”
s
,
.
r
n
,
r,
a
,
.
r
,
e
tu li i mu t
as
the b a d m i
i
lk
.
f
ur
As sy r
tha t
on e
.
,
x iv
ii
wi
ll b
i
fi
i
e e f ca c ou s
3 6 0,
by i ts
e
xpl i
i
ma
on e of
m a d d og s ,
'
a ns
of c a r c n o
l
s on o f s e r p e n s , s c or p o n s , o p cup
,
i s h e d to be
t
n
,
ha s die d
of n u r s e s
,
.
,
O e fe l e , Z e i ts
e
r
’
1
e
,
.
mu sen i ktu 5a i n a mi hi s
Am
on
g m ode r n Ar
a
bs
t hi n g s (a l on g with th e ) a g a i n s t wh i c h a m a g i c a l
th e
e tc
.
vi r tu e ( Re i n a u d
,
M on u men s M u s u l ma n es ,
,
2
3
H a u pt,
I bi d
.
x pl i
11
35
1
.
Jas tr ow ( R e li g i on , Ge r ma n
1, 1 3 , i s p a ku bu Sa th i s a s Fr ii hg e b u r t ‘
,
ed
.
,
3 6 7)
b e g i n n i n g of “ th e c or r e s p on di n g S u m e r i a n I T U N U T I L L A of t ha t a t r a n s l a ti o n wh i c h d ot h n o t c om ple t e the m o n th C f a l s o the b e g i n n i n g T a bl e t I V : T he y a r e tha t wh i c h wa s of D e vi ls a n d E vi l S p i r i ts c h i l dr e n o f th e e a r th t h e y we r e b or n ; s p a wn e d i n th e c r e a ti on of An u th e y a r e th a t wh i c h a woma n i n tr a va il [ha th b r ou g h t for th de a d 2 wh i c h a n e vi l fos te r m ot h e r [ha t h S e e F r a z e r Gol d en B oug h ii 3 45 Ar a bi a D es er ta i 3 0 5 e
a ns
‘
T h e Sa
.
m a y b e th e -
-
,
.
,
,
-
4
,
,
5
,
,
.
,
.
W OM E N
22
D
YIN G
CH I LD B E D
IN
.
m a gici an th e n s pit s twic e on the n e ckl a c e which mu s t b e m a d e of pl a n t s pull e d u p a n d n ot cut or dug up ? T hi s l a tte r r ite b r in gs i t i n to co n n e ction wi t h the ta bu a g a i n s t pulli n g up pl a n t s T o quote on e or two i n s t a n c e s fr om oth e r th a n S e mi t ic n a tio n s i n the B a n k s I s l a n d s M e l a n e s i a the gho s t o f who ha s di e d i n childb e d c a n n ot go a w a y to a wom a n P an oi or gho s tl a n d i f he r child liv e s for s he c a n n o t l e a v e I n the P e l e w I s l a n d s wh e n a wom a n th e b a by b e hi n d “ h as di e d i n childb e d he r s pirit com e s a n d c r i e s G iv e m e 2 ? the child I I n I n di a th e s a m e gh os t a pp e a r s T h e r e i s a cu r i o u s s to r y cu r r e n t i n M o s ul a bout a wom a n 4 who di e d a n d wa s bu r i e d be fo r e he r child wa s bor n Thi s a n d I l e a r n t t h a t i t wa s a l s o told s to r y I h e a r d i n M os ul i n B a ghd a d wh e n I wa s th e r e a n d cu r iou s ly e n ough wh e n a t Lu x o r s om e tim e a f t e r a n A r a b bo told m e tha t a n e a r y r e l a ti on hi s f a th e r or u n cl e who wa s a n a tiv e f of h i s M o s ul ha d a l s o r e p e a t d it to him T he s to y go e s th a t a ft e r the wom a n wa s bu r i e d i n a t o mb h e r s on wa s bo r n a n d liv e d a n d g r e w up i n th a t tomb f o r a bout te n y e a r s wh e n he wa s foun d by a m a n diggi n g i n to the g r a v e The boy wa s t a k e n out fe d a n d cloth e d a n d liv e d to a good old i s t he r e for e to be p r e s um e d t h a t du r i n g h i s child h a e I t o od g s up e r n a tu r a l m an n e r 1 n th e t o mb th e boy wa s f e d i n s om th a t would s e e m to im ply the e tu n of the m o th e r s s pi it The
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
o
,
e
,
r
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
e
r
S kea t
1 2
,
3
l
Pop u l a r R e l ig i on
,
F e b 1 9 0 6 , 82
4
.
5
ch
It
th u s
,
to
xx ii l ft w
Wor l d Of
i s th e
ildbi r th
t
er e
er i n g s ,
e
m
cu s o
ke e p
,
,
r
d B a g de n , P a g a n R a c es of the Ma la y P en i n s u l a , Gold en B ou g h ( q u o ti n g C odr i n g t on , a n d Ku b a r y ),
an
Fr a ze r C r ooke
’
at
a
F olkl or e
f
o
on g
th e g r a v e
N or ther n I n d i a
r
i ii i
1 53
,
.
.
3 45
.
269
.
,
.
m on g th e Je ws i n Pa
th e h u s
Am
a nd
5
ba n d
o u t of
th e
th e G r e e k s , th e of
l ti es
n e,
r o om
l th
c o
if
a
wom a n di e i n
( Ma s t e r m a n
e s of
,
B i bl
.
wom e n wh o di e d
Ip hi g e n e i a i n H a l ae ( R ou s e , Gr eek Vo ti ve
D
E AD V I R G I N S
AB
.
OR TI ON S
28
.
D e a d v i r gin s a n d m e who di e u n m a r r i e d we s h al l di s cu ss l a te r Be it n ote d h ow e v e r tha t the A s s y r i a n wo r ds u s e d to d e s c ibe s uch gho t s s how t h a t full g r own a n d n ot imm a tu r e a n d m a r i a g e a bl e p e pl e a r e i n te n d e d child r fr o m a ll the e vid e n c e i t s e e m s lik e ly th a t an d th e y w e s upp os e d to be w e dde d to i n cu bi or s u cc u bw wh o cl a im e d th m a ft e r t h e i r d e a th T he u n time ly bi r t h or a bo r ti on i f the r e s to r a tion of the A s s y r i a n t e x t i s co r r e ct i s a n e x t r e m e ly p r ob a bl e gho s t “ Acco r di n g to R a bbin ic tr a di t i on s an i n fa n t cut or tor n mi s c a r r i g or bo r n a liv e a t the e igh t h mo n th a t bi r th — a t t h n th e r e ligiou s c e r e mo n i e s b o n de d a or e n i th a ll 1 do n ot a pply to it W e m a y t he r e for e i n fe r th a t the J e w s b e li e v e d i t to be the r e ult of s om e ulte r ior c a u s e Aga i it i s l a id d own i n th e Ta lmud tha t the dwe llin g s o f h e a th en s mu s t be con s id e r e d un cl e a n b e ca u s e it wa s uppo e d t h a t th e y bu i e d t h e i r mi s c a r r i a g e s i n th e i r hou s e s Acc or di n g t o the l e g n d s of the l a t e J e wi s h d e m n ology d e vils a r e ot s o much f ll e n a n ge l s a s imm a t u r e c r e a tur e s M oh a mm e d i s s a id to h a v or d e r e d p r a y e r s r a b r t io n s t o b e s a id o v e r a n u n t im ly bi r th wh e n upplic a tio n s hould b e m a d for the f th e r a n d m o t h e r for f or giv e n e s s a n d m e cy n
,
.
,
,
r
s
r
en
-
o
,
,
,
,
er
,
e
.
’
‘
,
,
.
,
,
a
a
e,
,
r
”
.
s
n
.
2
,
s
,
r
s
.
e
r
n
,
a
?
o
o
o
e
e
a
e
s
,
,
4
r
.
l
vi ii 2 2 H or s t Z a u be r B i bli othe k Pe s a c hi m e d R odki n s on v 1 4 As a le g e n d wor t h m e n ti on i n g the H u g he s D i e t of I s l a m 4 Ar a b b el i e f a b ou t E ve s fi r s t c hild i s i n t e r e s ti n g Whe n E ve wa s r e g n a n t th e D e vi l c a me to h e r a n d a s k e d h e r i f s h e k n e w wha t S h e p He a ppea r e d a g ain c a r r i e d a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t it m i g h t b e a b ea s t a n d p r e t e n d e d t h a t by h i s p r a y e r s h e wo u ld o b ta i n o f God t h a t it s h ou ld b e a s o n i n Ada m s l ik e n e s s i f t he y wou ld c a ll h i m Abd o l ha r e t h i n s t e a d of Abd All a h Whe n the c h ild wa s b or n it d ie d ( S a le Kor a n I n M a l a y i de as de for m e d c h i ldr e n ma y b e the n ot e to S ur a h viii ) r e s u l t o f vi ol a ti n g c e r t a i n a n i ma l t a b u s ( S k e a t M a l a y M a g i c 1
T a mu d, E be l R a bba thi ,
ed
.
R odki n s on ,
,
.
3
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
4
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
.
,
’
’
-
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
C L AIM
24
N ow i f
ON FR I EN D S
.
th e s di e mb odi e d s oul c a m e b a ck to e a r th for s om e r e a s on it might fa t n it s e l f on a n y m or ta l who ha d b e e i n s om e wa y c on ct e d w i t h him i n th i s w or ld o r h a d b e e n b r oug h t i t h r vi s u a lly o r by Th e con t a c t in to r e l t io with the c r p ch a n c e Sha r i n g of food oi l o cl oth s du r i n g li fe c o ti t ut e d a n pi i t ft e r d e t h a cl im to r e tu r n the a c t w h ich g a v c a s ua l a cqu a i t a n c e to d e m a d the r e ve to i ts f i e n d which would giv e i t r e s t N y l s s the m e r e a c t r i te s d i ki g a n oi n t in g o d e s s in g o n e s e l f i n e a ti n g of comp a n y wi t h a oth e p e r n wi th o ut givi n g or r c e ivin g wa s e n ough r e a s o n f or the gh o t to s i n gl e ou t a n ythi g hi s vic t im a n d s e iz upon him u til p e r for c e the m a n wa s comp e ll e d t o s ugg e s t t h a t h e would p y i t i ts d u e p e a c e The livi g m a n thu s to r r i t e s i f it l e ft hi m i n m e n ta d m a k e s n o p mi e ; h e m e e ly thr e a t e n s t h a t n o o ffe r i g s s h a l l be m a d e to the d e a d u n t i l th pi it “ l e a v e s him fr e e T a bl e t s IV n d V of the E vi l S pi r it s e r ie s r e n de r t hi s quit e cl e a r i n As s y r i a t r a ditio an d th e i n c a n t ti on s e e m s wo th pu tti g i i f ull an y
of
on e
s
s
e
s
,
ne
n
e
e
o
se
,
a
ns
n s
n
a
.
n
r n
,
a
a
a
n
o
r
r
s
e
.
1
e
r
,
,
e
,
,
e
,
r
,
n
,
r
'
n
n
r
so
e
,
s
,
n
e
,
,
a
n
.
ro
,
s
s
,
r
n
e
r
s
a
.
n,
n
a
r
n
n
2
n
W he the r t hou b e o n e wit h whom on a da y I h a ve O r w it h whom o n a d a y I h a v e d r u n k O r wit h whom on a da y I h a v e a n oi n te d my s e lf
t
ea en ,
,
,
1
Cf
.
lm
T obit i
,
16
:
“A
n
d in
I
da y s
th e
of
I
E n e me s s a r
di d m a n y
to m y b r e t hr e n g a v e my b r e a d to th e h u n g r y a n d a m n r e t o t h n s e a ke d ; a n d i f t s a w a n y of m y r a c e de a d , a n d g ” for th o n th e wa l o f Ni n e v e h , b u r i e d hi m a
s de e ds
l
I
I
c as
t
.
T a ble t V c ol i ll 5 8 ff Ha u pt 1 1 ii 1 6 O n th e qu e s ti on o f v e n g e a n c e of the d e a d “ iii 3 ( e d S c h wa b 2 9 8) n o ti c e the s t o r y i n Be r a khoth H a s n ot R Pa p a r e l a te d t ha t s om e on e h a vi n g d e s p i s e d S a mu e l a g u tte r fe ll on h i s h e a d fr om a b o v e a n d br ok e hi s s k u ll ( wa s n ot th i s th e v e n g e a n c e o f N o s i n c e it was the qu e s ti on of a g r e a t wi s e m a n th e th e d e fu n c t L or d h i m s e lf i n te r ve n e d i n h i s fa v o u r 2
D e vi ls ,
i
,
Ta b
lt
my
IV ,
e
,
,
,
c ol
.
V,
3 4 ff
.
cf
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
”
.
D
E S C R I P TI ON S OF G H O S TS I N
O r with wh om O r whe t he r
th ou
O r wit h
Ih v m I h v m I h v
be
W h om
O r with who O r whe t h e r
e c o
e
se
,
e en
a
o
25
.
t
e r e d an d e a e n ,
t e r e d a n d dr u n k e e n t e r e d a n d a n o i n t e d m y s e lf e e n t e r e d a n d c l ot h e d m y s e l f on e wit h wh om I h a v e e a t e n food wh e n
a
a
t h ou
a
on e
a
O r wit h who
YR I AN
I h v l th d m y lf t with wh m I h v
da y
on a
AS S
be
e en
,
,
,
Iw
as
hu n g r y.
Ih v m I h v
O r with whom
O r with
W ho
wit h wh om
Or a
g a r m e n t fr o
l th
ou
T h ou
s ha
T h ou T hou
e
a
e an o n
en
( Wha t e v e r thou Un ti
I w th i ty i t d m y lf with il wh I w I w ld I h v l th d my lf with wh m ( 2) hi l i b ) ti l t h t m v d e
e
as
a
co
re
o
a
e no
s ha
no
a
s
o ea
oo
a er
re c
a
e
,
th e
o
r n
,
an
e
er
t
c r e a or
,
.
N e ithe r with s e a wa t e r n or with s we e t wa t e r N or with b a d wa t e r n or with T i g r i s wa t e r N or with E u p hr a te s wa t e r n or wit h p on d wa t e r N or wit h r iv e r wa t e r s h a l t th ou b e c ov e r e d If th ou wou l ds t fly u p to h e a v e n T ho u s h a l t h a v e n o wi n g s If th o u wou l ds t l u r k i n a m b u s h o n e a r th T hou s h a l t s e c u r e n o r e s ti n g pla c e Un t o th e m a n the s on of hi s g od c om e n ot n i g h Ge t t h e e h e n c e ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
l Pl Pl
P ace
n ot
thy h e a d
a c e n ot
thy h a n d
a c e n ot
thy fo o
t
h i s h e a d,
u p on u p on
hi s h a n d,
hi s foot ,
u p on
W ith thy h a n d
t o u c h h i m n ot T u r n n o t r o u n d a g a i n s t hi m L i f t n ot t h i n e e y e a g a i n s t hi m L ook n ot b e h i n d t he e Gibb e r n ot a g a i n s t h i m In to the hou s e e n te r thou n ot T hr ou g h th e fe n c e br e a k t h ou n ot I n to the c ha mbe r e n te r t hou n ot I n the m i ds t of th e C ity e n c i r c l e hi m N e a r hi m ma k e n o c i r c u it ,
,
,
,
, ‘
,
,
.
a s s or e ,
se
,
,
or
e o
e
b ody of th e m a n
t lt h v f d t lt h v t d i k w t lt t t t h f th thy h d t b l f m y f th B l m y
s ha
c o
e
,
en
o
se
ou a r
un
d e p a r te s t fr om the e no
rs
as
o ns,
s
a
U n t o the
d r u n k wa t e r wh e n
a
,
n ot,
,
s on of
hi s g od,
26
ON S EE I NG C ORP S E
T AB U
By the wor d of Ea M a y th e m a n , th e s on
of
.
hi s g od,
l
Be c ome p u r e , be c om e c e a n , be c om e b r i g h t L ik e a v e s s e of a r d m a y he be c e a n s e d,
l l
l
l
ve s s e of b u tte r m a y h e be c le a n U n to Sa m aS c hi e f of the g ods c omm e n d hi m T hr ou g h Sa m a S c h i e f of the g od s M a y hi s we lfa r e be s e c u r e d a t th e ki n dly ha n ds L ik e
a
,
,
,
,
,
th e g od s
of
” 1 .
Wi t h r e g a r d to the m e r e a ctio n of s e e in g a d e a d b ody th e wh ol e i s l a id dow n cl e a r ly i n a r itu a l t a bl e t publi s h e d 2 by Zimm e r n ,
W he n
l k th
ma n
a
oo
u
e
hi m
u p on
T ho u m u s t
sa n c
tify
li
the d we l
no
Ma ke
of
fig u r e s s ha
lt
the
s
i r it e di mmu s e i ze th ( p )
s
I n the m or n i n g fo r
T ho u
n a c or s e 3 a n d o p p
cau se
t he m
th i n g e vil
the
p
[a n d
,
l th
with
c o
es
for
e ac h
l
ace
T hr e e
D a te s ,
]
a
me a
te r - m e a
v e s s e ls T hr e e
l th
l th
]
t ho u
da y
s ha
lt
p u r e wa t e r ,
a
lt
ar
t [ hou
thou mu s t
ou
lt
be for e S a m a S E a a n d Ma r du k s ha lt t t h ou s h a l t s e t t hr e e a d a u r r o u f o r h p g ou s ha
s et
,
,
,
,
,
i n c e n s e t h ou
c e n s e r s of
of a ll
l
for th e g od
ti m e s a
me a
oi l a n o n
,
p
u n tu -
s or c e r e s s
i t [the m] Be for e the s u n t hou s h a l t s p r i n kl e the ki s a r wit h s h a l t s e t c l e a n s ea ts for th e g od T h ou s h a l t s p r e a d o u t s h i n i n g ( 2) g a r me n ts a n dr e s s
wit h fin e
a s or c e r e r
u
s or c e r e r a n d s o r c e r e s s
tak e
to
la y do wn
ng
ki n ds
s ha
lt
s e t,
th ou
s ha
lt p
ou r
for t h
c or n
,
th e r g h os t s m e n ti on e d i n the s e li s t s l e s s e a s y of O n e t ha t h a th b e e n tor n fr o m a da t e p a lm ( T a ble t I V 1 ) m a y p os s ibly be th e or i g i n of the b e li e f i n Pes 1 1 1 a th a t it c ol V Boi s s i e r ( T extes R e la tifs i s da n g e r ou s to wa l k b e t we e n two p a l m t r e e s 1 0 0 ) t h i n ks th a t it r e fe r s to on e t ha t h a s fa lle n fr om it wh il e c li m bi n g a v e r y p r ob a bl e e x pla n a ti on T he r e a r e e x pl a n a ti on 1
o
-
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
2 3
R i tu a l taf el n , 1 6 4
W r itt e n
t r a n s la ti on
B A - B AD
a pp e a r s
.
.
Al th
to b e
ou g
c or r e c
h
t
.
th i s
is
an
unu su a
l xp e
i
r e s s on
,
the
TH E
F or the g h os t s s e t a s e a t,
R
E TU RN I NG S P I R IT
hi s fa m i
of
ly
F or the g hos t s of hi s fa m i a s ea t t hou s h a t s e t,
l
F or the g hos t s
of
the fa mi
,
ly
ly t h
e
th e
on
,
l ft
th e
on
ou s h a
lt p
ou r
o ffe r n g s
the g h os ts
of
e
i
the
of
l ft
7
.
l ib ti a
t h ou
lt
l ft
the
on
on s a n d offer
It i s
s ha
e
g i fts
.
u n n e c e s s a r y to poi n t out the u n ive s a l ta bu b oth a mo n g S e mi t e s a n d oth e the d e a d b o dy bu t r ce s n it i s i n t e r e s ti n g to s e e th s vi w s on thi s ubj e ct The d e a d b ody i s of cou r s e i n it s e lf t a bu ; th He b r e w a n d 2 M oh a mm d a n l a w s s how t hi s di s ti n ctly Amon g the Ar a b s a wom a n i n childbe d mu s t g e t up a n d go out o f the hou s e wh e n a co p s e i s c a r i e d p a s t or The A r a b d e a th m a y e n s u e t o b oth m oth e r a n d child a ga i n mu s t r e cite a p r e s c r ib d for mul a of p a y e r o the p a s s in g of a fun e r a l p r oc s s i on a n d a l s o on hi s s e e i n g the 4 Th e d e a d i t i s fir s tfr u i ts o f the s e a s on a n d i ts fl bwe r wil l h e a r hi s v oic e i f on c r o s s in g a c e m e t e r y h e s a id “ m a e a ce be f O p g p e e opl e t h e r av cr a loud : o y y y 5 Amon g th e with y o of b o t h s e x e s of the F a i t h ful Je w i n P a l e s ti n e d e a d b ody i s ot fo a mom e n t l e ft a l on e i t b e i n g though t th a t w a n de r i g s pi r it s migh t t k p os s e s s ion of i t A ft a d e a th for s e ve d a y s l a mp mu t be k e p t bu n i n g a ll the t im e S hould i t a b e a ccid e n t a lly e x ti n gui h e d it i s co s id e r e d a b a d S ig Ne a r the l a mp a e pl a c d a cup of w a t e r a n d a tow e l a s r
r
a
e
,
,
e
,
o
,
s
e
.
1
e
,
e
.
r
r
,
?
,
n
r
e
,
e
,
s
,
,
.
,
,
e,
u
”
.
,
r
n
a
s
n
,
e
a
er
.
r
s
.
s
r
1
Le v
l
v,
.
2 ;
xx
4
11 ,
Sa
e,
e
4
,
.
as
e
as
i
c e s s on 1’
ere
n er es
ea
n
wh i c h wa s
n
s ec
t o g
t iv .
.
Cf Bu r c kha r d t , N otes .
on
.
1 89 4 , 1 4 3
Ba l de n s p e r g e r ,
I t w i t ti l vi g w w
.
.
,
3
n
n
,
Kor a n , Pr e l i m D i s c ou r s e , the B ed ou i n s a n d Wa ha bi s i , 9 9 2
n
,
s ee
how
an
.
xi
m y M os u
ou s
Ba g hd a d i n 1 9 0 5 , to g e t a b ou t to c r o s s o u r p a t h
H a dji Kh a n , Wi th the Pi lg r i ms
ahe ad
.
to
Me c c a ,
l
43
.
ser
va n t
of a
wa s ,
fu n e r a
l
just p
ro
28
it
S
P I RIT TR AN S FERRE D T O
W ATER
.
uppo s e d t h t the s pi i t com e s to w a s h th e r e ? As S on as a d e a th h a s cl e a r ly o ccu r r e d a ll w a t e r i n the hou s e i s pou r e d o t a d a l l l ooki g gl a s e a r e tu r n e d to “ 2 the w a ll l t the s pi i t s e e its l f e fl e c t e d i n th e gl a s s Thi s s up e s t itio n o f wa t e m a y be co n n e cte d with the id e a “ i N umb e s x i x 1 5 : E v e y O p n v e s s e l which ha s n o c ov e r i n g bou d upon it i s u n cl e n wh e n a m a n di e s i n I t s e e m s to h a v b e a n cc p t e d b li e f th a t a te n t pi r i t s mig ht b e t r s f r r e d to w t e r ; f or i s ta n c e a mo n g the A s y i m a de s we fi d a n i n c n t a t i on fo r a s ick m an ov e r a li ttl e fi g u f dough t hu s is
s
a
r
o
,
u
es
,
n
n
r
n
”
.
r
r
r
,
e
n
e
s
an
r an
e
re
u p on
n
a
e
e
a
e
n
Pu t wa t e r
”
a
.
s
s
r
e
r
s
-
n
,
a
o
the ma n
Pou r for t h the wa t e r
an
d
i n c a n t a ti on Br i n g fo r t h a c e n s e r ( a n d) a t or c h AS the wa te r t r i c kle t h a wa y f r om hi s b ody S o m a y the p e s tile n c e i n h i s b od y t r i c kle a wa y R e t u r n t h i s wa te r to a c u p a n d Pou r it for t h i n the b r oa d pla c e s T ha t the b r o a d pl a c e s m a y c a rr y a wa y T he e vi l i n fl u e n c e whi c h ha t h b r ou g h t l o w (hi s ) s t r e n g th of
th e
,
T bl e t
O r i n th e
a
o
f
l
O r in
tile
of
on e
m a y t he y
b r e a k it
“E vil
the
O
i t i n p ie c e s
,
” 4 .
S pi r i t
t e xt s
e
,
,
M a s t e r ma n , B i bli c a l Wor l d ,
I bid
.
ou t,
vil s p i r it (a n d ) g h os t t ha t a pp e a r i n the de s e r t Pe s ti le n c e tha t h a s t t ou c he d th e m a n for h a r m
T he
1
a
11
Ba n
the
L ik e wa te r m a y t h e y p ou r it L ik e a g ob e t m a y t he y d a s h L ik e
”
xx ii
,
2 5 6 —7
.
T hi s fe a r of r e fl e c ti on i s s hown i n th e S hi a h t r a diti on i f a M u s l i m g a z e i n t o a l ooki n g g las s b e for e s a yi n g hi s p r a y e r s he wi ll b e g u il ty of wor s h i p p i n g hi s own lik e n e s s ( H a dj i Kh a n Wi th the Pi lg r i ms .
,
255
’
.
-
,
to
Al e c c a , 3
D evi ls ,
ii
,
Tab
lt e
‘
’
T , R e v 1 3 ff .
.
4 .
I bid
.
,
Tab
lt e
‘
V,
’
l
.
6 0 ff
.
30
S
him s e l f to
P I R IT T R AN S FERRED
To
W AT ER
.
powe r of S ha br i r i th e d e mo n of bli n d e s s If h e i s with s om e o n e l s h e s h o uld s a y I am t hi r s ty ; but i f a l e h e mu t ta p o n the lid of th e j ug a n d a dd r e s s him s e l f by hi s o wn n a m e a n d the n a m e o f h i s moth e Thy m o t h e r ha s bid th e e b e wa r e s a yi n g of S h b i r i b r i r mm In H I n a white cup O n th e e v e s o f W e d e s d a y a n d th e S a bb a t h o n e s hould n ot d i n k w a t e r e x c e pt out o f whi t e v e s s e l s a n d a ft e r h a vi n g r e ci t e d P xx i x 3 — 9 o r o t he r m a gic a l for mul ae f o r i t i s on t ho s e igh t s th a t Ag r a th b a t h M a hl a th i s a b o a d with he r tr a i n ? o f e igh t e e n my r i a d s o f m e s s e n g e s o f d e s t r uc t io n The J e w s o f G a lici a b r e a k a p ot o r di h i n f r on t of a child to d r iv e a wa y the d e m on of c on vul io n s a n d a mo n g the A r a b s wh e n a n y vil i s pp r h e n d e d f r o m a p e r s on it i s cu s t m a r y to b r e a k a pi e c e o f pot t e y b e hi n d hi s ? b a ck T h e L e vi t ic a l l w s f r v e s s e l s r e n d e r e d t a b by f u n cl n b e a s t s S h o w a p a r a ll e l ; s om e a r e to the t o uch bu t t hos o f e a r th e n w a r a r e to be b r oke n be put i n w a te Now i t i s to t hi s t a n s f e r e n c e o f e vil s t h a t we mu s t e fe r th e p e culi a r cu s t o m i n v gu e a t w e ddi n g s i n the E a s t m a in s ubj e c t o f r i s k o f div e r gi n g fr o m the a n d a t th thi s c ha pte for th e mo m e n t it i s wo r th a n e x a mi n a tio n A j ug of w a te r i s pl a c e d on the h e a d of the b r ide a t a n A r a b w e ddin g i n Pa l e s t i n e wh e n s h e r e a ch e s th e door of “ the n e w hou e a s a S ig n o f compl e t e s ubmi s s io n to he r hu s b a n d a n d wh e n s he s te p s i n to the h ou s e s he mu s t c a l l on the n a m e of God a s s h e p a s s e s ove r the l i n t e l th e
e
”
on
,
r
r
a
n
,
e,
.
,
s
,
,
,
i
,
”
,
,
.
,
,
1
r
n
,
s
.
,
,
,
n
r
r
s
3
s
e
,
a
,
e
,
r
o
a
u
o
ea
o
r,
e
5
e
.
r
r
o
,
e
r
.
‘
s
,
,
,
1
Aboda h Z a r a h, fol 1 2 , .
S ee 2
3
I t n
Pes
r o du c .
,
.
,
.
2,
qu ot e d
H e r s h o n , T a i m Mi s c .
.
1 1 2 6,
an d
Je w E n cy c l .
4
3a
ti on
c ol
xi
L a n e , Al a n n er s
,
q u o te d Je wi s h E n cy c l
600
an
.
,
sub
D emon ol og y
.
.
d C us toms, 3 2 4
5 .
xi
,
2 9— 38
.
,
23 2
.
S
P I R IT TR AN S FERRE D
To
W AT
ER
31
.
b e c a u s the J i liv e b e lo w T he b ide g o om tr ik e s th j ug a s he p a s s e s t h owi g it d ow n a n d b r e a kin g it H a ls h old s a wo d ov e r h r Accor di g t o S poe r who wa s p e s n t t a w e ddi g a t S i l o m the b id e put a li ttl l a v e to he r f e he a d a n d f a s t e n e d s om e t o the do or p os t n d e n t e r d the r oom wi t h a w a t e o f th e n w h u s e a j “ he a d s ymb olizin g h r f u t u e du t i e s o n he S u r ly t hi s i s n ot the p r op e r e x p l a n a ti on for s o p e culi a r The c a lli n g on the n a m e o f G od a cu s t o m the b r e a ki n g o f th e pot by the b id e g o om a n d th e p r ophyl a c t ic s wo d x or ci s m i e i o n ) c a n o ly p oi t to a n a n ci e t r it e of the d vil s who a r e a lwa y s r e a dy t o a t t a ck n e wly o ve r w e dde d folk by t r a n fe r r i n g t h e m t th bo wl of w a te r a n d th e with a wor d of p ow e di s p s i g th e m by the Am o g th Y e zidi s f or i n s tan c e d e s t r uc t i o o f the p o t seem t th r w s om e a dditi on a l ligh t the m a i a g e cu s t o m for the b id e o n h e r a r iv a l a t the h o u s e of h e r o n thi b e t r o th e d i s s tr uck by hi m wi t h a s e la la ( m a ll s to e ) i s u n d e r hi s pow e S he a n d a g a in by s ymb olizin g th t s h e s h o uld b comp a s s i on a t e a l o f o f b r e a d s ig n i fyi n g t h a t A e m a n t of the j a b e a ki g e a pp e a s i n poo r o n th g e ch a d li r s i n f on t o f th e C i e n e cu s t m of h a gi g l “ h ou s e a d by b r e ki n g l ge j a r div e r t a b r id e g r o m l e s t a n e n vi ou s e y e s h ould of the s p e c t t o r s th e a t t e n t i I n th e t r a c t Gu l la h it i s ch a d e li e r to fa ll c a u s e th R a bbi s tha t who e v e r ta k e s d r i k f o m the s a id by th e h a n d of a b r id it i s a s i f he h d d r un k f r om the h an d e
n
s
s
r
r
?
e
n
n
n
e
s
e
.
e
a
e
r
n
r
,
o
r
.
a
,
r
,
e
or
o
e
r
a
,
e
r-
e
,
”
r
r
2
.
e
~
”
.
,
r
n
r
.
.
r
r
,
n
n
e
e
s
o
r,
n
’
n
s
n
e
o
,
,
o
r
s,
er
n
.
rr
e
r
v
s
a
a
e
e
3
r
.
n
o
n
s
r
r
n
n
a
,
r
e
a
r
e
r
ar
,
a
on
”
n
e
-
ar
n
n
o
a r
’
4
.
n
2
Ba lde n s p e r g e r ,
r
a
e,
1
1 89 4 , 1 3 6 , 1 38
.
xx vi
H a n s H S p oe r , B i bli c a l Wor l d Cha b ot , N o ti c e s u r l es Yé z i di s , J A ,
.
,
13
.
vii 1 89 6 1 2 7 Bot h a c ti on s c a n b e r e fe r r e d to c u s t om s of d r ivi n g d e m on s a wa y L a n e M a n n er s a n d C u s toms q u o t e d Ar a bi a n N i g hts vol iv 3
,
r,
,
”
n
.
.
,
,
,
of
.
thes e
.
,
,
,
.
,
t
no e
44
.
Y NG
32
GHOST
THE
LA I
.
h a r l ot H e wh r e c e iv e a cup f o m the h a n d of n o p or ti o a b r id e a n d d i n k s t h e e f om h a i n the wo ld Th e r e a r e s p e ci a l di s pe n s a ti on a ll wi n g fia n c ees to com e 2 to w a s h th e i r fa c s on the D a y of At on e m e t Th e r e i s a n o t h e r A s s yr i a n t bl e t d e a li n g wi t h the l a yin g of gh os t s As u s u a l l o g fo mul ae c on t a i n i n g l l po s ibl e pp iti on a r e p r s c r ib e d the d e s c ip t i on s of m y s h w th a t he k n ow s the i n o rd e r t h a t th e m a gici a “ A b r o th e gh os t or of the h a u n ti g s pi i t n ame u n n a m e d or with n on e to p y i t r ite s o r or on a twi n or on e th a t h a th di e d by fa ult o f on e s l a i n by th e s wo r d “ the gho s t o f god or s i n o f ki n g (c ol i 11 6 or 4 un bu r i e d or of a b oth e r or a n ythi n g e vi l on e T e c e e mo n i e s o i te d fo r h col i l h pp t e l a yi n g ( 5 : pi i t a r e a s foll ow s S e v e n m a ll lo a v s o f r oa s t o f th cor n th hoof of a d a r k c olou r e d ox flou r o f r oa s t co r n 5 a r e n e ce s s a y ; th e n a fte r a liba tion an d a littl e l e v e n th e r e i s a s p e ll of
a
s
o
.
r
r
r
s
s
r
n
1
r
s
.
o
n
e
’
.
a
3
a
r
n
a
s
e
,
o
’
r
e
r
ar
a
s
n
,
n
,
.
r s
-
,
a
,
,
,
”
.
s
e
a
n
s
r
e
-
e
,
,
r
.
,
”
r
,
.
.
,
,
,
r
a
,
l
O y e de a d fo k , wh os e c iti e s a r e hea p s of s or r owfu , wh y h a v e y e a p pea r e d u n t o m e Y e a r e a c r owd I wi n ot c om e to Ku t b a
l
ll
c as
fl ou h or n
The
1
e n c ha n
an
r
th e
in
t y ou r
d
of
tme n t s
l a ve n n the r
me
are
to
ox ,
an d
’
e
a
u p on
o
T ra c t Ta bu s
H e r s h on , T a l m N i s an, 2 3 6 , .
S e e f u r th e r ,
un
l ti l
de r R oy a
,
ear
th
of
h o s ts g
whos e
why do y e
k e a d d i n to a p a s te liba ti n p u r e d i n to
be
n
a
C a l l a /i
,
e
o
o
.
.
N o v 1 9 0 6 , 2 1 9 ff K 2 1 7 5 ; s e e my a r c e C om p a r e ” W h e n th e g h o s t of a m a n s fa t he r a p p e a r s , a s o K 2 60 4, b e g i n n i n g T he fi g u r e of the d e a d m a n a n d K 1 2 9 3 ( H a r p e r , L e tte r s , N o 4 6 1 ) 3
.
l
.
.
’
.
.
in
l y f ll It i l
i te r
s s
5
by th e n e c e s s a r y r it e s s a s o p o s s ibl e to t r a n s la t e h e r e Bu t of M e i s s n e r R i tu a l taf e l n 1 5 2 t hi s tr a n s la ti on s e e th e foot n ot e l oo
”
c a 4
.
,
” .
On
o
o we d
.
.
,
,
,
of
or
an
,
N o 45,
.
c it
.
.
,
2 24
l .
e .
9
vil br othe r .
or
Y I NG
34
LA
GHOST
TH E
.
white p r t o f the fa c e a n d the white n i n g of the d a r k c olour e d p a r t o f th fa c t ke s pl a c e Th l a t t e r p a t o f t h i s i n c a t a t i n p r e s c ib e s t h a t figu r e s o f th e d a d m a n a n d the livi n g p e s o n to who m th e S pi r i t has a pp e a r e d be m a d e a n d lib a ti on s m a d e b e fo r e b o th ; th e n the figu r e o f th d e a d m a n i s to be bu i e d i n a g r a v e n d th a t of the livi n g m a n i s to be w a s h e d i n pur e w a te r thu s typi fyi n g the bur i a l of the body of The the gh os t a n d th e cl e a n s i g o f th e livi n g m a n a cc o mp a yi n g S p e l l i s to b e r e ci t e d of
th e
a
e
-
a
e
n
r
e
”
o
1
r
r
e
,
e
,
r
a
,
n
.
n
O S u n g od, ki n g of he a v e n a n d e a r th , j u dg e be ow, or d o f th e d e a d , r u e r of the ivi n g
of
-
l
l
l
l
0 S u n g od, the de a d who ha v e r i s e n h e r or of my mo t h e r , t f t m a o h os f g y of
Si t
my
s
er,
l e t t he m
a c cep
t th i s
and
or
an d
,
a
b o ve
an d
,
-
Or
wha t i s
a ppe a r e d ,
th e g h os t
l v ea
e
o
whe t he r the
f my
b r o the r
,
m e fr e e
Th e n the f ollowi n g c e r e mo n y i s t o be p e r for m e d In the mor n i n g a t e a r ly twilight th e ki s a r mu s t be s p r i kl e d with pu r e w a t e r a n d a c e s e ligh te d f or th e S n god to a w a it him a t h i s r i s i n g bu r n i n g ba r a sa w o od o gum ; a n d a lib a t i on o f a lib a tio n of s e s a m e wi n e mu s t b e m a d e u r i n e p our e d fo r t h t hr e e t i m e s T hu s will the d e a d asses be s t a y e d Wh e n Y e t a n oth e r m e th od i s giv e n i n the a m e t a bl e t : d e a d m n a pp e a r e th u to livi n g m a n th ou a o f cl a y a n d w it e h i s n a m e on th a figu r e s h a l t m a ke ] [ l e f t s ide wi t h a s tylu s ; th ou s h l t pu t i t i n a g z e ll s i the s h d e of a c a p e r ho r n a n d i ts fa c e a d bu s h or i n the h a de of a tho n bu s h tho u s h lt dig a hol e a n d bu y it .
n
n
,
r
-
u
,
r
-
,
-
,
’
.
.
s
a
n
a
r
,
e
a
n
n
s
r
r
as
a s s ag e
is
e
a
-
a
.
F or th e di ffi c ul t wor ds i n
l tp
a
’
thi s p a s s a g e s ome wh a t d ou bt fu l .
s ee
l
th e wh o
e
ar
ti c le
.
T he
OMEN S
GH O ST S
FR O M
35
.
tt a cke d by a gh os t h e i s to b a n oin te d “ the h a n d o f the gh o s t a d wit h v a r iou s s ub s t a n c e s will be r e mov e d E v e n the f ight f r om a gh os t c a n be s u a g e d by c e r t a i n p ye r s I t i s a l s o a mo n g th e c h g e s b r ought a g a i n s t the ho s til e 3 wiz a d i n th e Jll a klu e i s th a t he ha s m a d e a figur e of n ch a t e d p r s o f h o r whom t e h lth givi g it the e a n r es ( a r e b e i g p e r f o r m e d ) a n d ha s d e liv e r e d it to a co r p s e or a ll o w d i t to l oo k a t i t o r l a id it n e a r o r o n on e or i n a g a ve o r h e h a s put th e s ick m a n s w a t e r by the s id e o f o r on a c o r p s e F r o m th e s e l a tt e r t e x t s it will h a r dl y be n e c e s s a r y to a dduc e fu r t h e r p r oo f t h a t th e a n ci e n t A s s y r i a n s w e r e fi r mly c n vi n ce d t ha t th e y might a ctua lly s e e gh os t s a n d th a t th e r e wa s n o doubt tha t thi s might h a pp e n to a n y m a n Y e t i f a n y m or e e vid n c e be n e e d e d th e om e n t a bl e t 4 K 86 9 3 will f u r n i s h it This t e x t giv e s a li s t of the p r ob a bl e occu r r e n c e s to be e x p e cte d i f a gho s t a pp e a r s i n the h ou s e of a ma n If
ma n i s
a
l
a
e
,
n
,
r
.
as
2
ra
.
ar
-
r
e
n
s
r e
,
n
e
n
-
,
,
e
,
,
’
r
,
.
o
,
.
e
,
.
.
.
Whe n a g h os t a p p e a r e th i n the hou s e of a ma n t he r e will b e a de s t r u c ti on of th a t h ou s e W h e n di tto s p e a ke th a n d h ea r ke n e th ( for a n a n s we r ) des t r u c ti on of t h a t h ou s e the m a n will di e a n d ( t he r e will be ) la me n ta ti on W he n d i tto s t a n de t h ove r th e be d o v e r t hr ow of the b e d a n d h ou s e ,
.
,
,
The
thus 1 2
sa
.
.
.
40 7 5
a
b oth
F or
.
s ee
l
’
Be z o d s
Ca ta l og
ue
f
o
the
Kon y my i k ’
.
M a /cl u T a ble t I V ,
4
,
.
3 398
Co lle c ti on 3
m e t hi n g will h a pp e n i f i t i s u n de r the be d W e t h a t it wa s c ou n t e d a n vil om e n i f a n a pp a r i tion e
s ee
K K
.
C om p a r e
l
S
a so
l
ma n i n th e m i dd
e
.
“Wh
.
3 92
:
wa t c h ,
”
or
en
in
i n the hou s e h s e r s o t ibb g g th e m or n i n g wa t c h a
.
of
36
FROM M AL AY S
PA R ALL E L
.
howe d i ts e lf i n a hous e e ith e r s il e n t o r gibb e r i n g i n e x p e cta tio n o f s om e a n s w r ; f u r the r we n o w h a v e e vid e n c e for the b e li e f a mo n g th e A s s y i n s i n the gho s t which w a lk s a t n ight a n d com e s t o th e b e d id e a u n iv e r sa l t r ditio n T he r e i s a n in t e r e s ti n g p a r a ll e l to th e s e r it e s a mon g th e Dy k s or M a l a y s of s om e of the w e s t e r n t r ib e s of Bo r n e o I f on e of the s e n a tiv e s fa lls to vomitin g he b e lie v e s th a t on e of hi s d e c e a s e d ki n s folk i s r e s p on s ibl e a n d he f or h e lp r e p a i s to a wi s e ma n o r a wi s e wom a T hi s e x or ci s t pull s o u t o n e of h i s h a i s a n d c a ll s on th e n a m e s o f h i s d a d r e l a tio n s ; th e n a m e a t which th e l ock giv e s f or th a s ou n d i s the n a m e of the guilty on e The phys ici a n g e n e r a lly a n ol d wom a n th e n s a y s to the gho s t G o b a ck to y o u r g r a v e : wh a t do y o u com e h e r e for ? The s oul o f th e s ick m a n do e s n o t choo s e to be c a ll e d by Th n u a n d will r e m a i n y e t a lo n g t im e i n i ts body o y s he puts s om e a s h e s fr om th e h e a r th i n a wi n n o wi n g f a n mould s out of th e m a s m a l l figu r e or im a g e i n an d S e v e n tim e s s h e mov e the b s k e t with h um a n lik e n e s s the littl e a s h e n figu r e up a n d dow n b e fo e th e p a ti e t t a kin g c a r e n ot to oblit e r te th e figu r e whil e a t th e s a m e “ tim e s he s a y s : S ick n e s s s e ttl e i n the h a d b e lly h n d s th e n quickly p as s i n t o the co r r e s po di n g p a t of the e tc im a ge wh e r e upo n the p a ti e n t s pit s on th e im a g e a n d pu s h e s it fr om hi m wi th h i s l e ft h a n d Ne x t the b e ld a m e light s a c a n dl e a d go e s t o the gr a v e of the p e r s o n wh os e gho s t i s doin g a ll the mi s chie f a n d th o w s th e e o n the figur e of a s h e s c a llin g ou t : G ho s t pl gu e th e s ick ma n gr a v e th a t h e m a y s e e y ou a n d s t a y i n you r n o lo n g e r 1 n o m or e s
,
e
,
r a s
a
,
.
a
.
,
,
-
r
n
-
r
.
,
e
.
,
,
”
e
.
,
,
s
.
a
r
a
,
,
e
,
.
n
,
,
n
,
a
,
‘
r
”
,
.
n
r
,
,
,
r
a
,
”
.
1
E
Fr a ze r
M Ku hr , S c he tz e n Gol d e n B ou g h, i , 2 6 7
L
.
,
.
.
.
n
i t Bor n e o s ’
Wes te r af de el i n g
,
q u ot ed by
38
EX TE R N AL S O UL
TH E
.
“ e pli e d : By m a
H ? e r e n s of th r e e h a i r s f r om it g my b e a r d Th e s to r y o f S a m s o n gu a r di n g h i s s t en gth i n hi s h a i r k e e pi n g wi t h t hi s b e li e f a n d s e e m s to h a v e s om e thi n g i p a s s a ge i n the O ld T e s ta m e n t E zek x iii 1 8 a n oth e r “ i s n ote wo r thy : W o e to the wom e n th a t s e w pillow s upon a l l e lbow s a n d m a k e k e r chi e fs for the h a d o f p e r s on s of e v e r y s t t u e to hun t s oul s Acco r di n g to M oh a mm e d a n t r a dition the s oul of Ad m h a d b e e n c e a t e d th ou s a n ds of y e a r s b e fo r e th e m a ki n g of the cl a y b ody dw e llin g At a n d i t a t fi r s t r e f u s e d to e n t e r i ts hum a n l a s t G od fo r c e d it vi ol e n tly th r ough Ad a m s n o s e which 1 c a u s e d hi m to s n e e z e I n A s s y r i a n th e r e i s a n i n c a n ta tio n di r e ctin g th e s o r c e r e r
I
et
'
.
r
n
,
,
,
.
,
e
,
r
a
.
r
a
,
,
.
’
,
.
Bi n d th e h e a d
of
th e
i k
s c
ma n ,
bi n d th e n e c k o f th e s i c k ma n An d bi n d th e s ou l ( or l i fe ) of the s i c k An d
,
man
.
m a r k of a n old F iji a n chi e f th a t a n e wbor n child i s s c a r c e ly a hum a n b e i n g a s i ts s pi r it h a s n ot y e t com e ? to it i s v e r y s ugge s tiv e i thi s c on n e cti on W e h a v e n o w to tur n t o th e s e con d cl a s s of pi r it s tho s e th a t a r e n ti r e ly i n hum a n a n d s up e r n a tur a l Th e y e xi s t i n the fe r til e im a gi tio n o f the S e mi t e s i n coun tl e s s ho d e s a n d th e i r n a mes are l e gio n ; a n d a s i t i s impo s s ibl e to comp a r e a ccur a te ly the r 6 1e s of e a ch s e p a r a t e de mon i n th e r e s p e ctiv S e mitic l a n gu a g e s the b e s t wa y will be to e x a mi n e th e ch a r a ct r i s tic s of e a ch s ucc e s s iv e ly T he
re
,
n
,
s
e
,
.
na
r
,
-
e
,
e
1
.
Jewi s h E n cy c l op ce di a , 1 78
.
ii T a ble t I X 1 80 H M F os s e y i n hi s L a M a g i e As s y r i en n e u n e u h é m i s me e i e r le t t s n e u e r e ou r d s u g g e s t s t h a t th i s i s g p p p m e mb r e vi r il F i s on a n d H owitt Ka mi la r o a n d Ku r n a i 1 9 0 2
D ev ils ,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
.
3
,
,
.
39
UT UKK U
TH E
.
Aga in t a ki n g A s s y r i a n a s th b a s e th fi s t m a tte r th a t li e b e for e s i n the ft re p e a te d li n e Utu l hu li mn u lu e
s
u
li mn u ,
e di
o
mmu li mn u
g
“E vil S pi it vil D m ,
e
,
r
-
c
li mu n , i l u li mu n ,
u l l it
,
a
li mn u ,
r a bi s u
vil G ho s t e vil D e vil vil God T he e l i mmu we h a v e a l r e a dy d e a lt wi th e vil Fie n d th a l ii b e l on gs t o the t hi r d cl a s s be i n g ha lf hum a n a n d th e e vil G od yi ld but littl e mo e th a n i ts 8 con ta i n d id e a o t h a t we h v e on ly to tr e a t of the r
e
,
e
”
on
e
,
,
,
e
,
c
.
,
'
e
,
e
e
u tu hhu ,
'
s
r
s
,
,
a
th e g u l lit,
an
d the
r u bi s u
.
c e a t l e s t u s e d of the w a ith of a d e a d m n c omi g b a ck to e a r th but it i s n ot e a s y to s a y wh e e i n th diffe e n c e li e s b e twe e n it a n d the edi mmu But f om the fa ct t h a t we fin d it on ly on c e with c e t a in ty t a ki n g the pl c e o f the e di mmu we s h a ll p r ob a bly be r ight i n a s c r ibi n g t o it a fa r wid r s cop e I t wa s c e r t a i n ly a s pi it t h a t lu r k e d i n th e d e s e r t the common h om e of R f Sein i tib devi j s, l y i ng i n w a i t for m a n or it migh t ha v e i ts an d th e moun t i n ome i s a or g r a v e a r d y vil would bef l l hi m o wh om i t m e r ly c a s t i ts e y e T he f oll owin g te x t d e c ib e s th e p r ovi n c o f a s pi r it w h o s e n am e i s u n f o tu t ly los t th o ugh a b e a k i n the t a bl e t I t i s p os s ibl e h ow e ve r th a t it i s the u tu hhu T he
u tu hku
is,
a
n
r
on
1
a
r
,
,
e
r
.
r
r
,
a
,
,
e
.
2
r
,
w
,
W
M
F”
r .
"
n
V
u
l
i
'
a
a
na
r
T he
1
2
4
e
r
.
e
e
r
,
r
.
,
,
T he
,
,
n
s
T he
e
m
'
e
T he
s,
3
a n d r oa m e th o v e r th e l a n d vil S p ir it r obb e th e vi l S p i r it whi c h s h r ou de th th e la n d a s wit h a g a r m e n t e vi l S p i r i t wh i c h a g a i n s t th e m a n a n g r i ly e vi l S p i r it i s a de vil wh i c h h e a r e t h n ot 5
e
,
,
,
l
T he Gi g a mi s h e p i s ode s e e Ki n , Ba b R e l i g i on , 1 7 5 g D e vi ls , i , T a b e t 2 8, p 5 , 1 .
l III
.
.
.
.
11 1 3 ii 1 7 i 3 a n d H a u p t 4 D e vi l s i T a bl e t O l 1 7 9 The S u m e r i a n wor d i s los t a n d th e As s yr i a n tr a n s la ti on it by a d i tto S i g n 3
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
.
5
,
-
.
t
r e pr e s e n s
40
TH E R A BL S U ‘
’
.
i l S p ir it i s a de vi l wh i c h ha th n o s ha m e T he e vi l S p i r it i s a de vi l wh i c h S p a wn e th e villy T he e vi l S p i r it wh i c h b r i n g e t h woe on the l a n d T he e vi l S p ir it wh i c h hu n t e th o ve r th e la n d T he e vi l S p i r it wh i c h c ha s e t h l ivi n g b e i n g s th e h a n d T he e vi l S p i r it i s a p es tile n c e wh i c h T he e vil S p i r it wh i c h fi e r c e ly h u n te t h the l a n d T he e vi l S p ir it wh i c h fi e r c e ly r a i s e t h t r o u bl e i n the l a n d T he e vi l S p i r it wh i c h r e c e iv e t h n ot T he e vi l S p i r it whi c h d r a we th u p the l ittl e o n e s l ik e fis h fr o m the wa t e r T he e vi l S p i r it wh i c h c as t e th do wn th e e lde r s T he e vi l S p i r it wh i c h s t r ik e th g r e y h a i r ed ol d m e n a n d wome n T he
ev
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
i w o r d u d n cl s s ic l s e a a g As s y r ia n a s a te r m of abu s e b e i n g u s e d by S e n n a ch e ib to d e s c r ib e th e ho s til e Ba bl i a n s i the ph r a s e g a l li 3 e vi l de vil s li mn dti T he r a bi s a a s i ts n a m e impli e s i s a lu r ki n g de mo n which j u t a s i n Job iv 1 5 : s e t s the h a i r o f the body o n e n d T h a s pi r it p a s s e d b e for e my f c e ; the h i r of my fl e s h s tood up Thi s lu k e m y be comp a r e d to th e s at th e r oo f a n d on S y r i a c bar eg dr d a d e mo n wh j umpe d on a ma n a s he c a m e ou t o f the h o u s e th e m a n s o a fflicte d b e i n g k n ow n a s d bdr eg ar d
T he
is
a l lu
se
xle s s
?
It
is
a
r
,
n
n
’
‘
.
,
,
,
4
s
,
en
,
a
’
‘
.
r
’
r
a
a
o
,
,
’
s
.
1 2
3
I bi d
.
1 1,
,
127
.
l
E vi l Sp i r i ts , T a b e t V , c ol G S m it h , H i s tor y of S e n n , 1 1 4 , 6 D ev i ls
a nd
l
.
v
4
Pe n i n s u
wa s
a
a
e
if th e
a n ng
n eg r o
l
.
I
ho w h e
on c e
c ou
l; l
he a r d
u n a ad
lu n a m
una
a
a
s
e
a
a
s
s an
e xa g i ta tu r
c r u c i a ba tu r a
.
A b ra
ld lw y t ll wh th ld l w y t d p
Pa y n e S mith , T hes a u r u s , 3 1 ,
l
.
S u ez
a
w h o m h e p a s s e d i n th e
i n iti o
1 17
,
.
.
me n s i s l u n a r i s a
51
,
hi s h a i r wou
or n ot
\
vis ita n t
i
50 ;
xpl i i
de m on
a c c or d
5
l
,
.
iv
.
s
e
u
tr e e t
“ d eu
m
bla c k
o n e n d of
ma n o wn
i ts
t
s u per n a u r a
a
l
l u n a r i s q u i q u ovi s
(l u n a ti c u s fit )
daem on e q u i
a
er
we r e
ae m on
i n the S i n a iti c
,
n ee n a n
c r u c i ab a t
.
”
is,
qu i
42
TH E
L A BA R T U
.
tr a n gl e s the b a b e Th e M a r on i t e s h a v e the s a m e ide as 2 ch ild r e n Bli s s a b o ut h a n gi n g p o phyl a ctic a mul e t s o n d e s c r ib e s a l e a fl t f ld e d i n a pie c e of l e a th e r a n d wo r n I t i s i s c ib e d with a p r a y e r to S t Cyp r i a n a s a ch r m to p r e s e r v e a ll who r a d it w a r i t or put it i n t h e i r hous e s or o n b e a s ts th a t th e y m a y b e s a f e fr om the E vil h a do w s o f n ight f om e vil s pi r it s lu r kin g Ey e f o m th i n a im a t e i n food or d i n k T hi s i n t hi g s a n im a t e o Am n g the i s p t on a child who i s a f a id f gho s t s A a bs i f child wi s h to be d liv e e d fr om n ightm a r e I ta k e r e fuge i n a n d i ts t e r r o s h e mu s t s a y t o All a h Th e i r e quiv a l e n t for the th e e fr om th e e vil of S a t a n 4 — child wi t ch i s c a lle d Umi n c l S u bya n 1
s
.
r
.
e
a
o
r
n
.
.
e
e
,
,
,
r
,
s
e
r
,
n
r
n
r
,
o
r
u
.
o
.
'
r
e
a
,
r
r
,
,
”
3
.
-
-
1
.
C on y b e a r e , Je wis h
i t
fe m a
ag a n s
l
e
Q
de m o n s ,
xi
u a r te r l
y, Sc h
l
s ee
l
u
,
30
By z a n ti n e
On
.
mb e r g e r ,
é
M la ng
es
a
S
lt
e s
’
d A r c hé ol og i e
l t ld by lith ) wh
H a n a u e r r e a te s By za n ti n e, 1 1 7 1 9 0 4, 2 6 6 ) th e t a a S p a n i s h Je we s s a b o u t the i r it o f a B r oos ha i L a or o f m f L p ( .
mu
e
o
,
o
ta k e s the s ha p e of a c a t I t c on c e r n d h e r g r a n dm oth e r a t the ti m e tha t s h e g a v e bi r t h to a c h ild th e m ot he r of th i s Je we s s I t i s a c u s t om t h a t for n i n e d a y s a ft er a bi r t h n e it h e r m o t h e r n or c hi ld Shou ld be le ft a lo n e i n a r oom bu t thi s p r e c a u ti on wa s t e mp or a r i l y T h e wo ma n wh o wa s n u r s i n g the s i c k m o th e r le ft th e r oo m o m itt e d a n d w he n s h e r e t u r n e d the p a ti e n t r e la t e d a d r e a m o f a g r e a t bla c k c a t h a vi n g c om e i n t o the r oo m a n d t u r n e d it s e l f i n t o a j a r A c a t m ewed I t c a m e to the be d i n the s tr e e t a n d the j a r b e c a m e a c a t a g a i n “ t ook the ba by a n d we n t to the wi n dow a n d s a i d S ha ll I thr ow ? “T hr ow s a i d the c a t ou ts ide T hi s ha p p e n e d th r i c e with the s a me a n d the c a t t h e n t h r e w th e b a by o u t of th e wi n do w a n d a n s we r d i s a pp e a r e d h e r s e lf a t th e e n t r a n c e of th e n u r s e wh o a t on c e n o ti c e d th e b a by was n ot i n th e c r a dl e I n o r d e r n ot to a la r m th e m o t h e r s he e x pl a i n e d t h a t s h e h e r s e lf h a d t a k e n th e c h i ld a n d t h e n da s h e d ou t As of th e h ou s e to s e e a c a t c r os s i n g a fi e ld wit h a b a b e i n i ts m o u th s h e p u r s u e d S he u tt e r e d a for m of a d u r a ti on wh i c h for c e d th e b e a s t to j dr op the c h i ld t
of e n
e
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
”
,
”
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
2
1 89 2 , 3 1 8
.
3
4
H a dj i Kh a n , Wi th P i lg r i ms to Mecc a , 4 4 Z we m e r , A r a bi a , 2 83 .
.
SED U
TH E
AN D
43
L AM A S S U
.
D oubtl e s s the D a gon of R e v l a tio which s to od b e for i n t a v a il i s to b e pl a c e d u d the w om a t hi he a d ; a t r a te t h e an n f D g T o f th s tam e t O o lom n e S h y “ 2 f t h e s e ch a a ct i s tic s : s om e Th e c m b e fo m e a d r a go n t h e e h e d e d o f fe a r f ul h e An d I qu s ti on e d hi m W h o a r t tho u ? a n s we e d m e I am A d h a c l t r op lik e ( i x pi it wh os a c t ivity i t h i s r e n r e c fi p ) li e s But I bli d ch i ld n i wom e womb s a d t wi l th e i e a r s r ou d a n d I m k e t h m d e a f a d mute c t ic lly thi n g O f th e a hha z u s e iz r a n d th e l a ba s u p i s kn o w u l e s s the fo m e r i con id e r e d t b e the a m e d s c r ib e d i the m e dic a l t x t s wh e r as th a t a hha z 3 fill d by di o f t hi n me a m a n ma s a b e y Two the r s a r e m e n t io e d i n th e c n e i fo m m a gic a l W t e xts the s é du a n d la ma s u T he fo m e m y b e th e “ s or an e v il gu a r di an i de t“ pi it n a m e fo a e ith e y A r
n
e
r
-
a
u
,
’
n
,
T
i
o
e
re
e
.
‘
r
e
o
a
,
r
n
n s
a
,
s
a
s
’
e
s
e
a
e
se
e
,
a
s
n
o
no
o
n
e
r
.
ra
r
‘
n
e
,
n
u
n
’
e
e
’
n
re
,
,
s
,
n
.
n
a
as
'
-
n
s
o
er
er
‘
a
er
n
e
r
,
e
,
n
o
o
r
n
,
ra
,
1
.
r
u
m
s
,
M
W
M
F W
r
a
r
.
w
fl flt
W
ws w
a
r
a
r
u
s
l
r
c
m -v
:
O
n
”
a (
-n
fl m
fi
P
r
v
.
t
~
.
M
‘
h a v e n a n d P f fbfl fii fib w hich m i n i s he th the la n d 4 gi“a n t “mt r e g th a n d gi a n t t r e a d 2 I t s a l o found i n li t o f s pi r i t b f r the E vil 5 an d n vil g e n iu s Ey e or i s d s c ib e d a s E vil S pi it s b e gi n s the s i x t e n t h t bl e t f the m vi l g d i t Th g g h i d i it t v v l t se d R t hl ( ) p s e du
i r1
w h ch )
u
r
m 1 n 1 s he
i
a
e
c
-
s
a
m"
u
‘
w m '
.
,
1
«
M
I
M
a
s
e
e
e
r
s are ra
o
e e
is
a
’
o
a
es s s
u
‘
x or ci s e d
s
r
by
‘
e o e
s,
s
r
e
,
It
,
”
n
i
,
.
s
n
u
s,
s c
’
” 7
au
en s
ea
n
crea e
i k
th e
or
.
man
l
0 S p i r it ( Si d u ) t ha t s t a n de s t c os e a t h a n d t my c r y g o for th the r e fr om u n t o the s tr e e t ‘
A 1 3
x1 1 ,
4
2 .
Kii c hl e r , As s y r B a by l M e d i zi n 6 0 -
5
D e vi l s , T a b
I bi d
.
,
Ta b
l tV e
lt e
,
.
c ol
,
L,
’
l
.
iv
.
5
,
1 8 ff .
,
5
.
1 .
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
a
e
a
e
e
c
,
.
ll 2 8 3 0 3 1 t I bi d T bl t XV I l I b id T bl t XV I l .
.
Q
E d C on y b e a r e , J .
.
4
,
xi
29
,
.
,
,
.
.
3 46
1
.
.
.
44
SED I M ‘
TH E
O S p i r it t h a t
At my It
l
ta n de th n e a r g o for t h [ t he r efr o m u n t o the
cry
t a ke s
a so
s
,
pl a c e wi t h
i ts
T he g r e a t g e n i u s Whi c h r oa m the
d u S é ( )
,
u tu kku a n d r a bi sa
th e
i it
sp r
b r oa d p l a c e s
1
an
d
fien d
,
fo r m e n
” 2 .
i it ha th la i n i n wa i t i n the de s e r t th e m a n [ha th dr a wn n i g h ] T he e vi l g e n i u s (Séd u ) for e v e r i s r a mp a n t An d n on e c a n [r e s i s t T he
e
vil
.
sp r
,
un
t o the s i de
of
,
,
3
T he
i
g
r ag n g
i
e n us ,
i l de mon
th e
ev
” 4 .
qu a lity a s n e vi l s pi r it th a t the s u r r oun di n g b or o w e d the w or d fr o m the A s s yr i a n s S e mitic n a t io n ’ I t o ccu r s a s D Ww i n D e u t xxx ii 1 7 a d Ps cvi 3 7 A r m ic ar m an d in i n i i l t tim i a e e s t t h e s o l ; l y I t i s i n i ts
a
s
r
.
’
.
a
.
,
,
r
,
much di s cu s i o a m g the R a bbi s F or i n s ta n c e 5 t o p os s e s s s i x qua li th e tea m a r e s a id i n th e T a lmud fic a ti on s t h r e e o f which b e lo g to m a a n d th r e e to the a n ge ls f or t h ough t h e y e a t d r i n k multiply a n d di e a s m e n do t h e y h v e wi n g s f or e k wl e dg e of the fu t u r e t v e s e th e wo ld fr o m e e n d to the o t h e r an d c n j u s t like the a n ge l s I d e e d a cco di g t o s om e the y c n a s s um e n s h a p e a n d f o r m t h y lik e b e i g a bl e to y s e e wi t h out b i n g s e e n t he me lv s O t he s s a y t h a t t he y w e r e b g o tt n by t wo a ge l s n a m e d A a a n d A a e l on 6 d N a a m a h the d ugh t e r of L m e ch b e fo r e the F l oO s
ubj ct
a
n
,
,
o
e
f
s
on
n
.
n
n
,
a
,
ra
a
a
n
,
1
.
3
.
4 5
,
,
a
e
a
e
l
e,
,
r
.
G,
T,
’
l l
.
14
.
1
z
z
a
’
n
,
n
.
,
I bi d T bl t N
.
.
a
,
e
’
,
c ol
.
T a l l q vi s t, M a q l u , v i i , 1 2 4 A both, e d R odki n s on , i ( i
Sa
e
a
.
6
s
e
I bi d T bl t I bi d T bl t
n
e
e
,
,
r
a
e
,
on
r
.
,
no
,
r
,
,
,
,
,
Of
.
x)
,
.
1 23
l i
a so
,
136
.
.
Kor a n ( q u oti n g Z oha r ), Pr e li m D i s c ou r s e , .
s ec
t iv .
.
.
i
,
l
.
9
.
46
GU
m a gici
T he
an
ds
en
A RD I A N
hi s
s
A
NGE L S
p e ll wi t h
.
p y e r to
a
ra
O h t h a t t h ou we r t m y g u a r di a n G e n i u s 1 An d m y g u a r d i a n S p ir it
Ea
S éd u ( ) ‘
Whil e on the s ubj e ct o f gu di a n s pi i t s it will h e r e be fit ti n g to look i n to the qu s t i on o f gu a di a n a n g l s to A s s y r i a b li e f t a lly with th o e o f th e s e e h o w f a r th oth e S mite s T he R a bbi m a i n ta i d t ha t e v e r y m a n wh o a cco mp a n i d h i m h a d two g a r di a n a n g e l T he M oh a mm e d n s s a y th a t two s uch a g e l s a tte n d on e v e y ma n to ob s e r v e a n d w i t e d o w n hi s a ctio n s ; a cco r di n g on e i s o n e a ch s hould e r to th e p e a a n t s o f P a l e s ti n e th e y a r e g r e e te d a t the e n d o f e ve r y p a y r by and tur n i n g tow r d s t h e m r ig ht a n d l e ft Th e y w r i te down e v e r y d e e d a ccompli h d du i n g the d a y t im or a s lo n g a s W h v e to co s id e r i n r e l a tion th e p e r s o n i s a w a k e o co n s t a n tly o ccur i n to t hi s the two p hr a s e s w hich cu n e ifo m r e ligiou s t xts the ma n s on of hi s god a n d “hi s od a n d hi s g odd e s th e l t t e occu r r i g fr e que n tly g i n the s o c a ll e d P e n it n t i a l P s a lm s T h fo r m e r i s to be fou n d i n th e i n c t ti n s a d s e e m s to be u s e d to i n dic a te th a t th m n r e a lly ha s a g od a s hi p r o t e c t or a ga in s t the i s b e i n g e x r ci s d Thu s s uch ph r a s e s a s e vil s pi it wh 5 Un t o the m a n the s on of hi god c om e n o t n ig h ; 6 Un til t hou de p a r t s t fr o m the m a the s on o f hi s god ar
r
,
.
e
e
e
r
n
r
e
u
ne
s
’
e
a
?
n
r
3
r
s
,
,
r
a
e
r
1 ‘
e,
e
.
n
a
r
”
e
,
s
an
e
a
,
e
-
a
o
s
o
e
I bi d i T bl t III e
a
,
,
'
,
1 2 84 fi
.
.
q u ot e d Je wi s h E n cy c l s u b A ng e l ol og y S a le Kor a n Pr e l i m D is c s e c t iv O n th e qu e s ti on of the 1 89 3 3 0 9 Ba l de n s p e r g e r me s s e n g e r s or a n g e ls with e vil S p i r it s s e e Je wi s h ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
of
”
n
l 6a ,
,
‘
.
s
e
4
e
n
,
,
,
n
.
o
,
,
r
a
r
3
’
’
,
s u b v oc e 5
6
,
s
,
Hag
.
i T a ble t I V vi 3 ff T a ble t v ii 55 iii 3 7
D e vi ls ,
I bid
.
e
.
,
s
.
,
s
s
s
.
e
,
v ol
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
l ti
re a
on
E n cy c l
.
,
TH E
Fr om
S
EVEN S P I R IT S
47
.
th y d p t e r g 1 tc ar c omm bu t the r e f e c e f r om hi s body p a r ticul a r g od t o whom th m a n ha i s doubtl s s to by l c a l i n flu n c e or fa mily t r a diti o a tt a ch e d him s e l f e i t he wh e n w c on s id e the e xt o di y n umb e of g od or we m a y p e r h a p n a m e s u s d i n c o mpo i t e p r s on l n a m e th a t the m a n th o ught him elf to be u n d e r the a s s um e comp on e n t f h i s n a m e It aegi s o f s uch god a s fo r m e d i s m or e l ik e ly i f we a r e to e e a y r e fe e n c e to gu a di a n i n As s y r i a n li te r a tu r e t h t we h a ll fi d it i n a n ge l s “ “ i h h s o d a n d h i s g odd s s a t h a th n o H t h h r as “g q J£ p 2 i c a t a t i n a ga i s t H ad a ch e we a r e told i n “H e a d a ch e wi l l s e iz e on hi s body wh e n h e wa lke t h i n the s t r e e t “ Inzddi ti on t o th e A s s y r i an d mon s k n ow n by di s ti ctiv e th e e a e the S e v e n S pi i t s whi ch combi n e i n n a mes th e i r p e s o n lmo s t a l l the t r a di tio n a l E s t e r n id e a s of m a n , th e
the
”
e
,
.
hi s
of
s on
e
,
may
o d,
on
e
er
,
a
e
n
e
r
o
ra
s
e
s
e
r
e
,
a
e
n
n ar
r
a
r
s,
s
s
a
o
s
,
n
d ay
-a v .
s
”
e
_
‘
a
,
'
m
.
r
’
n
e
.
r
'
,
,
an
n
n
n
o
e
,
i
’
”
.
-
M
e
s
r
ji n n
,
ag
r
r
,
hwdl, S e ve n
‘
n
’
r
a
an
a
d
f
a ar
th e y
it
.
t he y I n th e O c e a n D e e p s e v e n a r e t he y Ba tt e n i n g i n H e a v e n s e v e n a r e t he y Br e d i n th e d e p ths of th e O c e a n N or m a le n or fe m a le a r e t he y Bu t a r e a s lth e r oa mi n g wi n d bla s t N o w if e h a v e th e y n o s on c a n t he y b e g e t Kn owi n g n e it h e r m e r c y n or p ity T h e y h e a r k e n n ot to p r a y e r or s u p p li c a ti on T h e y a r e a s h or s e s r e a r e d a mi d the h ills T he E vi l O n e s o f E a T hr on e b e a r e r s to th e g ods a r e t he y T he y s t a n d i n the h i g hwa y to b e fou l the p a th are
S e ve n
ar e
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
-
1
I bi d iii .
,
,
,
47
2 .
I bi d T bl t I X .
,
,
a
e
,
194
.
48
TH E E vi
l
T wi c e
EVEN S PI R ITS
the y e vi l a r e the y a r e th e y s e ve n a r e t he y s e ve n a r e th e y
ar e
S e ve n
S
.
,
,
,
1
t or ms (a n d ) e vil wi n ds a r e the y An e vi l bl as t t ha t h e r a lde th the b a n e fu l s t or m An e vi l bla s t fo r e r u n n e r of the b a n e fu l s t or m T he y a r e m i g h ty c h ildr e n mi g hty s on s H e r a lds of the Pe s tile n c e T hr on e b e a r e r s of Er e Ski g a l T he y ar e the fl ood whi c h r u s he t h thr ou g h the la n d S e v e n g od s of the b r oa d ea r th S e ve n r obbe r ( 2) g o ds a r e t he y S e v e n g ods of mi g h t S e v e n e vi l g ods S e v e n e vil de mon s S e v e n e vil de mon s of opp r e s s i on 1 a e n n s e e n a d v on e ar th S e ve n i n he v D e s t r u c t i ve
2
s
,
3
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
t ha t mi n i s h h ea ve n a n d e a r t h T ha t m i n i s h the la n d S p i r its t ha t mi n i s h the la n d O f g i a n t s tr e n g t h Of g i a n t s tr e n g t h a n d g i a n t t r e a d D e mon s (l ik e ) r a g i n g bu lls g r e a t g hos ts Ghos t s th a t b r e a k t hr ou g h a ll h ou s e s D e mon s t ha t h a v e n o s ha me S e v e n a r e th e y Kn owi n g n o c a r e t he y g r i n d the la n d lik e c or n Kn owi n g n o me r c y t he y r a g e a g a i n s t ma n ki n d T h e y Sp ill t he i r blood like r a in S p i r i ts
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I bi d T bl t V
1
.
e
a
,
,
c ol
1 28
v,
.
.
.
q u o ti n g Cl em A l exa 268 e m p e s ts s a y s t h a t p e s ti le n c e s n d ha i l we r e tt ii t e r a o P e d ( r e g a r de d a s th e wo r k of de m on s a n d t h i s s u p e r s titi on c on ti n u e d a m on g a l m os t a l l th e C h r i s ti a n s of th e M i ddle Ag e s L it e r a lly b e h olde t h D e vi ls a n d E vi l Sp i r i ts i T a bl e t V c ol 1 1 l 6 5 ff Ma u r y
2
.
La
,
,
M a g i e, 1 0 2 ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
3
.
4
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
TH E
T he y
S
.
t or ms di r e c te d fr om h ea ve n T he y a r e th e o wls wh i c h h oot o ve r a c ity The y a r e th e c h i ldr e n b or n o f e a r t h T ha t i n the c r e a ti o n of A n u we r e s p a wn e d O v e r the h i g he s t wa ll a n d t hr o u g h th e t hi c k e s t wa ll L ike a s t or m fl o od t h e y c a n p a s s Br e a ki n g t hr o u g h fr o m h o u s e to h ou s e N o door c a n s hu t th e m ou t n o b ol t c a n t u r n t he m b a c k a re
th e g r e a t
EVEN S P I R ITS
s
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
”
1
.
Th e s S v e n S pi its r a pp e i l a t e t im e s both i n P l s ti n i a n m a gic T he t a di t io n of th e S yr i a c a n d i Un cl e a n Sp i it i n th G o s p e l o f S t Luk e (x i 2 4 ) n “ doubt e dly e choes t hi A ssy r i a n p oe m : T he“un cl e a n S pi r it when he i s go e ou t of the m a n p a g s e th j hr ou g h re t ; w a te r l e s pl a c e s s e e ki fi n di n g a n e he an d M o my ho u s e wh e n c e I c a m e o u t t s a i t h I wil l t u r n b ck u n“ “ An d wh e n h e i s g p me he fin deth i t s w e p t a n d g g rni s h e d T h e n go e t h he a n d ta k th to him s e v e n o th e r pi i t s mor e e vil th a n him s l f But we h a v e a s till mor e cu r iou s tr a dition i n S y r i a c which d e s c r ib e s th e S e v e n S pi r i t s a lm o t to the e a r li e r 15153555 15 3 1 e x a ctly a s th e y w e r e k n o w n M e s opota mi a r
e
e
n
ar
e
a e
n
r
,
r
.
r
e
.
u
,
s
fl
n
_
s
,
W
u.
,
n
,
s
,
a
,
w
ne
01
.
" 0
g
.
D
e
,
e
s
r
.
s
.
e fold t h F or [ ]
Se ve n
a
o n e s s on s a lo n g on 2
I bi d
.
,
W ha t
in
ccur s e d b r othe s ccu r s e d s on s ! d e s tr ucti v e of m e n o f d s t r ucti on ! Why do y o c r e p y ou r k n e s a n d mov upo n your h a n d s ? r
l tV
is
vi de n tly
e
,
iv 1 8 6 e vi l d e m on the de s e r t ,
,
a
u
e
Ta b
e
c a ttl e
e
,
1
f
o
?
c ol
.
1, l 1 0
a s
.
e
’
e
.
i m i la r
c ha r
A yi
m in
ss
r an
for
ca
ttle
i s g iv e n
,
vi l de vi l s e e k the r e s tin g pla c e (for s he e p ) in de s tr oyi n g th e r e s ti n g p la c e lik e n u s u T he As a hlc u c a s te t h down i n the hor s e s s t a ble I t ha th fille d the m ou th Of the a s s e s with du s t a n d e s tr a n g e th th e i r m a t r i x
T he
,
the
e
-
v
-
,
.
’
,
,
,
TH E
An d t he y
fle
pli e d
re
EVEN S P I R IT S
S
We
‘
,
g
o
ou r
on
51
.
h a n ds ,
so
tha t we
ma y
c r a wl a lon g up o o r h a n d o tha t we m a y d i n k bl d As s oon a s I s w i t I p r e v e n t e d th e m f o m d e v o u i g a n d I cu r s e d a d bou d t h e m i n the n m Of the F t h the S o a d the H ly Gh t yi n g : M a y y o u n ot p oc e e d on you r w y n or fi i h y ou j u e y d m y God b r e a k you te e th a n d cut th v i n f yo e ck a d th e s i n w s th e r e o f t h t you a pp r oa c h n t th h e p n o the o xe f th e p e s o who c i s [s c t h e s w i t ] ! I bin d you i n th e am of G a b i e l d M ich l I bi d y ou by t h a t ge l wh j u dg e d the wom a n t h a t c omb e d (th h a i th o f) h r h e a d o H oly S u n d y of v Ma y the y v i s h s m k f m b e fo e th wi d fo e v e r a n d v Am n In Re v xv 6 Be l i a r s e n d s e v e n e vil pi r i t s a g i n s t m a n e at
s h,
d we
an r
n
a
.
r
os
r n
‘
e
n s
r
e
e
an
,
n
s
o
ur
e
o
a
n
,
s
,
r
ae
n
o
s
r
an
,
n
,
o
e
n
an
a
er ,
,
e
e
e
.
r
e
e
n
,
r
n
e
arr e
an
n
a
o
n
er,
n
r
a
r
n
a
rn
o
s
,
,
‘
sa
,
s,
’
oo
a
u
s
o
’
e
e
e
e
a
ro
e
r
e
r
.
n
r
1
.
s
s
l
2
a
.
.
,
th a t b e a r e t h it m ak e th c a s t t he i r y ou n g T h e l ittl e a s s y e t u n we a n e d it will n ot [l e t s u c k] th e m i lk I n t he i r fold it [ br i n g e t h] woe A ki n dly s p i r it ( 3) i n th e p e n h a th p a s s e d ( l ) a n d t o th e s i de c l i m b e t h ( 2) M a r du k s on of E r i du whe n h e c om e t h c a s t e t h a g la n c e a t th is s hee p p e n a n d U n t o hi s fa th e r E a u n t o th e h ou s e e n t e r e t h a n d s a it h the Pla g u e g od ( fl) r oa me th th e de s e r t l ik e a h u r r i c a n e o m y s on G W at I h e tc ] E a h a t h a n s we r e d h i m [ t a ke the u r i g a ll u
T he
as s
i n foa
,
th e
ass
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’ .
’
’
,
.
,
,
,
op e n
th e p e n ,
i de Ar a b lor e be a s ts r
In
C oc ks s
t or y 1
c r ow a n d a s s e s
of
ll
H Go .
2
Ba l aa m s ’
a n c z,
T es ta men t
f
o
as s
br a y
,
ble
to p e r c e iv e the a pp r oa c h of s pi r it s a n d wit h t h i s W e l lha u s e n c omp ar e s th e .
s e R e t ( ,
S e l ec ti on Twel ve
As c en s i on of I s a i a h, 7
a
are
.
s , 87 h a r m C f Pa tr i a r c hs , R e u b
o
.
.
2,
q u o te d
C har
l
es ,
The
52
TH E
S
EVEN S P I RI T S
.
th e e i s m e n tio of s v e a ge l s t h a t h a d the s e v e n pl a gu s a d we m a y u e ly s e s om e e cho of the s e ve n “ Th e thi g s a ith h t h a t b a th the s e v e n e vil S pi i t s i “ An d th r e w e e S pi it s of G od a d th e s e v e n s t a s l a mp s o f fir e bu n i n g b e for e the th r on e which a r e s e ve n 2 f Go d Aga i n be tw e n the s e ve n th e s e v e n S pi it s A s s y r i a n pi i ts a n d the e v e n de v a o a ch d e m on s o f Zo r oa s t r i a n i s m t he r mu s t u doub t e dly be s om e c on e ction pi i t s a s th n b e a r e s Th e cu r i ou s d e s c iptio of th e the l a t He br e w th e tr a ditio n o f the H a y y ot i e x pl a i n M o e ov e r t h e e i s a Th r on e th e ology wh o c a y G d cl a s s of n g e l s i n Moh a mm e d a n i s m c a ll e d Th r on e b e a r e r s who a e s a id to be a t p r e e n t fou r but o n the da y of t h e y will b e t e g t he n e d by a n a dditi on l r e s u r r e cti o n fou r who will th n b e a r the t hr o n e o f G od a b ove t h m Th e i p r e dil e ctio n fo hum a n bl ood a s d e s c r ib e d i n the cun e i fo m i n c a n t a ti on i s i n ke e pi n g wi t h a l l the t r a ditio s a mpi r e s In a E thiopic ch a r m o f the g r i s ly m e di ae va l “ T hu s m a ke p e i h O L or d a n i n voc a t io n i s t hu s m a d e : l l d e m on s a n d e vil s pi r i t s who e a t fl e s h a d d i n k bl o od who c r u s h the bo n e s n d s e duc e the child e n of m e n ; dr iv e t h e m wa y 0 L or d by th p owe r of th e s t hy a m e 6 fr om t hy va n t a n d by the p a y e r o f t hy h o ly Di cipl e T th e s e v e n e vil s pi r i t s w s d e the e clip s e of the “ m oon T he S i x te e n t h t bl e t o f the s e i e E vil S pi r it s d e s c ib e how the S e v e n S pi i t s a t t ck d the Moon g d a n d r
n
’
e
n
,
s
n
r
n
e
r
n
se
r
n
e
.
s
e
r
n
,
”
1
e
r
,
,
s
”
o
r
.
e
,
s
r
s
r
r
-
n
e
se
s
r
s
ro
n
,
rr
’
o
?
n
n
r
,
r
r
e
1
‘
s
e-
r
.
r
,
’
a
-
,
,
s
r
s
,
r
n
a
e
,
e
r
r
r
n
,
n
.
r s
n
a
a
e
,
.
iii
,
1
.
a
e
2
Rev
,
E n cy c l B i bl
.
,
1 0 73
O n th e
s
-
iv
.
5
,
Cf
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
5
,
,
,
.
.
1 ‘
,
o
l v
a so
,
6
.
.
su
,
.
”
bj e c t of a n g e ls c a r r yin g the p r a ye r s of m e n Ba r u c h Ap oc Gk x i of God s e e T obit x ii 1 2 1 5 Kor a n S u r a hs xl lx i x C f Kle i n R e l of I s l a m 6 6 xx v 3 5 L itt m a n n 4
”
ser
r
r
s
u
a
s
n
s,
a
o
3
e
s
r
Re v
,
r
,
.
,
r
a
1
.
,
v
r
5
,
.
.
,
.
to the T hr on e
54
E OL I PSE S
.
A s s y r i a n te x t r u n T h E vil G d gi g t m R t hl i it t i t h v l t d p
Th e
s
o s are r a
e
es s s
u
r
s
n
s c rea e
s,
or
n
au
e
of
ve n
hea
W or ke r s of woe a r e th e y T ha t e a c h da y r a i s e t he i r wi c k e d he a ds fo r e vi l T o wr e a k de s t r u c ti on O f t hes e S e ve n [the fi r s t] i s the S ou th Wi n d T he s e c on d i s a dr a g on with m ou t h a g a p e T ha t n on e c a n [withs ta n d l] T he th i r d i s a g r i m le op ar d wh i c h c a r r i e s o ff ( 2) y ou n g ( l ) T he fo u r th i s a t e r r ible s e r p e n t T he fi fth i s a fu r i ou s be a s t ( 7) a fte r wh i c h n o r e s t r a i n t ( 2) T he s i x th i s a r a mp a n t wh i c h a g a i n s t G od a n d ki n g T he s e ve n t h i s a n e vi l wi n d s t or m wh i c h T h e s e s e v e n a r e th e m e s s e n g e r s o f An n the ki n g Be a r i n g g loom fr o m c ity to c ity T e mpe s ts th a t fu r i o u s l y s c ou r the he a v e n s D e n s e c lo u ds th a t b r i n g g loo m o ve r the s ky R u s hi n g wi n d g u s ts c as ti n g da r k n e s s o v e r the b r i g h te s t d a y F or c i n g t he i r wa y with th e b a n e fu l wi n d s t or ms Mi g h ty de s tr oy e r s a r e t he y the d e lu g e of the S t or m g od S ta l ki n g a t th e r i g h t h a n d o f th e S t o r m g od I n the fou n da ti on o f he a v e n l ik e l i g h t n i n g t he y [fl a s h] T o wr e a k de s t r u c ti on th e y l e a d th e wa y I n he a v e n s br e a d th th e h om e o f An n th e ki n g T he y t a ke the ir s ta n d for e vil a n d n on e op p os e ,
.
,
.
1
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
-
.
-
,
,
-
.
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
Jo n a h i s th e H e br e w wor d for i i de n c e i s wor t h c on s i de r i n g d ove a n d it wa s a t H a r r a n th e c ity s a c r e d to the M oo n g od th a t the d ove wa s n o t s a c r ifi c e d ( R ob e r ts o n S m ith R e l ig i on of S e mi tes q u o ti n g Al N a di m C om p a r e the de vi ls s e n t to S t An th o n y i n th e S y r i a c Pa r a d i s e of “ the F a ther s (e d Bu dg e N ow it i s v e r y e a s y for the 1 9 0 7 i 1 4) E n e m y to c r e a t e a p p a r iti on s a n d a pp e a r a n c e s of s u c h a c h a r a c te r t ha t t h e y s h a ll b e de e m e d r e a l a n d a c tu a l obj e c t s a n d [s tr a ig h t wa y ] p ha n t as m s of th i s ki n d c a u s e d a p ha n t o m e a r t h qu a k e a n d t h e y r e n t a s u n de r th e fou r c or n e r s o f th e h ou s e a n d e n t e r e d t h e r e i n i n a b ody fr o m a ll s i de s O n e ha d th e for m of a li on a n d a n ot he r h a d th e a p p e a r a n c e of a wolf a n d a n o t h e r wa s l ik e u n t o a p a n t h e r a n d a l l the o th e r s we r e i n th e for m s a n d s i m i l it u d e s of s e r p e n t s a n d of vi p e r s a n d of s c or p i on s co nc
.
’
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
j
1
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
E C LI P S ES
.
t a bl e t go e s on to r e l t e h w t h e s e s e ve n Spi r its a tt a ck e d the M o on a n d Be l od h i g mi c i e a r n o f h t s h ef g th y ha d do e s e n t hi s s e r v a n t N uzku t o t a k e c ou n s e l with E a a g a i n s t th m Th e
a
o
-
,
e
n
e
,
,
e
0 my m i n i s t e r , N u z ku Bea r my m e s s a g e u n t o the O c e a n D e e p , T e u n to E a i n th e O c e a n D e e p
ll
T he
ti di n g s
of
S i n , the M oon g od, h a t h b e e n g r i e v ou s y b e di m m e d
my
s on
-
l
W ho i n he a v e n
.
h e a d the m e s s a ge which N uzku b r ought a d hi t hi s lip i n g r i e f ; he s ummon e d hi s on M a duk a n d con v e ye d to him th e tidin g s of th M oo g od A ft e r thi s the t a bl e t be c m e s mu til a te d f r t n lin e s wh e n i t e comm e c e s i t giv s the di r e ction s for th e an d s ick m an s t at m e n t E v id t ly t hi s c on n e c tio n of a n l e d s it s e l f to the e xpl a n a t ion e clip s e o f the m oon wi t h di s e a s t h a t c e r t a i s ick n e s s e s we e d i n di r ctly a t l e a s t to s uch ph e n om n a or a t a y r a t e t h a t m a ki n d wa s p e culia r ly m oon s di pp e r a n c e s u s c e p t ibl e to s uc h a t t a ck s du i n g th M a n y i n d e e d w e th p r y e r s m a de to a v e r t th e e vi l “ Pr a y e r s o f the Li ft i n g fr o m a n clip s e ; i n c r t a i of the “ i n th we fi d th p hr e e vi l o f Ha n d th of an which i n s uch a d s uch a m on th o s uch e clip s e o f th e moo pl a ce i n the vil of the p owe r s a n d s uch a da y h a s t k e good which a r e i n my the po t e n t s e vil a d n ot of T he foll o wi g i s p a l a c e n d my l a d p a y r o ffe r e d up by Sa m a s Su m uki n th b r othe r of A ssu b a n ip a l a ga in s t which h a s a pp a r e n tly the e vil o f a n e clip s e o f th e moon b e e n for e told fr om p e c e di g v e n t s Ea
r
s
n
e
r
-
.
o
r
,
’
n
re
o
n
r
n
u e,
e
n
er
e
”
e
n
as
e
n
”
n
n
e
,
1
n
.
e
-
,
,
a
r
r
n
r
e
Ki n g , B a b Ma g i c .
an
d S or c er y ,
xx v
e
,
,
1
.
e
n
,
-
a
n
a
a
sa
n
n
r
’
a
e
e
,
n
r
e
,
en
.
,
e
e
,
e
e
n
,
.
56
THE
S
l
EVEN S P I R IT S
.
l
0 g r e a t ad y , ki n d y m o th e r , m i d th e m a n y s t a r s of he a v e n
A
i s tr e s s I Sa ma s Su m u ki n the ki n g s e r v a n t of hi s g od V i c e g e r e n t of h i s g od M a r d u k (a n d ) h i s g od de s s S a r p a n i tu m O f th e e vils o f the e c l i p s e of the m oon fi x e d for the fi ft e e n t h d a y of S h e b a t O f th e e vils o f th e s i g n s a n d om e n s e vil b a n e fu l Whi c h ha ve oc c u r r e d i n my p a la c e a n d my la n d I a m a fr a i d a n d I fe a r a n d I t r e mble L e t n ot t he s e e vi ls dr a w n e a r to m e o r my h ou s e Ac c e p t the up u n tu pla n t fr om m e a n d r e c e ive my p r aye r T ho u
ar
t m -
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
-
1
.
Th e r e
lon g ta bl e t which giv e s mo r e d e ta il s of th e s e s e v e n d e mo n s which th e F i r e od i s s uppo s e d to r e l a te to g hi s fr i e n d M a r duk is
a
-
T hos e
se
ve n
we r e
An d we r e
r ea r e d
T he y d we
ll withi
An d
am
i d the
b or n
i n the the
n
Mou n ta i n
ve r n s
ca
l t pl
des o
a e
U n k n own i n h e a v e n T he y
i n the M ou n t a i n
of
a ce s
an d e a r
of
th
D a wn ,
of
th e a r t h t h e y liv e
th e
th e
S u n s e t,
of
e ar
,
.
,
ye d with t e r r or Amon g the wi s e g ods the r e i s n o k n owle dg e of the m T he y ha v e n o n a m e i n he a v e n or e a r t h T h os e s e ve n g a llop o ve r the M ou n t a i n o f S u n s e t An d o n the M ou n t a i n of D a wn t h e y c r y T hr ou g h th e c a v e r n s of the e a r t h t he y c r e e p t i c o h e e a r h h e l e i l t l t t y A n m t h e s o a e a e s f d a d e d ) p ( N owh e r e a r e t he y k n own i n h e a ve n n or e a r th di s c ov e r e d are arr a
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
ar e
t he y
2
.
I n the S y r i a c S a y i n g s
he a r with
th e
th e
1 2 3
f
o
voic e s of d e vil s i n ho s ou n d s o f a r mou r ,
the r s es,
S c h eil , Un e S a i s on d e f ou i l l es , 9 6 D e vi l s
a nd
Ed Bu dg e , .
c e r t a i n m on k s ai a s th e y a r e p r a yi n g a n d m a y ho r s e m e n
the H oly F a ther s r
?
n
.
l
E vi l Sp i r i ts , v ol 1, T a b e t K, 1 84 ff T he Pa r a di s e of the F a ther s , 1 9 0 7 , ii , 2 0 8 .
‘
’
.
.
.
58
J I NN
TH E
.
d e mo n s of the R a bbi n ic t a diti (Sedi m or ma zz i hi ) “ are b n c e t d by th e Almig ht y s a id to ha v He a b o ut to c e a t e th e i r h d c a t e d t h i r s ul s a d wa bodi e s wh e n the S a bb th e t i n a d h e did n ot c r a t e 1 the m umb e r s it i s id th a t Ag r a th A to t h e i r b a t h M hl th h a u t th a i wi t h he r t r a i n of e ight e n f d e s t ucti o n on the myr i a d m e g r v s f of We d e d y s a n d S tu r d a y A ft e c r e a tin g the e a r th G od p e opl d it with Ji n n b e fo r e pl a ci g Ad a m th e e ; H e c r e a t d t h e m o f fir cl a r f o m s m ok e a n d a m on g t h e m wa I bli s H a l f f the Ji n a e g od n d h a lf a e m a lig n a n t b e i n g s a n d t h y i h a bit the s v e n s t a ge s 5 which fo m the e dific of the u n d e r wo r ld j u s t a s the 6 M a lig ity O f the B a byl on i a n de m n s liv d i n E ku r r s o il i s a s c ib e d by the A r b s to th e g o u n d d e m o s or th f lk s o t h a t hu b a n d m e n s p r i n kl e n e w pl o u g h l a n d wi t h th e bl o d of a p e a c e offe in g ; imil a ly w h t h e y build t he y s p r i n kl e bl o d on the s t n e s l t the w km n s 7 li v s h ould be n da n g e d Ag a i n w hil e s till o n th s ubj e ct o f s a c r ifici g to Ji n n wh e n the p e opl e of K e r a k go i n to the h a r v t fie l ds t h y o fte n o ccupy c a v e bu t t n o t u n til th y h a v e kill e d a s a c ific e a t th e e t r n c e 8 th e s pi i t s W h n the n a t iv e o f H a m th r e p i th l a g s t wa t e wh e l t h r e t h y a c ific e a a m to the A f i t wh o i n h a bit s th s luic e b e f r it i s t a ti g to p pi ti a t e h i m O the r wi s e s om e o e i ur e to be o de r T he
r
re
a
r
ee
e
o
e
2
s
n
s
n
ess
e
n
s
a
e
r
s
a
a
e
r
o
s
n
,
e
s
r
,
n
a
a
s
s
s
.
.
n
,
n
e
a
a
”
on
e
o
r
.
n
e
e
e
”
r
n
e
,
r
r
a
o
n
e
e
o
3
,
o
.
r
r
e
4
s
,
a
e
a
r
o
e
n
.
n
r
ear
s
,
o
s
r
-
o
es
r
o
re
e
es
,
.
n
en
,
or
’
e
e
,
,
es
e
-
s,
n
r
e
a
o
’
r
r
s
e
.
e
-
r
e
e
e
r
r
ro
1 2
5 7
B e r e s hi th R a bba ,
vi i
Kor a n , S u r a h
or e
.
4
,
i
,
n
n
r
s
n
,
s
,
.
.
e-
.
D ou g hty , Ar a bi a D es e r ta .
e
r
,
lv
op c i t
r
,
Pes a c hi m, l l 2 b (Je w E n cy c l
D ou g h ty ,
s
.
.
3
e
,
a r
a
1 36
1
259
5 .
8 .
Ma s
‘
ud
D e vi l s ,
i Pr a i r i es ii T a ble t ,
,
d
’
or
P
.
’
.
C u r ti s s , Bi bl Wor ld , .
50
1
xx i
,
2 53
.
J I NN
TH E
59
kill e d by the wh e e l i n the s luic e wa y L e vi ticu s x v 7 “ ha s s om e b e a in g on t hi s s ubj e c t : An d t h e y s h ll n o m o s c ific t he i a c ific e s n t th he go t ( or s a ty r s i i m Ji n n a ft r w h m t h y go a w ho i g i ) “ An E gyp t i will c mm on ly e xcl im D e t or wh n p ou r i g for t h w a te or o the r liquid s on th g u d th r e by or a s ki g p e r mi s s i o n c r a vi g p a do n of n y Ji n t h a t migh t b t h e r e a n d thi s r e v e r n c e i s to be fo u d m on g “ the Y e zidi s wh o fe a r to s c a ld th e lit tl e d vil Accor di n g to P a l t i n i n t r a di t i on a c r ta i m a n wa s ki ll e d by th Jfin b e c a u s he p a s s e d w a t e r on th e ir h d s t hr ough a fi s ur l
-
n
.
r
.
’
e
r
a
re
r
.
r
,
s
r
e
,
u
o
an
o
e
e
.
a
s o
e
n
n
ro
r
2
s,
”
r n
r
n
n
e
e
,
e
,
a
,
a
e
n
e
,
s
”
a
3
.
n
e
e
i n the fie l d
a s
-
-
o
n
es
,
a
e
e
,
ea
s
e
4 .
A t C li hoe (Ze k a M a i ) t h e r e i s a j n i who i s l s o c a ll e d a we li who liv e s b e low the g ou d to k e p the fi goin g w hic h h e a t s the hot s p i n g T he i s diffe r e n t t di ti on c o c r i n g on O f th hot s p i gs a a th e i n th S i n a i t ic P e n i n s ul a Thi i th H mm a m Pa un t h s P h g umbli i g h an d e n g a n d mu tt a r o ( r th e which c a n be h e a r d a t the m o uth of th a v x it o f the h ot t e a m a the g a s utt e d by Pha h d a d ho s t w r i t hi g o th e c oa l i th pl a c of a n d hi th da mn e d an d p fox e s g a z e ll e cupi e s but on T h Ji n r id 6 h a b e c a u e it i s s uppo e d t m e t u t e W he n a v oid th will s om e t im s e f u s s t o d i k the A r a b a h e r d of c a m e l b e t th m a l e b e a t n the b a ck to d i v a w a y the Jin rr
a
‘
r
a
n
in
r
,
re
,
n
e
5
r
re
.
[
r
r
n
ra
e
‘
e
s
.
’
a
n
e
s
e
s r
e
er n
n ea
er n
c
rao
er
s
n
e
e
.
n
e
e
e
r
s s
e
1
r n
e
r
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S em R e l .
3
La n e , M a n n er s
A
.
V
.
an
1 98
.
W i lli a m s Ja c k s on Pe r s i a ,
3
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S e m R e l .
q t o e d u (
12
,
1 89 3 , 2 0 5
Ba l d e n s pe r g e r ,
S i hah
,
.
.
,
a
,
.
e
n
e
d C u s toms , 1 890 , 2 0 3
4
6
.
r
s
,
o
.
2
ns
o
s
s
n
or
s,
,
re
s
a
n
n
n
e
s
ro
re
ra
s
e
e
r n
a
r
s
e
.
.
.
89 , 1 9 8
.
R ob e r t s on S m ith, Ki n s hip ,
,
60
GH O UL
TH E
.
idi g t h e m a n d f igh t e n i g the f e m a l e s ? E cc n t ic mov m e n t s of a du s t whi lwi n d r s uppo s e d t o b th vi s ibl s ig n s o f a b t tl b e tw e e n two cl s of Jin n ? a d i the E a s t S o ud a n a m o g the Bi s h a i n I h a v e h e a r d the t o u r billo s f du s t c a ll e d er u c ta ti on es th e c n tr e of E a s t A f ic a s t a b dce mon u m T he B e d oui o d to d iv a w y o f a du s t s to m wi t h t h e i r c r e e s e s i wh ich i s b e li e v e d to be r idi g on the th s pi r i t e vil ? ’ bl s t h y th t t h e A b s x cl i m H d a id H g e a e I o i o wh e n d oi n g thi s ha di d I p e r on a n d h e c e the wor d T he Ji n m a y po s s e s maj n ii n a m a dm a n ; the P a l e ti i a n b e li e f i s t a t e d i n “ John x 2 0 : H e h a th a d e vil a n d i s m a d 5 Acc or di g to Dough ty T h g ho l i s a n oth e r A r a b pi r it “ — A Cycl o p s e y e s e t i n pp e a r a c e i s a s foll o ws he r th e mid s t of h e r hum a n lik e h e d l on g b e k o f j a w s i n the e d on e or tw g e t S ha r p t u s h e s lon g n e ck ; h e r lik c hick e n s fldg e l i g wi g s the fi n ge r s of h e r a ms h d s n o t divid e d ; the b ody big a s a c a m l s but i s hape a s the o s t ich ; the s e x i s on ly fe mi n i s he h a s 6 a f oo t a s th ass ho of d a fo o t a s a n s t r ich Sh e n tic s p a s s e n g s c a lli n g to t h e m o ve r th w a s t by t he i r n a m e s o th a t t h e y t hi k i t i t he i r o wn mo the rs o th i r s i t r s v oic e O e of th e A r a b s ha d e e n t hi “ b e a s t which i s of the Ji n ki n d l i e de d up on the l a n d who
r
ar e
e
r
n
r
n
r
e
e
e
a
e
n
n
an
n
,
n
se
r
,
o
n
-
e
e
er n
.
a
r
e
n
r
r
r
er
e
a
n
e
i
S
u
a
r
sa
n
ra
s
1
.
‘
’
s
a
s
s
,
n
,
n
s
.
,
,
s
u
e
n
.
’
n
a
-
n
s
r
r
o
a
a
,
a
,
,
e
e
n
n
,
an
e
r
e
er
an
e
s
iii
,
1 29
’
s
n
.
D i et
4
d C a r n oy, L Alg ’
er i e ’
.
f
o
iii
,
4 78
3
a
T r a d i ti o n el l e ,
S e e C on y be a r e , J
.
.
I s l a m, 1 3 6
q u ot e d F r a z e r Q
ix
46 1
,
GB .
,
.
,
.
As
3
,
.
,
,
’
,
.
.
i 5 3 s e e th e p i c t u r e on 5 4 C f O r i g e n q u ot e d C o n y be a r e Je wi s h Q u a r te r ly i x 1 0 0 m a n y de m on s a s l iv e i n dr y p l a c e s a n d h a v e t he i r b odi e s r a th e r a r e t he y s a t h e m on s wit h d o n k e y s l e g s d e y Ar a bi a D es e r ta ,
5
s
.
Y a k u t,
2
’
,
an
e
s
,
C e r te u x
e
.
e
,
n
e
n
,
o
s,
r
’
n e,
’
e
1
.
‘
n
r
n
a
,
.
,
dr y
as
.
62
THE
AN D
KI R D
.
pi it O e da y it s a t up on the hould r s o f a m a a d w he n he a r r i v e d a t hi s vill a g e h e wa s dumb Bu t by th e K ha tib of th vill a ge or de i g hi m t p e s pi r e a d e d the p a i n a w y f o s v n d y s he r e c o v e r d hi S p e e ch but r m a i e d a s t a mm e r e r ? The R u s s u d i g e n e lly th gu di a n of s om t e a s u e r m of a m n h f t olt t k c chick c ook o an d m en y with y oun g ; h e h a u t s a lm o s t a ll c v s T he e i s a s t or y m a n i n S f i é b e i n g to ld by a Al g r i a n t ha t a s t on e of i n hi c o u ty r d c o t a i e d a t e a u e bu t i t c ould n ot Th y r e s olv e d t o be ob t i e d wi t h ut hi s wi fe s bl ood kill he but whil e he wa s killi g c ock f s upp r s h e cu t he r fi n ge r o v r the s to e a d o n the blood d oppi n g ? T he id e a t h t d e vil s a r t he e on the gold c a m e f or th gu r di s f e n or mo u t e u i v e y p r e v a l n t a m on g I m e t w i th i t t M s ul i n thi s wi e an d the A b s M y s e r v t ha d lo s t t h e mej tdi s ( a bout i n e s hilli n g s ) h a vi g f u d a M us li m o c e r e th a t u n d e s tood an d wh a t to do obt i n e d a c h r m f r om hi m T hi s w s pie ce o f p a p e i n s c ib e d with a r iou s i n voc a tio n s an d a c a b a li s tic figu which wa s to be l ft n a r th e pl a c e m o e y ha d b e e n lo s t I f the d e m on s who th wh e i n h a bit the a i ha d ta k e n i t to dd to th e i r t e a s u r e the y would e tu r i t a t midn ight ; i f it h a d b e e n S tol e n by hum a h a d th n w uld t h e y w r i t e the n a m of th thi e f on the p a p Doug h ty on thi s s ubj e ct s a y s the l a n dm a r k r ock e l H o wwar a i n th pl a i n of on T h e Ki r d i s
s
o th e
R A SSA D
an
e
n
r
s
r
n
.
n
,
e
.
s
e
a
a
e
,
e
e
a
e
n
n
a
,
r
s
r
r
,
r
,
r
.
n
a
r
,
a
a r
s
e
e
,
n
a
e
ar
o
e
r
n
ra
s
a
a
r
n
r
o
r n
e
r
,
’
o
a n
n
s
r,
n
e
r
e
.
a
n
,
or
r
,
a
,
an
a
o
ra
r
s
as
re
s
,
r
n
,
a
r
r
r
e
e
.
a
r
s,
o
e
er
4
?
,
,
4
.
cit
.
,
ibi
1 89 3 , 2 0 6
l
S e e m y a r ti c e A r a bi a D es er ta ,
e
1 89 3 , 2 0 6 ; d d , 1 89 9 , 1 4 9
Ba l de n s p e r g e r , L oc
e
e
-
3
,
n
n
2
a
v
n
r
1
.
,
.
r
r
n
s
a
r es,
e
o
n
s
r
e
e
e
n
o
,
re
r
a
an
1
e
ibi
,
1 70
.
,
1 899 , 1 49
.
.
1 9 0 6,
i
.
Fe br u ar y
,
81
.
.
MON S TER S M e d ai n s ali h a g r e a t t r e a s u r e M oo r s i n the Ke ll a s e a l e d i n
li e
in
s,
O pin i on
the
tur r e t
a
,
63
.
-
lik e s t o
of
th e
ch mb e
ne
a
r
k e pi g f a n A f i t The h s e l e a c h of P o v x xx 1 5 i s n o t hi g m e th a fle s h d o r i g gh ul ; th e H b e w w d i l ii lcah th e e qui v l t o f the A bic n l lc s wa s p oi t d o t by W l l ha T o t hi s cl a s f b i n g s w mu s t dd s om e p e culi a r f m d e iti e w h d c ipti on i s fully p t y d i th of a s cu n e i f m t bl e ts O mo t r a f r m of E a i T h h a d i s th h d of thu s d e s c ib e d s p e t ; f om o s t il s mucu i f) “t ickl e s hi s mou th be i n g b s l a ve r d hi r like t ho s of a b a ili s k hi s h r wi t h w a t e r ; th a h e a db n d ; n hi a e tw i s t e d i nt o t h r e c u l S h e w e a r s a v e il that o f a Shh fi h f ull o f t r s th b a s e f th e b ody i li iS fe t a e cl a ws the s ol e of h i s f oo t h a vi g h l M e imp t a n t fr m a n t h r op ol o gic a l s t a n dp oi t i s T he the pictu r o f N i n t u a f or m of the g o dd e s s M h a h e a d (ha ) a fill t a n d a ho r n h d S he w e a r o ame t s he w e a s a fly S he w e a s v il ; th fis t of a m a ; s h e i s gi t a bout the l i n s h e r b e a s t b i n g O p e n I he r l e ft a m he h old s a b b e s ucki n g igh t m ; f om h e h e r b r e a s t i cli n i g t ow a r d s h e
i n th e
n
e
‘
n
r
o
’
or
a
ev
-
r
n
u
o
s,
a
a
e
es
or
‘
s
a
,
n
a
,
e
u
:
e
s
e
a
or
ea
s
ns e
-
e
e
r
ea
or
r
n e,
.
r
n
e
os e
r
a
r
or
?
s
s
e
‘
n
,
,
ra
u sen
or
.
o
a en
e
.
ra
‘
e
n
e
o
,
er
n
r
e
,
re
s
e
s
,
a
ea
s
e
o ns
,
-
e
r
E
r
I
,
s
a
l
s
I
s
'
r
or
or
n
o
,
n
”
a
,
r
r
e
n
.
Res te , 1 49 ,
o
r
n
,
ii
r
,
.
ea
e
e
r
,
s
n
a
2
.
s
e
,
ee
n
’
n
D evi ls ,
n o
an
‘
s
2
o
e
,
,
e
1
,
a
”
e
rn
s
a
r
r
ar
r
r
.
1 49
.
T he wor d
tr a n s la t e d
‘
for m
’
a pp e a r s
to be fa
i r ly
t ai n T h is wor d i s l a ms a tu i n the t e x t or di n a r ily a ki n d of fly a lthou g h T ha t it me a n s a fly of s ome ki n d i s wh a t it m e a n s he r e i s dou btfu l qu ite c lea r fr om th e de te r mi n a ti on i n i ts i de og r a m a n d I thi n k we Sh a ll n ot be m i s t a ke n i n s e e i n g i ts c og n a t e i n the m ode r n Ar a bi c i the Ar a bi c if!“1 a m os q u it o j u s t a s a lma ttu i n A s s y r i a n l l a i ) 1 90 6 a n d l a ma ttu alw ( s e e m y n o te i n
c er
.
3
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
64
MO TH ER GO DD E S S
TH E
he a d
l oi n s
-
.
b ody i th a t of a n a k e d wom a n ; fr om th e l oi n s t the ol o f t h i fo o t c a l e s lik e th o s e o f k e e vi ibl e : he n a v e l i comp os e d O f a ci cl e t a s I t s m s e x t e m ly p r ob a bl e th t we h v e h e r e th e m od e l which h a v e b e e n fo n d f r the n um e ou s lit t l e cl a y figu tim e dur i g e x c a va t io s p os s e s s i n g th e s e f o m tim e t d w Sh a ll o t b fa w n g i n co n s id e r i n g c ha a cte i s t ic t h e m a v o t iv ff i n g s m a d e by b a e n w om e n wh d e s i r e d N i tu doub t l s s occupi d a mo n g th p e o pl s ff p in g h ld a mon g th e o f M e op ota mi a the p os iti o n wh ich H tho E gyp t i an s a d th e V i gi n M r y a mo n g O i e n ta l Ch i s ti a n s for m of m o th e r g odd e s who pl a y s uch a n impo r ta n t p a r t i m a y my th ologi e I n J wi s h d e mo n ol o g y we fin d K e t e h M e r i r i a d e mon f om 1 0 i n the m o i n g to 3 i n the wh o r ign s ft e r n oon f o m th e 1 7 th o f T a mmuz to the 9 th o f Ab d e s c r ib d a s h a vin g the h e a d of a c a l f with on i n th middl e a d a n e y e i n th e b r e a s t e v o lvi n g h o n b ody b e in g cov e r e d wi th c l e h a i r a n d e y e s th e wh o l cu i o s r a d r will s e e m n y p i n t s o f imil a ity a n d th i n A s s y i a te xt s ki n d e d to t h o s t ha t a r e qu ot e d b ov e th e T he f or m of s a m o t e s e e m s t o fin d a p a a ll e l i i n th e de m o n wh ich h a s t h e T e s t a m e n t f S ol omo he r
to
th e
s
.
o
ar
na
r
r
o
s
O
a
.
u
n
n
n
e
r
er
o
?
n
e
,
ro
rr
e
-
o
e
e
a
s
r
n
a
s
e
e
r
s
n
n
r
a
-
1
.
r es
e
,
”
r
a
s, an
s
s
s
e
o
r
e
r
r
r
e
s
ee
r
s
r
,
s
.
e
,
r
e
rn
r
a
e
,
e
r
r
e
n
,
,
s
e
r
e
e
u
e
a
r
n
r
e
1
D e vi ls ,
ii
,
147
,
o
s
r
4
a
r
.
n
r
5
n
o
s,
e
ns
-
a
3
.
l
l
M ar ti n , i n h i s T ex tes R e l ig i e u x 2 1 , h a s p u b i s he d the t r a n s a ti on de s i r i n g to k n ow whe t h e r h e wi ha v e m a e o f a t e t for a m a n 2
,
x
“O
l
j u dg me n t Ada d l or d of the vi s i on hi s wi fe wh o h a th d we l t for l on g un de r hi s p r o te c ti on the la dy N ha th b or n e o n ly g i r ls a n d t h e r e i s n o male (i s s u e ) a n d hi s he a r t I ha ve tr a n s la te d S AL M E S (i e s i n n i sati ) a s g ir ls as i s s ad h e u r e u s e me n t e fe r a ble to M a r ti n s Sa l ari es r p Je wi s h E n cy c l iv 5 1 6 S e e D e vi l s ii 1 5 1 e tc E d C on yb e a r e J Q x i 33 is s u e
:
S a m a s,
.
l
ll
or d
of
,
,
,
,
‘
,
”
’
-
.
.
’
.
,
3
,
.
,
4
,
.
,
,
5
-
.
,
,
”
’
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
’
‘
66
I
L L
to di s c r imi n a te
I TH
.
ccur a t e ly b e twe e n the ch a r a ct e r i s tic s o f the li li ta a n d a r da t l i l i B oth the l a t te r r e how e v e r fe m a l e d e mo n s the fe mi n i n ity o f th e a r da t lili b e i n g wor d a r da l a which a lwa y s e s p e ci a lly e mph a s iz e d by th e h a s r f e r e n c e to the wom n of m a r i a g e a bl e a g e T he h a v h a d much clo s e r r e l a ti on s wi t h a da t li li s ee m s to hum a n b e i gs t h a n the li li ta a n d s he t a ke s ov e r the f ric ti on s o f the Lilith o f the H b r e w s which i s obviou s ly of l il i tu e quiv a l e n t Th e s e f n ctio n s the e tymologic a l th a t s he b e com e s the gho s tly a r e n o mo r e n o r l e s s th a n wi fe of m e n p r ob a bly u n m a r r i e d on e s i f th e r e i s a n ythi n g i n the comp a r a t iv e folklo r e o f th e A r a b s by r e a s on of he r d es i r e which f o r c e s he r to r o a m a b r o a d u n til s h e fin d m a te I t i s fr om t hi s th a t we m a y fin d a d e r iv a tion a for the wo r d s l i l it a n d li li tu ; th e y a r e c e r t a i n ly n ot con n e cte d wi t h the H e b r e w la i la h n ight a s the y or f r om a S um e r i a n e ith e r com e fr om a S e mitic r oot wo r d L I L I f it be the fo r m e r th e r e i s n o difficulty i n to be a bu n d a n t r e fe r r i n g th e m a t o n c e to the wo r d s l a lii a n t on n e s s l a s civiou s n e s s w a n d l u lu Th a t th e R a bbi s 1 1 1 1 S hould h a v e comp a r e d 715 5 n igh t with 11 7 5 Lili t h was v e r y n a tu r a l but i n vi e w of the A s s y r i a n or S um e r i a n o igin of th e wo r d thi s i s n ow u n t e n a ble L e t u s n ow e x a mi n e the e vid e n c e f r th e n a tur e of thi s t i a d I n a li s t of ph a n tom s we fin d the followi n g m e n tion m a d e o f two d e m on s a
a
.
,
,
,
,
a
e
r
.
e
r
n
,
e
u
,
u
.
,
,
.
’
‘
,
,
,
.
’
‘
,
,
1
‘
,
,
’
‘
,
’
‘
,
,
,
,
r
.
o
r
.
vi e w i s a ls o h e l d by M a r ti n T ex tes R elig i eu x 2 5 T h a t a n a n g e l of l u s t was k n own to th e R a bbi s i s a p p a r e n t fr om Be r e s h it h R a bb a l xxx v q u ote d M a i m o n i de s Gu i d e to the Per p l exed ii 0 vi i n R a bbi Joc h a n a n r e g a r d to th e r e l a ti on b e t we e n Ju da h a n d T a m a r s a i d t h a t Ju da h wa s a b ou t to p a s s by [wit h ou t n o ti c i n g T a m a r ] b u t G od c a u s e d the a n g e l o f l u s t i e the libi di n ou s d i s p os iti on to p r e s e n t h i ms e lf to hi m 1
T hi s
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
.
.
.
,
L I L ITH
T he
a r da t
67
.
tha t ha t h n o h u s b a n d tha t h a t h n o wi fe
l i li
,
” 1
T he i d lu l i l i
.
l a tt e r i s m e e ly th e m a l e coun t e p a r t of the fi r s t occu r r in g on ly h e r e a s f r a s I k n ow with s tr e s s l a id on i ts m a s culi n ity i dl u b e i n g the wo r d for a g r ow n ma n of f ull s tr e n gth W e h a v e th e r e fo r e fou r ph a n tom s o f thi s n a tu r e to di s cu s s the li lit the l i li tu a n d th a r da t li li wi t h a r a r e cou n t e r p a r t the i dlu li li L e a vi n g the l a s t n a m e d a lon e for the p r e s e n t th e a r da t li li the t r u e e quiv a l e n t of th e Lilith i s th e b e s t k n ow a n d the A s s yr i a n i n c a n ta tion s a r e quit e cl e a r i n th e i r d e s c r iptio n s of h e r ch a a ct e r F i r s t th e n we fin d f r om th e t e x t quot e d t h a t s he ha s T hi s i s a mplifi e d by the p r a y e r to the S u n n o hu s b a n d on b e h a l f of a po s s e s s e d m n h d vil p i it h th H wh m vil d m h th v l p d i hi b d H wh m vil g h t h th t d w i th ig ht H wh m t d vil h t h m itt H wh m g l i mb vil g d h t h k d H wh b dy vil fi d h th t d H th h i f wh T he
r
r
a
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
n
,
,
r
.
,
,
.
a
an e
o
e on e
o
an e
e
o
an e
e
o
a
e
os e
e
a
r
a
e
H e wh o m
[
rac
a
s
n
e
,
e n
,
e
en
-
l] h th
n
e
en ,
h a g de m on ] ha th
a
,
n
o
an e
o
os e
e
e o
s
o
s an e
en
cas
a
os
r ea
rus
a
on
e
a r o
e
s
a
se
on e n
i
s e z e d,
own d t [ H e wh om a r obb e r s p r it e h a th a ffli c te d H e wh om the a r d a t l i l i h a t h look e d u p on T he m a n with wh om the a r da t l i l i h a th ha d u n i on
H e wh om
a
h o u g
a
c as
,
,
-
,
,
1
Ha u p t,
v
2
50 ,
,
’
Sa
A n o th e r a
v
s i n n i s ti
a
41
,
a r da t
la
a r d a tu
nah
p
tta c ke th the
a
tu
man
30
,
.
ss
r a n of
ll wi
th e fo
o
la Si mta
ng ’
Sa
n
t he s e
a r da
l i li i hi r u éu , i d l u Sa ’
‘
l
mp ifi c a ti on s ‘ hi ma s i n n i s ti l a a
l
.
’
s
d we
lli
ng
.
,
a
ma i d
l ik e ) m ”
two
a
li
n es r u n s
t l i l i i hr i mu si t
( S m 49 , Be z o d, C a ta l og u e , .
l
.
A yi
T he
.
me n s t r u a te ( 2 c f r of a m ) ik e a wom a n 2 ( cann o
t
i
t e x t g ive s
me l i i zz i lga
ii
11,
.
—d ar
a ri
.
at
h“ a tu
l i li i n a
I
T he
a
i t p
5a hi ma a r da
t l i li
a m a i d t ha t ti m e ly de a d woma n t ha t ha th n o mode s ty un
,
68
L I L ITH
.
mu s t h a v e h a d s om e thin g of th e s a m e ch a r a ct e r a lthough we kn ow v e r y littl e a b o ut t he m ; the qu e s tion th e a r i s e s a s to the i dlu li li which i s a s fa r a s I k ow fi l} Ke y bu v v I wa s i n cl i n e d t o thin k a t 1 fir s t th a t the i dl u li li wa n othi n g mo r e th a n a n a c a d e mic i n ve n tio n of the s c r ibe s p a r a ll e l to the a r da t li lt i n a s much i s m e r e ly a g a mm a t ic a l a s thi s te x t i n which i t occu r s compos ition m d e u p of ph r a s e s occu r r i n g i n cun e i for m e n i s r s bu t wh i t e m e mb e r d fi t th t wom m r i o i e e s a i r e n n ; g S e mitic r e ligio n a r e li a b l e t o c on c e iv e th r ough s up e r n a tu r a l m e a n s a n d th a t s e co n dly t h e s e A s s y r i a n i n c a n t a t ion s a s we h a v e th e m a r e w r itt e n o n ly f r o m the m a l e s t a dpoi n t d o ub t l e s s v e r b a lly a l te r e d i n e x o r ci s i n g s ick n e s s i n wom e n ( ) th e r e a r e the s t r o n ge s t po s s ibl e gr ou n ds for the e x i s te n c e of a m a l e cou n te r p a r t o f th e a r da t l i li i n the ph a n t a s m a g o i a At a n y a te it i s b s olut ly c e r ta i n o f the B a bylo n i a n s th a t wh e th e r we con s id e r the fe ll o w of the a r da t l i lt t o h a v e b e e n c a lle d li l h or i dl li li the f a ct r e m a i n s tha t w om e n a s much a s m e n w e r e e x po s e d to the po s ibili t y I n l a te o f m a r r i a g e with Ji n n a n d oth e r i n vi ibl e pow e r s H e b e w t r a di t i on L a il a h i s p r i n c e o f c on c e pti on Th a t Ji n n c a n i n t e r m a r r y wi t h hum a n b e in gs i s a we ll ? a tt e s te d b e li e f o f the A r a b s S uch folk a r e a lw a y s s oli ta r y T h e l i li t
d li li ta
an
,
n
n
e
n a
,
,
,
o
.
s
,
,
r
a
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
n
,
,
r
r
.
u
,
a
,
e
,
s
,
s
.
?
r
1
D e vi ls ,
I xxx ,
ii
,
n
1
.
2 .
Je wi s h E n cy c l
.
,
i
,
5 88
.
k S i r e n s wh o a r e v e r y s i m ilar ( J E H a r r i s on Pr ol eg omen a I t wa s la id down by M a r ti n D e l R i o 1 5 8 A m D i s u i s i t i o nes 9 9 i 1 x i o m I i l t i t L a i ae t l 7 a s s o e n M a e fi c e ) ( g c u m d ae m on i b u s i ll i q u i de m s u c c u bi s h as v e r o i n c u b i s a c t n m V e n e r i u m Axi oma II p ote s t e ti a m e x hu i u s modi c on c u bi tu d aemon i s e xe r c e r e i n c u bi p r ole s n as c i Ab ou t two h u n dr e d ye a r s la te r Fr a n c i s Ba r r e tt b l i a u s i n wh i c h ( p 2 3 ) th e c u r i ou s w ill s e e the b e l i e fs T h e M u s h e d p g c u r r e n t a mon g th os e wh o h e ld t h a t m a g i c was a t r u e S c i e n c e c on c e r n i n g On the s e mi h u ma n mon s te r s b or n of hu ma n a n d i mm or ta l p a r e n t s 3
C omp a r e th e i de a
of
th e Gr e e
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
”
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
.
0
M AR R IED
M EN
P ITS
S IR
To
.
ti s fyi n g th e i r lu s t a n d th e i r a pp e tit e s T he cl a n of Amr b Y a r bii wa s de s c e n d e d fr om a s i l at or s h e d e mon who b e c a m e the wi fe of th e i r hum a n fa t h e r ? P a lgr a v e ci t e s “ ? it a l s o S a yc e quote s a s a n i n s t a n c e t h a t a bou t fi fte e n y e a r s a g o th e e wa s a m a n i n C a ir o who wa s u n m a r r i e d but ha d a n i n vi s ibl e g i n n a a s wi fe O n e da y h ow e v e r he s a w a wom an a n d lov e d h e r a n d two da y s l a t e r h e di e d I t s hould be a dd e d th a t i n E gypt wh e r e e a r ly m a r r i a g e s a r e th e r ul e b a ch e lo r s who h a v e r e a ch e d the p r im e of life a e b e lie v e d to be m a r r i e d to a fé r i t or gi n n 1 A n oth e r c a s e m e n tion e d by Ba l de n s p e r g e r wa s th a t of s e r va n t who m a i n t a i e d th a t a fe m a l ji n n i an e pil e ptic was i n lov e with him a n d u s e d to s t r ik e him h a l f d e a d At M o s ul th e r e wa s the s a m e t r a dition to the g r ou n d di s cu s s i n g Jin n a n d ki n d r e d a n d I m e t wi t h it whil e th e mou n d of N i n e v e h on e e v e n i n g wh e n on s ubj e ct s i n cid e n ta lly ( a n d e n t i r e ly s pon ta n e ou s ly ) on e of the m e n Y akfib told m e th a t he kn e w a ma n i n M o s ul who d e cl a r e d th a t he wa s vis it e d a t n ight s by a s pi r it i n the for m of b e a u t i fu l wom a n who ha d a l r e a dy bo r n e him th r e e a childre n a n d he wa s s o pl e a s e d wi t h thi s mé n a g e th a t he ? s co r n e d a co n v e n tio n a l m a r r i a g e ho R a bbi n ic lit e r a t u r e i s f ull of the doi n g s of Lilith w ? bo r e to Ad a m d e vil s s pi r its an d li li n ( the A s s y r i an li lit) W ho e v e r s l e pt a lon e i n a r oom wa s lik e ly to be b e s e t by ‘
sa
.
‘
‘
-
.
,
,
r
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
‘
r
3
.
‘
,
,
n
e
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
R ob e r ts on S mit h,
S em , 5 0 .
2 3 4
i
,
,
qu oti n g
.
33
.
Ca i r en e F ol/f l or a, F ol/ dar e , 1 90 0 c f 1 89 3 , 20 5 1 89 9 , 1 4 9 .
5
F e b 1 9 0 6 , 83 .
6
I bn D or e i d, Ki tab
XI
3 88
.
.
.
E i s e n me n g e r , E n td ec ktes Ju d en tu m,
1 1,
41 3
.
a
l i s hti hdh, -
L I L ITH
T he R a bbi s
71
.
be li e v e d too th a t a ma n might ha v e ch ild r e n by a llyi n g him s e l f wi t h a d e m on ? a d a l th ough t h e y migh t n ot b e vi ibl e to hum a n b i n g s y e t wh e n th a t ma wa s dyi g t h y would hov e r r ou n d hi s be d to h a il him a s t h e i r fa th e At th e fun e r a l of a b a ch e l the Je w of Ku r di s t a n c a s t s a n d b e fo e th e co ffi n to blin d th e e y s ? of the u n b e g o tt e n child r e n of th e d e c e a s e d S imil r ly the ? A s s y r i a n d m on a lii ow e s i ts p a r e n t a ge to a h m a n b e in g Ba r S ha lmo n th e l e g e n d a r y s on i n l a w of A s mod e u s the d e m on a fte r m a r yi n g hi s d a ught e r a p r in c e s s b e com e s th e f a th r o f a s on by h e r but d e s e t h e r T he p r i n c e s s t h e n p r e te n d s t o r e n ou n c e him bu t b e g s a fi n a l ki s s which 6 kill s him An o th e r d e mo n of the a m e ki n d n a m e d O r n i a s “ i s d e s c r ib e d a s s a yi g (i n the Tes ta men t of S olomon ) Tho s e who a r e co n s um e d wi t h d e s i e for n obl e vi r gi n s upo n e a r t h th e s e I s tr a n gl e But i n c a s e t h e r e i s n o di s po s ition to s l e p I a m cha n g e d i n t o thr e e for m s Wh e n e v e r m e n com e to be e n a mour e d of wom e n I m e ta mo r pho s e mys e l f i n to a c om e ly fe m a l e a n d I ta k e hol d of the m e n i n th e i r 7 s l e e p a n d pl a y with th m I n P a l e s ti n e it i s s a id s om e t im e s t ha t w om e n fin d th a t th e ir b e s t gow n s w hich th e y ha d c a r e f ully put a w a y i n th e i r b r id l ch e s t h a v e b e e n wo r n by fe m a l e s pi r it s du r i n g he r ?
,
,
n
s
n
n
e
,
e
,
?
r
or
s
r
e
a
e
,
u
-
,
-
,
r
,
,
e
r
,
,
s
.
,
,
s
.
n
r
.
e
.
,
,
,
”
e
.
,
a
1
s,
S a bb a th, 1 5 1 b,
lt
B
au ,
H u r mi z , the
saw
h ow h e
r e a es
l
q u ot e d
R a bb a D a s A l ti ud Z a u ber w , 1 2 T he r e i s a s o d a u g h t e r of L i it h '
.
.
.
l
ta i n p e r s on or de m on it i s u n k n own whi c h c a lle d H u r n i m L i l ith ( T a l m u d Ba ba D a thr a e d R odki n s on v E i s e n m e n g e r op c i t 4 2 1 I bi d 4 2 5 T hi s wa s the i r e x pla n a ti on of the ba a l lc r i 4 Je wi s h E n c c l x i 0 6 0 y
a
cer
,
,
,
,
,
.
l
.
ba r
,
2
.
,
.
.
,
’
3
.
,
.
.
.
5
T ab 6
7
A l i)
,
lt e
’
’
Sa
B,
in a
,
.
,
m a i a l mu ti
a me lu
in a
’
S e e Jewi s h E n cy c l
.
C on y b e a r e , Jewi s h
,
510
Q
.
u a r ter ly , xi ,
17
.
Si tti i r i hhu
a
tta
(D em ls
1
72
D
t he i r
s
EMI GO D S
.
co n fi n e m e n t b e c a u e t he y did n ot utt e r the n a m e of G od i n l ooki n g th e m up P r e s um a bly the f e m a l e S pi r i t b e d ck s h e r s e lf wi t h a w e ddi n g gown wh e n i ts p r op e ow n e r i s s e p a r a t e d f o m h e r hu s b a d i n o r d e r t o a t t r a c t h i s a tt e n t io n s Amo n g the J e w s i n P a l e s ti n e Lili th (or th e e vil e e i n g e n e r a l ) i s a v e r te d f o m the be d by h n gi g y a ch a r m Ov e r it c n s i s ti n g of a s p e ci l c b l i s tic p p e r i n H e br e w to ge th e r wi t h a pi e c e o f r e g a r lic a d a f gm e n t f l o oki n g gl a s s fi s t po s s ibl e S a bb a th a ll the O n th r e l a t io n s a ss e mbl e i n th e p a t i e n t s r o o m a n d m a k e a hid e ou s 2 n o i s e to d r iv e a w a y e vil s pi r i t s r e e qu a lly O p e n to a tta ck O n the o th e r h a n d wom e n f om d e m n s W h a t e v e r vi e w m y be h ld of the 3 R u é E hfhi m who t ook wiv e s of the d ught e r s o f m e n ,
?
e
r
,
n
r
,
,
.
a
o
u
o
e
-
.
n
a
r
a
n
,
,
a
a
ra
r
’
.
a
,
r
o
a
.
e
’
a
,
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S e m R e l
1
.
.
M a s t e r ma n , Bi bl a
mu
S ee
lt l
u p ag a n s
lith
a
mu
ll
of
s
E v e , Ge t
l t (i e
ou t,
on
xx vii
the
c ha
O Li
lith
mb e r ”
ix of
B x t L u e a ( .
C f R ob e r ts on S mith , R e l S em .
.
l
myt ho og y whi c h h a v e
H e b r e w S c r i p t u r es , we
r ead
da u g h t e r s E a mp e s
such a
x
of
l
“w l
Her c u
a
Am l t
u e s
4 6 1 ff
h o t o p g r a ph
T he Je ws
.
ch
ildbi r t h
-
ll BR13 ” r i l ) l Y
,
lith
of
the
a n d on
the
m
an d
“ Ad
,
.
a
,
In
50
,
s on s
o n e of
th e fe w fr a g me n t s
una
lt
i n to
ered
th e
g o ds wh o to ok w iv e s of the ” zd u b a r o f Ba b y o n i a n m yt h
of
h e r o i s the
l
x
.
I
l
ll
Z a u ber Bi bl i o the/c, (
ii
,
391 )
.
a dd s
.
th e
SO ca -
ll
ed
“S h i c
e ss
-
T e u fe
l
” ,
i hr g r Os s te s V e r g n ug e n d a r a n si n de n , i h r e E xc r e me n te a n ’ a b u l e g e n , wo m a n s a m we n i g s t e n v e r m u th e t, u n d d a d u r c h d i e p '
Me n s c he n i n p e i n li c he V e r le g e n he it 1 5 9 9, (
s u b voc e
O n Je wi s h L i
.
b e e n tr a n s pla n te d
s u ch
e c he
Or te n
,
H e br e w
of
fa b r i c a t e d g e n e a og i es wi be fou n d i n M c L e n n a n , ' ’ A n c i e n t H is tor y , c h i T o th e s u bj e c t of the B n é E l dhi m
of
S tud i es i n
H or s t
me n
.
the
of
,
.
1 9 0 5 , 2 6 , for
th e wo ma n i n
1 1 11 11 7 5
:
,
fr om M or oc c o
s ee
th e be d
c s u i t r e p
For
.
Je wi s h E n cy c l
s ee
,
i p ti on )
nscr
Mes op o t a m i a ,
p r e s e n t d a y wr i te
O f old
,
.
w or s h i p i n
3
,
2 49
-
.
H e br e w
fou r wa
Li
xxu
P D S c o tt Mon c r i e ff,
a so
of a
1 15
,
Wor ld
.
i t
hu n g
e s
.
bk
.
l
es ,
ii
,
1 80 )
r ema r
ks
,
S a r p e don e s , IEn e a s ,
Pa n n on i a , H u n n os
ex
Ar l u n i S
zu
“v t t e us
S e r u i os
s tr i g
br i n g e n as
M a r ti n D e l R i o ob tr u di t s u os s e m i d e os , os n g ia , M e r li n u m
T u ll
i bu s G othi c i s
”
.
A l
et
Fa n n is
t
n a os ,
”
e tc
.
74
I n th e S l a v on ic
ORY OF T O BI AS
THE
ST
B ook
of
E n och S a t a n
.
duc e r a n d p a r a m ou r of E ve The v y f a ct th a t e ccl e s i a s tic s a r gu 1 a g a i n s t thi s b e li f i n th e i r w i tin gs S how s how s t r o n g “ th e m mu s t h a v e b e e n : th e b li e f i n Now s e e my b oth e e d e s a n d k n ow t h a t thi s (of n g e l s h a vi g “ i t e r c u s e with m a n ki n d ) i s n e i th e r i n the n a tu r e of s pi i t u a l b e i n gs n or i n the n a tu r e of the impu r e a n d d e mon s who lov e a dul t e r y ; for th e r e a r e n o e vil d o i n g m a l s a n d fe m a l e s a mo n g s t t h e m n or ha s t he r e b e e n e v e n If the d e vil s on e a dd e d t o t he i r n u mb e r s i n c e th e y fe ll w e r e a ble to h a v e i n t r cour s e with wom e n th e y would n ot l e a v e on e s i n gl e vi gi n u n de fil e d i n th e w hol e hum a n r a ce I n the Ko r a n too S a l e a n n ota t e s the r e m a r k “Th e y s a God h a t h be got te n child r e n ; God fo r bid ! y “ with the e x pl a n a t io n : T hi s i s s pok e n n ot o n ly of the Ch r i s ti a n s a n d o f th e J e ws (for th e y a r e a cc u s e d of holdi g O z a i r o r E z r a t o be the S on o f G od) but a l s o of th e p a g a n A r a b s who im a gi n e d the a n ge l s to be the d a ught e r s i s the
‘
er
.
se
e
r
e
e
r
,
r
n
r
a
”
r
a
,
n
r
o
r
,
-
e
,
.
e
,
r
”
.
,
,
”
,
n
,
,
,
,
of
G od
”
2
.
i n the Book ar s A s mod e u s th e d e mon who fi r s t Tobit i s m a d e r e s pon s ibl e for d an g e r i n m e n of m a r r yi n g S a a h th e d a ughte r o f R a gu e l a n d h e mu s t T he boun d b e fo e T obi a s c a n we d hi s b r ide be “ 4 ph r as e for a d e vil l ov e th he r tog e t h e r with th e whol e ,
,
,
r
,
,
’
?
r
”
,
1
2
l
Be z o d, D i e S c ha tz ho hl e, 1 8 S u r ah
.
ii
.
Pa u
l b li v e
e
ed
th a t
de m o n s
c ou
ld b
e
wa r de d
O ff a n
d t he i r
i n fl u e n c e r e pe lle d by the c ha l a bi or h e a ddr e s s of th e Je wi s h wome n T h i s a s D e a n F a r r a r a d m it s ( L if e of Chr i s t a p p e n d i x viii ) i s th e t r u e m e a n in g of Pa u l s r u l e t ha t wo me n s hou ld v e i l t he ms e l ve s i n c h u r c h “b e c a u s e of th e a n g e ls ( C on y be a r e J Q viii Ac c or di n g to a t r a diti on of M oh a mme d e v e r y o n e i s t ou c h e d a t bi r th by th e d e vil be t we e n whom a n d th e e vil S p i r it G od e x c e p t M a r y a n d h e r S on or a n n ot e to S u r a h iii ) l v i l l a e d a e S a e K c ( p I bid vi 1 4 T obit iii 1 7 .
,
,
’
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
3
,
.
4
,
.
.
,
,
.
O Y OF
ST R
TH E
75
.
how s how g r e a t a h old the b e li e f ha d ob ta i n d D r G a s t e r h a s publi s h e d two h ith to u n k n ow v e ion s f 1 the Tobit Le g n d w hi ch r e l a t e t h a t Tobi y a h e m e mb e d the wo r d s of R a ph a e l a n d h e t o ok the h a t o f th fis h a n d put i t on a c e n s e a n d bu r n t it u n d e r th cl o th e s An d A s hm e da i of Sar a h e c iv e d m e ll n d h th e fle d i n s ta n t ly Acco r di n g to th e T e s t a m e n t o f S ol om on “ A s mode u s i s m a d e to s y I a m c a ll e d A s m od e u s a mo n g mo r ta l s a n d my bu s i e s s i s to plot g a i n s t the n e wly we dd e d s o t h a t th e y m a y n ot k n o w on e a n ot he r An d I s e v e r th e m ut t e r ly by m a n y c a l mi t i e s n d I wa s t e a w a y the b e a uty f vi r gi n wom e n h e a ts n d e s t r a g e th e i I t r a n s po r t m e n i n t o fits o f m d n e s s a n d d e s i r e wh e n th e y h a v e wiv e s of t h e i r o wn s o th a t th e y l e a v e t he m a n d go O ff by n ight a n d d a t o oth e r s th a t b e l on g t o oth e m en y H e d e s c r ib e s hi s own p a r e n t a g e a s b e i n g fr om a n a n ge l s ? s e e d by a d a ught e r o f m a n H wa s the cou n t e r p a r t of Lilith a s b e in g da n g r ous to wom e n F r om thi s it s e e m s A s mode u s tow a r d s th a pp a r e n t th a t th e a n t a go n i s m o f n e wly we d a r os e p r im a r ily fr o m the id a th a t h e j a l o u ly gu a r d e d to him s elf s om e ki n d of j u s p r i mes n oc tis a d h ould th a t he wa s a lw a y s r e a dy to a tt a ck a n yo n e who i n t e r fe r e wi t h h i s po s s ibl e ha r m H i s fun ctio n s a r e the s a m e a s t ho s e o f a d e mo n of s om e o f th e n a tiv e t r ib e s of C en t r a l Q u e e n s l a n d who i n ox iou s b e i g c ll e d M ol on g a wh o p r owl s u n s e e n a d would kill m e n a n d viol a te w om e n ? i f c e t a i n c e r e mo n i e s w e r e n ot p e fo m e d Az a z e l wa s fa mili a r to th e R bbi s a s th e s e duc e r of m e ? a n d wom e n I n th e T es ta me n t of S olomon on e o f the s
to r y
T O E I AS
s
,
e
er
.
n
e
rs
o
r
e
,
.
re
r
e
r
e
r
.
e
s
a
e
”
.
a
,
n
,
a
,
.
a
o
,
a
,
a
n
r
a
r
,
,
,
”
r
2
.
’
e
e
,
.
e
-
e
e
s
n
,
s
‘
z
n
s a
,
,
.
a
,
n
r
r
r
n
a
,
xix
1 4
,
37
2 .
.
R ot h, E thn S tu d i es , 1 2 0 ff .
5
Ta n n a d b R .
.
.
Yi s hma
JQ,
‘
e l,
.
xi
,
20
3 .
I bi d
.
,
ch
.
qu ote d Fr a ze r Gol d en Bo ug h iii qu ote d E n cy c l B i bl ii 3 6 6 ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
xxi ,
.
94
.
76
S
P I R ITS M ARR I ED
OMEN
W
To
.
d mon s i s d e s c ibe d a s h a vi n g the for m of a d r a go n with “ the f c e n d ha n d s o f a m a n I a m the s o c a ll e d wi n g e d dr a g but on ly a n d I ch a mb r n o t with m a n y w o m e n wi t h a f w t h a t a r e o f f i r s h a p e which p os s e s s th e n a m e f thi s s t r A d I p a i r with t h e m i n th e gui s e f vu l i pi it wi n ge d i n f m c oi l u m ha ben s p e r n a tes An d of a he on whom I h v e l pt g o e s h e a vy w ith child an d t ha t whic h i bo r n o f h e b e c o m e e r os I n the A r a bi a n to y o f the S c on d R y a l Me n dic a n t the N i g hts i n th l a w i f a wi fe O m n it i s a ll o w e d s by o e f e e t s ys : T hi s w o m a n be guil t y f i n c on t i n e n c e t put h r to d th I c a i e d o ff n he r w e ddi n g n igh t wh e n s he wa s tw lv e y r O f a g a d s he wa a cqu i n t e d wi t h n o m a n but m e Am o g m d e n Ar a b s the b e li e f goe s s t ill fu t h e r th a t a d e a d hu s b a d m a y e vi s i t hi s wi fe I t i s s a id th a t a w om n i n N bk t o ok th e b a t h o f c e e mo n i a l pu r ific a ti on b e c a u e s he d r e a m e d s he h d r c e i v e d a vi s it fr om he r d e d h u s b a n d A c e r t a i n m a n i n N e bk wa s cu r n t ly be li e v e d to h a v e b e e n th o ff p i g f s uch a u n i o a n d n o r e p r a ch wa s e v e c s t up on hi s mo t h e r C o gn a t e with thi s wa s the a ction o f a b r e n w o m a n wh o r u s h e d up to th co p s e of a m a n a f t r he h d b e e e x e cut d for mu r d e r S o m e w ha t s imil a r to A s mod e u s i s the A r a b s pi r it c ll e d Ka i n a a f e m a l e d e mo n ccomp a yi g e v e r y wom a an d r
e
a
on
a
-
.
e
,
,
a
e
o
:
a
o
,
s
n
.
or
r
,
o
,
n
,
ur
ea
e
.
e
,
n
s
”
a
.
r
o
r
n
a
r
,
.
a
r
s
a
a
,
-
o
e,
o
u
o
s
1
.
e
a
rr
”
s
r
s
e
a
ea
,
r
s
,
.
,
ea
a
s
r
,
,
e
re
.
e
o
r
s
r n
n
o
,
?
a
ar
r
e
e
n
a
e
3
.
a
r
1
a
,
C on yb e a r e , J
Q
.
.
i
c a r r ed 2
,
xi
31
.
b y m e n , th e wom a n i n
C u r ti s s , P r i m S e m R e l .
3
,
I bi d
.
,
1 16
m u n i ti e s t h a t
.
a
O n th e
T he r e
.
.
,
n
“B
n
n
i s u c h o ff s p r i n g q u e s ti on br e a k s wi n d ut
s n ce
,
c an n o
t
be
”
.
1 1 5 —1 6
.
t r a diti on i n s ome r e m ot e (Je wi s h) c om wom a n m a y b e m ar r i e d to th e de a d ( Jewi s h E n cy c l x i o f e a ti n g c or p s e s O f m e n e x e c u t e d s e e s u p e r s titi on s is
a
Be r g e m a n n , D i e Ver br e i tu n g d e r An thr op Op ha g i e , 2 1
.
.
,
,
78
D
EM I GO D S
.
w e r t o p r a y e r W h n Ya hwe h vi s it s S a r a h or L e a h ? 3 o the a n g e l of Y a hw e h co me s to S a m s on s moth e r we mu s t s u r e ly s e e a r e m n a n t of t r a di t io n b e a r i n g on the divi n e o r igi n of I s a a c a n d the s on s o f L e a h a s w e ll a s the Na z a r it S a m s on He r od otu s ha s h a n de d dow n the b e li e f which wa s cur r e n t ? N 0 m a n i s s uff e r e d a bout the T mpl e o f B e l a t B a byl on to s l e p h e r e but the a p a r tm e n t i s o ccupi e d by a fe m a l e who m the C ha ld e a n p r i e s ts a ffi r m th a t th e i r d e ity s ele ct s The y f o m the whol e n a tio n a s the obj e ct of hi s pl e a s u r e s h a v e a t a diti on which c a n n ot e a s ily obta i n c r e dit th a t th e i r d e ity e n te r s thi s t e mpl e a n d r e po s e s a t n ight on thi s c o uc h A s i mil a r a s s e r tion i s a l s o m a d e by the E gy pti a n s fo r i n the i n t e r io p a r t o f the te mpl e of th e o f T he b e s ; T he b a n Jupit e r a wom n i n lik e m a n n e r s l e e p s O f th e s e t wo w om e it i s p r e s um e d th a t n e ith e r of t h e m i s e v e r i n tr oduc e d to th e oth e r s e x T h e e x i s t e n c e of the A s s y r i a n hi s r i ti u hdti a n d ha r i mdti i s wo r th m e n t i on i g i n thi s co n n e c t io n I n a c e r ta i n fa mily i n N e bk the wi f e a p e rfe ctly wom a n a pp a e n t ly with the con s e n t of he r r e s p e ct a bl e 3 hu s b a n d c on s ide r s it wron g to r e fu s e a holy man an s
1
e
.
,
’
r
4
,
,
e
,
.
e
e
,
,
r
.
r
,
.
r
a
,
.
n
.
,
n
,
.
,
r
,
’
.
,
1 2
Ge n
n
G e n ( 3
xx i
1
“A d Y hw h xx i x x iii 3 J dg .
,
.
a
e
s aw
th a t
L e a h wa s ha te d,
an
d he
op e n e d
he r womb
,
.
es
u
.
d a y M os
l
ms a t H a m a t h s we a r by D e i p en i s I n th e vil ag e of B u da n , 2 5 m i e s we s t of D a m a s c u s , wh i c h i s c omp os e d of G r e e k C hr i s ti a n s of a v e r y l ow ty p e , th e s a me oa th i s h e a r d on th e i p s of w om e n C u r ti s s , Pr i m S e m R e l , 1 1 3 5 i —c ii Bk i , c h c 4
t hi s
,
To
l
l
l
e
.
l
.
.
5
Ly a
N o te
ll
,
.
.
.
lxxx lxxx
.
.
.
i n C u r ti s s , P r i m S e m R el .
.
As i a ti c S tu d i es , 1 884, 2 1 ff
.
.
,
1 50
.
On
i t
sa n s
in
I di n
a
s ee
B AR R E N Khi z a n i
Han n a
W
OMEN
79
.
Ha m a th vi i t e d T a n ta i n E gypt the g e a t a n n u l f e s tiv l o f S i y i d Ahm e d s aw an d p r ob a bly the mo s t p opul a r s a i n t i E gyp t e l B e da wi wh e n th e r e w e r e upwa d of h a l f a milli on p e s on s p s e n t i n cludi n g s i ge r s d a n c e r s j uggl e r s a n d s h owm of e v e r y ki n d I t i a t thi f s tiv a l th t s o m e f the hon ou a bl e w om e n vow the s e of t h i r b di e s to th e fi s t o who h a pp e n s to pp r o a ch t h m S e x u a l e x c e s s w e r e p a c t i e d down to quit e mod e n tim e s a t the a n u a l fe s tiv a l of the P r oph e t E lij a h wit hi n th e e n clo s ur e o f the m on a s t e y on 2 the top of M ou n t C a m e l Wh a t thr o ws mo r e light on thi s p e culi a r id e a i the ubiqui ty of the b e li e f a mo g the mod e n A r a b s Th e e i s a bu n d a n t vid e n c e to h o w h o w p e r s i s t n t ly the c h ildl e s s wom e n cli n g to the b e li e f t h a t a vi s it to a s ctu a r y (i n R un i g w a t e r i ts br o a d e s t s e n s e ) will e m o v e th e s tigm a which ha s s om s a c r e d c on n e c t ion i t h r with w li holy m a n s a i n t or h e r o i the mo s t u s u a l a i m of th e s e childl s s pilg r im s I n s om e of th e ch a n n e l s of the O r o n t e s the fi s t ow t h e e i s a s p e ci a l n ight th a t th e w a t e r i s a llo w d to fl vi r tu of p r oc r e a ti on a n d b a r e n wom e n t a n d th e i n A t Ki r i a te n a t the w a itin g for the on r us h of the w a t e i s a f a mou s hr i n e c ll e d Abu s o c a ll e d B a th s o f S o l o mo n Th e y e a lly r e ga r d R a b a h f r w o m e n wh o d e s i r e child r e n One
of
s
,
r
-
a
a
e
n
,
r
n
r
,
,
s
.
s
s
u
e
,
en
a
o
r
o
r
1
e
re
,
e
a
,
ne
se
.
r
r
s
n
r
,
r
.
s
n
e
r
s
r
.
e
an
r
e
,
,
n n
.
e
,
e
a
e
e
,
-
,
s
o
,
,
3
,
a
,
r
.
1 54
er
s
r
.
r
r
,
I bi d
r
,
e
1
,
s
,
.
,
e
.
th i s a n d o t h e r i n s t a n c e s C u r ti s s Bi bl World xx iii 3 2 7 a n d i bid on t e mp or a r y m a r r ia g e s S oz ome n s p e a ks of a n a n c i e n t c u s tom o f y i e l di n g u p vi r g i n s to p r os tit u ti o n wh e n on the e v e of m a r r i a g e to t hos e to whom th e y h a d b e e n b e t r o th e d a t H e l i op oli s n e a r M ou n t H e r od ot u s s p e a k s of the c u s t om L i ba n u s ( E cc l es H i s t bk v c h o f th e wom e n de v o ti n g t h e m s e l v e s to V e n u s a mon g the Ba byl on i a n s a n d C yp r i a n s ( i c x c i x ) C u r ti s s Pr i m S em R e l 1 1 7 2
See
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
3
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
B AR REN
80 the we l i
the y
a
of
llow
the
s
h in e r
the h o t
air
W OMEN
.
th e r of child e n bo r n thu s ; to s t r e a m up th e i r bodi e s s a yi n g the fa
as
r
,
O h , Abu R a b a h
t he e c om e th e wh it e on e s T o t h e e c o m e the fa i r on e s W ith t he e i s the g e n e r a ti on With u s i s the c on c e p ti on To
,
,
,
”
.
c a v a t Ju n e h i n w hich i s a pool of w a te r t o which the s a m e p w e r i s a tt r ib t e d At the s t r e a m o f 3 T e ll e l k adi the b a r r e n w o m e n b a t h e with the s a m e obj e c t a n d hu n d r e d s vi s i t th e s h r i n e o f S a da di n a t Jé ba a pp e a r i n g th e followi n g y e a child on he r a r m a n d e a c h wi t h a br i n gin g a s a c r i fic e T he s h i n e o f C h i dr a t B e i r t c on ta i n s i n i ts cou r t w e l l o f holy w a te r (c a lle d deke r m a l e a n d b a r r e n w om e n b a t h e t h e r i n If th e y con c e iv e a child he i s c a ll e d Ohi dr I n P a l e t i n e a m a n who ha s ot ha d e c e iv e th gi f t o f a child p r omi e s a f da i f o n ly h e m a y o n e fr om a c e r t a i n s a i n t I f it s hould be bo r n wh e n it i s s e v e r a l d a y s ol d th e y u t the bl oo d o f the s a c r ific e o ffe r e d p 6 i n p a ym e n t o f th e v o w on i ts fo r e he a d T he r e
is
a
e
,
,
o
2
u
.
-
-
,
‘
,
r,
,
4
r
.
u
a
,
e
5
.
s
.
s
n
,
r
e
e
,
.
.
1
I bid I bid
2
.
6
.
,
.
i it a b ou t f
ai r
.
119
,
.
98
Pr i m
sp r
I bid
3 5
.
S em
.
whi c h
Rel
.
,
t r ou ble d
th e wor d
As s y zi ol og i e,
.
,
An a
,
332
v
4
,
,
,
,
.
o
t he r of
,
xx iii
,
1 00
th e
t or y of the As s yr i a n t ex t
ff
H e hn , B e i tr
.
s
sa r ma ta mta m si g a l ta t s u s i u sa r ma c u r d i d a mmu m ’
’
u ’
a
“
v
u sa r
ma
a s u r r a /r/c u v
id a ll a é
.
it
e
l
s
and
the wor d
of
-
.
i
a n d s pr n g s , s u c h a s
E s hmu n az a r , Pa n ea s ,
e tc
.
,
s ee
.
.
p e n e tr a te th, a n d the s e a h e a v e th m ar s h it p e n e tr a te th, a n d the m ar s h g r oa n e th s ea
ly w ll
ho
T hi s
.
Un to the E u p h r a t e s fl ood it p e n e tr a te th, ” Mar du k t r ou b e th the r iv e r b e d On
3 36
s ee
te r b e a r s a n a l og y to iv 2 6 4 l 6
i P u r a tti g A ma t a M a r d u k
An a
U n t o th e
.
Wor ld
.
33 2)
An a tdmti
U n t o th e
I bi d
C om p a r e John
th e wa
Ma r du k
of
v
20 1
C u r ti s s , B i bl
Z e mz e m
at
Me c c a , Ji dl a l
Ba u di s s i n , S tu d i en , 1 5 4
.
.
FEVER
.
B e s id e s th e s e a c t ua l d e mo s v a r iou s di s e a s e s p e r s o n ifi e d i n th e s a m e w y F e v e r H e a d a ch e s uch lik e w e r e a ll d vil s to b e x o r ci s e d n
a
.
e
I
n c an
,
e
ta ti on
il F e ve r ha th c ome l ik e a de lu g e a n d G i r t with d r e a d b r i ll i a n c e it fil le th the b r oa d e a r th E n v e lo pe d i n te r r or c loth e d w ith fe a r I t r oa me th t hr ou g h the s tr ee t it i s le t loos e i n the r oa d I t s ta n de th be s i de a m a n y e t n on e c a n s e e it I t s itte t h be s i de a m a n y e t n on e c a n [s e e it] W he n it e n te r e t h the h ou s e i ts a ppe ar a n c e i s u n kn own Whe n it g oe th for th [fr om the hou s e ] it i s n ot p e r c e ive d T he
,
ev
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
O r f r om
on e o f
H e a d a c he h a t h
It
ha th
the
He a d a ch e
ta
bl e t s
” 1 .
le ar n
we
l
me for th fr om th e U n de r wor d,
co
m e for th fr om th e dwe
co
ll i
of
ng
Be l ,
Fr om a m id the m ou n ta i n s it h a th des c e n de d u p on th e la n d F r om the e n ds of the mou n ta i n s it ha th de s c e n ded u p on the la n d F r om th e fi e lds n ot to r e tu r n it ha t h de s c e n de d With the m ou n t a i n g oa t i n t o th e fold it h a th de s c e n de d W it h the ibe x u n t o the O p e n ho r n e d fl oc k s it ha t h de s c e n ded With the O p e n h or n e d u n t o the Bi g h or n e d it ha th de s c e n de d 2 ,
,
,
-
,
-
,
-
”
-
.
Thi s p e culi a r id e a o f p e r s on ifi e d di s e a s e h vi n g i ts hom e i n the mou n t a in s r e a pp e a r s i n a S y r i a c ch a r m r it O E vil pi you will S of Lu n a cy a g a i n s t lu n a cy [ ] go for th f om the b on e f om the s in e w s fr om n e e ds a
a
‘
,
r
i n c u bu s Je a n
wh i c h
so e
x i
er c s ed
s,
th e m i n d s
of
W i e r (i n hi s H i s tor i es , D i sp u tes
,
th e m e d et
i ae va l
D i s c ou r s ,
illu s i on
l gi t
d e mo n o
s s
o
d es I l l u s i on s
.
et
i n c u bu s tha t t he r e i s i n th e a r t of me di c i n e a m a la dy c a lle d I n c u bu s by the L a ti n s s u c h t h a t t hos e wh o a r e a tt a c k e d by it b e l i e v e th e m s e l v e s to b e s u p p or ti n g a bu r de n i n t h e i r s le e p wh i c h p r e v e n ts t he i r br e a t h i n g H i s i s a n i n t e r e s ti n g b ook on a n d c on s e qu e n tly a ls o t h e i r s p e a ki n g a ll s or ts of d i s c u s s i on s of t h i s n a t u r e I bid T a ble t III S e r i e s T i i D evi ls ii 1 1 I mp os tu r es d es D i a bl es , 1 5 7 9 , 2 84 )
sa
ys
r
,
on
th e
of
th e
,
,
,
,
.
.
2
1
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
.
HE AD ACHE
83
.
fle s h f om the s ki d f om the h i r u n to the grou n d a d f r om th g oun d (p a i g) to i on a n d f r om i n t t n a n d f om s to ( you will p to o t he ) moun t a i n A M e ta wi l h ch ar m which i s k e pt i n l e a th pu r un s : I h a v e r e s te d upo n G od Aw a y fr om m O fe v e r fr om Abd a ll a h th of H o e i The N i t h T a bl e t of the S i e He a da ch e i s s imil a r I t ti H d h m th v th d t bl wi g lik th wi d Fl h i g l ik li g h t i g it i l d b v d b l w I t tt th ff hi m wh f th t hi g d lik d L ik t lk f h it l i tt th hi th w I t w t th th fl h f hi m wh h th p t ti g g dd Fl hi g lik h v ly t it m th lik th d w I t t d th h til g i t th w yf h i g hi m l ik th d y the
r
,
n
,
e
s o
o
ro
n
e,
”
an
,
r
r
a
ss n
r
r
ne
,
ass
n
I
.
e
a
,
er
e,
.
s on
e
s
n
n can
ac
as
n
e r oa
e a s
s
er
n n
2
.
s
o
e
e a
os
e
en n a
es
e
es er
s
oos e
e ar e
o
a
n
an
o
o
as e
as
e
e
e
cu
”
,
.
on
a
ea
n
er
r se
s
e
s
ar
a
a
n
o
e an
e
n
e a r ee
,
,
s.
no
r o ec
e
e
o
n
e
a r e r , s c or c
ess ,
e
n
it h a th s tr u c k a n d L ike on e with h e a r t d i s e a s e h e s t a g g e r e th L ike on e b e r e ft of r e a s on h e i s b r ok e n L ike t ha t wh i c h h a th b e e n c a s t i n t o the fir e he hi s e y e s a r e fu ll of c lou d L ike a wild a s s O n h i m s e lf he fe e de t h b ou n d i n de a t h T hi s m a n
e
e o
o
e
co
e
a ns
o
s
s
o
en
e a
a
no
o
ea
,
e
e
a
.
,
,
,
is
s hr
ivelle d
,
,
”
3
.
,
th e r di s e a s e p e r s on i fie d Na mt a r u th e P l a gu e g od i s a l o a dd r e s s e d i n the i n c an ta tion s I n th e on e i n which th e phy s ici a n i s d i r e ct e d to m a k e a figu r e of hi s p a ti e n t i n dough so D i me tu i s
4
an o
.
s
-
,
,
.
,
1
.
2
ll
H Go
a n c z,
S el e c ti on
F a l ls c h e e r ,
f
o
Cha r ms , 9 1
.
D evi ls ,
3
1 889 , 1 2 8
.
ii
,
65
.
qu e s ti on a r i s e s whe the r we a r e to s e e i n di metu (a s c on n e c t e d woma n ) m e r e ly th e mor e with the H e b r e w ”F a m e n s t r u a ti n g l l i k or s om e m or e s p e c ifi c u s e of t h i s wor d a s ss w s c n e n e e r a o r d f or g th e p e r s on ifi c a ti on of m e n s tr u a ti on i n a c c or d an c e with the s p e ma l mon th O n a r i éa tu c on n e c te d wi th a r é u me a n i n g l n H e b r e w ib l y vi t i i ifi ti n s e e su p r a p 6 7 a o c n n h s s os s h a g p g 4
T he
,
’
,
,
0
‘
0
0
O
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
NAM TAR U
84
th a t the P l a gue god ma y be i n duc e d to l e a v e the ma n h e i s t or m e n ti n g a n d e n te r hi s im a ge h e i s thu s d e s c r ib e d I t ti O Pl g th th l d l ik fi g d th t d v Pl g t t k t h t h m t h t lik f v d g m t h t Pl g h h wi d v t t l ik t d th d g Pl g h i t h d th m t t lik i l th i g g Pl g h t m t t h h t t lik p til d t m g h h h h Pl g d t t t d f t th t w d th by i g ht g t h h Pl g d h t t t t i k m i h d l ik l k g -
,
n ca n a
a
on
ue-
ou r e
e
a
o
ac
a
u e- o
a
a
a
u e-
o
a
r oa
a
u e-
o
a
s e ze
a
ue -
o
a
or
en e
a
ue-
o
a
a
no
a
ue-
o
a
e
e
e
e
an
e
on
an
n
an
e
an
ea re
e
e
e
e
or
e
o
er
e
s c
an
e
ee
er,
e
n
es
a
n
es e r
ev
a
,
an
re,
a
an
s
T ha t ha t h
e
bou n d his me mbe r s T ha t ha th b r ou g h t l ow hi s fu ll s tr e n g th [l ike i o h s b e d h n A t i t n t l n h e c a n o s ee p g [ ] I t ha th s u bj ec te d I t ha th s e ize d on hi s loi n s ; H i s g od i s far dis ta n t fr om hi m Hi s g oddes s fro m his body i s a far M a r d u k ha th s e e n hi m Wh a t 1 (e tc )
,
en ce,
an
re
s
,
er e
e
s
n
a
ee
,
,
,
a
.
,
.
’
‘
.
Go, my s on ( Ma r d uk), Pu l off a p i e c e of c a y fr om the de e p , ‘
l
l
F a s hi on a fig u r e of hi s bodily for m ( the r e fr om) a n d Plac e it o n the loi n s of the s i c k ma n by n i g h t At da wn ma ke the a ton e me n t for hi s body Pe r for m the I n c a n ta ti on of E r i du T u r n hi s fa c e to the we s t T ha t the e v i l Pla g u e de mon whi c h ha th s e i zed u pon M a y v a n is h a wa y fr om hi m ‘
,
,
,
,
-
hi m
’
.
Amon g the A s s y r i a n s up a mul e ts of i n s c r ib d j us t a s i s don e to e vil th e B r iti s h M u s e u m a r e l e ge n d of Ur a a n oth e r e
,
,
1
ra
2
L
a
.
2
r
.
ii 9 9 c f iv 2 7 4 5 4 “ a r u g i r t with dr e a d t N m t a a r e g W Ki n g Z ei ts f ii r As sy r xi 5 0
D e vi ls ,
mé ,
cu s tom e x i s t e d of h a n gin g cl y to gu a r d the hou s e fr om t hi s da y by m a n y n a tio n s I n two ta bl e t s i n s c r ib e d with the s pi it of p e s til e n c e T h e s e h a ve the
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
N a mta r u
r a bu
’
sa
r a su bba tu ’
86
TH E A
T ha t whi c h I n my h e a r
T he
I v lv t I w o
e
or
D
E ATH
e
l I
vil
,
c as
t
pl a gue s pirit con ta i n s a n i n te r e s ti n g
th e
,
.
i
i n my for m e r s n i s a n g r y a n d th e p e op e
ed
as
l e g e n d o f Ur a
NGE L
,
ch a n t Ur a wa s To
ra
I
Bu t
angr
va g e s hu
T ha t he
y
an d
,
l
the wh o
m, h i s
e
de te r m i n e d
l
wor d,
c ou n s e
ll
or ,
hi m
a p pe a s ed
b a n don e d [hi s wr a th] An d thu s s pa ke the he r o Ur a Whos oe ve r s ha ll p r a is e thi s s on g I n hi s s hr i n e m a y p l e n ty a bo u n d Whos oe ve r s ha ll m a g n i fy my n a me Ma y he r ule the fou r qu a r ter s of the wor ld ; W hos oe ve r s ha ll p r oc la i m the g lor y of my va l our S ha ll h a v e n on e to op po s e hi m ; T he s i n g e r who c ha n ts it s h all n ot di e i n p e s ti le n c e Bu t u n t o ki n g a n d n obl e hi s s pe e c h s h a ll be we ll ple a s i n g ; T he s cr ibe who le a r n s it s h all es ca pe fr om the foe I n the s hr i n e of the p e opl es wh e r e he c r i e s my n a me c on ti n ua lly H i s u n de r s ta n di n g will i n c r e as e I n th e h ou s e wh e r e th i s t a ble t i s s e t Tho I Ur a be a n g r y or the I mi n a bi g ods b r i n g ha v oc Y e t the d ag g e r of pe s til e n c e s ha ll n ot a pp r oa c h it I mmu n ity s ha ll r es t u pon it a
‘
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
-
,
,
,
,
’ ”
2
.
how gre a t a n e xt e n t a r e we to comp a r e the R a bbin ic t r a dition s of the An g e l of D e a th (S a mm ael ) S a t a n a n d m an y of th e oth e r d e m on s of thi s ki n d ? The An ge l of D e a th i n a n A r a bic M idr a s h i s d e s c r ib e d a s wh e n s e n t to t a k e Ab r a h a m I n the a d e c r e pit ol d m a n O ld T e s t a m e n t h e i s p os s ibly to be s e en i n the An ge l of A s s y r i a n s (2 Kin g s of th e th e Lo r d who kill s “ the D e s t r oy e r d Ex od x ii a n t h e or xi x ( 2 S a m xx iv 1 6 T he R a bbi s f ou n d him i n a n ge l i n No w to
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
.
,
1
S ee Ki n g , l oc
.
.
,
.
c it
.
,
2
Ki n g , F i r s t S tep s i n As sy r i a n , 2 1 9
.
S ATA
N
7
.
the T a gum tr a n s l a t e s l xxx i x 4 8 wh T he r e i s n o m a n wh o liv e s a n d s e e i n g the a n g e l of d e a t h c a n d e liv e r hi s s oul f r om hi s h a n d S a mm a e l of f e qu e t o ccu r r n c e i n R a bbi ic wr iti g s i g e n e a lly s uppo s e d to be compo s e d poi s on a n d SN G od Thi s e tym ology i s b a s e d o f DD th e b e li e f th a t th e A g e l o f D e a th put s a n e n d to on m a n s e x i s t e n c e by the i n fus ion of a d r op of ga ll or 3 I n l a te Sy r i a c t a l s th e An g e l of D e a th wo r mwo od i s o ft e n d e s c r ib e d S a t a n ( for which th e r e i s a pp a r e n t ly a l t hough i n A r a bic th e r o o t 5moccu r s n o r oo t i n A s s y r i a n m e a n in g t o Oppo s e ) i s a di s t in ct p e r s on a lity m e n tion e d on ly t hr e e tim e s i n th e O ld T e s t a m e n t Z c h i ii e ii i J o b ( 1 Ch r o n xx i a ll of w hi ch a r e po s t Ex ilic th e e a li e s t b e i n g a b out 5 1 9 B C a n d the l a s t 3 0 0 I n Ps ci x 6 a n d p r ob a bly E cclu s xx i 2 7 it i s a hum a n a dv e r s a r y th a t i s r ef e r r e d to I n Z e ch a i a h h e i s obviou s ly (fr om n i n fe r i or pos ition ; th e r buk e a dmi n i s te r e d to him ) i n i n Job the s ubor di n a tion i s s till cl e a r ; i n Ch r o n icl e s the i n de p e n d e n c e of S a t a n ha s b c om e a s compl e te a s it e v e r did T he t e mpt e r i s a n a dv a n c e d s ta ge ; e v e n i n Job fa r l e s s i n Z e ch a i a h the S a t a n i s n o t i n a n y di s ti n c t m a n n e r O ppo s e d to G od Thi s a t the e a r li e s t h e b e com e s i n Ch r on icl e s
Ps
,
.
er e
,
r
,
.
,
”
1
.
n
n
s
,
n
e
r
’
‘
r
,
’
‘
.
n
’
2
e
.
.
,
,
’
‘
,
.
-
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
r
,
.
,
,
,
r
.
a
e
e
’
‘
,
.
r
,
.
,
,
4
.
S e e Je wis h E n cy c l
1
vi
JQ, .
.
2
,
.
O n the
l F
k
.
i
In
nge
l
D e a th
Of
L a Ka bba l e , 1 6 9
Veu A r a ma i s oli D i a l e/ct d es T u r
.
A
s ee
Be n de r ,
.
D er
3 25
s ee a s o
ran c
,
-
on e of
th e m
a
y ou n g
ma n
-
‘
Abd i n ,
s ha r e s
hi s
.
ed
.
Pr y m
br ea d
and
S oc i n ,
wit h the
ang e
l
.
ti c le
on
l
T h e wh o
4
ar
,
89
vi ,
1 881
(p
i
JQ, .
3
33 1
,
.
i n C he y n e
S a ta n , J
.
l q
who
by
e
u es
Q
.
th i s
of
e
,
’
s
vi ,
ti on
Br e c h e r , D a s
d e s c r i p ti on
E n cy c l op 32 9 ,
l
an
of
B i bli ca ,
oedi a
b e e n t a ke n fr om the S ee a l s o Be n de r voc e
S a ta n ha s s ub
.
d th e Je wi s h E n cy c l op ce d i a ,
T a mu di c
l
s u b voc e
d de m on s i s g on e T r a n s c e n de n ta l e i m T a l mu d , 1 850
of
ange s
an
.
.
T he
i n t o c a r e fu lly
88
EV I L EYE
THE
.
cu ious ly p e r s i te n t b e li e f i n th e pow e r of the E vil Ey e f or h a r m wa s a s r e a l i n M e s opot a mi a a mon g the A s s y r i an s a s it i Ar ab s I t i s a mo n g th e mod e r n f r qu e n tly m e n tio n d i n i n c a n ta tio n s a m on g the po s s ibl e c a u s e s which h a v e r e n de re d the p a ti e n t s ick a n d it i s d e s c ibe d thu s Th vi g E il Ey h t h l k d i g hb h d th d T he
r
s
s
e
.
e
,
r
e
ro
v
n
e
a
oo
on
e
e
ou r
ne
oo
va n i s he d a fa r H a th l ooke d on the vi c i n ity a n d v a n i s he d a fa r I t ha t h looked o n the c ha mbe r of the la n d a n d va n i s he d I t ha th looke d o n the wa n de r e r A n d l ike woo d c u t for ki n dli n g it ha th b e n t hi s n e c k
,
an
,
,
,
,
a fa r ,
,
.
An d
th e
e
T h ou m a n ,
x or ci s m
en
of
s on
l th l k
T he E y e wh i c h ha oo ‘ Ma y Ba u s mite it with
M a y G u n u r a [s m i te
i
ra n
D ir e c te d
s
hi s g od , wh i c h ha t h oo k e d
T he Ey e
L ike
d
it]
wh i c h i s l e t fa
S o may
to e a r t h E a ki n g of
B e li e f
in
un
ed u
wit h
ll
t he e t he e
u p on o n p
a
g r ea t
for ha r m, for
e
vil
oar
fr om he a v e n ,
,
the D e e p ,
,
it
re
mov e
it
fr om thy
b ody
” 1 .
u n iv e r s a l i n P a l e s tin e I t c a n th r ow do wn a hou s e br e a k a plough m a k e p e r s on s s ick or kill th e m a s w e ll as a n im a l s o pl a n ts Th s impl e s t cu r e for a s tr ok e o f th e E vi l Ey e i s to t a k e a bit o f cl o t h i n g of the p e on t h a t h a s ha d the b a d qu a li t y a r a g or o t h e “ obj e ct a n d bu r n i t be l o w the p e r s on s tr uck An ot he r m e thod i s to pl a c e pi e c e s of lum s a lt i n c e s a d t a m a r i s k i f M oh a mm e d a n s a e c on c e e d) o a pi e c e o f p a lm fr om ( is
2
.
,
,
r
,
e
.
rs
r
,
.
,
a
r
1
D e vi l s ,
11,
lt
Tab
e
‘
U
,
rn
’ .
.
.
l
,
é
l
iii
n
e,
r
,
O n the wh o
J T u c h ma n n i n M l u s i n e , E vi l Ey e 2 a s c ivi ou s n e s s , C f Ma r k vi i , 2 2 ,
n
e
su
bj e c t
s ee
l
E wor t hy , T /ae
.
an e
vi l
eye, r a
ili n g
.
90
OF
H AUNT s
TH E
D
EMON S
.
g t f my e s co t compl i d r e a n o a n f e o ( ) an i n j u e d wr i s t which he de cl a e d wa s p r ob a bly du e to a c e r t i w om a h vi n g c as t a n e vil e y e up on him whil he wa s d oi n g s om e w or k b e for e he s t a r te d I t i s qui te the u s u a l t hi n g i n M e s opot a mi a to p r ot e ct chil dr e n fr om the E vi l E y e by fa s te n i n g s m a l l blu e S imil r ly the own e r s of v a lu a bl e th e i r c a ps o bj e ct s to m a r es will w a r d off e vil by kn otti n g s m a ll b ea d s i n to the m a n e or ta il I n the hous e s th e y s u s p e n d s m a ll b a gs o f l e a th r c on t a i n i n g ch a r m s fr o m th e c e i l i n g f or a s imil a r “ pu r po s e I n C a i r o i t i s a v e r y comm on cu s tom to h a n g a n a lo e pl a n t ov e r the d o or of th e hou s e with the id e a of s e cu r i n g good luck T he u s u a l h a u n t s of d e mo s a r e d e s e r ts c a v e rn s a n d “ 2 r ui n s O t hou e vi l d e mo n tu r n t h e e to g e t h e n c e ; 3 O thou th a t dwe ll th i n r ui s g e t th e e to thy r uin s v oic e s the tr a dition of a l l p e opl e s tha t h a v e e v e r b e li e ve d i n gho s t s M a imo n ide s s p e a k s o f the d e mo n s a n d ghoul s 4 t h a t dw e ll i n the w a s te s T he old A r a b b e li e f i s th a t the gho s ts of the d e a d dw e ll i n g r a v e y a r d s r in s a n d d e s e r t 6 5 Th e mod e r n pl a c e s a n d the d e s e r t i s f ull of s pi r i t s E gypti a n b e li e v e s th a t th e Ji n n i n h a bit r iv e r s r ui n e d hou s e s 7 T he ghoul Of w e ll s ba t h s ove n s a n d e v e n the l a tr i n e the A r a b s liv e s i n the d e e r t a n d a pp e a r s to tr a v e ll e r s i n mba s hi
1 9 0 4, the
o
r
s er
r
,
n
a n
a
e
.
a
.
,
.
e
.
”
-
1
.
n
,
.
,
,
”
n
e
,
,
.
.
u
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
s
1 2
L a n e , M a n n er s T he
a
an
b or i g i n e s
l
wa t e r i n g p a c e s , a n d qu o t e d F r a z e r , G B , -
.
3
4 5
D evi ls ,
Q t
uo e
.
i T a bl e t ,
,
d Cu s toms , 1 890 , 2 3 6
A t l i b li v t h t v y t hi k t m t ky pl b d with vil p i it (Oldfi ld
of
us ra
a l l r oc
iii
,
B,
’
l
.
a
e
a c es a
55
d C hwol s oh n , D i e S s a bi e r ,
ii
W e ll ha u s e n , R es te 1 5 7 L a n e , M a n n er s
and
e
e
a
e
er
s
e
ou n
c
r
s
.
Cu s toms , 2 0 3
,
4 58
.
6
,
7
.
.
I bi d
.
,
1 49
.
e
,
os
e
,
’
H AU N TE D H O U S E S
91
.
fr i e n dly
gui s e i n or d e r to m a k e th e m lo s e th e i r wa y 1 Chr i s t go e s i n to the wild e r n e s s a n d th e r e m e e t s the de vil 2 Th e Un cl e a n S pi r it o f P a l e s ti n i a n t r a diti on p a s s e s t h ough I n R bbi n ic l i t e r a tu r e the p a ticul r w a t e r l e s s pl a c e s s pot s h a u n te d by d e mo n s a r e c a p e r bus h e s a n d p e a r wo r ts wh e r e th e y dw e ll i n g r oup s of s i x ty ; n t t e e wh e r e th e y for m i n g r oup s of n i n e ; s h a dy s pot s on moon light n ight s e s p e ci a lly the r oo fs of h ou s e s u n de r gutte r s or n e a r r uin s ; c e m e te r i e s a n d p r ivi e s ; w a te r oi l a n d b r e a d c r umb s c a s t on the g r ou n d H a u n t e d hou s e s a r e a s commo n a m on g the A r b s a s with We s te r n p e opl e s a n d a n yo e who ha s liv e d i n O ri e n ta l tow n s will r e c a ll hou s e s of which the r e n t wa s a
.
.
r
3
a
.
r
a
-
s
u
,
,
-
r
s,
,
,
,
4
-
,
.
a
n
,
1 2
M a s udf, Pr a i r i es d Or , M a tt iv, 1 ’
‘
4
Lu ke
te lls ma n
xi
,
24
a
on
.
.
th or iti e s s e e s t or y t ha t du r i n g
F or
318
,
.
.
3
iii
au
N e w Y e ar
’
s
E ve ,
Jewis h E n cy c l op cedi a , a
fa m i n e
an
d hi s
iv
,
51 6
l
T he T a mu d
.
p i ou s m a n g a v e a di n a r to a p oor wi fe s c o ded hi m s o t ha t he p r e fe r r e d a
l
to p as s th e n i g h t i n a c e m e te r y r a t he r th a n a t h om e T he r e h e o ve r h e a r d two s p i r its s pe a ki n g to o n e a n o the r , a n d on e i n vit e d the o the r to u a t e th e wor d to e r a m b t n i h m n t i s t b e i n fli c t s e a r n w h a u e o e d p p .
l
u p on
me n
l
.
T he
s e c on
l
d, h owe v e r ,
sa
i d it
c ou l d n ot
l v ea
e
the
ce
me t e r y ,
be c a u s e it ha d b e e n b u r i e d i n a be d of r e e ds (Ber a /choth Ta lmu d of Ba by l on i 3 e d S c hwa b M a u r y ( L a M a g i e 1 9 4) q u o te s the Ra bbi n i c be li e f tha t de mon s l ive d i n d e s e r t s or u n c le a n p la c e s du n g hea p s c l oa c oe a n d obs c u r e p la c e s Fr a n c i s Ba r r e tt ( The M a g u s 1 80 1 1 0 2 ) e x pl a i n s i n a ll s e r i ou s n e s s t ha t the b e s t p l a c e s for g h os t r a i s i n g a r e c h u r c hy a r ds or b e tt e r s ti ll whe r e c r i m i n a l s h a v e b e e n e x e c u t e d or “ n pla c e ; or e v e n whe r e a t b l i l t m n h a s t a k e r e a u c s a u h r o f e e g g p be tte r th an the s e the pla c e whe r e s ome de a d c a r c a s e tha t c a m e by “ vi ole n t d e a th whi c h i s n ot y e t e xp i a t e d for the e xp i a ti on of thos e u r i a l of the t a c e s i h e d t o h e l s l ik w i l y it l y ibit b e s e a h o r t o b e a d e d u p b odi e s a n d oft e n p ro hibits the s ou l r e tu r n i n g to i ts b ody a n d e xpe ls the s a me a fa r off to the p la c e of j u dg m e n t O n g r a v e y a r d s a s the ha u n t of g h os ts wh ile the s ou l i s i n the n ex t wor ld s e e Je von s I n tr odu c ti on to the H i s tor y of R eli g i on 2 n d e diti on 1 9 0 2 4 9 ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
H AU N TE D H O U S E S
92
.
do wn t o the low e s t pitc h th r ough s u s picion of th e ir b e i n g h a un t e d Whil e i M o s ul I wa s t old the common d e a th by fr igh t fr om im a gin a r y gho s ts how ta l e of c e r ta i n m n wa s ch a ll e n ge d to vi s it a h a un te d hou s e a the b e li e f b i n g t h a t th e d e mo n w a it e d b e hi n d a t n igh t the d oo r to s p r i g o t on a n y who s hould k n ock T he m a n s e t o t on e e v e n i n g a n d on hi s n ot r e tu r n i n g hi s fr i n d s w e n t to s e e wh a t h a d h a pp e n e d to him an d f ou n d him d e a d a t the v e r y d o o r with hi s a bba c a ught 1 n a il The s a m e t yp e of t o y i s I b e li e ve t old a on i n E n gli s h of the m a n who di e s f om f ight b e c a u s e hi s clo th e s h v e got e n t a n gl e d i n the co ffi n of a d e a d ma n T he b e li f th a t s p e c t r e s i n h a bit r ui n s i s u n iv e r s a l i n The S y r i a c l e ge n d s a r e f ull of it ; S e mitic gho s t s t o i e s 2 i a n e cdot e s i n T ho m as of M a r g a s hi s to r y on e o f the “ the s to r y i s told th a t whil e a c e r t a i n ma n wa s p a s s i n g a t n igh t a l o n g the r o d by th e s id e o f a fi e t e mpl e of the M a gi a n s which ha d b e e n a r ui n for s om e tim e d e vi l s s p r a n g out upo n him i n the fo r m of bl a ck a v e n s a n d th e y e n t e r e d i to him a n d c on vul s e d him I n a n E t hi o pic m a gic al p r a ye r w r it te n for Ahi ta Mi kael the s a m e b e lie f a pp e a r s fo r it p r e s c r ibe s c e r t a i n glo r i ou s n a m e s p r ob a bly to be “ r e ci t e d a t the f r o n t a n d a t the doo r s i f thou w o u l d s t o r u n cl e a n e n t e r i n t o a hou s e which i s O ld or i n r ui n s O n e of the r e s o n s giv e n by the R a bbi s for n ot e n t e r i n g r ui n s i s t o a void d e mo n s n
.
,
a
e
,
n
u
.
u
,
,
e
,
r
s
.
,
r
,
r
a
.
e
r
.
’
n
,
a
r
-
,
r
,
.
”
n
.
’
,
,
,
”
3
.
a
4
.
1
S e e m y a r ti c E d Bu dg e ,
l
1 9 0 6 , 82
e,
.
“F lle vil d
n ii 5 9 9 C omp a r e R e v x viii 2 : a fa lle n s an a h old Ba byl on the g r e a t a n d i s b e c om e a h a bit a ti on of de e v e r y u n c le a n s p i r it a n d a h ol d of e v e r y u n c l e a n a n d h a t e ful bi r d 2
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
2 4
B u dg e , L a dy M eu x M S S
B er a khoth,
i
,
4,
ed
.
N O S 2 5, 2 1 6 -
.
,
.
S c hwa b , 2 2 7
.
.
is of
94
SU
MM ARY
.
vi s ita tion fr om s up e r n a tur a l b e in gs who could a lly th e m s e lv e s t e mp or a r ily wi t h a m a n or wom a n a n d h a v e childr e n i n th e f or m e r c a s e to i n h a bit th e gho s tly u n s e e n wo r ld a n d i n th e s e co n d to be b or n on e a r th I n s t a n c e s of s uch a lli a n c e s o f god s a n d m e n 1 n c l a s s ic mythology a r e s o w e ll k n wn a s n ot to n e e d m e n tion F u r th e r th r oughout th e whol e di s cu s s io n it h a s b e e n obvious th a t the S e mitic id e a i f a t a l l f r om the s up e r s titio n s of o f s pi r it s di ff e r s h a r dly a ll oth e r p e o pl e s a
,
,
,
.
o
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
D
EMON I AC PO S S E SS I ON
T ABU
AN D
.
p r e c e di n g ch a pt e r we ha v e s e e n how a ll for m s of d e vil s a n d s p e ct r e e x i t i n the mi d s of the S e mite s n d the n e x t s t e p i n s ucc e s s i on i s the qu e s ti o o f de m on i a c po s s e s s ion i n i ts r e l a ti on to t a bu Thi s l a tt e wor d bor r ow e d by a n th r opologis ts f r om P oly e s i a i us e d to d e fi n e th a t p e culi a r ba n which s a v a ge s l a y o c e r t a i n f o m a n id e a of e i th e i h e r n t holi n e s s a ctio n s or s t a te s Th a t the p i cipl e or un cl e a n n e s s co n n e ct e d wi t h th e m t bu a ctu lly e x i s t e d a mo g ll the S e mi t e s i n i ts of full s a v a g e f o r c e a t on e tim e or a o t h e r r e qui r e no di s cu s io n for i ts p r e s e c e h a s lo n g b e e n r e cog n iz e d n t on ly i n the li te r a tu r e of t he s e a n ci e n t n a t i on s but a l s o i n the cu s t om s of the mod e r n n om a d A a b t ib e s ; i t i s b e tw e e n t he i r l w s a n d th os e obviou s fr om a comp a r i s on h a v e n ot a tt a i n e d t h a t pitc h o f mo r e s a va ge r a ce s wh civili s a ti on whic h a dmit s of a v e e r to c ov e r ov e of t h e i r p r imitiv e cu s t om s But th r e a s o why ta bu xi s te d d e m a n d s the mo s t s e a r chi n g s c r utin y i n to the e a ly r e c or d s e s pi t e r a tu r e em of fo lklo r e h t itic lit d S e t an d i t ma b y h lp pl a c e s wh e e th e cu s tom s i n ol i h e a w g y p to t h e i r o igi n o f s a v a g e r a c e s o ffe r n o clu I n th e di s cu ss i on of th i s qu e s tio n the fi rs t p oi n t t o b e con s id e r e d i s the vi e w tha t th e S e mit e s he ld o f the o r igin of di s e a s e T he cun e i for m ta bl e t s ga i e a li e r th a n a t le as t i n a n ythi n g th a t we e t po s s e s s on thi s s ubj e ct y I N the
s
s
n
,
a
n
r
.
n
,
s
,
n
r
,
r
n
e
r n
.
a
n
a
a
n
s
s
,
n
,
,
o
,
r
r
a
o
e
n
e
.
r
ne
.
r
fl
"
?
a
_
'
a
,
g
“
,
r
fl
r
e
'
"
.
‘
,
.
a
n
,
,
r
e
96
S
IC KNE SS
PO S S E S S I ON
D E M ON I AO
A ND
.
comp a r a tive ly u n e dite d for m a ffor d the m os t v a lu a ble e vid e n c e of a l l a n d we s h a ll a pp r oa ch fu n d a m n t a l s mo r e n e a ly th r ough the A y i a n e x o ci s m s th a n by oth e r m e a n s By g a dua l a d s ucc e s s iv e pi e c e s of e vid e n c e d r a w n f r om a l l th s e r i s of cu n i fo r m S p e lls which w e r e quote d i n the I n t r oduc t ion it will a pp e a r cl e a r I thi n k as th a t the obj e c t o f th e s e i n c an tation s w* to h e al e o l p s * f r om di s e a s e w hich will be s e e n to be o n ly s u ffe r i n g an oth e r n a m for s pi i t ob s e ss i on i n i ts wid e s t s e n se End tha t s uch p e opl e by the v e r y r e as on of th e i r Si cknes s w e r e p r e s um e d to h a v e i n cu r r e d a b r e a ch of ta bu With the s impl e r l ite ra tur e o f the cun e i for m t a bl e t s b e fo r e u s it Should be pos s ibl e to u n r a v e l the mo r e e l a bor te my s tici s m of the l a t e r S e mite s a n d h e n c e the fi r s t tas k i s to d e duc e th e r e f om s uch of the S e mitic s up e r s ti ti on s a bout di s e a s e a s will a ffo r d a b a s e fr om which to go fu r th e r a fi e ld N0 o n e c an r e a d much o f th e i n c a n t a tio n lit e r a tu r e of the A s s y r i a n s without r e cog n izi n g how s ick n e s s wa s a s c r ib e d 2 to th e a tt a ck s of Ji n n o s pi r i t s of di ffe r e n t f o r m s a
,
e
,
ss
r
r
n
r
.
r
e
.
e
,
e
,
,
_
,
Q
,
/
"
e
r
,
'
,
,
“ b
1
.
,
a
,
r
.
'
r
1
2
ive r s a l be li e f tha t d i s e a s e Cu l tu r e 4th c d ii 1 2 7
O n the
Pr i mi ti ve
l
Cf B .
-
.
,
au,
,
,
i its
i s du e to
un
sp r
s ee
T y lo r
~
,
.
N a tu r a lly it
D a s A l tj ii d Z a u be r w , 1 4 .
.
.
is
n ot o n
ly
to
t ha t s i c k n e s s i s p r i m a r ily du e the g ods of c ou r s e ar e omn i t t n t h i s r e s pe c t I s h t a r c u r s e s G i lg a m i s h a fte r h e s l a ys h e r o e n i p d ivi n e b u ll a n d he i s s m itt e n wit h a s or e s i c k n e s s dou btle s s i n c on B a by l on i a n R e l ig io n s e q u e n c e ( Ki n g a n d to q u o te o n e i n s t a n c e “ ou t of m a n y fr om th e m e d i c a l te x ts wh e n (a ma n ) i s s m itt e n o n hi s n e c k it i s th e h a n d of Ad a d wh e n h e i s s m itt e n on the n e c k a n d h i s b r e a s t hu r ts h i m it i s th e ha n d of I s ht a r on the n e c kla c e ( S 1 7 ) p u t s the m a tt e r q u it e Jos hu a the S tyl it e (e d W r i g ht xx vi “ te r s e ly r e fe r r i n g to the y e a r of Ale x a n de r An d a s a ll the pe ople ha d C f E x od viii 1 9 s i n n e d a ll of t h e m We r e s m itte n wit h the p la g u e T h i s i s th e fi n g e r of God I t i s a p p ar e n t fr om this i n c a n ta ti on to the s tar Mu s ta ba r r u mutdn u de m on s
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
.
”
.
‘
.
,
NE S S
98
S ICK
of
On e
text i s di s e a s e s
To D
EMON S
mt
impo r ta n t poi n t s 1 the t a bu of\mami t
the
the
D UE
s o
’
‘
u se
,
,
.
otic e i n thi s p a a ll e li s m to
to
n
in
r
.
Ag a i n i n the T h Si k m
”
sa
m e t bl e t
;
a
a th s e i z e d i kn e s s m F e ve r (ha t h ta k e n u p ) i ts s e a t u p on Tri m Whe n I (the m a g i c i a n ) dr a w n e a r u n t o) the S i Ck ma n Wh e n I e x a mi n e the mu s c les of the s i c lk ma n W he n I c ompo s e h i s l i mb s W he n I s p r i n kl e the wa te r of Ea on the s i c k m a n Whe n I s u bd u e the s i c k m a n 1 Whe n I br i n g l ow the s t r e n g t h of the s i c k q ua n W he n I r ec ite a n i n ca n ta ti on o ve r the s i c k th a n W he n I pg d or m the I n c an ta ti on of Er idu Ma y a ki n dly S p i r it a ki n dly G u ar d i a n b e p r e s ,e n t a t my s i de W he the r t ho u a r t a n e vi l S p i r it or a n e vi l D e mo g O r a n e vi l Gh os t or a n e vi l D e vil O r a n e vi l God or a n e vi l Fi e n d O r H ag de mon or Ghou l or R obb e r s p r it e O r Pha n t o m o f n ig h t or W r a ith of n i g h t O r H a n dma i de n of th e Pha n to m O r e vi l Pe s ti l e n c e or n oi s om e F e ve r O r p a i n or s or c e r y or a n y e vi l or T e r r or O r H ea da c he or S hive r i n g or O r a n e vi l ma n or e vi l fa c e O r e vi l s pe ll or e vi l t on g u e or e vi l mou th or s or c e r y or an vi l e y Be th ou r e mo v e d fr om be for e me 3 e
an u
c
who m
on p
s c
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
” 2
T he f our th
fi fth t a bl e t s of th e s a m e s e r i e s a r e up with d e s c r iption s of d e mon s or gho s ts e n ti r e ly t a k e n which h a v e a tta cke d the ma n : F r o m the ma n the s on m a y th e y d e p a r t fr om hi s body a n d fr om hi s o f hi s god -
an
d
‘
,
,
,
1
thi s 2
T he
e
t
x t ac
c ha p e r ,
me a n i n g
.
I bi d iii .
,
,
1 78 if
.
of
th i s
wor d i s
di s c u s s e d
at
l
en g
th
lt
a er
in
NE SS
S IC K
D UE
To D
EMON S
99
.
body m ay th y i s s u e for th ! T he S i x t e e n th t a bl e t i s d e s tin e d to a v e r t th e e vil which a n e clip s c a u s e d by 2 h r s s a a a r e n e r o vil S pi it pp tly b ught up h t e on a ma n T a bl e t A b e gi n s with a d e s c iption of the d e mon s “ lik e a fl ood a r e g a th e r e d t og e th e r who ”
e
1
e,
,
.
’
‘
3
r
”
( Un til ) th i s m a n N O food
he
can
Bu t with woe
i t h i ms el f wa t e r c a n h e dr i n k i s h e s a te d
r e v ol te th a g a n s e a t,
ea ch
no
da y
,
,
”
.
But d e vil s i n g e n e r a l a r e comb a t e d a s s ickn e s s i n the s er ies A s a /cku (tr a n s l a t e d p r ovi s ion a lly F e ve r a t an y ra te it i s the n a m e o f s om e di s e a s e ) a n d th e y a r e e x o r ci s e d s o th a t th ey d e p a r t f r om the body of th e s ick m a n ,
Fe v e r u n t o the m a n a g a i n s t hi s he a d ha th dr a wn n i g h D i s ea s e (N a mta r u ) u n t o th e ma n a g a i n s t hi s l i fe ha th dr a wn n i g h An e vi l S p i r it a g a i n s t hi s n e c k h a t h dr a wn n i g h An e vil D e mon a g a i n s t hi s br e a s t ha th dr a wn n i g h An e vil Ghos t a g a i n s t hi s b e lly h a th dr a wn n i g h An e vi l God a g a i n s t hi s foot h a t h dr a wn n ig h ; T he s e s e v e n t og e the r ha v e s e i z e d u pon hi m H i s b ody as (with ) a c on s u m i n g fir e the y ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
with F e v e r S O i s it with H e a da ch e which i s 5 r gd kdned a d e mo n com i n g for th fr om the Un d e r wo r ld ; 6 N a mtar uL a n othe r di s e as e i s S imil a rly con s id e r e d p e r s on i fie d As
,
,
,
fl
D e vi ls ,
1
w
fi
v
c ol
,
.
iii
‘
4 8 ff
.
,
S e e p r e c e di n g c h a p t e r , p 5 2 L a ba sa i n 7 , a n d c om p a r e
2
.
.
l
3
.
“th
e
y
n ot
s pa r e
cf
in L 5 ;
”
.
l
a so
11 3 3 ff .
.
I bi d
4
4 th of
ed
.
.
,
v ol
the r e 5
of
1 2 7,
,
th e p ar ts
a pp or
11,
.
of
Ne to
e
,
ea an
1
.
Cf
1 ff
d folk
l
or e :
l
Ty
“ W
.
.
e
Pr i mi ti ve Cu l tu r e ,
or ,
h e a r , t oo,
b ody—for ehe a d br e a s t s tom a c h
the
ti on e d e a c h
l t XI w Z l
T ab
,
,
a
de ity wh o
i n fli c ts
a c he s
an d
fe e t,
,
i
ns a p
” .
I bi d
.
,
lt
Tab
e
P
.
’
6
S ee Tab
lt e
‘
R
’ .
of
an
e tc
an d a
i dea
—b e i n g
i lme n ts
1 00
TH E
D
EMON S O F
NEw
TH E
T E S TAMEN T
.
pi r it of the E vil Ey e ha s b e e n di s cu s s e d e l s e wh e r e E ve n i n m e dic a l t e xt which a r e c omp a r a tiv e ly a lthough by n o m e a n s e n ti r e ly fr e e fr om th e bl a ck a r t a ma n m a y be fill e d by a hha s u s om e f o r m of di s e a s e b e a r i n g the s a m e 2 Th e r a b s a too wa s a n oth e r n a m e as o n e o f th e d mo n s d e vi l which could b r i n g di s e a e to be e x or ci s e d i n the f oll owi n g t e r m s Ma y M a r duk ld e s t s on o f E r idu s p r i n kl e him t h wi t h pu cl w t e s ick m an r e w a te r r e a n a e ( ) b r ight w a te r limpid w a te r wi t h the w a t e r twic e s e v e n tim e s th a t he m a y be pur e be cl e a n ; l e t the e vil r a bi s a d mon go for th a n d s ta n d a w a y fr om him ; m a y a kin dly 3 s é du b e p r e s e n t n e a r hi s b ody a ki n dly hzma s s u L e a vin g th e p e riod a t which th e s e cu n e i fo r m t e x ts w e r e f r o m the s e v e n th c e n tu r y u n d e r the p a t r o n a g e e dit e d of A ssurb a n ip a l u n t il th e d e c a d e n c e o f th e l a te r S outh e r n d e s c e n di n g to N e w T e s t a m e n t tim e s a n d an d e mpi r e ) though t the co n c e ption s a r e of a S imil a r n a tu r e C on ybe a r e giv e s a d e ta il of hi r e s ult s i n the e x a mi n a tion of the 1 Th e wo r ld i s d e mon ology o f thi s p e r i o d a s follow s ( ) Wi t hout fl e s h f ull of e vil d e m on s p r e s id e d ov e r by S a t a n or bo n e s th e y hov e r i n th e a i r or h a u t th e e a r th e s p e ci ll y e 2 Th i ts w a t e r l e s s pl a c e s a n d the n e ighbou r hood of t o mb s ( ) y T be S i c k c a u s e i n m a n a l l s i n a n d di s e a s e a n d d e a th h 8 T y a e a s a r ul e i s to h a v e a d e vil i n s id e on e e ( ) a n ot he i n vi s ibl e 4 T h y will p s f r om n e p r o n to e a o e ( ) f or e th e a dv e n t B 7 e a n d f r om hum a n b i n g s i n to a n im a l ( ) and
the S
1
.
s,
,
,
,
,
’
e
i
.
s
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
e
”
.
,
,
,
.
,
s
.
n
a
,
.
’
o
r
S e e p 88 Kii c hl e r , As sy r
3
re
in
.
B a by l M e d i z i n , 6 0 , .
H a u p t,
ve te r u m
ma r k s
ilia
,
11,
a r te
:
.
.
.
2
,
s.
e
1
r
s
s
me d i c a , 7 3 ,
l
C ha dae i
cr eare
ii
,
11 7 3 if .
q u oti n g
.
ll
.
2 8, 3 0 , 3 1 ,
e tc
S i m e on L i n di n g e r
“ St
.
b r oe or u m D e E (
l e i hi s t p hi l os , 1 5 , c i r r eper e v e tu s ti s s i m i j a m o p i n a ti s u n t , d ae m on e s
f u r or e m ,
et
m or b u m
an
s acr u
m
.
” .
.
.
1 02
TH E
D
EMON S
P AL E S TI NE
OE
p r e s e n t t r e a tm e n t of s uch di s e a s e s W he n a Je w i s a fflict d wi t h m a d e s s the fa lli n g s ick n e s s or the lik e h i s r o om i s cl e a n e d a n d white w a s h e d a l l holy bo k s b e i n g r e mov e d a n d th e p a ti e n t ma y n o t p r a y or m e n tio n holy wo r d s T he witch doct r e s s p r e p a r e s a littl e wh e a t b a l e y s a lt w a t e r milk ho n y four or S i x e gg s a n d s om e s w e e tm e a ts or s u g a r a n d mi xi n g a ll th e s e toge th e r a t mid n igh t Sh e s c tte r s s om e on th e th r e s h o ld an d of th e mi x tu r e rou n d the s ick be d i n th e four corn e r s o f the r oom r e citi n g i n a whi s p e r a s follow s “M y Lord s I be s e e ch you to pity comp a s s io n a te a n d h a v e m e rcy upo n the s oul ( or l i fe ) of your s e r va n t ( or Sl a ve i f it be a wom a n ) the p a ti e n t ( givi n g the n a m e ) th e s on (or d a ughte r ) o f your m a id ( givi n g the mo t h e r s i n a me a n d ov e r look h i s (o r h e r ) t r e s p a s s ; f h o a n d e r ( ) s he ) h a v e s i n n e d a n d do n e a n y e vi l to you f or giv e an d p a r don hi s (or he r ) s i n s ; giv e him (or he r ) li fe a n d r es to r e hi s (or he r ) h e a lth a n d s t r e n gth ( If t o wom a n s he a dds ) O p e n h e r womb a n d r e s to e a ba r r e n to he r the fr uits of he r body ( If to tho s e who lo s e you n g child r e n ) Giv e l i fe to th e i r s on s a n d d a ughte r s a n d l e t t hi s ho n e y ( or s ug a r ) be to s w e e te n you r mou th s a n d p a l a te s th e wh e a t a n d b a r l e y to fe e d you r c a ttl e a n d S h e e p a n d th e w a te r a n d s a lt t o e s t a bli s h p e a c e f r i n d s hip lov e br oth e r hood a n e v e l a s ti n g cov e n a n t of s a lt b e tw e n H us an d u re S h e b r e a k s th e e gg s a n d pou r s th e o e y ar e
in
no
wi s e mo r e a dv a n c e d
.
t h e ir
in
e
.
n
,
,
,
o
,
,
-
.
r
,
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
,
a
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
.
r
,
.
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
e
r
,
.
Su
lt
an s en
wh e n
he
th e de m on on e
de vi
of
l
’
s
th e
t
hi s
s er
dr e w ca
l
he a d
.
va n t s
n ea r
ly m
to fe tc h th e m o n k, the h o
and
s u c c e s s fu
m e for t h , th e m o n k
lly x
c om
e
i
or c s e d
th e de m o n
ma n de d th a t t h e y
ton e s u s ed for c r u s h i n g bu rg hu l T he y di d s o a n d c u t O ff hi s he a d
arg e
a n s hu
s
.
,
an d
t
hi s
e
ye s
W he n
.
S h ld b i
r ng
ou
pu t
it
on
t he
TH E
EMON S
PAL E S TI NE
or
03
.
o m e n tio n e d pl a c e s k n e e l s a n d p os t r a t e s h e r s e l f ki s s e s th e g r ou n d s e v r a l t im e s a n d p oc e e d s “ with th e s e wo r d s : H e r e I O ffe r you li f for li fe i n o r d e r th a t ye m a y r e s t or e the li fe f t hi s p a t i e n t sa
me
D
'
af r e
i n the
,
e
,
r
,
r
,
e
”
o
1
A
Go odr i c h
.
1 9 0 4,
2 , 1 86
x v,
i
in
s s e s s on o p
Fr e er
-
T he r e i s
a
“ — I h Aby i i .
ss n a
pec u ad
1
.
S ome Jewi s h F olkl or e
,
,
li
th e
ar sa
m Jer u s a l e m, F olkl or e , f for m o f s o c a e d de m on i a c ro
ll
-
at g i n Ga fl t h e n m n o e o n o f m e n a p
ti s fa c ti on
i
of s e e n
‘
t e r m i s g ive n to a l be i n g p os s e s s e d by a de vil a b s t r a c ti on wh i c h th e n a tiv e s e x p l a i n a s The c a s e I a m a b ou t to m e n ti on h a pp e n e d to a fe ma le i n the s er vi c e o f H e r s y mp t oms b e g a n i n a ki n d of fa i n ti n g fit on e of th e E u r op e a n s i n wh i c h th e fi n g e r s we r e c le n c h e d i n the p a lms of the h a n ds the e y e s l a z e d the n os t r i l s d i s t e n de d a n d the wh ol e b ody s ti ff a n d i n fl e x ible g Afte r wa r ds s he c omme n c e d a hi de ou s la u g h i n i mita ti on of the hye n a a n d b e g a n r u n n i n g a b ou t on a ll fou r s ; S h e was t h e n s e i ze d by the bys t a n de r s a n d a bou da doc t or ha vin g b e e n c a lle d i n thi s i n dividu a l b e g a n qu e s ti on i n g he r as to th e p e r s on who ha d p os s e s s e d he r with th i s hy e n a de vil S he s a i d he wa s a m a n l ivi n g i n Goo de r oo s ou th of Aby s s i n i a a n d a ls o told how lon g the s p i r it wou ld be i n p os s e s s i on a n d wha t wa s r e q u i r e d to e xp e l hi m Gr e a t c a r e m u s t be ta k e n of n de a th er s o s m s n d i t h fli t t i ki ti e n u s a f e d a s a s e o h s n d s o m e c c s f e p Al l t he i r d e ma n ds for dr e s s food tr i fl e s of a n y s or t m u s t b e s tr i c tly a tte n de d to I n the h e i g h t o f the fr e n z y th e y will s ome ti mes c ar r y ou t th e i de a of t h e i r hy e n a i de n tity to s u c h a n e x te n t a s to a tta c k a n y a n fa n c i e d s h e n e wo m a n i m a l th a t m a h w a O n t o b i n t e a h e e y y pp wou ld l ike a l ittle don ke y fl es h ; s o to s a ti s fy he r s t r a n g e t a s t e s h e s e i z e d h ol d by h e r t ee th to th e b i n de r of on e wh i c h h a ppe n ed ar t p to be n e a r O ff we n t the a s t on i s he d be a s t a t a p a c e tha t n o th i n g i n the for m o f p e r s u a s i on will lea d hi m to ad op t for th e g r a tifi c a ti on of ma n O fl too c l i n g i n g ti g h t with h e r tee th to hi s ha u n c h e s we n t th e fr e n z i e d g i r l O n l y for c e wou ld i n du c e he r to for e g o th e t e n de r a
bou da
of
c as e
.
T hi s
’
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
-
.
‘
.
,
,
,
.
m or s e
l
“T h y i li g .
v e r a l c u r e s for thi s s t r a n g e a tt a c k ; bu t the n e ve r fa n on e i s a m i x t u r e of s om e ob s c e n e fil th whi c h i s c on c e a led i n s om e p a r t of th e h ou s e wh e r e u p on th e wom a n i s s a i d to g o di r e c tly on T h i s wo u l d s e e m i n c r e d ibl e a l l fou r s to whe r e it i s a n d s wa ll o w it b u t t h ou s a n ds of c or r ob or a tiv e fa c t s k n own to Aby s s i n i a n r es i de n t s p u t it b e y on d a d ou bt “T he p owe r O f p os s e s s i n g p e r s on s with the de vil i s a ttr ibu te d mos tly to Je wi s h bla c k s m ith s ; a n d wom e n a n d c h il dr e n a r e t e rr ifi e d whe n the y m e e t i n a s ol ita r y pla c e a bla c k s mith who i s a Je w T he s e e
ha ve
se
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
1 04
TH E
N ow e
are
s or c e r e r s
Sh
fits
the
a pe of
P AL E STI NE
or
.
h ow s how t n a cious s uch s up e r Cu ti s s te ll s of a b y who ha d the E s t “The boy fe lt the s pi i t comi n g up t h r ough
in
are
pil e ptic
EMON S
Ar a b b e li
the
s ti ti on s
D
e
f
e
s
1
a
2
r
.
o
r
.
l
i d to be e n du e d with th e p owe r o bj e c t o f th e i r i n c a n t a ti o n s ( D u ft on A
i
of c h a n g n g
a so sa
,
the
Jo u r n ey thr ou g h
A by s s i n i a , S te r n d e s c r ib e s the
y m p t om s of the bou d a T he p os s e s s e d wo m a n b u r s t i n to l ou d fits of l a u g h te r a n d a s i f s t r u c k by a m a g n e ti c wi r e th e p a r o xy s m s o f a r a vi n g m a n i a c S he t r i e d to bite ki c k a n d t e a r e v e r y o n e wit hi n r ea c h ; a n d wh e n s h e fo u n d h e r s e lf foile d i n a l l t h os e m i s c hi e vo u s a tte m p t s s h e c on v u ls ive ly g r a s p e d the u n p a v e d we t fl oo r a n d i n i m it a ti on o f the hy e n a g a v e u tt e r a n c e to the m os t d i s c or da n t s o u n ds T he c u r e wa s a s follo ws T he e x or c i s t with on e h a n d l a i d a n a mu le t on h e r h e a vi n g b os om W h il s t wit h th e ot h e r h e ma de he r s m e ll a r a g i n whi c h th e r o o t of a s t r o n g s c e n t e d p l a n t a b on e of a hy e n a a n d s o me o t h e r a b o m i n a bl e u n g u e n t s we r e b ou n d u p ( Wa n d e r i n g s s
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
,
,
”
a
mon g In
e
the
x
F a la s ha s ,
i i
tig
has
be e n
or c s n g
i ti y a ,
a
fo r m
i
of
“a
s e o n a s o s s p
lli
ed
d r ive n
ou t
s
he e p
fow i s
a
or
l
t
to the bou d a ,
a f er
kille d b oile d o n the e mb e r s a n d e a t e n wit h b r e a d T h e p a ti e n t s fr i e n ds p a r ta k e of thi s food whe n the de vil g oe s o u t of he r T he b on e s a n d r e ma i n s of th e me a t a r e b u r n e d w it h fir e a n d the fr a g me n ts of th e b r e a d b u r i e d i n the g r ou n d T he s e a r e s o l e ft for th e d e vil th a t i f he s hou ld c ome b a ck to the p la c e he ma y r e ma i n a n d fe e d a n d n ot g o o n a n d bothe r th e wo ma n All the s e q u ota ti on s ( Pa r ky n s L if e i n A by s s i n i a a r e ta k e n fr om H a yes Th S ou r c e of the B l u e N i l e 2 86 th e d e vi
l
r
,
’
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
e
,
1 ’
It
\
A) Xa
o o
i n te r e s ti n g
is
lo u a i
7r a v 7 6 9
i o r v b g q , '
o o ovs
r ead
to
'
,
E vp o u
7 OV
L u c i a n , Phi lop s e u des ,
ch
H a h a w 'u m] ?
7
7 0 11
G IC 7 1 9
w a p a ka fiw u ' e
.
7r
os
p
e rr
7 0 V
j
w
44
16,
.
a
u
'
i
7 0 1} v
m i
d v/ V 771)
' ' O To a
2 d¢ 9 a Mu b di a a rp gbo v r a s xa i dqfi o i} W i w O u ws p p ka p e u o v s T b p ( i v /o r a n xa i rr o 7r é u 7r e i d d n ov s eu i u t ? 6 n a kh d a s d d 7 61 V g p , f I G ”7 '
71 )
-
’
’
I
’
‘
én
de n / Em
.
i
a i
s
‘
ddv rydp é n
ei
c
A
7 0
o
w/ La
o
,
Ew
’
/
eV X C n ‘
dwe zk d w
’
’
e
f
T e
2
h a zi v e t
x a rr v w dv 7 7 11
1
,
.
p
a v r os
39 6 V
i w v i é p )
u ov
.
,
6V ba sy o u a I
ora u
1 53
.
.
.
jq
’
i
0 1 11 1 77
dv
5 dé rip /c o v e
.
’
7
Ka
e v o zs '
’
'
Xp
Pr i m S e m R e l .
a
OV dV p
r
fe a r
v o o wv
ep
a
'
es
p
fi
xe r
A
flp fl
i w v g m
E XX
i
i a r
’
e o
9
r a i
0
,
i bs '
en
'
m ww d 37 i
(Sa
a j r ’
e
d yw u f
é f yd) (7 0 811 [ mi
e
fl
i
s
e
i bo v
e
f
w
er a w p
a rr o /c
7
i dc; y r)
a
I
my Be
’
t ufia
i o e hr
é
lc a
7r e i 0
' i o vr a
'
i 39 6 V
9 6 i 1) ' u e
I
i
xa
i
ka v a
1 06
TH E
D
EMON S OF P AL E STI NE
.
A ft e r lon g di s putin g the ghos t with a t e r r ibl e s h a k e o f fle d by th e toe ; th e x h a u s te d the body a n d th e l g wom a n l a y dow n a n d r c ov e r e d he r S p e ch An a mul e t wa s t h e n w it t e n a d pu t i n a s m a ll l e a th e ba g which wa s w e ll w a x e d wi t h b e e s w a x th r ough which th e J an c a n n ot 2 p e n e tr a te S imi l a ly Cu r ti s s te ll s a n oth e r s to r y o f a gi l “ T he holy m a n co m po s s e s s e d by a n e vil S pi it m a n de d th e S pi r it to c o m e t o f he r H e r e pli e d I will com e Bu t i f y ou do ou t o f h e r h e a d s a id th e h oly ma n you will d e s t r oy it At l a s t the s pi r it p r opo s e d to com e ou t o f he r to e a n d thi s wa s pe r mitt e d E a r li r t a di t io n s how s th e s a m e t hi n g I n the Gr e k 3 P a py r i th e r e a r e di r e c t ion s for dr ivi n g ou t a d e mo n by p r on ou n ci g the n a m e a n d a pplyi n g s ulphu r a n d bit u m e n 1 to the n o s t r il s wh e r e a t i t wi ll c r os e phu s J a n d go f o r th y r e l a t e s how h e s a w E l e a z a r d r a w out a m a lig n a n t d e mo n by holdi n g a ri n g u n d e r the n o s e of the po s s e s s e d ma n u n d e r the s e a l o f which wa s on e of the r oots r e comm e n de d by S olom on By t h e s e m e a n s wi t h m a gi c a l i n c a n ta tion s he d r e w ou t the e vi l d e mo n th r ough the m a n s n o s t r il s B a r n a b a i n the e pi s tl e a s c r ib e d to him s p e a k s of the “ 5 Bl a ck O n e ge t ti g a ch a n c e of c r e e pi n g i n to u s ; a n d i n M os ul to da y i f a m a n fa ll i n a fit or a fa i n t he i s s uppo s e d to h a v e b e e n s t r uck on the h e a d by S ada ,
1
e
e
r
e
,
e
.
n
r
,
,
r
.
r
,
r
.
‘
ou
’
,
.
’
‘
.
,
,
.
.
,
e
r
e
.
n
,
‘
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
s,
,
”
n
s
-
,
,
,
1
of
F or
th e r i n s t a n ce of the de vil of a p os s e s s e d pe r s on toe s e e M a s te r ma n B i bl Wor l d 1 9 00 2 6 9
ano
the b i g 2
,
,
P r i m S e m Re l .
.
.
,
1 52
.
ou t
.
,
,
mi n g
co
.
l
viii 2 5 viii 5 9 4 Q of N e w T es ta me n t J Q Por p hy r y b e i n g a v e g e t a r i a n s a y s t h a t th os e b a d s p i r its ( th e Ke r e s ) “ s p e c i a l ly de l i g h t i n bl o o d a n d i mp u r iti e s g e n e r a lly creep a n d th e y i n t o p e ople wh o m a ke u s e o f s u c h th i n g s ( J E H a r r i s on Pr oleg omen a 3
5
L e e m a n s , Pa py r i Gr ce c i , ii , 1 00 , u o t e d C on y b e a r e , D e mo n ol o gy ,
.
4
3 0 ff
.
An t , .
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
TH E
D
EMON S
PAL E S TI NE
or
07
.
bl a ck d e mon tho gh i n thi s c s e f m l e I n th c a s e o f e pil e p s y i n the s a m e tow n a hé kh c om e s n d l a y a k n i fe on th e p a ti e n t s h e a d ; t h e n d a t e s a e b ou ht a d g fumig a te d wi t h i c e n s e th m a gici n m a n whil e utt e r i g v a r i u s ch t s ov e th e m a n d t h e a ft e r s pit t i g n th e m 1 he giv e s t h e m to the p a t i e n t t e a t 2 Acc or di n g to S oz o me n A s a c i s wa s e n dowe d by God with th e powe r of e xor ci i n g d e mo n s A ma n p os s e s s d with a d e mo n on c e r a n th ough th e m a r k e t pl a c e wi th The p e opl e fl e d fr om him a n a k e d s wo r d i n hi s h a n d Ar s a c i u s w e n t o t a n d the whol e city wa s i n co n fu s io n to m e t him a n d c a ll e d upo n him i n the n a m e of C hr i s t a n d a t th a t n a m e the d e m on wa s e x p e ll e d a n d the m a n A t th e tomb o f H il a r ion the di vin e r e s to r e d to s a n i ty n ear Ga z m a n y di s e a s e s w e r e a n a t iv e o f T ha b a tha 3 h e a l e d a n d d e mo n s e x p e ll e d a t hi s t omb T h e r e a r e th ge r mi n a l id e a s o f po s s e s s ion i n Hom e r the S l m v yep69 it an d B / c a u s i g a w a s t i n g s ick n e s s ( O d v r e fe r s to i n s a n ity i n E c hyl u s E u r ipid e s A r i s toph a n e s 4 a n d P lu t a r ch I n th e P l e s t i n i a n t a dition ; th e cu r e f or po s s e s s d wa s to ta ke r o ts of h e r b bu r n th e m a man wh e r e up on th u n d e r hi m a n d s u r r ou n d him wi t h w a te r s s pi r it would fl ee F r om t he s e i n s t a n c e s th e r l a tion s b e tw e e n d e vil s a d
i
.
e
a
.
u
,
a
e
a
’
r
n
r
an
e
,
a
n
,
s
r
n
e
n
n
,
o
o
,
.
r
,
e
.
s
,
o
a
u
s
e
.
r
-
.
,
u
.
e
,
,
,
.
,
,
a,
,
e
.
a
,
n
.
s
0 7
a a
f
a tc av
,
y
,
,
,
r
a
.
'
s,
o
e
e
,
,
.
n
e
l
S e e my a r ti c e , M i c ha e , of M os u l , for th e 1
l
E c c l es
2
I bi d
3
.
,
l tt x H i t bk iv h x vi bk iii h x iv s
.
.
,
.
t
c ra es , e d 5
c
.
L ittr e , ’
.
P es i k,
ed
.
.
vi ,
.
36 2
Bu b e r ,
.
L itt m a n n , Ar d e e t,
t or y
of
er e
i
or c s
I m
a
m
i n de bte d to
M
Abd ll u
.
ah
.
.
.
th e Po s s e s s e d Pr
l
O n th e G r e e k i de a s o f e p i e p s y s e e H i pp o t i s th e [ 6 c v do o s , E n cy c l Bi bl " 84 5
I
40 a
’
s
a
.
.
1071
,
c
,
.
,
E n cy c l B i bl
4
1 90 6, 7 7
.
.
xx v in ces s
li
E th i o p i c
An ,
of
32 ;
m e th od i s p u b
for the Eg y p ti a n
and
Be kh t e n
.
s
hed s ee
by th e
VA GE
1 08
SA
T AE US
.
di s e a s e n ot o n ly m a d n s s a n d fits but a l s o f v e r h e a d a r e pl i ly v e y cl os ly c on n e ct e d i n a ch e a d mi o r ill s d th e i r t r e a t m e n t d e m a n d s th e s a v g S mitic mi d m a gici a n o p r i e t a t he t ha n a qu a lifi e d docto r H a vi n g p p os i t io n the n e x t que s ti on t h a t p r e s e n t s e t a bli h d thi i t l f i th a t o f th t bu I n the p r imitiv e commu iti e s o f m od e r n s a v a g e s th e e c e t i n i n t r n a l r e s t r ic t i on s b oth s oci a l n d ar e a lwa y s i n the b oa d e s t s e n s e fr om the fe r or a i i g r ligi o u s T he s t dy of t hi s b r a n ch p e c t o f the up e a tu r a l s t e a dily wi t h o r i n c e a s i n g k n o w o f f lkl o r e ha s g o w l dg of the cu s t om s of s a v a ge t r ib e s a n d i t p r ovid e s u s wi t h a m a n s of e lucid a ti g much t h t wo ld o th e r wi e be i x plic bl e i n the r ligi n o f the p e opl e o f the N e a r e r E s t NO W i n t hi cu s t m o f t a bu t h e e i s n o t o ly th e id e a o f p r im a y d n g e r to th e p e r s o n who fi r s t i cu r s by hi s a t i on s bu t th e r i s a l o a s e co n d a r y th e t a b c o n ta gi o u s ba n to which a yo e m a y b e com e li bl e f om commu n ic a t i on wi t h the t a boo e d m a n o thi n g b e l o g i g 1 to him T he s a v a g e b e li e v e s th a t s up e r n a tu r a l b i g s c a n an i n th e i r mo r e h os t il e ch a a ct e r a n d will e x e r ci s e i n flue n c e (i n the wide s t s e n s e ) ov e r s uch hum a n b e i n g a s t hu s i n cu r th e r i s k o f t h e i r vi s it a tio s a n d th a t the p r s on thu s t a boo e d c a n c mmu ic a t e hi s d n ge r ou s s ta te by co t a gi on T he r e s on fo r the o r igi n o f thi s s e co n d a r y s up e r s t iti on i n ot f a to s e e k ; the p imitiv e co n c e pti on o f co t a giou s t b a r o s e f om the s a v a ge a r gum e n t f r om the p a r ticul a r e
,
n
n
,
a
e
n
r
a
s
s
se
r
s
e
r
.
,
e
s
,
an
,
ro
s
e
r
a n
,
e
e
,
a
.
n
r
e
r s n
,
a
e
r
rn
r
o
u
.
n
u
r
,
n
e
a
ne a
a
,
e
e
a
,
,
s
r es
r
e
.
r
u
s
s
o
s
,
u
a
o
r
,
n
a
n
c
e
,
n
s
n
a
r
.
r
,
n
s
n
e n
.
r
,
,
s
n
e
o
n
n
,
a
.
a
r
s
a
r
u
n
r
Am t
vi n c i n g i n di c a ti on of th i s a mon g the H e b re ws i s s hown “ i n N u m xvi 2 6 D e p a r t I p r a y y ou fr om the t e n ts of t h e s e wi c ked m e n a n d t ou c h n o th i n g of th e i r s l e s t y e b e c on s u med i n a l l t he i r s i n s 1
os
.
c on ,
,
,
”
,
,
.
U N C L EA N
1 10
T AE US
.
d n ge r ou s t bu b e c a u s e h e h a s e e n co n ta gi on a i s e By i n th e s p e ci a l c a s o f the di e a s e i n f ct e d b e lo gi n g s f th e oth e i n th e c a e u n cl e a n ta bu the n a l gy b e l on gi gs of s uch p e r on s who a r e un d e r th e s e t a bu s a r e l s o u n cl e a n a n d d a g r ou s Th f o r e goi n g s ho r t e x pl a n a tio n ha s b e e n o ffe r e d a s e vid e n c e b r o u ght f or w a r d a s ta n dpoin t rou n d which th e i n t hi s c ha pte r m a y c e n t r e a n d we s h a ll be b e tt e r a bl e to s e e to wh a t d e gr e e the S e mit e s h a d e volv e d a s y s t e m a tic a n d wo r k a bl e th e or y co n c e n i n g th e t a bu s of u n cl e a n n e s s I t i s n a tu r a lly the ta bu o f u n cl e a n n e s s di s ti n c t f r om the o t h e r th a t of holi n e s s th a t we h a ve to d e a l with i n p a rticul a r T he t a b u of holi n e s s i s the outcom e of th e f e a r of t a n s gr e s s io n a g a i n s t the divi n ity wh a t or com e s to the s a m e thi n g r e s p e ct fo r the godh e a d ; but v e r y di ff r e n t origi n th e ta bu of u n cl e a n n e s s h a s a b a s e of thi s a lth o ugh f e a r o f the s up e r n a t u r a l i s a t th e I t i s e a s y to a s s um e t h a t a b e a ch of s om e of also u n cl e a n l a w s i s u n pl e as i n g to the trib a l god th e p a r ticul a r ly i n the Biblic a l l e gi s la tio n ; but thi s th e ory d oe s n ot a ccou n t f or the whol e o f e v e n th e s e n ot to me n tion the fa r wid e r s cop e of the or di n a r y s a v a ge t a bu s of the p e se n t da y As R ob e r ts on S mith poi n ts thi s a s s umpti n i s a l a t e r d e v e lopm e n t to be f oun d ou t th e
a
a
s
,
s
e
a
s
o
-
r
e
n
.
r
o
s,
s
n
n
a
e
.
e
,
r
.
,
,
,
.
r
,
,
,
e
,
r
.
’
‘
,
,
r
.
o
,
i n th e L wi ti c a l L a w
1
.
We
h a v e th e n to di s cu s s the s imil a r iti e s of mode r n u n cl e a n t a bu s with th e a n ci e n t S e mi t ic l a ws s a va ge p a ticul a r ly a s th y a r e fou n d i n the O ld T e s ta m e n t the cun e i for m ta bl e t s a d the w r iti n g s of A r a bic a n d S y r i a c Th e t a bu s on h oly thi n g s a r e comp a r a tiv e ly a utho r ,
,
‘
’
,
e
r
,
s
,
n
.
1
R e li g i on
f
o
the
S emi tes , 1 5 3
.
R
O B ER T S ON S M ITH ON TABU
1 11
.
w e ll k n ow n a n d it i s the un cl e a n t a bus which a r e s till s om wh a t ob cu r e T he followi n g a r e quot a ti on s f r om wh a t R ob e t s o n S mi th i n h i s R e lig i n (g the S e mi tes s a y s of the two fo m of t bu holi n e s s a n d un cl e a n n e s s H e go e s i n t the qu e s t ion “ v e r y th o r oughly ; h e s how s th a t h oli n s s i e s s e ti lly a r e s t r icti on the lic e n c e of m a n i n th e f e on u se of “ 1 an d n a tu r a l thi n g s th a t the a n ci e n t S mi t s like o th e r e a r ly r a c e s d e e m e d h olin e s s to be p r op a ga t e d by “ 2 phy s ic a l c on ta gio n W h e n m e n e s t a bli s h r e l a tion s with the pow e r s th a t h a u n t a s pot it i s a t on c e n e c e s s a r y th a t th e r e s hould be r ul e s o f con duct tow r d t h e m a n d th e i s ur r oun di n g s T h e s e r ul e s mo r e ov e r h a v e two a s p e ct s O n the on e h a n d th e g od a n d h i s wo r s hipp e r s fo r m a S i gl e commu n ity —p r im a r ily l e t u s s uppo s e a commu n ity o f ki n s hip—a n d s o a ll th e s oci a l l a w s t h a t r e gul a t e m e n s co n duct t ow a r d s a cl a n s m a n a r e a pplic a bl e to th e ir re l tion s to a g od But on the othe r h a d the h od h a s n a tu r a l r e l a tio n s to c e r ta i n s ic a l thi n g s p y and g t h e s e mu s t b e r e s p e ct e d a l s o ; he h s him s e l f a n a tu a l li fe a n d n a tur a l h a bit s i n which h e mu s t n ot be m ol e s t e d I a l l th e i r d e a li n g s with n a tu r a l t hi n g s m e n mu s t b e on th e i r gu a r d to r e s p e ct th e divi n e p r e r og a tiv e a n d thi s t he y a r e a bl e to do by k n owi n g a n d ob s e r vi n g the r ul e s o f holi n e s s which p r e s c r ib e d e fi i t e r e s t r iction s a n d limi t a tion s i n th e i r d e al i g with th e g od a n d a l l n a tu a l thi n g s th a t i n a n y wa y p e r t a i n to the g d Amo n g ’
‘
,
s
e
.
r
o
o
a
,
r
,
,
s
o
.
e
s
n
r
a
e
”
e
,
e
,
,
,
”
.
,
a
r
.
,
s
,
,
.
n
,
,
’
‘
a
.
n
,
,
,
a
r
n
,
n
,
n
s
r
o
1
1 5 0 p p 1 51
.
.
2
.
“
li g i
ou s
tu a s
or
re
a
“T h ivil
2
1 46
3
.
.
vi ola ti on of a t a b u wa s e ithe r or c T he r e li g i ou s p e n a l ty i n fli c t e d by the offe n de d s p i r it s g e n e r a lly t ook th e for m of a d i s e a s e : the offe n de r .
.
e
n e a p
l ty
p
.
”
for th e
CU NE I FORM T AB L E T S
1 12
TABU
AN D
.
v a ge s a s he s a y s a l l t a bus do n ot b e lo n g to r e ligi on p r op e r but a pp e r i n m a n y c a s e s to b e p r e c a uti o s a g a i n s t co n ta ct wi t h s pi r it s a n d th e lik e e vil a n d it i s “ wi t h th e s e l a t t e r th a t we a r co n c e r n e d W om e n a f t e r childbi r t h m e n who h a v e t ouch e d a d e a d body a n d s o for t h a r e t e mpo r a ily t a boo a n d s e p a r a t e d fr o m h um n j u s t a s the s a m e p e r s on s a r e u n cl e a n i n S e mitic s oci e ty I n th e s e c a s e s the p e r s o n u d r t boo i s n o t r e ligi on for h e i s s e p a r a te d f r om pp r o a ch to r e g a r d e d a s holy the s a n c t u a r y a s w e ll a s fr om co n ta ct wi t h m e n ; bu t hi s a c t or c on ditio n i s s om e how a s s oci t e d wi t h s up e r a r i s in g n a tu r a l d a n g e r s a cc or di n g to the commo n s a v a g e f r om the p r e s e n c e o f for mid a bl e s pi r it s e x pl a n a tio n which a r e s hu n n e d lik e a n i n fe ctiou s di s e a s e In r ul e s f holi n e s the motiv e i s r e s p e ct for th e god i n u n kn o wn of a n r ul e s o f u n cl e a n n e s s it i s p r im a r ily fe a r ho s tile pow e r though ul tim a t e ly a s we s e e i n the or Le vitic a l l e gi s l a tion the l a w of cl e a n a n d u n cl e a n m a y be b r ought wi t hi n the s ph e r e o f d ivi n e o r di n a n c e s on th e v i e w t h a t u n cl e a n n e s s i s h a t e f u l to G od a n d mu s t 2 be a void e d by a ll t h a t h a v e t o do wi t h Him S i n c e the public a tio n of R ob e r ts o n S mi th s e r di te a n d th e s tudy o f th e cu n e i fo r m i n s c ipti o n s s ci e n tific wo r k ha s p r o vid e d a n e w f a c t or i n the i t r p r e t a t io n of S e mitic T he t a n s l a tio n s o f A s s y r i a n t e x t s ha d n ot a t e ligi r e a ch e d a pitc h of s u ffici e n t th e tim e t ha t h e w r ot n or wa s e n ough m a t e r ia l a t a ccu r a cy to b e t r u s tw or thy ; sa
,
,
a
,
n
1
,
e
.
,
,
r
,
a
,
n
.
e
a
a
,
a
,
,
,
.
o
s
,
,
,
,
,
’’
.
’
u
r
,
n
on
r
.
e
r
.
,
e,
s we
ll
i n fa n t
an
( E n cy c l 1
d d i e d, the
ed u p an
.
Br i t
P 1 52 «
i it )
ha d
sp r .
,
art
.
ti on b e i n g t h a t e n t e r e d i n t o hi m no
th e and
T a bu )
.
p
.
1 53
.
a
tu a
or e
m i s s a r y ( oft e n
de v ou r e d h i s
vit a ls
”
1 14
ON
T AB U
C O R P SE
TH E
.
co n n e cte d wi t h the p r op a g a tio n o f the s p e ci e s on the on e h n d a n d di e s e a n d d a t h on the o t he r s e e m to him to i n volv e the a cti on o f s up e hum a n a g e n ci e s o f a d a n ge r ou s 1 I t li e s wi t h u s n o w t o foll o w thi s li n e o f t h ugh t kin d a n d h o w i t a ffe c ts th e S e mitic a n d s e e why thi s s hould be n o t o n ly i n the mo r e ob v i o u s p r e c a u t io n s a g a i n s t r e ligio n d e m on s but i n the th e o r i s o f the Ato e m e n t a n d of the fi t b or n T he t a b o n d e a d b o di e s i s the mo t obvi ou s a t fi r s t s ight fr e qu n t ly m e t with i n S e mitic lit e a tu r e a d o n e th a t i Am on g the I s r a e lite a l l t ha t w e r u n cl e n t hr ough the d e a d w e pu t o ut id e the c a mp s o n o t to d e fil it an d e ce a y a ft e r i n the M h a mm e d a n r e ligio n a blu t i on i s I n th e Apoc y ph a Tobit a f t e r a pp r o chi n g a d e a d b o dy h a vi g bu r i e d a co p e l p s by th w a ll o f th e cou r ty r d 4 T he d e a d Ga ll oi p r i e s t o f S y r i a a o n e wh o i s p o llu t d w e r e b o n e t the s ubu b s by t h e i r comp a n i n s to b bu r i d n d to n we r th e r e pil e d on t he m Th os e t h a t b or t h e m w e r e n ot a ll o w d to te the t e mpl fo r s e v e n d y afte l e t the a c t hould be n fa s o i f a n y of t h e m lo ok e d on c o ps e he wa s u n cl e a n for t h a t da y a n d n ot f t e r t ha t da y he mig ht the t e mpl e bu t a l l o we d to e n t e Th o e w h be l n g e d to the fa mily of th e de a d be cl a e d m n we e t bu fo r t h i t y d a y a n d migh t on ly t he n e n t e T he N e s to i a s w e e a ccu s t om e d i n wi th s h a v e n h e a d g i g o t of the vill ge wi t h th c o p e t o l a y the bi e a
s
,
a
e
,
r
”
o
.
,
,
,
e
,
-
rs
n
.
u
s
s
n
,
e
r
s,
e
a
as
s
er
n
3
s
r
e
s
e
es
o
e
en
r
s
s
r,
e
.
e
s
a
s
e
a
,
r
s
a
,
,
r
,
.
o
r
e
s ee
,
ss
r
.
n
2
e
o
a
.
e
e
r
,
‘
r
a
,
r
e
ns r
a
s
.
a
,
o
o
s,
r
a
r
5
r
.
o n
1 2
th e
Re l i g i on
Nu m
.
t e m pl e
l
v ,
f
o
the
S e mi tes , 4 4 6
cf Nu m 1 ; , th u s de fil i n g .
Kor a n , P r e l i m
3
Sa
4
T obit ii 9 Lu c i a n D e S y r i a
e,
,
5
e
a
u
,
.
.
n
r
r
s
,
r
,
.
i x 6 I n old I s r a e l ki n g s it ( Ez e k xliii 7 D i s c s e c t iv .
,
.
.
,
we r e
,
.
.
.
D ea ,
ed
.
Joa n n i s Be n e di c ti ,
ii
,
6 82
.
bu ri ed
n ear
ON
TAB U
TH E
c on r s n
IN
AS S
Y R IA
1 15
.
cl e a n pl a c e a d th e r e p e r for m f ully th r e e i mi n He r e the cl e a n pl a c e i s a s it i s i n the a t on e m e n t r it a l o f the H e b r e w s a n d A s s y r i a n s n ot a e uph e mis m for a n un cl e a n pl a c e but a s p ot wh e r e th e r e i s l e a s t like liho od p r e s e n c e of d e m on s a l wa y s u n we lc m e vi s itor s a t o f the fu n e a l s With the A r a b s a pi e c e o f i r o n or a s wor d i pl a c e d o n th e b e lly of the c or p s e to p r e v e n t i ts b e comin g whic h p r e s um a bly m e a n s th a t th e i r on a lw a y s s w oll e n 2 p ow e r ful i n m gic will p r e v e n t the r e tu n of the s pi r i t F or the s a m e r e a s on th e o r ific e s o f the body wh e r e by a gho s t might f r c e e n t r a n c e a r e clo s e d the j a w b ei n g bou d up th e e y e s s hut a n d the n o tr il n d o t h r op e n i g s s tu ffe d wi t h cotto n Doughty t e ll s of ma n who r e fus e d t d s c e n d a w e ll ha u n t e d by Ji n n b e for e filli n g hi s e a r s with c o tt on a n d wh e n R Jos i w e n t i to un c l a im e d gr oun d (a lik e ly h a u t of d e vil s ) w i t h c otto n w a ddi g i n 5 I n th e T a lmud hi s e a s a l l hi c on t mp r a i e s obj e ct e d it i s s a id t ha t i f a m a n who h a s j us t b e e n bl e d goe s ou t a n d m e e t s a c or p s e hi s fa c e will b e c o m e y e llo w ; i f h e m e e t s a mu r d e r e r h will di e ; o r i f a pig he will b e c om e s c a bby Am o g the A y r i a s th e d n g e r of t a bu f r om a cor p s e mply v uch e d fo by th e cun e i fo r m t a bl e t s T o l ok i d a d b ody d e m a d e d a pu r i fy in g c r e m on y a n d i f on w x e ffigy o f a m a n n e a r a a ho s t il e wiz a d l a id th e c r p s e ub s qu e n t e il wa u e to a t ta ck the victim in
‘
n
a
‘
l
.
’
‘
u
,
,
’
‘
,
o
,
r
s
,
.
”
,
,
a
r
,
.
,
o
n
,
,
s
,
,
s a
3
a
.
o
n
e
e
4
,
n
s
.
n
n
r
s
,
o
e
6
r
.
,
,
e
,
.
n
s
n
ss
a
,
r
o
a
a
s
,
e tc
.
2
,
v
e
fu
a
ll d
es c r
.
.
i p ti on
3 5
of
8
r
.
th e
G ol dz i he r , A r c hi e
.
i i on wi s s e ns c haf t, 1 9 0 7 , 4 1 r e l ii R f g 4
6
.
Ar a bi a D es er ta ,
I bid ii .
.
8 .
,
.
L a n e , A r abi a n N i g hts , v i , n ot e S a bba th, e d R odki n s on i 1 2 6
S e e p 26
,
,
.
,
.
7
e
.
,
see
s
s
,
N e s t or i a n r it u a l for wa s hi n g the de a d s e e th e M S ( A D 1 7 3 5 ) p u bl i s h e d by I s a a c H H a ll H e br a i c a iv 82 Kle i n R e li g i on of I s l a m 1 4 7 O n i r on a s a p r ote c ti o n a g a i n s t e vil F or
1
n
a
r
o
7
e
n
e
o
.
,
,
2 86
S ee p 35 .
.
.
n
,
1 99
.
, .
,
116
ON MEN S T R UATI ON
TA BU
.
A s s y r i a n lite r a tu r which how s the cl e a r e t of a l l t h a t the s pi i t m a a t t a ck t h s e wi t h whom to r e tu r y it ha s b e e c on n e ct d i n li fe The d e p a r t e d pi r it i s n e v e r v e r y f dis ta t f om i ts a r th ly r e m a i n s a n d a s we h v e see if c or p s e m a c on t a c t a di s e a s e a ft e r t o uchi n g h i s ill n s s i s s uppo s e d to b e d u e p e h p s to the d e vil who h a s kill e d hi s fr i e n d bu t mo r e p r ob bly to th e r e tu rn o f th e gho s t m a lig n a n t s pi it wh o will T he gh os t b e c om e s r ese n t a n m o r will i n flict di s e a s e e ddli n g wi t h i ts body y o n i ts d e s c e d a n t s o r c on n e cti o n s i n o r d e r t o o b t i i ts d e r it s H e c e a i s e s the t a bu o n co r p s e s a n d t hi s e x pl a n tion will be o f s e r vic e i n a f ull e r u n d e r s t a n di n g of the t a bu s on 3 the e x u l fu ctio n s T he s e s e x u a l t a bu s w e r e l on g a g cl e a r ly s h ow n to e xis t a m n g c e r t a i n o f the S mi t s by R ob e r t s o n S mi t h “ wh o b r o ught f or w a r d vid e c e o f the t bu on m e n t u a ti on 6 fo f om the Ko r a n the A r a b fo th e Fi h is t e tc S y r i a n h e a th e n whil e i t i s h a r dly n e c e s s a r y to quot e 7 8 L e viticu a d N umb f r th H e b r e w s I t was s a id a l s o t h a t th e bl a ck s t o n e o f th e C a a b a b e c a m e bl a ck (fr om 9 b e i n g whit ) by the t ouch of a m e n s t r uou s w om a n A s R b e t s on S mith ha s s how n t he r e w e r e s p ci a l t a bu s a g a i n s t s x u a l i n te r c u r e a t c e t a i n d fi i t e tim e s m on g 0 the A r a b s M i n ae a n s a n d H e b r e w s T h e r ul e s of s e x u a l i s th e
It
e
n
a
o
1
e
n
n,
s
n
r
ar
s
s
.
e
r
n
a
,
,
r
a
a
r
e
,
a
,
2
a
.
r
,
n
e
a n
r
n
.
s
a
,
n
a
u
.
o
o
e
5
.
,
,
n
e
r
e
a
r
,
s
s,
r
r
r
,
s
ers
n
o
e
.
e
o
.
r
e
,
e
o
s
r
e
n
a
1
,
1
S ee p 24 O n the q u e s ti on
Fr az e r
R e l S em .
5
9 1°
31 9,
v
,
1
l
.
,
i
,
th e g hos 4 4 6 ff
ta booi n g 3 3 2 if
t
t
5
.
7
18
.
R e l S em , 45 4
me fr om
ou c o y
i ii
,
l
F r a ze r qu ot e s N u m
.
222
See
.
.
C omp a r e
i
t
ea s n g n a u r e ,
e
or
ha v e
xxx i
,
19— 24
.
1 70 ff
.
.
or a n ,
a e,
.
W e llha u s e n , R es te,
x v xx ii 4 P S l K “If y b i k ,
.
.
It
re u rn ng
.
m u r de r e r a m on g s a v a g e t r ibe s s e e s e e ms c ea r t h a t th e m a n i s t a b u
a
.
9
.
of
of
of .
S e e p 24 .
Gold e n B ou g h,
,
fr om th e fe a r 4
2
.
.
3
.
,
e s c
r e li
,
.
or on a
t ou c h e d
t iv j ou r n e y or
m D is c
.
wom e n ,
,
s ec
.
.
,
an d
an y
fin d
no
1 18
A
MON G
HE BREW S
T HE
.
be e n r n n i n g for fo r ty d a y s the e a t i g O f h a l f b a ke d b r e a d O f m e a t t k e n ou t with the s poon with which s kimmi n g i s do n e d i n ki n g fr om a w e ll s t r e a mi n g th r ough a c e m e te r y lo oki n g on th fa c e of a co r ps e Almo s t e ve r yo n e O f th e e i s a n O bvi ou s ta bu R a bbi n ic l w s e l s e wh e e d e m a n d t h a t a w o m a n du r i n g a l l the d a y s o f h e r s e p a r a t io n s h a ll b e a s i f u d e r a b a n A s t o r y i s t old of a wom a n wh os e hu s b a n d di e d i the “ p r im e o f life a n d s he m a d e pl a i n t to E lij a h Wh a t “ s a id th e p r oph e t wa s hi s won t wi t h th e e i n the fi r s t “ d a y s of thy s e p a r a t io n ? R a bbi h e did n ot e v e n touch “ me wi t h hi s li t tl e fi n g e r But i n the l a s t d a y s ? a s k e d E lij a h ; a n d s he an s we r e d R a bbi I u s e d t o e a t a n d d r i n k wi t h him a n d to s l e e p wi t h him fully d r e s s e d on but wi th n o th e be d a d h i s bo dy t ouch e d mi n e “ i n te n tio n of a n ythi n g e l s e Th e s a id E lij a h Bl s s e d be the O m n ip o t e n t t ha t kill e d him b e c a u e i t i s w r i t t e n h i T L x viii 9 h l t t hou n o t a pp r oa ch e e s e v 1 S a ( ) 2 a s to r y i n th e L e a fl e t C al l a h W he n o f a w om a n s yi n g I e n t e r e d my b r id a l ch a mb e r I w s a Ni dda h a n d c o n s e qu e n tly my hus b a n d k e pt a w a y f om m e a n d t h e c a m e u n to m e a w e ddin g gu e s t a n d t hi s on w s (bo r n ) to me Thus it wa s fo u n d t h a t th boy wa s a b s t r d a n d a B e n h a n n i dda h I t i s to be n ot e d t h a t N i dda h wom n i h cou r s es i f om t h e r oo t 7 17 3 which i n r a a n e ( ) P i l m e a n s to l a y n d e r a ba n I n P l e s t i n e a t th e p r e e n t da y w om e n i n th e i r s e p a r a t i on a r e n o t a llow e d i n t o th e p r e s e n c e O f a wom a n i n childb e d n ot
u
n
,
a
,
r
,
e
,
.
s
a
.
r
n
.
n
”
,
.
,
,
”
,
.
,
,
,
n
,
,
n
.
s
,
’ ”
‘
.
e
,
1
r
.
,
‘
a
,
a
,
r
s
,
e
.
er
,
a
a
a
,
”
s
‘
e
r
’
u
.
a
s
,
,
1
I bi d
.
.
me n s tr u a ti on 2
an
d the
ibi d 6 Q u ot e d H e r s hon
E ve ,
.
i (i x ) a n O f i p
T r a c t A both,
,
,
A p r i m ae
n oc
.
,
Ta lm M is c .
i
g to R a bbi n i c tr a diti on , we r e p a r t O f th e c u r s e O f
c c or d n
,
.
,
44
.
ti s
PAL E S TI NE
IN
119
.
v er y b e li v e d to foll o w s uch v i s i t s c our s e s ma y n e i th s a lt I n S y r i a a wom a n t h a t ha s he pickl e for the p e opl e thi n k th a t wh a t e v e r s h e might no p r e p a r e t hu s would n o t k e e p O n e of the t h r e e imp or t a t duti e s a mon g th e J e w e s s e s i n P a l s ti n e i to a t t d to the s p e ci l r e g u l a tio n f or th e i r s e x r e g r di n g c e r e m on i a l u n cl a n n e s s th e o th e r two b e in g t o th o w a l mp O f d ough o f th e S bb a th a n d to li h t th e on the fir e on the e ve g To n e gl e c t t h e s e m e a s s u ffe r i g i c hild S bb th c a n dl e s 4 bi r th M a im on id e s s a ys th a t th e p r a ctic e O f the S a bi a n s p r e s e n t g e e l i n the E a t a m on g the fe w e ve n at in s till l e f t o f the M a gi w s to k e p a m e n s t r u o u s w om a to b r t h a t up n which s he t e a d s a h ou s e by h e s e l f h a t s p e a k s with h e r ; a n d to c on s id e r a s u n cl e n e v e r y on e t i f a wi d p a s s e d ov e r he r a n d cl a n p e r on the e ve l a t te r wa s un cl e a n i n the y e s of th e S a bi a n s Acco r di n g to Z r s te r th m e s t r u o u s flow a t l e a s t i n i t a b o m a l 5 m a n i fe s ta tio s i s a wo k o f Ah r im a O the d e vil A r gui n g fr om the k ow t th u k n o wn the n e x t que s ti on th a t a i e i s how f r th t a bu h v b e n m t W e h a v s e e n t ha t wi th i n th A s y r i n r e ligiou s t e x t s e r i ou s
as
i ll n e s s i s
’
1
e
.
r
r
er
,
2
n
.
e
s
a
en
a
3
e
r
,
u
a
a
a
n
.
n
n
.
,
n
ra a
,
r
s
,
e
n
u
,
n
o
r
,
a
n
n
a
,
n
.
n
e
s
,
n
r
,
,
”
e
o oa
s
e
n
n
o
r
,
e
n
r
.
n
,
“
r s
e
1
2
a
s
s
a
s
Ba l de n s p e r g e r ,
1 89 4, 1 2 9
G B, .
3
iii
,
2 24
5
a
e
e
e
e
.
.
.
.
.
,
vi i ,
11 1,
q u ot e d F r a z e r
,
.
xxi 2 7 7 iii xl vii S i x ii t
M a s te r ma n , B i bl Wor ld , .
4
s
E ij u b A be l a , Z e tts al es cl e a ts Pa l a e s t Ve r e i n s .
.
ese
G u i d e to the P erp l ex ed , D a r me s te te r , Z e n el Aves -
,
.
,
a
.
,
,
c
.
ee
C hwol s o hn , D i e S s a bi er ,
l
I n the T a mu d
( Yoma
,
ii 4 83 viii 1 ,
,
.
,
ildbe d who i s a llowe d to “ we a r s a n da ls on th e D a y O f A t on e me n t le s t s h e c a tc h c old by le a vi n g the m O ff a s othe r folks m u s t Bu t the r e a s on i s p r ob a bly fr om th e d a n g e r to o t he r s wh o t r e a d i n h e r foot s t e p s a s t h i s p a s s a g e fr om M a i m on i de s c le a r ly s h ows O n th e ot h e r h a n d it i s a q u e s ti on whe t he r th i s c oi n c i de s with th e a dm on iti on O f Be r a kh oth (iii e d S c hwa b “ tha t on e c a r r yi n g a de a d b ody s h o u ld g o with ou t s h oe s for it m ay h a p p e n t ha t a s h oe b e t or n a n d he be i n t e r r u p te d i n th i s r e li g i ou s du ty ed
.
S c h wa b ,
v ol
.
v
,
247 )
it
i s the wom a n i n
ch
”
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
120
A
MONG
T HE
A SS
YR I AN S
.
v g e t a bu s on a l l ci cum s t a c s co n n e c t e d wi t h bi t h x i s t mo g th e A r b s S y i s a n d H b r e w ; it hould t h e r e for e b difficul t t hi g to p v e the m e A s y r i a I d e e d the e xt o di n a r y t hi n g s up e r s t i t io n s i w ould be i f the l a w o f the u cl e a t a bu w e r e n ot th s a m e i n a l l th e S mitic t r ib e s Wit h r e g d t o the wom a n i n he r cour s e s the t a bl e t It i s a l e x i c o S 4 9 t h w s om e ligh t on t hi s t a bu g r a ph ic a l t e xt e vid e n tly d e s c r ibi g gho s t a n d t h e r e a r e m e n tio n e d th e r e i (a ) a da t lili i a ap ti me l i i s i ka th e
sa
r
n
r
a
a
e
a
n
n
r an
,
s
n
.
ro
ra
,
n
e
sa
r
n
e
.
ar
1
ro
.
,
s
n
n
ar
s,
r
§ i mta
la
da tu
,
.
,
b ( )
s
e
,
n
n o
e
s
e
()
n
5a hi ma
a r da tu
c
a
s in
z
ms ti l a
ar
i ha ta
ghoul ( ) i li h h w m id l t o r k s h a r m i n the d w lli n g f m an b t e a ( ) ( ) h c t b h w o ha s di d e fo r e h e r t im e m a id who c n n o t () ( ) m e t u a t e a s w om n do ( of) th e m a id who ha t h n o w m a ly m d e s ty T he w or d i n ( c ) i s p r b a bly t o b e c on n ct e d wi t h hu mo n th N o w a l t houg h n o t hi g is id f a n y t a bu h e r e i t i cl e a r t h t i n (a ) a s pi it i s m e a n t n d he n c e ( b) (c ) a d (d) will a ll be gh os t s o f s om ki n d A a m a tt e o f f c t t h e y com e i n t o the s a m e c te go r y a s the gh t f the u r s i n g mo th r the a c r e d cou r t e s a n a n d th oth e r s m e n t io n e d p 1 9 ; the y r e m a id e n s de a d t h r ough om e p e culi i t y H e n c e s m e my s tic a l ig ific a n c e wa s cl e r ly a t t a c h e d t the a b s e n c e o f t hi m on thly f u c ti on r t h e e w o uld h a ve b e n n o m e ti on O f th gi l i n s uch a li s t f gh os t s T he r e i s s a ki n d of cumul t iv e e v id e c e the i wo m a n wi t h c n ta ti t ha t m e n t i on th e u n wa s h n ( d)
5a hi ma
a r da tu
sin ni
éti l a
u a /rp a tu o
e
e
ns
o
e,
r
e
n
sa
2
a
o
’
‘
ar
.
,
a
,
r
a
os
a
n
o
e
e
,
on
ar
s
s
n
n
e
and
hi s
o
.
e
r
O
.
n
a
s
xt q t
u o ed
L a Si mta ‘
o
r
on
a
o
a
,
2
,
l
Be z o d, Ca ta l og
,
n
e
u e,
1 3 76
S ee
.
l
a so
p 67 .
.
S i mtu i s d e s ti n y , p e a r s to be a n a p oc op a t e d p hr a s e ' f u h n a m a § i mti § u u r r u hi é i mtu t, i r as e l he d i e d b e for e p
ap
t he r e i s a ti me (s e e
s
,
.
a
s
n
r
a
n
,
s
.
n
,
s
,
e
Te
,
,
O
,
1
a
o
e
a
T he
a
.
.
’
M u s s Ar n ol t, D i e t , -
s u b voc e
)
.
“
’
1 22
ON CHI LD BI R TH
T AB U
IN
AS S
YR I A
.
i [ go e s f r th] ; I n c n t a ti on O S n d n g of h e a v e n a n d e a r t h ay o ki P f o r w h e n a ma n g e i th e r i n witti g o r u n wi t ti g a d e m or i n a vi i on hi s b e a s t A c e r e mo n y to f e e f m e vil for di s t a n t to on e a n oth e r m e n a n d wom e n wh o Th e r e s t o a ti on s which I h a v e s ugg e te d s e e m quite p r ob a bl a n d i t i s e vide n t tha t bo th coh a bita ti on a n d the k r i w e e r e ck on e d a s un cl e a n a mon g the A s s y r i a n s a s M or e ov e r the a i d d e m on m a y be a m on g o t h e S e mit e “ c r e a t e d on a be d O f n igh t i n s l e e p a n d t hi s i go od 1 e vid e n c e fo a t a bu i n s uch a c a s e W ith r e g a r d to the coh a bita tion t b u H e r od o tu s a dd s a dditio n a l p oo f to ou r t a bl e t by s a yi g th a t a m on g the B a bylon i a n s a n d A r a b s e v e y a c t O f s e x u l i te r c ou r e wa s imm e di a t e ly f ollow e d by a fumig a ti o a n d a n a blu t i n 3 F o r the ta bu o n childbi r t h two t a bl e t s s e e m to th r ow light on A s s y r i a n b e li e fs Th e s e giv e the v a r iou s c r e mon i a n d r ite s to be p r fo m e d fo w om e n i n s uch a con ditio n Th a t s uch r it e s e x i t i e n ough t o s how t h a t s om e s up e r n a tu r a l gu a d e d g i s t a n d e il h a d t b h e c e the fe r O f r i k i n childbi r th wa s a s s oci a t e d with gho tly da n g e r s e qu a lly a m on g the A s s y r i n s a by ot he r n a tio s M o r e o v e r wh n i t i s r e m e mb e r e d t h a t o e of th e A ss y r i a n gho t s i th w o m who h a s di d i n givi n g bi r th t o a child i t r e qui e lit tl e a cum e n to d duc e t ha t a wom a n i n s uc h a s t a t e wa s h e ld to b e i n clo s e r e l t io n with d m on i a c i n flu n c e I t i s th e s a m e f m o f a gum e t t h a t hol d g o d f or th c or p s ; the d e a d m a n b e com e s h i s be d hi s
on
ur ne
o
a
’
r
.
,
r
a
u
er
n
s
r
r
r
‘
n
ro
,
,
s
,
,
e,
’
r
r
-
s
.
,
”
s
,
r
-
.
2
a
r
,
n
,
r
n
a
s
n
o
.
,
e
.
es
e
r
s
.
v
n
r
a
s
e
o
r
a
,
s
s
a
n
a n
.
n
e
,
s
s
s
r
,
e
an
e
e
s
a
e
e
s
1
i
.
e
.
,
ha d h a d 2 3
i
K
.
i
u n on
1 98
,
o
a n a og
with
a r es
of
n
r
or
.
e
l y
th e
on
s
e
hi s R a bbi n i c
t le s s
tr a diti on s th a t the ba a l Ic r i s i r it wh o wou l d b e a r hi m c h i ldr e n p .
.
2 41 3
an d
K
.
1 1 6 4 7,
s ee
’
‘
l
Be z o d, Ca ta log
u e,
44 1
an
d 1 1 83
.
TH E
M AM I T OR T ABU
1 23
.
gh os t po t e n ti lly m a lign a n t to t ho s e t ha t m e ddl e with t a bu th e body which i s th e r e for e h e ld to b As i t i s n ow cl e a r I t hi k t ha t th e S e mit e s i n g e n e r a l con s id e e d ta bu to li e on co r p s s childbi th m e n s tr u ti on i s u e r m a r r ia g e we c a n n o w p r oc e e d to the di s cu s s io n as i n dic a te d i n the S u p u s e r ie s by the w o d o f t a bu I n th e A s y r i a n r e ligion the impo r t n c e o f th e ma mi t ma mi t (which m a y be both a ba n a n d a n o t h ) i s on e o f p r e s e n te d It i s s u n g of the mo s t co n s picuou s id e a “ p a r ticul a r ly i n a t a bl e t b e gi n n i n g Ba n ! B n ! B a r r i e r th a t n o n c a n p a s s b i n g the d e s c ipti on O f the holy d e fe n c e which the god s e a bl e to p ovid e for the f a i th ful “ a s n r e withou t e s c a p e pow e r s of d a r k n e s s a g a i n s t th e W a t e r a d fl ou r a pp e a r to b s e d i n the s e t f or e vil ch a m a d th e c on n e cti on with the H oly W a f or Ho s t u s e d a s d e fe n c e a g a i n s t v mpi e i s Obviou s a
a
,
e
,
n
,
r
s,
s
,
a
e
o
.
r
,
a
,
,
,
r
-
r
s
.
a
a
s
.
a
e
e
,
r
ar
r
a
,
n
.
r
1
e
er
n
,
a
Ba n
r
a
s,
Of
Ba r r i e r
of
Whi c h
n o
N or g od
t h a t n on e c a n p a s s th e g ods th a t n on e m a y b r e a k h e a v e n a n d e a r th th a t n on e c a n ,
,
g
ma y
od
ma n
n or
,
.
Ba n ! Ba r r i e r
Ba r r i e r
A A
u
,
ann u
c an
l
l
c han g e ,
,
oos e ,
vil s p r e a d for e vi l n e t wh e n c e n on e c a n i s s u e for th W he t h e r it be e vi l S p i r it or e vil D e m on or e vil Ghos t O r E vi l D e vil or e vi l G od or e vi l Fi e n d O r H a g de m on or Gh ou l or R obb e r s p r it e O r Ph a n t om or Ni g h t wr a it h or H a n dm a i d O f the Pha n t om Or e vi l Pla g u e or F e ve r s i c kn e s s or u n c l e a n D i s e a s e W h i c h h a th a tt a c k e d th e s h i n i n g wa t e r s of Ea M a y th e s n a r e of Ba c a tc h it ; s n ar e
with ou t
e s c a pe ,
s et
for
e
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
-
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
“T h
“ d th
e n e t of N i s a b a the c or n g od an e s h i n i n g wa t e r s O f E a I t s e e ms to h a v e b e e n the c u s tom to fe n c e a b ou t the p a ti e n t (or p e r ha p s th e m a g i c i a n ) wit h a r i n g O f fl ou r or m e a l a s a m a g i c c i r c l e j u s t i n th e t t h e m e di ae v a l s or c e r e r s s t ood with i n a s i m il a r c h ar m e d s a m e wa h t a y S e e I n tr odu c ti on r i n g wh e n i n v oki n g s p i r it s 1
”
-
.
,
,
.
.
1 24
MAM IT OR T AB U
T HE
O r whi c h ha th
Ma y
the
n e t of
.
as s a
ile d
N i s a ba
O r wh i c h h a th Le t
n ot
th e
th e m ea
l
Of
N i s a ba ,
tr a p it ; th e b a r r i e r en
b r oke n b a r r i e r of t h e o f he a v e n a n d
,
g ods ,
bar r i e r e a r th l e t it g o fr e e O r wh i c h r e ve r e n c e th n ot the g r e a t g ods M a y the g r e a t g ods e n t r a p it M a y the g r e a t g ods c u r s e it O r wh i c h a tta c ke th the h ou s e I n t o a c los ed dwe lli n g m ay the y ca us e it to e n te r O r wh i c h c i r c l e th r ou n d a b o u t I n to a plac e withou t e s c a pe m ay the y br i n g it ; O r wh i c h i s s h u t i n by the h ou s e d oor I n t o a hou s e withou t e x it m ay the y c a u s e it to e n t e r ; O r tha t wh i c h pa s s e th the door a n d b ol t W it h doo r a n d b ol t a ba r i mmova ble ma y t h e y withhold it ; O r wh i c h bl owe t h i n a t the t hr e s h old a n d hi n g e O r wh i c h for c e th a wa y t hr ou g h ba r a n d la t c h L ik e wa t e r m a y t he y p ou r it o u t L ike a g oble t m a y t he y d as h it i n p i e c e s L ik e a ti le ma y t he y b r e a k it O r wh i c h p a s s e t h o v e r the wa ll I ts wi n g ma y t he y c u t O ff O r whi c h [l i e t h] i n a c ha mbe r I ts t hr oa t m a y t he y c u t ; O r wh i c h lo oke th i n a t a s i de c h a mb e r I ts fa c e ma y t he y s mit e O r wh i c h mu tte r e th i n a c h a mb e r I ts m ou th ma y t he y s h u t ; O r whi c h r oa me th loos e i n a n u ppe r c h a m b e r Wit h a ba s on with ou t op e n i n g ma y t he y c ove r it ; O r whi c h a t da wn i s d a r k e n e d At da wn to a pla c e O f s u n r i s e m ay the y ta k e it T he
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
” 1
Aga i n t hi s wo r d ma mi t occur s co n s t an tly i n the Su rp a which i s l a r ge ly d e vot e d to s p e ll for i ts r e mov a l s er ie s The fr om the s ick m a n who ha s a pp e a l e d for r e l e a s e ,
s
,
.
1
D e vi ls
ii
1 19
.
126
M AM IT
THE
M a mi t r i héti
22
T a bu
ki n g
or as
’
sa
n a ol a n a u
ivi ng g
Of
’
a lu
the
“S
1 1 h a r M a mi t i n a u s a r ti ma
1 14
Ta bu
Of
g
i
be for e
o ng
th e
sun
Ma mi t ta mu a me l u la p a tu
115
T a bu
t o u c hi n g
of
Al a mi t ta mu
1 16
T a bu ‘
117
ba n n ed
T a bu
l
d a ba ba
h o di n g
Of
a ra
whe n
du
“ 113
.
9
,
on e
“I t
1 1 u
ba n n e d
is
v
ta r a s u
s ar
or
g
3
’ .
.
whe n
odde s s ,
on e
.
ve r s e
c on
ta mi
ti n g
of e a
T a bu
ma s ’
.
ta mi
M a mi t m é
1 19
a
.
’
M a mi t i tti
T a bu
ees
” 1
.
i li
[
Ma mi t a /ca l é
118
l
m a n , wh e n
ca ts u a n a
.
.
m a ki n g p r a ye r to g od
Of
Of
a
TABU
OR
a lc a l a
th e
wit h
on e
ba n
u n de r a
.
.
b r e ad
O f o n e u n de r a
ba n
.
ta m? sa tu
.
dr i n ki n g the wa t e r
O f o n e u n de r a
ba n
.
fil a mi t r i hl ti ta m i g a tu
1 20
.
Ta bu
dr i n ki n g wha t
of
M a mi t i tti bél
12 1
T a bu
of
i li a mi t
1 22
Ta bu
a
l
ho di n g
ha l i bél ‘
of e a
ti n g
C f H u g he s , D i e t wa s h hi s fi n g e rs u n ti 1
d a ba ba
c on
l
ve r s e
a r ni a
the
with
ha lu
f I s la m
l ft e
.
on e
wh o
l i th e
u n de r a s i n
.
.
l i th
wh o
e
“W h
1 03
,
ba n h a t h
.
b r ea d of on e
o
.
.
a r ni
on e u n de r a
en an
u n de r a s i n
y on e
.
t h e mu s t n o t wh oe ve r e a t s a di s h ea s
fi r s t li c k e d the m ; wh oe ve r a n d li c k s it a ft e r wa r d s the d i s h i n t e r c e des w it h G o d for hi m Ma y e a t s fr om a pl a te a n d l i c k s it a fte r wa r ds th e d i s h s a y s to h i m G od fr ee y ou fr om he ll a s y o u h a ve fr e e d m e fr om the de vi ls l i c ki n g me T h e t r a n s la ti on of u su r tu h e r e o n wh i c h th e s e n s e of th e li n e I t i s n ot c e r t a i n whe the r th i s i s to be r e fe r r e d de p e n d s i s u n c e r ta i n to th e s a v a g e c u s t om of p r e v e n ti n g wom e n i n t he i r c ou r s e s a n d s i c k m e n fr o m s e e i n g th e s u n or whe th e r it i s a p r oh ibiti on a g a i n s t a pp e a r i n g i n th e S u n t e m p le whe n u n c le a n Sa m a s i s u s e d i n th i s ta ble t a s we sun c s u r tu i s th e wor d t r a n s la te d f 1 s h ou l d u s e th e wor d U ( ba r r i e r i n th e s e c on d li n e O f the T a ble t of th e Ba n qu ote d a b ov e I th i n k h owe ve r Z i m m e r n i n th e Su rp u t r a n s la t e s it Z a u ber /cr e i s th a t it i s q u it e p os s ible to h old th i s oth e r vi e w he ha s
,
'
,
’
.
2
,
.
,
,
-
.
‘
’
.
.
’
.
,
,
.
.
3
i
.
e
‘ .
l
u n c ean
’ .
,
,
M AM IT OR T ABU
TH E
Ma mi t me bél
1 23
'
T a bu
Ta bu
a r ni
T a bu
O r the
s
ta
T a mu
On e In a
10 1
ana
p
de r
a
un
'
H e h a th
ba t]u
ha t h
a s in
l ft e
.
.
for
on e
t a bu f r o m
tha t li e th u n de r
a s in
.
llowi n g c u s e s
th e f o
a
.
b e for e
a nisu
on e u n
i tes i r
‘
i tta ti l
l t
s ep
on
de r
a
ba n
.
’
b a n h a th
ta mi
er s i
.
’
H e ha th g on e 1 00
tha t li e th u n de r
on e
i n te r c e s s i on
mi i tesi r
u n de r a s i n
.
sa
ma n m a y be
An a p a n
99
[
wh o l i e th
O f on e
m
ra
i
ar n
m a ki n g
of
ick
.
dr i n ki n g wha t
Of
M a mi t a bu t bel
1 25
m
ta
dr i n ki n g th e wa te r
of
Ma mi t r i hi t bel
1 24
11,
a rni
27
.
.
co
me
be for e
hi m
.
.
th e b ed
of on e u n
de r
a
ba n
c h a r O f on e u n
de r
a
ba n
.
I n a hu s s i ta mi i tta sa b ’
1 02
.
H e h a th
s a t on
i
th e
I n a p a ssu r i ta mi i ta ha l H e h a th ea t e n ou t of th e d i s h
.
’
1 03
.
‘
I n a [Cas i ta mi i l l a ti
10 4
H e h a th d r u n k
F r om
th e s e
of o n e u n de r a
ba n
.
.
th e
ou t of
c u p of on e u n
de r
ba n
a
”
1
.
p imi t ive co c e pti o o f ta b we c a n e a d i ly u n d r s t a n d how th e o di a y m or a l code O f li f a r o e B e ch e s f s oci a l o d e r r e r e c o g iz e d s O ff n c e s n
r
r
1
n
r
e
See
l
a so
Ta b
l t V III e
u
e
a
n
s
a
1 4 4 , I tti ma mi t lou s s i su bti ’
,
r
r
r
o
a
ns
.
’
e r si
.
e
ma i a li
u
-
ta mu,
Fr om th e ta b u of c h a i r s tool be d c ou c h a n d on e u n de r a ba n (ma y th e y fr e e hi m ) T h i s ta ble t O f th e :Su r p u s e r i e s i s p a r a ll e le d by the de s c r i p ti on O f a s or c e r e r o f th e Abi p on e s (Je v on s I n tr od to H i s t of I n th e c a s e of p r iv a t e R e li g i on 2 n d e d 1 1 1 qu oti n g D ob r i zh offe r ) “ a t h i s fi r s t c om i n g th e p hy s i c i a n o v e r wh e l ms th e s i c k ma n c a la m ity with a n h u n dr e d q u e s ti on s : Wh e r e we r e y ou ye s t e r da y ? s a ys h e wha t r oa ds di d y ou t r e a d ? D i d y ou o ve r t u r n th e j u g a n d s p i ll th e dr i n k p r e p a r e d fr om th e m a i z e ? W ha t ? h a v e y ou i mp r u de n tly g ive n th e fl e s h of a t or t o i s e s t a g or b oa r [ t o t e m g ods ] to b e de v o u r e d by dog s ? Sh ou ld th e s i c k m a n c on fe s s to h a vi n g don e a n y of th e s e th i n g s I t i s we ll r e pli e s th e p hys i c i a n we ha ve di s c o ve r e d th e c a us e o f y ou r d i s or de r ,
,
”
,
,
’
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
’
‘
,
‘
,
,
’
’
,
,
’
.
,
128
TH E
OR
TA B U
.
h oli e s s O f the d e ity a n d the d e v e l pm e n t of l w a n d m o a l s i s m a d po s s ibl e a t a t g e wh n hum a n o r t o imp e f c t ly a dmi n i t e d s a c t io s a r e s t ill wa n t i g h a v e m ch pow e r by the b e li e f th a t the r e s tr ic t i on s t hum a n lic e c e which a e e c s a y t o s oci l w e ll o be in g c on diti on s imp s d by the g od f r the m a i n t e a n c e of a g od u n d e r s t n di n g b e t we e n him s e l f a d I t i s to t hi s th e r e fo r t h a t we mu s t hi s w o s hipp e r s f r the h e t e r og e n e o u s t a bu s i n th e ref r th e e a s on S rp u t a bl t s wh e n we fi d s id e by s id e wi t h c on t a giou s t a bu s O f u cl a n n e s s wh a t i to th e mo e mo al f holy t bu s —a dul t e y mu r d e r t h e ft a n d e v e n th e s i de T he v e r y commi n gli n g o f s uch up of s t i fe s ti r i n g t bu whic h w e r e a ll b e li e v e d t b i n th e i r b r e a ch the would n e v e r h a v e b e e n r e a s on f r di s a s e (e l s e th e Su p w r itt n ) th r o w s muc h ligh t fi s t n th e r e l a t iv ly high d a g e r f o m u n cl e a n c on t a gi on a s fr o m the d e a dly c on c e pti on O f s i n a s it o r igi n a te d si s n d s c o dly the i n the S e mi t ic mi n d I h a v e g on e t hu s fully i n t o thi s m e a n i n g O f ma mi t th a t th e r e ma y be n o d oub t a s to the a ctu a l s e n s e of the wo r d ; i t i s the s a v a ge t a b i n a ll i ts powe r I a oth e r t a bl e t i s m a d e of the ma mi t th e m a n (or a l t hough n o m e tio n mo r e p r ob a bly the p r i e s t fr om I 1 0) h a s com e un de r — a t a bu O f u cl e a n li n e s s a
ga in s t
M AM IT
the
n
a
r
n
e
u
o
,
n
r
,
n
o
”
r
n
e
r
a
n
e,
,
n
e
s
r
a
r
r
us
,
r
,
.
o
r
e
o
r
,
s,
r
,
e,
,
u
o
e
’
‘
r
,
e s
a
,
O
n
re
o
n
n
s
1
r
e
e
o
.
e
a
e
o e
are
u
r
a
,
n
,
s
,
n
n
o
o
,
,
a
e
n
?
u
n
.
n
,
,
.
.
,
3
n
1
n
R o be r t s on S mi th , R e l S e m , 1 5 4 .
.
.
i n c i de n ta ll y the p r oba bi lity of th e c omp os it e c ha r a c te r O f th i s li s t O f ta bu s a n d the wh ole of th e S u rp u “ Lin e 1 0 r u n s F a th e r hi s ma g i c i a n h a th D e vi ls ii T a ble t AA tr odde n i n s om e th i n g p ou r e d ou t e tc Ar e we to c on s i de r a n y of th i s u n c le a n n e s s du e to u l t e r i o r c a u s e s for wh i c h th e s c r ibe s h a v e e mp loy e d e u ph e mi s ms ? W h e n th e e u p h e m i s ti c s y n on m s fr e qu e n t a m on g o th e r y “ ’ r e d s u c h a s m e I s a lvii 8 an d D S S e m i te s a r e r e m e b J] ( p 1
An d
.
’
3
,
,
.
,
”
.
,
,
‘
,
.
,
U N C L E AN T ABU S
1 30
.
vid e n c e b for e u s t h e n s how s t ha t the p r imi t iv e t a bu o u n cl e a n n e s s e x i s t d a s much a m o g th A s s y r i a n a s a mo n g th e H e b r e w A r a b s n d th e S mi t e s It i s quite cl a r th a t th e s e ma mi t i n the Su rp u s e r i e s w e r e wr it t e n f or p e opl e wh o ha d i n cu r e d a t a bu n o t m e r e ly dir e c t ly but by comi n g i n co t ct wi t h a n oth e r p e r s o ch a r ge d with th c o ta gi on I n d e e d wh e n thi s highly d e v e lop e d A s s y r i a n y s t e m f c on t a gi on f om t a bu i s t a k n in to a ccou n t with the u n iv e r s a l s imil a r i ty f s uc h t a bu s i n a l l p a r t O f the w o ld i t w ould be n o g r e a t de ductio n t o a s s um e t ha t p r imi t iv e t bu s w e r e n o m or fr o m A s s y i a n t h ol o gy t h a n abse t th e y w e r e f om He b e w A r a b o th e r But the b a s ic S e mitic b e li e fs T he
e
e
,
,
n
n
e
s,
a
,
o
e
r
s
e
e
.
-
r
n
,
’
‘
n
e
,
a
n
.
s
,
o
r
e
o
s
r
,
a
r
n
r
,
i g h te o u s iii l c ol ,
.
.
xxv n
ma n
1 4 3 ) th e
.
r
.
( Ma tt
ma n
e
or
,
r
e
an
,
u n de r
d i n th e Jl a /c l u
th e ba n
sa
ys
-
( T a bl e t
i
s er es
a ms
’
i ttu r a sér u
V II,
ha ta i a ,
i
I h v w h d my h d Th t w h t b i l i l w hip i l f m P p hy y wh y d w h m d h h th t th fi x t t l b y w m m d d p g p g i w h d h d h h d d ti ll t i h m th w p p p g jp m y th t T i m hi d it t d t m it th i l t w t y f A t i wh w t k d d with th d b h lt f J pit with w h d h d ( P tt h d th h d pp Am g th H b w th i i p ll l d 1 83 2 i A h l gi e T he m o r n i n g h a t h
an
a
e re
s
as
ere
a
’
e
e
a c c ou n
as
a s a
rc
r oa c
a
ce o O
s
e
ca
a
a
as
o
ar ,
,
o
u
s c ea r
ro
a
e
an
on
or
an
s
s
an
r
ou
un
er
un
e
as
r ea
e
re
s
on
e
r e a es
e ca u s e
an
s
s
a cr
es
er
e
e
o
so
en
o sa
,
arc
ea
ruc
as
un
a
.
a
on
,
s
no
s
cere
s
an
s
s
er,
o
a ra
e
e e
tha t it i s de a th for a n y b u t a p r i e s t to a p p r oa c h 0 T i n Je wi s h Chu r c h th e t a b e r n a c l e ( s e e R ob e r t s on S m ith Am on g th e Mo s le m s the r e a r e va r i ou s Op i n i on s whi c h c on fli c t with on e On a n o th e r o n th e s u bj e c t o f th e c l e a n n e s s o r u n c lea n n e s s of wa te r th e wh ole h o we v e r th e s i de g e n e r a lly a c c e p t e d i s th a t wa t e r th e ta s te c ol ou r or s m e ll of wh i c h h a s n ot b ee n c h a n g e d i s to b e c on s i de r e d a s I n th e L e viti c a l l a w the t a b u o f c le a n ( Kle i n R e l i g i on of I s l a m e a ti n g th a t wh i c h d i e s by it s e lf c a n be r e m o ve d by wa s h i n g ( L e v x vii Th e followi n g As s yr i a n t e x t th r o ws fu r th e r li g h t on th i s be l i e f ii 5 1 b 5 ) wh i c h e x i s t s i n th e b ody of N Al l e vi l M a y it be ca r r i e d O ff with th e wa t e r O f hi s b ody th e wa s h i n g s fr om by th e l a w O f
Nu m i
as
a
e
u
e
s
er u s
e
or s
o
o
as
e
a
e
e
on e
o
or
ra
i ov
a v n
l
ro
a
a
,
c ass ca
n
u
-
i
r sen
”
.
,
51,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
hi s h a n d s ,
An d m a y th e r iv e r c a r r y it a wa y d own s t r ea m Ba n 1 By he a v e n be th ou e or c i s e d, by e a r th be th ou -
.
x
e
x
i
or c s e d
l
”
U N C L E AN TABU S fa ct s
31
.
uch cu s tom s a r e a pp a e n t f r om s e v e r a l t a bl e ts as we h a v e a l e a dy s e e wi t hout ou r b e i n g c omp e ll e d to d e duc e th em W e k n ow t h a t the cor p s e i s t a b u for a p u r i fic a tor y r itu a l wa s i n cumb e n t on a n A y i who s r n a y 1 e or e n e n touch e d v look d upo a d e a d m a n S e c on dl y we kn ow th a t th e r e w r e r i t e s to be p e r fo r m e d for wom e n i n childbi th ? n d th a t the wom a n wh o di e d i n givi n g 3 bi r th to he r ba b e b e c a m e a ghos t Thi r dly the gi r l who c a n n o t me n s t r u t e i n a e gul w y i s m n tio n e d with “ s up n tu a l b e i n g s a n d the wom a n wi t h un wa s hen ? h a n d s c a n r e n d r a p i e s t u n cl e a n L as tly m a r r i a ge a n d the k r i d e m a d t h a t the A s y i n a s much a s the ? o t h e r S e mit e s s h o uld pu i fy him s e l f Th e s fa ct p r ov e co vi ci gly t h a t d e a d b odi m e n s t u a tio n childbi r th s e x u a l i t r cou r s e a n d a ccid e t a l e mi s s io n s w r l l t a bu i B a bylon i a a s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f the S e mitic E a s t T he n e xt poi n t w hich d e m a n d s c o s id a t i on i s why t h e s e t a bu s e x i s t e d a t a l l or why m a n s hould ha v e e s t a bli s h e d for th e m os t p a r t a pp a r e t ly a s e r i s O f l a w s w h ich un e a on a bl e I t i s co n s e que n tly t hi s p r obl e m f a pp a r e t u n a n a bl e n e s s t ha t r e m a i to be s olve d t ha t we m a y di s cov e by w h a t p oc s s of r e a s o n in g p im i t iv e m a n e v o lv e d a s y s t e m f t a bu s which a r e p r a c t ic a lly the s a m e a l l th wo ld v e r It i s a r e cog n iz e d f a ct a s ha s b e e n m e n tio n e d b e f r e th a t a t th e b a ck of the s a v a g b r a i n i s the e v e r p r e s e n t id e a i n th e s e ta bu s of s om e f o r mid a bl e s pi r i t s a dy to o f w ha t a tt a ck h o s h o uld t r a n s g r e s s the limit m a w y i s dmi t t e d s the p e culi a r d e m o n i a c r ight It r e m a i n s to of
s
r
r
n
,
,
.
,
s
.
,
e
a
r
.
a
er
a
r
r
’
e
r
,
n
s
r a
,
r
,
e
n
n
a
,
e
n
ar
4
”
n
,
e s,
e
r
,
n
,
s
,
e
e
a
n
.
n
er
,
are
e
r
s
re
so
n
o
.
ns
r
r
n
,
r
e
o
e
r
o
.
o
,
-
e
re
an
a
s
n
a
.
,
1 32
ON
T AB U
TH E
t bu s on th a for e m e n ti on e d fu cti on th e c n c ti n f e vil pi r i t n d th th e o y H i th e t a v a g e l o gic w hic h h s d duc d s uch a d e a d body i s d e to th we ha v e s e n t h a t th t bu d r a d o f tt a c t i n g the d e p t e d ul which c a n r e t ur n p s e I n o t h e r wo d s t a fflic t a l l t h a t m ddl e w i t h th e c it i u n cl a t a b a i s i n g fr m fe a r o f e vil pi i t s x i s t c e o f uch n o e i s mpl T he p o of o f the f i n v s t ig ti o n th s a m e li n c o u r a g e m e n t to p oc e d i n o t he u e x p l a i n e d t a bu ha v w F r m the p e c e di g c ha pt th a t i t i s e en wid e s p a d b e li f a m o g the S e mi t e s t ha t fe m a l e pi r it s ca vi s i t m e n a d m a r r y t h m ; i n d e e d t h a t t h e y c n b a gh o tly child e n to t h e m who will w a it t h e m i th n e xt w r ld T hi i s the e x pl a t io n giv e a th r e a s o fo k r i by the R a bbi s th A s y i a s d th e A b an d p r e s um a bly w e s ha ll n ot be f w o g i n t hi n ki g t hi s e x l a n a ti on t o h a v e b e n wid s p d mi t e r e a T h e s e e a S p n ot the o n ly p e o pl s who a dmi t i n t e r m a r r i a g e b e t w e n d e iti e s a d m or ta l s f g od s with w om e n a d godd e s e with m n with h e r o e s s wom e a l s o a r e S imil a ly b e li e v e d to be l o v e d by m l e de mo n s af dr i t a n d e v n divi n e b e i n gs who h a v e lic e n s e a d p ow e to a pp oa c h ? s th e m N o w s i n c e the k r i i s e x pl a i n e d e vid e n c e Of be
h o w fa r w e
see n
n
tr a ce
c an
a
s
a
e
a
an
n
e
so
e
r
r
s
n
o
re
n
s
e
a
O
e
a
e
n
s
n
a
an
e
,
a
,
,
,
n
s
n
r
ar
r
,
s
e
n
e
an
ra
n
e
s,
n
re
.
e
n
e
n
o
,
r
.
a
,
e
a
l
u n c ea n n e s s O f
e s h ou
ld
e
x
c r e ta
r
r
a
r eg a r d a s a n e
th e h u m a n
e
,
n
ly w
s
n
’
Po s s ib
s
,
,
,
1
.
e
e
’
r
n
r
s
s
.
a
n
r
o
s
,
.
n
r
e
r
ne
er
e
o
e
.
e
n
r
r
,
s
o
e
e
.
o
en
e
r
a
r
u
a
1
r
or
’
s
u
e
s
s
a
ar
‘
e
on
r
o
a
O
e
e
e
e
o
e
on
s
i n th e
”
xt
i
e n s on O f
th e l a w
P n s D i et k ea e H a s t i , ( g ’
.
Of
f
o
is s u e s the
th e
B i bl e,
th i s c a s e th e ta b u m a y po s s ibly be c on n ec te d with th e i dea O f de m on s e n t e r i n g th e bo dy th r o u g h on e of i ts or ifi ce s Na tu r a lly th e fa m ily de s ce n t i s p re fe r a bly tr a c e d r a the r to a g od th a n to a de m on i a c mes a l li a n c e Th e g od s s on by a wom a n i s a h e r o or de m i g od th e s e m i h u m a n O ffs p r i n g of a de vi l i s p r oba bly a n a b or ti on c r i pp l e or m a lfor me d ba be s u c h a s we r e r e s t r i c te d fr om th e t e m p le m i n i s tr a ti on iv
In
,
.
2
’
’
.
-
,
,
,
.
1 34
TABU
f olk fr om the
ON M AR R I AGE
AN D OH I LD RI R T H
.
m a i n d e r of the t ibe l e s t th e i r p r e s e n c e s hould p r ovok e a n a tt a ck f r om the s pi r i t i n i ts n octu r n a l w an de r i gs If th e r e b e a n y tr u t h i n thi s e x pl a n a t i on th e r e s hould b e s om e s imil a r i t y i n the t bu on m a r r i a g e a n d childbi r th T hi s too s e e m s v e r y p r ob a bl e I n th e c a s e of m a r r i a g e 1 Tobi a s th e s to r y o f T obit O ff e r s the b e s t po s s ibl e e x a mpl e be fo r e hi s m a r r i a g wi t h S a r a h go e s i n t e r r o r of the “ d e vil which a l s o lov e s he r which h r te th n o m a n but t ho s e which com e u n t o he But a fte r th w e ddin g h e ? i s a bl e to d r iv e a w a y the d e mo n wi t h v a r iou s e vil s m e ll s T he p r e viou s hu s b an d s h a v e b e e n s l a i n by th e d e mo n who r e ga r d s him s e l f a s a co n s ta n t lov e r i n thi s c a s e b r ooki n g n o a tt e mpt to s h a r e hi s ha r i m The c a s e i to r y o f N u r c d D i n a n d his S on i n the the s a m e i n the “ Thy fa t he r thou k ow e s t n ot n or do A r a bi a n N i g hts we k n o w hi m ; fo r the S ul t an m a r r i e d he r t o the hump b ck e d g oom a n d the Ji n c a m e a n d p r e v e n t e d him Amo n g the A r a b s i t wa s h e ld e p e ci a lly n e c e s s a r y to t ke p r e c a uti on s a g a i n s t d e m on s o n th e co n s um ma t i n O f m a r i ge n
re
r
,
.
a
.
.
,
,
,
.
e
,
u
,
r.
e
,
,
s
.
-
s
-
'
r
a
n
,
”
n
,
.
s
o
a
?
r a
1
T obit
I bid
vi 1 4 vi ii 2
.
,
th e r v e r s i on T obi ya h r e m e m be r e d the wor ds of Ra p h a e l a n d h e too k th e h ea r t of th e fis h a n d p u t it on a c e n s e r An d As h me da i r e ce iv e d th e a n d b u r n t it u n de r th e c l o th es of S a r a h r u o Un kn o wn H e br e w Ve r s i on s a s T G t e e d i n s ta n tly s m e ll a n d h e fl ( xix I t i s th e bu s i n e s s O f As h m e da i of the T obi t L eg e n d to p l o t a g a i n s t th e n e wl y w e d de d ( T es t of S ol omo n J Q x i Amon g m ode r n Ar a bs a we ddin g m u s t 1 55 W e l lha u s e n R es te n ot t a k e p l a c e wh e n th e m oon i s u n de r a n e c l i p s e or i n th e s i g n of S c or p i o th e be s t ti m e be i n g be twe e n th e 2 6 th a n d th e e n d o f th e lu n a r Am on g the m on th ( H a dj i Kha n Wi th the Pi lg r i ms to M ec c a Y e z i di s c oha bi ta ti on i s for b i dde n on th e n i g h t O f W e d n e s da y a n d F r i da y 89 6 o t e wor t h y too i s th e b t vii N 1 o u r n a l As i a ti q u e C h a o J ( “ A c a n opy m a y be ma de for dea d c u s t om a m on g th e la te r H e b r e ws 1
.
,
,
.
In
ano
,
,
.
”
'
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
3
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
REAS ON
U N C L E AN TABU
F OR
1 35
.
Wh a t o t h e r r e a s on c a n th e r be fo a ll thi s c e r e m on i a l u n cl e a n n s s of m a r i a ge e x c e pt t h a t me n fe a r e d t o m e ddl wi t h the igh t s O f s pi it s who ha d a p r o r ght to a n y l l of the wom e n o f th t r ib e ? Why fo r i n s t a n c or l a te r H e b r e w s h a v e l a id a n e mba go on two s h o uld the th e s a m e da y l e s t th e e vil y e fa ll s i s te r s m a r yi n g on o o n i n t e r cou r s e with a wo ma n i n a b e d on the p a r e n t wh e r e a child s l e e p s l s t the child b e com e e pil e ptic ? e
e
r
r
.
e
r
r
i
r
e
a
i
e,
,
r
r
e
,
s,
1
r
2
e
,
b r i de g r ooms a n d br i de s a n d e ith e r ea ta ble or u n e a ta ble thi n g s m a y be h u n g o n it S o i s th e d e c r e e of R M e i r R Je h u da h h owe v e r s a i d O n ly u n r i p e th i n g s —vi z u n r i p e n u t s u n r i p e X h k f t on g u s [s i c ] of p u r ple a n d fl a s k s of Ar a bi a n Oi l b u t n ot wh e n th e y a r e r i p e n or r i p e p ome g r a n a te s n or fl a s k s o f s we e t o il a s wh a te v e r h a n g s on the c a n op y n o be n e fi t m a r iv e d fr om it b e d e S r n s f fi h m t i i t o s e c o f m ea a es g y p y be th r own be for e the d e a d b r i de g r oom or b r i de i n th e s u mm e r bu t n ot i n r a i n ti m e a n d e v e n d u r i n g th e s u m m e r th e y m u s t n ot do s o wit h c ook e d fis h or o th e r ea ta ble s wh i c h wi l l b e s p oile d a ft e r th e y a r e th r own k a ls o th e c u s t om R on th e g r ou n d b e l a bb a h i d R o d N t E t e o e ( i n Ar a bi a O f m a ki n g a bi r d fly a wa y with th e u n c l ea n n e s s of wi do wh ood of a wi dow be for e r e m a r r i a g e ( R o b e r t s on S m ith R e l S e m 42 2 with Th e r e i s a c u r i ou s As s yr ia n pa r a lle l i n th e R ec or ds of the Pa s t i x s t or y t old by M a s t e r ma n ( Bi bl Wor ld xx ii 2 5 4 ) O f a Pa l e s ti n i a n Je w T h i n ki n g wh o m a r r i e d s e v e r a l wom e n a ll o f wh om d i e d i n c h ildbi r th th a t h e wa s u n de r s om e ma g i c a l s p e ll h e we n t th r ou g h th e for m of r i n g b e i n g a c t u a lly p la c e d on th e ma r r i a g e with a c ow th e w e ddi n g — T h e c ow wa s th e n kille d a n d th e m a n i m m e di a t e ly m a r r i e d c ow s h or n a g a in th e c u r s e h a vi n g be e n a s h e th ou g h t r e m o v e d S ef e r H a s i d i m qu ot e d Je wi s h E n cy c l xi 6 0 1 T h e da n g e r wh i c h th e n e wly Pe sa c hi m e d R odki n s on v 2 3 2 ma r r i e d b r i de i n c u r s fr om de m on s i n p a s s i n g th e th r e s h old of th e we m a y a ls o a dd be e n a lr ea dy di s c u s s e d (p n e w h ou s e h a s tha t it wa s pe r mitte d to he r e a qu o ta ti on fr om Pes a c hi m ( ibi d a b r i de to a v e r t h e r fa c e fr om th e c om p a n y wh ile e a ti n g th e p a s c h a l b u t q u it e s a c r ifi c e t r a diti on a lly e x p la i n e d be c a u s e of h e r b a s hfu ln e s s a s p r ob a bly a s u r viva l o f th e fe a r O f h e r p r e s e n c e a ttr a c ti n g m a li g n a n t I t i s a S u n n eh or di n a n c e th a t th e br i de wa s h h e r fe e t i n s p i r it s a c l ea n v e s s e l a n d S r i n kle th e wa t e r i n th e c or n e r s of th e c ha m b e r p th a t a ble s s i n g m a y r e s u l t fr om th i s ( N u zh e t e l M u ta a m il qu ote d L a n e Ar a bi a n N i g hts i v n o t e ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
a
,
,
o
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
”
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
.
2
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
1 36
ON OHI LD B IRTH
TAB U
T he fo r m e r
.
b e c o m e i n t lligibl e i f w e c gn iz e th e p owe di s a ppoi n t e d d e mo s to vi s i t th e i r r e v e n g e on th Of p a r e n t s for a to g e t l os s i n o n e da y a d th m a i n g qu a lly c l e a wh e n th d e m on i a c o r igi n o f O f the l tt e r i pil e p s y i s r e m e mb e r e d 1 Ag i i n the c a s of childbi t h th m e u cl e n n e s s tt a ch e s to th w om a n a d i f s he di e s i n givi n g of t bu bi th t o he c hild he b e c om e s a gho s t which will t u r n the r i k of a t t a ck for i ts b b e T he i fa n t too i n cu r th f r om f e m a l e s pi i ts s uch a s the lili t h th l a mi or la ba tu Acc o di g t o I n di a n f olkl o e the wom a n i n t hi co n ditio n i s e x po s e d to e x c e p t io a l p r il s a thou s a n d d e mo l a civiou s i n c u bi g a th e r i n g ou d he r H nc we m a y i fe r th t t he d n g e r f o m s pi r i t s which r e d r the w m a n u n cl e a n m a y be e i t h e r d e to th e j e a lou s y o f s uch fe m a l e d e mo n s a s m a e s upp o s e d t o h a v e h a d c on b y n e c ti o wi th the f th e r a n d e s e n t he r b i n g a ch i ld t him ; or it m y be f r om the i n u bi wh o a ccou n t th e m s e l ve s the l o v e r s o f th e w m a n a n d a e h o v e r i n g e r o n s uch a n o cc a s i o n a s the bi t h o f child Th e y ma y i t h e be h os t ile b e c a u s e the b b e i s n ot t h e i s o be a n x iou s for the a dv e n t o f th e i d e mo n child i n a n u t im ly bir th Amo n g the O r a g L a ut a g r e a t cl mou r i s m a d e a s s on a s a child i bo n to t h e m All p r e n t u n i t i n s houtin g an d i b a ti g n y thi g which will m a k a n d the n oi s e g r e te r the di n th b e tte r T he hubbub l a t s f r a n y thi g fr o m t n mi u t e s to h l f a n h ou r b e i n g s p e ci lly i n t e n d e d s
e
r
e
r
o
n
o
s
a
e
a
r
n
,
r
e
e
e
n
e
e
.
e
a n,
r
e
a
a
r
e
a
re
n
.
,
s
,
s
r
.
e
,
n
s
r
a
a
a
n
e
s
,
n
a
n
n
e
W e l lha u s e n h owe v e r , of
l Ol d
th e
er
la w
i m pl i e s x v 1 9 m i g h t b e a n e x t e n s i on by u n c l e a n n e s s o f m e n s t r u a ti on ( C H
i de r s th a t c h il db e a r i n g
Of Of
th e
Le v
.
x ii
n
o
a
e
,
c on s
,
,
s
a
u n c ea n n e s s
a
.
n
of
e
n
e
e
.
o
es
.
a
a
e
a
r
n
e
r
,
-
n
r
e
r
r
a
.
a
s
o
r
,
r
2
e
e
ear
c
o
l y
n
r
a
a n a og
?
u
n
la w
,
r
o
th e
e s
e
,
n
a,
r
n
1
a
n
,
r
n s,
n
S
r
r
sa
,
2,
,
,
V i c t or H e n r y , L a Il a g i e d a n s l I n d e A n ti q u e , 1 9 0 4 , 1 4 0 ’
.
1 38
R
OYAL TABU
.
p a s t or d e a t h m y e s u to bo t h m o th e a n d c hild Th e e vid e n c e s th e r e for e th a t we h a v b e fo s e e m s to p r ov e t h a t thi s i s the s oluti on o f the p r obl e m S pi r i t s b oth m a l e a n d fe m a l e could m a n i fe s tly i n t e m r r y i n the t r ibe a s g a v e e vid e n c e O f d e mo n i c o r divin e a n d s uch p e s o n s e l e c t io n w e r e c a r e fully t a boo e d l e s t commu n i on with th e m s h o uld b r i n g do wn th e j e a lou s s pi it w r a th W e m y l e a v e th e s e t bu s to p a s s on to the i n s t a n c e s o s p e ci a l ta bu o n ki n g s O f the R oy a l T a bu a mo n g th e I t i s a w e ll r e cogn iz e d cu s tom a mon g s a v a g e S e mi te s t h a t t h e i r chi e f s ha ll be s ubj e c t t s p e ci a l t a bu s r a ce s which a r e n ot bi n di g u po n the c ommon p e opl e f r i n p r imitiv e tim e s the mor e p r omi n e n t the chi e f i s th e more do e s he be com e the r e p e s e n t a tiv e fig u r e h e d o f the t r ib e Th e r e i s n o n e e d to giv e the d e t a il s of s a v a ge cu s tom s which a r w e ll k n own a n d r e qui e n o fu th e r ? e lucid a t io n Amon g th e A s s y r i n s tr c e s of thi s R oy a l T a bu occu r i n the h e m e r ology t xt s Th e r e a r c e t i n a ct s f m which the ki n g mu s t a b s t a i n on the s e v e n th fo u r t e e n t h n i e t e e th t w e n ty fir s t n d t w e n t y igh t h d a y o f th e mo n th ; th a t i s t o s y e v r y s e v n th da y wi t h the for ty n i n th s e v e n x s e ve n ) d r om fi t a f t h O f e r ( y “ th e p e c e di n g m on t h F or i n s t n c The s e v e n t h d a y of t h s co n d E lul i s t h f e s tiv l f M r duk a n d e e a o ( ) S a r p a n i tu m A lucky da y An e vil da y The s h e ph e r d a
,
n
e
r
e
,
,
?
re
u
,
.
r
r
a
,
s
a
,
r
a
.
a
r
,
,
-
.
o
n
,
r
-
o
a
.
e
,
r
,
a
’
‘
r
a
e
e
.
r
a
ro
,
n
,
n
-
,
,
a
-
a
e
,
e
e
s
-
r
a
.
e,
e
.
1
.
Ba l de n s pe r g e r ,
lb
S e p ha r di m , i f
.
1 89 4, 1 4 3
.
It
is
an
t om a m on g th e m i ddle O f
O ld c u s
i s p r o t r a c te d , to s e t a c h a i r i n M i r i a m ( th e La dy M a r y ), wh o i s i n vite d to a
for S itt
r oo m
a
ou r
co
me i n
th e
th e an
d
i t bu t a s s oon a s th e c h ild a r r ive s i s a s hu r r i edl y i n vi te d to r e ti r e s te r m a n Je wi s h C u s toms Bi bl Wor ld xxi i M a ( Th e wh ol e m a tt e r O f s a v a g e ta b u s on r oy a l ty i s s e t for th i n F r a z e r s
ass s
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
2
Gol de n B oug h
.
ROYAL TABU
1 39
.
wid e s pr e a di n g p e opl e s mus t n ot e a t fl e s h th a t h s b e en c ook e d o v e r co a l s n o br e a d cook e d i n a s h s ? He mu s t n ot ch a n ge the r a im e n t of hi s body or put on cl e a n es H e e mu s t n ot o ffe r whi t cloth lib t io o a T h e ) ( ki n g mus t n ot id e for th i hi s ch a r io t a n d mu t n ot Th e p r i e s t mu s t n ot m a k s pe ak loudly e n qui r y i n e c r e t pl a c e T he phy ici a n mu s t n ot l a y h i s h a n d a I t i s u n fitte d for m a ki n g a cu r s e on the s ick I n the e v e n i n g th e ki n g s hould m a k e offe r i n g s a n d O ffe r s a c ific e s t o M a r duk a n d I s hta r ; hi s p r a y e r will b e a cc e pt a bl e to s the od T impo poi t t n o t ic e i n t hi o r ta t s o w g h e m e r ol ogy b e fo r e goin g fu r th e r a r e th e two ph a s e s the
of
a
r
e
n
,
r
.
r
a
n
.
s
,
?
s
n
e
'
s
.
?
.
r
n
n
,
,
C om p a r e the
1
m ea t ,
i
on on
l
it
u n ess
th e
o
,
can
ve n
ta b u
be
ke
wor d fo r
l oc
.
th e
l
a s h es
th e
on
A yi
b e for e th e b r ea d c oo k e d i n
s u r fa c e ‘
i s th e H e b r e w F or the
.
th e r e wa s ti me be g i n n i n g of th e
D Dg R ’
“
’
a s h es
fit
th e
u se
D am on e n
un
l
My s te r i on de S S c h e m al ,
ein
d de r Go tth e i te n
a
iv
Of n ot
for
,
tha t n o s a b ba th
25 ,
th e
,
to b e p u t i n a
li g h t
S a bba th
ha l tu mr i
a nis
c ru s
Th e
.
e vi ls , D (
s u be i n er i c u s
t
ii
,
th e
Of
i n s ta n c e s g ive n i n D e vi ls “D e n 2 7 ( Ta m m u z ) fe i e r n
,
E hr e n de r Ge n i e n , de r
zu
S i e ma c he n
.
is
p
.
di e Man n e r
.
u n es s
i n ma g i c c om par e th e c i t , a n d C hw ol s oh n , D i e S s a bi e r , ii , 2 7
V u l g a te
d S c h wa b ,
.
on
it
e
s h ou l d
eg g
or a c a
r an
l
i n S ha bba th, T a m u d ,
be p u t to r oa s t on th e e v e fi n i s h ed c oo ki n g th a t da y Br ea d was
or
to for m ss
r
vi ele
As c h e n k u c h e n
a us
s i n e n , Z ibe be n ) R o n t k t i n r e I n e b e e V T r i n e e e b e n h e n e r c o t b e e r e n ( , , g ” Th e s e eg en u n d g e s c h a te n N ii s s e n , wi e di e H i r te n z u th u n p fl m s om e ta b u a g a i n s t fir e ; r ibiti ki b b y i r o o h a r s e f on s o n c r a o o n o p g p u r o h o u u h r o r e n o fi n d e c om a r e E od v ki t t y Y h a s e 3, g , p ” offe r i n g of h e r e t w h e 2 1 ha bi ta ti on s u p on th e S a bba th , a n d L e v , , ,
Meh
l
.
x
l
xxx
.
ll
.
l x
fire m ee t s w ith th e p u n i s h m e n t O f fir e wh i c h c o m e s for th fr om Y a h we h Jos e p h u s (B e l l Ju d , ii , 8, 9 ) s a y s tha t th e E s s e n e s s tr i c t y ob s e r v e d th e ru es to c oo k n o fo od a n d i g h t n o fir e on th e S a bba th
t
s ran g e
.
l
.
l
l
.
ta b u to a mu r de r e r a mon g th e O ma h as r s e y) D o a u n F r z e r o l h i q o ti G d e n B o u 4 0 3 g ( g O n the Of te n h e m e r ol og y te x t s ma r k th i s i n di ffe r e n t fo r m : n i n e tee n th of I yy a r h e wh o u tte r e th a b a n —a g od wi ll s e i z e u p on hi m s n o J e s s ee a d o h n r o w o t b k l y y v n n th e a u o v O l p 1
i
TO
ra se
th e
v oi c e
,
,
is
,
,
.
3
”
,
,
.
I n tr od u c ti on , 2 n d
cd
.
,
6 5 ff
.
1 40
R
lucky
a
da y
an
OYAL T AB U
“
d
an
v il
e
.
da y ,
an
d the
di s ti n c t i on
“ b e t we n the ki n g a n d s om e p e r s on who i s c a ll d the If t hi s l t t e r i s f th e wid s p e a di n g p e opl e s s h e ph e r d m e r e ly a n e quiv a l e n t for ki n g a s s e e m s qui t e p r ob a bl e it i s n ot u lik e ly t h t we h v e he r e a te x t t h a t i s a The two a n t i t h e tic r e c e n s io n f r o m t wo di ff e r e n t v e r s io n s “ the d y a r e quit e i n a cco r d wi t h thi s e pi t h e t s fo K 859 7 i a n o t h t a bl e t p r e s c r ibi n g thi n g s which the ki n g mu s t n ot do on a c er t a i n da y e
e
”
o
r
e
a
.
’
‘
,
,
n
a
a
.
r
”
a
s
.
.
er
I n a a me Si t sa r r u ’
f
’
sa a s
’
ta hi t
u
ul
r
th e to
In
§u
ul
i lea r r a b
u
l i s e /ca n l
ttu
ip ta r a
’
u
.
da y the
ki n g
mu s t
n ot
Sp k l
He mu s t
n ot
ma ke
en
H e mu s t
n ot
dr i n k
v e g e ta ble s
H e mu s t
n ot c u t of
,
ea
too ,
ly
n o t a pp r oa c h
H e mu s t
H e b r e ws
T he
ma tu
a
‘‘ ts a
th a t
On
a
l i
-
i ta me
ul
zr i u p
a sa r
ana
-
ou d
his
,
qu i r y
in
a
s ec r e
l p
t
ace,
v e g e t a bl e s t he i r
ha d
R oy a l
T a bu
“Wh e n
s :
ul e s i n t h n d d oe t h u n wi t tin g ly a y o e o f a l l t hi g s whic h Y h w h hi G od h t h c omm a n d e d n o t h a ll m a k a t o n e m e n t be do e a d i s guilty h th e e i s t a di t i on th a t on ly the ki g th e T a lmud ne
r
a
,
n
a
n
n
,
Le v
.
iv
,
22
e
s
”
r
a
2 .
n
a
1
e
,
2
1
n
s
e
.
r
Yoma ,
n
viii i ,
,
ed
.
S c h wa b ,
v
,
2 47
.
S
YMP ATH ETIC M AG I C
.
H IT H E R T O the di s cu s s io n h a s b e e n co n fi n e d t o the n a tu r e d e m n n d i ts powe r o f ob s e s s i n g m a n ki n d ; i t O f the “ 1 t r e a t o f wh a t Tylor de s c r ib e s a s the p r o r e ma in s t o of the e x o r ci s t who t a lk s t o i t c oa x e s it or c e e di n g s t h r e a te n s it m a k e s offe r i n g s to i t e n tic e s o r d r iv e s it p a ti e n t s body a n d i n duc e s it to t a k e up i ts o t o f th e o the r M uch o f the m a gici a n s a r t c on a b od e i n s om hi s a bili t y to t r a n s fe r a s pi r itu a l p ow e r fr om i ts s is te d i n i n t o s om obj e ct un d r h i s c on t ol I n o t h e w or d s h e a b od m of t h a t p e culi a r wiz a r d r y which i k n ow n e mpl oy e d a f T hi s fo r c e i s n ot m e e ly a s ou r c e s s ymp a t h t ic m a gic th m a gici ov e r the hum a n s oul a lo n e but O f pow e r fo p ovid e s him wi t h a m e a n s o f a t t a ck o d e f n c e a ga i n s t S pi r it s o r d mo n s s m a y be a r r a y e d a g a i n s t e vil s uch him I t i s a S pe ci e s of s or c e r y which s h ows i t s e l f i n i ts c r ud e s t fo r m i n the e f s m a ll figu r e s of wa x o r o t h e r pl s t ic m a t e r i a l s fa s hi on e d with i n c a n t a t i on s i n the lik e n e s s pi e r c e d wi t h n a il s a n d pi n s o r of s om e e n e my a n d th e n m e lt d b e f r e the fir t h a t t he i hum a n cou n t e r p a r t m a y by t h e s m a n s be m a d e to s uff a ll ki n d s o f to r m e n t T hi s i s the mo r e i n t lligibl wh e by th r e c o g n iz e d i t i s con s id r e d m or e e ffe ctive to Obta i n r ul e s of m a gic a il s o r h a i r o e a r t h f om s om e po tio n o f the victim hi s foo t s t e p s o r e v e n hi n a m e a s a n a ddi t ion a l co n n e c t io n a
o
,
‘
,
,
’
u
,
’
e
.
e
e
e
r
r
.
or
s
e
a
,
r
.
r
an
e
,
r
r
e
e
a
.
us
o
a
,
e
r
e,
o
e
,
er
e
e
e
’
r
s
1
n
e
,
e
,
,
.
s
n
r
,
,
Pri mi ti ve Cu l tu r e, 4 th
cd
.
,
ii
,
1 25
.
r
F I G U RE S
W Ax
1 43
.
m a y b b ough t i n to s till cl os e r wh e r e by the wa x fig I n t hi s c a s e th i n i ty wi t h i ts p r o t o t yp e o ce afl r pos s e s s e s s om e thi n g d fin ite o t a gibl e b e lo n gi n g to h i s foe a n d a lthough th e m r e im a g e o v r whic h the e x o ci m s will be r e p e a t d i e ough by its e l f y e t i t i s Obvi us ly mo r e s a ti s fa c tor y to h ld i p os s e s io n s om thi n g which Thi s i s s p e cific a lly id n t ifi d wi t h the p e o n i qu e s t i on fo r m of m gic a pp e l s e s p e ci a lly t o the popul a mi n d a d t h e r e a e a bun d t t a c e s o f i ts u s e a mo n g civiliz e d p e opl e f r o m v e r y e ly tim e t the p e s e n t da y Fo i s t ce th n ci e t E gypti a n s e o f wa x figu r s c n a m on g the be t r a c e d b a ck s f r a s th O ld ki n gd o m A s t or y i the W e tc a P py r s e l t t h a t a c e r ta i ffici a l i n th e r e ig ki g f th t hi r d dy a s t y b ou t 3 83 0 B C m a d e of a c c odil e i n w a x which wa s to de vou r hi s n e my d t hi up e s ti tio n c on ti u e d i n E gyp t dow t o quit l a t e tim e s I th e c on d t l e f Kha m a s w i tt e n i D e motic “ th E gyp t i c t a i E thiopi n me d H s on o f w o uld n e g es i s ov h e a r d to s a y t ha t h hi en d m gic up to E gyp t a n d t hu s Ove c om e the ki g O f th t l a d O n t hi s e a c hi g th e a r s o f the V ic e oy of E t hi opi a a d th t hi H i s b ugh t t c ou r t i n t th p n ce V ic e oy c o mm a n d him t p f r m t hi s f e a t p omi s i g a ll ki d o f r e w d i f h s ucc e d T h up o H or n d o n r e di n g m ke li t t o f wa x for fou r un e “ c e ta i f mul ae o v e th e m he m k e s the m liv e ; th n he c omm a n d s t he m t g o up t E gypt a d b i n g b ck wi t h t he m P ha r o h who i s to be b e a t e n wi t h five hu d d blow s of the s t ick b a ck to E gyp t wi t hi n i x d ta ke h ur s ur e
e
r
e
.
r
e
s
e
e
an
rs
n
.
r
s
s
r
o
n
a
s
a
a
a
u
a
r
.
e
s
es
n
n
e
s
r
n
an
r
s,
,
a
er
”
u
o
n
or
ro
o
s
a
n
er
o
ar
o
n
r
a
a
”
n
o
o
n
n
a
r
a
rs,
e
r
ere
.
n
,
,
e
er
or
,
r ese
e
e
s
a
r
o
s
s
n
e
s
n
s
r
n
r
e
e
r
s
n
or ,
er
.
an
,
e
r
,
n a
a
,
r
,
n
a
s
e
a
a
.
.
n
n
a
o
a
,
e
a
r
n
,
an
,
n
.
e
.
n
an
e
ro
a
n
u
e
r
o
n
,
r
ar
n
e
a
r
r
s
e
a
s
n
s
o
,
o
re
r
n
e
r
n
e
,
s
re
s
n
1
o
F L L G r i ffith s u c h fi u r e s a m on g g 1
.
,
S tor i es
o
f
the
th e Gr e e
ks
s ee
H ig h Pr i es ts
f
o
flf e mp hi s , 5 5
On
.
J E H a r r i s on , Pr ol eg ome n a , 1 3 8 .
.
.
1 44
F I G UR ES
W Ax
.
l a t H e b w m a gic the s a m e p oc du i imi t te d I f th o u wi he s t to c a u s e a n yo to p e i h t k e cl a y f r om two r iv e r b a k s a n d m a k e a n im a g e the r e wi th w r i t e up on it the m a n s m e t h e n t a k s v e n s t a lk s fr o m s e ve n d a t e t e e s a d m a k e a bow wi t h ho s h a i r s t up the im a ge i n c o v e n i e n t pl a c e s t e t ch thy bo w s h o t the a n d with s t a lk s a t i t v e r y on p c ib d d t h s w r e o r y ” whi ch b gi n wi t h D7 17 ? a n d e d wi t h BlDWB a ddi n g D s t r y e d be N s on o f f M o s ul h a v The Je w “ i th e i r m a gic book s s imil r di r e ctio n s : T a k e n e w wa x a n d m a k e o f i t a figur e o f the n d hi s n a m e n e my an d th e n a m e f h i m th e r a d t h e n pi e r c e i t wi t h a th r i n m a n y h l e s a n d fill i t with fin e bl a ck gl a s s a n d m k e the b ox a n d w r i t box o f wa x a n d p u t the figu r e i t h e s e n a m e s a n d put ( t he m ) u d e r i ts he d ; a n d t h o u i t i n a g r a v e t h r e e d y s O ld t hou s hal t bu r y an d n e my a l l t ha t t h o u w uld s t s h l t s e e w i t h r e g a r d to the A p p i Akpi s Akp i Si n d thi s i s wh a t t h o u s h lt w r it e : t h a t j u s t a s fir e c o n t i n u lly d e v o u e th A th Sa m i I a dj u e y s on O f N o the a lt a r ( o ) i t s h a ll n o t th figu r e s o f N 2 s on of N O the b qu e n ch e d i n the h e a r t o f N wa x e n im a ge i s to be pi e r c e d wi t h n e e dl e s In
e
re
r
s
ne
e
re
r s
s
a
a
,
n
,
'
n a
r
e
,
e
n
r
a
n
e
e
e
re
s,
n
o
.
,
s o
,
-
n
e
a
e
O
'
o
,
sa
e
e
‘
e
r
,
,
e
s
o
,
a
,
n
,
o
o
a
,
n
a
n
e
n
a
a
e
a
o
a
a
e
.
a
n
ou
r
s,
,
a
n
,
r
s
,
”
e
.
,
r
.
?
1 2
3
Je wi s h E n cy c l The F olkl or e
I bi d kill
.
to
,
a
No 8 .
ma n
s or c e r e r s O f
.
.
,
s u b voc e
i
A mu le t,
,
M oss ou l , f
s ee
an o
th e r i n s ta n c e
Ga s te r , S wor d
th e L owe r E u p h r a
.
NO
7 H e b r e w of m a ki n g
1 90 6 , 1 0 3 ,
o
For
5 48
te s
,
in
f Mos es N o
o as
,
de s c r ibe d
.
by W e s a w with
.
.
68
.
T he
l
i ma g e N a ba tea n an
Ibn Kh a du n
1 4 h t (
tu r y ) ha d th e s a m e p r a c ti c e s ou r own e y e s on e of the s e i n divi du a ls m a ki n g th e i m a g e of a pe r s on h e wi s hed to be witc h T h e s e i m a g e s a r e c om p o s e d of th i n g s th e q u a liti e s O f wh i c h b ea r a c e r ta i n r e la ti on to th e i n t e n ti on s a n d th e p r oj e c t s O f th e o p e r a t or a n d wh i c h r e p r e s e n t by m e a n s of s ym b ol s th e n a m e s a n d th e qu a l iti e s Th e of th e u n for t u n a t e vi c ti m i n or de r to u n i te a n d di s u n i t e th e m ma g i c i a n a fte r wa r ds p r on ou n c e s s om e wor ds o v e r the i ma g e whi c h h e c en
,
.
,
,
,
.
N AI L PAR I NG S
1 46
-
AN D
D
U ST
.
mode r n r i t u a l a s i n the ci e n t L u mhol t s a y t h a t i n o r d e r to b e a bl to p r c t i s e hi s a r t s a ga i n s t a n y bl a ck m n the wiz a d mus t be i n po s s s i on of s om s uch a s h i s h a i r t icl e th a t h a s b e l on g e d to hi m o r th e Amo n g the M a l a ys the s oi l f om f ood l e ft i n hi s c a mp the f ootp r i n t O f the i n t e n d e d victim i s r e cogn iz e d a u s e ful i n ch a r m s Acco r di g to th e M oh a mm e da n s Al S ame r i wh e n h e c a t the gold n c a l f of the I s r a e lit e s t ook du s t f r o m th e h oofp r i n t s f the h o r e o f the a g e l G a b r i e l a n d t h r e w i t i n t o the mouth o f th c a l f which imm e di a te ly b e c a m e a n im a t e d S imil a r i s the l t H e b e w “ ch a r m fo killi n g a n e my : Ta k e du s t f om the g r a v e mu r d e r e d ma n who h a th be e n s l a i n wi t h i on a n d of a t a k e w a t e r fr om t h e e w e ll s whic h a e ot i n s igh t o f a d k n e a d the du t wi t h the w a t r n d m a ke e a ch o th e r nd i t i n to a ca k t h o w it i n t o the h o u s e o f t hi n A S thi lo r d o f the du s t w s a yi g l i so e n e my m a y N s on o f N b e s l i I A s y i n c ha r m t e mpl i s i n g r di n t A n oth e r H e b r e w th e du t f om ch a r m thi s t im e fo w om a n t h a t h s b e e n pa r a t d d wi s h t fr om h r hu s b a n d t h r ough e n ch a n tm e t “ u s : T h o u s h a l t t k e a h a i r o f the w om a n r e j oi n him he h a t h bou d n th e a d which a d du s t an d n d a li tt l e c or i n de r e e d a n d fr o m b e n e a t h he r f e t a e of h pi e c cl o t a n d bi d it wi t h n th o u s h lt put th e m i ( ) the a for e m e t io n e d t hr e a d a n d h a g the clo t h i n a pl a c e un de r which th m a n i s a n d put th e c o i d e s e e d up on the
an
a
z
.
r
,
s
a
e
,
1
s
a
e
e
r,
,
.
r
,
“
?
s
n
,
e
s
,
,
o
s
n
e
,
,
?
n
r
a e
r
r
e
r
r
n
,
n
,
a
e
as
a n
,
a
e
r
,
n
.
an
e
an
e
a
n
‘
5
es
,
n
a
-
s
,
n
n
,
e
4
an
o
a
n
3
e
r an
,
A mon g Ca n n i ba ls , 1 889 , 2 80 ,
qu o te d E lwor th y
S ke a t , I l a la g M a g i c , 5 6 8 F r a z e r , Gold e n S a e , Kor a n , S u r a h ii , n o t e
l
F ol/c l or e
r
f
Al e ss ou l ,
E vi l E y e , 7 3 Bou g h, i , 2 81 ff .
1 90 6 , p 1 0 4 , N o 1 2 .
M a r ti n , Tex tes R e l ig i eu x 2 4 3 ‘
,
.
-
,
.
o
.
o
,
n
s
r
a
2
se
a
e
1
r a
a
n
,
a
s
s a n,
?
e
r
a
,
s
,
.
r
e
r
‘
,
s
n
s
e
.
r
,
.
.
.
N
P
AI L - AR I
NG S H AI R ,
AN D
,
D
U ST
1 47
.
thou s h a lt s a y : A n us i n A n u s i n A te ti A te l i u do y e s ubdu e a n d b i n g N d a ught e r of N s wi ftly s wi f tly wiftly with s p e e d with s p e e d with s p e d a t o n c e a t on c e a t o n c e ; a n d t he n s h a ll s he com e wi t h ou t 1 T he A a bi a n s ol wdn or d r a ught t h a t m a k e s a d o ub t the m o ur n e r for g t hi s g i e f c o n s i t O f w a t e r with which i s mi gl e d du t f r o m th e g a v e Ag a in the u s e of s pittl e i n m a gic i s w e ll k n o w n f r o m th e mi r a cl e i n the Ne w Te s t a m e n t a n d m a n y i n s ta n c e s o f i ts s e a r e giv e n by Fr aze r Doughty r e l a t e s how a y o u n g moth e r a A a b wom a n br ough t h r w r e tch e d b a b e a n d b a d e him s pit o e ye s the c h ild s s or “ Am e i m a r s y s : I n the T a lmud T he s up e io r of th e wi t ch e s t old m e t h t wh n p e on m e e t s a n y O f th e m h ould mu t t e r thu : M y h p ot he d of boilin g du g be s t u ff d i n t y o u r m o th s y ou ugly wi t ch e s ! M y the h a i r wi th which you p e for m y o r or c e y b e t r n fr o m y our h e a d s s o t h a t y b e com e ba ld ! Ma y the wi n d s c a tte r the c umb s w he r e with y d y o u divi a t i on s ! M y y u c a tt e d a n d m y th wi n d bl ow a wa y the s pic e s be r f or t h h yo h p o ld i n a n ds e r c ti i g O f o s a ffr on u y h Ag i mo g t h e R a bbi s t e e t hi n g s w e r rce l n y “ H e who t r im s hi s a id r e p e cti n g the fi g e r n il s : bu r i e s the p a i n g s i s a pi ou s m a n ; he who n a il s an d bur n th s e i s a r ighte ou s m a n ; but he who t h r ows t he m a wa y i s a wick e d m a n for mi ch a n c e might follo w 6 s h uld a f e m a l e s t e p ov e r t he m ma n ,
th e
an
d
‘
n
r
,
,
s
,
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
’ ”
r
.
,
e
r
s
n
s s
,
?
r
,
s
u
,
?
?
n
,
e
,
’
n
4
e
.
5
a
,
a
e
e
‘
s
s
o
e
r
a
a
n
rs
a
s
r
n
a
,
r
u
s
r
o
e
,
e
r
s
re
o
r
r
s
’ ”
a
a
,
a
n
,
n
s
-
o
a
r
e
a
,
n
u
so
r
s n
r
e
a
r
s
e
s
,
’’
o
.
1
l oc
2
cit
.
.
Gold en B ou g h,
i
,
.
6
.
.
3 89
Pes a c hi m, fol 1 1 0 ,
5
2 30
,
NO 2 8
2
W e llha u s e n
,
R es te , 1 4 2
.
Ar a bi a D es er ta , i , 5 2 7 q u ot e d H e r s hon , T a l mu d i c M is c el l a n y , 4
.
.
l i ii
co s
,
.
,
.
M oed Ka ta n fol 1 8, ,
.
c ol
.
i qu o t e d H e r s h o n ,
,
T a lmu d i c Mi s c e l l a n y , 4 9
.
NO W I NG
148
K
A p r a ye r s a me f th
N AME
TH E
publi he d by Li t tm a n n how s “ r : S v e u s O L or d ou r God by the pow e T hy n a m e s f o m a l l k e p s O f m a gic a t wh of t h s e co r r up t th e oul a n d wh m a k e p i s on with ki n a d pillow s wi t h s w e a t a n d the n a il s of o r h a d s a n d the h a i r of o r h e a d s a n d the n a il s O f o r fe e t a n d with the h a i r O f o e y [ b ow s ] a n d the h a i O f o r cl o th e s a n d gi r dl e a n d wh e e we e a t a n d d i n k ou t the h a i r o f whol e s oul s a d b odi e s Amon g the S a bi a n of o a n o th e r to M im o id s cu s t m which i a cco di n g i s t hi s : wh a t e v e r i s s e p a r a t e d fr om the s till wid s p r e d body a s h a i n a il o blo od i u cl a n Ju s t i n the s a m e wa y k n owl e dg O f the n a m e O f o n e s e n my be he hum n o r s pi i t u a l giv e s n or mou ly i n c e a s e d po we r to the m a gici a T he n a t iv e o f m a n y mod e r n s a v a ge t r ib e s e a f a id t di s clo th i r a m e s l e s t s om e e n e my s h ould h e a r it a n d t he r e by l a y t h e m A n Au s t r a li a n bl ck i a lw a y s ve y u n de r a s p ll u n willi n g to t e ll h i s r a l n a m e d ub tl e s s t h r ough fe a r T he A r a b s h a v e s imil a r id e a s ; D o ughty o f s or c e r e r s t e ll s o f o n e Toll g t he M oa hi b s hé hh who whil s t he wa s h a dli g hi s m e dici e b o k t u n i n g o v e r th l e a v to s e e the pictu r s s hr a n k fr o m a llowi g the E n gli hma n “ Kh a lil s a id he s h r in kin g to w r i t e d ow n h i s n a m e “ wi t h s udde n a ppr e h e n io n I do p a y t h e w r it e n o t T he m o d e r Aby s s i n i a n b e li e v e s i n de m on my n a m e e
E t hi opic
.
in
s
a
ea
1
e
r
er
o
s
r
,
,
e
s
,
r
o
s
s
u
,
o
,
n
n
u
u
r
r
e
ur
s,
ou r
r
a
e
2
e
o
,
r
,
s
,
’
n
e
.
e
a
,
r
ar
e
,
?
n
r
e
s
,
”
a
,
e
s,
,
r,
,
,
.
n
a
r
r
’
n
ur
u
s
r
o
se
a
.
e
s
e
n
s
r
o
,
4
.
o
n
,
,
n
n
e
o
,
r
,
e
n
,
es
s
”
.
s
a
5
1 2 3
Ar d e
i
,
xx v
.
f
o
e,
n
e t,
H i s tor y
R
40 4 5
’
,
r
,
,
40
s
.
xl
vii Gu i de to the Pe rp l ex e d , iii , O n th i s s e e F r a z e r , Gold e n B ou g h,
to the 4
,
R e li g i on , 2 n d
cd
.
.
,
60
Br ou g h S myth , A bor i g i n es
.
Ar a bi a D es er ta ,
i
,
425
.
i
,
Je v on s , I n tr od u c ti on
41 3 ;
.
f
o
Vi c tor i a
1
46 9 ,
qu ote d
GB .
.
,
1 50
W Ax
F
IG U R E S
I N AS S
YR IA
.
quot e d on p 3 4 th e figu r e i s m a d e i n cl a y a n d the d e a d m a n s n a m e i n s c r ib e d o n it I n the Tes ta me n t of S olomon th e ki n g a s k s a d emo n to t e ll him th e n a m e O f a c e r t i n s pi r it a n d the d e mon “ I c a n n ot te ll th ee F o r i f I te l l hi s n a m e I r e n d e r s ays my s e l f i n cur a bl e Accor din g to O r ige n e v e r y d e mon mu s t be a ddr e s s e d by hi s l oc a l n a m e a n d n ot by on e ? t r a n s l a te d i n t o a n oth e r to n gu e I n the sa m e p r imitiv e fo r m thi s cus tom i s fou n d a mo n g th A ss y r i a n s N ot o n ly wa s it po s s ibl e for a m a n to m a k e a n e n ch a n te d wa x figu r e of a n yo n e whom he d e s i r e d to hu r t but it was a l s o the r e cog n iz e d m e a n s o f cou n te r a t ta ck th a t the p e s o n s o a ss a il e d s hould m a k e co r r e s po n di n g figu r e s a n d thu s b r i n g h i s a n t a gon i s t s pow e r to n ough t I f a n A s s y r i a n im a gi n e d him s e l f b e witch e d or l a id u n d e r a s p e ll i n co n s e qu e n c e o f s om e s ick n e s s which h d b e f a ll e n him he h d r e cour s e to a m a gici a n who a id e d him with cou n te r ch a r m s a d i n c a n t ti on s a g a i n s t the witch o wiz a r d who ha d Obt a i n e d po we r ov e r him F igur e s r e p r e a n d th e followi n g i n c a n ta t io n s e n t i g th e s e w e r e mould e d th m r e ci t e d o v e ma n ,
.
,
’
.
a
,
.
,
”
1
.
,
e
.
,
r
’
.
,
a
a
,
n
r
a
.
n
,
r
I
cry
Un to
If y er
F or
O h o n O d s f i g g t, y ou c r y t h r o u g h the n i g h t , the v e i e d y a t e v e n ti de , a t m i d n i g h t , a n d a t da wn ; u n to
ou ,
I
e n c ha n
My g od
ha t h
t
tr e s s ha h
an
O ve r th e
I
l
s or c e r e s s
a
An
e
l
be wi tc h ed e n chan
te d m e ;
l
l
I
i g h t a n d da y F or th e y ha v e c h ok e d m y m ou th with h e r b s An d with up u n tu h a v e s top p e d my m ou th n
;
me ,
d my g o dde s s wa i o v e r m e , wh e r e with a m s tr i c k e n
s ta n d s e e p e s s
b r i de
.
,
3 ,
,
1
E d C on y be a r e , J
.
.
O Ce .
l
s
,
v,
45,
Q
.
,
xi
,
26
.
qu ote d C on yb e a r e
,
J
.
Q ix .
,
,
66
2 .
Cf p 1 4 7 .
.
.
F I GU RE S I N
W Ax S O tha t
th e y
ha v e
l
AS S
YR I A
1 51
.
m y dr i n k ,
e s s e n ed
tu r n ed to g r i e f a n d my de li g h t to mou r n i n g R i s e u p O y e g r e a t g od s a n d c on s i de r m y c a u s e Giv e j u dg me n t a n d ta k e c og n i za n c e of m y wa y I ha v e fa s h i on ed a n i ma g e of my s or c e r e r or s or c e r e s s Of my wiza r d or m y wit c h : An d I h a ve p la c e d it be n ea th y ou a n d I p le a d my c a u s e As th e y h a ve wr ou g h t e vi l a n d s ou g h t ou t the u n c lea n S O m a y th e y di e bu t l e t me live An d m y
j
ha th
oy
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
F u r th e r s
pe ll thu s I l th I t i c os e
th e
ta
I Sh t
pa s s ,
e
ra n
r es
the
in
on
of
an
s en
t
hi s
,
l
wor d
o e
.
to me W h om s h a ll I s e n d to the M i s tr e s s of th e D e s e r t ? Pu t a g a g on the m ou th of m y wi za r d a n d my witc h Pe r for m th e i n c a n ta ti on of M a r du k th e le a de r of th e g ods Th e y Sh a ll c r y u n t o th e e ( M i s tr e s s ) b u t a n s we r th e m n ot Th e y Sha ll Sp ea k u n to the e b u t h e a r th e m n ot I f I c r y to th e e a n s we r m e If I s pe a k u n to th e e h ea r m e By th e c om ma n d wh i c h An u a n d An a tu a n d th e M i s tr e s s th e D e s e r t h a v e s p ok e n An n
d An a tu ha v e
ll wh l
th e
m a gici a n co n tin u e s
th e
th e wa
u
ma g i c
bl e t
un
’
‘
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
of
” 2
.
I [
t a ti on ] T h e s e a r e fi g u r e s T he s e a r e fi g u r e s of m y wit c h n ca n
m y wi z a r d,
Of
,
O f m y s or c e r e r a n d m y s or c e r e s s , O f m y wi z a r d a n d my wit c h ,
I k
th e m
n ow
E vi
l
[
s or c e r
y
n ot
.
m a g i c , wit c h c r a ft ],
,
l
s pel s
.
l
1
by
Boi s s i e r , R e vu e
m edi c i n a
l pl t an
s
y be s e t s a m a n M a hl u i 4 8 if H e r e foll ow t we n ty S i x m u ti la t e d l i n e s
1 ‘
ed
.
u e, a
l t K 2 49 p bli h d ib th y “ wh i l mm i vi l
T he T a b
T a ll q v i s t)
.
ii me lu
1 3 5 , pr e s c r ‘ a s a l i mu tti i a p
e
e
es
,
n e c e s sa r
’
su,
en
.
.
na
l
m e s for p os s ib
e
foe s ,
wit c h doc t or s , -
e
s
u
,
.
,
2
e
for E n u ma
s or c e r 2
l tI( S é mi ti q
S e r i e s Ma hl u , T a b
e tc
.
e
1 52
F I G U RE S I N
W AX
AS S
YR I A
Fi r e g od ], j u dg e , wh o de fe a te s t th e w i c k e d [ th e m t h a t b e n o t d e s t r o y e d !
an
-
I
i[ ma g e s like ]
d h os ti
l
e,
o
v e r c om e
i ma g e s like n e d to my for m h a v e b r ok e n m y n e c k h a v e fa s t e n e d on m y l o i n s h a v e t a ke n a wa y m y c ou r a g e g od s a g a i n s t m e ] h a v e wea k e n e d m y
Th e y h a v e m a de Th e y h av e
.
my
,
,
i d my Th e y h a ve a tt a c k e d m y T h e y h a ve we a k e n e d m y Th e y h a ve e n r a g e d [th e s t r e n g th the y h a ve bou n d my k n e e s T he y ha ve T he y ha ve fille d m e with a n d pa in T he y ha ve ma de m e ea t T he y ha ve m a de m e dr i n k The y ha ve p o u r e d o n m e The y ha ve a n o i n te d me with a s a l ve o f e vi l p la n t s As a c o r p s e t he y ha v e look e d u po n me T he y ha v e la i d the wa t e r o f m y li fe i n a g r a v e T he y ha ve e n r a g e d a g a i n s t m e g od ki n g lo r d a n d p r i n c e Th ou O Fi r e g od t ha t b u r n e s t m y w i z a r d a n d my wit c h T ha t de s t r oy es t th e m I q u i ty o f th e s e e d O f my wi z a r d a n d my wit c h I t i s thou tha t de s t r oye s t e vil I c a ll on the e like Sa ma s th e j u dg e G iv e m e a d e c i s i o n j u dg e m y c a u s e Bu r n m y wi z a r d a n d my wit c h D e v ou r m y e n e mi e s di s s i pa t e my foe s ; Ma y thy dr e a d li g h t r e a c h the m L ik e wa t e r fr o m a S ki n b o ttle i n a lea k m a y the y b e b r ou g h t s e ze
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
to
e n d,
an
L ik e th e h e wi n g
t
th e i r fi n g e r s b e c u t O ff By thy m i g h ty c o mm a n d tha t c a n n o t be c h a n g e d An d thy t r u e fa v o u r wh i c h c a n n o t be a l t e r e d Pe r for m th e i n c a n ta ti on Of a
s on e
ma y
.
,
,
,
c e r e mo n y
T he
Th e wi z a r d i s
1
ma n
to
or a t
on
a
it
;
en
ha
th e d a u g h te r
h a vi n g de
liv
figu
er e d
th e
ha vi n g
o
a
,
ur e
n
of An n ,
a
u
or o
or
or
n
a
n
e
a
to th e
e
Fi r e
-
e
r
o e
ere
g o d , th e
o
a
can a
o
e
s on O f
o
An u
.
ns
1 .
Si k h ld th th m i g h t t mpl
er
en
a
e
fig u r e
or u n
a
n a
d mo
of
r es
Sh t it with i w ll d f w ll i b i dg th t m vi g b i d it i th h l f l f h vi ng d l iv d it t th p w l
n e r s c ha n n e a r d e g ’
the
n
l
tr a n c e of
or
d s by bu r i n g
a s o a c c u s e d of
a c or p s e , o r o f
th e
en
.
of
e
r es
c
o
ra
or
e r Of
iv (
th e
,
,
e
in
L a ba r tu ,
M ATER IA L S
1 54
F I G U RE S
F OR
.
I n a li s t o f pl a n t s which a pp e a r to c a r i e d O ff h a v e a m a gic a l s ign ific a n c e on e of th e m i s pr e s c r ibe d i n the du s t of a m a n s t r e a d pr ob a bly a s a n a mul e t “ i n th e du s t o f the g r e a t g a te ka me ti ( o r a n d a n o th e r n ot
r
,
”
’
,
,
2
uppli a n t might u s e ta llo w b r on z e cl a y bitum e n dun g w ood a n d o t he r m a te r i a l s for hi s littl e im a ge s n d t h e s e w e r e th e n c s t c e r e mo n i a lly i n to a b r a zi e r th a t th F i r e g o d might con s um e t h e m d d d lig h t f d y 0 m i g h ty Fi g Th e
s
,
,
,
,
,
,
a
a
e
,
-
re -
Tha t g u i de s t Tha t j u dg e s t
o
r ea
,
o
a
,
i g h t bo th g ods a n d p r i n c es e vi l me n a n d wom e n R i s e u p i n j u dg me n t with me lik e th e W a r r i or Gr a n t me a d e c i s i on j u dg e my c a u s e ar
,
,
Su n
,
,
,
Bu r n
u
m p y
D e vou r m i n e
i
b r i n g to n ou g h t my li g h t o e r c ome the m
e n e m es ,
th i n e
An d ma y
a n d s or c e r e s s ,
s or c e r e r
a wfu
l
’
foes , ” 2
.
t hi r d t a bl e t O f th s e r i e s M hl u fr om which th e p r e c e di n g ch a r m s a r e t a k e n c ta i n a m or e e l a bo r t e c e r mo n y t h n ith e r of the two p r e c e di n g T he s a m e im a ge s a e m d e but th e y a e to b e pl a c e d i n the m ode l b r k e n to pi e c e s p r ob a bly a fte r O f a s hip which wa s t he n b e i g pl a c e d i a b a s i n O f w a t r T he
e
a
on
,
a
e
r
,
s
a
e
a
.
r
,
o
n
n
,
e
S h e wh o ha th
.
be witc h e d m e ha th la i d H a th ca s t m e i n to th e r iv e r fl o od H a th c a s t m e i n t o th e r iv e r de p th U n t o th e wit c h h a th s a i d Be wit c h ,
me
un
de r
Sp ll
a
e
,
,
,
’
,
1
2
Ha u p t, C T .
3
x iv
,
,
4 4 l , p .
SO-ca
.
,
1 1,
c ol s
i
.
,
60
— 1 2
.
,
11
.
ll
2 2, 2 8 C f p l 4 2, K 2 74, s h t a r , p u b i s h e d by L W Ki n g , .
.
.
l t II A p lm t I l lth g h f ll f ph h f T bl t 2 2 2 ll d P it ti l P lm Sh w wh t th i t ti “ i (l 5 5 d t th vil b wit h m t f my p t
M a hl u , T a b
S eve n
ma n
.
T
a
e s,
e
s
e
en
.
,
en
sa
.
a
u
a
ou
sa
a n en
o
s,
o
o
s
e e
a
e
as
suc
ra s es
o
u
e
c
n
en
are
en
s o
on
.
.
ou n of
.
d i n th e th e
i k
s c
C EREMON I E S Un t o th e
e n c ha n
May
th i s L ike th i s
be
Ma y h e r
Sh i p m l b l p
An d
s
Ma y he r My
sh
ip
En c ha n t ,
‘
’
,
an d
u
p on h e r
i ma g e ma y it r e c o il fa i l b u t l e t m i n e s u c c e e d ,
.
M o on g od h a th fit te d ou t, ’ m a s ts it c a r r i e s R e lea s e , -
th e r e i n Wiza r d a n d witc h s i t th e r e i n E n c h a n te r a n d e n c ha n tr e s s s i t t he r e i n S or c e r e r
1 55
.
,
ca u s e
Be twee n i ts
id
P
be wr e c k e d,
She
y
sa
wr e c k e d,
e
e
th e
a
h a th
Sh i p
he r
as
he r
u p on
t r es s
W ITH A S HI
a n d s or c e r es s
sit
,
,
.
App a r e n t ly f om the mu t il te d li n e which foll o ws [ an d h t t h e b e witch e d m a n h e r e b e gi n s e r i gg i n g i s cu t n ow ] to de s tr oy the s hip wi t h th e fig u e s of h i s tor m e n t o r s i n s id e it a n d fi n a l ly it i s c a s t i n to the fir e a n d bur t Thi s m e th o d of m a ki n g a s hip f ll of on e s e e mi e s wa s to B a bylo n i a fo t h r e i n ot c on fi n e d v e r y cur iou s i n s t a n c e of i t e l a t e d O f Ne c t a n e bu s i n th E thi opic the G r e a t t a di t i on s f Al e x a n d I n a ddi t io n to th o r di n a y ch a r m s O f t hi s ch a r a c t e whic h t hi s E gyp t i n m a gici a n po s s e s s e d s uch a s i n fluen ci g O lympi a s by m e a n s Of figur e m a d e f pl a n t s wi t h m gic l p r op e tie a d i s c ib e d wi t h h n m e h w s a bl to ov c om e hi s r N ow a co c n in g e n e mi e i n the f ll o wi n g m a f i ed hi t hi s m a n [ N e ct a n e bu s ] wh e e v e s e n e mi e s l t [ ] t he m up a ga i n s t h i m to do b a t tl wi th hi m he s e lv e s did n ot m a c h o t a g i s t t h m wi t h s oldi s a n d r mi e s b t i t wa s h i w o t to g o an d a r a y of s p e a s i n to hi s p a l a c e a n d to s hu t th e d oo p n him s e l f H th e n t ook b a z n v e s e l a d h a vi g fill d i t wi t h wa te to r e mbl th s e a h e mu tt e d o v e i t c e r t i w or d w hich r
a
,
”
,
r
,
n
,
’
u
r
,
e
s
n
a
r
r
e
o
er
e
.
r
r
a
n
,
a
n
a
O
r
er
s
1
a
e
,
a
r
a
e
n
s
n
s
er
r
e
r
an
,
a n
u
er
,
es
e
1
r
e
s
,
re
e
Bu dg e , L i fe
an
d E xp l oi ts
n
n
f
o
r
,
u
,
n
s
u
r
a
,
e
r
r
n
er
nn e
o
,
a
.
o
.
r
e
s
a n
Al exa n d er the Gr ea t,
e
ii
,
16
.
1 56
B EFORE B ATT L E
R ITUAL
.
kn e w I f the e n e my c a m e g i s t h i m [ by s e ] h e u s e d m od e l o f s hip s out o f wa x [ m l te d ] v e r a fir e to m a k w a t e r t he s e wa x e n hip t h a t w e r n d to pl c e upo n th h i ip s which n ten d d t o e p e s e n t the o f th e e my [ [ ] ] we e the s e Th e n he mu tt e d v e t he m the n a m e s d o t h e r a w ful a n d t e r r ibl o f th e cou n t y o f the god s t the w a x e n s hip s o n th w a te r i n n a mes n d t h n he h i s b a i n i n r e s mbl n c e o f the hip which w e r e o n th sea If the e n e my r os e up g i n s t him o the s e a h e m a d e by l s o s ubm r g e d the the wa x n S hip s t o s i n k a d h e t h e wi s h d t o c om e t do b a ttl e with s hip s o f th e e n e my wh him A d i f it h a pp e n e d [ t h t th e n e my c m e a ga i n t him ] by l d he w s wo n t to m k e mod e l o f th e ho r i my h m o f th e w en w a x lik e u n t o the s o ldi e r o we r e [ ] comi n g to do b a tt l with him a n d h a vi g mutte r e d ov e r t h e m the w f ul a n d t r i bl e n a m s [ which h e k n e w ] th s o ldi e r s f th e e e my we r e udd e n ly o v e r com e b e fo e hi s fa c e n d the e n my w e n t dow b e fo e him a n d s ubmit t e d u t o him he
a
.
a
e
e
a
a
on
s
an
,
e
e
a
s
a
.
e
re
e
a
n
e
s
s
ar
se
e
e
s
r
e
n
a
s
n
er
n
”
a
,
a
e
o
a
a
a
e
n
o
e
n
n
,
an
,
s
a
o
.
r
e
e
,
o
er
e
e
en
.
r
,
s,
s
s
a
o
S
r
r
e
,
a
s
e
r
a n
n
r
,
1
.
A r w e ii 4 e 5 f “ to c on s i de r Eze k iv 1 2 a p a r a lle l i n a n y wa y ? T a ke th e e a tile a n d la y it be for e the e a n d p ou r t r a y u p on it a c ity e ve n Je r u s a le m a n d la y s i e g e a g a i n s t it a n d b u i ld fo r t s a g a i n s t it Am on g c e r ta i n s a va g e t r ib es de m on s a r e e xp e lle d by be i n g s e n t a wa y i n v e h i c les of va r i o u s ki n ds F r a z e r s a y s t ha t a c o m m o n o n e i s a l ittl e s h i p o r bo a t F or i n s t a n c e h e q u ot e s ( iii 9 7 ) F r a n coi s V a le n ty n Ou d e n n i eu w Os t I n d i en iii 1 4 wh o de s c r ib e s a r it e i n O e r a m wh i c h ta k e s pla c e wh e n a vi lla g e s u ffe r s fr om s i c k n e s s A little s h i p i s m a de a n d fi lle d with r i c e t oba c c o e g g s a n d s o for th a n d th e s i c k n e s s e s a r e a ddr e s s e d i n a v a le di c t or y i n c a n t a ti on a s t h ou g h th e y we r e de m on s a n d a dj u r e d n e v e r to r e t u r n T h e Sh i p i s th e n c a r r i e d to th e s ea s h or e a n d i s a ll owe d to d r i ft a wa y S i m i la r c e r e m on i e s are in v og u e i n Ti m or la uit ( R i e de l D e s lu i /c en lcr oes ha r ig e r a s s e n tu ss c he n S e l ebes p 3 0 4 q u ot e d F r a z e r Gol de n B o u g h iii 9 8) a n d i n th e 1
Bu dg e , L if e
a nd
E xp l o i ts
,
.
A l ex a n de r the Gr ea t,
o
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
.
.
,
,
.
'
-
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
R ITU AL B EFORE B ATTL E
1 58
Fle s h
the
of
r
i g h t th i g h
hi n s a
,
-
fle s h
,
an
.
d su ms
fles h th ou
s ha
-
lt
offe r ,
l
S pr in k
e
u
p
An d m a ke oi l
a
lib ti a
l t th
s ha
Be n d
ba c kwa r ds
a
on
h on e y , ] [
Of
ll ll t
ro
th e
be s
be for e
s and
an
hi s fa c e of
th e
S a ma s
ma k e
ou
The E u n u c h
S ha
on
yp r es s
c
c en se r ,
b u t te r
,
wi n e ,
Oil
an
,
d
s cen
te d
.
T he n
Sha
with
ta
an
i ma g e with a .
ki n g
of
na
m ed l ik e h i s ma s te r ,
ki n g r e a r a n a n d ti o p p of
th e
,
c or d
wh o i s
,
ta ll ow
th e foe i n
th e
r e pe a
t th i s
for m u
l b
e fo r e
a
” 1
.
m e thod ga i n s t a fo e p r ovid e d by a H e b r e w m a n u s c r ip t f r o m M o s ul i s i t e r e s t i n g f om i ts s imil a r i t y to a s to r y M oh a mm e d a t the vic t or y n a r M e cc a i n o f M h a mm e d r o f th e H j a by the di e c t i o n o f G a b i e l th e s e c on d y took a h a n d ful o f g r a v e l a d t h r e w i t towa d s the e n e my “ s a yi n g M a y th e i r fa c e s b e c on fo u n d e d ! wh e r e upo n th e y imm e di te ly tu r n e d t he i b a ck s n d fle d T he T he
a
n
o
r
.
e
,
r
e
ea
r
,
r
n
,
r
,
”
r
a
?
a
Zi mm e r n R i tu a l taf e l n 1 7 3 Fr a ze r ( Gold en B ou g h i 1 4 ) q u otes I e di s c he Opf er a S i m ila r c u s t o m a m o n g th e H i n do os fr o m H i lle b r a n d t i n wh i c h e fl i g i es o f the s oldi e r s h or s e s e le p h a n ts a n d u n d Z a u be r a n d t h e n p u ll e d c ha r i o t s o f a h os ti le a r m y we r e m od e ll e d i n d o u g h i n p i e c es For o th e r S e m iti c c u s t om s be fo r e g o i n g i n to a c ti on R o be r ts on S m ith ( Rel S em 1 89 4 3 7 ) q u o te s 1 S a m iv 7 th e C a r t h a g i n i a n s with Ya g h fith we n t for th with Phi l i p of Ma c e d on a n d th e Ar a b t r a diti o n C u r ti s s ( B i bl Wor ld xxi ii 9 7 ) de s c r ibe s th e a g a i n s t M o r ad us ti s fo r ba ttle a m on g th e B u a la a s u bd ivi s i o n o f th e Ae n e ze r e r a o n a p p h o w th e y s a c r ifi c e to Ab u d D u h fir tha t he m a y c om e a n d h e lp th e m to vi c t o r y a n d s p r i n kl e th e bl oo d o n th e mer /ca b o f th e c a m e l on wh i c h th e s hé/ch s S i s t e r o r da u g h te r r i des i n to ba ttle S h e p e r fu m es h e r h a i r p u t s a n ti m on y o n h e r e y e li ds e x p o s es h e r bo s om a n d m a kes h e r s e lf a s h a n ds om e as p o s s ible a n d it i s a r ou n d th e mer /ca b tha t th e ba ttle r a g e s S a le Kor a n S u r a h iii Fo r o th e r i n s ta n c es O f th r owi n g s a n d o r s t o n e s we m a c om p a r e a s t or y i n E th i op i c ( L itt m a n n A r t d e e y wh i c h r e la t e s h ow th e di s c i p le s c a m e to a p la c e whe r e xxv m a n y d e m on s we r e a s s e m ble d b u t o n th e i r ta ki n g u p s a n d i n the i r “ h a n ds a n d l ooki n g u p to h e a v e n with th e p r a ye r D i s p e r s e O L or d 1
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
-
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
2
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
F I G U RE S
W Ax
ATT
R ACTI NG
I
TH E
D S
EAS E D EMON
159
-
.
“ F H b w ch m i s f llow w r : T k e du s t f m u de thy l ft f ot d y o v e it t h m s d ca tt i t g in t t h e m ( th my) a n d th y h l l mo b bl to m k w r ; d thi i wh t t hou s h lt y I f Loki Y o l A tSe l A t h b ok n m th o A n t S l ( ) Ab i l Ah m e l Y i ol W hi Y ki l a d M e h th i l Y y H i — Mi Ska thi l Y a h by you pu i t y t h t y m a y bi d a ll ki n d f fig hti g f b ig d ge a g i t N h c f th of N ve t il the w th p Am e a d f o ma t h y will be T h w x fig p oc du i l u e d i i v wa y i d hi m f th d vil t h t p him f s ick m n t e Thi w by f s hi i g im g f th p ti t i cl y d ug h d wi t h th p p e ch m th m gici wa x to l v h p d to i duc th d m th h um b dy d it w x c u t p t F i t c t bl t nt di ct t h t pi c e o f cl y hould b t k d m ould d i t th lik o f th p ti t d pl c d hi l i s t igh t i n d t h t th Pl gu g d might b “ x p e ll e d F u th t d w the t m t f hi body “ t b f E idu w m d th I c a t a t io p f m d d t th w t A imil t x t d th m f c tu e
re
ar
r
e
n
a
an
o
o
n
or
n
e
or
n
a
a
ra
ass
re
sa
e
‘
:
n
e
a
o
e
n
s
s on
,
er
er
e
.
s
no
n
a ns
u n
r
a
no
r
an
a
.
e
a
an
r
s
ro
e
a
n
r
e
o
s
n
na
e
s
a
o
a
ese
,
e
e
a
r
ene
o
e
a
or
sa
an
a
e
s :
o
e
a
e
a
s
a
e
a
s
en
n
.
e or
s
,
e
1
.
or
re
s
a
s
o n
a
a so
n
e
an
a
an
en
o
a
e
n
er
se a
a
-
en ess
e
n
or
e
r
ar
e
e
or
.
a
e
a
an
e
a
an
a
e
.
a
an
a
2
e
en
a
an
e
on
o
-
,
an
o
on e
e,
en
s
n
e
a
ers e
en
s
s
a
n
os s e s s
n s an
e
er
an
a
O
ea
ar
n
e
e
on
e
s
ro
e
e
o
n
s
O
e
a
e
s
,
n
e
er
e
2
o
or
,
re
e
on
a
as
s
r
o r
a
a
o
ure
-
a
e
e
1
e
r
.
as
an
o
e
a
e,
’
e
a
er ,
e
a
an s
e
n
a
a on e
n
n
n
o
rn e
en
e
es
s
”
r
o
or
e r or
ar
s
.
”
e
,
e
be s e t u s by th e p o we r of th e s e T hy holy n a m e s c los e th e i r m ou th s a n d des tr oy the i r p owe r the y a n n ih ila te d th e de m on s by S i m i la r ly th e H aj p ilg r i m s th r ow c a s ti n g th e s a n d a g a i n s t th e m a s h or tly a fte r s u n r i s e b r u l a e bl e s o c i h J a m a t A q b v S n r ea h n e t e en p g s u c c es s iv e ti m e s e a c h c a s t s a p e bble a t th e p i lla r i n o r de r to c on fou n d th e d e vi l s wh o a r e s u p p os ed to be th e r e ( Kle i n R el ig i on of I s l a m 1 7 0 c f Je wi s h E n c c l i I n S i n a i wh e n a n Ar a b p a s s es th e m o u n d y O f Ab u Z e n n a h e c a s t s a s t on e a g a i n s t it i n o p p r o b r i u m 1 90 6 1 05 No 2 1 F o l kl or e of hIos s ou l D o u g h i s a ls o u s e d by th e M a la ys ( S kea t hfa l a y Ma g i c D evi l s T a ble t R de m on s wh o
a ll
,
,
”
,
,
.
’
-
‘
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
1
,
,
.
,
.
1
,
’
3
,
.
,
1 60
F I G U RE S
W Ax
di r c t s the im a g to be m a d i t b r in g w t to th e m wit h th f ll o wi g di e c t i n e
s
e
n
o
e
Br i n g fo r t h
r
o
TH E D S
d ough a ll wi n g it
in
e
an
a er
o
I
A T T R AOTI N G
an
,
-
.
p hy ici a n t ickl e do wn
d th e to
o
,
E AS E D EMON s
r
,
s
t or c h As the wa te r t r i c kle th a wa y fr om hi s bod y S o m a y th e p e s ti le n c e i n hi s b ody t r i c kle a wa y ; R e tu r n th e s e wa te r s i n t o a c u p a n d Pou r th e m for t h i n th e ma r k e t pla c e c en ser
a
an
d
a
.
,
”
1
-
.
T he A s a hhu
l
ou t
r
t hi s
in
a so
p ob bly
,
wa y
m e ki d duk go e s t hi cl a s
so
a
n
o
Ma r
.
h e lp (a c ommo d e vic e dvi e d
in
n
s
f f e v e r , wa s
to hi s
fa t h e r , E a , fo r
t e xts )
of
s
d r iv e n
an
,
t hu s
d is
s
a
Fa s hi on a n i ma g e of hi s for m i n do u g h on S e t a ki n g o v e r h i m a n d T a k e hi s ha n d be fo re the S u n a n d Re pe a t th e i n c a n t a ti o n S A R A Z A G — GA a n d
th e g r ou n d ,
an d
,
-
,
P ou r [
wa te r
on
( The
re
hi s h ea d
[
an
d]
2
ma i n der i s mu c h mu ti l a ted ) .
A n o th e r l a t e H e b r e w ch a r m p r e s c r ib e s the s a m e ki n d O f “ t hi n g : If th o u wi s he s t to h e l m a n fr om e c h a n tm e n t f om f lly o or fr om a n e vil s pi r it o f r om h e n t io n e d raw h t i g s m th en d t pic t u n of the re of y p a r chm e n t wi t h b o t h h a n d s o ut s t r e t ch e d ; a m a n o n vi gi n u n d e r th e igh t h a n d d w the im a g e o f a li ttl e m a n a n d w i t e on hi s h ould e r A i l ; a t hi s fe e t d r a w the im a g e but d r a w it w i th e d i n k for t hi s i s a n O f a n o th e r m a ppoi n t d ov e r fi e a n d w r i t e on hi s s h ould e r (or a n ge l v a r i a t on hi s fo e h e a d ) L a ha bi e l a n d un d e r t he m th e R a ph a e l t h ou a n d foll wi n g c on j u r a t i on : I co n j u r th e t hy s e r v a n t s wh o r e c a ll e d by thy m a n d who s e n a m e a
r
,
r
n
a
a
n
,
o
r
e
,
r
ra
r
r e
s
r
n
n
r
,
r
e
a
,
,
,
e
a
I bi d
.
,
Ta b
lt T e
’
‘
.
,
,
r
o
1
,
e,
n a
2
,
e,
v,
50,
ii
,
57
.
P AR ALL E L S
1 62
th e n l a id
A
MONG
M AL AY S
TH E
.
body the In c a n t a tio n O f E a i s p e r fo r me d a d by a n d the p a t i e n t s fa c e i s t h e n tu n e d to th e w e s t the s e m e a n s the e vil i flu e n c e i mov e d A cur ious p a r l l l i s to be foun d a m on g the M a l a y s both f rom i ts s imil a r ity t o the p r e ce di n g a n d a l s o i n i ts c or d s of which mo e will be s e e n us o f p a r ticolou r e d l a te r The M a l a y m a gici a n s h a v e p r a c t ic e o f m a kin g littl e im a g e s of dough o f b e a s ts bi d s e tc which a r e pl a c e d o n a s a c ifici a l t r a y tog e th e r wi t h b e t e l l e a v e s “ cig a r e tt es a n d ta p e r s O n e O f the t a p e r s i s m a d e to d oll a r with the e d O f a pi e c e of a s ilv e r s t a d upo n p a r tic olour e d t hr e a d i n s e r t e d b e tw e e n the doll a r a n d the ta p e r a n d the o t he e d of thi s t h e a d i s fo ot of th give n t o the p a t i e n t to h old whil e th e n e c e s s a r y ch a m i s be i g r e pe a ted T he d e vil i s s uppo s e d t o e n t e r the im a ge a n d a s s oo a s thi s ha s h a pp e n e d the m a gici a n “l o o s e s th r e e s lip k ot s d r e p e a t s a ch a r m to i n duc e the u n ti e d k n ot s ou t s id e e vil S pi r i t to go a n d t h r o w s a w a y th 2 T he u s e of t hi p a ticol o u r e d co d occu r s the h u s e e l s e vv he r e i n M a l a y s o r c e r y S imil a r a r e the m e th od s o f I di n co n j u r o r s to r e mov e d e vil s Th y t a k e wa t e r f om s e v e n o r n i n e di ff e r e n t pl a c e s put it i n to a n e w o g e t h e r wi t h a f w O f the l e a v e s o f s e v e n o r t t e a r th e p n in e diff r n t t r e e s a n d pl a n t s a n d e a d o n c e o v e r i t i f i n t e n d e d fo r th e r e mov l of the d e vil e n ch a n tm e n t e tc c r t a i n ch a pte r s ; o i f to ch a n g e ha d luck th e y r e a d a ch a pte r a n d a fte r blowi n g on the w a t e r s e t i t a s id e Th e y hi s
on
,
,
’
r
s
n
a
n
,
?
re
e
,
e
r
,
a
.
r
,
.
,
,
-
r
,
.
,
n
n
,
e
r
,
n
r
r
”
n
.
n
s,
n
-
an
e
,
”
o
s
.
r
r
?
n
a
r
,
n
o
e
e
,
e
r
,
a
e
,
,
,
r
1
D e vi l s , T a b
,
lt e
‘
S
e
.
g
.
,
ibi d
.
,
56 9
.
.
.
S ke a t , M a l a y M a g i c , 4 3 2 s u bs tit u t e for y ou 2
,
’
2
.
.
,
,
a
e
.
.
T he
char
m
be g i n s
:
“I
ha v e ma de
P AR AL L E L S I N I ND I A pl a c e
p a t i n t a hum a n figur e or th a t of H u n n o ma n ( th m on k e y h e a d d god) ti e to i ts n ck on e e n d o f a co r d for m e d o f t h r e e ki n d s o f colou r e d t h r e a d a n d th e o t h e r to the p a ti e n t s w a i s t or n e ck b e for e wh om th e y d e p os it coco a n ut s flow e r s a pi e c e O f y e llow cl ot h tc a n d t aki n g n i n e lim e s th e y r e p e a t the a e t ool hoor s ee ov e r e a ch a n d divid e t he m i n to two pl a c e d on the h e a d s houlde r s lo i n s b a ck k e e s a d fe e t O f the p t i e n t r e p e c tiv e ly ; th e b a th e him with th e a b ov e m e n t ion e d pot o f w a t e r I n b a t hi n g th e y n e c e s s a r ily dig the pl a c e a lit tl e to a llow of th e w a t e r b e i g b s o r b e d i n to the e a th ; for s h uld a n y o t he p e r s on ha pp e n to pu t hi s p ot on the w a t e r th e s a me mi s f r tun e woul d b e f ll hi m s did the p a ti e n t ? t he n
i n fr on t
1 63
.
Of
the
e
e
-
,
e
e
,
’
,
,
,
-
,
n
,
.
-
,
,
,
e
,
,
n
,
,
a
n
s
-
.
,
n
a
r
o
r
o
a
a
Fr a z e r ( Golde n B ou g h ii 3 4 8 if ) q u o t e s m a n y i n s t a n c e s whi c h th r o w l i g h t o n th e As s yr ia n i n c a n ta ti on Th e Al foor s of M i n a h a s s a i n C e le b e s wi ll s om e ti m e s t r a n s p or t a S i c k m a n to a n oth e r h ou s e wh le th e y l ea v e on i hi s be d a du m m y m a de u p O f a p i llow a n d c l o th e s Th i s du mmy the de m on i s s u p p os e d to m i s ta ke for th e S i c k m a n wh o s u bs e qu e n tly “ r t a i n O f th e we s t e r n d i s t r i c t s of Bor n e o afl a n d ) r e c ove r s G r a I n c e ( i f a m a n i s t a k e n s u dde n ly a n d vi ol e n tly s i c k the p hys i c i a n wh o i n th i s p a r t of th e wor ld i s g e n e r a lly a n O ld wom a n fa s h i on s a woode n i ma g e a n d br i n g s it s e ve n ti m e s i n to c on ta c t with the s u fle r e r s hea d T h i s i ma g e s e r ve s to t a ke th e pla c e O f th e s i c k ma n wh i le S h e s a ys S ic k n e s s p a s s o ve r i n t o the i m a g e T he n with s ome r i c e s a lt a n d t ob a c c o i n a little ba s k e t th e s u b s titu te i s ca r r i e d to the s p ot whe r e i h s e e r m a n n h e r o t vi l i it v t i t T it e n e e d h e s r i s u os d o h a e e s e t t p pp s e t u p r i g h t o n th e g r ou n d a ft e r th e p h ys i c i a n h a s i n v ok e d th e s p i r it a s follo ws O de vi l h e r e i s a n i ma g e wh i c h s ta n ds i n s te a d O f the s i c k ma n R e le a s e th e s ou l of th e s i c k m a n a n d p la g u e th e i ma g e for it i s “ S i m i la r ly i n th e i s la n d i n de e d p r e tti e r a n d b e tt e r th a n h e ( Kithr ) of D a m a b e t we e n N e w Gu i n e a a n d C e l e bes wh e r e s i c kn e s s i s a s c r ibe d to th e a g e n c y of de m on s th e d oc t or m a k es a doll of pa lm lea f a n d la ys it t og e th e r with s om e b e te l r i c e a n d ha lf of a n e mp ty e g g s he ll on the e re r s bo dy ti t by t i h s ba it th e de m on q u it s th e s u fl e n h L u r e d d a s ea p h c h th e wi ly doc t or th e r e u p o n p r o mp tly l l ll i a n d e n t e r s th e w f d o a m ea p de c a p it a t e s (R i ede l ) 1
Ja ffu r S h u r r e e f a n d H e r kl ots , ,
Q
a n o o n - e-
I s l a m, 2 5 8
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
,
.
,
,
,
’
‘
,
’
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
-
,
-
,
,
,
'
’
.
-
,
”
.
’
P AR T I C O L O U RED TH READ S
1 64
.
Aga i n i n I n di a n m a gic i n or d e r to d r iv e ou t d e m on s Th f r om wom e n th e f ollowi n g i p a r t o f th e p r oc e du r e “ n r a s s h o a r a illit e t e cl a of p e o pl e ; w e f i r y w om e n ( m a n y of the m do o t s o much a s k o w the a m e of G od “ t a k e t h e e di fl e n t c ol u r e d s ilk or co t t on th r e d e ith e r pl a i n or twi s te d n d for m g u n da th a t i s t h e y for m t we n ty on i t Th e M ooll a s or S e e a n a s i n O n e o r tw e n t y two k o t m a ki n g e a ch k n t e a d s om e i c a n t a ti on o o th e r ov e r it po n it ; a n d wh e n fi n i h d i t i s f a s te n e d t th e a n d bl o w f the p a ti e t n e ck o r upp e r a r m N ow thi s u s e o f p a t ic olou r e d th r e d s i n E a s t e r n m a gic i s a di s ti n c t r e mi n i s c e n c e O f the M e s opo t a mi a n wiz a r d r y Of which s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s a e to b e fo u n d i n A s s y r i a i n c a n t a tio n s A s a n e x a mpl e we fin d a d e v e l opm e n t of ,
,
s
‘
e
.
-
a
n
n
n
’
er
r
o
a
a
,
,
n
-
o
s
,
.
,
r
,
,
n
r
u
s
o
e
”
n
,
o
1
.
r
a
,
r
n
.
1
l m, 2 6 2
Q
a n oon - e - I s a
W e s te r n
wr i te r s
T he r e
.
i
c u r ou s
are
Pe t r on i u s , wr iti n g
.
pa r a
ll l
fr o m th e m o r e
e s
i i n c a n ta ti on s
of c e r ta n
ll
p e r for m e d ‘ s a ys Sh e
for the p u r p os e o f fr e e i n g a ce r ta i n E n c ol p i u s fr om a s p e , th e n t oo k fr om h e r bos om a we b o f t wi s te d th r ea ds O f va r i ou s
l
c o ou r s
,
a n d Pe r s i u s s p e a k s of bou n d it on my n e c k ( Pe tr S a t tyi n g th r e a ds of m a n y c olou r s o n the n e c k s of i n fa n t s a s a c h a r m a g a i n s t fa s c i n a ti on at ii B o th th es e i n s t a n c e s a r e q u o t e d by S ( E lwor th y E vi l E y e 5 8 5 9 O f th e u s e o f the b l u e r ibba n d p r e s c r ibe d a s n e c es s a r y i n th e H e b r e w fr i n g e s i n N u m x v 3 8 a n d th e ba dg e of E th i op i a n C hr i s ti a n ity wor n by a l l c la s s e s wh i c h i s a bl u e n e c k — th r e a d ( ma te b) of s ilk or wool (A J H a y e s The S o u r c e of the Bl u e N i l e T h e r e a r e two c u r i ou s c ha r m s fr om la te Je wi s h s o u r c e s ( Ba r la y The T a l mi wl 2 0 ) for ble e d i n g a t th e n os e wh i c h i n c lu de a do u ble th r e a d Th e m a n m u s t ta ke a r o o t of g r a s s the c o r d of a n ol d be d p a p e r s a ffr on a n d th e r e d p a r t of th e i n s i de of a p a lm t r e e a n d b u r n th e m t og e th e r ; a n d th en ta ke s om e wool a n d twi s t two th r e a ds di p th e m or l e t h i m i n vi n e g a r r oll th e m i n a s h e s a n d p u t th e m i n t o hi s n os e look ou t for a s t r e a m of wa te r wh i c h flows fr om e a s t to we s t a n d l e t h i m g o a n d s ta n d with o n e l e g o n ea c h s i de O f it a n d t a ke wi th h i s r i g h t h a n d s om e m u d fr om u n de r h i s l e ft foo t a n d w ith hi s l e f t h a n d fr om u n de r hi s r i g h t foo t a n d th e n h e m u s t t wi s t two th r e a ds O f wool a n d di p th e m i n t o th e m u d a n d hi t i t s n os e u h m n o t e p
an d
’ ”
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
c
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
T YI NG
166
K
NO T S
.
ti e d on to th e h e a d a n d n e ck O f the s ick m a n wi t h th e h a i r fr o m a kid a n d th e h a d a ch e will go n e v e r t o r e tu r n “lik e s t r a w which the wi d whi l e th a w a y An oth e r c e r e mo y i s pr e s c r ib e d e l s e wh e r e for th a m e compl a in t ; the h e d o f the p a ti e t mu s t be b u n d wi t h a bu n dl e of 2 twig s with m a gic l wo r d s a n d a t e v n ti de t hi s i s to be “ cu t off a n d th r ow n i n t o the s t r e t th t the s ickn e s s O f hi s h e a d m a y be a s s u a g e d a n d th a t the h e a da ch e whic h h a t h f a ll e n upo n the m a n lik e th e de w m a y be r e mov e d By tyin g k n ots a n d a t th e s a m e tim e ch a n ti n g s om e m a gic wo r d s a wiz a d o r wi t ch could c a s t a t a bu on a n e n e my M a hl u t a bl t which n d s on e i n c a n a s i s cl e a r fr om th wo d s ta ti on a g i n s t s uc h m a l e v ol n t b e i g s wi t h th e e
,
,
n
,
”
r
.
n
e
n
a
1
s
o
a
e
,
e
a
,
,
”
,
.
r
,
e
e
e
a
kn ot
Her An d
l
is
d r ivi n g by the p r i e t In
a
oos e d ,
c ha r
he r
a ll
wa
y
he r
fill
ms
a
n
s or c e r
th e
h e a d a ch
e
,
e
y
br ou g h t
is
des e r t
se
to
r
n ou g h
t
,
” 1 .
the fo
ll owi g s p e ll n
us e d
wa s
s
Ta ke
vi r g in ki d Le t a wi s e woma n s p i n it on th e r i g h t S i de An d dou ble it on the le ft ; Bi n d t wi c e s e v e n k n ot s An d p e r for m the I n c a n ta ti on of E r i du Bi n d ( th e r e with ) th e hea d of th e s i c k m a n Bi n d ( th e r e with ) th e n ec k O f th e S i c k ma n Bi n d ( th e r e with ) hi s l i fe Bin d u p h i s l i m b s ; th e ha
ir
of a
,
,
,
,
,
5
,
GO
r ou n
d
6
hi s
c ou c h ,
C a s t th e wa te r
of
th e
I
n c a n ta
Th a t th e h ea da c h e m a y
1
2 2
5
l t IX
D e vi ls , T a b
e
Th e m ea n i n g D e vi ls ,
Or
‘
s ou
Of
T a bl e t
l
3
’ .
,
1 50 ,
th e
P
’
.
as cen
of
A yi ss
ti on
d to
th e
r an
ve r hi m h ea v e n o
“ i He
s er es
wor ds
a da c h e
a r e n ot
4
q u ite c e r ta i n iv 49 3 4a ,
.
6
Or
‘
t
.
s an
d
,
r ou n d
.
’ .
.
PAR AL L E L FROM PER S I A Li k e the
lik
An d
It
m ok e
s
l
th e
e
of a
p ea c e fu
i n to
ma y g o do wn
home s tea d,
wa t e r p ou r e d
Of
ee s
l
th e
ea r
167
.
th
ou t
” 1 .
s e o f th A fu th c or d i n h a d c h cu s i f u n d i the s a m e t a bl e t U n fo tu a t e ly th e b gi n i n g i s l os t but are giv e n fo pi i g t hr e e fold a t the e n d di e c t i o s n d t yi n g co r d t wic e s e v e n k n t i n it a n d f t e p e f E idu t hi s i s to b e ti e d on the fo mi g the I c a t a t io T h h e a da c h will t h e n go h e a d of the s ick m a An o t h e i c n ta ti on f th e S ick u s r
er
u
e
e
?
r
r
3
e
n
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
o
two
-
l
nn
T he n
s
l
a
IVh O
e
o
e
e
n
e
n
e
,
,
l mb a
Of
s on
s on
o
e
a
a
r
r
vi r g i n
ki d
e
.
n
fr om th e h a i r
c or d
vi r g i n
of a
o
n
e
li m b f th ki g Sh ll th ki g th h ld th th li f f th l
Up on th e
n
,
,
r
c o ou r e d
d fr om th e woo
o
n
s
e
or
a
s
r
.
a
“W e a ve th ou an
re
o s
n
r
e
n
a
,
a
hi
of
a
,
s
bi n d it
od,
g
h i s g od , ike th e C r e s c e n t an d
;
Of
l
of
th e
M oon g od, -
l
P ace
it
as
L ik e th e
g
a
l y or
h i s h ea d ,
on
Cr e s c en t
n ew
th e
of
M oon
“ u u l th
ch a ge fr om th m or e of h i s e ma o “ i n g od h h d i r ki g i t t i t o t n o f o g g t e ll s the s t y O f a S imil a r m e t hod i n s e mo g O Do v i n for m ovi g f v A w om a Wh os e th e mod e P d ugh t e w s ick f a fe v e r c a m to hi m wi t h ha df ul o f c a m l ha i t h t he migh t m k i t i to a c h m fo h r H e him s e l f b e i n g ig o a t of the m t h d by w hic h thi s who w a s with ha n d e d it o v e t a Kha s hould b e d on e “ him By m e a n of a pi dl the c m e l ha i r w s pu t im d o i n g s om e v e to s t o u t th r e a d th e Kh n a l l th th e Vh m e n c om t ic c ha t fr m th e K o o f c on id t h e a d wa fi i s h e d i t w s b l e l e g th a d T he
n
”
o
’
n o
e
a
s
n
re
s
n
2
s
,
ran
Cf
.
a
n
T a ble t I X E c c le s iv 1 2
D e vi l s ,
e
so
r
11 ,
.
,
.
,
1 74 .
’
r
e
.
4
as
n
n
\
r ses
I bi d
.
.
,
1 2 30
D e vi ls ,
.
,
n
.
i T a ble t ,
en
n
er a
s
2
.
s
n
an
O
e
o
a
r
r
n
e
a
n
n
ar
o
e
n
a
n
e
r
s
a
1
.
.
n
n
r
,
s
es
a
e
a
a
.
er
e
e
,
r
e
n
u
o
s
r
o
n
s
,
or
ers a
r
’
,
s
s
s
an
rn
a
n
e
n
a
s
e
XV I ,
l
.
1 80
.
PAR AL L E L S F R OM
1 68
AR AB S
TH E
f oldi n g
.
i t t h r e e t im e s upo n it s e l f h e r e s p n it Th e n h e p r oc e e de d t o ti e s e v e n k n ot s up on th e s t r i n g B e for e d r a win g e a ch k n o t h a r d he bl e w upon i t T hi t i d i n the f o r m o f a b r a c e l t w a s to be w r n o n the w r i t o f the p a ti e n t E a ch d y o n e f the k n o t s wa s t o b u n t i e d a n d blow n upo n a n d wh e n th s e v e n t h k n o t ha d b e e n u n d on e the wh o l o f the th e a d w a s to be m a de i n t o a b ll a n d th r ow i t o the r iv e c a r r yi g a s wa s upp os e d the ill n e s s 1 wi th i t Amon g th e S e mite s o th e r th a n A s s y r i n the s a m e id e a s “ hold g od I n the Ko r a n t h e e i s a n a llu s i on t o th e mi s chi f o f tho s e who puff i n t o k n o t s a n d a n Ar b comm e n t a t o r o n the p a s s a ge e x pl a i n s t h a t the k n o t r e fe r t o w o m e n who p r a c t i m gic by t yi n g k n ot s i n co r d a n d t h e n bl o wi g n d s pittin g up on th e m H go e s o n t o r e l a t e how o n c e up on a t im e a wick e d Je w b e wi t ch e d the pr op h t M oh a mm e d him s e l f by tyi n g n i n e k n o t s o n a s t r i n g which he t h e n hid i n a w ll S the p r oph t fe l l ill a n d ob ody k n ow s wh a t migh t h a ve h a pp e n e d i f the A r ch a n g l G a b r i e l ha d n ot O pp o tun e ly r e v e a l e d to the holy m n the pl a c e wh e r e the k n ott e d co r d wa s co n c a l e d T he t r u s t y Ali fe tch e d the b a l e ful thi n g f r o m th e w e ll ; a n d th s o on p r oph e t r e cite d ov e r i t c e r t a i n ch a r m s which w e r s p e ci a lly At e v e r y v e r s e of the e v e a l e d t o hi m for the pu r p os e ch a r m s a k n o t u n t i e d i t s e l f a n d the p r oph e t e x p e r i e n c e d 2 a c e r t a i n r e li e f A ch a r m a ga i n t f e v r giv e n m e on th e mou n d of Kou y nj i k ( Ni n v e h ) by a n A a b boy u
.
.
s,
.
e
o
,
s
o
a
.
e
e
e
,
'
r
e
n
a
r,
n
n
s
,
,
”
.
a
o
r
’
‘
e
a
,
s
se
n
a
s,
a
e
.
,
e
,
,
e
O
.
e
n
,
e
r
a
e
.
e
e
,
r
.
,
”
s
.
u
1
Me r v Oa s i s
,
II , 3 1 9
e
,
e
r
.
i 3 9 7 q u oti n g Pr ofe s s or A A Be va n T h e two s u r at of th e Kor a n wh i c h c on c e r n th e blowi n g i n t o k n o t s e tc a r e qu ot e d on a ta lis ma n i c pla qu e br ou g h t fr om Eg yp t (de s c r ibe d R e i n a u d M on u me n s M u s u lma n es du D u e d e B la e a s ii Fr a ze r
,
Gold e n B ou g h,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
1 70
PAR TI OO L O UR ED
OO R D S
.
Am on g the l a t e r H b e w the fo ll owi g i s giv e n a s a cu r e fo r n igh t bli d e T a k ha i r r op e a n d bi n d on e e n d to the p a ti e n t s l g n d th e o t h e r t a dog s a n d th n le t “ child r e cl tt a pot s h d a ft e r him c a lli n g ou t : O ld m a n ! do g ! fo ol ! cock ! He mu s t t h e n c oll ct s e v e pi e c e s o f m e a t fr om s e v e n hou s e s a n d e t t h m a t the c o s b a r O f the t h e h old a n d t h e n e a t t he m on the t own midd e n ; th e h mu t u ti e the r op e a n d s a y Bli n dn e s s f N l e a v N s on of N a n d b e b r u h e d i n to the of N s on 2 pupil o f th e y e of the dog Ab a me li n th e s a g e d e cl a r e th a t i n Au s t i a he fo u n d n i fin i tu de o f m a gici a n s who o n ly occupi e d t h e m s e lv e s i n killi n g a n d m a imi n g m e n i n pu t ti n g di s c or d m n g m a r r i e d p e opl e i n c a us i n g divo r c s n d i n tyi n g witch kn o t s i n O s i r or willo w b r a n ch s t o s t p th flow O f milk i n n u r s i n g w om e n I n a A y i a n e x or ci m fo r p h t h a lmi a bl a ck a n d whi t e to b t h e a d ( or h i ) a w o ve n t o g e th e r with s e v e n kn o t ti d t h r e in a n d du r i n g the k n otti n g a n a d s e ve i n c a n t a ti o i s t be mut t r e d ; the t h r e a d f bl ck h a i i s t h e n to be fa s t e e d to the ick e y e a n d th whi t e on e to the s ou n d e y e T he t bl t S 1 3 0 1 (for s om e s ick n e s s P) di e ct s th t bl ck ha s ton e b t i e d i n t o bl a ck h a i o r t h a d with s e v e k n ot s a n i c t a t i n e p e t e d du n g nd th e w hol e b un d n the l ft h a n d th e p r oc e s e
n
n
’
n
ss
e
a
r
s
n
e a
.
,
a
’
o
er
e
,
er
,
”
e
s
,
r
s
r
-
s
.
n
s
e
n
e
.
.
,
”
e
s
,
1
r
.
r
s
e
,
s
o
,
n
a
,
,
n
,
a
e
,
-
o
n
ss
.
s
a rs
n
o
re
s
n
e
e
,
e
o
,
3
e
n
s
1 ‘
a
.
r
a
a
a
1
,
L owe
( Gi tti n , fol 6 9 , .
c ol
r
a
an
r
o
o
H e r s h on , T a lmu d i c M i s c e ll a n y ,
r
.
n
a
a
e
e
,
o
,
e
-
n
re
s
e
e
r
s
n
,
a
e
r
o
a
o
qu oti n g
ri
e
“Th F e
rag
men t
.
”
Of
W H .
.
.
T he B ook of S a cr e d M a g i c of A br a me l i n , the S a g e , a H e b r e w M S O f T h e T a l mu d (S a bba th, v ) g iv e s r e g u l a ti on s for 1 4 5 8, e d M a th e r s , 2 0 D i r e c ti on s for oos i n g th e tyi n g a n d u n tyi n g of kn o ts on th e S a bba th 2
.
x
.
.
l
.
k n ot s 2 4
are
n iv e g
Me a n in g
of
i v,
Su rp a s e r i e s v —vi As s yr i a n wor d r a the r 4 c i 15
i n th e th e
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
Z i mm e r n , 3 5
t i
u n c er a n
.
.
P A RTIC O L O U RE D
OO R D S
171
.
r a i n u r iha n u e ch r m f A th y ll w e y p “ bi di n g pu e t a n d f r e d w o l w hich h v e s c ib e s b b o gh t by th pu r ha d o f igh t on the A r i t u l a g i n t ickn s s r u th u ha n d “Bi d wh it w l d bl d i p i i g hi b d f t d Sid him i g Bi d bl k w l d bl d i hi l ft h d pi T h t th t vil Sp i it vil d m m y vil g h t vil d vil vi l g d vil fi d N h l bb p i t h g d m N g e
er
no
a
-
o
,
r
n
r
r
een
?
a
a
oo
ac
os
e
or
a
e
-
en
s
e
n
s
e
,
e
s
ns
ou
,
s
e
on
,
n or
,
n or
n or
a
s
on
nn n
,
e
ro
er -s
on
s
e
on
e
o
n or
,
r on
,
an
es,
e
an
,
,
e
en
,
e,
r
i n c u bu s n or s u c c u ba n or pha n t om m a i d N or s or c e r y n or wit c h c r a ft n or m a g i c n or c a la m ity N or s p e lls th a t a r e n o t g ood T ha t th e y m a y n ot l a y th e i r h e a d to h i s T he i r ha n d to hi s Th e i r fe e t to hi s Th a t th e y m a y n ot dr a w n i g h N or
re
1
o
r
e
n ess,
’
r
e
e
o
o
nn n
s
n
no
n or
or
r
n
er
n or
,
on
e
ou
a
ere
a
s
ou
oo
e
n
or
s
e
u
n
r
‘
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
” 3
.
E ls e whe r e
p i e t i s di e c t d to s y v a Sick m E a ha th s n t me t h r e e tim e s a d t u ti e k t whic h ha s b e n t i e d ; t h n the S ick m n i t g o hom e wi t h ut l ooki g b e hi n d hi m the
r
s
r
e
e
e
.
c on s
i de r s
V on D u h n , R ot ‘
1 2
4
s ee
f
.
th e un
.
,
R el
.
1 90 6 , 5 25) i n hi s
,
u se
an
a
no
o
o
1 1,
55
ibi d i ii 4 5 .
,
,
ar
ti c le
Rote F a r be i m T ote n
to be i n i m i ta ti on
of r e d
d To t,
H a u p t,
I bid
s
n
er
?
S on n y ( Ar c h
hu l te
o
a
n
1
n
,
e
o
a
'
of
blood
See
It is
c u r ou s
.
l
a so
.
.
.
Ki n g , B a by l on i a n JI a g i e h ow th i s p r oh ibiti on
an
d S or c e r y , 5 8, 9 9 ff
i t
ag a n s
.
l
i
ook n g
i
to
ba c k wa r ds r e c u r s i n a n c ie n t O n e of th e c ha r m s iii h a n de d to hi m w ith di r e c ti on s
titi on s (s e e Fr a z e r Gold e n B ou g h g iv e n to a Me kka n t a li s m a n m on g e r wa s th a t a bit of p a p e r i n s c r ibe d with a fe w wor ds to th e dea d s h o u ld be bor n e to a n e i g h b ou r i n g c e m e te r y a n d b u r i e d n e a r th e e n tr a n c e th e “ Be c a r e fu l ma g i c ia n ha vi n g to b r i n g b a c k a ha n dfu l of th e s a n d on re tu r n i n u do s o y ou wil l be t or n l b i f o u f r i n h o k e n d o o t t o oo y g y i n a mi ll i on p i e c e s th a t wi ll be di s t r ib u t e d a m on g th os e th a t l i e the r e L oo k a h ea d a n d y ou r li fe w ill b e s a fe T h e s t o r y g o e s th a t h e b u r i e d th e p a p e r a n d t o ok u p th e s a n d b u t i mm e di a te ly h e h ea r d th u n de r a n d “ the v oi c e s of th e de a d c r yi n g O Ab du lla h be n Ja fa r ta ke n ot th e
s u pe r s
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
”
,
.
,
-
,
-
,
TY I NG
172
NO T S
K
.
p r imi t iv E s t e r n c ou r t O f ju s tic i s d e s c r ib e d i n the cun e i for m t bl e t s i n a wa y t h a t s e e ms t o b e a on t h e s e k ots W he a m a n h a th a n e n e my t h a t b r i n g e t h a n him twi ti n g h i s w o d s utte r i n g a g in s t a ccu s tio d r s or b a ckbi t i g wi th o ut m a ki g a t r u e ch a r ge sl vil s or c e r y e n m e hi n g him with the m gic o f u k o w n i c e r s ha ll r i s e up a n d I f g od ki n g lo d p r i c e a n d O fl re t hi m a n d o pp os e d i n the g a t e of th e p a l a c e t he y with him f the a ccu s a t i o th e n s h a ll a gr y ar e h l oo s e the e vil k n ot which he ha th k n ott e d e tc A p a r ll e l to t hi s tyi n g o f k n ot s i s the bi n di n g O f e vil S pi r i t s o r e ve n the t on gue o o th e r m mb e r s o f hum a n T he
a
e
e
r
a
n
n
an
a
n
a e
s
,
n
,
r
a
r
,
n
,
,
n
,
s
,
or
n
,
n
e
s
,
a
o
or
n
.
n
”
e
1
,
.
a
2
r
,
s a n d a wa
Sh
y
l
e se
,
u dde r e d a n
y ou wi
l t A i m il
d
os
ll
be
cut
i
bit s
in
c on s c ou s n e s s
e
S t op ! S t op ! S t op !
.
”
an
d he
W H K an , h a d j i h i t h e P i r i m s o l t t ( g
i de a wa s c u r r e n t i n M os u l my s e r va n t M ej i d te lli n g m e tha t i f a m a n de s i r e d a c h a r m he wa s to ta ke a de a d h o op oe with a p i ec e o f i n s c r ibe d p a pe r ti e d to it to a c e m e t e r y a n d l a y it n ea r H e m u s t t h e n r ea d s o m e bo ok whi le th e de m on s a r a ve a t n i g h t g t d w it h u t t u r n i n g to look r o u n d If h e s h o u l d l ook r ou n d a h e r r ou n o g the de m on s wi ll h a v e p o we r to a tt a c k hi m ( F ol kl or e of M os s ou l 1906 I t i s p os s ibly a ls o fo u n d i n a n As s yr ia n i n ca n “ Th e a n g r y qu a ki n g s tor m [wh i c h i f on e ] s e e th h e t u r n e th ta ti on : n ot n or l o ok e th ba c k a g a i n i s ii e v l D ( iv 5 5 2 T he r e i s a C op ti c c h a r m wh i c h S h ows th i s c l e a r ly I n the n a m e T h e tyi n g of th e t on g u e O f of G od e tc Gha r i b s on o f S itt e l Ku ll s h a ll n o t b e a ble to S ea k T h e tyi n g o f h i s t on g u e a s th e s pe a k e r p a g a i n s t T hij a r d a u g h t e r o f m r t u e O f th e s e n a m e s h e r e l y by vi a d y i ll e e c a ,
s
ar
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
1
,
,
.
2
-
,
,
.
.
,
Am e n
“G
w o and o h d i m a i c a l s i n s u l s t r t e f f g g g h a th b o u n d th e h e a v e n a n d b ou n d th e e a r t h , H e
h T e (
.
od ,
wh o
.
o l l ow n
may He )
th e
m o u th
ll
t on g u e of Gh a r i b s on of S itt c l Ku l l th a t h e be n o t a ble to m o v e h i s l i p s a n d s p ea k a n e vi l wo r d a g a i n s t Th h i r t v t h e T h d h r h h s e a n T é a T t u e e r t ) ) j y y g y i n the p r e s e n c e of Gh a r ib s on O f S itt c l Ku ll G od ( s i c ) to wh o h a th c on fi n e d th e s u n i n th e p la c e O f h i s s e tti n g a n d c on fin e d the m o o n a n d c o n fi n e d th e s t a r s a n d c on fi n e d th e wi n ds i n th e m i ds t O f he a ve n L or d G od d o Th ou c on fi n e a n d bi n d the m ou th a n d th e (
or
bi n d
s ha
an d
th e
,
-
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
174
SU
MMARY
.
ci e n t G r e e c e a n d R o me t h a t fi e lds s ow n with s e e d c a n be p r ot e cte d fr om mic e by s c a tt e r i n g th e a s h e s of c a t s 1 upon th e m or th a t the h e a d of a dog bu r n t a n d r e duc e d to a s h e s a n d k n e a d e d wi t h vi ga r s h ould be u s e d by the ? A r a b s for hyd r op hobi a T a l mudic m e dici n e r e comm e n d s th e r e ticul a tio n b e tw e e n the lob e s o f the liv e r o f the dog “ I t i s the O ld s t or y of the h a i r of fo s uc h a m a l a dy Two r e a s o n s a r e giv e n i n thi s th e d o g t h a t bit on e t a cta t e for a bi e s ; on e i s t h a t a n e vi l s pi r it p a s s e s in to th e b e a s t th e oth e r i s t h a t a n e ophyt e l e a r n i n g to b e com e ? a witch fi r s t p r a c ti s e s h e r e n ch a n tm e n t s o n d o g s W e n e e d n ot h ow e v r go f u r th e r i n t o the s ubj e ct h e r e E n ough h a s b e e n s a id t o s ho w the p r i n cipl e s O f tr a n s mi s s io n by w h ich the s o r c e r e r e x p e l s the d e mon f r o m hi s p a ti e n t i n t o s om e body which will giv e him co n t r ol ov e r it F or ou r pu r po s e s u ch m a gic i s p r i n cip a lly imp or t an t b e c a u s e o f the b e a r i n g it ha s on on e id e O f the a t o n e m e n t c e r e mo n i e s in
an
,
ne
,
,
?
r
.
r
r
,
e
,
,
.
.
,
s
l
B
.
D a s Al tj ii d Z a u be r w , 3 5 Z ohr , q u o t e d by C a m u s s i , Z A ,
au
.
,
Ib n
.
.
.
tha t the h y dr op h o bi a Yo ma viii I bid 6
i
a dds
can n e
.
2
,
1
.
,
.
,
5
.
t oo th
i
c arr e
d
on
.
xi
,
1 888, 3 84
th e p e r s on
is
.
Dr u s e fu
l
.
Lec
l
ag a n s
er c
i t
IV AT
TH E
.
ONEMEN T
S AC R
IF IC E
.
p r e c e di n g c ha p t e r s i t will h a ve b ee n s e e n th a t t a bu s which a r e oth e r t h a n holy i n t h e i r o r igin or du e to d e mo n i a c p os s e s s ion O b s s s i on ; th a t the are of S pi r i t s a n d th e t e chn ic a l u n cl a n n e s s of op e r a ti o s r e a l l i n s e p a r bly c on e ct e d ; an d th a t i t th e t r ib e s m a n i th e p r i e s t s o c r e s p a t to e m o v e t h e s e d r e n d e the tr ib es m a c a p bl e of t a ki g h i s p a t a ga i n i n the s oci a l li fe o f hi s cl a F r o m the illu s tr a tio n s o f s ymp a th e tic m a gic i n ge n e r a l i t i cl e a r t h a t the m gici a n e cko n s mo s t e x c e ll e t t r e a t m e n t the t a s fe e n c e of a m on g h i d vil s f r om s uch a s a r e Ob s e s d ; i poi t O f f c t f om t r oubl e i s d e t th e i i t i a t iv e o f a ll s ick p e o pl e W ho s m s pi r i t T h n e x t t e p i t o e mpl oy t h e s e de duc t i n s lucid a tio Biblic a l s y s t e m O f Ato n e m e ts i th e f th which pl y s uc h a p a t i th J e wi s h r e ligi o n T he wo d u s e d i n H e b e w f r p e r f o mi n g th At e th e c o e po di n g S y r i a c men t ce mo y i s kipp e r o ot m a n i n g t o w a s h a wa y T he wo r d i n A a bic the
FR OM
’
‘
e ‘
n
a
s
r
-
n
a
e
r
’
r
r
s
a
n
s
s
se
e
u
n
n
e
a
o
r
im un
r el
.
20 5,
on
th i s
r
,
n
.
r
o
’
‘
e
rr
,
s
on
n
1
r
.
C
l ebe n , 1 90 5 , 1 8,
d ah n li c h e
o
e
n
S e e R ob e r t s on
1
a
o
r
e
n
n
n
r
re
r
e
r
s
n
s
s
e
.
r
r
n
e
e
r
.
,
so
an
,
n
n
e
n
r
a
’
A
u s dr u c
su
bj e c t
.
” .
.
,
l
He
so
qu ote s
vi e ws
On his
on
l
a so
Sin
as
vi e l
wi e
we g wi s c h e n ,
‘
S c h m oll e r , S t Kn .
Si k c
n es s
s ee
1 89 1 ,
,
ibid
’
.
,
20 ;
th is m a y be ) s e e i b i d 3 1 7 F or e x p la n a ti on s of th e r it e o f a t on e m e n t th e followi n g a r e n o t e wor th y D i e s e r S ii h n r i tu s be de u t e t k e i n e V e r b ii n du n g z wi s c h e n G ott u n d M e n n s c h e n i m n a iv e n V e r s t a n de d e s Al te r th u ms a l s V e r a n s ta l tu n g M a n e m p fa n d de n de s g Ottli c h e n W i lle n s be de u t e t e r e i n M y s te r i u m S c h a u e r de s U n ve r s tan dli c h e n we n n h i e r i m Blu t e de s S ii n dop fe r s d i e A be r wi e Be z i e h u n g z wi s c h e n G ott u n d V olk n e u g e kn u p ft wu r de m i t de m S ii n dop fe r de s V e r s Oh n u n g s ta g e s s o s t e h t e s mi t j ed e m E i n e p r ac i s e S ii n dop fe r u n d ii be r h a u p t de m g e s a mm te n O p fe r di e n s t on
th e
ka pp a r a
w h v a r t e e (
C f KObe r l e , S u n de u n d Gn a de
Z i m me r n
n a ch
ke m eh r
.
an g u ag e
.
’
‘
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
176
for
KI PPE R AN D
t
‘
an
A tw t
a on e
men t
.
t hi s
Of
’
K UPP UR U
ki n d
is
hafiar a h, f
l
mo
or
re
Fr a g e wi e de n n de r O p fe r di e n s t a u f Go tt e n twi r ke wu s s te m a n s c h we r l i c h z u g e b e n D e u tl i c h i s t n u r da s s de r Ge da n ke de r C omm u n i on m i t d e r Go tthe it i m a lte n S i n n e fu r di e Ju de n i m m eg l i c h n
or
di e
a uf
,
,
.
,
’
g
e wor de n
“ A
u ch
wa r
”
-
.
S m e n d , L ehr b d A l tt R e l .
R I EHM
.
B r i ff d e r e g (
.
S ii h n e , S
.
1 89 3 , 3 2 3
,
6 3 ff
.
.
)
.
i
ha t
s ch
g
eg en
di e
be r doc h da s S ii n dop fe r thi e r a ls Ge g e n s ta n d de s a u s ti lg e n de n Gotte s fl u c h e s a n s e h e n wolle n e s w e r de du r c h de n a u s tilg e n de n E ife r Go tte s v e r n i c h te t th e i l s d u r c h da s Es s e n woz u di e Pr i e s te r v e r p fl i c hte t s i n d th e i l s du r c h da s V e r b r e n n e n a u s s e r ha l b de s L a g e r s R I EHM be r u f t s i c h n a m e n tli c h da r a u f d a s s da s e i s c h e t wa s Gr a u e n e r r e g e n de s s e i u n d n u r da n n k on n e S ii n do p fe r fl de r S ii n de r s i c h dc r W i e d e r h e r s te llu n g s e i n e s V e r h al tn i s s e s zu s e i n e m Go tt i n v olle r Be r u h i g u n g fr e u e n we n n d i e Ge fa hr da m it i n Be r ii h r u n g z u ko m me n be s e i ti g t s e i Abe r we n n de m s o war e wa r u m di e Fo r de r u n g da s s da s T hi e r a n r e i n e r S te lle a u s s e r ha lb de S L a ge r s v e r b r a n n t we r de n s oll e wi e kOn n te a u c h di e M i n h a a l s S ii n dop fe r d e r Ar m e n de m Pr i es t e r i n de r s e l be n W e i s e z ufa ll e n wi e j e des a n de r e S p e i s op fe r ? V i e l m e h r a l s H oc hh e i li g e s g e fah r de t da s S i i n dop fe r fl e i s c h d i e Me n s c h e n da r u m m u s s e s fo r tg e s c ha ff t we r de n e n t we de r du r c h da s E s s e n de r Pr i e s te r O de r we n n di e s e r s e lb s t a n de r z u e r la n g e n de n S ii hn e be th e i l i g t f ar e di e s e V e r i s t du r c h d i e V e r b r e n n u n g a u s s e r ha lb de s La g e r s '
S a ti s fa c ti on s th e or i e
e r kl ar t,
ha t
a
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
“ l
.
br e n n u n g s ie
i
ew s s
i n te g r i r e n de r Be s ta n dth e i l de r O p fe r ha n d u n g , s o wii r de ” —N owa c k, L ehr bu c h d er a m H e i li g th u m v ol l s og e n we r de n
n oc h
g H e br A r c h , 1 89 4 ,
.
ii
.
,
233
“ Wh
.
e r ea s o r i i n a lly it y s of u n c le a n n e s s : g wa s a p hy s i ca l th i n g wh os e e vi l wa s i n it s e lf it b e c om e s i n th e n a ti on a l it i s i n c omp a tible with h i s r e li g i on a p oll u ti on offe n s iv e to Y a h we ; h oli n e s s a n d the h oli n e s s wh i c h he de m a n ds O f a ll th a t a pp r oa c h h i m i ts c on s e qu e n c e s a r e n o t on ly n a tu r a l b u t p e n a l it r e qu i r e s to be n ot me r e ly p u r g e d bu t e xp i a t e d U n c lea n n e s s i s i n th i s l ig h t a m or a l e n g a n d i n vol v e s g u il t O n th e o th e r h a n d a n ot i n c on s i de r a ble c la s s of wha t we r e g a r d a s m or a l O ffe n c e s we r e i n c lu de d i n th e c a t e g or y of t a bo os r e q u i r i n g p u r i fic a ti on s W e h a v e di ffi c u l ty i n r ea li s i n g th a t u l d h h h c c n ou s a i l t w b i v v y i ll y i q lity a s a s e e e o a e e s a m e s a o t a u t t g g p u c l d i n t an d c o f e u n c l e a n n e s s — on e m a n wh o h a d t ou c h e d her e m ( ow n) b r i n g de fea t u p on a wh ole a r m y (Jos h vi i ) Alm os t e qu a lly s tr a n g e to u s i s th e n o ti on th a t g u i l t l ik e u n c le a n n e s s c a n b e c on t r a c t e d with ou t kn owle dg e a n d i n te n ti on a n d tha t th e fi r s t i n ti m a ti on a m a n m a y h a ve tha t h e h a s off e n de d God i s th a t h e s u ffe r s th e c on s e qu e n c e s (d i a m) with i ts c on v e r s e th a t m i s for t u n e i s th e e vi de n c e th a t h e ha s offe n de d with ou t kn owi n g how S e e a ls o Kn obe l L evi ti c u s e d Di ll m a n n 1 880 4 1 7 T h i s oc c u r s fou r ti m e s i n th e Kor a n ( H u g h e s D i e t of I l m
Moo r e E n cy c l Bi bl ,
.
.
,
42 1 9 ,
sa
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
“
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
1
,
.
,
s
a
.
1 78
AS S Y
RIAN
AT
AR AB
AN D
ONEMEN T S
.
th e s e A s s y r ia n i n c a n t a t io n s which m a y h a v e ha d th e i r o igi n a m on g th e S um e r i a n s a r e u n d o ub t e dly O ld e r th a n the P r i e s t ly C od e i n i ts p e s e n t f o m n d the a ctu a l the t a bl e t s th e m s e lv e s f r om ASS r ba n i pa l s of e vid e n c e Lib r a r y S how t ha t s uch c e r e m on i e s e x i s t e d i n A s s y i a a t l e a t a s e a r ly a s 6 2 6 R C H e n c e i t i s c e r t a i n th a t the B a bylo i a n s did n o t bo r r o w th id e a of th e a to n e m e n t c e r e m on y f r om the H e b r e ws du r i n g the C a p t ivity O n the o t h e r h a n d t a ki n g i n t o a ccou n t th a t s c a p e g oa t s a n d o th e r fo r m s o f a t o n e m e n t s a r e c o mmo n a l l o v e r the wo r ld i t i s u n lik e ly th a t the H e b r e w s b or r owe d much O f thi s fo r m O f e x o ci s m i n B a byl o a l t ho u gh p e r h a p s th e y m a y h a v e s om e wh a t modifi e d t h e i r vi ew s i n a cco r d a n c e wi t h the b e li e fs O f t he i r c a p t or s T he mo s t r e a s o n a bl e the A r b f e du o r kafl e s p e ci a lly wh e d h e x pl a n a t i o n c e e mo n i e s r e t a k e n i n t o a ccou n t i s t h a t a ll the S e mit e s d r e w t h e s b li e f f r om th e i c omm on a n c e s t r y a n d p r imitiv e n om e cl a t u r e ( k p ) which s how s r e t a i n e d th e T o r e m ov e h o w e x t r e m e ly a ci e n t the cu s t o m mu s t be an n cl e a n ta bu fr om a p e r o n by m e a n s o f a s ub s titu t e d i s O bviou ly a for m o f s ymp a th e t ic a n im a l a t on e m e n t m a gic a n d a s s uch th e c e r e mo n y wil l e a s ily be r e cogn iz e d a s v e r y p r imi t iv e Now
,
r
,
r
r
,
a
’
u
r
s
.
e
n
’
‘
.
,
’
‘
,
n
r
,
.
n
,
a
a
r
ra
,
r
s
e
e
,
n
-
-
n
r
.
s
u
’
‘
s
,
.
t
l
M a ke a c c e p t a b e m a a r du k d i n a n u a Sa i bba n u li sa mg i r m y ( ” Th e i n e s p r e c edi n g the s e r e fe r to my di n a n u wh i c h h a th be e n m a de ’ ‘ Fr om T a b e t N ba n wh i c h th e m a n h a s i n c u r r e d th e ma mi t o r a c c ep
’
’
l
.
'
“th
l
.
ii ) iii 4 5 4 6 (u r i s u d i n a n u Sa a me l u ti e ki d i s th e d i n a n u for m a n ki n d ) it i s e vi de n t tha t d i n a n u h a s the s i g n ifi c a n c e O f i ts p a r a lle l p u hu wi ll h a v e a S i m i la r mea n i n g an d if s o s u b s tit u t e H e n c e th i s t r a n s la ti on m a y be whi c h w i ll fit i n w ith ou r c on te x t Offe r e d p r ovi s i on a lly to th e c r os s wa ys a t on e m e n t C a s t] h i s [ of the l a n d L ea v e hi s S u bs titu te to th e a s h h e a p s s, D e v i l (
,
,
,
,
”
’
,
,
,
.
’
‘
,
‘
’
-
.
D
EMON S
R ob e r t s o n
O UT OF
E NT I OE D
TH E
S IC K M AN
179
.
S mi t h
m a i n t a i n s t ha t i n th e H e b r e w id e a s a l l a to n i n g r it e s a r e ul t im a t e ly t o be r e g a r d e d a s owi n g th e i r e ffic a cy to a commu n ic t ion of divi n e li fe to th e wo r hipp e r s a n d to th e e s t a bli s hm e n t or co n fi r m a tio n of livi n g bo n d b e twe e n t h e m a n d th e i r god a n d th a t a “the co n c e ptio n of pi a cul a r r i t e s a s a s a ti s fa c t io n for s i n t o h a v e a r i s e n a f t e r the o r igi n a l e n s e O f th e a pp e a r s t h e n t h r opic s a c r ific e for a ki n d r e d a n im a l wa s for gotte n con n e cti on with the vi e w th a t the li fe O f a n d m a i n ly i n th e vic t im wa s the e quiv a l e n t o f th e li fe of a hum a n 2 m e mb e r of the r e ligiou s commu n ity a
s
,
”
1
,
s
a
,
”
.
1
R e l ig i on
S e mi tes , 43 9
the
.
“ th t i
Olde r lite r a tu r e whe n e x c e p ti on a l a n d p i a c u la r r i te s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s s a ti s fa c ti on s for s i n th e offe n c e i s a lwa y s a de fi n it e on e a n d th e p i a c u la r r it e h a s n o t a s ta t e d a n d p e r i odi c a l c h a r a c t e r b u t i s d i r e c tly a ddr e s s e d to th e a t on e m e n t O f “ a a r ti c u la r S i n or c ou r s e O f S i n fu l l i fe viti l it l an d i n t h L e e c a r u a p a ll p i a c u la b ot h p u bl i c a n d p r iva te r e fe r on ly to s i n s c ommi tte d u n witti n g ly (p F or la t e r vi e ws on the OWN s e e KObe r l e op c i t 81 T h e r e c e n t vi e ws on Ba bylon i a n s a c r ifi c e s g iv e n i n th e E n ey e l op eedi a B i bl i c a ( 4 1 2 0 ) a r e th os e O f Je r e m i a s who s a y s H e r e of c ou r s e we m u s t d iv e s t ou r s e lv e s of a l l th e olog i c a l p r e c on c e p ti on s a n d p u t a s i de a l l s u c h n o ti on s a s t ha t of a n a t on i n g e ffi c a c y a tta c h i n g to th e blood or of a d ivi n e wr a th t h a t e x e n ds it s e lf u po n th e a s th e s ea t of l i fe p s a c r ifi c i a l a n i m a l or e v e n of a r a ti o vi c a r i a wh e n we S p ea k O f th e i dea At the s a me o f p r op iti a ti on a s u n de r lyi n g Ba bylon i a n s a c r ifi c e s ti me it i s S i g n ifi c a n t a n d by n o m ea n s a c c i de n ta l —i t h a s i ts r oots fi r mly h i a t e ve r y l t v r y n a t u r e O f th e r e li g i ou s i de a s i n v ol v e d t a n e d n h e e t p th i n g Offe r e d with th e Obj e c t of a v e r ti n g e vi l of a n y ki n d wha ts oe ve r wa s a s s oc i a t e d with th e n o ti on s of a p r op iti a t or y c l ea n s i n g p u r i fyi n g “ F u r the r on ( 4 1 2 5 ) h e s a ys S i n g u la r to s a y h owe ve r th a t e ffi c a c y a tta th h B a byl on i a n c ul t u s ) Sh ows n ot th e fa i n t e s t t r a c e of d i am k e t ( we ma y a s s u me th a t th e s i n a n d th e t r e s p a s s O ffe r i n g of th e H e br e w T er ah a l th ou g h a l l tha t we k n ow of th e i r t e c h n iqu e i s wh olly of o n o t t hi n k s w h d o t e x i l i c t ti l y I l it r o t I d a w s r a e e e e r e n o f e r e p g h owe v e r th a t th i s s e c on d s t a t e m e n t c a n be u p h e ld for a mome n t ; a n d th e la n g u a g e of th e for me r i s s o i n v ol ve d a n d p e c u l i a r t ha t it i s d i ffi c u l t to s e e h ow fa r the a u th or h a s g r a s p ed h i s s u bj e c t 2
I bi d
f
o
.
41 6
,
H e p oi n t s
.
ou
t he r e
a
n
the
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
”
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
-
,
,
.
,
.
1 80
D
EMON S
O UT OF
EN T I OE D
I
S CK M AN
TH E
.
i de n c e th a t I thi n k i n v e r y g r e a t e s t di fl vi e w O f th e e vid e n c e which A s s y r iology b r i n g s for wa r d th a t thi s e x pl a n a t ion c a n n ot a ltoge th e r be uph e ld Th a t the li fe O f th e victim wa s h e ld to be the e quiv a l en t O f a hum a n m e mb e r of th e t r ib e would c e r t a i n ly a pp e a r to be t r ue ; bu t I c a n n ot b e li e v e th a t th e r e i s a n y id e a O f commun ic a ti on O f divi n e li fe or co n fi r m a ti on O f a bo n d with the g od The t r e n d O f e vid e n c e s e e m s to m e to poi n t to a p r imitiv e s y s t e m O f p r ovidi n g a s ub s t itute victim for the d e vil who s e co n n e ctio n wi t h the m a n ha s b r ought dow n a t a bu I n e v e r y e x o r ci s m o f d e mo n s i t i s n e c e s s a r y to h a v e s om e O bj e c t i n to which the S pi r it m a y be a ttr a ct e d o r dr iv e n i n poi n t o f fa ct a L e yd e n a r i n which the m a lig n i n flu e n c e ma y b e i s ol a t e d u n d e r j con tr ol I t i s a l l the s a m wh e t h e r it i s the d e vil s who mu s t be s e n t i n to the G a d a r e n e s wi n e or the ji n n i c or k e d up i n the b r a s s bot t l e by S olomon Th e y a r e s a fe s o lo n g a s th e y c a n b e e n tic e d o r f o r c e d by m a gic wo r d s i n to s om e t hi n g which th e m a gici a n c a n ultim a te ly d e s tr oy gu a r d r e ligiou s ly H e m a y th e n e i th e r bu r n i t i n or cl e an pl a c e s wh e r e n o s pi r it com r a d e s c a n l e n d th e i r a i d or c a s t i t i n to th e d e e p s e a s o th a t n o m e ddl e r s c a n by ch a n c e fr e e the e vil d e mo n T hi s poi n t i s e mp ha s iz e d by e x o r ci s m s ; th a t the di s e a s the s tudy O f th e A s s y r i a n d e mo n mu s t be ge n tly or fo r cibly p e r s u a d e d to l e a v e the hu man body to e n t e r the de a d a n im a l or wa x figu r e which i s pl a c e d n e a r a n d s o be b r ought i n to s ubj e ctio n
with
It is
th e
,
,
.
.
1
.
,
,
e
.
,
.
.
,
-
.
e
,
-
1
We
are
.
di s c u s s i n g th e p r i m itiv e r e de mp ti on O f th e fir s t n oth i n g to do with th e t r e s a s s O ffe r i n i i r s o m ar p g
n ot n ow
bor n Th i s h a s an d a t on e m e n ts s e p a r a t e p r a c ti c e s b or n la t e r on .
l
th e
,
.
.
two
We
s ha
th e i r
owe
ll
t
re u rn
or
ig in
to th e
to
r e de
two
mp ti on
di s ti n c t Of
an
d
th e fir s t
1 82
AT
ONEMENTS
AN D
SI N
OFFE R I NG S
-
.
th e n we look in to the s p e cific c a s e s for which the an d tr e s pas s O ffe r i n g s a r e p r e s c r ib e d i n a to n e m e n t sin th e O ld T e s t a m e n t it will be s e e n th a t th e y f a ll in to five cl a s s e s Th F t (P v P t t dT b l ) Th P i d i m t d th L t D y f At i xx iii ; th p g ( v g N m xx viii xx i x ) C f E k xl v 1 8 ff d th m E x d xxx 1 0 d th t m t m y f 15 I f,
,
,
,
,
er o
e
e
c
a
u
e
.
.
o
,
.
,
.
en
on e
o
,
,
The I n di vi d u a l
‘
e
a
en
e c os
s ca
e
e
.
a on e
,
,
en
an
,
oa
‘
ze
a
ev
an
on e
er n a c es
xv
.
e
o
,
,
or e
a
ue
.
.
Le p r o s y ,
’
d the h o u s e i n wh i c h
( ) xi v) ou t ( Le v x iii — ( b) T ou c hi n g a n yth i n g ‘
an
.
an
er,
as so
eas s
an
‘
l
e p r os
y
b r e a ks
’
.
.
l
( Le v v 2 N u m x i x 1 7 ff a N a za r ite tou c h i n g a dea d b ody ( N u m v i 9 ff ) a wom a n a fte r c h i l dbi r th ( L e v xii 2 ff ) a ma n or wom a n with a n a b n or m a l i s s u e ( Le v x v 2 i f ) s in e s a a n s h h n r i t l y t h i r a n e s t e o T ( ) g g s or c om ma n d g g m e n t s O f Y a h we h u n wi tti n g ly ( L e v v 1 5 — 1 7 ; xx ii , u n wi tti n 2 v S i n L iv 1 ff v x v e 1 N u m 7 7 ; ; , , g ( ( d ) O a th s ( L e v v , 1 ry L yi n d e c ti on r o bb e e c o r fi n i n l t t i e e t d os h n , ( ) g p g gs v i ) or a n i a n d lyi n g a bo u t th e m ( Le v s n N u m v ( y ( f ) H a vi n g i n te r c o u r s e with b on dm a i d p r om i s ed to a n othe r ( L e v x i x 2 0 ff ) ’ The R oy a l : u n witti n g S i n of th e r u le r ( L e v iv 2 2 u n c ea n
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
‘
.
i n iti a ti on
The Pr i es tly
( E x od
xx i x
.
1 ff
Le v
.
,
to .
‘
viii
t
c on s e c r a e
,
1 ff
’
xvi ,
.
,
l
th e m 5 6 ; N u m viii c om e th e or di n a n ce s ‘
or
c ea n s e
’
,
.
,
iv 3 As a c or oll a r y to th e s e C f a l s o th e N a z a r it e N u m vi 1 3 ff o f E z e k xl iii 1 8 ff T he T r i ba l : u n witti n g S i n (L e v iv 1 3 ff ; N u m x v A pla g u e i s r e move d fr om the t r ibe ( Nu m xvi 4 6 C f Le v i x C f Le v .
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
’
‘
,
.
Th e re
.
,
.
l o the v a gu e a ton e m e n ts O f h a v e p os s ibly a r i s e n fr om a co n fu s ion w i t h s a c r ific e ar e
,
.
.
.
.
’
‘
a s
which or din a r y
Lev i, .
th e
.
.
1
O n E z e ki e
1 89 3 , 3 6 8 ff
.
l
an d
th e
ly l
ho
’
a ws s e e
l t
K
os e r m a n n
,
D er Pe n ta teu c h,
SU
S t a r ti n g the i r
or
GGE STE D O R I G I N OF
wi t h
ig i n i n
hypo t h e s i s
the
tha
PI AOUL A
t
p i a c u la r
m Of p r ovi di n g
the
1 83
.
c u s to
j
o
'
er in g s
s u bs ti tu te
a
to
ha d
a bs or
b
h a ll t k e e a ch c a s e s e p a r a t e ly a n d s e ho w fa r i t s ta n d s the t e s t of c om p a r i s o n wi th s imil a r s up e r s t iti on s mon g s a v a ge s Ta k e fi r s t t h a t c a s e o f P e r iodic At on e m e n t which i s the mo s t p r omi n e n t i n s t a n c e i n H e b e w f olklo r e t h t O f the T wo g oa t s a e to be t a k e n a n d on e of t h e m s c a p e go a t ? f
a c ti on
e vi l
the
s up er n a tu r a l
o
we
a g en c y ,
s
a
e
a
.
r
r
I
a
,
,
ta ke n th e libe r ty of g ivi n g th e s a li e n t i n s ta n c e s i n r es u me wh i c h h a ve b e e n c olle c t e d by D r F r a ze r i n h i s Gol d e n B ou g h (iii A Ma la g a s y wa s i n for me d by a divi n e r tha t he wa s doom e d to a bloody dea th bu t th a t p os s ibly h e m i g h t a v e r t hi s fa te by p e r for mi n g a c e r ta i n r it e C a r r yi n g a s m a ll v e s s e l fu ll of blood u p on hi s h ea d h e wa s to m ou n t u po n th e b a c k O f a b u l loc k wh ile thu s m ou n t e d h e wa s to s p ill th e blood u p on th e b ul lo c k s h ea d a n d th e n s e n d th e a n i ma l a wa y i n to th e wilde r n e s s wh e n c e it m i g h t n e ve r r e t u r n (Elli s ) T h e Ba tta s “ ma ki n g th e c u r s e to fly O f S u ma t r a h a ve a c e r e m on y wh i c h th e y c a ll Wh e n a woma n i s c h ildle s s a s a c r ifi c e i s off e r e d to th e g ods a wa y an d r e p r e s e n ti n g a h ea d o f c a ttle a b u ffa lo O f t h r e e g r a s s h opp e r s The n a s wa llow i s s e t fr e e with th e p r a y e r th a t th e c u r s e a h or s e Am on g th e m a y fa ll u p on th e bi r d a n d fly a wa y with it ( KOddi n g ) M aj h wa r a D r a vi di a n r a c e of S ou th M i r z a p u r i f a ma n h a s di e d of a c on ta g i ou s d i s e a s e s u c h a s c h ole r a th e vi lla g e p r i e s t wa lk s i n fr on t wh i c h h e le t s O f th e fu n e r a l p r o c e s s i on with a c h i c k e n i n h i s h a n ds loos e i n the di r e c ti on of s ome othe r villa g e a s a s c a p e g oa t to c a r r y the i n fe c ti on a wa y (C r ook e ) Am on g s t the Bu r g h e r s or Ba da g a s of th e N e i l g he r r y H i lls i n S ou the r n I n di a wh e n a de a th ha s ta ke n p la c e A s e t for m of th e S i n s of th e de c ea s e d a r e la i d u p on a b u ffa lo c a lf th e n th e c a lf c on fe s s i on of S i n s th e s a me for e v e r y on e i s r e c it e d a lou d “ T he i s s e t fr e e a n d i s n e v e r a ft e r wa r ds u s e d fo r c omm o n p u r p os e s i dea of th i s c e r e mon y i s th a t th e Si n s O f th e de c ea s e d e n te r th e c a lf T h e y s a y th a t th e c a lf or th a t th e t a s k O f h i s a b s o lu ti on i s la i d on it ve r y s oon di s a pp ea r s a n d t ha t it i s n e ve r a fte r h e a r d O f ( H a r k n e s s ) C h i c k e n s da u b e d with H e g iv e s th e followi n g e x a m p le s a ls o v e r m ili on g oa ts or e ve n p i g s a s a la s t r e s ou r c e a r e dr iv e n a wa y fr om c h ole r a s we p t vi lla g e s i n C e n t r a l I n di a i n th e h op e tha t th e 4 1 8 ; Fr a ze r di s eas e m a y de p a r t (Pu nj a b N o tes a n d Q u e r i es i 4 8 Gol d en Bou g h iii I n 1 886 d u r i n g th e s ma llp ox th e p e op l e of Je yp u r m a de p uj a to a g oa t m a r c h e d it to th e Gha t s a n d l e t it l oos e 1
ha ve
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
”
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
”
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
V
1 84
c r ific e d as a the wild e r n e s s the p e opl e i n t
s in
sa
on
iii
th e p
li
a ns
,
s ca p e g o a
-
C US T
t
Gold e n Bou g h,
iii
th e
Of
ll
a
an
,
d the
Bom b a y ,
,
cas e
wa s
ONE ME NT
a
o
Aym
s or e F b (
ma
ara
i
,
Of
I di n
s en
Fr a ze r
an s
of
,
x
’
s u n s r e a p pe a r a n c e
to h u n
t
at of
th e
g r ea t
Al k as
Gol d en B ou g h,
,
l ivi
Bo
L on don ,
,
x l
th e
the r
2 13
T he p e r i od i c e p u s i o n o f e vi ls i s g o n e i n t o iii , 7 0 ff , wh o i n s ta n c es —( l ) T he Es qu i ma u
m om e n t
.
’
‘
F a w c e tt (
AT
t awa y i n to Az a z e l to b e a r a l l the i n iqui tie s o f s olit a r y l a n d ? F r a z e r ha s s hown ho w
a
o
OM S IN
O ffe r i n g
for
I n the
th e
E
S A AG
ii
l
,
en g
a
an
Fr a z e r
,
th by Fr a ze r
,
23 7 ;
wh o
a,
d Pe r u ,
c h oos e
Sp i it
m i s c h i e vo u s
r
th e
T u ha
v e r y h o u s e ( 2 ) T he I r oq u oi s i n a u g ur a t e d th e n e w yea r i n Ja n u a r y F e b r u a r y o r M a r c h a n d on on e da y th e c e r e m on y O f dr ivi n g a wa y th e e vi l S p i r it s fr o m th e vil la g e t ook p l a c e ( 3 ) I n S e p te m be r the I n c a s of Pe r u c e le b r a ted a fes tiva l c a lled S itu a th e obj ec t O f wh ic h wa s to ba n i s h fr o m th e c a p i ta l a n d i ts vi c i n ity a l l d i s e a s e a n d t r ou ble ( 4 ) T he n e g r oe s of G u i n ea a n n u a lly ba n i s h th e de vi l fr om a l l th e t o wn s with m u c h c e r e m o n y m n O A o N t t I i 5 h e H S o or h E a s e n d f t r n a ) ( g An e vi l s p i r it i s a t th e g r e a t fe s tiva l o f th e y ea r i s h e ld i n Ja n u a r y th i s ti me s u p po s e d to i n fes t th e pla c e a n d ha s to be dr ive n ou t by ( 6 ) I n Ba l i to th e ea s t O f Ja va th e p e op le p r oc es s i o n s S h ou ti n g ha v e p e r i od i c e x p u ls i o n s g e n e r a lly on th e da y of th e da r k moo n i n Th e S ha n s o f S ou th e r n C h i n a a n n u a lly e x e l th e th e n i n th m on t h 7 ) ( p n i h t o f th e y ea r th e r e i s Ob s e r ve d i n m os t fir e s p i r i t O n h e l a s t 8 t ) ( g “ th e e x o r c i s m O f th e e vi l s p i r it Ja p a n es e h ou s e s a c e r e m on y c a lle d ( 9 ) I n T on qu i n a g e n e r a l e x p u ls i on of ma le v ole n t s p i r its c omm on ly t oo k pla c e o n c e a y e a r ( 10 ) I n C a m bod i a it ta k e s p la c e i n Ma r c h ( 1 1 ) Am on g the h e a th e n W o ty a ks of Ea s t R u s s i a o n th e la s t da y O f th e ye a r o r N e w Y e a r s D a y H e q u o te s ma n y o th e r i n s ta n c e s H e g oe s o n fu r th e r to d i s c u s s s c a pe g oa ts a n d c o mp a r e s the e m b o di e d de vi ls i e m e n dr es s ed a s de vi ls c h a s e d to th e m ou n ta i n s a m o n g th e Pom os o f C a l i fo r n i a a n d ( 2 ) th e M a n da n I n di a n s wh o c h a s e d a ma n p a i n t e d to r e p r e s e n t th e d e vi l a t t h e i r a n n u a l fe s tiv a l 1 L e v x vi Ac c or di n g to th e M i s hn a th e H e b r e w s c a pe g oa t wa s n ot b u t wa s ki lle d by b e i n g p u s h e d a llo we d to g o fr e e i n th e wi ld e r n e s s ov e r a p r e c i p i c e ( Yo ma v i 6 D e D ea S y r i a l viii qu o te d by R obe r tso n S m ith R e l S em T h e c omm on p e op le i n h a s te n i n g th e de pa r t u r e of th e s c a p e g oa t u s e d to p u ll p i e c e s O f i ts h a i r to a c c e le r a t e i ts p a c e n Y o i D o o n m n i f r d d n o ea t d r m v A t e t it s o bi i k a n h a f e e t O t e ( y wa s h p e r f u m e p u t o n S h oes or c oh a bit with a wom a n ( B er a kho th iii No t e th a t p r e e xi l i c wor s h i p k n ows n o s u c h da y a s i s des c r ibe d i n L e v x vi ( E n cy c l B i bl f r om
e
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
.
-
.
”
.
.
.
’
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
EV I L CAR R I E D
1 86
fi e ld s
BI R D S
BY
.
c a ll e d P e n i te n ti l P s a lm s which i s i n fa ct mo r e p r ob a bly a c e r e mo n y f or c l e a n s i n g he wi s h e s to s e e s om e thi n g i n a a m a n f r om t a bu wh e n d r e a m i s v e r y clo s e ly c on n e c te d with thi s L e vitic a l ch a r m T he A s s y r i a n s uppli a n t p a y s t o hi s g o d a n d godd e s s the
Op e n
Y
AW A
,
Of
On e
?
the
s o-
a
,
,
,
.
r
i n iq u ity m a y be loos e d (a n d) my S i n be blo tte d ou t m y t r e s p a s s be loos e d my b o n ds be c a s t O ff th e s e v e n wi n ds c a r r y O ff m y ba n e ! L e t m e c a s t O ff m y e vi l th a t th e bi r d m a y fly u p to h e a v e n with it T ha t th e fis h ma y c a r r y O ff my a fii i c ti on th a t th e r ive r ma y he a r it a way Tha t th e c r ee pi n g t h i n g of the fi e ld m a y r e c e ive my i n iqu ity ( a n d ) th e fl owi n g wa te r o f the s t r e a m wa s h m e c l ea n L e t m e s h i n e fo r t h as a g olde n T ha t I ma y be wo r t hy i n thy S i g h t a s a c i r c le t of d i a m on ds R e m ov e m y g u i l t k ee p s a fe my l i fe tha t I m a y k ee p h oly thy t e me n o s a n d s ta n d be for e th e e Le t m y s i n p a s s with my e vi l tha t I be s a fe wi th the e ! V ou c hs a fe to m e to s e e a fa v ou r a bl e dr e a m Be h a pp y th e d r e a m t ha t I s e e b e t r u e the dr ea m tha t I s e e ! T u r n to fa i r o m e n th e dr e a m t ha t I s ha ll s e e Ma y Ma h i r th e g od O f d r ea m s s ta n d a t m y h e a d L e t m e e n te r i n to E Sa gi la the p a la c e O f th e h ou s e O f li fe T ha t T ha t T ha t
my
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
.
3
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
” 4
-
.
,
Bi r d s
f r e qu e n tly
ar e
T h e T a mu d
L e p r os y
on
xi i
,
l
wa y i n S e mi t ic
m a gic
h s i n th e foll owi ng t i ( All bu ildi n g s r e c e iv e u n c lea n n e s s i n le pr os y e xc e p t the bu ildi n g s wa y H e wh o b u y s h ou s e s fr om fo r e i g n e r s m u s t fi r s t i n s p e c t of fo r e i g n e r s th e m A r ou n d h ou s e a th r e e c or n e r e d h ou s e a h ou s e b u il t o n a s h i p or o n a m a s t o r on e b u i l t on fou r b ea m s d o n o t r e c e iv e u n c l ea n n e s s i n le pr os y Bu t i f th e hou s e i s s q u a r e e ve n thou g h it be bu ilt on fou r i ll a r s it r ec e ive s u n c le a n n e s s i n l e p r os y p 1
l
u s e d thi s
?
i)
en ar g es
on
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
”
.
,
2
2
L u s s u r ki s a l l a ka
.
I tti l u mn i Su ti ka
iv
4
,
ann
59, 2,
r ev
i
.
lt Am
.
1 10 i f .
.
H e b r e w m a g i c i n c h a r m s to m a k e a n e n e my ’ b e c om e a fu g itiv e a n h a d o n y to wr it e c e r ta i n wo r ds i n a bi r d s ’ b o od a n d bi n d t he m on th e bir d s foot a n d l e t it fly i n th e op e n 5
Bi r ds
a r e u s ed
.
l
in
a
er
l
TH E
H OUSE
W HICH
IN
L
EPRO S Y
PPE AR S
A
1 87
.
A r a bi a a s ha s b e e n m e n tion e d e l s e wh e r e a wid ow l e ts a bi d fly a w a y wi t h th e u n cl e a n n e s s o f he r wid o whood But th e r e i s a s till clo s e r p a r a ll e l i n A s y r i a to t hi s L e vi t ic a l m a gic fou n d i n a n i n c a n ta tio n p e s c r ibe d for cl e a n s i n g a hou s e i n which s o r c e r y h a s b r ok e n “ As the w a t e r of the S u n ou t which r u n s a s f ollow s : e n h e go e th dow n wh s o s h a ll od i s bo r n e f r om th e r o of g the m a n s hou s e the s o r c e r y which h a th a pp e a e d i n 2 P ou r upon d e s tr oyi g th e h ou s e a dmit [ i ts ] bo n d a g e an d bee r f om c o n th e pl a i s t er liquid w i n e d a t e wi n e t h ou h a lt ove r l a y wi t h the v e s s e l of the mi x tu r e a t s u n s e t s h a ll b e c a s t t hy fe e t a n d com e (a w a y 6 i n to th e r iv e r ; th e m a n t h a t c a r r i e t h i t s h a ll n ot e n t e r 7 th e hou s e f or s e v e n days O n the s e co n d da y thou s h a l t cl e a n s e the hou s e with v e s s e l of pu r e wa t e r bi n u ( ta m a r i s k) di l ba t pl a n t a gi n ge r dw a r f p a lm s kin of a g r e a t o x s tr on g copp e r In
,
,
r
.
s
n
r
,
’
‘
'
,
1
,
’
r
n
,
,
-
,
r
,
4
r
s
.
-
-
,
,
,
’
‘
-
,
,
,
fi e lds If it fle w a wa y th i s wa s a s i g n of the flig h t of th e e n e my i f it r e t u r n e d h e wou ld di e (F olkl or e of fil os s ou l 1 9 06 1 06 No O r a ft e r dr a wi n g c e r ta i n i m a g e s a n d wr iti n g the n a m e of th e m a n a n d hi s m o th e r he m i g h t ti e h i s c h a r m to th e wi n g s of a dov e or I c on j u r e t he e Q a ph s i e l a n d thy whole hos t tha t oth e r bi r d a n d s a y thou dr ive a wa y S o a n d S o t ha t h e be wa n de r i n g a b ou t to a n d fr o i n th e s a m e m a n n e r a s the L or d dr o v e C a i n a wa y e tc a n d th e n l e t it fly ( Ga s t e r 1 9 00 be a m 82mm bi d Um ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
3 4
’
Cf L e v .
th e h o u s e
,
2
.
GI - G A - T
U
.
”
.
i
GA R - a n ,
x iv
42,
,
e
“ .
.
an
d up § i lclci
d he
T he wor ds i n
.
s ha
ll t k th a
e o
er
A yi ss
m or ta r ,
r a n a r e A - I M - PA R ,
lca rp a ti é a su l u /z iza ta lca t ta m i n a sed ’
5
.
,
‘
,
,
,
“M
-
-
-
.
.
,
46,
or e o
,
he
th a t
a s er
.
e
.
me g a ssi lca ma ti te bbz .
’
-
-
.
n t o th e h ou s e a ll th e t h i g wh i le th a t it i s s h u t u p s h a ll b e u n c le a n u n ti l th e e ve n N u m x ix 1 0 “An d he tha t g a th e r e th th e a s h e s of the he i fe r s ha ll wa s h hi s c lothe s a n d b e u n c l e a n u n ti l th e e v e n 7 T h e As s yr i a n n u m b e r m a y b e s e v e n S e v e n da y s i s th e l i mit i n L e v x iv 3 8 for th e p r i e s t to s h u t u p th e h ou s e u n ti l h i s r e t u r n
C f Le v
6
ve r
ll pl i t
”
’
-
x iv
i
a n d s ha
oe
”
.
,
.
,
,
”
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
P AR ALL E L IN
1 88
o r ch
ASS
YRI AN
.
a m a r is k t h t m a r r ow o f the p a lm e and ( ( ) ) 1 Thou s h a lt ov e r l a y the floor of the bi bzr r zda co rn whol e hou s e wi t h bi t um e n pl a i s t e r a n d oi l of c e da r ; a t e a ch doo r [ o f g od ] th o u s h a l t s e t a c e n s e r ( bu r n i n g ) cypr e s s 4 Th a t ma n he s h a ll s p r in kl e with w a t e r a n d a n d c e da r 5 n o t hi n g a pp r o a ch the m a n th e m a n who d we ll e th Th e n f ollow s thi s s p e l l I t ti
of
t
a
'
er n
-
,
,
'
2
-
r
.
,
,
3
.
,
.
n ca n
a
on
Br e a k th e
bo n ds of h e r who ha th be witc h e d m e Br i n g to n o u g h t th e m u tte r i n g s o f h e r who ha th ca s t s pe lls T u r n h e r s or c e r y to wi n d H e r m u tte r i n g s to a i r ; All t ha t s h e ha th don e or wr ou g h t i n m a g ic Ma y the wi n d c a r r y a wa y ! Ma y it b r i n g h e r da ys to r u i n a n d a b r ok e n hea r t Ma y it b r in g d own he r y e ar s to wr e t c h e d n e s s a n d woe ! M a y s he di e bu t l e t m e r e c o v e r ; Ma y h e r s o r c e r y h e r m a g i c he r s p e l ls b e lo os e d By c om ma n d o f E a éa ma s Ma r d u k A n d the Pr i n c e s s Bé l i t i l i Pe r fo r m th e I n c a n t a ti on ,
me ,
on
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
Pr a y e r wh e n
s or c e r
wa s h i n wa t e r se
ve n ti mes
an
5
d the
“A
(
y
a pp ea r e
and
s or c e r
o ffe r
)
th 7
in
a
y wi ll be
l
ma n
a
bla c k
ox
oos ed
” 8
s
Repe a t
.
s ha
T h ou
.
lt
th is i n c a n t a ti on
.
it bl ood of th e bi r d an d wit h the r u n n i n g wa te r a n d with th e livi n g bi r d a n d with th e c e da r wood a n d wit h th e hys s op a n d with th e s c a r le t 1
v
Cf
.
.
5 2,
nd
he
s ha
ll l
h ou s e
’
c ean s e
,
th e h o u s e w h the
,
,
”
,
3
W hy
bdba " I ‘M 4
Or ,
h ou s e 5
I
It m 6
7 8
th i s
.
“T h t m a
a n s ha
me a n
un
-
g
xpl i
a n
,
l
th e
u n es s
ll
i kle
spr n
wa t e r
Cf
.
.
v
.
5 1,
te x t
“
an
s h ou
ld l
d s pr i n k
r e ad
e
th e
.
’
-
e
”
ki da /L bi tu tu
t
.
ve n ti me s c a n n o t t r a n s la t e -
can n o
”
se
ay
I
i lu is in
sa
-
b
or ,
-
UM
til the
ma fr ? '
a r -r z
iv
-
SU
u t sa
59, 1
.
-
lr a l
E N - NA
da y
of
UD D A AL
T IL - L A
-
hi s
r ec o
ve ry
” .
sa
ti s fa c t or ily
.
U N C L E AN TABU S
190
.
w o d Touchi n g a n y thi n g u n cl e a n o r a d a d body wom a n a fte r childbi t h o r a b n or m a l i s s u e s cl e a r ly a r e p r e s e n t the t a boo e d co n di t io n o f o n e who n ot o n ly r u n s the r i s k o f d a n g e r f r o m s pi r it s but m a y h a v e giv e n phy s ic a l i n dic a t ion of the e ffe ct s o f th e i r ho s tili t y Al l th e s e d e m a n d pi a cul a r o ffe r i n g s ; the co r p s e m a y s o i n fe ct t r ibe s m an th a t he i n vi t e s the r e tur n of th e r e s tl e s s a gho t to pl a gu e hi m wi t h s ick n e s s S imil a r ly t h a t which is u n cl e a n will h a v e l a te n t po t e n ti a liti e s for di s e a s e T he wom a n i n childb e d i s i n fectiou s t h r ough the j e a lou s y of s pi r it s wh o a r e ho s t il e b e c a u s e o f th e s ucc e s s ful r e s ult a n d s he h e r s e lf may e ve n of h e r m a r r i a g e with a m a n Abn o r m a l d i e fr om t h e i r a t ta ck a s i n pu e r p e r a l f e v e r i s s u e s a e by th e i r n a tu r e di s e a s e s a n d a r e cl e a r ly du e It i s to b e n otic e d t h a t th e ta bu s a g a i n s t to d e mo n s o r di n y i s s u e s —tho s e wh e r e i n the f u n c t io n i s p e r f e c tly — r t u l g l do n ot r e qui r e a n a to n e m e n t but r r e u a na a or m e r e ly a p u r i fic a tor y r itu a l Thi s c oi n cid e s e n ti r e ly with o f the s pi i t s ; o u r k n owl e dg e o f the o s t e n s ibl e o p e r a tio n the ba a l k m a n d th e w m a n i n h e r cou r s e s a r e n o t s uppo s e d to be p os s e s s e d by the l a s civiou s d e mo n who s e powe r i s m e r e ly t r a n s i e n t T h e r e i s n o qu e s tio n of di s e a s e i n th e s e c a s e s ; th e co n di t io n i s a p e c u l i a r i tv to which a n y m e mb e r o f the t r ib e m a y be s ubj e c t wi thout r e s ulta n t hu r t a n d the s uccub a or i n cubu s l e a v e s the p e r s on T o c e r ta i n ty b e c a us e n o m a n or th e s a v g e mi n d thi s i s w om a n i s p e r m a n e n tly s ick fr o m s uch n a tu r a l fun ctio n s do th e y di e He n c e a ft e r the lzhc or lill l /z has n or d e p a rte d pu r ific a tion i s th e o n ly r ite d e m a n d e d But a b n o r m a l i s s u e s com e u n d e r the h e a d on th e oth e r h a n d of p r ot r a c te d po s s e s s io n ( di s e a s e ) a n d d e m an d a n e l a bo r a t e who in te n d s r e m a i n i n g a to n e m e n t to d r iv e out the d e mo n th e
r
e
.
r
,
,
,
,
.
s
.
,
"
.
,
.
,
r
,
,
,
.
ar
’
‘
,
.
r
’
’
’
o
’
‘
,
.
.
,
a
a
,
,
'
‘
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
U N W ITTI NG S imil a r ly ,
tin g xi
S
I NS
19 1
.
un cl e a n b e as t s d e m a n d o ly pur i a d t hi s c a n e a s ily b e tr a c e d to i ts fic a ti on (L e v p r imi t iv e s ou c e T he u n cl e a n b e s t i s the t o t e m b e a s t which i t i s n efizs to kil l or e a t x c e p t on g r e a t o cc a s io n s but t he r e i s o fte n n o thi g i n h e e n tly u n cl e a n or d a ge r ous fl e s h to p r oduc e s ick n e s s He n c e ccid n t a l a bout i ts p r ob a bly s how e d th e s a v a g e t h a t the S pi r it e x p e r im e n t i n fe ctio n o r divi n e w a t h di d n ot foll ow a s a m a tt r of cou r s e i f he did e t i t occ a s i o a lly a n d n othi g mo r e wa s n e c e s s a r y to cl e a n s e him fr o m t hi s b r e a ch t h a n pu r i Doub tl e s s m a n y t hi n g s wi th u t fi s a n d s c a l e s fic a ti on w e r e c a p a bl e of m a ki n g him v e y S ick a t c e r t a i n s e a s on s but th r e a r e obviou s ly m a y t o t e m s which a r e a b s olu t e ly i n n ocu ou s A mo s t impo r t a n t qu e s t i on i n t he s a t on e me n t s i the m e a n i n g o f the u n wit t i n g i n s a n d a s thi s s e e m s the b e s t poi t t o di s cu s s t h e m we mu s t l a v e the x pl n a tio n o f th e o t h e r S p ci a l t a bu s u ti l l a t e T he r e a r e s u r e ly a hu n d r e d s in s or b r e a c he s o f t a bu th a t a m a n m a y commit da i ly i a l l i n oc n c e withou t kn owi g t h a t he ha s a ctu a lly b r oke a n y o f the t r ib a l l a w s o t a bly i n the m tt e r of c on t a gi on I f h e ha s don e t h s e u n wi t ti n gly how will h e k n o w w h n to b r i g hi s pi a cul a r offe i n g a n d e v e n t he wh a t i s the p a r ticul a r r e a s on f or the s a c ific e ? Th e r e mu s t cl e ly b e s om p hy s ic a l a d a pp a r e t r e s ul t fr om h i s b r e a ch of t a bu T hi s i s c e r t i n o t h e r wi s e the L e vi tic al l a w would n e v e r d e s c ib e the a c tio n p r io r t o the as u n witti n g s i n He n c e by a pplyi n g a to n e me n t an a hypoth e s i s of the co n n e c t io n o f de mo n s with tab a n d s ick n e s the obviou s e x pl a n a tio n i s t h a t the m a n fa ll s s ick a n d i s lo s s t o k n ow wh a t he ha s do n e th a t at a ’
‘
ea
s
n
,
.
’
‘
r
n
a
.
e
,
n
-
,
r
n
.
a
,
e
r
e
n
a
n
,
o
,
.
n
,
r
,
n
e
.
e
‘
,
,
e
,
n
e
r
‘
e
a
.
n
n
e
n
n
,
s
’
s
n
’
‘
n
a
e
.
’
‘
e
,
n
r
n,
,
r
ar
n
e
a
.
n
,
r
‘
’
.
,
u
s,
"
C O N NE CT IO N B E TW EEN
1 92
NE S S
S IC K
S I N AN D
.
hould h a v e b r ought down s uch a s up e r n a t u r a l vi s i t a tion H e th er e f o r e go e s to th e p r i e s t phy s ici a n f or e li e f ; he c a n n ot r e m e mb e r a l l hi s p r e viou s a ctio n s s o th a t the p r i e s t m a y e xor ci s e the p a r ticul a r f o r m of d e mo n which i s t r oubli n g him a n d h e n c e the o n ly di a g n o s i s po s s ibl e i s th a t O f a n u n witti n g s i n or b e a ch of t a bu Thi s i s cl e a r ly i n dic a te d i n the As s y r i a n Sa p u s e r i e s The m a n h a s fa ll e n s ick a n d the p r i e s t i s to h e a l him with the t r e a t m e n t p r e s c r ib e d i n th e s e t abl e t s But a lthough it i s p e r fe ctly cl e a r f r om the i n t e r n a l e vid e n c e o f th e t e x t tha t th e ma n i s il l i t i s to a b r e a ch of the ma ml t or t a bu th a t s uch di s e a s e i s a s c r ib e d a n d it i s th e p a r ticul a r which the p a ti e n t h a s commi t te d which th e p r i e s t sin i s t r yi n g to cl e a n s e T he po s s ibl e t a bu s which the s ick m an ma y h a v e b r ok e n a r e gi ve n i n a hu n d r e d a n d s i x ty th r e e for m s i n the thi r d t a bl e t e a ch u n d e r the t itl e ma mi t “ An e vil cu r s e (a r r a l ) The fi fth t a bl e t b e gi n s with th e li n e a n d th e a i d l ik e a g a ll c d e mo n h a th a tt a ck e d the m a n t o d r iv e it a w a y by of s ymp a th e tic m a gic i s c a ll e d i n d a t e s h a i r a n d wool T he s h r e ddi n g a n d bu r n i n g g a r lic s e v en th t a bl e t b e gi n s s till mo r e e x plici t ly s
.
-
r
,
,
’
‘
r
.
r
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
‘
.
.
”
‘
-
i
,
,
,
,
.
,
D i metu h a th g on e for th fr om th e de e p , Ma mi e: h a th c om e do wn fr om th e he a v e n s ,
An
a
lé l
a zu
-
de m on ha th
s
m i te th e
ve r e d ( 2) th e
ea r
th
as
with g r a s s ;
ve r wh e lmi n g with dr ea d b u r n i n g lik e fol k O f a ll p la c e s t or t u r i n g th e i r bo di e s
Un t o th e fo u r wi n ds , T he y
co
o
,
,
It is
fir e ,
.
th e r e fo r e obviou s th a t d e mon s t a bu a n d s ick n e s s w e r e a ll h e ld to be i n clo s e r e l a tion to on e a n oth e r a n d th a t a b r e a ch of t a bu r e n d e r e d a ma n li a bl e to a ttr a ct th e a tt e n tion O f a s pi r it which m ight a ffe ct hi m with di s e a s e The v e r y fa ct th a t th e s orc e r e r p r i e s t i n t r e a tin g ’ hi s p ati e n t a cco r di n g to th e rul e s i n the Bmp u s e r i e s ,
,
,
,
-
.
,
'
-
,
194
B U RNT O FFE R ING
TH E
AT
TH E
AN D
-
ONEMEN T
.
poi n t to di s cu s s i s the di s t i n c t io n which i s m a de i n Offe r in g the s a c r ifici a l m e a l a n d the s ub s tit u t e or i n oth e r wo r d s the bu n t O ffe r i n g a n d the a to n e m e n t Th e burn t O ffe r i n g i s the di r e c t d e s c e n d a n t of the s a c r ifici a l f e a s t t o w hi ch th e god i n commo n with a l l the t r ib e was i n vit e d I n l a t e r tim e s how e v e r it wa s e n ti r e ly con s um e d But the s i n O ffe r i n g i s t r e a t e d i n s e ve r a l o n the a lt a r w a y s S om e tim e s the di r e ctio n s a r e for the fl e s h s ki n a n d du n g to be bu r n t out s id e the c a mp whil e the f a t the c a ul 1 e tc a r e to be bu r n t o n the a lt a r while a n d the kid n e y s F r e qu e n tly on the blood i s to be s p r i n kl e d rou n d a bout th e oth e r h a n d n othi n g i s s a id of the co n s ump t io n O f th e 2 c a r c a s e ; s o m e tim e s the p r i e s t s ma y e a t i t u n l e s s s om e of the blood ha s b e e n b r ought i n to th e t a b er n a cl e o f the co n g r e ga tio n wh e n the whol e mu s t be bu r n t T he b e s t to be s ee ms e x pl a n a t io n o f th e s e a pp a r e n t co n t a dictio n s th a t th e r e i s a con fu s i on of two y s t e m s on e of which i s th e mo r e p r imitiv e m e thod o f cl e a n s i n g the s ick f r o m th e i r t a bu The u s e s of the bl ood a n d f t i n th e s e a to n e m e n ts d e m a n d s om e r e s e a r ch i n to t h e i r o r igi n a n d we mus t fin d s om e hyp oth e s i s for the r e a s o n why the b e a s t wa s s l a ught e r e d i n s t e a d of h a vi n g i ts n e ck b r ok e n a n d why the fa t wa s bu r n t o n th e a l t a r B t l p ig i lly t l t b h m ddli g wit h h wit h ily i mp ly y i m m d i t l ti di d t g d b t w d th ti ly di ti t d p i m i ly d g t f ll w m t ib m D btl l m t b xl ddf m it l h th i g t d with th p i m itiv i d h ip b t w th Ag i h i hyp th i th t i i d t m t ff i g hi h d d i f ifi d ly l y l itt l i f th S m t b b p p p At th m ti m h i q i t t I b li v d with i t lli g th y i g f i k xp l i f vil Sp i it d h th wh xp i ti f i i d ti l ( ibi d th L iv L viii ( f i x ) E x d xx i x L iv x v xxi ii E x d xxx ; L i x iv T he
ne
xt
’
‘
r
,
‘
-
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
3
,
,
.
r
s
,
a
.
’
,
,
.
e
es
r
ere
en
a n
sacr
ce
n
r ea
en
e sa
1
2
o
o
or
s n
ev
‘
ev
.
n o
a
es s
n ee
o
en
ca
o
o
s
e
s c
n es s ,
e
e e
,
e
e
o a
s
e
a
e
.
c
.
.
,
.
.
ev
.
v
,
.
ere
e
e
o
ro
e
o
oa
ea s
er n
-
a
s
us
e
,
r
”
ca
c u
c or r e c
o
u
,
r
e
r ea c
o
an n o
u
a
er
e
u s on
3
,
o
e
o
an
r oo
e
suc
,
a
on s
ue
s
e
ea s
e
an
n
s
ev
.
’
s n
e sa
are
,
as
.
e cur n
s,
.
.
er
ro
en c e
e
on O
a
e e
o
s
,
u
ua
r
a
c on c e r n e
u n c ea n
’
na
a e re a
ar
an
or
,
e
r
ess
‘
u
,
.
an
,
ou
.
or s
e
nc
s
re
u
.
an
n e c es s a r
no
en
e r s on s
u n c ea n
n
e
e
s, an
e,
B L OO D
I N T H E AT
O N E ME N T
S AC
R I FI CE
195
.
blood qu e s t ion i s I thi n k to be e xpl a i n e d thus I f we go b a ck t o the mo s t p r imitiv e id e a s di s s oci a t i g fr om the l a t e r ( a n d p r ob a bly co r r up t ) cu s to ms o u r vi e w s o f th e O ld T e s t a m e n t we fin d t h a t the m a gici a n ha s to i n v e igle the d e mo n ou t of the s ick p e r s o n i n t o the s ub s ti t ut e S i n c e he k n ow s th a t e vil s pi r it s a r e p a rticul a r ly he cut s the t h r o a t O f the b e a s t which a tt r a ct e d by bl o o d i s h e n c e fo r th to be the r e c e pt a cl e of the d e mon i a c i n flu e n c e T h r oughout the whol e c on c e ptio n of the H e br e w id e a it i s the s h e ddi n g o f th e blood th a t i s the lif e which e ffe ct s the “ a to n e m e n t F or it i s the blood which ma k e th a to n e m e n t by r e a s o n O f the li fe ( Le v x vii which i s a mplifi e d “ i n H e b i x 22 a n d a cco r di n g to the l a w I m a a lmo s t y n d a p a r t f r om sa a l l thi n g s re cl d wi t h blood a e a n s e a y the s h e ddi n g O f blood th e r e i s n o r e mi s s io n Th a t to the H e b r e w s th e blood wa s the li f e i s s how n i n L e v x vii 1 4 a n d D e ut x ii 2 3 a n d it i s wo r thy o f r e m a r k i n thi s c on th a t i n the A s s y r i a n c r e a tio n t e x t s the god s a r m n e c ti o “ t h e i r c ha mpio n M a r duk s a yi n g GO a n d cut O ff the li fe s ecr e t of Ti a m a t a n d l e t the wi n d c a r r y h e r blood i n to pl a c e s M a r duk c r e a t e s m a n he do e s it with a n d wh e n 2 M o r e ov e r th e A s y r i a n e x o r ci s m s d e s c r ib e the hi s blood Th e r e a r e two d e vil s a s c e a s e l e s s ly d e v ou r i n g blood quot a tio n s f om l a t e r w r it e s which a r e wo r t h con s id e r i n g Although blood wa s v e r y u n cl e a n on e fr om M a imo n id e s i n th e y e s o f th e S a bi a n s t h e y n e v e r th e l e s s p a r to ok O f it b e c a u s e t h e y thought it wa s the food of s pi its ; by e a ti n g it ma n ha s s om e thin g i n commo n with the s pi r it s which ’
Th e
,
,
n
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
”
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
.
n
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
”
1
,
.
s
,
”
3
.
r
r
,
4
e
,
,
r
,
1
Ki n g
S e ven T a bl e ts
,
11 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 .
2
I bi d
.
4
,
f
o
lt
Cr ea ti on , 6 1 ; T a b
e
IV , 11 3 1 , 3 2 .
Of
.
.
.
87
S e e p 49 Ch wol s oh n , D i e S s a bi er , 3
.
.
Gu i de to the Pe r p l eaced ,
iii
,
xl vi
.
n
,
480
.
B L OO D I N
196
AT
TH E
ONEMEN T
S AC R I
F ICE
.
j oi n hi m a n d t e ll him f tu r e e ve n t s a cco r di n g to the which p e opl e g e n e r a lly h a v e of s pi r it s Th e re n o t i on w e r e how e v e r p e opl e who obj e cte d to e a ti n g blood a s a thi n g n a tu r a lly di s lik e d by ma n ; t h e y kill e d a be a s t r e c e iv e d th e blood i n a v e s s e l or i n a p ot a n d a te O f the fl e s h of th a t b e a s t whil s t s i tti n g r ou n d the bl ood Th e y im a gi n e d th a t i n thi s m a n n e r the s pi r it s would com e to p a r ta k e O f the blood which wa s th e i r food whil s t the idol a te r s :w e r e e a ti n g the fl e s h ; th a t lov e b r othe r hoo d s pi r its a n d f r i e n d s hip with the wa s e s t a bli s h e d b e c a u s e th e y di n e d with the l a t te r a t on e pl a c e a n d a t the s a m e tim e ; th a t th e s pi r its would a pp e a r t o th e m i n d r e a m s i n for m t h e m O f comi n g e v e n t s a n d be fa vou r a bl e to l “ th e m The s l a ught e r of T he s e co n d i s f r o m O r i g e n : v ictim s i s i n it s e l f e n ough to lur e the d e mo n s to the h e a th e n te mpl e s Bu t e v e n without th a t t h e y c a n be pl a c e a n d l a id th e r e i n by u s e o f c e r ta i n a tt r a cte d to a Ar e we to co n s id e r th a t th e s e two w r it e r s i n c a n ta tion s a r e m e r e ly d e s ig n a ti n g th e god s o f n e ighbou r i n g wo r s hipp e r s d e vil s i n a ccor d n c e with loc a l fa n a tici s m or mu s t as we h e r e s e e s om e r e mi n i s c e n c e O f s ub s titutio n to d e mo n s ? W h a t mu s t b e r e cog n iz e d i s th a t thi s s l a ught e r i s by n o m e a n s a s a c r ifici a l m e a l ; i n the A s s yr i a n te xt s the b e a s t i s s how n n ot to b e e a t e n F r e qu e n tly di r e ctio n s a r e giv e n for it to be th r own a w a y a s co n t a i n i n g the e vil i n flu e n c e a n d a s s uch u n fit for food P ur s ui n g th e a n a logy O f the a ttr a ction th a t blood h a s for s pi r its we s hould s e e i n the cu s tom of bu r n i n g the fa t on th e a lt a r s om e s imil a r d e s ign I t s e e m s quit e logic a l to s a y th a t j u s t a s the s m e ll of n e wl y s h e d bloo d u
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
.
’
‘
a
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
1
C on y be a r e , J
.
Q ix, .
,
61,
qu oti n g
0 Ge l s .
,
iii
,
34
,
.
1 98
C
ONF U S IO N O F O FFER IN G S
.
bur n t o ff e r i n g O n e h a s on ly to comp a r e the mode r n S e mitic f olklo r e to s e e h ow e n ti r e ly th e two r i t e s s a c r ifici a l f e a s t s a n d pi a cul a r s ub s titut e s h a v e b e e n co n fu s e d with Th e fa ct mu s t be r e cog n iz e d th a t a n a l o gy on e a n o t h e r u n iv e r s a lly a dmitte d by s chol a r s i s r e s p on s ibl e a p r oc e s s 1 “ th e y f or t hi s co n f u s i on a n d th a t th e L e vitic a l i n j un ctio n O ffe r th e i r s a c r ific e s to d e vil s i n dic a t e s s h a ll n o mo r e a to n e m e n t s a c r ific e s i n to a n a tu r a l d e s i r e to b r i n g th e a cc or d wi t h th e id e a s O f d e dic a tio n W e ma y th e r e for e p r e s um e t h a t l a t e r m a gici a n s p e r h a p s l e a r n t th a t the s ub s titute which wa s s uppo s e d to h a v e -
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
’
‘
.
,
Le v
1
7
xv n ,
.
l C or
Cf
.
.
x
.
20
,
O n th e
.
c on
tr a di c ti on s
i n the
mp a r e W e l lha u s e n , D i e Comp d es H exa t a n d H is tor D il c he r de g Al l e n T e s ta me n ts , 1 89 9 , 1 3 6 Ic h wi ’ n u r a u f e i n e n Pu n kt a u fme r ks a m m a c h e n , n a ml i c h a u f d i e D i ffe r e n z kt i n de m S ii n dop fe r r i tu s , v on de r s c h o n de r N a c htr a g Le v 1 0 , L w d a s B u t be i m g e woh n li c h e n S ii n do fe r i r d n m e n a t I n e v 4 e o m h g p a n di e H or n e r de s Br a n d op fe r a l ta r s g e s tr i c he n , d a g e g e n be i m S ii n dop fe r d i ffe r e n t
t
a on e
me n t
cere
m on i e s
co
.
ll
.
.
’
A
.
de s H ohe n p r i e s te r s
de n V o r h a n g
an
t i
g
e s r c he n
g
e m ac h
l
.
.
und
lk
de s V o
g e s pr e n g t
I
de r H ii tte g e b r a c h t, H or n e r de s R an c he r a l ta r s
i n da s
es
und
di e
an
D i e s e r U n te r s c h i e d wi r d E
.
t Vi elme hr ,
H oh e n p r i e s te r s
wi r d 2 9 , 1 2
lk
Vo
de s
und
.
9,
9
od
l t
B
u
Le v
und
29
.
beim
au ch
15
.
das
es
x
n n e re
nur
an
i t
n ch
9
.
S ii n dop fe r d e s
de n
O p fe r a
lt
ar
E s i s t di e s a be r h i e r O fl e n b a r de r s o e n n e R it u s , de n n g e s t r i c he n e s h a t k e i n e n S i n n a n z u n e h me n , be i de r E i n we i hu n g de r H ii tte s e i
l
’
.
i
dr e i M a
a u s n a hm s we s e u nd
a u s s e r de
l
i
we n i g e r fe i e r
e e ne
m wi r d 2 9 , 1 4
9, 1 1
.
de m La g e r v e r b r a n n t , wi e S ii n dop fe r n g e s c h i e ht , de r e n B
v or
1 5 da s
.
n ac h
es
l ti u
F le i s c h n ur
.
I
F or m b e l i e bt
c he
Le v 4
da s
n
li
wor de n ,
g r a d e s o dr a u s s e n be i de n he i i g s te n
l
de r H ii tte g e k omme n Difl eren z Le v 4 g e ht
n n er e
i u n le u g b ar e u n d u n a u flOs ba r e 29 L e v 9 hi n a u s S c hr itt ti be r E x od ein en d i e S te i g e r u n g da s s hi e r a l s S ii n dop fe r de s V olke s e i n e F a rr e e r s c he i n t a u c h da r i n n d Le v w h r e 9 (vg l Ka p 1 6 ) n u r e i n Z i e g e n b oc k d r d e r t w i r a o f e g S c hl i e s s l i c h s c h e i n t e s n a c h d e r U n t e r s c hr i ft 7 3 8 a l s Ob di e Ii be r 1 e r s t s p ate r z u g e s e t z t wor de n s e i u m L e v 1 — s c hr i ft 1 7 i n di e j e doc h wi r d di e le t z t e r e s a c hli c h S ti fts h u tte n g e s e tzg e b u n g e i n zu fii g e n v or a u s g e s e tz t O f c ou r s e a g od a i de d i n th e a t on e me n t of p 2 1 0 “ wh e r e a p i g i s ki lle d b e for e S a m a s
ist
.
Al
’
so e ne
.
.
.
.
.
,
‘
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
‘
,
,
”
.
.
’
,
.
”
.
.
,
TH E
P L ACE
CLEAN
1 99
.
b s or b e d the d e mon i a c i flu e n c e wa s n ot a lwa y s s o d e a dl y a s t h e i r a n c e s to s h a d a ccou n t e d i t An O r i e n t a l wiz r d n o t too w e ll bl e s s e d wi t h t hi s wo r ld s g od s i s n ot u n lik e ly to h a v e b e e n lo t h t o l e t a good l a mb b e t h r ow n a w a y a n d hi s s u r r e pti t iou s fe a s t m a y p e r h a p s h a v e giv e n r i e to t hi s a lt e r n a tiv e m e thod o f the di s po s a l o f th e c a r c a s e H e a th e n p r i e s ts w e r e a lw a ys u n d e r s u s pici on of b a t t e n i n g on the d e ity s f ood un k n own t o the wor s hipp e r s a s w l e a r n fr om th e a poc r yph a l s to r y of B e l a n d th e D r a go n a n d t he r e wa s p r ob a bly n ot much to choo s e i n th e m a t t e r O f a c c e p t a n c e O f p e r qui s it e s b e t we e n th e p r i e s t s O f on e n a ti on or a s a co r oll a r y a o u t o f thi s a n oth e r ; e co n d e x l a n a tio n p a r i s e s which will a l s o In clud e th e u s e of th e holy a l t a r a n d th a t i s tha t th e s e pi a cul a Offe r i n gs a s we n ow h a v e th e m h a d b e gun to be s o co n fou n d e d with the s a c r ific e s O f bu r n t O ff e r i n g s a n d the r e a l s ig n ific a n c e O f th e i r or igi n s o lo s t th a t much O f the a to n e m e n t r it a l h a d b e e n b r ought in to s imili t ud e wi t h th e t r a ditio n s O f th e t ib a l s a c r ifici a l f e a s t a l t hough s e v e r a l O f the s a li e n t f e a tu r e s r e m a i n e d W h a v e n e x t t o s e ttl e wh t i s m e n t by the o r di n a n c e which di r e cts t h a t the a s h e s O f the pi a cul a r Offe r i n g a r e “ cl e a n pl a c e wh e r e the a s h e s a r e pou r e d to be t a k e n to a T h e L e vitic a l ph r s e i s e x a ctly p a r a ll e l e d i n th e ou t “ A s s y r i a n S ma s e r i e s l e t the t a bu i ts b on d go fo r th to Th e r e i s how e v e r n o r e a s on th e d e s e r t th e cl e a n pl a c t o s uppo s e with H a upt (a n d foll o wi g him M e i s s n e r ) th a t t hi s i s a e uph e mi s m for a n u n cl e a n pl c Un cl e a n a
n
,
r
a
.
’
o
,
,
,
s
.
’
e
,
,
s
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
u
r
,
.
a
e
a
:
”
a
.
-
el
,
,
e.
,
”
1
,
,
2
n
,
,
a
e
‘
.
T a ble t V l 1 6 5 C f Kn ob el e d Di ll m a n n L evi ti c u s 1 880 3 83 : j e n e s ha tt e ma n a n r e i n e n O r t e n (de n Z e h n te n a n j e g l i c he n O r t) u n d i m Z u s t a n d de r R e i n h e it d i e s e s a m he i l i g e n O r t u n d n a tur li c h a u c h i m Z u s t a n d d e r R e i n h e it z u g e n i e s s e n x i x 55 1
Me i s s n e r , 3 3
Ed
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
”
'
.
2
,
.
,
2 00
B ARR E N
TH E
pl a c e s
V AL L EY
.
c e m e t e r i e s r uin s l a tr in e s a n d the lik e s uch a s a r e i n h a bit e d by d e mo n s who w o uld r e s e n t the a pp r o a ch an d of a n y m or t a l t hu s ill t r e a t i n g o n e O f th e i r n umb er would doub t l e s s h lp th e d e vil imp r i s o n e d i n th e a ton e m e n t T he R a bbi s con s ide r e d th a t i t wa s p r op e r for a m a n on goi n g i n to a n u n cl e a n pl a c e t o be g the two a n g e l s 1 which a ccomp a n i e d him to w a it u n til he s hould re t u r n O bviou s ly the r e a s o n i s th a t th e s e a n g e l s w e r e n ot s t r o n g loc a l d e vil s i f th e y tre s p a s s e d e n ough to cop e with th e the i r dom a i n Thi s m a i n t i n s i n the s pi r it wo r ld on th e S e mitic p r i n cipl e which comp e l s a t r a v ll e r to O b t a i n a fo r e ig n s helf /2 s p e rmi s s io n p r e viou s t o c r o s s i n g h i s te r r i t o r y “ ba r r e n In th e r i t e o f D e u t xx i 1 the r e a s o n for the v a ll e y b e i n g cho s e n i s a cco r di n g to D ill ma n n E w a ld i n o r d e r t h a t the pur i fyi n g bl ood m a y n ot be a n d K e il u n cov e r e d a n d lo s e i ts vi r tu e ; a cco r di n g to R ob e r ts o n S mith th a t it m a y a void a l l r i s k Of co n ta ct wi t h s a c r o s a n ct fle s h But it m a y b e o n ly i n a cco r d wi t h the id e a o f the s c a p e go a t which i s s e n t i n to th e d e s e r t Je r e mi a s quot e s Jo s e phu s a s s a yin g th a t the s e co n d s c a p e go a t b e fo r e the bur n i n g ha d to be b r ou g h t to a v e r y cl e a n pl a c e ( ls x flp v w i A n t iii 0 A g a in a r e w e to fl 1 x p s e e in t hi s d e p os i t io n of ta b oo e d a r ticl e s out s id e the c a mp a n e x pl a n a tio n why a t th e c a ptu r e of J e r icho Jo h vi s ( t h e y put R a h a b a n d he r fa mily O ut s id e th e c a mp the 4 r e m a i n d e r of the i n h a bit a n t s b e i n g d e vote d ? ’
ar e
,
,
,
,
-
,
‘
e
’
.
,
,
.
,
a
.
e
’
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2
.
3
.
,
e
,
’
a
a
‘
‘
'
ar r a r o
ov,
/
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
‘
,
’
‘
1 2
B er a khoth, 6 0 b, E n cy c l B i bl .
4
l
oc a
In
lity
i r bi tti ,
an
.
,
A yi ss
q u ot e d Je wi s h E n cy c l
84 6
r an
s u b voc e
I bid
3 .
t e x t (s e e
for d i s p os i n g ’ c r os s r o a ds , i s -
.
of ap
th e
p
aren
p ‘
.
.
,
An g e lolog y
41 23
1 7 7 ) we fin d lc u rp i
su
tly
bs titu te th e p
l
’
ace
t
af er
.
.
i n di c a te d
th e
wh e r e th e
c e r e mon ‘
t
a on e
as
y
.
me n t
the
S a le is
2 02
TH E A
T ONEMEN T
EXO R CI S M
.
oy a l Ta bu e x pl a in e d on p 1 3 8 a n d th e un witti n g which h a s a l r e a dy b e e n di s cu s s e d s i n of t h e i n dividu a l 5 f or ase T he T r ib a l Ato n e m e n t c u witti ng i n s i s n ( ) T he P r i e s tly Aton e m e n t (c a s e 4) i s of a s imil ar n a tu r e cl e a ly to be a ccou n te d a s a m e thod of cl e a n s i n g the p r i e t e l e c t fr om a n y un k n own b r e a ch of t a bu which mu s t b e r e mov e d b e fo r e he c a n b e co n s e c r a t e d a n d thi s mu s t be the e x pl a n a tion O f N um xx i x 1 if O u r n e x t s te p i s to s ub s ta n ti a t e o u r th e or y f r o m the As s y r a n i n c a n t a tion s W e h a v e s e e n t h a t the a to n e m e n t of the H e b r e w s i n which th e bi r d fli e s a w a y wi t h u n cl e a n n e s s i s or di n a r y m a gic a n d the tr a n s fe r e n c e o f ill s to w a x e n figu r e s or a n im a l s i s a s commo n a mo n g the S e mite s a s with oth e r folklo r e thi s wa s on e of the s a va ge s I n As s y r i a n commo n e s t w a y s o f e x o r ci s i n g a d e mon t o go fo r th fr om th e s ick ma n an d wh a t i s mor e a s we h a v e a l r e a dy m e n t i o n e d the wor d i n f r e qu e n t u s e i s kapp a r a r a dic a lly i n He b r e w the s a m e a s the wo r d for a to n e T he p r oc e s s i s s impl e : the p r i e s t s l a ught e r s a n a n im a l pig or kid a s a s ub s ti t ute fo r th e s ick m a n s o th a t he m a thu as s y Tylo r s a y s co a x th e d e mo n t h r e a te n it m a k e Offe r i n g s to the R
1
’
‘
.
,
,
,
.
’
‘
’
‘
’
.
r
s
-
,
.
.
,
i
.
’
‘
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
bli s he d by Z i mme r n ( R i tua l taf el n 1 3 7 ) g iv e s the c e r e m on y for p u r i fyi n g the ki n g T ho u s h a l t m a k e p u r e a t o n e me n t s for th e ki n g Br i n g i n g a c e n s e r ( a n d ) a tor c h to h i m W a s hi n g h i m i n a wa te r b o wl ; Fill [two] bu r z ig a le a r ve s s els with wa t e r fr om the b owl Pu tti n g c e d a r (a n d ) c yp r e s s i n th e wa t e r Pu t two a t on e m e n t v e s s e ls th e r e T he ki n g s h a ll h ol d on e a t on e m e n t v e s s e l on hi s r i g h t a n d hi s l e ft ha n d T h e r e s t i s m u tila t e d Un for t u n a te ly th e p r e c e di n g p a r t of the t a ble t i s los t a n d we c a n n ot te ll why a p u r ifi c a ti on i s n e e de d Bu t it c e r t a i n ly i t t h i n c i le of R oy a l T a b u t e o n s o r p p p 1
One
of
the
A yi
,
ss
r an
‘
t
a on e
me n ts
pu
,
‘
’
,
,
-
,
,
-
-
”
.
.
.
,
.
AT
ONEMEN T
’
F OR
EV I L EYE
TH E
2 03
.
it e n tic e or d r iv e it o u t of hi s p a ti e t s b ody to i n duc e it to ta k e u p i ts a bod e i n s om e o t h e r The con n e ction b e twe e n the H e b r e w a n d A s s y r i a n c e r e mon i e s will be to a n yo n e who r e a d s th e followi n g quot a tio n s obviou s fr o m the cu n e i for m t a bl e t s T h e y a r e a l l e x o r ci s m s f or p e r s on s s u ffe r in g fr om s om e s ick n e s s F or i n s t a n c e i n the c a s e of the a s a kha di e a s e M a r duk i s giv e n the followi n g a dvic e by h i s fa th e r E a a n d th e p r i s t f ollow s it i n h e a li n g the s ick m a n ’
n
,
,
.
.
.
s
-
,
,
e
,
1
T a ke
it
L ay
wh ite ki d
a
T a ke
d own fa c i n g th e i ts he a r t
ou t
l
it
P ace
T a m mu z ,
of
ma n ,
th a t
ma n
an d
i n the h a n d
I
i k
s c
of
t a ti on of Er i du ; T he ki d whos e h e a r t t h ou h a s t t a k e n o u t Is u n c l e a n food with wh i c h th ou m a k e s t a t on e me n t
Pe r for m th e
n can
3
th e m a n
1
D evi ls ,
ii
Co mp a r a b
2
th e kid wa s
xx v
l
e
‘
e
,
1 73 f f .
.
Xe n oc r a t e s di c t u m t ha t the blood of e p il e p s y ( Ib n e l Be l bh a r N oti c es des M S S
wit h
u s e fu
Lu
l
t hi s ag ain s t
l fi, for wh i c h
’
u or
’
is
‘
-
‘
s ee
my
,
ar
0
cre
me n t , whi c h i s p a r a
ll l
e e
Fe b 1 9 0 8
,
p ti n g
l
ma y
by
a so
Li
th e S y r i a c
7
As the
l
’
m
7
s te r c u s ,
!
.
a
?!
fi l t hy i n r e g a r d to s tr ee t s e a n s e d t he i r fi l t hy s t r e e t s u lli la i 1 0 qu ote d M u s s Ar n ol t a n d t h e r e i s a l s o a g r ou p H AR T U NA lu i g i r i — A c la s s i c a l te x t ( S e n n a c he r ib ti ( Br ii n n ow N O w ept vi 1 6 u mu r i u n i s u s a i e z iv l fi ti n [ c i m l e s t h h e d e u e o f m )g g g hp y g o s s 4 r e fe r s a wa y th e i r b o d i e s l ike d u n 3 l it h W B 7 ib l y D z s H c e p g ( to a n othe r l i t) I t ha s to be s ome pla s ti c m a te r i a l for little ma g i c a l fi g u r e s a r e ma de fr om it e g M a hlu ii 1 1 3 I N I M I N I M M A muss ap r a ta o v e r a fi g u r e of n a di s a l a m l i KA N Pr a y e r of u tte r i n g a c h a n t r e s o f u r e c it e d o v e r It ( i e ll l y fi t o t hi s b e i n g r m n s a a e h g p bit u me n b r on z e e tc i n the s a m e t a ble t C omp a r e als o iv 4 1 “ “ e s ) e ith e r O f bit u me n r u s a l man i i a s l fi s u l u l u i u a i dd l a t u ( g ( ) t [ ] ‘
dr os s
,
-
i r on
of
ha s th e p a r ti c u ’ ‘ c s u ll i su n u l u u ti ,
’
Lu
.
’
u
me a n i n g
ar
Of
’
‘
’
-
,
,
-
=
l I l
,
me a n i n g u n c e a n ha v e the m e a n i n g of
th e
‘
9
d
.
.
a do
It
’
’
ti c le
for
.
x
.
,
i mp or t a n t the r e a s on s filthy a r e r e pe a te d h e r e
wor d i s or
e
93)
,
3
l t XI
Tab
,
-
,
,
.
-
,
’
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
’
s
,
,
‘
2 04
AT
ONEMEN T
Br i n g for th S c a tt e r
it
a
’
c e n s er
(
an d
)
EV I L EYE
TH E
FO R
.
t or c h
a
t; S u r r ou n d t h a t m a n with m e a l Pe r for m th e I n c a n t a ti on o f E r i du I n v ok e the g r e a t g ods T h a t the e vi l S pi r it the e vil D e mon the e vil G hos t T he H a g d e mon th e Ghou l th e fe v e r or h e a vy s i c k n e s s IVhi c h i s i n t he b ody o f the ma n Ma y b e r e mov e d a n d g o fo r t h fr om the h ou s e ! i n the
t
s r ee
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
”
ly
t r a n s l a t e s h o n i g b u t t h i s c a n n ot I n the g r a mm a ti c a l t e x t K 2 4 6 ( i 6 5 be c or r e c t ii two u n c le a n s u b s t a n c e s a r e me n ti o n ed : l i sa i n a z u mr i lc u ru u pp “ T he la tt e r mu s t be p ar a lle l e d by a lca lu a z u mu r a me l i mu ss ud u fo od whi c h a m a n s b ody ha s e x p r e s s e d (le s s p r o ba bl y r ej e c te d i e v o mit e d ) a n d he n c e th e for me r mu s t h a v e a me a n i n g a t l e a s t i n c on n e c ti o n Ku pp u r u i s a s i s n o w u n n e c e s s a r y to e x pla i n to ma k e a n d th e It i s c o n s t a n tl a t on e me n t u s e d i n c o n n e c ti on wit h it a n d y h e n c e we m ay tr y a t e n t a tiv e t r a n s la ti on : r e fu s e wh i c h h a s ma d e a t on e m e n t fo r the b o dy o f a ma n T he s e n s e o f t hi s l a s t p a s s a g e be c om e s c le a r fr om the p r e s e n t te x t : T he ki d whe r e of t ho u ha s t t a k e n ou t the h e a r t (b e c ome s ) l i i food (u n c l e a n ) with wh i c h t hou s ha l t m a ke a t on e me n t for the m a n ; b r i n g a c e n s e r (a n d) a t or c h s c a tt e r it ( th e u n c le a n food) i n the s tr e e t An ot he r s u c h i s T a ble t T ‘ li n e 3 8 Aha la l i i n a ha lclca di s u su /cu n ma S e t r e fu s e fo od a t
or
c a
li
or
,
n d u ( g)
T a l l q vi s t
.
’
‘
,
.
,
.
,
’
‘
,
,
’
,
s
.
’
‘
’
’
‘
,
.
,
.
,
,
‘
.
,
,
’
,
,
‘
’
.
‘
,
’
-
,
,
,
’
’
‘
,
.
’
-
‘
-
-
,
’
hi s he a d
.
An
M a hl u
iti on a l a r g u me n t for the viii 87 88 : II ku r u mma ti
a dd
ha §§ a p ti of
,
a
du n g ,
me a n i n g
‘
e
x
s a la
,
cre
me n t
m
a
’
i s fo u n d i n
me l u [c a ssa i p
u
861 1
l
ka l l i ep ma l i bbi hu r u mma ti s u r u h ma M a k e two m e a s on e e a c h fo r th e fi g u r e s o f s or ce r e r a n d s or c e r e s s , a n d ma k e fus
-
.
i n v oc a ti on ov e r the food T a llq vi s t tr a n s la t e s ma c he von l e c ke r ha fte r N a hr u n g b u t t hi s s e e ms l e s s p r oba bl e H os tile m a g i c i a n s i n e ffi g y a r e n ot t r e a t e d we ll a n d the m os t a b om i n a bl e food i s s e t be for e t h e m D e l i c a c i e s a r e m or e l ik e ly to a tt r a c t t h e m t h a n to dr ive t he m a wa y to a tt a i n th e de s i r e d Obj e c t T h e d i r e c ti on s fi n i s h wit h a n i n j u n c ti on m e a ls r i g h t a n d le ft O f t h e m r e p e a t a n i n c a n t a ti on to pl a c e t he s e t 2 n a n 1 iv e t h e m o o a bit 9 0 I a n d t he n d n d c h C f 7 6 g g pp th e p r i e s t m u s t i n c a n t a ti on a g a i n s t r he u ma ti s m Fe b c a O f l e a v e n on th e sa s u r r e e d a n d u t the s i c k foot t he r e on t on e u p p [ an d ma k e th e a t on e m e n t for th e foo t wit h the l i (r e fu s e ) of th e l e a v e n Ag a i n the u s e a p p e a r s to be p r e g n a n t it wi ll be c om e r e fu s e wh e n it ha s don e i ts wor k Ki i c hle r i n t r e a ti n g of t hi s w or d s h or tly ( i n h i s A s s B a b Al ed i zi n ) t r a n s la t e s it by d ou g h wh i c h s e e ms le s s p r ob a ble ’
‘
.
’
,
.
,
.
.
’
‘
,
,
’
‘
.
.
,
.
.
.
’
-
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
’
.
.
,
.
C E R EMONY
206 dow n
F R OM
Sc a r
T HE
E IE S
e S R -
.
p a t i e n t to s t a n d on du r i n g the lus t r a tio n a n d the lim e s a r e t o be s qu e e z e d i n t o a bowl a n d u s e d “ p a r tly for w a s hi n g a n d p a r tly m e dici n a lly T he t r a s h o f the lim e s ( a f t e r s qu e e zi n g ) i s w r a pp e d up i n a bi r a h l e a f a t e v e n i n g a n d e ith e r c a r r i e d o u t to the s e a ( i n to which it i s d r opp e d ) o r d e po s i t e d a s ho r e a t a s a fe di s t a n c e 1 Thi s t r a s h mu s t be the [ u u or a lta l f r om the hou s e u n cl e a n food of the A s s y r i a n i n c a n t a tion s [i i I n th e c a s e o f h e a d a ch e s ymp a th e tic m a gic fo r m s the t r e a tm e n t ; a ha t o f r e e d s i s to b e put on the ma n an d the p a i n d e mo n will be a b s o r b e d i n it I t i s th e n b r ok e n a n d the b a n e ful O b s e s s io n i s d i s s ip a t e d “T k d l d for the
,
’
‘
.
,
”
’
‘
’
.
’
’
‘
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
a
e
a
Mea s u r e Ma ke
a
c ean
an
r ee
th a t
ma n ,
r e e d- ha
I
u l)
and an d
,
t a ti on of Er i d u ; a n d Ma k e th e a t on e m e n t fo r th e ma n the s on o f h i s g od An d b r ea k it u po n hi m T ha t it be h i s s u b s tit u te ; Th a t the e vi l S p i r it the e vi l D e mo n ma y s t a n d a s i de 3 An d a ki n dly S p i r it a ki n dly Gu a r di an be p r es e n t Pe r fo r m the
n c an
,
,
,
2
,
”
,
.
o t h e r A s s y r i a n t e x t which i s the p a r t of the S e v e n th T a bl e t o f the Su rp u s e r i e s hi th e r to w a n t i n g a n d u n k n ow n s e v e n lo a v e s of pu r e dough for m the m e d ici n e A ft e r v a r iou s c e r e mo n i e s with th e s e to r e mov e th e t a bu for the ma n who ha s n a t on e m e n t the m a gici a n m a k e s fa ll e n s ick a n d put s hi s s pit t l e on th e a to n e m e n t The i( e the loa v e s ) i s th e n to be c a r r i e d i n to the a to n e m e n t d e s e r t t o a cl e a n pl a c e a n d t h e r e u n de r on e of the low tho r n s h r ub s which a r e s c a tte r e d ov e r s uch pl a c e s it i s to In
an
,
-
,
.
’
‘
a
’
‘
.
,
’
‘
.
’
‘
,
,
,
1
S k ea t , Ma l a y Ma g i c , 4 3 1 l D evi l s , ii , T a b e t V , co
2
.
3
l
III
.
i
,
l
.
2 0 ff
.
Di na n u
.
‘
ONEMEN T
AT
’
W ITH
B ODY
TH E
OF
A BI G
20 7
.
l e ft T he cl e a n pl a c e ha s a l r e a dy b e e n r e c og n iz e d i n the H e b r e w c e r e mo n i e s but th e r e i s a s t il l mo e cu r i o u s s u r viv a l o f the A s s y r i a n ch a r m i n th e H j a z a t the p r e s e n t Zwe m e r te ll s o f a t r a ditio n th e r e t ha t i f a child i s da y v e r y ill th e mo th e r will t a k e s e v e n fla t lo a v e s of b r e a d a n d put th e m u n de r i ts p illow Th e n e x t mo r n i n g t h e s e a r e giv e n to the dog s be
’
‘
.
r
,
e
.
,
.
1
.
i n s ta n c e s of c a s ti n g br e a d to the dog s a fte r A p a r a lle l oc c u r s i n a S pe ll i n Me s opo t a mi a a r e g iv e n on p p 1 6 9 2 0 4 “ An d y e s ha ll be h oly me n to m e : th e r e for e y e s h a ll E x od xx ii 3 1 n ot e a t a n y fl e s h th a t i s tom of be a s t s i n th e fi e l d y e s ha ll c a s t it to “ T he r e i s a t he or y t ha t th e fl e s h th a t i s t or n i s the fl e s h the d og s ma n g l e d by wild b e a s t s wh i c h we r e s u pp os e d to be for m s of Ji n n ( s e e H e n c e th e m otiv e i n b ot h i n s t a n c e s R obe r t s on S mith B e l S em i s p r a c ti c a lly th e s a m e ; the b r e a d h a s a b s or b e d th e t a b u of the a n d th e t or n fl e s h h a s b e c o me c on t a mi n a t e d s i c k n e s s de vi l t b by a u ( ) th e a fr it O f th e j u n g l e or d e s e r t W ith r e g a r d to the u s e O f b r e a d th e r e I s a c u r i ou s s t or y t old by Ba l de n s p e r g e r ( R E F 1 89 3 2 09 ) a b ou t th e s t on e s c a lle d th e F a r d e n or th o f Be it N u b a wh i c h a r e t r a diti on a l ly a p e t r ifi e d p r o c e s s i on A woma n wa s j u s t p u ttin g h e r dou g h i n to the ove n whe n a p r oc e s s i on we n t by S he t o ok u p h e r c h i ld a n d fi n di n g it di r ty wi p e d it wit h a l oa f o f b r e a d a n d t h r e w th e b r e a d a wa y T he s a c r e d n e s s O f th e b r e a d t u r n e d th e wh ole p r oc e s s i on ma n a n d b e a s t to s t on e I n S a le s Kor a n ( Pr e l i m D i s c s e c t i Al i ll os ta tr af ) it i s r e la t e d th a t a l u m p of dou g h “ wa s wor s h i p p e d by the t r ib e O f H a n i fa who u s e d it with mor e r e s p e c t t ha n the Pa p i s t s d o th e i r s p r e s u mi n g n ot to e a t it till t he y we r e c om e lle d to it by fa m i n e h e s e c t of C olly r i di a n s A i n ibi s e t ii t a d c ) p g ( i n Ar a bi a i n tr odu c e d th e V i r g i n M a r y fo r God or w or s hi p p e d h e r a s such Offe r i n g h e r a s or t of t wi s te d c a ke c a lle d c ollg r i s ; c omp a r e th e ma ki n g o f c a k e s to th e q u e e n of h e a v e n i n Je r V i i 1 8 O n the s a n c tity I s of b r ea d c f a l s o C T W i ls on Pe a s a n t L fe i n the H oly L a n d 5 4 t i u s e e s e c i a lly i n th e for m of u i d i s fr e q u e n t i n the As s y r i a n t l iq or a s e p p i n s c r i p ti on s p a r ti c u la r ly to ma k e th e c i r c l e wh i c h i s t a b u to e vil s p i r its I t i s a lmos t u n n e c e s s a r y to q u ot e th e l e a ve n e d a n d s he wbr e a d of th e O ld T e s t a me n t : th e i n fl u e n c e O f t h i s i s s h o wn i n the T a l m u d i n th e d i r e c ti on s for s e a r c hi n g th e h o u s e on th e e ve of Ni s a n 1 4 to s e e th a t n o pla c e c on t a i n s a n y le a v e n e d b r e a d ( Pes a c hi m i 1 e d S c h wa b v O n the s a n c tity of b r e a d i n M a c edon i a s e e Abb ott Ma c edon i a n A r a bi a , 2 83
1
O the r
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
”
”
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
:
’
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
”
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
F olkl or e, 1 03
,
.
.
,
‘
2 08
T he as
AT
ne
ONEMEN T
xt
a
a
suc
s een
ki n g
th e he a d
Ta ke
of
th e hea r
o e
B OD Y
OF Of
t
A PI G
T wi c e
l p
n ear
se
ace,
s
W ha t
;
pig
[a n d]
th e
s c
i k
I
‘
ma n
G o, my
u t p [
s on
’ ,
]
and
an d
i k
th e
of
s c
ma n [p u t
it]
,
l
hi m
ve n
an
c ea n
l v oa
d
cen ser
a
es
coo
De e p
( a n d)
ked
a
in
t or c h ;
th e
a s he s
i t
ag a n s
th e
s hu
t
door
an d
Give the p i g i n h i s s te a d a n d e s h be a s h i s fl e s h, Le t th e fl
An d the
blood
as
bl ood
hi s
,
l it ;
An d l e t hi m ho d L e t th e hea r t be
hi s h e a r t
as
i t h o u ha s t pla c e d h W h c (
u
p on hi s he a r t )
l it ;
An d l e t hi m ho d a t th e ] T h [
te a d T h a t th e p i g m a y be a s u b s tit u t e for h i m T ha t the e vi l S p i r it the e vi l D e m on ma y s t a n d a s i de T h a t a ki n dly S p i r it a ki n dly G u a r di a n be p r e s e n t m a y be i n h i s
s
,
,
” 2
.
,
m a r k a bl e p a r a lle l to thi s s p e ll i s con t a i n e d i n th e N e w T e s t a m e n t s to r y of th e G a d a r e n e s wi n e T he d e vil s which po s s e s s the two m e n b e s e e ch J e s u s Ch r i s t i f H e c a s t th e m ou t to s e n d th e m i n to th e h e r d o f s wi n e which i s fe e di n g clo s e a t h a n d W h e n the d e vil s l e a v e Th e
mo s t
re
}
,
,
.
t h e s e a bb r e vi a ti on s s e e I n tr odu c ti on D e vi l s ii T a ble t N c ol ii 1 4 1 ff 3 W e llh a u s e n 48 h at i t n t s ou t ( R es te 1 o ) p u s e d b ot h of s wi n e a n d de m on s 1
On
.
’
2
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
is
,
i ts
e
An d wa s h hi m Br i n g
.
g r e a t i n te r e s t
o od o n the s i de s O f th e b e d b l and ] [ ] D ivi de the p i g o v e r hi s l i mb s a n d t he n S p r e a d i t on the s i c k m a n C le a n s e th ou t ha t m a n wit h p u r e wa t e r fr om th e
S r n i [ p k
l
-
i ts h e a r t
ou t
Ab v
TH E
or
M a r du k [ha th
[At]
W ITH
cu n e i f m a t on e m e n t i s on e i n to de t il much mo r e f ully
i t go e s [T a k e ]
’
.
.
the wor d
N lrlw he r d -
,
’
‘
,
‘
2 10
AT
ONEMEN T
’
W ITH
THE
B OD Y
OF
A KID
.
t fl e s h O f s wi n e or o x e n o n the 2 7 th of Ti s r i v a r iou s thi n g s will ha pp e n t o him T he v e r y fa ct th a t c e r t a i n d a y s a r e p r ohibi t e d a d mi t s o f the p r e s umptio n th a t po r k wa s l a w f ul a s f ood o n Ot he r occ a s ion s Th e r e i s y e t n o t h e r r e ligiou s t e x t p r e s c r ibi n g “ S a c r ific e a pig b e for e S a m a s (a n d) a pig i n the r itu a l : thou s h a l t imp r i on t h e i r s o r c e r i e s i n the body of the pig Could n y t hi n g be cl e a r e r I n t hi s n e x t c a s e a ltho u gh the wo r d [ upp u r u i s n o t u s e d the c e r e mo n y i s s imil a r a n d a pp r o a ch e s cl os e ly t o s om e o f the A r a b r itu a l quot e d f u r t h e r o u 1
ea s
.
2
a
.
,
”
s
3
.
a
c
,
,
,
I
n can
t a ti on
vil F e ve r r e s ts u pon the body of I t ha t h c o ve r e d the wa n de re r a s with I t holde t h hi s h a n ds a n d fe e t I t r a c ke th hi s li mbs T he g r e a t Pr i n c e E a l o r d o f m a g i c An
the
e
ma n ,
g a r me n t ,
a
,
.
,
,
O f Ea
La id
ki d
a
h i s h e a d i n fr o n t
at
U n t o the C hi e fta i n h e
It i i It i
a p
hi m
k e ( s a yi n g )
l
ta b u a s m u c h a s the w ll k n o wn t h a t a m o n g c e r t a i n o f th e S e mit e s the ox wa s s e i p g a s a l s o wa s th e c a me l ( R ob e r t s o n S m ith o n e o f the t a b u a n i m a l s M e s op ot a m i a It is a n d b o t h t he s e l a tt e r a r e s ti l l s o i n R el An a g r e a t i n s u l t i n Mos u l to s a y t h a t a m a n e a t s O f t h e i r fl e s h As s y r i a n i n c a n ta ti o n s h o ws s o me te n de n c y t o wa r ds th e i de a O f p a yi n g r e s pe c t to o x e n p e r ha p s a r e m i n i s c e n c e o f a n O lde r to te m wor s hi p “ th e g r e a t o x m i g hty o x t h a t t r e a de th p u r e fodde r h a th c om e to th e m e a do w r a i s i n g u p pl e n ty s o wi n g c o r n m a ki n g b r i g h t th e fi e ld ; my 2 iv 3 1 c ol i ) e h a n ds p ou r l ib a ti o n b e for e t h ee u r p I n a n i ma te t hi n g s a c c or di n g to the M os le ms a r e a ll c le a n a n d do An i ma ls a r e a ll c le a n n ot de file e x c e p t wi n e a n d i n t o x i c a ti n g d r i n k s Wh e n de a d h owe ve r a ll a n i ma ls a r e e x c e p t the d og a n d the p i g fis h l o c u s t s w or ms i n a p p le s a n d i n s e c t s l ik e e xc e p t ma n u n c le a n th e fly a n d th e b e e tle ( Kle i n R e l i g i on of I s l a m K 6 1 7 2 C r a i g ii v F os s e y L a Ma g i c 4 5 9 1
s
.
n
te r e s ti n g to
s
Of
the
s ee
ox a s o r e g a r de d a s
-
,
,
‘
.
.
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
.
.
2
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
3
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
PAR AL L E L S FROM ‘
b s tit ut e for life he g ive th
T he ki d i s th e
of
T he h e a d
k
T he
n ec
T he
b r e as t
T he
[
O
,
the ki d for th e h e a d
of
th e
k
Of
the
f th e ki d for the
n ec
br e as t
the ki d fo r th e
of
th e ki d for th e
of
By th e m a g i c o f th e n c a n t a ti on h t L t e e [
I
W or d of
11
.
m a n ki n d,
su
T he ki d for h i s
R AB S
TH E A
of
of
ma n ] h e th e
Ea
th e D e e p
E r i du
of
ive th iv t e h g
the m a n he g
th e
Of
ma n he g iv e t h, ma n he g iv e t h, 1
,
Of
s on
ne
’
,
ve r ]
be
l
u n oos e d
” 2 .
Amo n g the M o s l e m s of the p r e s e n t da y t hi s form of s till h old s good At the s h r in e of Abdu s ub s t ituti o n Kh a di r the l a r ge s t mo s qu e i n B a ghd a d the I n di a n M os l e m s wh o com e thi t h e r on a pilg r im a g e O ffe r s a c r ific e s th e r e ; “th e y v ow tha t i f a m a n who i s ill b e gin s t o r e cove r h e H e i s s t r ipp e d to the w a i s t s h a ll go to th e s h r i n e Th e n two me n li ft a l a mb or a kid a b ov e hi s h e a d a n d b a th e hi s fa c e s ho uld e r s a n d the upp e r p a r t f hi s body wi t h the blood Whil e th e butch e r kill s the n im a l the s h e ik r p e a t s the fi r s t s u r a O f the K or a n T he y a l s o w r a p hi m i n the s kin Amon g the Alg e i a n J w s t h e r e i s a cu s tom of the a n im a l imil a r T O cu e s ickn e s s t h e y g o wi t h a n A r a b s om e wh a t s o r c e r e s s to a sp in g kill a bl ck c ock a n d s m e a r with blood the ch e s t f o r e h a d e tc of th e p a t i e n t T he n th e y light a fir e a n d s p r in kl e fir e a n d p a tie n t wi t h blo od I n “ P a l e s t i n e it i s the s m e T he v e r y mor n i n g we V i s t e d the s h r i n e o f N e bi Y e hfi da h a go a t wa kill e d f or a wom a n The y O f th e F u dl A r a b s who wa s s u ff e r i n g fr om f e v e r put s om e o f th e bloo d on he r f or e h e a d a n d s om e on the .
,
,
.
.
,
,
o
,
.
e
a
.
”
3
r
.
s
e
r
.
r
,
a
,
e
,
,
.
,
.
,
4
a
i
.
s
.
,
1
It
u n c er
xi
li
i
en d n g
n es
g iv
” h t
’
,
,
.
,
,
the
of
e
.
,
4
h ow m a n y m or e
or
,
3
ta i n
e
i g i n ally i n the t e xt D evi ls ii T a ble t N 0 0 1 iii l 2 9 ff 5 2 0 a d h d a B O f e a n a r ti q ti r u tiv S u ) C u r s s Pr i m S e m R e l ( u o n g g n cy c l E w J e o e d u a r i c n d A a j i II q t s i a Be n a m n E ig ht Yc a r s i n A f
we r e 2
is
“h
6 00
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
EXO R C I S M
2 12
G IN S T H E AD ACH E
A A
.
w a ll Of the m ak am Th e fo r m o f v ow u s e d for the child who i s ill i s : O Ne bi Y e hfida h r e s to r a tio n of a T he n i n th o f Ti s r i h a v e m e r cy on thi s boy my s on i s c a ll e d Dd c l j aj (i e F e a s t O f C hick e n s ) o n a ccou n t of the n umb e r of chick e n s s l a ugh t e r e d by th e J e w s t h r ough ou t “ E v e r y i n dividu a l s hould p r ovid e him s e l f with the l a n d — — i f s s a chick e n po ibl e a cock for e v e r y i ts colou r whit e f or a p r e gn a n t a nd ma l e he n for e v e r y fe m a l e a wom a n a cock a n d two h e n s th a t i s a h e n for h e r s e lf a n d the u n bo r n child t o m a k e s u r e h e on e o f e a ch s e x fo r T h h e a d of the o r s h e i s r e p r e s e n te d r ightly fa mily mu s t s a c r ific e the bi r ds fi r s t whi li n g e a ch on e t h r e e tim e s a r oun d hi s h e a d e x cl a imi n g e a ch tim e : L e t thi s c ook (or he n ) be a n a ton e m e n t for me ; l e t it be my s ub s titut e ; l e t th e bi r d di e ; b u t l e t li fe a n d h a ppi n e s s be H e t h e n kill s the bi r d to me a n d to a ll I s r a e l Am e n The blood i s pou r e d I h a v e d e s e r v e d thu s to d i e s a yin g o u t on the g r ou n d ( a s i s a lw a y s do n e wh e n the J e w s kill ) chick e n s a r e e a te n At M u s u l le h wh e r e i s a n d th e a s h r i n e good for s o r e e y e s i f a m a n s ick wi t h O phtha lmi a t a k e s a cock a n d a ft e r c u tti n g off i ts h e a d pu t s a d r op a n d giv e s the cock to s om e poo r e a ch e y e of blood i n 3 p e r s on he will r e cov e r A n oth e r A s s y r i a n e x orci s m a ga i n s t h e a d a ch e r u n s “T k b dl f d At th fl f tw t m t k th w t d .
‘
,
’
1
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
e
r
,
‘
,
~
’
.
.
,
’
.
,
,
”
2
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
a
e
a
e
un
e
c on
an
o
u en ce
s 1
o s rea
o
1 2
3
wa t e r
M a s t e r ma n ,
.
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S e m R e l
Al
oc a
lity Oft
ou
wa t e r , of
a er
an
an
d
h i s g od,
an
d
.
.
.
4
,
Wor l d , xx iii , 1 00 B i bl Wor ld , xx iii , 2 7
C u r ti s s , B i bl
e
i n c a n ta ti on ov e r t hi s x or c i s m c le a n s e a n d s r i n kl e th e ma n s on p
Pe r for m thy p u r e W ith thy p u r e e
Wit h thi s
a
en
.
r s c e r p
.
,
1 41
ib e d a s
.
.
l
ho y for
t a ki n g
wa t er
cf
.
D evi l s ,
i
,
lx
.
,
P U R I F ICATI ON I N
2 14
l
T he C hi dr e n
T he y p u r i fy the wa te r , Be for e yo u r fa th e r E a ,
y ou r
Be for e
T ha t Pr a y e r
,
.
th e y m a k e it l i mp i d ,
,
m ot h e r D a mki n a ,
l
be p u r e , b e br i g ht , be c e a n ; the E vi T on g u e m a y s ta n d a s i de
l
R e pe a t the
n c an
Y R I AN
are
se
it
Ma y
I
ve n c l e a n s e it
th e D e e p ,
Of
A SS
.
i n c a n ta ti o n t hr e e ti m e s be for e
th e
b owl
of
wa te r
.
t a ti on b r i g h t ly
T he R iv e r God,
s
hi n i n g ,
tta c k l ike a de m on Bi n de t h a l l la n ds a s the t wi li g h t d oth the h e i g ht s a b o ve M a y Sa maS whe n h e r i s e th r e mov e th e da r k n e s s t he r e of t ha t it ma y n ot b e he ld b a c k i n the h ou s e T ha t the Ba n m a y g o for th to the de s e r t a c l e a n p la c e 0 Ba n by hea ve n be t h ou e x or c i s e d by e a r t h b e t hou e x or c i s e d Be for e whom
( i s ) the
Ba n , whos e
a
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
Pr a y e r for
I
n can
Fi r e
,
re
fu m i g a t e h i m
the Ba n
th e
on
ba n k
of a r
ive r
ta ti on
g od ,
-
H e r o,
movi n g
s on
c hi e f,
of
hi g h
u p on
e ar
i
the D e e p , h g h
th
,
u po n
e ar
th
,
Fi r e g od by thy p u r e fir e T hou b r i n g es t li g h t i n to the h ou s e of da r k n e s s T hou s e tt e s t a de s ti n y to a l l t hi n g s n a med I t i s thou tha t me l te s t c opp e r a n d le a d I t i s thou tha t p u r g e th s il ve r a n d g old I t i s t hou t ha t a r t the c om r a de O f N i n kas i I t i s t hou tha t r e pe l l e th the e vil t ha t c ome t h by n ig ht M a y the m e mb e r s of the m a n s on of hi s g od be c l e a n s ed M a y h e be b r i g h t a s the he a ve n M a y he s h i n e lik e th e e a r t h M a y h e b e r e s p l e n d e n t a s th e m i d s t o f h e a v e n ! M a y the e vi l t on g u e [s ta n d] a s i de !
0
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
Pr a y e r for
re
1
mo vi n g the Ba n
WA I .
.
.
Iv
,
.
‘
W I P I NG AW AY
’
A
T A BU
A
MONG
M AL AY S
TH E
215
.
i n s ta n c e s of pu r ific a ti on by w te r we m y p e h a p s s e e the o r igi a l id e a of wipi g t a bu a w y a s i n the S y r i a c h p ha r I n the M a l a y c e e m on y a l r e a dy quo t e d (p 2 0 5 ) the m gici a n wip e s wa y the t a bu with th e lim e s In T on ga a p e r s on u n d r t a bu c a u e d by t ouchin g a chi e f c a n n o t f e e d him s e l f u n til the t a bu h a s b e e n r e mov e d by hi s to uchi g the s ol e s O f a s up e i or chi f s fe e t with hi s h a n d s a n d th e n r i n s i n g hi s h a n d s i w a t r i r ubbi n g t h e m W i t h the j uic e o f the or f w a t r i s s ca r ce e ( ) pl a n t a i n o b a n a n a Wh e n a M a or i chi e f b e c a m e t a bu by t ouchi n g th s o r e h e a d o f hi s child he would on the followi n g d a y r u b hi s h a n d s ov e r wi t h po t a to or f e r n r oot which h a d b e e n cook e d ov e r a s c r e d fir e Thi s wa s th e n c a r i d to the h e a d O f the fa mily i n the f e m a l e li n e the
In
a
r
‘
n
a
’
n
a
,
’
r
.
a
.
.
,
a
e
a
s
(
n
r
e
n
r
’
e
,
.
e
,
a
.
,
r e
who
a te
We
it
,
1 .
tu r n to the L e vi t ic a l t a bu on r a s h o a th s It i s l e s s cl e a r wh a t we a r e t o u n d e s t a n d a s th e r e a l n e ces s ity f or a n a to n e m e n t f or thi s O bviou s ly it i s a b s u r d t o s uppo s e th a t the s a m e O ffe i g would c omp e n s a t for o a th s i n v olvi n g un d e ta ki n g s o f both e x t e m e difficul ty a n d e x t r e m e t r ivi a li t y ; i f t hi s w e r e s o a m a n n e e d o n ly a dm i t th a t hi s o t h w s a r a s h on e a n d o ff r a n a n im a l t o b e e x e mpt f r om the p e r f o r m a n c e o f a n y s w o r n a c t o f d e votio n F r om the quot a t i on fr o m L e v v giv e n b e l ow it i s pl a i n c an
no
w
re
.
r
.
e
r n
r
r
,
a
a
e
,
.
2
,
.
qu ote d fr om F r a z e r s a r ti c le T a boo E n cy c l B r i ta n n i c a “An d i f a n y on e s i n i n tha t he h e a r e th the v oi c e of a dj u r a ti on he b e i n g a wit n e s s wh e th e r h e ha t h s e e n or k n own i f h e d o n o t u tt e r it t he n h e s ha ll b e a r hi s i n iq u ity : or i f a n y o n e t ou c h a n y t it u n c l e a n t hi n O f a n u n c l e a n b e a s t or th e c a e s t e a r w c h e h e r b h e g c a r c a s e of u n c l e a n c a ttle or th e c a r c as e O f u n c l e a n c r e e p i n g t h i n g s a n d it b e h i d de n fr om hi m a n d h e b e u n c l e a n t he n h e s h a l l b e g u il ty wh a t s oe v e r h i s u n c le a n n e s s or i f he to u c h th e u n c le a n n e s s of m a n b e whe r e wit h h e i s u n c le a n a n d it be hi d fr om hi m ; whe n he 1
T he s e
’
are
.
.
,
3
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
O ATH S
2 16
vows
AN D
.
th a t s uch o a t h s a r e r e cko n e d p a r a ll l to the u n cl e a n t b u O f co n t a gio n f o r which s imil a r a t o n e m e n t s mu s t be m a d e to f r e e the m a n fr om the ba n ; do e s a ma n who s w e a r s t o p e r fo r m a r a s h a c t l ay him s e l f u n d e r a t a b u u n t i l he compl e t e d h i s t a s k ? T a ke the i n t a n c e s i n s ha l l ha ve G r e e k mythol ogy a s M i s s J a n e H a r r i s o n who r e cog n iz e s the “ di fficulty ha s coll e c t e d t h e m : I t i s l e s s Obviou s a t sam fi r s t why du i y [ O ffe r i n g s d e s t r oy e d ] w e r e a lwa y s e mploy e d I n the o r din a r y r itu a l of i n the t a ki n g o f o a t h s th e t a ki n g of o a th s the o a th t a k e r a ctu a lly s tood upo n Ty n d a r e u s the pi e c e s of the s l a ught e r e d a n im a l a n d m a d e H e l e n s s ui t o r s t a k e a n o a th s a c r ific e d a ho r s c a u s i n g th e m to s t a n d on the cu t u p pi e c e s O f the hor s e h a vi n g m a d e th e m t a k e the oa th he bur i e d the ho r s e I t wa s s a id He r a kl e s ha d giv e n a n o a th to the s o n s of N e l e u s on the cu t pi e c e s o f a b o a r Pa u an ia s With the me n o f O ld d a y s the r ul e wa s a s r e g a r d s s ays a s a c r ifici a l a n im a l on which a n o a t h h d b e e n t a k n t h a t it s h ould be n o mo r e a ccoun t e d a s e a t bl e for M i s s H a r r i s o n e x pl a i n s th e cu s t om o f s t a n di n g o n the “ f r a gm e n t s O f the victim a s poin ti n g cl e a r ly to the id e n tific a tion o f o a t h ta k e r a n d s a c r ific e The victim wa s h e w n i n bi t s ; s o i f th e a th ta k e r p e r j u r e him s e l f Will he be h e w n i n bit s I v e n tu r e wi t h di fl i de n c e t o put a
e
s
,
e
,
,
r
a
ta
-
,
’
e
,
-
,
s
,
a
e
a
-
.
o
”
-
1
.
k n owe th of it th e n h e s h a ll be g u il ty or if a n y on e s we a r r a s hly with h i s l i p s to d o e vil o r to d o g ood wha t s oe v e r it be t ha t a m a n s ha ll u tt e r r a s hl y wit h a n oa th a n d it b e hi d f r om h i m wh e n h e k n o we th O f it t h e n he s h a ll b e g u il ty i n o n e of t he s e t h i n g s a n d it s ha ll b e whe n he s ha ll b e g u i l ty i n on e of t he s e t hi n g s t ha t he s ha ll c o n fe s s tha t wh e r e i n he ha th s i n n e d : a n d he s ha ll br i n g hi s g u il t O ffe r i n g u n t o Y a h we h for h i s s i n wh i c h h e h a t h s i n n e d a fe ma le fr om the fl oc k a l a mb or a g oa t for a S i n O ffe r i n g ; a n d the p r i e s t s ha ll ma k e a t on e m e n t for h i m a s c o n c e r n i n g hi s S i n J E H a r r i s on Pr ol eg ome n a 6 6 ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
1
.
.
,
,
.
P R ESU MP TU O U S S I N S
2 18
mi s d e e d s t h a n
.
i n fr i n g e m e n t of a t a bu a r e pl a c e d s id e by s id e with b r e a ch e s of u n cl e a n n e s s Y e t i n th e A s s y i a n s e r i e s e i th e r i r e cogn iz e d a s the po s s ibl e c a us e o f s ick n e s s i n m a n a n d i n th e H e b r e w l a w b oth d e m a n d an a to e m e n t S om e are u n doubte dly th e di r e ct d e s c e n d n t s of b r e a ch e s o f the d e mon t a bu s a n d o t h e r s a r e cl e a ly O ffe n c e s a g a i n s t holy t hi n g s b e lon gi n g to th e t r ib a l g od T wo e x pl a n a tio n s a r e t h e r e for e O p e n to s O n e i s th a t e v e r y b r e a ch o f t a bu wa s v i s i t e d by d e m on i a c po ss e s s io n e i th e r di r e ctly o r th r ough the divi n e w r a th which c a u s e d a n ge l s a n d mi n i s te r s t o i n flic t t h e i r pl a gu e s on m e n T he oth e r i s th a t a s r e ligi o u s b e l i e fs g r e w a n d th e o r igi n s w e r e fo r gott e n me n b r ought a to n e m e n t s fo e v e r y b r e a ch O f t a bu a r gui n g by a n a logy th a t th e y could r e mov e the r i s k o f pu n i s hm e n t by wh a t ul t im a te ly wa s r e g a r d e d a s a pi a cul a r ffe r i n g T he o r igi n a l O bj e ct wa s di r e g r d e d a n d a s u n doub t e dly O f th e a ton e m e n t i n the O ld T e s t a m e n t the c a r c a s e s of b e a s t s a pp e a r s s l a ugh t e r e d a s s ub s titut e s to a t t r a c t th e pl a gu e d e vil b e c a m e the O ffe r i n g s of m e n guilty of p r e s umptuou s s in The l a s t s t a g e i s r e a ch e d wh e n th e c a r c a s e i s e a te n by the p r i e s t s a s t hough it w e r e a n o r di n a r y s a c r ific e O r igi n a lly t h e n we m a y p r e s um e f r om th e m e a n i n g of i n co n n e ctio n wi t h s a v a g e m e t hod s of the wo r d k p ha cl e a n i n g t a bu th a t the a ton m e n t c e r mo n y wa s i n te n d e d to w a s h a w a y a d m on i a c or s i n ta bu i n w a te r I n o th e r wor d s the d mo n wa s to be t r a n s fe r e d t o w a t e r a d t hu s s in O ffe r i g I n a ddi t io n to thi s we h a v th e r e m ov e d which wa or igin a lly a b e as t s ub s titut e d for the m a n whom th e d e mon h a d a t ta ck e d which wa s i n te n d e d to r e c e iv e th e d e vil a ft e r h e h a d b e e n e x o r ci s e d me r e
th e
’
‘
.
r
s
,
‘
’
n
.
-
a
,
r
u
.
.
,
.
’
‘
,
r
,
o
’
‘
s
.
a
,
,
,
-
‘
.
.
,
,
’
,
r
s
e
e
,
e
.
,
n
r
e
e
.
s
,
.
‘
n
,
.
TH E
R
E D EMPTI ON
OF
TH E
F I R STB O R N
.
mo s t i n t e r e s t i n g p r obl e m s i n S e mitic f lklo e i s the qu e s t io n o f the o igi n of the fir s tbor n s ub s ti t utio “ Ya hw e h i s r e l a te d t o h a v e s a id : S a n cti fy u n to m e a ll th fi r s tbor n wh a t s o e v e r op e n e t h the womb a mo g the child r e n O f I s r a e l bo th o f m a n a n d of b e a s t : it i s mi n e 2 Thi s i s a mplifi e d e l s e wh e r e : T hou s h a lt s e t a p a r t u n to Ya hw e h a l l th a t op e n e t h the w o mb a n d v e y fir s tli n g which t hou ha s t t h a t com e th O f a b a s t ; the m a l e s s h a ll An d e v e r y fir s tl i n g of a n a s s t hou s h a l t be Ya hw e h s r e d e e m with a l a mb ; a n d i f thou wil t n o t r e d e e m it t h e n thou s h a lt b e a k i ts n e ck : a n d a ll the fi r s t bo r n of m a n th e th ou s h lt a mo n g thy s on s I n N umb e “ l a w i s t hu s l a id dow n : Ev ry t h a t O p e n e th the womb O f a ll fl e s h w hich th e y offer u n t o Y hw e h b oth n e v e r th e l e s s of m a n a n d be a s t s h a ll be thi n e the fi r s tbo r n of m a n s h a l t thou s u r e ly r e d e e m a n d the An d t ho s e fir s tli n g o f u n cl e a n b e a s t s s h a lt t hou r e d e e m t h a t a r e to b e r e d e e m e d of t he m f om a mo th O ld h a lt t hou r e de e m acco r di n g to t hi e e s t im a t io n f r th e mo e y O f five S h e k e l s a f te r th e S h e k e l o f th e s a n ctu a y ( th e s a m e i s twe n ty g e r a h s ) Bu t th e fir s tli n g of a n ox o the firs tl i n g of a s h e e p o r the fir s tl i n g of a g a t t ho u h a lt n ot r e d e e m ; t he y a r e h oly : t h ou s h a l t s p i kl e t h e i r bl oo d ON E
of
the
o
r
e
r
-
n
n
,
”
,
.
r
e
,
e
’
.
,
r
3
rs
a
e
,
a
,
,
,
,
.
n
,
s
n
r
n
o
,
r
,
r
,
.
o
,
s
,
r n
1
E
x
od
.
.
xi ii
,
2
2 .
I bi d
.
,
1 2 a:
3
xviii
"
,
15 a
.
1
T R AD IT ION AL
2 20
upo n the m a d e by
R
E D E MP T ION
.
h a l t bu r n t he i r fa t for a n o ffe r i n g fir e f o r a s we e t s a vou r u n t o Ya h we h O n e t r a ditio n ( Je ho vi s t) a s s ig n s the o igi n o f thi s cu s tom “ to the s mi t i n g of the fi r s tbo r n i n E gy p t : For a l l the fi r s tbo r n a r e mi n e ; on the da y th a t I s mot e a l l the fi r s tb or n i n the l a n d O f E gypt I h a ll ow e d u n t o me a ll the fi r s t bo r n i n I s r a e l both m a n a n d b e a s t : mi n e s h a l l 1 2 t h e y b e : I a m Y a hw e h A s e con d (E lohi s t) l e ge n d o f the s ub s t it u tio n o f a r a m fo r the s a c r ific e o f th e fi r s tbo r n As i s the mo r e p r imitiv e s t o r y of Ab r a h a m a n d I s a a c a n a ddi t io n a l s to r y J e h th a h s vo w m a i n which ci d b e t e y p e ve r a fe m a l e fi t hi s case how r s tbo r n ) i s d e dic a t e d I n ( i s S pok e n o f th e s t a t e m e n t b e i n g th a t he n o r e d e mptio n did wi t h he r a cco r di n g to the vow he h a d vowe d I t i s th e r e fo r e cl e r th a t t wo di ffe r e n t t r a ditio n s a pp a r e n tly of a n a c a d e mic n a tu e h a d s p u n g up a t a v e r y t im e to e x pl a i n wh a t wa s a f u n d a m e n t a l cu s t o m e a r ly a mo n g th e H e b r e w s I t wa s llo we d to the t r ibe to fi r s tbor n b e a t for a fi r s tb or n child which a s ub s ti t u t e wa s cl e a r ly h e ld t o b e lo n g to th e t r ib a l god ; wh a t i s mo r e u n cl e an be a s t s fr om the p a s s a g e i n N um x viii 1 5 w e r e the p r op e ty O f the d e i t y a n d h a d to be r e de e me d V h e n t hi s p a s s a g e i s t a k e n i n to a ccou n t with the a s s x iii 1 3 which wa s to be r e d e e m e d with a l a mb o f Ex od or be k i ll d by h a vi n g i ts n e ck b r ok e n i t s e e m s cl e a r th a t the p a s a ge a b o ut the u n cl e a n b e a s t s h a s de s c e n d e d fr om a tim e wh e n s uch b e a s t i e ld tot w ere h e ems ) ( a
lta r
O R I G I N S OF
an d
,
s
”
.
,
r
,
”
.
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
a
,
r
r
,
a
.
s
,
,
2
‘
.
\
‘
,
,
’
r
.
,
‘
,
,
,
.
e
,
’
‘
s
s
1 2
Nu m Ge n
n a me
.
of
Ya hwe h ,
iii 1 3 xx ii l ff
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
th e
pl
and
th e
Y a h we h d oe s
ace, ep
Je h o v a h
ilog u e
.
n o t oc c u r
j ir eh
-
,
i ts
e
i n the
xp l
ana
s
tor y
ti on
,
e
x
th e
cep
t
“
i n the
a n g el
of
T R AD ITI O N
222
OF
ORIGIN
TH E
M AGI C
OE
.
m e a dditio n a l e x a mpl e s which m y be of u s e i n ou r a r gum e n t Th e r e i s a n i n te s t i n g t r a di t io n i n B e zold s h ow i n the n i n t i e t h y e a r of T e r a h m a gic S cha tz hohlc the e a r t h i n the city of Ur a pp e a r e d on which Ho r on the s on O f E b e r h a d built A r ich i n h a bit a n t di e d a n d h i s s on m a d e a n i ma ge o f g old t o put ov e r the g r a v e a n d po s t e d a w a t ch e r Th e n c a m e S a t a n a n d t ook up h i s a bod e i n the im a g e s p e a ki n g to th e you n g m a n a s though it w e r e hi s f a th e r ; a n d on e da y thi e v e s s tol e b e lo n gi n g to the you n g ma n who c a m e to e v e r ythi n g so
a
’
re
.
1
e
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
— 6 7 7 8, 3 0 0 (
m e n ti on s the
i n s t a n c e s O f the Phoen i c i a n s s a c r ifi c i n g to S a t u r n on e o f th e de a r e s t of t he i r p e op l e ( Phi l o B i b ca th e D u m a ti i i n Ar a bi a who D i od or u s s a y s s a c r ifi c e d a c h ild e v e r y y e a r a n d o the r c a s e s of hu ma n s a c r ific e s H e g ive s Por p hyr y s s t or y b o s is a ol i s h e d th e l a w fo r th e s l a yi n g of m e n a t t t h a m A 1 3 0 ) p ( H e l i op ol i s i n Eg y p t a s Ma n e t ho be a r s wit n e s s i n h i s b ook O f An tiqu ity T he y we r e s a c r ifi c e d to Ju n o a n d we r e e x a mi n e d a s we r e a n d Pi e ty th e y we r e s a c r ifi c e d the p u r e c a l v e s t h a t we r e a l s o s e a l ed with t h e m t hr e e i n a da y I n wh os e s te a d Am os i s c omm a n de d th a t me n of wa x An o t h e r ( p O f th e s a m e n u m b e r s ho u l d be s u b s tit u t e d a ls o fr om w h om th e Phoe n i c i a n s n a m e I s r a e l Po r p h y r y i s the s t or y O f C r o n u s [ w it b h o h a d by a n y mp h n a me d A n obr e t a n o n ly s h o u l d e ( be g otte n s on a n d he i n d r e ad of g r e a t da n g e r s a dor n ed t hi s s on wit h W h i s t on i n hi s Jos ep hu s r oy a l a p pa r e l a n d O ff e r e d hi m i n s a c r ifi c e t h e foll o wi n g p a s s a g e s b e a r i n g o n hu m a n s a c r ifi c e i o ll e c t e d 8 4 0 f h a s c ) ( i n the O ld T e s t a m e n t : L e v xx 2 ; D e n t x ii 3 0 3 1 x viii 1 8 ; 2 Ki n g s x vi 3 ; x vii 3 1 xxiii 1 0 ; Ps c vi 3 7 3 8 ; Je r vi i 3 0 3 2 ; x i x 3 L5 ; xxxii 3 5 Ez e k xvi 20 2 1 W i s d x ii 4—6 S e e a ls o D a u me r ‘
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
L e Cu l te dc L
M o loch,
i
’
an c e n n e r e
s an s e
l ig i
x p ti l i p mi l x ll t i on
ce
,
m as c u n a r He i s e c e e n
(p
1 8,
e
g My thol og i c , .
See
.
.
l
a so
ed
,
the
ii
en
o h t p
y s te
p 32 .
ar e p
s
au
an
es
.
x ll
en c e
e
ro
s on
a
ce
,
Q
o o
n
d etr e ’
’
ou
(ed
(p
ca
co
a,
s
.
i lly
.
o o
a
a
la B i bl e , 1 85 0 , 2
i
ra
it
de
tu er
x
l e s p r é mi c e s du s e s on p a r m i l e s h om me s ,
a r s on s
uo e
E we r be c k,
es pec a ”
or e
q
ue
r a d ou c e , o r d on n a
o
us
,
,
u c s t- c c
oc
or
,
.
l h— Jeh v h i m x t a pl f t i hi th p l g i l mp i i ld t Fl i d q t d f l t h g h h i p hi l l g y i
G hi l l a n y s , 1 84 2
é
va n t
l hon n e u r d u M o
n
,
a
’
es a n
e
,
E we r be c k,
.
de M oi s e ,
on
l es H br e u x, 2 0 7 ;
c hez
1
1 84 2 ,
,
.
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
of
hu ma n
” .
ifi c e
m M aj e r , D i e t d c l a
ro
s
s acr
e
at
L es
.
lt
( pp 2 4 , S a c r ific es hu ma i n s
fa u
mon g th e S e m it e s
.
“
r ace
an
th r o
TH E
E
Q U S TI
f a t h er
ON OF HU M AN
S AC R I
F IC E I N
AS S
YR I A
2 23
.
g r a v e i n te a r s S a t a n t h e r e upon p r omi e d t ha t a l l s hould be r e s tor e d i f o n ly the y ou g m a n w ould which he did Th e n S a t a n c a m e s a c r ific e h i s littl e s on a n d t a ugh t f o t h a n d e n t e r e d i t o th e you n g m a hi m m a gic i n c a n ta tion divi n a t io n s C ha ld e i s m d e s ti n i e s h a p s An d fr om t h a t tim e on m e n b e ga n to s a c ific e a n d fa t e s t he i r child r e to d e mon s a n d t o w or s hip idol s Th e r e a r e a l s o s to r i e s told O f s uch s a c r ific e a mo n g th e S a bi n s T he e x i s t e n c e O f hum a n s a c r ific e a mo n g the B a bylo n i a n s 2 J e r e mi a s a n d A s s y r i a n s i s n o t e a s y to p r ov e s a ti s fa ct or ily “ co n s ide r s i t to b e the p r ob a bility th a t th B a bylo n i a n s p r a c t i s e d hum a n s c r ific e s e c r e t ly without f or m a lly t ki g it up i n t o the r e c ogn i s e d w or s hip a r e m a k which I mu s t con fe s s I a m u n bl e to u n de r s t a n d f ully I s i t m ea n t to a pply to tho s e p opl e s a t a ll p e r i od s O f the four t h ou s a n d y a s which we k n ow o f t h e m ? W ha t s hould Th r e m a r k be t h e i r Obj e ct i n p r a cti i n g it s e c r e t ly ? s e e m s to be s uch a v a gu e a n d u n s ub s t a n t i a t e d d p r e ci a ti on o f t h e e n e mi e s o f I s r a e l th a t it i s n o h e lp to a n y s ci e n tifi c i n v e s tiga tio n I n 1 87 5 P r o fe s s o S a yc e publi s h e d t wo te x t s which he co s id e e d pr ov e d the x i s te n c e o f hum a n s a cr ific e a mo n g the B a bylo n i a n s but h i s vi w s w e r e comb a t e d a n d r e fu t e d 4 by B a ll i n 1 89 2 O n e O f th e s e t e x t s wa s f om a n hi s
’
s
s
.
n
,
.
n
r
n
,
,
e
,
,
,
,
”
r
.
n
.
1
a
.
.
e
a
a
n
r
,
a
.
e
e
r
s
e
e
.
3
r
n
r
e
e
,
r
.
M C de i v 5 C hwol s oh n D i c S s a bi c r ii 28 Pe r c iv a l ( ii 1 0 1 q u o t e d H u g he s D i e t of I s l a m 1 84) me n ti on s a Gha s s a n i de p r i n c e who wa s s a c r ifi c e d to V e n u s by M u n g i r ki n g of H ira Ps e ll u s ( e le v e n t h c e n t u r y ) i n h i s D i l og u e on th Op er a ti on of s p e a k s of th e s e x u a l or g i es a m o n g D cc mon s ( e d C ol l i s s on 1 84 3 p “ the E u c h i tae a n d th e Gn os ti a t th e ti m e whe n we c e l e b r a t e the Pa s s i on o f ou r L or d a n d h ow t he y s a c r ifi c e d t he i r u n n a t u r a l O ffs p r i n g n i n e m o n t hs l a t e r 1
i m,
E u -c
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
e
a
.
,
.
2
E n cy c l B i bl .
4
.
4122
,
x iv
,
3
1 89 2 , 1 49
TS BA .
.
.
.
.
Iv
1 87 5 , 2 9
.
.
'
2 24
E ION OF HU MAN
Q U ST
TH E
S AC R I
F IC E
AS S
IN
Y R IA
.
“ om e n t bl e t which S yc e t a l a t e d Wh n the Ai g d fi t h o i s n e p p e ity O high pl c a e th s on i s ( ) bu n t Thi s h w v e i s i n co ct a n d B a l l t r n s l a tio n though n ot e x a c t wa a ccu te e n ugh to di s p ov e the T he r i n O f R imm n i s viol e n t ; the th e o r y s a c ific e s p outi g g r a i n on the idge s (o t e r r a c e d lop e s ) i s T he mi i h d i s l a id b r e t e x t i s th a t e co d giv e n i thi s book o p 2 1 0 a n d P f s o S a yc e m i n ta i n e d t h t hi i n te r p r e t tion s t ill h ld good a s a s l a te a s 1 9 02 s e e mi g to s how th a t th e fi r s tbo r n O f m a n wa s i n clud e d a c r ific e s t h a t w r e d e m e d cc e p ta bl e to h e a v e n a mo n g th e T hi s d p en de d on hi s t a n s l a tio n O f u i u which B a ll (loc cit ) i n 1 89 2 ha d ch a ll e n g d a n d s ub s titute d H e c we h a v e a y t n o p o of of hum n f tli g for i t itu a l ta bl e t s s a c ific e f om A s s y r i a n Ag a i n a g r a t d l to much s t e s s I thi n k h b e e l id on th wit e O f s e a l cyli d s It i f e qu n tly v e r y di fficult to e x pl a i n the s ubj e ct s g r a v d on th e m bei g r e p r e s e n t a tio n of the s l a ught e of hum a a n d th how n to b p e s e t i s ot n e c ily e v e n wh n a g d i s hum a n s a cr ific e I t i s doubtful wh e th e the s e a l cyli n d r s “ publi s h e d by M en a n t or B a ll for the e vid e n c e of s uch a
a
r
,
s
r
”
r
ns
n
.
o
,
.
r
s
’
rre
s
,
,
ra
n
r
n s
e
2
s
ro e
,
.
a
,
r
s
n
a
r
a
n
s
o
r
,
o
e
o
a
r
r-
e
r,
e
e
s
n
s
r
a
a
e
n
s
e
a
.
r
e
n
e
n
.
s
e
r
r
r
r s
.
.
a
e
,
n
e
a
,
e
r
a
.
ea
e
,
o
ss
r
n
-
er
s
.
en
s
o
e
e
r
e
,
n
n
n
n
,
s,
e s s ar
r
.
r
n
e
r
e
as
,
,
e
-
3
U
te x t i sa hha r ( T U R ) a r u Ba ll s The l as t wor d a r u r I s h ou l d p r e fe r to t r a n s la t e i s s c or c hed i n te r p r e ta ti on i s m i n i s he d (i s a hha r ) i s p e r fe c tly c or r e c t a s it i s a wor d fr e qu e n tly u s ed i n t h e s e t e x t s i n t h i s c on n e c ti on E v e n we r e the m ea n i n g (h u m a n ) O ffs p r i n g Gif or d L e c tu r es 4 6 7 fi r s tbo r n t h e r e wou ld th e n be n o s u pp or t t ha t it m e a n t s s ibl e o p I thi n k howe ve r n o on e on r e a di n g the i n c a n ta ti on c a n n ow be l i e ve t ha t th e r e i s a n y qu e s ti on of hu ma n s a c r ifi c e 1
T he
Ad a d p i s u i n a d i SE C U M i n a KI S L AH M E S m a r , a n d h a s t h e r e for e r e fe r e n c e to t h u n de r , n ot r a i n
r un s cn u -
-
a 11"
’
-
-
-
-
.
’
‘
’
.
’
‘
,
.
’
2
,
.
’
‘
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
2
N os 1
R ec her c hes .
1 7 6 —82
sur
l a Glyp ti q u e Or i en ta l e, 1 5 0 ;
.
xiv
,
1 89 2 , 1 4 9
.
Ca ta l og
ue
D c Cl er c q,
MO D E RN CU S TOM S OF
22 6
th a t i n to
EMP TI ON
.
thi s child e n te r i n to li fe i n to M a y it be G od s th e fe a r o f h e a v e n ! the l a w a n d wil l th a t wh e r e a s he ha s b e e n a dmitte d to r e d e mptio n s o m a y h e e n t e r i n to th e l a w the n upti a l c a n opy a n d i n to H e th e n pl a c e s hi s h a n d on the good d e e d s ! Am e n 1 child s h e a d a n d give s the p r ie s tly bl e s s i n g I t i s s i g n i fic a n t by the wa y th a t the mod e rn S e mit e s whil e th e y do n ot l a y th e ir h a n d s upon the h e a d o f th e s a c r ific e i n o r di n a r y c a s e s y e t th e y do la y th e ir h a n d s on it i f s om e on e 2 e l s e kill s i t At a s h r i n e n e a r B e i r ut s h e e p go a t s a n d bullock s a r e Sa c r i fic e d i n p a ym e n t o f vow s T he fo r mul a u s e d i s I kil l thi s s h e e p as a f edu for Abdull a h T he s l a y e r dip s hi s i n de x fi n g e r i n blood a n d d a ub s i t on the for e h e a d of the on e for whom the vow wa s m a d e a n d he s t e p s ov e r the 3 blood T he mod e rn Ara b f edu c e r e mo n i es O ffe r a clo s e p a r a ll e l The s e r v a n t of th e Ch a i r a t Z e be d a n i r e l a te d the followi n g : The moth e r o f a boy wh e n s h e s l a ught e r s a s a crific e vow e d on hi s b e h a l f t a k e s s om e o f the blood a n d put s it on hi s s ki n T h e y c a l l th e s a c r ific e fedou T a kin g the blood fr o m the pl a c e wh e re th e s a crific e i s s l a ught e r e d i s bl e s s i n g of the e quiv a l e n t to t a ki n g th e “ pl a c e a n d p ut t in g it on the child th e y S imil a r ly go th r ough the op e n in g s u r a O f the Kor a n a dd r e s s the s pi r it s n to c l A k t a b n sa T hi i ro th e n d u d a s s f m e a ( ) y th e e (God) a n d O God r e c e iv e it fr om s uch a n on e the s on of s uch a moth e r a s a r e d e mption ( fedou) i n b e h a l f re
mi s s ion
RED
of
,
May
.
,
’
,
,
“
,
”
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
”
.
,
.
.
’
‘
‘
,
,
.
.
’
,
.
,
‘
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
Ma s te r ma n , Bi bl Wor ld ,
O n p u tti n g , Pr i m S em R e l , 1 81 , 1 88
.
i n Pa 2 1 ‘
l ti es
n e s ee
C u r ti s s , l oc
.
C u r ti s s , cit
.
,
1 49 .
.
.
.
.
3 .
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S em R e l .
2 50
xxn
.
,
2 00
.
blood on
d oor p os ts
.
C u r ti s s , B i bl
.
Wor ld,
xxiii
”
,
332
.
MO D E R N CU STOM S OF
R
E D EMPTI ON
22 7
.
him T hi s s a c r ific e i s a s a c r ific e O f th a n k s givi n g 1 I n A r a bi a i f on e s a c r ific e for looki n g b a ck wa r d h e a lth the d e a th of the e we or the go a t th e y thi n k t o be a cc e pt e d i n e x ch an g e for the c a m e l s l ife or hi s own 2 3 I n S y r i a th e y kil l a n im a l s on b e h a l f li fe li fe for li fe th e d e a d f or th e piri t c a llin g t h e m f c du Th e s e of to s e rve him i n s a c i fic e s go b e fo r e th e d e c e a s e d a s ligh t th e n e xt li fe a s he a pp r o a ch e s G od b e comi n g a haf ar a h f or hi s s i n s “ fe e t s a c r ific e b e t w e e n the i s m a d e i n P a l e s ti n e T he o n b e h a l f O f a pilg r im on hi s r e tu r n f r om M e kk a J e r u s a l e m s om e on e who h a s b e e n a lo n g wa y a w a y fr om o r f or “ T he c e r e mo n y c on s i s t s i n a s h e e p or a go a t hom e b e i n g s l a ught e r e d for the on e who r e tu r n s Ju s t b e fo r e h e e n t e r s th e doo r of the hou s e h e s t a n d s wi t h hi s l e g s i s r oom f or th e v ic t i m t o be s p r e a d o u t s o th a t th e r e pl c e d b e twe e n th e m T he V ic t im s th r o a t i s cu t a n d put on hi s fo r e h e a d I f h e i s a s om e of th e bl o od i s 5 Ch r i s ti a n it i s ma r k e d i n the S ign of a c r o s s ’
Of
.
”
.
,
,
’
.
,
s
,
,
.
r
,
,
‘ 1
.
,
,
.
.
’
a
’
,
.
.
.
,
1
C u r ti s s , Pr i m S em R el .
At R
.
.
1 96
,
2 .
D ou g hty , Ar a bi a D es er ta ,
l
me , a c c or d i n g to O vi d, e a c h fa t he r of a fa mi y, O f the L e m u r i a c a m e r ou n d a n d a l l wa s s ti l , a r os e , wit h b a r e fe e t he m a de a s p e c i a s i g n wit h h i s fi n g e r s 3
o
l
i
,
4 52
th e fe s t i v a
as
.
l
ta n di n g a n d th u mb to l k e e p O ff a n y g h os t T hr i c e h e wa s he s hi s ha n ds i n s p r i n g wa te r the n wit h fa c e h e t u r n s r ou n d a n d t a k e s bla c k b e a n s i n t o hi s mou t h “ T he s e I s e n d a v e r te d he s pi t s th e m a wa y a n d a s h e s p it s t he m s a y s H a r r i s on J E for th with th e s e b e a n s I r e de e m mys e lf a n d m i n e ( Pr ol eg omen a T he r e i s a s t or y t old of Al N ooma n s u r n a me d Ab u Ka b us wh o i n a dr u n ke n fit or de r e d two of h i s i n ti m a t e c omp a n i on s to W he n he c a me to h i ms e lf he wa s s o g r ie ved tha t he be b u r i ed a l ive s e t as i de two da ys o n on e of whi c h he s a c r ifi c e d wh oms oe v er he m ig h t m e e t a n d s p r i n kle d the bl ood on th e m on u me n t b e e r e c te d to t he m o n the ot he r he t ha t me t hi m wa s d i s m i s s ed wit h s a fe ty wit h ma g n ifi c e n t g i ft s (S ale Kor a n Pr eli m D i s c s e c t i ) I bid 1 7 7 C u r ti s s Pr i m S c m R el 1 7 8 and
s
,
.
,
,
”
.
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
4
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
28
TH E
When
FED U
.
fi n i s h e s a h ou s e he m a k e s a s a c r ific e on “ E ve r y th e doo r s t e p a s a r e d e mptio n for the buildi n g ho us e mu s t h a v e i ts d e a th a m a n wom a n child or G od ha s a ppoi n te d a fe do u f or e v e r y buildi n g a n im a l th r o u gh s a c r ific e I f God h a s a cc e pte d the s a c r ific e he 2 Acco r din g to a n o r th odo x ha s r e d e e m e d th e h o u s e M o s l e m on movi n g fr o m hou s e to h o u s e or i n occupyi n g a m a n will kill th e fe dou the fir s t n ight a n e w buildi n g “ th a t he s l e e p s th e r e in ; the O bj e ct i s th e bu r s tin g fo r th I t i s f or him s e l f O f bl ood u n to the f a c e o f G od a n d fa mily a r e d e mptio n I t k e e p s off di s e a s e a n d th e 3 j in n The s hekh of K a f r H a r ib a bov e the S e a of Ga lil e e e x pl a i n e d to Mr Cu r ti s s th a t th e p e opl e s a c r ific e “ n e w hou s e a V icti m on the th r e s hold f or th b e c a us e l e ve r y a c e l a n d o r s p o t on th e e a r th h a s i ts o wn dw e ll e r s p l e s t on e o f th e fa mily di e i n th i s l a n d B e c a u s e it i s n o t th e i r s t h e y r e d e e m the fa mily by a fe dou on e o r a l l In Hum s i f a ma n h a s bough t a n e w hou s e a n d i ts i n h a bit a n t s h a d b e e n u n lucky th e ow n e r will m a k e s om e ch a n g e s uch a s t a kin g up a n ol d s to n e on th e t h r e s hold a n d l a yi n g a n e w on e i n i ts pl a c e T h e n the s a c r ific e i s O ffe r e d on th a t th r e s hold the p e opl e c a l li n g it p r e s e n ti n g '
m an
a
,
.
,
,
,
,
1
.
.
,
”
.
,
,
'
,
.
.
”
.
,
.
,
e
,
,
,
,
.
”
4
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
ha fidr a h ’
a
”
5
.
t m of ma ki n g h ole s to r e c e ive the p os ts a n d me n a r e kille d a n d p la c e d t h e r e i n s o t h a t the h ou s e b e i n g fou n de d i n bl ood m a y s ta n d ( Mc Le n n a n S tu d i e s C omp a r e Jos hu a vi 2 6 With the l os s of hi s fir s tb or n s ha ll h e l a y the fou n da ti on th e r e of a n d with the l os s O f hi s y ou n g e s t s on s h all he s e t u p th e g a t e s of it T he M a la y s s ac r ifi c e a fowl a g oa t or a b u ffa lo i n s u c h a c a s e ( S k e a t Ma l a y Ma g i c C u r ti s s l oc c i t 1 9 6 4 I bid 1 9 7 C ur ti s s Bi bl Wor l d xx i 2 5 3 I bi d 2 5 4 For th e s a c r ific e for a t e n t s e e 10 0 c i t 2 5 3 O n b u ildi n g r ite s g e n e r a lly s e e Gi tté e M é lu s i n c iii 4 9 7 ; S a r t or i D a s 1
t he r e
I n Bor n e o
is
a
cus o
,
,
”
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
2
,
.
,
.
,
.
3
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
5
.
.
,
B a u opf er , Z ei ts
.
f ur E thn ol ,
1 89 8,
xxx
,
,
1 ff
.
,
.
,
.
,
’
23 0
S UB ST
I T UT IO N
A
MO N G O THE R NAT ION S
.
“ I t wa s cl e a r ly n ot co n fi n e d to the S e mite s Th e e wa s A b e a r c a m e i n to a s an ctu a r y of A r t e mi s a t M u n ychi a it a n d wa s kill e d by the Ath e n i a n s A fa mi n e follow e d a n d th e g od g a v e a n o a cl e th a t th e f a mi n e s hould c ea s e i f s om e o n e would s c r ific e hi s d a ught e r to the godd e s s p r omi s e d to do it on E mb a ro s wa s the o ly m a n wh con ditio n th a t he a n d h i s fa mily s hould h a ve the p i s t hood H e di s gui s e d h i s d a ught e r a nd hid h e r i n th e for li fe go a t i n a g a r me n t a n d s a c r ific e d a n d dr e s s e d a s an ctu a ry it a s h i s d a ught e r “ Amon g the M l a y s i f th e s pi r it c r a v e s a hum a n victim 2 a cock m a y b e s ub s titute d F i n a lly we ma y tu r n to a cu r io u s i n s t a n c e o f s a c r ifici a l clo s e ly a lli e d t o t hi s I t i s r l a t e d i n the s ub s tit u t io n o f S e n n a ch e r ib th t wh n t h t ki n g w e n t an n al s r oy a l do wn to the P e s i a n Gul f he O ff r e d gi fts to E a the lo r d r
.
.
.
,
r
a
.
o
n
,
r e
.
,
”
1
.
a
,
”
.
,
e
.
a
r
of
th e
e
,
a
e
,
,
sea
Be fo r e
I t
the m
at
the
s
i de
l
th e G u f
of
O ffe r e d u p p u r e vi c ti m s U n t o E a the Ki n g of the D e e p ; With g olde n s hi p s a g olde n fis h a g olde n I n t o the de p ths of the s e a I c a s t An d the n I s e n t my s hi ps a c r os s s p ee dil y 3 Ag a i n s t the c ity O f Na g i ti s
oo d a n d ,
,
,
,
”
.
i n te n d e d t o p r opiti a t e E a a n d s a t i s fy the hu n ge r o f the s e a f or s hip s thu s p a yi n g tol l b e fo r e h a n d t h a t th e r e a l s hip s m a y p r oc e e d 1 on th e i r wa y i n s a f e ty T he
O ffe r i n g
Of
th e
G old e n S hip i s
,
‘
.
1
J E H a r r i s on , Pr ol eg omen a , 7 2 .
.
S ke a t , Ma l a y Ma g i c , 7 2 F or s i mi a r i n s t a n c e s s e e
.
iii 1 2 2 l F r a z e r Gol den B ou g h ii X e r x e s to g iv e a n o the r r oy a l p a r a ll e l a ft e r fl og g i n g th e H e lle s p on t O ffe r s s a c r ifi c e s on the b r i dg e a n d c a s t s i n t o th e wa t e r s the g ol de n b owl wh i c h he h a d 2
3
.
1
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
S UB STITUTI
ON
A
MONG O TH E R N ATI ON S
F r om t h e s e
23 1
.
i n s t a n c e s i t s e e m s t h a t the o igi n o f th e f or go tt e n by t ho s e th a t p r a cti e it s ub s titu t io n h a s b e e n T he r e a s o n s giv e n for doi n g it a r e s o m a n y n d v a r i ou s th a t it i s obviou s th e y a r e o n ly a tt e mpt s a t a n x pl a n a t ion for co n t i n ui n g the p r a ctic e o f a n ol d cu s to m mo n g a co n s e r va tiv e p e opl e I n th e i n s t a n c e of Ab r a h a m the r a m i s a bu r n t s a c r ific e t o G o d ; i n th e N umb e r s th e or y th e fi r s t bo r n b e lo n g s t o Y a hw e h i n m e mo r y O f the p a s s ove r ; th e A r a b s a c r i fic e s for th a fe r e tur n f the pilg r i m a r e a tha n kofle r i n g which ma y be r e fe e d t o m an y c a u s s ; the r e d e mptio n o f buildi n gs i s cl e a r ly a a to n e m e n t or t o a v e r t e vil j u s t a s the s ub s titutio n T he s ick n e s s d e vil i s giv e n th e a to n e m e n t of a s h e e p i s a n a c t o f d e dic a t i on a cco r di n g t o a hi ha h c e r e mo n y W e h a v e th e r e f or e t o d e cid on the R ob e r t s on S mi t h b a l a n c e O f p r oba biliti e s a n d the que s t io n s to b e d e b a te d th e o igi n of s uch a cu s t o m a r e th r e e i n n umb e r on T he po s s ibili t i e s t h a t the s a c r ific e o f the fi r s tbo r n i s re du e t o ( 1) s om e th e o r y s imil a r t o t h a t of the o r di n a y a to n e m e n t fo r t a bu t h a t fu tu i e d a n g e r (t a bu s ickn e s s r
s
.
a
e
a
.
,
,
,
1
e
s
o
rr
,
e
,
’
‘
-
.
’
-
,
e
.
,
r
.
a
r
,
'
l ib ti
ld
t a n d a Pe r s i a n s wor d ( R ou s e g Gr eek Voti ve Of er i n g s 3 1 1 H e r o dotu s vi i 5 4 ; for i n s t a n c e s of g i ft s E en at e l S em b t it v c a s t i n t o a h oly s r i n m h R e R o r s on S s e e p g thi s da y a t Ga za the y ha v e a c u s t om O f t hr owi n g b r e a d i n to the s e a as 89 3 F D 1 P n s per g er a n o ffe r i n g o r vow to i ts i n h a bita n t s a ld e B ( a n d th e vi c ti m s i mm ol a t e d to S u le i m an Ib n D a fid ( the wc l i of two h ot s p r i n g s n e a r th e D e a d S e a ) a r e s a c r ifi c e d i n s u c h a ma n n e r t ha t the blood g oe s i n t o th e wa t e r ( C u r ti s s B i bl Wor ld xx i Am on g the Ma r on ite s the n e c k O f the s he e p i s la i d on the p r o w of T he a s h i p a n d the t hr oa t i s s o c u t t h a t th e b l ood r u n s i n t o th e s ea vi c ti m i s t he n t hr own i n t o the b a y a s a s a c r ifi c e to S t Ge or g e or S e y i de ibi d xx iii ( F r a z e r g ive s wha t i s p r ob a bly the t r u e or i g i n o f the Pa s s ov e r G o l d e n B u h ii o ( g u s ed
in
a
with
,
,
,
on ,
,
a
o
en
c r a er
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
1
,
,
,
2 32
S UB STITUTI
ON
A
MON G O TH E R N AT ION S
.
mov e d by s uch a a c r i fic e e ith e r f r om the p a r e n t s or the commu n ity ; or ( 2 ) a n id e a th at the divi n e p r op r i e t a r y r igh t s o s tr on gly i n s i s t e d on p a r ticul a ly i n the H e b r e w l a ws i s du e to the r ight of th e g od s to h a v e con n e ctio n with th e w o m e n o f th e t r ib e who thu s b e a r s e mi divi e child r e n ; o r (3 ) the id e a th a t s uch a s a c r ific e o f child r e n wa s i n p imitiv e t im e s a s much a s h a i n g of a m e a l with the d e ity a s a n y oth e r s a c r ific e which t r a c e d to i ts logic a l co n clu s io n would S how th p r imi t iv e S e mitic s a v a g e to be a c a n ib a l T O di s cov e r the m e a n i n g o f s uch a p e culi a r cu s tom it i s pl a i n th a t we mu s t go b a ck to th e v e r y d e p th s of s a va ge r y T he f ct th a t the H e b r e w s a t a n e a r ly p e r iod w e r e divid e d b e t we e n a t l e a s t two div e r g e n t hypoth e s e s for the o r igi n o f th e cu s tom o f vic a r iou s d e dic a ti on s p r ob a bly n e i t h e r o f t h e m c or r e ct s hows how O l d the r e a l r e a s on f or s uch s ub s titutio n mu s t be ; a n d i f we go f u r t h e r a n d pu s h t hi s limi t b e yo n d th e p e r iod wh e n t h e r e wa s s om e mo r l o gic a l r e a s on for th e cu s t om th a n th e g l or ific a tio n O f th e pi e ty O f a t r ib a l h e r o o r the d i s we a r e th e n o n l y r e a chi n g c o mfitu r e O f a n a n ci e n t e n e my ba ck to the f r i n g e O f s a v a g e r y T hi s i s p r e s um a bly a t im e wh e n th e s a v a ge i s l e a r n i n g th a t a hum a n b e i n g i s of a high e r e co n omic s oci a l a n d r a ti on a l v a lu e t h a n a n d th a t a n im a l li fe i s n ot n a n im a l He the s a m e pl a n e as hum a n i n r e ligiou s a ffa i r s on t h e r e fo r e c e a s e s to s a c r ific e hi s child r e n a s a r e gul a r cu s tom a n d s ub s t itut e s b e a s t s fr om the fl ock s i n t h e i r pl a c e Y e t a lthough h e f o r s a k e s the a ctu a l m e th o ds O f hi s a n c e s to r s he doubtl e s s a llow s m a k e b e li e v e to e n t e r p r oc e du r e By a n i n g e n uou s di s pl a y s om e wh a t i n to h i s of blo o d h e coz e s hi s god i n to b e li e vi n g th a t the high e s t an
d
‘
i
s n
be
c an
re
s
,
,
r
,
-
n
,
r
r
,
,
,
e
n
.
,
a
.
,
,
,
,
e
,
.
,
,
a
,
.
,
.
,
‘
,
.
n
-
’
2 34
S UB S TITUT
“th t
ION
A
ass :
a
s
for m
.
ta bo o li e s a l s o a t th e bottom of the s a c r i fié e O f fir s tl i n g s a ppe a r s f r om the p r ovi s io n o f the O ld e H e b r e w l a w t h a t i f a fir s tli n g a s s i s n o t r e d e e m e d by i ts o wn e r i t n e ck s h a ll be b r ok e n I would O ffe r th e f ollow i n g a s a n e xpl a n a tio n ; the r e a s o n for s a c r i fici n g kid s or l a mb s i s th a t th e y a r e to be e a t e n a n d the blood i s t h e r e fo r e pour e d o u t o n th e g r ou n d but the a s s i s a be a s t O f bu r d e n a n d n ot f ood a n d a s s uch wa s s l a i n i n s uch a wa y a s to l e a v e the body a pp a r e n tly p e r fe ct s o t h a t it might p e r fo r m the d e i ty s wo r k i n the a bod e of the god s N a tu r a lly th e t h r o a t would n ot be cut b e c a u s e it wa s n ot a s a c r ifici a l f e a s t F r om t hi s the d e ductio n i s cl ea r I f the b ea s t i s n ot c e r e mon i a lly s l a ughte r e d a n d cook e d it will n ot be a s a c r ifici a l m e a l ; co n v e r s e ly a ll O ffe r i n g s th a t a r e s l a i n wi t h a k n i fe a n d bu r n t r e p r e s e n t the commu n a l fe a s t Jus t a s the divi n e e ffigy wa s a n oi n t e d a fte r the m a n n e r pl e a s i n g to i t chi n g ma n s o w e r e the a pp e tite s o f the god H e i n t e r m a r r i e d wi t h the t ib e a n d fe d a t the s a ti s fie d l t a bl e O ff the s a m e f ood H e n c e the l a mb which same i s s ub s titut e d i n mo r e civiliz e d t im e s fo r the firs tbo r n an d Off e r e d a t the commo n t a bl e r e p r e s e n t s the mo r e primi t iv e c a n n iba l s a c r i fic e E ve n i n s om e of the mode rn fe da c e r e mo n i e s the blood of the s ur r og a te i s da ube d on the child i n which we m a y s e e a n a tt e mpt t o p e r p e t r a t e the
om e
MO N G O TH E R NAT ION S of
,
r
”
s
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
r
.
.
,
,
,
2
.
,
1
S e e R o be r ts on S mit h , R e l S em .
i n s e p a r a bly c on n e c t e d wit h the blood H e n c e pr e doe s n o t de s c e n d to S he ol u n l e s s th e b ody i s b u r i e d w hil e the b od y of the a s s r e m a i n e d a b o v e g r ou n d the s u m a bl y O n the ot he r ha n d s la ves s h a de dou btl e ss s e r ved th e t r ib a l g od wh o a c c om p a n y the i r de a d hu ma n lor ds to th e n e t he r wor ld a r e b u r i e d wit h t h e m H owe v e r we d o n ot k n ow wha t b e c a m e o f th e c a r c a s e of th e a s s i n p r i m itiv e ti me s 2
T he
s ou
l
.
of
ma n , wh i c h i s
,
.
,
,
,
‘
’
.
.
,
.
,
NO T P R OP H YL ACTIC
AT
ONEMENT
35
.
v e r y c ommo n r e ligiou s fr a ud T he d e i t y i s de c e iv e d by th e blood s t a i n e d a pp e a r a n c e o f th e child a n d a t the s a m e tim e h e f e e d s o n th e c r c a s e O f th e V ic t im T h e r e s e e m s to be li tt l e di fficul t y i n e limi n a ti n g the firs t t h e o r y O f p r ophyl a ctic a to n e m e n t E v e r y fi r s tbo r n or b e a s t i s h e ld to b e l on g t o th e god s N a y of m a n mo r e the fi r s tbor n of s a c r e d t ot e m b e a s t s a r e divin e p r op e rty for s a c r ific e Now it i s e x t r e m e ly imp r ob a bl e t h a t a s a v a g e who ow n s l a rg e po s s e s s ion s i n h e r d s a n d wiv e s will s a c r ific e n ot on ly a l a mb or a kid f om e v e r y fe r til e fe m a l e i n h i s flock s b t e v e n hi s own fi r s tbo r n to him s e l f fr om h a r m Thi s would i n the c a s e of a s a ve u n limit e d d e s tr uc t io n of p r op e r ty to r ich m an e n t il a n Obta i n a v e r y p r obl e m a t ic r e s ult S t ill mo r e i s i t u n lik e ly t h a t h e will be a llow e d t o kill the fi r s tb r n of the tot e m m e r e ly to p r e s e r v e hi s i dividu a l li fe Tote m s m a y be kill e d a n d e a t e n a t s ol e m n t ib a l m e e ti n g s but n ot by u n lic en s e d u n it s Mor e ov e r p r ophyl a c t ic a t o n e m e n t of thi s ki n d a pp r o a ch e s the n a tu r e o f th e a to n e m e n t f or ta bu or s uch as h a s b e e n d e s c r ib e d i n the p r e c e din g s i n o ffe r in g ch a pte r T he s pi r it c a u s i n g the mi s chi e f ch a n ge s i ts hum a n a bod e f or th e a n im a l i to which it i s d r iv e n a f te r l e a vi n g the m a n s b ody But t hi s a s we h a v e s e e n m a k e s the a n im a l r e a lly un cl e a n t a bu a n d u n e a t a ble b e c a u s e it i s fill e d with the s pi r it S o i f we r e t u r n to o u r a r gum e n t of th e r ich s a v a g e s uch a s l a ught e r O f s c o e s or hu d e d s O f fir s tbor n r e p r e s e n t s a co r r e s pon di n g w a s t e which i s a bs u r d T he s e co n d po s s ibili t y th t o f p os s e s s io by r e a s o n of p a t e r n i ty i s u n lik e ly Alth ugh it be g a n te d t ha t th e r igh t s of t r ib a l a m on g th e g od s ar e r e c og n iz e d d or o g ha r i m a n d tha t tot e mi s m a n d a im a l h a p e d god s giv e colour t o a b e li e f i n i n t e r mi xt u r e b e t w e e n g od s a n d b e a s t s a
.
,
a
.
.
.
,
,
.
r
u
,
.
,
a
,
.
o
n
.
r
.
,
,
’
‘
-
,
.
n
’
.
,
,
’
‘
,
,
.
,
,
r
,
n
.
,
,
,
,
.
a
n
o
r
n
-
s
r
NO T
2 36
R
IG HT OF P ATERN ITY
.
p e r iod of ign o r a n c e the gu m n t a ga i s t s uc h H e r oic d migod s h a v e f or Obviou s a hypoth e s i s i s cl e a r s c ific e d i n b a byh oo d and n e ve r be e n e a s on s e t the y y cl e a r ly the r e s ul t o f th e u ion b e t w e e n god s a n d ar e wom e n Aga i n it i s diffic ul t to s e e how th e l a w o f the fir s tf i ts O f v g e t a bl e s e tc could b e w r e s t e d i n t o a n a l o gy F u th e r mo r e a lth o ugh thi s a r gum e n t ha s li tt l e fo r c e by r e a s on O f i ts p r opo s e d e x pl a n a tio n d e mon s a s we ll a s god s m a r ie d the gi r l s of the t r ib e ; but i n thi s c a s e it i s quit e lik e ly th a t the off p r i n g a r e the a bo r t io n s a n d e s p e ci a lly t h o s e w ith phy s ic a l di s a bili t i e s wh o a r e e x clud e d c a t e go r ic a lly f r om the p i e s thood The thi r d s a c ifici a l th e o y h a s a l r e a dy b e e n di s cu s s e d a n d s e e m s th e mo s t p r ob a bl e Ag r e e i n g wi th F r a z e r h a r dly r e s i s t the w c an c on clu s i on t h a t b e for e the p r a ctic e o f e d e e mi n g th e m 2 oth e r b r a n ch e wa s i t o duc e d the H e b e w s lik e th e s a c r ific e d the S e mitic r a c e r e gul a r ly t h e i r fi r s t b or n of child r e n by the fir e or the k n i fe ( ibid He main t a i n s ( p 5 1) a g a i n s t W e ll ha u s e n (Pr oleg omen a 3 r d e d 9 0 )
at
a
ar
,
a
,
n
e
.
r
e
,
r
,
n
.
,
e
ru r
.
,
,
.
,
,
r
,
s
,
r
.
r
r
,
1
.
e
,
r
,
n
r
r
,
s
,
,
”
.
,
.
R ie hm
1
.
,
’
s
li
di e m e n s c h
the or y c he
is
,
I t hi k n
E r s tg e b u r t
,
t
u n ena
i t
n ch
g
bl e
“S b e
:
eo p fe r
s tve r s ta n dl i c h
,
llt
so
e
t
we r de n ; v e r mOg e i h r e s Je h ova g a t e n d i e E r s tg e
b e s on de r e n An g e hOr i g ke i ts ve r h altn i s s e s a n l hor c h e n vi e l me hr u r s p r ii n g l i c h a l s d i e z u m D i e n s t a m H e i li g t u m ve r fl a n d wbr tc r bu c h d c s B i bl i c h t t e n n n n h H l ib i k t v e e e e e e c h e J c o a s p g ( I s aa c i s ob vi ou s ly a b u r n t s a c r ifi c e T he L e vit e s A l t 1 89 3 i “ a r e c hos e n fr om a mon g t he c h ildr e n of I s r a e l i n s t e ad O f a ll the fi r s tb or n th a t ope n e t h th e m a t r i x a mon g the c h ildr e n O f I s r a e l Als o the e xis t e n c e of the N a z a r it e c la s s mu s t n ot b e ( N u m iii T 0 t h i s d a y i n S y r i a wom e n v ow to g iv e a s on to Go d for g otte n wh o i s r e g a r d e d a s a s or t o f N a z a r it e a n d h i s h a i r i s n ot ou t u n ti l he 1 5 3 n ot e ) c om e s O f a g e ( C u r ti s s Pr i m S e m R e l I n Vi e w O f o u r ha vi n g n o e vi de n c e t h a t the As s y r i a n s s a c r ifi c e d “ t he i r fi r s tb or n I s hou ld s u g g e s t the s u b s titu ti on of oth e r for “the othe r '
’
’
.
.
,
,
.
,
~
”
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
2
”
,
”
.
P R E H I STO R I C C ANN IB AL I S M
2 38
.
hypo th e s i s wil l r e s t fi r t o n the e vid e n c e p r o a n d c on o f th e p r e v a l e n c e o f c a n n ib a li s m a mo n g p r e hi s t o r ic p e opl e s a n d mod e r n s a v a g e s i n g e n e r a l a n d s e co n dly i n t r a di t io n s a t io n s i n p a r ticul a r loc a l forc e s a n d the o f the S e mitic which migh t l e a d to s uch a cu s tom “ Tylo r i n h i s a r ticl e C a n n ib a li s m i n the E n cy c lop aedi a “ I t h a s b e e n w e ll a r gu e d th a t ha d the B r i ta n i c a s a y s : m e n o f the qu a t e r n a r y p e r iod b e e n c a n n ib a l s we s hould fin d the bo n e s g e n e r a lly c r a ck e d fo r the m a r r ow lik e tho s e o f b e a s t s which i s n ot the c a s e (L e H on L H omme also t h a t a s r e g a r d s the a n ci e n t p e opl e F os s i le p h a d th e y e a t e n th e i r own s p e ci e s s h e ll mou n d s o f th e th e y would h a v e th r own the hum a n bo n e s i n to th e r ubbi s h h e a p s wi t h t ho s e O f b e a s t s a n d fi s h e s (Lubb ock Pr ehi s tor i c T he di s cov e r y o f s om e fe w a n ci e n t hum a n T i mes p the s t a t e o f which s e e m s to i n dicat e th a t the r e main fl e s h ha d b e e n e t e n ma y p e r h a p s b e t a k e n t o Show t h a t p r e hi s t or ic s a v a g e s w e r e i n t hi s r e s p e ct like t ho s e o f mod e r n tim e s n e i t h e r fr e e fr om c a n n ib a li s m n or u n ive r s a lly p r a cti s i n g it At the s a m e tim e the e vid e n c e b r ought f or w a r d a t th e Con g r és I n ter n a ti on a le p ou r l es E tu des s
a
,
,
,
n
,
,
n
,
,
’
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
s,
a
,
,
”
.
ifi c e the s a c r ifi c i a l me al t e n ded to fa ll ou t of u s e a n d i n the c as e O f a n i ma l p i a c u l a the s a c r ifi c i a l m e a l i s g e n e r a lly wa n ti n g or By hi s t he or y O f p i a c u la h i s c o n fi n e d to th e p r i e s t s ( p p 3 6 7 e x pl a n a ti on o f th e r e a s o n fo r t hr owi n g th e c a r c a s e s ou ts i de th e c a mp H e m a i n t a i n s ( p p 3 6 9 —3 7 6 ) t h a t the s u b s tit u ti on i s r a th e r for c e d a n d h u m a n s a c r ifi ce s c los e ly p a r a ll e l th e b u r n i n g O f the fl e s h of the H e b r e w s i n O ffe r i n g s ou ts i de the c a mp a n d th a t t he r e i s ha r dly a n y d ou bt t ha t or i g i n a lly the t r u e s a c r ifi c e i e the s h e ddi n g of the bl ood i n the H e b r e w s i n offe r i n g t ook p la c e a t the t e mpl e a n d the as b u r n i n g wa s a di s ti n c t a c t T he r e i s howe v e r by ou r the or y O f de mon i a c e x or c i s m n o n e c e ss ity to c on n e c t th e s i n offe r i n g wit h th e s u bs tit u ti on O f the fi r s tb orn T he r ite s t a k e t he i r or i g i n fr om two wi de ly d i s ti n c t s ou r c e s hu ma n
s acr
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
,
,
.
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
.
P R EH I STO R I C C ANN IB AL I S M in
Pr é his tor i q u es
1 86 7
2 n d (
sess
io n
2 39
.
Pa r i s )
hows th t e x i s t e n c e did c e r t a i n ly ,
s
a
p r e hi s tor ic ma n a t on e p e r iod of hi s 1 e a t hi s f e llow T h a t c a n n ib a li s m u n d e r s t r e s s of f a mi n e wa s r e cogn iz e d as a po s s ibility a mo n g the A s s y r i a n s i s p r ov e d by the 2 t a bl e t K 454 1 which i s de s c r ib e d by B e z old i n hi Ca ta log u e a s a mythologic a l l e g e n d b e a r i n g m e n tio n of r ul e r dur in g who s e r e ign wa r s an a n ci e n t B a bylo n i a n dis co r d a n d s l a v e r y a pp e a r e d on the e ar th a n d givi n g a n of th e As s y r i a n E mpi r e All the a ccou n t o f the o r igi n v e r b s how e v e r i n the p a s s a g e he quot e s a r e i n the pre s e n t t en s e (a n d n ot p a s t) a n d hi s p r opo s e d e x pl a n a ti on “ i s du e to a blun d e r T he t r a n s l a tion r u n s : Th a t pr in c e hi s h e a r t s h a ll be g r i e v e d ; du r i n g hi s r ul e s h a ll s e e wo e b a ttl e a n d s tri fe s h a ll n ot c e a s e i n th a t r e ign b r oth e r s h a ll b r oth e r me n s h a ll s e l l th e i r childre n for e a t hi s .
s
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
iba l i s m i n th e c a ve of C ha u vea u (p M S c ha a ffa u s e n i n Ul tz W e s t p ha li a M Me s s i komme r i n Bo be n h a u s e n n de c i s iv e n S a i n t Au bi n (h u ma n b o n e s e vi d n c e h e l i M C l é m n t i e d e ( ) M B r f a n G e o r e s ou v e t i n t R i ll v i t e or e d M ou ou i n e n e u e S a V ; g p ) j Gu y a n e ; M de La s ti c i n th e ca v e o f Br u n iq u e l ; M de M e he di n i n Me x i c o F or o th e r i n s t an c e s of p r e h i s t or i c ca n n ib a l i s m i n Eu r op e a n d e l s e wh e r e s e e R i c h a r d An dr ee D i c An thr Op Op ha g i e 1 887 2 ff 1
M S p r i n g p r ove d .
.
'
‘
ca n n
~
.
.
,
-
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
Be r g e ma n n , D i e Ver br e i tu n g d cr A n thr op op ha g i c , 1 89 3 , 6 ff
For the
.
l it t
iba l i s m s e e Ga i doz M é l u s i n c i i i s h owi n g p r e h i s t or i c h u ma n b on e s
e r a u r e on c a n n
wit h
a
l t p
a e
m a r r ow,
xxvi
s ee
,
,
Ma ti e g ka , Mi tt/i c i l
d
.
.
An thr op
.
,
33 7 sp
.
lit
F or to
e
.
a n ar
xt
rac
Gc s c l ls c haf t i n
t
ti c le the
Wi en ,
qu ot e s m a n y c la s s i c al p a s s a g e s for c e r t a i n for m s O f c a n n ib a li s m n o t a bly H e r odot u s ( i 2 1 6 ) fo r the Ma s s a g e tae wh o ki lle d p e ople wh e n t he y g r e w O l d a n d the myt h i c a l s tor i es O f T a n ta l u s Atr e u s a n d Polyp h e mu s ,
1 29
Be r g e m a n n
.
,
,
,
,
2
.
,
sit ma r u Sta
R u bu
’
i mma r ,
’
u
l i ta b l i bbisu ,
‘ sa r r util u a di ’
'
ta ba z a
ip p a r r a s u , i n a p a li s u a tu a hu a hi su i /cl a l n i st m ’ ‘' a n a [ea s i i a l s a r u md tdti i Stc n i S i n n i i i d, i d l u a r da ta [i zj z i b u a r d a tu , p p ‘ i zzi b i d l i , u mma c l i mdr ti bd bi éa i dd i l , bu § u Ba bi l i a n a hi r i b S U ED I N KI
u
[ca bl u m
1’
ul
‘
‘ dr esi n a
’
’
-
u
”
W
Ai s u r i i r r u b v
.
-
-
CANNIB AL I S M
2 40
mo n e y ;
MO N GS T
A
THE
SE
MI TE S
.
l a n ds s h a ll be ra i s e d up on e a ga i n s t a n oth e r T he ma n s h a ll d e s e r t the m a id a n d the m a id d e s e r t the ma n ; moth e r S h a ll bolt he r door a g a i n s t d a ughte r T he p r op e r ty of B a bylo n s h a l l com e i n to S u ba r ti a n d A s s y r i a I t i s cl e a r ly a te x t th a t t h r e a t e n s e vil on the r ul e r of the l a n d f o r s om e r e a s o n or oth e r Th e r e i s a n oth e r p a s s a g e which poi n ts to hum a n fl e s h 1 be i n g e a t e n by gods T his i s f r om the L a ba r tu s e r i e s “T h e r e c a m e the d a ugh te r o f Ar m to Be ] he r fa t h e r a n d s a id B r i n g me O my fa th e r Be l wh a t I a s k of th e e th e fl e s h o f me n n ot good the bl ood of me n But this i s a n i n c a n t a tio n a n d n o ve r y g r e a t s t r e s s mu s t be l a id on it T he A r a b s h a v e b e e n cl e a rly s how n to h a v e e a t e n 2 hum a n fle s h T he e x i s t e n c e of c a n n ib a l i s m a mo n g the H e b r e w s wa s 3 m a i n t a i n e d by G hi lla n y s a n d B a um e r a s fa r b a ck a s “ 1 842 D e c e tte m a n i er e on n i m mol a i t T he l a tt e r s a y s : e u l ue f d n obl e s s e ; d a m en u e c u x d e s e n an s e l a e p p q et l e s a ut r e s victim e s hum a i n e s s e r v a i e n t a p r é s l e u r mo r t a r e mpli r d l e u r ch a i r e t de l e u r s a n g l e s pl a ts du b a n qu e t r e ligi e u x ; on n e n j e ta it d a n s l e fe u q u e l e u r s o qu on a v a it e u s oi n de g a r d e r i n ta ct s e t s a n s l e s “ e n domm a g e r L a fé te d u P a s s a h a pp a r t e n a it a l a n ci e n culte m ol oc hi s te ; c é ta i t l a g r a n d e fé te un iv e r s e ll e de h um a i n e ls b an qu e t de s l i mmol a ti on de l a ch a i r th e
.
.
”
.
.
'
-
.
,
,
‘
,
,
,
,
i
,
.
.
1 ‘
’
,
.
e
’
’
s,
’
”
.
’
’
,
My hr ma n , Z A , x vi , 1 7 5 , l 3 3 ff 2 Gol dz ihe r , R o be r t s on S mith, Ki n s hi p a n d Ma r r i a g e, 1 9 0 3 , 2 9 1 ff Cbcr Ka n n i ba l i s mu s a u s Or i e n ta li s chen Qu c l l cn , Gl obu s , 1 89 6 , lxx, 1
.
.
.
.
.
No 1 5 .
2 1
.
L es S a c r ifi c es H u ma i n s
c hc z
é
l es H br eu x , 1 84 2
L e Cu l tc d a M ol oc h, 1 84 2 , 2 ff
.
.
C ANN IB AL I S M
2 42
MONG S T
A
THE
S
EM IT E S
.
p r ob a bl e i s n ot fa r to s e e k A r bi a th e h om e of the S e mit e s a t l e a s t b e fo r e t h e y s plit up i n to t h e i r v a r iou s “ i s on e o f th e mo s t b a r r e n l a n d s In de e d n a tio n a liti e s th a t the p r e s s u r e of fa mi n e ha d fa r mo r e to do wi t h the or igi n O f i n fa n ticid e th a n f a mily p r id e ha d c a n b e doubt ful — h r e a s e s t e f a who li c t vividly b r ought ou t i n to n o o n e — r a e s t v l t h a t th e n om a d s of A r a bi s u ffe r h t s Mr D o g y 1 con s t a n tly f r om hu n ge r d u r i n g a g r e a t p a r t o f the y e a r N e c e s s ity i s on e of the th r e e r e a s o n s a dmit t e d for a n th r op ph a gy the o th e r t wo b e i n g glut t o n y a n d s up e r s titio n ; a n d th e r e fo r e we s h a ll p r ob a bly n o t b e w r o n g i n thi n ki n g t ha t the e a r ly S e mi t e s w e r e d r iv e n by f r c e O f hun g e r to de vou r th e i r child e n a n d a t th e s a m e tim e r e duc e t h e i r Doub t l e s s thi s s c a r city of food wa s o n e of the n umb e r s chi e f fa ctor s i n d r ivi n g t h e m to look for b e tt e r a n d mo e fe r til e l a n d s ; a n d a s s oon a s t h y e tt l e d i n th e r ich e r p a s tu r e s f M e s opot a mi e co n o mic r e a s o n s would s ugge s t the s ub s titu t i on O f l a mb s a n d kid s fo r th e s a c r ific e o f th e i r Ag a in s t thi s i t m a v be u ge d th a t up to th e o wn ki n p r e s e n t n o t a c e f t hi s fo r m o f s ub t i t utio n h a s b e e n Y e t it mu s t n t b e f or got t e n th a t f o u n d i n cu n e i fo r m much of th e B a bylo n i a n r e ligio n s we k n ow i t c om e s f om th e S um e r i a n s who i n h a bit e d th e s e f e r t il e v a ll e y s lo n g b e for e the S e mite s a r r iv e d A d h e n c e we m a y to e a t a s s um e th a t th e y h a d n e v e r b e e n d r iv e n by f a mi n hum a n fl e s h Why th fi s tbor on ly s h ould h a v e b e e n s e l e c t e d i s Th e r e i s n o t hi n g mor e a pp e tizi n g a bout the n o t cl e a r fi r t of a fa mily t h a n the s e c on d a n d th e r e i s n o t hi n g p e culi a r ly pu r e a bout th e m fo the pu r e b e a s t i n m a gic a
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
u
.
a
”
.
o
,
o
r
,
.
r
e
,
s
a,
o
r
.
r
o
s
o
.
a
,
r
,
,
n
.
e
.
e
r
n
.
s
,
,
1
r
R obe r t s on S mit h, Ki n s hip , 2 9 4
.
S
E LE CT I ON OF
FI R STB O R N
THE
2 43
.
vi r gi n I t i s howe v e r a cu s tom which comp e l s e v e r y moth e r to t a k e h e r tu r n a n d at an r a t e i t s e cu r e s y a s u r e p r opiti a tio n of th e od g d dmi t t d I h f t e o s a r e a e g to h a v e r e gul a r du e s p a id by the t r ib e thi s i s the s ur e s t wa y of a tt a in i n g s uch a r e s ult To d e fe r the gi ft u n t il a s e co n d c r op might by fa ilu r e or u n e xp e c t e d ba r r e n n e s s b r i n g down the divi n e w r a th But s o m a n y thi n gs h a v e to be t a k e n i n to a ccou n t t ha t it i s di fl i c l t to e volv e a s ti s fa cto r y t h e o r y P r i e s tly or ki n gly i n flu e n c e doubtl e s s h a d i ts e ffe ct on the tribut e of r ich t r ib e s m e n W e m a y r e a s o n a bly co n s id e r th e n t h a t the p r imi t iv e S e mit e lo n g b e for e hi s to r ic tim e s wa s a c a n n ib a l a n d de vou r e d the fi r s tbo r n of the t r ib e a t a s a c r ifici a l m e a l As t im e w e n t on a n d th e t r ib e g r e w r ich e r i n flock s i t b c a m e the cu s tom to s ub s titute a fi r s tbo r n kid for the e ld e s t child Y e t i n tim e s of g r e a t n a t io n a l s t r e s s th e S e mi t ic mi n d would r e v e r t to p r imi t iv e t r a di t io n p e r h a p s i n s ti n ctiv e ly n d th e fi tbo r n would be s a cr ific e d to the od p opl hi to Th r ic a l tim e s h a d d oubtl e s s e e f s e o g f or g ott e n th a t hu m a n s a c r ific e e p r e s e n t e d a comm e n s a l “ c n n ib a l m e a l a n d r e g a r d e d it e i t h e r s a s e l f d e yin g t o O ffe r th e i r b e s t o r e l s e look e d upo n i t o r di n a n c e a s u r r og a t e f or th e w hol e p e opl e on the a n a logy o f o t h e r s ub s titut e s Y e t th e fa ct mu s t n e v e r be lo s t s ight of th a t the l a mb b r ought a s a s i n O ffe r i n g took i ts or igi n i n the c a r c a s e of “ I p i t f f t v B t f R b t S m ith R l S m 4 6 4 m m h f d ti x ti l i t ll V t m i ld m wh p w h h d b it w i l by fi t l y i l t t h d f d p mm ly l t d by th p pl i d P l ti T hi i d b t it i m k xpl i d the m t tly O ff i g m th d m t h f i i l t t b d d h f t h p p p g th e
is
1
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
u
,
a
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
e
.
,
a
,
rs
.
r
a
a
,
n
-
”
,
as
.
-
1
u
o
n O
o
.
es ,
as
a
c
a ne
o
e re
ki n d
Of
as
ar
eo
vi c ti m
as ”
.
n
es
e
c
o ce,
,
or n
rs
a
a es
a r ou n
a
er n
or
a
s
an c an
ec a
ur
on
or
ne
u
or a
e
c
a
e
os e , o
an
,
s
s
.
ac
O
o n
n
:
s a n c es c a
c r cu
an
c os
e
.
r e er e n c e
os
e
on a
an
e
c
,
ce
en e
,
s e ec e
e
e r s on
.
co
os
en
ic i
,
as
a
on
s ra
u
e
,
e
er
sa cre
2 44
S
E L E CTION OF
F I R STB O R N
T HE
.
b e a s t which wa s in te n d e d a s a b a it t o i n v e igl e the e vil s pi r it out O f th e s ick m a O n th e o t h e r h a d the s ub s titu t io n l a mb f or the fi r s tb r n a r i s e a s we o f th e h a v e s e e n o t of a p r imitiv e c a n n ib a l s a cr ific e T he o r igi n s o f the two r ite s a r e a b s olute ly di s s imil a r wh a t e v e r m a y h a v e b e e n the ul t im a te ph a s e to which a p r oc e s s of a n a logy b r ough t t h e m th e
n
n
.
o
,
s,
u
.
,
.
,
2 46
A
2 O ) f (
II
,
III
,
80 7 7—
31
PP EN D I X er i n g s
f
o
.
ods
to g
.
it a n yth i n g ] h e h a th s a n c tifi e d (or ) he h a th An ythi n g wh i c h he ha th pr e s e n ted a n d th e n with h e l d b u t ea te n h i m s e lf ? An yth i n g wh i c h h e b a th H a th he a b r og a te d a du e O ffe r i n g ? a n d m a de a p r a y e r ? e s t r o yi n g ( 1) an O ff r in u rin g of T a bu d e o f o p g ] [ liba ti on a wa y i n t o wa te r T a b u of e a ti n g th e fl e s h O f a n O ffe r i n g
.
I s [
.
a
”
.
54
.
.
H e r e p e r h a p s s hould be pl a c e d VIII 3 9 F r om the ta bu city hou s e s ta ff r od tu r tu t a bu a n d m a ki n g a n of O ffe r i n g ; II 86 Ha th he i n cu r r e d a t a bu i n m a ki n g a n o ffe ri n g ? a n d comp a r e S e e R ob e r t s o n S mi th R e l S em 4 5 0 e tc D e ut xx iii 2 1 Wh e n t hou s h a l t vow a vow u n to Y a hw e h thy G od t hou s h a l t n ot be s l a ck to pa y i t “ I h a v e n ot s poil e d T he E gypti a n N e g a tiv e Co n fe s s io n the b r e a d of o ffe r i n g i n the t e mpl e s I h a v e n ot t a k e n th e b r e a d O f O ffe ri n g of the god s I h a v e n o t a w a y f r om dimi n i s h e d Offe r i n g s ( W i e d e m a n n R e lig ion of the A n c i en t ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
E g yp tia n s ,
( 3 ) Of
II
ti o n s a n d
f
r i en
ds
.
H a th h e s e t s o n a t v a r i a n c e with fa th e r , fa t he r with s on , mo the r with da u g h t e r , da u g h t e r with m o th e r , m o the r -i h l a w with da u g h t e r i n l a w, da u g h te r i n l a w with m o th e r i n la w, b r o the r with hi s b r o the r , c omr a de with h i s c om r a de , fr i e n d
20 2 8 -
,
r e la
.
-
-
with hi s fr i e n d 2
35
.
“O pp
i
-
-
-
an
e
”
i t
ag a n s
r e s s on
-
-
a
ha t r e d
be n n u ,
i t
ag a n s
ld
er
b r o th e r “H a th he de s p i s e d fa the r (or ) mothe r ha th he r e vile d a n e l de r s i s t e r l T a b u fa ll i n g on a ma n t hr o u g h fa th e r mo the r g r a n d 11 fa th e r g r a n dm o th e r b r o th e r s i s te r the s e ve n m e m be r s O f h i s fa th e r s h ou s e O l d o r y ou n g n ea r o r d i s t a n t r e la tiv e s r fe ll ow r i e n d or n y or s u c k li n g c om r a de o f c om r o e g p 1 n d I V 3 7 wh i c h i n c l u de d n i on C f a ls o 1 5 6 — 1 8 1 a a 5 6 p s om e of th e s e F r om th e t a b u of a br o th e r c omp a n i on fr i e n d fe llow 42 w n s ma n f r o t e c ti n g or h w r tn e r ll t o o b e i n os ti l e a f e o ( p g p to ) ; fr om th e ta b u of e lde r b r o t he r e l de r s i s t e r fa th e r or m o th e r ( of p r o te c ti n g or be i n g h os ti le ”
.
36
.
,
”
11 1 ,
3
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
V
III
,
41,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
A
V
III
“F
PPEN D I X
ta bu of s la v e o r ] h a n dma i d m a s te r or m i s t r e s s (of p r ot e c ti n g or be i n g h os ti le to ) fr om [the t a b u o f p r i n c e s s wit c h h a r lo t c ou r t e s a n Of “Fr om th e ta bu of wi fe c on c u bi n e (or ) s on (of r o te c ti n p g or b e i n g h os ti l e to )
,
ro
m
h e t [
,
,
55
2 47
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
U n de r t hi s
II 51 —5 3
he d
mus t
a
m
co
e
H a th h e n ot s p a r e d a ma n mi r a n u i su , ha th he dr ive n fo r th the g ood ma n fr om hi s fo k , ha th h e s c a tt e r e d ” kn i t fa m i y ? a we I S it th r ou g h a c o mp a n y wh i c h h e h a th s c a t te r e d a th i n c u r r e d a ta b u ) ? h a h e h I t t it t k it s h r ou h a w e n ( g ” t r oop wh i c h h e ha th s p it u p l
,
’
.
ll “
l
l
-
ll
l
-
H e r e a l s o mu s t com e III 55 Ta bu of b e i n g a gr e e d with a n a dv e r s a r y a n d th e n b e i n g ho s t il e T bu om 1 62 f a [ ] kin s folk a n d r e l a tiv e s a n d p r ob a bly 1 6 3 T bu om a f r [ O ffs p r i n g ] a n d s uckli n g Of O ld T e s ta m e n t F i f t h C omm a n dm e n t : Ex od xx i 1 5 An d h e th a t s mite th h i s f a th e r or hi s mo th e r s h a ll s u r e ly i n v 1 7 h e t ha t cu r s e s hi b e put to s imil a r ly p a r en t s ; L e v x i x 3 2 ; xx 9 ; D n t xx vii 1 6 H e r e m u t b e a d de d l h h h t II 2 9 3 1 tiv t l H th h f t t l t p g h h h h h i t i l i t t h h l i t t t g p p ,
,
,
r
,
,
”
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
e
,
,
,
s
,
.
,
.
s
,
e no
a
-
.
a
r s on e r ,
he
sa
id
hi m
a
of a
a ca
e
e no
cap
tiv e
‘
e
e
on e
,
III
49
.
87
.
34
,
.
s he d
T e s ta m e n t
.
.
1 if
.
II
H a th h e
48
hi s
ne
S i x th
,
”
C omm a n dm e t
a p p r oa c h e d
n
a
hi m
.
.
d u l te r y
hi s
O ld T e s t a m e n t S e v e n t h xx 1 0 ,
ne
i g h bou r
’
wife ?
s
C om m n dm e n t : a
Lev
.
x viii
,
.
,
( 6 ) Of
,
Bi n d
.
’
( 5 ) Of Of
i
n er r s o p
i g h bou r s blood 2 H a th h e i n c u r r e d a t a b u fr om li fe T a bu O f a pp r oa c h i n g hi s fr i e n d ( 2) a n d s la yi n g
.
,
Of a
or
a
,
l
H a th h e
Of O ld
II
’
oos e
e
e
r s on s e e
n
S e i z e hi m !
r 4 m u r d O e ( ) f
II
e no
a
r ee,
o
4 2 , 43
“H a th
.
i
he
li n g
u s ed a
fa
a n d c he a
ti n g
l bl se
a an ce,
.
h a th h e
a ke n a r i g h te ou s ] p r i c e t [ “ — 45 4 7 H a th h e s e t a fa l s e b ou n da r y ha th h e b o u n da r y h a t h h e r e m ov e d l a n d m a r k b o r d e r
pr ce ,
h a th h e
s tea
ta k e n
,
wr on g
n ot
,
tru e b ou n da r y ?
n ot s e t a
,
.
a
,
or
”
2 48
A
III V III II
PPEND I X
.
T a b u O f fi xi n g b or de r or b o u n da r y Fr om th e t a b u of b or de r b ou n da r y or la n dm a r k 34 H a th h e e n t e r e d h i s n e i g h b ou r s h ou s e 2 47 “ H a t h h e s t ole n hi s n e i g h b ou r s g a r m e n t ? 50 “ H a t h h e b e e n i n s u l ti n g r obbe d o r c a u s e d to r ob 61 Fr om th e t a b u of g ivi n g with a s ma ll m ea s u r e Sh e ke l 49 V III 4 7 — w h a r g e on e it l o r m a n a a n d t a ki n a g 50 F r o m the ta b u of u s i n g a fa ls e b a la n c e o f ta ki n g a wr on g a ta bu r i m o n u n d r e o e c f r e p H e r e a l s o a dd II 1 1 4 H e a s ke t h o f the B AR m e a s u r e 56
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
’
,
.
’
”
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
”
.
,
0
1
,
.
-
,
,
,
me as ur e Cf O ld T e s t a m e t E ig h t h Comm a n dm e n t : E x od xxn 1 If “ L e v x i x 1 1 ( Y e s ha ll n ot I f a ma n S h a ll s t e l a n o x “ x i x 3 5 3 6 ( Y e s h a ll do n o u n r igh t e ou s n e s s i n j udgm e n t i n m e te y a r d i n w e ight o r i n m e a s u r e Ju s t b a l a n c e s j u s t w e igh t s a j u s t e ph a h a n d a j u s t hi n s h a ll “ h t i e t e D xx v 1 3 T ou s h a l t n h a v e n thy o ( y b g div e r s w e ight s a g r e a t a n d Cf v v 1 4 1 5 D e u t x i x 1 4 ; a n d xx vii 1 7 (l a n dm a r k s ) O e of the g r e t c r im e s o f which the M idi a n it e s w e r e guil t y wa s the u s in g of div e r s e m e a s u r a n d we ight s a g r e a t a d a s m a ll buyi n g by on e a d s e lli n g by a n oth e r ( S l K r a n quoti n g Al Be i da wi i n D H e r be l ot B i bl Or i e t ) and
th e H A -
.
n
.
.
,
a
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
a
.
,
,
n
a
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
n
a
es
n
,
n
,
a e,
’
o
l i n 7 O ) f y g (
or
n
.
,
,
II
.
,
br ea ki n g p r om is es
.
.
H a t h h e s a i d n o for y e s , o r y e s for n o i ’ ‘ ‘ 3 8, 3 9 H a th h e s a i d th e r e i s fo r th e r e i s n ot, o r th e r e i s ’ ‘ n o t fo r the r e i s 5 5— 57 H a th h e be e n s t r a ig h t wit h h i s m ou th b u t n ot t r u e i n ’ ‘ ‘ hi s hea r t , ha th h i s m ou t h s a i d y ea bu t h i s h ea r t n a y i n a n yth i n g ha th h e m e di ta te cl u n r i g h t e o u s n e s s 2 H a th h e p r o m i s e d w ith h ea r t a n d m o u th (a n d ) n ot g iv en 75 ” 51 T a b u o f s a yi n g a n d d e n yi n ] g [ “ 56 F r om th e ta b u of p r om i s i n g p e a s u re a n d j oy , a n d th e n ” d e n yi n g it a n d n ot g ivi n g it 6
,
’
“
.
’
‘
‘
‘
’
”
’
.
“
.
.
III V III
,
.
.
,
l
.
.
Of Lev
.
1 1,
.
O ld T e s t a m e n t N i n t h x i x 1 1 ff ,
,
C mm a n dm e n t : Ex od xx iii o
.
,
1
.
“ 8 H th h “ — H th 12 14
e s po
a
.
.
i mp u r e
( 8) Of
a
he
ke n
sp e ec h
wha t i s
.
ly
u n ho
l
”
ke n e vil H a th h e H a t h h e l e t i n t r i g u e be d i s c
s po
Sp k o
en
us s e d
”
?
wh a t i s
2 50
A
II
PPEND I X
.
H a th h e p a s s e d o v e r th e bou n ds of r i g h t ? H a th h e don e wh a t i s n o t p u r e 2 68 I s it th r o u g h a n y g r i e v ou s ha r m tha t h e h a th don e ? 70, 7 1 ” I s it by th e ma n y s i n s wh i c h h e ha th c omm itt e d ? 9 4, 9 5 T a p da u kta bi s , [a r ]ka ta p d i i tta ta ll a k (di ffi c u t of e x 67
,
.
.
.
l
’
.
III
a
p 1 2, 1 3
l
ti on ) T a bu
ana
.
.
,
Of r
ig h t
He r e s hould com e Ta bu O f w e a k a n d mi s t a k e Of Si n “T b
1 11,
a
.
,
and
,
ked
as
,
.
for
a
r un n cl
for
da y ,
on e
,
an d
” .
”
’
.
,
”
be i n g
Of
li g h t
mutil a te d li n e s III 1 2 7 —1 3 0 a n d fe v e r si n o f m a ki n g “ mi s d e e d ; III 1 6 0 T a bu O f
the
( 1 2 ) Of wa te r u
or
i g O f be i n g a s k e d for a dit c h a n d r e fu s i n g T a b u of s t op p i n g a n e i g h b ou r s ca n a l
r e fu s n
53
wr on g , h ea vy
or
.
“ — 1 17 11 9 H
H e r e mu s t com e 1 1 e s e e k e t h o f i r r ig a tio n m a chi n e w e ll or r iv e r III 4 7 T a bu O f w e ll an d [ r iv e r a n d po s s ibly 4 8 4 9 T bu d a m a n d fe r y a o f [ ] “ — a n d b r idg e VIII 35 3 7 F r om the t a bu of r u n n e l c a n a l bridg e p a s s a g e wa y or r o a d fr om th e t a bu of s hip iv e r da m fe r r y boo th a n d r e e d hu t fr om th e t a bu o f ba li hu r u n n e l s p r i n g w a t e r cou r s e a n d f o r t r e s s III 5 9 T a bu of u r i n a ti n g i n to a r iv e r o r vomiti n g i n to a r iv e r 1 33 T a bu o f a n d E uph r a t e s Of the E gypti a n N e g a tiv e Co n f e s s io n ( Wi e d e m a n n R e l “ I h a v e n ot tu r n e d a s id e the w a t e r ( fr om A n Eg I h a v e n ot a n e ighbou r s fi e ld ) a t th e tim e O f i n u n d a tio n cut O ff a n a r m of the r iv e r i n i ts cou r s e ,
,
,
,
,
,
”
,
,
r
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
r
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
’
,
”
.
II
,
1 10
“O f
.
s ee
I II ,
V III
,
15
.
132
.
( 1 3 ) Of fi r e
li g h t
th e
k e th
e d c oa
lp -
an
,
.
Of
th e
t or c h
,
of
th e
b e llows
he
.
T a b u O f be llows a n d c oa l p a n T a bu of fir e a n d c oa l pa n F r om th e ta b u of o ve n fl a m e be llows -
.
-
.
58
,
.
s
t ove
,
c oa
lp -
an
,
”
.
He r e fir e
,
com e III 1 6 T a bu O f c a s ti n g fir e i n
too, m a y
an
d 1 8,
“T a bu
,
,
a
poi n t i n g m a n s fa c e of
”
’
.
at
the
A
PPEN D I X
25 1
.
All th e s e ta bu s s e e m to h a v e r e fe r e n c e to r e s pe c t p a id t o fir e F ire wa s n ot a llow e d to be ki n dl e d on the S a bb a th by a n d s uch n a t io n s a s e s p e ci a lly the H e b r e w s ( Ex od xxx v r e v e r e n c e fir e s how cl e a r ly h o w s uch t a bu s o r igi n a te d Fo in s ta n c e the P a r s e e s will n ot s u ff e r a m e n s t uou s wom a n to s e e fir e o r e v e n look on a light e d t a p e r (F r a z e r Gold ma n n ) B ou g h iii 2 2 4 quoti n g G H ofl S uch t a bu s a e b a s e d on loca l s a c r a ; i n Hom e r (I l v 49 9 ) the th r e s hi n g fl oo r the wi n n owi n g fa n a n d m e a l a r e a l l h e ld to be s a c r e d .
.
,
r
.
r
,
en
,
'
.
,
,
,
r
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
( 1 4 ) Of weap on s
III
2 7 29
Ta bu
-
,
.
or
V
III
60
,
“F
.
b ow
i t br on z e
bo w
of
.
or c h a r o
da g g e r ,
,
or s p ea r ,
l
an c e,
”
.
ro
ta bu
m th e
be i n g ba n n ed by
of
i t i r on
bo w,
a
c ha r o
,
l H e r e a l s o mu s t com e III 6 7 T a bu of d r a win g a w e a p on “ VIII 4 6 F r om th e t a bu o f r e n di g i n a comp a n y “ ga r m e n t s a n d d r a wi n g a n i r o n d a gge r ( c f III 3 6 T a bu III 57 Ta bu o f o f d r a wi n g a bu ka n n u i n a d e s t r oyin g a ch a r i ot a n d touchi n g i ts r i ks u The e x pl a n a t io n o f thi s t bu on w e a p on s m a y p e r h a p s be s ought i n the co n s e c r a ti o n O f w a r r io s b e for e b a t tl wa r r ior s a r e c on s e c r a t e d p e r s on s s ubj e ct to s p e ci a l t a b oo s a n d r a wi g o ob r t o mi t h e l h e n e s n S e m T b R S R ( a s wo r d i n a n a s s e mbly i s p a r a ll e l e d i n l a te r tim e s by th e m e s s r oom l a w which for bid s a w e a pon to be u n s h e a th e d R e n din g g a r m e n t s a n d d r a wi n g a s wo r d m a y be c omp a r e d to the cu s t om of th e A r a b s wh o c a s t dow n t he i tu r b a n s s ymbolizi n g a fight to th e d e a th da g g e r ,
an ce
or
”
.
,
,
n
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
a
e
r
,
.
.
,
n
,
-
.
r
,
.
r i ti n g ma ter i a ls 1 w 5 O ( ) f
II V
1 13
,
III
45
,
He
.
.
k e th
.
h a ir
.
n or
of
th e
ta ble t
d
u r n i ng m o 1 6 O ( ) f ro
m th e ba n
b r e a s tp i e c e
Cf L e v hi s
“F
see
an
xx i
,
an
i
r e e d- p e n
of r e n d n g on e s
d
b e a ti n g
on e s
g
ar
me n t s ,
br e a s t
,
o
.
’
br ea ki n g
on e s
to
n
” .
1 0 wh e r e the high p r i e s t r e n d hi s cl t h e s ,
.
.
’
’
.
is
n ot
un bi d
2 52
A
PPEND I X
( 1 7 ) Of
II
,
69
H a th h e
.
s et
s or c er
h i s h a n d to
.
y
s or c e r
.
y
wit c h c r a ft ?
”
or
o t e on p 1 2 6 t III 1 1 4 Thou s h a l t n ot s u ffe r a witch to \ C f Ex od xx ii 1 8 li ve L e v x ix 2 6 N e i t h e r s h a ll y e e e n ch a n t m e n t s n or p r a c t i s e a ugu r y C f a l s o 3 1 ; XX 6 2 7 ; D e ut x viii 1 1 Of
2
n
.
.
,
.
.
.
o
,
,
.
,
,
us
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
8 1 ( ) Of p oi n ti n g wi th the fi n g
II
,
88— 93
.
er
,
.
.
H a th h e
i n c u r r e d a ta b u by po i n ti n g hi s fi n g e r a t a p e r s on th e p e r s on o f fa t h e r o r m o t h e r e l de r b r o t he r o r s i s t e r fr i e n d o r n e i g h b ou r g od o r ki n g m a s te r o r m i s t r e s s ? T a b u O f p o i n ti n g a t th e fir e -
,
,
”
III
,
,
”
16,
Cf
.
II
.
,
,
Ha t h
7,
he
poi n t e d ( 1 9 ) Of
III
,
23
T a b u fr om
.
s
itti n g
hi s
fi n ge r
s u n s tr oke
on a s e a
t
III
,
30
T a b u a g a i n s t s tr iki n g “[ T a b u ] of a s ki n g a a c a ttl e s ta ll
.
42
.
the
in
0 b a s ts 2 O e ( ) f
.
.
.
yo u n g
th e
sun
of
l
b e a s ts
.
m a n for wi d b e a s t s
at
the
s
i de
of
”
-
.
H e e a l s o a dd II 1 1 5 1 1 6 H e a s k e th o f dom e s tic a n d wild b e a s t s b e tt e r pl a c e ; VIII 4 0 a n d f or wa n t of a “F r om the t a bu o f h a vi n g fou n d ch a n c e o x e n ( or ) s h e e p b e lo n gi n g to m e n a n d ta ki g th e m a n d III 3 5 T a bu o f s l a ugh t e i n g s h e e p a n d to uchi n g i ts r i ks u “ Wh e n a bullock or a s h e e p or a go a t C f L e v xx ii 2 7 i b r ough t f or t h t he n it s ha ll be s e v e n da y s u n d e r the da m 6 i d f b f o b i n g s c r fi e D e ut xx ii I a bi r d s n s t e r e e c e ( ) ch n c e to b e be for e th e e e tc C f S a bba th x i x 1 If ( n the S bb a t h ) o n e hu n t s a wild b e a s t or a bi r d which o n e h s it i s n ot a guilty a c t but i t i s a c r im e to o n o n e s dom a i n w o u n d th e m Ex od xx iii 4 I f thou m e e t thi n e e n e my s O X or h i s a s g oi n g a s tr a y t hou s h a lt s ur e ly b r i n g it b a ck to hi m a ga i n “ D e ut xx ii 1 Thou s h a lt n ot s e e t hy b r oth e r s ox or hi s h e e p go a t r a y a n d hid e thy s e l f fr om th e m r
,
,
,
’
n
r
.
,
,
,
,
,
a
.
,
,
s
,
’
°
a
.
a
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
o
a
a
’
,
,
”
.
’
.
s
,
,
,
’
.
s
,
s
,
,
.
2 54
A
PPEN D I X
.
t r e e s pl a n t e d on a p u blic wa y or by a n id ol a t e r or by a t h i e f o r i n a s hip o r S p r outi n g s po n t a n e ou s ly a r e s ubj e ct ,
,
to the
,
’
or l a .
4 2 O ) ( f
III
14
,
17
Ta bu
.
O f r a s n g a GI
-
.
-
.
43
g
od
” .
T a b u of s we a r i n g ( ta mu b e i n g ba n n e d by s u n r i s e T a b u O f r a i s i n g u n wa s h e n h a n ds a n d s we a r i n g by a g od “F r o m the ta b u o f br ea ki n g a di s h s h a tt e r i n g a c u p a n d s wea r i n g by a g od ,
.
.
,
.
.
44
III
f
oa ths
o
”
a
V
f
ms
or
i i S M AR a n d t he n s we a r i n g by a g od T a b u of r a i s i n g fir e a n d th e n s wea r i n g by a g od T a b u of ta ki n g a n i r r ig a ti on ma c h i n e a n d s wea r i n g by
.
41 43
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
xix 1 2
tor y of He c to r i s p e r t i n e n t h e r e ; h e fe a s t o pou r the lib a t io n o f d k wi n e with u n w a s h e n h d s n or ma y he p r a y to Z e u s wh e n b e s p a tt e r e d wi t h go r e t i r i i l e 4 th e d Tylo u ii P r m v e t r C ( Cf Le v
.
.
,
T he
.
s
r
an
ar
,
u
,
.
,
,
,
i n s i 2 5 c l a s U f ed ( )
I II , 1 3 4 — 13 7
Ta bu
.
fr o m
an
d
asse
.
l
m b y , fr om de a d m a n or l ivi n g fe m a e de s t r oy e r ( Z i mm e r n
m a n , f r o m m a l e de s t r o y e r o r s a ys t h a t th es e a r e d e m o n s , k n own )
or u n
k n own
.
T he s e l a s t two ccu r ga i n i n III 1 6 4 1 6 5 T he r e l s o fo r t y n i n e t a bus mutil t e d o r e ti r e ly d e s tr oye d o
a
l
a
-
d e ta il
F o r the
109 1 1 , 1 06 —
III
1 9 , 20
s O
f t he s e
.
‘
V
III
,
44
.
d r e gs
.
.
’
ta bus
1 2 5 ff
.
.
Add h e r e a l s o
s ee
,
“F
e
m th e
ro
lo
a s
th) fr om
.
T bu
5 8,
.
a
t a b u of s e a t s t ool
1 11 , 2 2
c om e
.
,
,
,
Pe r h a p s
pp
see
H r e t oo p r h a p com l e s e s ( f r om a ,
u n c lea n
are
.
ke th ( to k n ow wh e the r hi s ta b u s e a t d i s h o r th e o ffe r i n g o f a c u p T a bu fr om c u p o r d i s h be d o r c ou c h He
.
c ou c h, ,
n
a
h 2 t e 6 O ( ) f
.
,
,
,
,
“Ta b
u
,
b e d,
of
of
d r in kin g w a t e r
c ou c h , a n
givin g
d
or
b e i n g bou n d as
kin g
.
th e
A
II
85 83 —
“W h th
PPEN D I X
r i ou s a V 2 7 ) (
,
e
er
so
m e t hi n g
ms
l
ta bu
f
o
.
k n owe th n ot h e h a th i n c u r r e d a t a b u ( o r ) by r e c e ivi n g (s o me t h i n g ) he ha th i n c u r r e d a t a b u (or ) by h e h a th i n c u r r e d a t a b u T he p a r t icul a r poi n t t o be O b s e r ve d i n thi s li s t of t a bu s i s th a t m a n y a c t io n s or s ta t e s a r e O mitt e d which a r e we ll k n ow n N ot with s t a n di n g th e f a c t t h a t f or ty n i n e li n e s to b e t a bu .
by
f
or
2 55
.
oos e d ,
wh i c h he
,
,
,
.
-
.
mutil a t e d s to b e u n tr a n l a ta bl it i s di s ti n ctly th a t n on e O f the p im a r y u n cl e a n t a bu s a n otic e a bl e m n t ion e d ; childbi r th m e n s t r u a ti on the k r i m rr i a ge t uchi n g a d e a d body ( u n l e s s the b r i e f m e n t io n i n 2 5 be l t h o ugh the holy t a bu s a r e i n clud e d a ccou n t e d e vid e n c e ) Th e r e a s on for thi s i s two fold i n comp r e h e n s iv e ph r a s e s i th e the u n cl e a n t a bu s a r e s uch th a t i n th e i r b r e a ch th e y d o n ot r e s ult i n s ick n e s s but m e r e ly d e m a n d pu r ific a t io n a lb e it t he y a r e o f s uch a s m e n s t r u a tio n a n d the k r i ) ; or ( s uch a n a t u r e a s to b r i n g s ick n e s s th e y a r e s o O bviou s a s to l e a v e n o doub t a s t o wha t ha s b e e n the c a u s e o f the t oubl e f h T s p e p e r a l fe v e r a er h o uch t c ildbi t t i s a r a h s i ( ) y r e it e r a ti on O f th t h e o r y t ha t the Stu p u s e r i e s i s o ly i n t e n d e d to d e l wi t h the u n wittin g S i n s O n the o t h e r h a n d it ma y be u r ge d th a t lth oug h the p r im a y u n cl e a n t bu s a n o t m e n t i e d the s e co n d a y c o n t a giou s t a bu s a e q u ote d a t g r a t l e n gth ; but the r e a s o n for thi s i s cl e a r T he p im a r y t bu s a r e i n th e m s e lve s s we ha v bov s id i ocuou s ( with r e ga d to di s ea s e ) or p a t e n t to the e i th e mo s t h e e dl e s s bu t co n t a gion fr om s u ch i s a ve r y d iff r e t m a tt e r ; fo r e x a mpl e the lili th who r e g d s h e r s e l f a S pi r it wi fe b r i g s n o h a r m to he r hum a hu s b a n d a n d y e t will r e t a li a te on a n y ot he r wh o s h a ll i n t e r fe r e wit h h e r H e n c e thi s v e y p oi n t a dd to o r d e mo n s t r a tion of th t h e or y O f the hwi tti g s i s are
s
a
so
e,
r
re
’
e
,
,
a
,
,
o
,
’
a
.
r
e
,
’
,
,
r
u
n
r
s
.
e
a
‘
a
.
a
,
re
a
s
on
r
r
,
r
e
r
r
.
a
,
a
e
a
a
e,
r
nn
e
ar
,
a
-
n
n
s
n
.
,
.
r
s
n
u
u
n
e
.
35 I I —O N OO K N G A COR S E I t i s doub tf ul wh e th e r th e t a n s l a ti on o f mm p a g r i hi u i i giv e n on p 3 5 i n the s e n s e o f h a vi n g a llowe d the wa x fig e to look on a co r p s e i s v a lid T he p a s s a g e i s m or e p r ob a bly L
.
ON
I
r
P
,
P
.
.
i
r
-
.
,
.
nn
ur
,
2 56
A
PPEN D IX
.
“ to be r e n d e r e d t h e y h a v e l ook e d upo m e a s a c o r p s e s imil a r to l 1 3 on p 1 52 Bu t the t a bu i s c e t i n fr om p 2 6 n
.
,
r
.
.
a
,
.
.
I I I —ON T HE ME AN N G 52 G U A I} l G U Z A L AL us a i t which h b t l t d th o a s e n r a n s a e e r ne g ku s s u b e a r e r s f or G I s G U Z A th r on e a n d L A L n a s ii t o be a r Thi s m e a n i n g i s how e v e r ch a ll e n g e d a l t hough ha s b e e n s ugg e s t e d a s a n n o t hi n g s a t i s fa c t o r ily d e fi n it e T he c o mp a r i s o t h e re for e b e tw e e n th e As s y r i a n a l te r n a t iv e thr on e b e a r e r s of H b r e w a n d M oh a mm e d a s pi r i t s a n d the t r a di t io n r e s t s on the e vid e n c e p r o or c on for the e x a c t m e a n i n g of thi s wo r d ( s e e M u s s Ar n ol t D i t -
-
OF
I
.
Z
L
P
,
.
.
‘
z z
,
’
-
-
,
,
'
’
‘
,
,
’
‘
.
,
,
n,
.
,
,
e
-
n
c
-
,
IV
.
—ADD T O N I I
NO T E
AL
COR PS E
OF
To P
,
B ARRE N W OME N T O U C HI N G EXECUT ED FO R MU RDER
76,
.
.
A M AN
ON
TH E
.
m e dy for s te r ility wa s for the wom a n who wis h e d to b e com e a mo t h e r t o s t e p ov e r th e c r p s e of a n e x e cut e d c imi n a l or i n t o a b a s i n of w a t e r which ha d b e n u s d t w a s h hi s co r p s e or t o t r e a d o n a hum a n s k u ll o r w a lk b e tw e e n the tomb s O f a c e m e te y or s te p ov e r s om e a n tiqu e Lo rd o f a c a t o r o th e r r e lic O f O ld E g ypt r e s e mbl a n c e ( C om e r s M ode r n E g yp t ii T he
re
o
r
e
,
e
o
,
,
r
,
”
’
r
,
V
.
— ADD TI O N A
L
I
NO T E
,
To P
JON AH
.
H E CO NN ECT I O N BE T W E E N T HE M O O N
53,
AN D
ON
T
.
up e r s tition s of Ar a b s con c e r n in g the s w a ll owin g a n d the b e a r i n g O f thi s on the s t o r y O f Jo n a h of th e moo n A S mi t h The Book of the T we lve Pr op he ts 1 89 9 see G ii 524 ; s e e a l s o H a n s S chmi tt Jan a 1 9 0 7 O n the
s
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
IN DEX
2 58
An a tu , 1 5 1 , 2 4 5 An g e l s , l vi , l vii , 6 , 5 2 ; H , 2 3 , 1 6 0 , dau g hte r s of God, A , 7 4 16 1 i n te r ma r r i a g e with a r dia n , 46 , 2 0 0 u g .
in g An g e l of D e ath hu ma n be
D e mo ns
s , se e ,
A,
xx
,
86 , 87 ;
S , 87
An g e l
H
L us t ,
Y
66
,
.
ahweh ,
7 3 , 7 8, 86 , 2 2 0 for ms of de mons , s e e D e mon s e u l s i on of de mon s , 1 5 7 p
of
An i ma l
.
A i zp a '
x
4
.
71,
H
.
.
xx xx xx xxx x x
2 1 9 , 2 2 0 , 2 33 , 2 3 4 , 2 52 ;
,
’
l
of u n c e a n
pe r s on
in to
Y , 6 ; Bal a a m s a s s , 4 , 5 1 ; n e as ba on , As , 3 4 ; hoof ,
i
ur
li ti
t of g hou l 6 0 Assur xx xi 85 Assu ba n ipa l xxxvu foo
.
,
,
.
,
r
,
xxxvm ,
,
10 , 5 5 , 6 5 ,
1 0 0 , 1 78
.
Assu r n a si r pa l , xx u Assu r -r i s fia , 85 As s yr i a , p as s i m As te r i us , l e g e n d, 1 3 0 .
.
An u n n a ki , 85 Ape p, 1 49
.
.
.
.
xxx
v1i Apl a, Ar abi a , Ar a bs , p as s i m Ar a fa t , 1 6 Ar a me a n s , xxn Ar be l a , 85 A r da t l i l i , s pi r it , 6 5 if , 1 20 A r da tu e mpha s iz e s fe mi n i n ity , 6 6 Ar e c a i n ma g i c , , lvii i Ar i e l , 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 A r i éa tu me n s tru ati n g 6 7 , 83 Ar i s topha n e s , 1 0 7 Ar i s totl e , 1 5 7 Ar k a t - il ani , xxxvu Ar lu m , 7 2 Ar m i n a g i c , 1 6 4 Ar men i a , li , liii Ar r owhe a ds a s a mu l e ts , A, l iii vi ii Ar s a c i d p er i od , Ar s a c i us , 1 0 7 Ar te mi s , 2 3 0 Ar u r u , As a foeti da i n mag i c , M ed , 1 4 9 , lviii ; .
Athe n i an s , Ato n e me n t
.
.
t
1 9 8 ; da y
.
'
.
.
i
(W el lha us e n )
1 1 9 , 1 41 , 1 82 , 1 84
Aton e me n t mon e y, 1 82 , 2 2 5 Atr eus , 2 3 9 Au g u s t u s , vi ‘ A n la lc , 6 3 Au s tr a li a , 90 , 1 48, 2 4 1 Au s tri a , 1 7 0 Ayma r a n di a n s , 1 84 Az a , 44 Az a e l , 4 4 Az ar i a s , l vu Az a z e l , 7 5 , 1 84 Az bu g a , 1 6 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5 0 , 82 , 9 9 , 1 6 0 , 2 0 3
x xi x ; S i x
.
.
.
,
1 14 , 1 7 5 if
if ; n ot e a te n , ti ons betwee n the
c e r e mon e s
xxx
.
Wm
.
84 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 9 , 1 7 7— 9,
t
of ,
,
.
.
.
n ot a i d /
,
x v
,
-
.
(s ee Fever ) ;
v
me n t
a on e
.
26
,
,
,
,
G
,
xx iii 1 4 2 30 xvii xli l i x
,
xlv
.
.
A s a k/cu
.
l 81 ff ; H , 1 7 7 2 1 6 ; c on r a di c ,
.
M
x
xxiii l ii
As ,
.
xxx
x xv if .
.
x
.
.
Ata r g a ti s , 1 4 1 A ter - me al i n mag i c ,
.
m xx
164
,
As tr on omy,
.
M
H
As tr i de ,
.
er es ,
.
.
.
.
A i a m, 1 7 6 , 1 7 9 As h i n ma g i c , A,
B aal
.
2 08 ;
,
’
4 ;
,
a ss es
4 1 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 4 , 55 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 ,
xx
H
x
me te mps y c hos i s
.
.
xli
,
.
,
50 , 5 1 ;
.
l
-
H
of ,
l
u n c ea n
7 4 if , 7 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 9 7 born of a n g e l a n d woma n , 7 5 ; pl ots a a i n s t n e wly we dde d, 7 5 , 1 3 4 g As s i n ma g i c , A , l vi , 5 1 , 6 0 ; As , xliv,
.
An n ua l An obr e t, 2 2 2 An oi n ti n g as divi n e du e , 1 3 3 , 2 3 4 An ts i n mag i c , A, As , H , 3 3 An n , ii , i ii , i , l ii i , xl v, 2 0 , , An u k ,
i n to woma n pr i e s ts xxi fi
p e r s on
of
.
of
An g e l
As h - h e a ps , As , 1 7 7 As hdod , me te mpsyc hos i s
As modeu s ,
.
H
86
,
.
B abar
,
xxix
20 1 ;
6 1 , 1 6 4 , 1 87 ; 2 13 ; ob ,
,
6 1 , 1 7 4 ; As , 1 3 9 , , 1 74 ; , l v, l vi ,
G
M lviii
T it lvii
,
.
H
,
36 ;
Ml
a ag as
y
,
,
xv1 u
.
( ll ti o u on ) p
Ba
’
a
l
lc
’
r
i
,
T a bu
B abar
l
on e u n c ean
71 ,
1 17,
.
Ar c hi pe l a g o , 2 0 1
.
fr om
n oc tur n a
1 2 2,
1 90 ;
l
s ee
,
I
N D EX
B abe s da g er to (s ee L b t ) 1 6 4 ; H 1 2 9 ; s tol e n by c a ts A 4 2 ; char m A 1 0 2 moth e r dyi g a g a i n s t l os in g with babe a t br e as t be c omi n g g hos t 1 9 ; n e w b orn s pr i n kl ed A liii ; Fiji ide as 3 8 B abyl on xxi xxn xxxv lii i 7 8 7 9 9 2 a
n
,
ar
,
,
,
,
u
n
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
1 7 8, 2 39 , 2 40
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
B abyl on i an s p i m B a che l or g hos t see Ghos t ; marr i ed to s i r it 6 6 if p B a ckwar ds l ooki n g i n mag i c 1 7 1 ; A ass
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
R oman ,
As ,
1 7 1 , 1 72 , 2 2 6 ; 2 27 .
.
,
,
1 46
r
-
,
Ba
‘
xl ii i v
u,
it
.
,
161
,
B ea ds i n mag ic A 3 8 ; B e a ns i n ma g ic Roman B e a r i n ma g i c 2 3 0 B e ar d i n mag i c A 3 8 B e a s ts i n mag i c (s e e ,
,
B ea ti n g
M
,
to dr
A, 9 0
,
of
.
H
,
xxv
Bal aa m
s ass ,
, ’
4, 5 1
.
.
,
,
,
,
n
n
s
ive
.
r
n
D d r - eg d r d , de mon , 4 0
,
.
,
,
,
,
s
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
r
,
,
.
" ,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
B eli t xxvi 2 4 5 B e lit ili 1 88 B e lit Nippu r 2 45 B e lly i n mag i c M 3 6 Ber os s u s qu ote d xx B esisi 5 3 B ete l l eave s i n mag ic M 1 6 2 1 6 3 Bilkis 5 7 Bin di n g a s pm t xxi As xl vu 45 1 7 2 S x lvii 5 1 ; T obit lvi i 7 4 ; the ton g u e 9 1 7 2 B i r d i n mag i c xxxvi 2 0 2 ; A k m 5 1 35 1 87 ; As xxi i 4 1 4 9 81 1 3 5 1 86 ; E th l xvi ; H 1 85— 8 25 2 ; M 162 ; N T S ee 9 2 ; S u matr a 1 83 .
,
.
-
.
s
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
r
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
B a l ey i n mag i c 1 0 2 B a r n a bas Epistle of 1 06 B a rr e n vall ey 2 0 0 B a rr en women des ir i n g offspr i n g 7 6 if ar m a a i n s t b ar r en n es s A h c ( g fig ur e s ofie r e d by H As 6 4 ; S u ma t a a cr ific e for 1 83 S E Afr i c a s u pe s titi on 2 3 7 B ar r ett F r a n ci s 1x 6 8 9 1 Bar S h al mon 7 1 B n i pr i e ts xxi if xl v B as ke t in mag ic M 3 6 20 1 (c f Ba t mete mpsyc h os is o f u n c l e an per s on i n to H 4 Ba t men with r ave n fac es As 81 B ath Hor in 1 2 9 B aths h au n ted s ee D emon s ,
p
,
,
Be li ar , 5 1
.
.
r
i ri s ,
,
xxx
.
,
A, 6 0 ,
s
78 Be l a n d the D r a g on , 1 9 9 Bé l - e tir , vii
.
,
,
t
y
a wa
,
,
of ,
.
.
,
,
,
1 26
.
,
diff e r en t
,
,
,
,
n
u n de r
,
,
.
,
.
,
B al a k xxv B a li i n J ava 1 84 Ba n T a bl e t of the As 2 8 1 2 3 B a a n a i n ma g ic T on g a 2 1 5 B a ks I s l an ds 2 2 B a n in g evi l pi ri ts s ee Bi n di g B apti s m li v 2 9 B a bar y 1 1 7 Ba r des an xxxv ,
22 7
,
er xes H X 3 1 Y ; ( fl og g i n g H e ll es pon t 2 30 Be d i n ma g i c 1 09 ; As lix 35 1 2 7 1 6 5 1 6 6 1 7 1 2 0 8 ; H 1 02 1 6 4 Be e B ook of the qu oted 6 B eel zebu b xlvi B ee r i n magi c A 2 1 0 ; As xl iv 1 87 B e etl e i n mag ic A 2 1 0 B e ir u t 80 2 2 6 B e it Nu ba 2 0 7 B e khte n P os s es s ed Pr in ces s of 1 0 7 Be l xx xxi i 2 5 5 5 7 8 82 9 7 2 4 0 2 45 T e mpl e s el e c ts woma n 78
cf
1 05
,
.
.
.
,
.
28
,
.
,
16 2
,
1 58 ;
,
.
,
me s )
P
,
.
M
,
,
na
H
1 5 7 ; A,
88, 2 05 , 2 4 5
,
,
.
Ba khta s hi yah , 1 6 9
B al aa m
.
.
,
-
1 83
,
,
E (Eth) , 1 5 5
,
.
B arbr a fr u
a
B attas of S u mat a B a ttl e r itu al As
,
B adag as 1 83 B ag hdad 2 2 2 7 2 1 1 B a g s hun g u p a s a mu l ets ,
2 59
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
,
,
,
B a t, Coc k, D ove, E a g le , Owl , Pa r ad i s e , Peac oc k, Pi g eon , R a ve n , Sp a r r ow, a n d
S wa l l ow
.
Bis har i n 1 0 6 0 Bitch i n ma g ic xlix 2 0 4 Bi t S a la i n ca n ta ti on xxxvm ,
.
,
,
-
.
,
’
,
,
.
I ND EX
2 60
Bitu men 20 3 ;
Bl a c k
lix
i n mag i c , As ,
xx
i n ma g i c , A,
,
As , 1 54 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 5 ,
B ar n abas I xxviii ,
,
.
6 1 , 1 07, 2 1 1 ; 1 7 0 , 1 7 1 , 1 88 ;
l xvi
1 0 6 ; H , l xv ,
,
Bow i n mag i c , H , 1 44 Box i n ma g i c , A, 3 7 ; As ,
1 88,
1 54 ,
,
R
li x ; Lu c i an , 1 0 4 ;
s r
man ,
,
,
man , de mon
A, 4 0 ,
as ,
(
77
of
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
43
Bl ood
M
,
S e e Op htha lmi a
.
i
.
i kl
A, 1xvfi, 2 1 1 ;
As
.
Ml
II , l v, 1 9 4 ,
208 ;
,
,
a a
2 20 ; 1 88
on
(c f
H
hou s e , A, 5 8, 2 2 8 ; footn ote ,
.
1 85 ,
,
door
on
l k tr eas ure
A, 6 2 ; l u r es de mons , s ee D emon s ; feeds g hos ts , A , 1 6 ; of s a c r ific e , on for e h ea d , A , , on s kin , A, 22 6 , 2 2 9 ; r un s i n to wa te r , A, 2 3 1 ; su p ers ti ti on u n oc s
,
G
a bou
t bl e edi n g
lif e
of
1 79 , 1 9 5 ;
,
c r ea e
Bl owin g i n Bl u dan 7 8 Bl u e i n mag i c H 164 né
Boar
xx
,
B r e a th
,
i
195
,
sea ,
H
t ,
A,
,
l xi
Ab , 1 6 4 ;
90 ;
G
M
127
,
S ee Pig
.
B ody i n mag i c A 2 1 1 B oil s 2 09 B olivi a 1 84 B on e in mag ic As xx xli ii B on e of hyen a i n mag i c Ab 1 0 4 B on e s of fr og i n ma g ic H lxiv B on e s r emoved s ee Gr ve ,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
Bor hfit, 5
B or n e o
,
.
.
,
xxx ii v
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
s
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
n
,
r
.
,
,
,
1 35
.
,
s
.
B r i dg e i n mag i c As 1 5 2 ; H B i ms ton e i n mag i c Me d ,
,
,
Abyss in i a ,
1 17
,
.
1 49 ;
,
.
B r on ze i n ma g i c B r oom i n mag i c B r un iqu el 2 39 B uff al o i n mag i c ,
As , 1 5 4 , 2 0 3 A, x i , 3 7
xx
.
.
.
,
I
S u matr a , 1 83 ;
,
M
,
228
.
B uil di n g r ite s
As ,
B lood ) ;
(
22 8
,
s ee
.
B u khar a 1 6 9 B u ll di vin 9 6 B u n dl e of twig s .
e,
2 12, 2 1 3
Bu n en e ,
.
i n mag
ic
xl i i
.
s ee
Cg p r ess
.
B ur g he r s 1 83 B ur i a l of h or s e s l au g hte r e d G Bur n i n g in he a li n g A l xiv l xiv B ur n t offer in g 1 9 4 ff (of IV) .
,
,
.
-
As , 1 6 6 ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
B ottl e i n mag i c A 1 80 B ou da de mon i a c poss e s ion i n ,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
.
.
,
B u r a éa wood ,
.
n ot
.
’
3 6 , 1 6 3 , 22 8
Bor s i ppa ,
,
.
2 33 ;
of
i t
,
,
.
,
a
,
,
2 20 ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
xl v
.
,
to di s s pa e de mons , As , 2 8, 1 2 4 , 2 0 6 (of
,
,
i ma l i n s te a d
B e as t i n mag i c A As 2 1 1 B r e ath i n mag i c A 7 3 1 6 8 ; I 1 6 2 Ibn Khal dun 1 4 5 ; P 1 6 8 ; c f h ot ai r of Abu R a bah 80 ; fou l n es s of H 12 9 B r i c k wor k g od of xl v B r ide ta bu ag a i n t ta ki n g wa ter fr om H 3 1 3 2 all owed to was h on Yoma H 3 2 ; wa s hes he r fe e t A 1 3 5 ; s a tc h ed a way b M a tt e d 6 1 c u s toms y 3 0 ii 1 35 c on c e n in g B ri de g r ooms c u s toms c on c ern in g 3 0 i t
S u lp hu r
.
.
,
H
31 ; , 30
an
A, 2 2 9
,
30 ,
,
,
19 4,
,
,
E16hi m, 7 2 i n mag i c , , 2 1 6 ;
,
,
,
.
r
.
.
,
B
As
,
,
.
,
’
1 1 5 ; as us ed i n wr ti n g
t ma n mag i c s ee
1 86 ; to
H
l vi ;
,
ific in g H br e a ki n g bon e s B r ea kin g pot etc s a cr
.
,
,
S ab, 1 39 ; Y , 3 1 B r ea kin g n ec k of
A,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
pos ts , A, 226 on mon u me n t , A , 2 2 7 ; on p l ou g h l an d, A , 5 8 ; on sa ddl e , A , 158 ;
,
,
,
r
g as y , 1 83 ; dus t s pr i n kled of mu r der ed man , A, 6 1 ; on a ltar ,
2 12 ;
,
,
i n ma g c , 1 9 5 if , 2 03 ; A, 5 ; 2 1 ; S a b , 1 4 8 ; s pr n ed , 1 81 ;
,
on
.
,
,
,
.
B ar n abas 1 0 6 Bl acks mi ths J e wis h a c cr edi ted wi th ma g i c i n Abys s i n i a 1 0 3 Blin dn e s s H 30 1 2 9 1 70 ; T e s t of ,
.
.
o
16 1
,
.
,
,
22 7 ;
Bl ac k
xxvn
H 1 44 ; Med 1 49 B r a in i n mag i c l xiv Br az i er i n ma g i c (s e e Cen o ) As xl v li x B r e ad i n mag ic A 1 6 9 2 0 7 2 3 1 As xlii xlv 1 3 9 1 5 7 1 6 1 2 0 6 2 0 8 H xxxi 9 1 1 1 8 1 39 2 07 ; Mac 2 0 7 ,
61 , 211 ;
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
2 16
.
1 0 5 ; As ,
.
IND EX
2 62
C offe r
mar bl e i n mag i c , A, 3 7
of
C u p i n ma g i c , A , 2 0 ; As , 1 2 5 , 1 2 7 ;
.
Cohabita ti on , ta bu on W edn es day a n d r i day , Y , 1 3 4 ; i n be d in whi ch c hi l d S e e Ta bu s l ee ps , H , 1 3 5
F
.
.
C oi n in ma g ic M 1 6 2 C ollyr i di an s 2 0 7 C ol ou r ed thr e ads or ha ir s .
,
,
I
3 3 , 1 6 5 ff
R oman , 1 6 4
,
i
i n mag c , As , 1 62 ; 164 ; ,
1 63,
M
,
,
51
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
xx
C or as c e n e , li C or ds i n mag i c , As , 1 6 4,
,
Ibn Kha l dun , 1 4 5 ; S e e Col ou r ed thr e a ds
lvi ii
121,
,
1 70 ; , 1 62 ;
M
I
1 58 163
,
P
168
.
,
se e
.
C or n e li an s as amu l e ts A l xiii l xiv C orn ers of r oom i n ma g i c A 89 1 3 5 ; As 1 6 1 ; H 89 1 86 ; Pa l 1 0 2 1 37 ; Corp se Ar a b be li e fs a bou t 5 ta bu on s ee T b ; l ooki g on ta bu As 2 6 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 1 ; H 1 1 8 ; S 1 1 4 bu t s ee Appe n di x 25 5 ; whe n 8 13 17 un bu r i ed g hos t r e tu rn s As of mur de ed man 32 g h os t r etu r ns A 6 1 tou chi n g of man e xec u te d for e a ti n g ditto 7 6 mur der 7 6 (of C otton i n ma g i c A 3 7 1 1 5 1 6 9 ; H ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
n
u
a
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
of
,
,
,
as e rn
j u s ti ce
1 72
,
.
,
,
C ow i n mag i c , Pal , 1 3 5 C r ee pin g thi n g s i n mag i c , ,
4
As ,
ma g i c , E , 1 4 3
.
x
,
1 29
m
th
,
2 02
.
oa
.
,
,
of ,
79
.
.
.
x xxx
l
c o our
.
.
lvii i
,
32
,
.
xl v ,
Da wn i n mag i c , As , 56 , 84, 1 6 1 , 1 6 5 ;
M or n i ng
Da ys ,
l u c ky xxxviii
.
xxx E
,
1 86 ;
r ec
;
.
.
.
k on in g
the
.
i
d , A, 9 ; As , 7 , 9 ; 8, 9 ; H , 9 ; M ed C hr , 9 1 ; , bon es of , r e move d , s ee Gr a ve ; offe r i n g s
(s ee Ghos ts )
r a se
G
.
.
G
H
du e to God,
H
to , A, 1 5 , 1 6 ; As , 1 3 E ; 16 ; , , 1 3 E ; S a b , 1 4 ; ob g a on s to , S , 1 4 , 15
ee r g
tin g
li ti
A, 5
,
.
D ea d S e a , 2 3 1 D e a fn es s , H , 1 2 9 D e a th (s e e M ou r n i n g ) .
.
1 18
a ng e
l of
D ee p , s e e S ea D ee r i n ma g i c ,
,
s ee
:
A ng e l
.
H
,
xxxi
D e for med c h il dr e n the
ti
cer a n
an
.
r esu
i ma l tabu s
lt of vi ola tin g
M
,
s ee
,
A bor ti on s a n d I mp erf ec t men D e l Ri o , a r ti n , q u ote d , vii , xxv, .
M
x
l xii
xxx
D e moc r itus ,
na
xxxvi
mes
.
.
of ,
S che i s s
1;
T e uf e l
’
-
,
7 2 ; c l as se s of, 2 ; i n N T , 1 0 0 As s u me an y for m , H , 4 4 ; a n imal for ms , A , 5 7 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 7 7 ; As , S , 54 ; H , Eth , 6 1 c a me ls , A, 7 7 ; wi th ’ with coc k s fee t , H , 6 1 (of As , ’ ri g e n , 60 ; don k eys l eg s , A, 6 0 ; Tes t of S ol , dr a g on s , As , 5 4 7 6 ; g oat , S a b , 5 7 ; l eopar d, As , 54 ; .
.
O
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
i Cr ow i n mag i c , C ru mbs i n mag i c , H , 9 1 , 1 47 C u cu mber i n mag i c , As , 1 6 5
,
.
.
.
,
ima l
an
D amas cus , 7 8 D a mki n a , xi ii , 2 1 4 , 2 4 5 D an i e l , v , li v
D emon s ,
Cr on u s , 22 2 C r oss i n mag i c , l i ; A, 2 2 7 Cr os s ways i n ma g ic , li , 1 7 7, 2 0 1
C r ou p H
p
D e mi g ods , 1 3 2 , 2 3 6
.
C r oc odi l e i n
hte r ed
,
6 8, 7 2
.
.
H
l
s aug
,
D e ad
.
E t
.
Cypr ess i n mag i c As 3 4 C ypr i an wome n pr os ti tuti on
da y ,
.
de r i n mag i c , H , 1 4 6 i n ma g i c , As , 2 6 , 3 2 , 1 88 ;
,
2 16
,
see
Whea t
C ourt
u
As , Phoen ,
,
.
n
115 ;
C u tti n g
tomb
of
.
.
H
,
dese cr a tors
D a te s i n mag i c , A, 1 0 7 ; As , xxm , 2 6 , 1 41 , 1 5 7 , 1 87 , 1 92 ; H , 1 4 4 D avi d, 2 3 1
.
,
,
,
,
on
.
1 0 ; Nab, 1 1
D ar k
.
,
,
C u rs es
D a ma , 1 6 3
.
,
,
C ori a C or n
30 , 3 2
,
.
C olt i n mag i c A 6 2 C ombin g hair on Su n day tr adition S C on se c ra ti on of pr i es ts H 1 82 C onsu mpti on r emedy for A 1 7 3 C on ta g i ous ta bu s ee Ta bu C oppe r i n mag i c As 1 87 H lxvi C opti c c har m 1 7 2 1 6 4 in ;
H
G
.
,
.
.
I N D EX li on S 5 4 ; os tr i che s A 5 7 (of 6 0) A 2 1 7 7 ; As 5 0 ; M 2 1 ; owl s ns a n ther S 5 4 n xxx ; s c o v i r e o a p p S 5 4 ; s n a k e A 5 7 (c f As 1 2 S 5 4 ; wol f S 5 4 ; ha ir y A 5 7 ; ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
ass u me
hu man for m , A, 5 7 , 6 2 , 7 7 ; M ed , 6 9 ; T es t of S ol , 7 1 withou t s h a dow, H , 6 1 ; in vi s ibl e , withou t .
.
fl esh or
bon e s , H , 4 4 ; N T , 1 0 0 E a t, A, 5 8 ; Ah , 1 0 4 (l i c k di s he s , A, de vou r bl ood, 1 9 5 ; As , 4 8, 49 , 1 9 5 ; Eth , 5 2 ; H , 4 4 ; .
.
.
dus t - s tor ms , A, e c li ps e s , As , 5 2 E
Bishar i n
48 ;
P
,
,
,
263
.
i
60 ;
,
by de mons , 9 3 , 9 5 ; A , 1 0 4 , 1 0 7 ; Ab, 1 0 3 ; ,
os s e s s on
60,
10 1 ,
H
106, 1 07 ;
G
L u c ia n ,
101 ;
1 04 ; ar on e , 1 0 5 ; N T , 1 0 0 ; Pal , 6 0 , 101 os e phus , or h r , 1 0 6 ; S 4 0 , p y , 9 2 ( s ee M a dn es s ) ; a ppor t on ed to
M
it J
,
.
.
P
va r iou s
y
me mber s
of
of .
M
,
,
i
y
the bod
As ,
,
A, 5 8 ; H , 44 ; s me ll , r i g e n , 9 3 (of T obit , 7 5 , 1 3 4 , 1 9 7) i n ter ma r r y wi th hu ma n be i n g s , 2 3 6 A , 6 8— 7 0 , 7 4 , 7 6 ; As , 6 5 E , 1 3 2 ; 6 8 ; H , 7 1 , 7 3 ; Q u ee n s l an d, 7 5 ; , S , 7 4 T e s t of S ol , 7 5 Tobit , 7 4 ,
t y b o d ( by o ifi ce s A H 1 1 5 ; e x it by toe A 1 05 1 0 6 ; by n o tr ils J os ephus 1 0 6 ; e x c l u ded by ve i l A N T 74 ; by wa x A 1 0 6 ; dr iven a way by n ois e A H M M ac M ed 5 3 ; O a n g L a u t 1 36 ; Pa l 7 2 ; fi e M 1 3 7 ; be atin g A 6 0 1 0 5 ; Y 3 1 ; s ten ch T obit lvii l vii i 7 5 1 3 4 1 9 7 (c f M ed thr own s an d e tc A 1 59 ; E th 1 5 8 ; l a i d by i n c a ta ti on O r ig en 1 9 6 ; n a il ed down A 1 7
1 34
18 ;
‘
r
en ,
M im id P phy y a
on
or
r
fl esh dr i n k
A, S , 51 ;
r
H
A,
,
en ,
S, 51
1 06 ;
,
O ig
1 95 ;
es ,
9 3, 1 9 6 E ;
(c f
s a cr
.
ific e
,
6 3 ; Eth , 5 2 ;
,
,
O
.
G
.
.
( L ilith
.
tta ck s
lita ry l e eper s H 70 ; S a ta n s e du c es E ve H 7 4 ; de mon i n for m of woman a s te mpts ti o A 1 0 1 c f Te s t of S ol 7 1 ; ha ve p owe ove r woma n with ou t a
so
s
,
,
,
n
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
r
we ddi n g
ri n
ly 58 ; H
n ew
44
,
me
so
dan g er ou s
13 7
g, we dded,
r o p
a p
(thi s de n i e d se
As , 4 9 ; S , e s s , As , 4 0 , 4 7 , 4 9 ; i e p owe r , A , 7 7 As ,
xl
di e , A,
H
44
,
n ot
S,
(of
a s s a ll p
c an
A,
,
ta k e a way c r eat v Fl y ,
g
t
a e,
to
.
O ig r
H
44
,
en
,
door s , As ,
.
9 3 ; of 5 0 , bu t .
wa x, A, 1 0 6 ; c r e e p , As , 4 9 , 5 6 ; 5 1 ; fig ht , A , 6 0 ; s tin k , As , 4 9 ;
howl ,
As , 4 9 ; r i de , A , 5 9 , 6 0 ; ha ve for e kn owl edg e , H , 4 4 ; g u ar d tr e as ur e , A, 6 2 , 6 3 ( c f li ; Y , we ar dr es s e s of wome n , A, 7 1 wr i te , A, 6 2 (c f mi s l e a d tr ave ll er s , r oar
,
.
xx
.
A, 6 0 , 9 0
B in g
ise as e
d
,
2E
,
.
O
.
99
,
.
r
,
.
93 ;
e n er
,
,
s
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
,
r
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
n
,
,
O ig
.
,
,
bou n d,
’
M
,
,
S,
93 ;
v
51 ;
,
,
M ed , 1 4 9
1 57 ;
xl ii
,
T bit
,
o
,
7 4 ; s u mmar y , 9 3 ca n be tr a n s fe r r ed 1 6 2 ; fr om on e p e r s on to fig u r e s , , to a n oth er , an d fr om h u ma n be i n g s
M
in to
an
i ma l s
A,
N T .
,
29 ;
i
off s p r n g of
, ,
te M ar oni te to wa
100 ; 29 ;
r
, ,
A, 4 0 ; a r e be i n g s a n d s p iri ts
r ec og n i z ed ,
be
c an
.
H
As , 2 8 ;
hu man
As , 6 5 , 7 1 ; H , 7 0 , n o ch a n d 7 1 ; Kur d , 7 1 ; B ook of Te st of S ol , 7 5 ; tr aditi on de n ied, S , 7 4 ; ar e i mma tu r e c r e a tu r e s or
(c f
2 , 6 5,
.
E
.
.
ti on s H 2 3 E ar th demon s s c a l di n g th e m A a bor
,
.
,
A, Y , 5 9 ; fe ar of l Y , 5 9 ; c ome , , Pa , fr om Un de r wor ld, As , 9 7 ; s eve n s pi r its , As , 7 , 4 7 E ; Pa l , 5 0 , 5 2 ; S , 5 0 , 5 1 T e st T we l ve Pa tr , 5 1 Z or oas te r , 5 2 A, H , thr on e -bear er s , As , 4 7 4 8 S e e Appe n di 52 H au n t ba ths , A, 9 0 ; c ape r bu s he s , H , 9 1 c ave s , A, 5 8, 6 2 , 9 0 ; As , 5 6 , A, 81 , 9 0 ; a i mon i de s , 9 0 ; de s er ts -
,
.
.
x
.
.
As , 4 8 ‘ 9 6 (c f Pa] , 1 00 ; C ha l dea ns , 1 0 0 ; death, A, 5 8, 5 9 ; du mbn e s s , A, 6 2 ; pl a g u es , dr ou g hts , an d ba d s e a s ons , r i en , 9 3 cf 4 8 g ( ) ma li g n i ty of s oi l , A , 5 8 ; e ar thqu a k es S , 54 ; , s t or ms , As , 4 3 4 8 4 9 5 0 , 5 4 , ; Med , , , r
N Z
.
M
,
9 0 ; As , 2 8, 3 9 , 4 4 , 5 s , 84 , 9 0 , 9 7 , 57 , 9 1 , 1 1 5 ; 1 5 1 ; E th , 9 2 ; , , 1 57 ; a mon de s , 9 0 ; N T ,
O ig r
Mi
en
,
60
i
M
H
Pa ] , 9 1
.
food
.
an d
dr in k ,
I ND EX H A
M
91 ;
,
(c f
te
ar oni
vy
4 2 ; g ra e ar ds As , 7 , 3 9 ;
,
5, 171,
.
Me d
200 ; , 29 ,
,
H
9 1 ; N T 1 0 0 ; hous es , A, 9 1 , 9 2 ; a r n es , 2 0 0 ; A, 9 0 ; , mou n a i n s , As , 9 1 ; ma r s h e s , As , 4 1 .
,
l ti
M
3 9 , 4 1 , 82 ;
S , 83 ;
S u n se t
ou n a i n of
M
‘
t
H
t
t
ou n a i n
of
As , 5 6 (c f Ar a b s u pe rs tition a bou t J ebe l -tr ees t H , 9 1 ; ove n s , A, i a n u , K ); 9 0 ; pl ac e s of e e cu ti on , e tc , A, 6 1 M e d, 9 1 ; r ivers , A , 9 0 ; r ocky pl a ces , Aus tr a li a , 9 0 r u in s , 2 0 0 ; A, 9 0 , 9 2 an d
D a wn ,
’
.
x
.
As , 8 1 , 9 0 ; Eth , 9 2 ; H , 9 1 , 9 2 ; r i g e n , 6 0 ; Pa ] , 9 1 ; a i moni des , 9 0 ; S , 9 2 s ea , As , 3 9 s ha dows on moon
M
O
li g ht n i g hts H 9 1 (c f M ar on ite 4 2) s ton e S 83 89 ; s pe ar wor ts H 9 1 te mple s an d h i n e s whe e i n c e nse an d bl ood a r e offe r ed O r i g e n 9 3 thi ck e ts a n d wa te i n a c es A u s tr a li a l 90 ; p g we ll A 9 0 1 1 5 ; H 1 1 8 D é r Atiye h 1 7 7 ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
s
r
,
-
r
,
,
,
-
,
e z - z cr ,
89
ar
a,
D es c e n o D ese c r a ti on
.
demon s ,
ar
of
,
10 1
,
,
,
1 53 ,
D es er t,
oa t.
s,
,
a
12
,
n
D i me tn , 83 , 1 9 2
,
,
1 47
,
,
,
x x;
H
,
xxxi
,
,
,
A , lxv E , liv, l i v, 4 9 , 1 6 1 ,
x
x
,
,
,
’
,
.
.
M
159 , 1 6 2
,
.
xx
D ov e i n ma g i c , H , 1 81 , 1 87 ; n ot , s a c r i fic e d a t H ar r a n , 5 4 D r a g on , As 5 4 of R eve l a ti on , 4 3 ; T e s t of S ol , 4 3 ; s wa ll ows moon , A, e r u , S ou th S ea , 5 3 demons in s h a e of, T e s t o f S ol , 7 6 ; Be l an d, p .
.
.
.
P
.
.
1 9 9 ; As , 5 4
xxxvi ;
D r e am,
M
ar on
ite
42
,
A, l v ; As , 9 , 3 3 , 1 86
;
.
D r e g s i n ma g i c , As , 1 2 6 , 2 5 4 (of E th , ’ 1 4 8) s ava e , 1 46 S ee I n n , R e u se , g f .
.
an d
Ta bu
.
D r i n ki n g mag i c wr iti n g
l xi
,
A,
l xi ; H
,
l v,
.
-
.
.
.
D u n g i n ma g i c , As , 1 5 3 E , 2 03 , 204 ; ’ H , 1 4 7 , 1 9 4 See L n a D u n g he aps hau n te d (s ee D emon s i n .
.
H
ma g i c ),
,
cf.
1 70 ;
As , 1 77
.
.
i kl ed
s pr n
bl ood
on
mur der ed
of
t
(s ton e s )
de mons ) Eth , 1 5 8 ;
yn o ym of Un de r wor l d H 3 ; du s t tor m c aus e d by de mon s A Bis har i n 6 0 ; ta k en fr om c e me tery s n 1 A a d 1 f om g r a ve A 1 47 ; 7 ; ) ( As 3 3 ; H 1 46 ; fr om footpr i n t A s avag e 1 46 ; As 1 5 3 1 54 ; H xxxii 1 4 6 1 6 4 ; mu d fr om r ive r H 1 6 4 ; fr om te mpl e As 1 46 ; fr om fl oor of taber n a cl e H l v Dya ks 3 6 s
n
,
,
s
,
,
,
,
br e a d to dog s , of 1 2 7
.
x
-
H l xii lxv 1 70 2 0 7 ; s pi r it of wi c k e d tr a n s mi r a ti n i n t o Y 6 ; g g D og of the W itc h 1 4 ; c as tin g ,
,
.
3 ;
.
204 ;
,
A , 1 5 9 ; e qu i va l en t of wa te r i n pu r i fic ati on , A, 1 1 7 ; food of s pir its , As ,
.
.
,
D og i n mag i c , li 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 ; As
,
A, 3 7 Med , 1 7 3 S ee T hr es hol d D oug h i n mag i c , As , vii , 3 3 , 83 , 1 6 0 , 2 0 6 , 20 7 ; H ,
ag a in s
.
n
.
,
,
,
,
q t xxxvi 22 2 D i s kor os l D i h i n mag i c As 1 2 7 D i vi n a ti o s A As xxxi s
,
,
man , A , 6 1 ; (g r a ve l ) c as t a g a in s t e n e my A , 1 5 8 ; (dus t) H , 1 5 9 ; s an d (
.
.
,
,
71 ;
.
B i n a n a , 1 78 Di odorus u o e d , o
,
D us t i n ma g i c , 1 4 2 ; A, 89 ; Ar me n , 3 3 ; As , 3 3 ; H , li v, 3 3 ; (s an d) Ku r dis t an ,
.
,
,
,
D u ser a , 1 1
.
.
,
-
of
.
o
a
t
’
r
,
l
a so
the
,
ss .
,
D u ma tii , 2 2 2
.
hau n
s ee
ti y H 1 2 ; As 1 1 D es t oye r H 86 De vi l the se e I bl i Sa t n D i a n a f the Ephes i an s 6 5 D i l h l pl a t i n mag i c 1 87 '
,
-
Gr a ve
166 ;
,
1
,
D u ma h , 4
s ee
S c ap eg
key s p1r t of wic k ed tr ans mig r ati ng in to Y 6 ; s e e A D oor i n mag i c A 9 0 ; As xxvm li x 2 0 8 ; E th 9 2 ; H l 1 6 1 D oor p os t i n ma g i c A 3 1 2 2 6 ; l ook
D on
D u bs a g Un u g ki , 4 5
.
.
D e mon s ; L a dy of
an d
-
ve s
165,
,
s ee
Pla i n g od , D es n , A,
3 , 33
,
ra
g
p la c e ,
Cle a n
t y
on as e r
s
xxvii
D es e r t ,
.
.
M i Eli m t f I ht
D iet
,
,
,
D ér
,
r
,
s
,
.
s ee
16 9 ,
2 04 ,
2 07 ;
,
r
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
I N DEX
266
F ac e i n
Fi h
i n mag i c 1 4 1 (c f
ma g i c , A, 2 1 1 a l a g as y ma g i c , 2 1 3 F a di tr a , ’ Fair y wome n , , 1 6 4 36 i ; F a n i n ma g i c , A, ,
I
Ta bu
xx x M
See
.
of ,
207
.
lvii ; S 1 4 1 ; T es t of S ol 6 5 ; T obit l vu 7 5 1 34 F ive i n mag ic ( of pe n ta cl e ) 1 89 ; H liii F l a x i n mag ic As 88 F l ood 4 4 1 9 7 F l or i da 2 22 F lou r i n mag i c s ee M a l F l ower s i n magi c A 3 7 ; I 1 6 3 Fly i n mag i c A 2 1 0 ; As 6 3 Food i n mag i c As 1 53 20 4 2 0 5 Eth
220
.
.
,
y in
I r oqu ois
ma g i c ,
1 84
,
,
.
4 , 147 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 0
F Fv
M
99
A , 83 ,
,
,
,
,
i t
3 5 , 83 ,
84 ,
,
,
1 50 11
1 15,
G ( f x mpl 1 44 ; M 3 6 a
e
by bar r e n i n c ou n te r
F iji
Fi
ma g i c , 32 , 34 ,
1 58, 1 6 3
1 4 5 , 1 6 2 , 2 0 5 ; off e r e d wome n , As , 6 4 of s or ce r e r s
-
a
,
tta c k
qu ote d
1 16
,
xx ix
As ,
,
x
,
26 , 1 50 E
.
38
.
,
i n ma i c , A, 2 26 ; R oma n , 2 2 7 ; g g i of ta bu on n ti n g with fin g e r , As , o p n
er
.
2 52
Fi
of
H
God,
God , As , 9 6
97 ;
,
of
.
ha n d
,
As ,
l xviii
5 8,
,
1 3 7 , 1 45 ; an d
Ta bu
Fi
r e - g od
lviii l xiv 7 7 89 1 0 5 1 4 0 ; H xlix lviii l xiv
(
1 19 ,
,
,
1 6 0 , 22 0 ;
1 4 4,
M e d,
,
,
,
,
,
N
1 49
.
S ee
M
, ,
,
F i r e-g od
uz ka
)
,
xxv ,
xxxi
x,
56 ,
1 52
Fi r s tbom i n ma g i c , 1 1 4 , 1 80 , 2 1 9 E ;
H 61 Fir tfr u i ts i n mag i c 2 7 ; H 22 1 ,
,
.
,
1 80 , 2 1 9 ff
A,
,
A,
liii
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
F ox i n magi c ,
xxxi a
H
ma g i c , A, 7 7 ;
n
1 45 ; Y , 1 3 4
1 5 , 3 0 , 5 8,
,
.
F i g ht f m g h t Gh t F i g i m g i H 1 69 F g i m g i H lx iv F it i m g i S b 1 4 F di A b 2 1 1 F mi g ti A l ii mm 88 os
ro
r
a
n
es
r n
s ee
,
c,
n
a
c,
,
ru
n
a
c,
a
,
v
,
ra
u
s,
on
a
lvii
os
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
1 22 , 2 13 , 2 1 4 ;
,
M
.
.
,
ro
u
F
Ma c ,
5 ; 107 ; , 20 S e e Cen s e r
l
M ou r n i n g
u n e r a s , s ee
G b i l xx 5 1 Gd wi a
r e
lvii ;
1 0 7 , 1 22
G
,
lv ;
H
T obi t, ] vi i
,
Ga fl a t, 1 03 a
c a,
a
ee ,
a
n
.
7 3 , 89 , 1 4 6 , 1 58, 1 6 8
.
,
,
1 80 , 2 0 8
ne ,
a aren e s
G li i G lil G ll i
.
.
30, 1 2 9
S ea
of ,
mag i c ,
.
22 8
.
H
87
,
Gal l oi p r i e s ts , 1 1 4 Ga ll zt , 3 9 , 4 0 , 1 9 2
.
‘
G li ar
c
,
.
F id y i r
xxxi ; H
A, 5 9 ; As ,
.
.
s
ific e
.
.
se e
s a cr
22 8
of
.
ma g i c , A,
211 ;
,
,
’
Fir e in
of
t
,
As ,
n g er
.
i c H 1 86 For ty i n mag i c H 1 1 8 F orty n i n e i n mag i c As 1 3 8 F ou r i n mag i c A 5 2 89 ; As xxxi xlii ; H xx xxxi 1 0 2 1 86 F ou rte e n i n mag ic As 1 38 ; H 2 0 7 F owl i n mag ic A l xiii ; Ab 1 0 4 ; M
.
‘
.
bl ood
i n ma g
n e rs
or e
16 1,
h 1 5 6 E t , , ) ( ,
Ghos t
2 1 1 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7 ; as hes , e n , A, 3 1 wa e r , A,
80 ,
F ig
,
,
an d
,
1 59 ,
I
ivi n g
,
I bn Kha l du n ,
es ,
,
F i hri s t
H
,
,
-
,
,
r ec e
.
,
,
ma g i c , As , 1 6 5
n
.
,
,
,
,
2 0 3, 2 5 5 ; E , 1 4 3 , 1 49 222 ; 1 44 ; 1 43 ; , , .
,
.
,
,
,
oo
ea
.
,
,
.
.
xxx ; l v
ag a n s
Fi ftee n th da y i n ma g i c As 5 6 F ig s i n mag i c As xliii Fi g ur es of plas ti c ma te ri a l i n xli xl vi li l ix l xi 1 4 2 E 2 0 2 ; As xvii xxvi lvii i 2 8 ,
e
Se e D emons
1 48
A,
.
,
.
,
.
A s a kha ; char ms P, 1 6 7
s ee
.
,
For e he ad
.
a ori , 2 1 5 i n mag i c , As , li i , 82 e r , 1 0 1 , 1 0 8, 2 1 0 ;
er n
,
,
F ti
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
Fedu , 80 , 1 77 , 1 7 8, 2 2 6 E F ee t i n ma g ic , A, 2 2 7 ; As , 1 7 1 ; T on g a , 2 1 5 ; bar e fee t , R oman , 2 2 7 Fe mal e i n mag i c , A, 6 0 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 ; H ,
c
,
,
.
e
.
.
,
F a t i n mag i c , As , xxv11 ; H , 1 9 4 11 au n s , 7 2 e as ts of the H e br e ws , 1 82
As ,
Ma c ,
1 35 ;
,
.
,
e bru ar
H
,
.
.
Far de s ton es
F F F
A, 2 1 0 ;
.
1 86 ;
.
.
-
(c f
s
.
M
.
i n ma g
ic
,
.
As , 1 9 2 ; Pa l , 7 2
.
,
.
I
N D EX
xx
267
.
Ga r me n t in mag i c , As , i ; se e C lothes vii , lvii , 1 54 E , a te i n ma g i c , As ,
G
xx
li x
x
az a ,
a ze
’
i n ma g
G til en
ic
A, 5 9
A, 3 7 me te mpsyc hos i s
e,
1 09
i n to H Ghadii r xxxii Ghass a n i de pr i ce Ghos ts ,
4
,
l
u n c ea n
n
A, 7 6
R etu rn ,
H
.
H
3, 26 , 39
,
M
27 ;
36
,
ite
H
,
B a c he l o
M
23
,
G
-
r
,
,
,
me n , A, 5 , 1 7
3 2 ; of
H
As ,
i rg ins ,
G
,
19
W omen
,
,
; As
1 7,
,
.
l
,
6 7,
1 20
a t ch
As ,
c f.
(
il dbir th
.
H
I
Ml it
i
As , 1 9 ; who s tr u a te , As , 6 7 , 1 20 Th e owl a s g h os t , A,
A,
,
1 9 , 1 20 ; 2 , , 2
M
Pl
ew
t yin g c a n n ot me n
a so ,
.
M
,
21
.
R e s tl es s g h os ts As , 1 3 ; of u n bu r i e d body, 3 ; As , 8, 1 3 , 1 7 , 3 2 Un fed by des ce n da n ts , 3 ; As , 7 , 8,
H
,
13
.
t s ta n d
can n o
or
9 3 ; A, 9 ; As , 7 , 9 ; 9 ; M e d Chr , 9 1 .
,
93
e
xt
.
.
s
r
er n a
166
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
Gh t f d A 8 D d Gh t m A 3 5 Gh t w hip i th E t os
-
os
-
os
-
oo
o
s,
,
en s ,
see
s,
or s
ea
.
.
n
as
e
14
,
s ee
.
Gh t f th f mil y A 2 7 3 2 34 Gh l d i b d 6 0 9 0 Gilg mi h xx xx ii 7 E 1 2 3 3 39 os s o
Gi Gi (H
s
n
g er
rr u -
,
a
e
,
,
M AR ,
,
in
,
,
,
,
.
ic
,
As , li i , 1 87
.
.
2 54
.
fis h i n mag i c , M a c , l vu 44 ; mag c , , 20 , 1
a n ds of ass
.
,
,
.
,
v
i n ma g ii
xlvi
s,
,
,
7 2 , 81 , 9 6
g
Gl Gl
e
e s cr
a
M
i H
.
.
Gn os ti , 2 2 3 oat i n ma g i c , 5 7 , 5 9 , 2 3 3 ; A , 2 1 1 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7 ; As , liv , 82 , 1 6 1 ; , 2 30 ; .
G
H
.
E, s ;
c an
l s oul A 3 7 3 8 ; As 3 8 ; E 3 7 ; F ij i 38 ; H 3 8 ; t an mig r a tion A 5 ; H 4 1 8 ; Y 6 ; bi n di n g th e s ou l As 3 8 ,
ou
6 7 , 1 20 ;
,
,
,
D e mon s 23,
,
an d
.
ts 9 ; H Ghos ts su mmar y
.
19,
15 ;
h s o g
a s n
.
.
2 2 ; of 22 ; , 21, 20, 2 1 ; e e an es a , 2 2 ; I s 2 2 w h ba be a t br ea s d ,
Rii g G 8
thi r s t
4;
pa s tur e E, 8 ;
,
.
20 , 22
G
17
,
,
,
u r der ed
,
A, 1 7 1
,
,
As , 7
,
.
,
en
r
.
s pea
s i t,
.
,
,
M
As , 2 4 , 3 2 ; , by n aili n g
,
,
.
,
or c s
e
can
.
ki g As 3 2 Evi l man As 1 9 F allin g fr om date pal m As 2 6 H a l ots As 1 9 1 2 0 Immode s t women As 6 7 1 20
V
to wife ,
,
,
.
.
i
wome n mar r i ed to de a d,
.
k dr i n k H H si t
As , 2 0 ,
.
M
(
t
r e ur n n g
G
As , 1 9 , 2 3 ; , 19 D e a d of hu n g e r , thi r s t , dr own i n g , i n th e de s er t , mar s h , or s tor m, As , 1 9 D i s e a s e d wome n , As , 2 0 D yi n g by f au lt of g od or s i n of ,
.
.
.
rs,
n
A, 9 2 ; As , 3 5
down , A , 1 7 , 1 8 They fe ed on du s t a n d mu d, As , 3 dri n k wa te r a t tombs , A, 5 , 1 6 ; e a t dr e g s , As , E , 8 ; bl ood , A, 1 6 ; food a n d dr i n k , As , 1 4 ; ,
,
.
.
23
cf
o
i n wh
40
8,
,
O f pers on s un ti mely dea d A, 2 3 Abor ti on s ( c f “
e,
x i m 93 36 ( f O i g
By
.
fr om the g ra ve , As , 7 ; H aden dowa , 1 0 ; Ar abi c belie fs , 5 ,
A,
35 ,
L a yi n g g hos ts
As , 3 , 7 ;
14 ; 1 05 ;
,
2 23
,
As ,
93 ;
os s ,
D e ad hu s ban d
.
(n ot c hi mma )
Ed i mmn
ro
a r on
.
,
,
.
r
of
to s i t,
.
g h os ts ,
of
F ig ht f m g h t M it 4 2
.
,
r s on e p
G
Atta c k
.
mag i c , As , 3 4 ; foot
n
orn
e s
aze
24 , 25 , 3 2 , 1 1 6
c,
a
n
e
H they
27
,
wi th whom h a d c onn e cti on dur i n g l i fe , As ,
.
,
those
to
15 ;
.
G 1 07 231 G ll i m g i G ll h i
H
R e tu r n to wa s h ,
.
G
x
,
1 83 ,
1 9 8,
G
2 16,
M , 2 2 8 S ee Ki d oa t-bear d i n ma g i c , A, xxxm 1 83
.
2 52
2 19 , .
.
I
,
I
B u k ha
God,
an d
G
I
1 69 ;
ra,
Ya h weh
1 64
,
ND EX
S ee A l la h
.
.
tt
r ac e
,
,
o
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
As
(c f
.
P
4 1 , 1 46 ; Goode r oo , 1 0 3 ,
2 30 ; S ,
,
XX
72
s,
2 13
ma g i c
H
,
Mlg y
1 64 ;
,
as
a a
,
ma g ic , S u ma tr a , 1 83 ra e n a c 1 44 A, 2 5 6 s a cr e d , des e c ra ti on of , As , Phoe n , Pa l , 1 0 7 N a b, 1 0 ; r e mova l of bon es , As , E , ’ H , 1 0 ; a hdi s tomb , 1 1 dus t fr om , A, 1 4 7 ; As , 3 3 H , 1 4 6 ; ha un te d , se e D e mon s ; g hos ts fr om g r a ve s , As , 7 r ass
o
er s
n
.
,
M
H a den dowa 1 0 ; bed of r e eds pr e ve n ts h ri i os t H 91 g g Gr ee c e xxxvi 1 74 G ee ks p i m Gr ee n i n magi c H 1 89 Gu a dia n g e l 4 6 Gu i a a 2 3 9 Gu ilt offe in g 2 1 6 ,
s n
,
,
r
.
,
.
,
a ss
,
.
,
r
an
n
,
s
.
,
.
r
-
,
.
Gi 1 84 G l xl ii i 2 45 u n ea ,
v
,
Gu n u r a , 88, 2 0 5 u
(
er
ha u n
)
te d H ,
91
,
.
,
n
u
1 84 ; 1 48 ;
M
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
P
36 ;
,
,
,
167 ;
,
,
,
,
u
,
,
166 ,
,
1 70 ,
S , 5 1 ; S ab , Thr ea ds ; on ,
A, 5 7 ;
H
-
.
,
fin g e r
g hos t , As
of
l an t
,
xxvi
.
.
of
35 ;
,
.
,
,
man , 7 s
.
,
,
un
.
H a r l ots i n mag i c As 2 4 7 ; H h s ts As 1 9 (c f g H a rr a n 5 4 H ar u t l xv ,
o
,
32 ;
as
.
.
,
H a ga r d
e th ,
4
.
H a t (P i ) n ma g i c , As , 2 0 6 H a te - cha r ms , lxi , l xiv E
H a thor a
,
.
,
,
fi
,
.
,
g
,
.
64
,
.
.
ttd th 1 7 9 ,
.
H a u n ted pl a c es s e e D m n H wk i n mag i c G l xvii H y y a t (th on e be ar e rs ) 5 2 H e a d i n m g i c 2 2 6 ; A 2 29 ; a
-
r
,
38 ;
,
As , 3 3 , 3 8,
,
1 65 , 16 6,
H XX
.
,
a
161,
s.
.
,
,
a
o
e
,
M
,
1 7 1 , 2 0 5, 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 ; a or , 2 1 5 36 ;
M i
.
1 08 ; A, 1 8 ;
,
xl vn
,
li ,
x
82 ,
mi n g fr om Un der wor l d, lvii , 9 9 ; fr om mou n tai n s a n d dese r ts ,
As
82 , 83
co
,
.
H e a dd e s war di n g off demon s ( P au l ) e A 90 e vil 74 y H e a rt i n mag i c A 6 1 ; As xli v 1 6 1 2 0 3 2 0 4 20 8 ; H l xvi ; T obit lvii H e ar t p l an t As xliv H ebr e ws p i m H e c tor 2 5 4 H eife i n ma g i c A l vi ; H l v 1 87 H e j az 2 0 7 H ej a 1 1 H e kate 1 4 2 0 1 H e len 2 1 6 H e li opolis 79 (i n Syr ia ) 2 2 2 (i n E g ypt) H e ll e s pon t 2 30 s
,
,
,
-
a ss
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
r
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
l tap p a n p a ma th , 5
3 6 ; ha n d
,
r
.
H al ae , 2 2 H a l f- hu ma n s pir its , 2 , 6 5 , 9 3 , 1 3 2 a
,
l t l xii H a g ed s u per s titions a bou t men 1 3 7 6 an d A i x n e d 2 56 pp H an ifa 2 0 7 H ar e i n mag i c A 5 9 ; metempsychos is of un c l e an pe rs on i n to H 4 as a mu e
,
.
,
,
229,
,
,
va g e 1 4 6 ; s e e l e g s in di c a tion of j i n n i g a h u n bou n d H IV 1 6 9 H aj s pe rs ti ti on 1 5 9 sa
han d
e
.
,
,
M
’
r
.
,
g
God,
2 13
.
H a de n dowa s 1 0 H a des s ee U der wor ld H adhr ama t 5 5 7 H ai r i n mag ic xlvi l 1 42 ; A 3 8 2 3 6 ; As l xiii l x i v 1 5 3 1 6 1 1 7 0 1 9 2 ; H 38 4 0 1 4 6 1 4 7 ,
.
.
s h a dow
-
.
.
H e a da c he
.
.
mag i c , As , 1 6 5 ; of God , As , 9 6 (of H ,
,
.
u a,
G tt
.
,
16 1
H a n d in
,
.
G h pp i G v i m gi
,
H an a n i a , l i v
.
,
,
.
in
r as s
.
,
,
n
.
.
G th G
,
,
.
Gol d i n
o
,
34,
wi s e g ods , As , 5 6 ma g i c , 2 2 2 ; As , 2 3 0 ; G , 1xv11 ;
1 2 6)
H
,
2 5 , 4 6 fit , 1 6 7 , 2 0 6 , 2 45
,
H amath 5 8 7 8 7 9 H amma m F ar au n 5 9 H a mmer i n mag ic H H ammu ra bi xxi xxv ,
t d by s we e t s mell As H 1 9 7 fa u lt f g od As 3 2 ; e vil g od As 39 1 h xx vii f d s of n i g ht As 5 0 o t e o ; g s on of hi s g od wa tc h As xxviii ;
ods a
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
IND EX
270
I
i n ma g ic , A, 1 8, 3 1 , B aba r , 2 0 1 ; E th , 1 5 7 ;
r on
I q i 1 84 I ig ti m hi i I 7 8 2 2 0 2 36 ; I t i Sy i I i h xxxv lviii I hm l 4 I ht 3 3 3 73 85 ro u o s , a
s aac ,
ne
ac
,
,
165
Ih
u
s
XX
.
,
,
,
1 54, 1 5 7 ,
,
Iyya r
I
2 1 2 , 2 19 ,
H
,
20 1
,
s
-
I q i
ro uo s ,
1 84
,
x
.
.
.
,
,
.
x
l vii
,
Kidn eys i n ma g ic , H Kipp er 1 7 5 1 7 7 ,
Ki r d
,
62 ;
r en de r s
du mb , i bi d
,
Ki ri a te n , 7 9 ' Ki ska n zi li i Kis me t s ee D es ti n y Kiss i n mag ic 7 1 ; H , 89 Pa l 10 3 Ki tc hen er L or d 1 1 16 5 Ki zr i ti 7 8 ; of Temp le Kn e e li n g in ma g i c Pal 1 0 3 Kn ots i n ma g i c A 9 0 1 6 8 1 6 9 ; As .
,
.
,
.
,
xiv
.
,
.
,
.
xxvi i
,
1 06 , 1 1 7 ,
.
J o hu a the S tyli te qu oted
,
96
.
1 39 ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
3 ; 3 3 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 0—
D ay
of ,
Kha l du n
P
168
.
,
A, 1 6
.
.
.
,
1 7 0 ; I , 1 6 4 ; I bn 1 6 2 ; Med, 1 7 3 ;
Kor ba n
.
,
,
.
l
.
,
D emon s
.
‘
.
J o dan li v J o eph 1 0 J os e phu s qu ote d
1 9 4, 1 97
,
.
,
,
s ee
1 81 , 2 33 ,
,
.
.
.
Je ypu r , 1 83 Ji dl a l (Yi dla l ) , 80 Jin n de s cr ibed , 5 7 E J on ah , 53 , 54 , 2 5 6
H
20 3 ;
,
.
.
,
16 6 , 1 6 7 , 1 78, 2 0 3 ,
,
G
2 04, 2 10 , 2 1 1 ; 234
.
,
,
,
xx x
A, 2 1 1 ; As ,
,
,
,
s
xx
x
,
.
.
,
2 00
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
i ma l for m
.
J er emi a h 1 0 Je r i cho 200 Je u a lem 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 6 22 7 Je w i n mag i c 3 7 1 0 3 1 0 5 1 6 8 J e we s Ka r i n a as A 7 7 J ewi s h bl a cks miths a c c re dited wi th mag i c
.
an
.
,
.
s
in
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
,
.
.
.
r
1 29
,
.
Jé ba , 80 Jehe yn a mar c hes , 6 1 J c hovab jir eh, 2 2 0 J e phthah , 2 20
Ab , 1 0 3
.
-
-
.
s
xxxv
Ka i i ap i c a n d ka i sap tn , iv Ké ma l u l ha ki m, lvi i i Ke r a k 5 8 Ke r c hie fs i n mag ic , H , 3 8 Ke r e s , 1 0 6 Ke tc h M e r i r i , 6 4 Ke ttu l i i Kha mu a s , 1 4 3 i Kheybar li , 2 0 2 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 42 Ki d i n ma g i c
.
Jan , 3 1 , 5 9 , 7 7 , 1 0 6 J a n u a ry i n mag i c , 1 ,
s
.
'
.
,
r
11
.
xxx
.
,
.
228
,
Ka l a h u -
m, 81
en - n o
.
.
’
,
,
‘
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
da n g e r ous to n e wly wedded an d pr e g n an t women , de str oyi n g c r e ative po we r , 7 7 Ka r r hai , XX Kas di m, v
.
J a ckal i n mag ic A 5 7 J a c ob of Edes a xl vi i J aff a 1 0 5 J all a lo ddi n 6 9 Jamr a tu l Aq a ba 1 59
78
.
,
.
G
,
1 7 6 , 1 78, 22 7 , 22 8
,
Ka phs i e l 1 87 Ka r i n a 7 6 E ;
.
mon th, 1 3 9 , 1 4 1 z du ba r il g a mis h) , 7 2
J apan 1 84 J ava 1 84
Ka bus
or
,
,
’
4 , 1 8, 2 9
,
H ar ib
Kal du
.
bl ood,
,
.
.
Ka iéah
.
2 20 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 3 , 2 36 s s u e of
.
Kaf dr a h Hai r
I
I
,
Ka bu s ,
.
xx
,
Kabbal a
I s mai li ye h , 2 2 9 s r a e l , xxv, l vi , 1 1 4 , Is r a fil ,
,
.
.
m, 86
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
J ou r n ey days g ood for xxx E Ju da h 1 1 6 6 Ju n eh 80 J u n o 2 22 J u pite r 1 3 0 ; (T heba n ) s elec ts woman Jus ti n M ar tyr qu oted 7 3 ,
.
ar ,
s
,
,
r an ,
,
ae
ma g i c As 2 5 4 as de mig od 7 3
n
,
s a ac , a c e r a n
s
.
.
on -
sa a
,
2 0 ; Pse ll u s , 1 3 7 ; S , 83
1 46 ;
rr
H lxvi
115 ; 1 7, ,
.
,
H
,
145 ;
,
169 ,
M
,
I N D EX Kou yu n j i k 1 6 8 ’ K p ha r , 2 1 5 , 2 1 8 ’ K r i n octu r n al emi s s i on 81 , 1 2 2 , .
,
.
1 32 , 1 33, 255 ;
Kull abi
45
,
Ku n y i t t
’
’
Ba
s ee
al
1 3 1,
’
k ri
(
M l y) lviii a a
,
.
xx
.
-
.
xx
Un de r wor ld
xli i xli
L a ba r tu ,
es ,
L a ba sn
1 6 1 , 2 40 ; Chi ld wi tc h , L a
l
S ee
a so
L a mi a
an d
-
42
,
.
cf
.
.
H liii
L a ma ttn
t
tymol og i cally r i n ce of c on p
c on n e c e d
,
68
,
43 E
e
as
.
,
,
,
e
;
xpl
an a
.
.
.
L i ba n u s , 7 9 L iba tion , 1 3 9 ; p ou r e d ou t, As , 3 2 4 , 1 6 1 ; i n to e ar th , As , 9 , 3 2 , 3 3 L i li n , 7 0
—
.
an t
)
,
L ame ch , 4 4
63
1 00 , 2 4 5
.
42 ;
6 6 , 6 7, 7 1 , 75 , 7 7 , 1 36 ,
133,
225 ;
190,
a
ttacks
litar y s l e eper s 7 0 ; aver te d f om be d w r s hipp ed 7 2 ; n o e tymol og i c al c on n e c ti on with L a il a h 6 6 ; c ou n te r a t of As modeu s 7 5 ; s e e L a B r oo ha p r
,
o
,
,
.
r
L a mi a
and
I i li ta
1 36 ; , 41
H
Byz an tin e S e e a l s o Chi ld
A, .
,
wi tc h , L a ba r tu , a n d L a B r oos ha L a mp i n mag i c , H , 2 7 ; N T , 52 L a msa tn , 6 3 L an d of 0 R e tu r n , 3 , 1 2 ; see Un de r wor ld L an g s u yar , 2 0 , 2 1
s
,
,
.
65E
L i l d, 6 5 E 6 8,
,
1 20 ,
,
.
41 ,
ite
Li lith , 2 1 , so
.
L amb i n mag i c , 2 34 , 2 3 5 , 2 42 A, 2 1 1 As , xl v, 1 6 7 ; E , 2 0 9 ; H , 2 16 , 2 1 9 ,
a r on
.
.
wi th L ili th , 6 6 ;
M
l vm
,
.
.
n ot
L ami a ,
M
,
.
.
L e v1 te s , 2 36
L ah a bi e l , 1 6 0 ,
L a ma s s a ,
21
,
L eo i n mag i c , l xvu L eop ar d, As , 5 4
,
T abl et IV
M a l ta - se r i e s ,
c epti on ,
titi on mag i c
,
.
L ai l a h ,
.
.
,
H l i v 1 82 1 85 E ti on of Bibli ca l 1 88 L e u con oe xxx vi
L a c e i n ma g i c , As , 1 5 3 ’ L ady of the D e s e r t , 1 5 , 1 5 1
L a il a , 2 1
s u p er s
L e pr osy,
.
.
(L ilit h)
L a B r oas ka
36
.
L e mon g r a s s i n L emu r i a , 2 2 7
.
4 1 , 1 36 , 1 52 ,
,
4 1 , 43 , 9 9
,
L e mbu r g
,
.
.
B r oos ha ,
.
H
M
1 64 ; 1 70
,
,
L eg i n ma g i c , L e li ur i u m , 6 9
,
xx
x H xxxi
2 02 ;
.
,
S er
.
.
,
l
M
L ee s i n mag i c , As , 1 5 3 s ee D r eg s L e ft ha n d i n mag i c , A, 4 6 ; As , i v, vii i , lvii , li , 2 7 , 34 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 1 ,
.
rns
a so
I
2 05
.
Kap p a r a , 1 7 7 , 1 85 2 0 2 , 2 0 4 , 2 10 Kur dis ta n 7 1 Ku rp a 1 7 7 , 2 0 0 E Ku s n r r a fl our , lvii ii ; Ku tb a , 32 , 3 3 S ee
L e ave n i n mag i c , A, 3 1 ; As , 3 2 , 3 3 , 2 04 ; H , 207 Le ave s i n ma g i c , , xxv m, 1 6 2 ; , In n , .
,
,
5l 7 1
.
9 7, 190
,
.
x
L i me i n ma gi c , As , l vu , l vm , li 2 5 , 2 05 , L i me s i n mag i c , 1 , 1 6 3 ; ,
M
.
.
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
L a ta r a g , li L ati n s , 82
x
.
s ee
on s a c r
L a z ar u s , 9 L e a d i n mag i c , 1 , L e ah , 7 8
D e mon s
.
xx
.
ifice
,
.
.
226
L oc u s t-me n ,
.
NT .
.
81 ; 2 10
,
s ee
Gr a s s hopp er s
.
L ocu s ts i n ma g i c , L oin s i n ma g i c , As , 84 , 1 5 9 L ooki n g on a c or ps e ta bu , As , 2 6 , 3 5 , .
.
xxviii ;
S,
xx
.
.
Le a the r i n mag i c , A, 83 , 9 0 , 1 0 6 ; As , ii ; ar on ite , 42
M
li v, 1 69 ; L i on i n , , , S , 54 ii ; H, L iver i n ma g i c , A, 1 7 3 ; As , 1 7 4 , 1 9 7 ; T obit , lvii L l a ma i n ma g i c , 1 84 L oa ves i n ma g i c , s e e Br e a d L oc k of door i n mag i c , A, 3 7 ; M e d, 1 7 3 .
L a tr i n e h au n te d,
xx
.
,
.
.
L a yin g ha n ds
qu ote d 1 0 0 mag i c As l xi v ; H
L i n di n g er
.
.
1 15, 1 3 1 ;
x
Appe n di
,
H
1 1 8 ; S , 1 1 4 ; bu t
,
2 55
.
se e
272
I ND E
L ooki ng -g l as s
in
mag i c , A,
H
Pal
28
,
.
Jews 7 2 L ove ch ar ms l xi l xii lxi v E Lu c i an qu ote d liii 1 0 4 1 1 4 L u g al g i r r a xx viii lix ,
,
,
,
,
L ash-Ira , 1 2 9
Lu n ac y
,
S,
82
H
l
203
M Poss es s i on
see
k xi x xxxvii i xl 1111 lix
a r du
,
ar
.
l v11 , 5 1 , 53 , 1 58, 2 0 7 1 0 8, 1 6 0 ; as cri bed to de mon s , .
A,
H
10 1 , 1 02 ; .
an s ,
a
c,
l xi ii
,
102 ; N T .
.
on
nc
e en
e
,
an d r e
ligi o
n
,
er
n,
B a r ts , M a i ‘
y
R .
M M h( )l th A g M hdi 1 1 M hi 1 86 M i m id q t d oddes s , a
a
a
r
M i di ki M j hw 1 83 M k xliv a ze - r n ar
a
a
an
M a lc l
,
a ag a s
M M M M
y
i lii
57,
,
M
66 , 90, 127
,
119,
c,
e:
xv
,
xxxix
M t
as o
es a
g
oa
t
1 83 ;
,
t
a on e
me n t ,
,
,
2 19
.
M a i /n a i l s ,
.
,
M a mi t 9 7 , 9 8, 1 2 3 E ,
,
1 7 8, 1 9 2 ;
M d I di 1 84 M d p titi M d k l xiv M th q t d 2 09 an s ,
n
an
an
e an s u
an
ra
on ,
er s
es ,
5
.
e
,
,
xxi
,
,
M ti a
.
,
of
.
S ol
,
An a k , 2 1 ,
.
or
v.
lii
,
.
.
.
.
,
fl our
i n mag
ic
,
As
lix 2 04 ; H l vu ,
,
.
i
e
a,
85
IV ,
,
.
.
qu ote d
69
,
e an e s a ,
.
.
uo e
on
o
a ne
vil s pi it Mer cur y 9 7 Me lin 7 2 M e ar li xlii M es opota mia r
.
,
e ns r u a
r
,
5 , 80 , 1 5 8, 1 7 1 , 1 7 3 , 2 2 7
e
,
.
M l i 22 M l t q t d lii i M t ti A 6 7 ; H f xpl i d vi d ,
26,
.
S fil h , 6 3
n
,
H 1 35
M t e
,
,
,
xxvn
,
-
.
s
1 81 ; S a b , 1 39 es i n ma g i c , 1 3 9 ; As , 1 5 8 ; S ab , 1 4
M 2 22
e
.
-
.
.
uo e
11
.
.
,
,
xxn
,
s,
as
1 33
,
.
e
83 ;
,
of
en ce
S e e Ta bu
theory vi s it of
.
.
,
s ee
e,
.
T t
,
s
.
an
,
er o n e
Mas sag e tae 2 3 9 M a i ta ha l pl an t
e
.
,
r
.
M e l an c th on
.
,
,
1 60,
.
an
e a
.
a s
Man fithu
151,
a
uo e
,
ass
l xv
,
M d ai M kk Mlm
.
l ys p s i m a l e i n ma g i c A 2 29 ; H xlviii a lim Kar i mu n xlviii a lim S ai di
o
li i ,
.
e i o
Ta bu
,
.
sn a c
o
ar r a
Ta bu
.
.
s c a pe
,
139 ,
1 6 5,
.
a a
an e
,
es ,
ea
.
,
a ac c a ,
2 13
,
ar on
M l
ma g i c ,
n
n- s e r e s ,
Ml Ml
a
-
r a th .
uo e
es
on
a
1 3 8,
.
,
,
1 7 8, 1 88, 1 9 5 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 8,
M a this bi r d liii M a zz i lc i n 58
.
.
,
a
63
s ee
,
n
a,
ar u
ma su , Za mma r u , an d Pr i es ts ; mus e l d a is e r of the de par te d ed i mmn , ’ s piri t , As , 9 a
1 73 ,
o
'
li g
xxvm ,
ym boli c with a c ow Pal 1 35 dis c or d be tween mar r i e d f lk As 4 9 ; H 1 70 S ee
.
c an s , se e u n
,
xl v,
,
,
5 1 , 5 5 , 5 6 , s o, 84 ,
,
’
a
v
,
1 3 4 , 1 3 5 ; A, 7 7 , 1 3 4 ; es 7 5 ; pr e e n e d, M e d, 1 73 ;
,
.
,
s
,
.
a
,
xxiv xx i xlvii xlviii
xxm ,
,
v t
M g i 92 1 19 M g i di ti ti b tw xvii d A i ip M gi i a
xx xlii
M i m gi S l Ma d 18 6 1 t h w y b id 6 1 M g Th m f q t d 92 M it p i m M i g d g t wly w dd d 30 E ar e
lx v
Mag h ar by
r o u oi s ,
245
a c edoni a ,
60
,
,
1 65,
.
I q
,
.
re
,
C a mbodi a
85 , 1 0 0 , 1 2 5 ,
.
.
M a c a r i us ,
ma g i c ,
in
,
.
L u xor , 2 2
adn e ss
.
,
ch ar m ,
t
ar c h
1 84
.
by D e mon s i n D emon s L u s , An g e of , , 66
M M
2 15
a or s ,
.
.
,
,
u,
M i M
-
Lu
.
.
,
’
X
.
,
,
.
,
xxxvi
xl m ,
,
6 4 , 7 2 , 9 0 , 2 0 9 , 2 49
t
e s op o a
mi a n
Ps ellus , 6 9
s u pe r s
,
6,
50 ,
.
ti tion qu oted
.
M e ta ab (Ibn R as hi d) ,
li ii
xxix
.
by
I
lv
N D EX
e men ti on ed, A, t o E n o t b l x i ; , lvi , 2 1 ; k n owin g n a me of de mon , 1, 1x ; As , xl i , 3 2 , 1 4 9 ; E , 1 49 ; r i e n , 1 50 ; 1 0 6 ; M ed , 1 4 9 ; , g T es t of S ol , 1 5 0 99 83 1i a mta r u , 5 1
x
G
O
.
.
.
N N d li N tiviti xxxv N th 1 0 1 N it it l 1 82 ; l N bi Y hfid h 2 1 1 2 1 2 N bk li 7 6 7 8 2 29 li Nb hd N k i m g i A 38 x
u,
aru
az a r e
e r
e
e
e
,
a
,
v,
,
,
a
v
.
,
.
ee
r oe s ,
err
e e us
,
a
s
v
,
,
,
,
,
1 44 ;
1 57
97
Z e al an d
,
99
Ni
-
.
.
ku ddu
h
,
i
xlvi i i
H N in e teen Nin eveh ,
,
Q u ee n a
n
,
,
of ,
,
,
65
,
1 3 8, 1 3 9
.
24 5
Ni
s an '
Nis
N
,
,
Oil i n
9
.
xx
O ld woma n i n
v
as ,
a
an
en s
ro
.
.
12 1
,
.
,
.
os s
35 ;
,
ved
obs e r
tr ou s bir ths
xxxi
,
209, 2 2 1
,
As , 55 E n i on i n ma i c , H 1 3 9 ; , l vm , g phtha lmi a , As , 1 4 1 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 1 ; H , 2 12 S ee Bl i n M es s ec
O O
1 35
.
.
ur
lip
x
,
,
.
.
as ,
s es ,
M
O l 9 223 ; O g L t 136 O d l by w t A r a c es ,
.
s ee
,
r an
au
.
.
H
,
a er ,
lv
207
.
of
1 15 ;
H
en
s ers
s r c
60
.
s
,
f or
xxv ;
a du
lte ry
,
.
O r i fic e s
body
,
t
1 29 ; M a l a y M ag i c , ,
of
e n r an c e
1 15,
,
uo e
O t Oi i Otih
E n qu i r y
.
,
ea
r
r on es
.
,
,
O lympi 1 55 Om h 139 O md m 1 1 Om f m g h t
O r n i as , 7 1
.
xxx iii i xxxix
H 91 mag i c As
3 3 , 1 5 8, 1 88 ;
r
mon th ,
l
,
S ke a t ,
1 2 3 , 1 24
.
e miti c de s i r e for , 1 3 , 6 4 S g ma g i c , As , ii , liv, xl v, 2 6
r n
O ig q t d
eo ti -s e r e s ,
oa h ,
O ff p i
.
.
lix
xxxvi
.
g s , 5 3 ; As , 1 3 9 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 1 ; t( dea d , As , H , 1 3 fi S a b, 1 4 ; i As , 85 p our e g r a titu de , A, 1 6 9 i n to ear th, As , 9 , 3 2 , 3 3 ; c as t i n t sea , A , 2 3 1 ; As , P, 2 3 0 S ee al s S a cr ifice s a n d D ea d
.
Ni n kas i , 2 1 4 N i n -tu , 6 3 , 6 4 N i s aba ,
As , 1 4 1 ;
2 4 , 6 5 , 70 , 1 6 9 ;
,
,
N i g l 2 45 N i i b xxiv n
.
.
i c As xxxvii l xii
16 , 107
,
.
I
i n ma g
.
er n
.
.
i n ma g c , A, 4 2 , 1 6 8 ; 9 1, 212 ; , 162 , 1 63
ne
.
.
1 2 9 ; fr om mon s
.
a-
a
F i r e -g od
s ee
8
O ff i
.
,
5 5 , 1 53 ;
,
.
.
M
N in
ss e
.
na
,
sse u s ,
s
mes , Ab , 1 49 N idd a h (me n s trua ti n g woma n ) , 1 1 8, 1 3 3 Ni g htmar e , A, 8 1 ; As , 6 7 , 81 ; ar on ite , 4 2 N i mr ou d pl a qu e fr om, 85 c
xlviii lix
O dy O dy y
.
.
Ne w
.
.
.
Y
.
,
.
\
-
(E tha n e s ,
R us s i a , 1 7 3 Ne t i n ma g i c , As , New u in ea , 1 6 3 , 2 0 1 N e w S ou th Va l es , 2 3 7 N e w thin g s i n mag i c , A, 1 7 N e w ye ar i n ma g i c , J apa n , R us s i a , 1 84 ; H , 9 1 ; Ne w or k , 89
G
ma g i c , H , 1 3 5 ; S ab , 1 39 r ee s i n ma i c , H , 9 1 g n
‘
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
O a r i n mag i c , As , 88 ’ a th on D ei p en i s , A, 7 8 ; Je hthah p vow, 2 2 0 S ee Ta b u O bi z u th , 4 1
.
es or a n s
Ni k
Nt i N tt
.
e
er
H
r on
=
women , dan g e r to , 1 7 0 Nu s a i r i ye h , 1 6 , 2 2 9 -
urs n g
.
,
e
c
a
n
es
.
.
,
N i
.
.
N M N t b 1 55 N dl i m g i ( i M 20 1 84 Ng N i lg h y Hill 1 83 N l 216 N g l xxiv l i ii li x 8 N t i 14 1 14 1 15 us
N u r -c d-Di n , 1 3 4
O
9 6, 166 , 2 1 1 ; 1 64 ; L , 16 4 , 2 1, 22
-
.
.
.
s,
c,
E, 1 64 ; I, 1 63, e c kl a c e ch ar m , ec a n e
2 36
,
.
,
,
n
ec
c ass
nezz a r ,
a
uc
e
ua
.
.
Nuz ku ,
.
a z ar
dr i vi n g away de mon s , s ee D emon s oon i n ma i c , As , 1 6 1 g os e i n ma g i c , A, 3 8 ; H , 1 6 4 o se
u
.
,
Ni N N
u s
.
es ,
a
.
.
of
.
s
1 1r p
1 32
.
t
A, (S e e
,
6 0 , 9 3 , 1 45 , 1 50 , 1 9 6
.
.
79
.
mag ic , H , 1 70 for m of Jin n , A i n mag i c , A, 5 8 n
.
,
,
.
5 7 ; g hou
l
,
I ND EX
Ov h t d O id q t d 22 7 ens
au n e
uo e
v
O wl
M
,
it
s pi r
as
20, 2 1
,
D e mon s
s ee
,
a
,
H
c,
2 1 0 , 2 2 6 ; As , 1 88, 2 1 0 , 2 5 2 ;
,
,
,
,
Ml
1 9 8,
2 1 9 , 248, 2 5 2 ; 1 83 ; S , 5 1 ,
a ag as
y
,
74
za r ,
P l ti P lm i a
n
C elebe s
lvii i
,
2 6 , 1 87 , 1 88,
H
Pa l , 88 ;
163 ;
,
es
,
i P 72 P i g h tl d i M l i P di S 6 ; bi d f A 6 1 P hm t i m g i A l xii i ; a n n on a an o
os
ar a
se ,
ar c
r
n
Me d
s o
1 49
,
,
,
c,
a
22
e a n es a ,
n
,
en
16 1 ;
an
,
.
.
H, 160,
.
P 25 1 P v 1 29 1 3 5 1 82 2 3 1 2 40 P i q t d 2 16 P k i m g i H xx P i m g i xxxi P l w I l d 22 P t t 1 82 P k 21 P i di At m t 1 84 ; H 1 82 P i P i lxii 1 4 1 6 7 P i G lf 2 3 0 P i q t d 1 64 P 53 1 84 P t i q t d 1 64 a r s ee s ,
,
a u s an as
e a c oc ea s
uo e
n
n
a
a
e e
er a
,
,
c
e r s an s ,
er s u s
u
,
.
.
,
Phan i el , 1 6 1 ha r a oh , viii , 1 43 ; A, 59
P x Ph i xl i Philip f M d 1 58 Phi l ph t xx Ph i i xxx i 1 0 2 0 1 Phy i i p hibit d f m v
a r se es ,
o
os o
ac e
on
e r s s on e , v
ro
,
e
l
woma n , A , 1 1 9
i to
of
22 1 , 2 22
l
he a i n g
.
on
.
tr u ou s
.
ic H
i n ma g ar on te , 1 05
c ure
,
i f don e by men s
us e e ss
i s p ir it
ro
,
,
160, 16 1 ,
1 87 ;
a
ue-
,
tr an smig r ati n g xliv 2 02 xli
Y , 6 ; i n ma g i c , , , , 2 0 9 ; A, 2 09 , 2 1 0 ; Abi p on es , 1 2 7 ; n
,
o
c,
.
,
s
,
.
N a mta r u
s ee
g od,
a n-
an e s ,
83 E
,
xxvi ii t xxxv
i
.
,
a
o e
an d
Ur a
,
99 ,
.
.
.
an a n
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
a
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
P l t h q t d xxxv 1 0 7 P ly i 9 5 1 2 5 P lyp h m 2 39 P lyp H 1 2 9 P m g t i m g i 1 35 P m f C lif i 1 84 uo e
o
n es a ,
o
e
,
,
,
us ,
e
o
os o
1 25
,
.
.
us,
o
.
.
,
r an a e
n
a
a
c,
.
or n a ,
.
.
xx
I
M
.
.
P t t i m g i M i 2 15 P hi t i m 2 3 8 P i tly C d 1 77 1 78 P i t xviii i E XIE xl a
n
a or
c,
s or c
an ,
o e,
r es s ,
.
,
.
.
,
xx
,
t
v
; c on s e
ll
1 82 , 2 0 2 ; a owed to e a t s i n oEe r i n , 1 9 4 E ; when n ot a owe d g to ma e di n a i on , As , 1 3 9 ; Ga l l oi c r a e d,
k
Pi P ti t ti r s on
,
u
ll
vi t
pr i es ts , 1 1 4
r os
.
wi c ked
n
r es
.
,
c,
ue re
re
.
,
S a bba th , As , 139
,
a
.
,
a
o a o
’
s c an
g
.
.
oe n c a n s ,
Pi g
n
c,
x
.
n
a
P
.
,
Eth, 1 4 8 ;
,
.
.
uo e
.
Por cu pi n e i n ma g i c , A, 5 9 or p hyr y qu ote d, 1 0 6 , 1 3 0 , 2 2 2 Pot i n ma g i c , As , vii ; br oken , A, 30 , i 3 1 As , 2 4 H 1 x l x, 1v, , ( ) 3 0 , 1 7 0 , 1 85 ; , (l vi ) , ( l i i) , 1 62, 16 3 ; S, 1 96 , l ii (c f
.
,
,
e r on us
Pi t M
n
o
.
,
uo e
,
,
1 86 , 1 89
,
.
u ar c
.
en s ,
c,
c,
38
,
1 87
.
on e
a
a
t i i n mag i c T on g a 2 1 5 an ts i n ma i c A xxx ; Ab 1 0 4 As g li 1 2 1 2 1 1 5 0 4 ; E (Eth) 1 55 ; H 10 7 J os e phus 1 0 6 M l i lii ; u ll ed p u p tabu s e e T b u Pl a qu e mag ical lxvii 1 68 Pl a te r i n mag i c As 1 87 1 88 ; H
.
,
n
s
.
s,
’
e r s an
c
n
,
.
.
er s a ,
Pi kli
s
,
.
c,
,
,
er o
e ru
,
c,
s an
e n e c os
,
,
.
,
,
.
as s o er ,
s
P i i m g i M 1 45 Pit h i m g i G 1 4 Pl t i m g i 2 0 1 Pl g m v d H 1 82 P l g g d A 48 5 1 Pl Pl Pl Pl
.
,
c,
ou s e s
1 59 .
.
.
or
o
.
Pa n e as , 80
a
a c en a
.
253 ; 164
n
a e,
ns
p as s i m mag i c , As ,
n e,
.
P ig i m g i A 49 Pil t 1 2 9 i m gi H P il f h Pill w i m g i A 2 0 7 ; c
a es
,
209 ; 1 80 ,
,
.
H
.
I
20 9 ;
G
E , 2 09 ; 1 33 ; N T
208
.
O i
1 1 5,
,
eon
.
,
H
.
O X i m g i 2 33 ; A xli v 3 2 3 3 49 1 87 n
As , 1 6 1 , 2 0 8 1?
.
A, 2 0 , 2 1 , 7 7 ; As , 5 0 ;
,
275
.
.
x
fr om, i n mag i c , l vi on of wome n , Babyl oni a , C ypr u s ,
e s c ap e
H e li opolis 79 ; A 7 8 7 9 Ps ell us qu ote d xxx 6 9 1 3 7 ,
,
,
Pn hu , 1 7 7
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
2 09 , 2 2 3
.
27 6
I NDE
M
a l a as y , 2 1 3 Pu mpkin i n ma g i c , g r i du , 7 Pu r e Abode Pur p l e i n ma g i c , 1 35
E
X
‘ .
R efu se La
.
x
R i fig
.
,
.
.
,
,
-
a
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
Ra g i n mag i c , 1 ; A, 88 ; Ab , 1 0 4 ; As , 153
.
.
D emon s
c ar r
P
1 3 0 , 1 86 , 1 87 ; r
ive r
ban ks ,
H
-
1 68 ;
ers ,
,
As ,
to dr y 2 39
,
l
,
l y fr o
or de a
H l xviii
u p,
lii
c a
1 44 , 1 6 4 ; i n
,
xxv ; c h a r m
R obe n ha us e n ,
y a way ta bu
,
.
.
R oc ky pl a c e s ha u n te d, 90 R ome , 1 74 , 2 2 7
.
.
H 91 J os ephu s
R oof ( - s hadow) ha u n ted,
R oots i n ma g i c , Pa l , 1 0 7
H
164
,
.
,
1 06
,
.
R a g u el , 74 R ah a b , 2 00
R ope i n ma g i c , A, xvu i R ou n d i n mag i c , H , 1 86 , 1 89
.
.
.
R a habi e l , 1 6 1 R a i n ti me i n m a g i c , 1 3 5 Ra i s i n g de ad, se e D ead a n d Ghos ts Ra i s i n s i n ma g i c , 1 3 9 ~
.
.
.
R u e i n mag i c , Pal J e ws , 7 2 u in s ha un te d, s e e D e mon s
.
.
R
.
R am i n mag ic , H , 2 20 , 2 3 1 Ra pha e l , 7 5 , 1 3 4 , 1 6 0
g u a r di an of ma g i c , A, l vi
x
tr ea s ur e
,
A, 6 2
.
R e adi n g s hema , ta bu on , 1 5 R ed i n ma g i c , A, ; As , 1 7 1 ; l vi , 1 6 0 ; , 1 83 S ee S c a r le t ’
.
R ed ee min g the
xx
H
,
l v,
li fe Pal 1 0 2 ; the s oul the fir s tbor n 1 80 2 I Q E in ,
A, 1 6 ; , , R ome , 22 7 Re ed i n ma g i c , As , 20 4 , 2 0 6 , 2 5 3 be d pr even ts s pir it l e avi n g g r ave ,
x
S a bbath , l vi i i , 1 5 , 5 1 , 5 8, 7 2 , 1 1 9 , 1 3 8 a , 1 70 , 2 5 2 S a bi a n s , 1 4 , 5 7 , 1 1 9 , 1 48, 1 9 5 , 2 2 3 S a cr ed n ame s in v ok e d, s e e N a me s .
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
Wa ter
.
R avens i n ma g i c , A, xxx ; H , XX ; S , 9 2 ; r ave n fa ces of bat- men , As , 81
I
.
.
R u n n i n g wa te r i n ma g i c , s e e R us s ia , 1 6 9 , 1 7 3 , 1 84 , 2 3 7
.
.
R assad , 6 2
.
R oya l T a bu , s ee Ta bu R u al a , ba ttl e r itu a l , 1 58
.
Rat i n
s ee
.
,
l xi 1
xv u, xxv,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
R ive r -g od , As , li v, 2 1 4 R ive r s , c on fl u e n c e of two , i n ma g i c , As , li , 1 5 4 , 2 1 2 ; of H , 1 4 4 ; ha u n te d,
.
,
Pal ,
H l xvi ; T yr ol 1 35 ;
.
6 8, 7 2
J os hu a l R a bbi J os hu a be n H an an i ah x 1 35 Ra bbi M e i R abbi N atha n 1 2 9 R a bbi Pap a 2 4 Ra bbi P i n c has be n Yai r 4 R a bb i Y oc h an a n 1 8 66 R a bbit me te mpsy c hos i s of u n cl ean pe r s on i n to Ka bbal a 4 R abi e s A 2 0 1 7 4 ; H l xii 1 7 4 R bi sn de mon liii 3 9 4 0 44 1 00 ,
lii
As ,
M
.
,
166,
.
,
1 06 ;
,
1 57,
,
.
.
,
,
R i mmon , see A da d a r ti n D e l , q u oted , Ri o,
.
,
,
mag i c ,
in
1 37
.
,
,
J os ephu s
Ra bbi H an in a , xxxn Ra bbi H yya , XX Ra bbi s aa c L u r i a , 1 8 R a bbi J e hu da h, 1 3 5
r
x
,
‘
,
x iv xxviii lvii lix H xxxi 1 6 4
.
.
R a bbi
.
.
As ,
.
I
I
.
.
x
.
Rheu ma ti s m, As , l iii , 2 0 4 R i c e i n mag i c , B orn eo , C e l ebe s , 1 6 3 ; n di e s , 1 5 6 E Ri g ht han d or s i de i n mag i c , A, 4 6
.
.
xxx xx
.
.
.
R a bba , 7 1 R a bba n H or mi z d, lvi R abbi Aki ba , 1 , Ra bbi As hi ,
u
see
‘
’
N
’
i n ma g i c , As , 1 5 3 , 2 0 4 ;
’
R e pti l es , As , 1 86 ; H , 4 R es ur r ecti on , A, 1 6 ; S , 6
.
Q u e e n of H e a ven , H , 2 0 7 ’ Q u e en of i n e ve h , 6 5 Q u ee ns l a n d, C e n tr a l , 7 5
.
,
.
r ee d
H
,
91
S a cr ifices , 1 9 4 412 , 2 2 1 12 ; Phoen , 2 0 1 ; to 1 9 8 ; S pr en g e r ,
1 5 7,
1 2 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 39 ,
to de a d, A,
G
,
de mon s , A, 5 8 ;
16 ;
H
,
7 7 ; hu ma n , A , 1 33 ; As , 2 2 S E ; H , 2 2 1 E S ee al s o u n de l the n a me s of s a cr ific i al a n i mal s ‘ S a da di n , 80 .
.
I
N D EX
S hee p , A , 1 6 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 1 Ab , 1 0 4 ; As , 49 , 5 O E , 1 5 7 ; H , 2 1 9 , 2 3 3 , 2 52 al a g as y , 2 1 3 ; S , 5 1
M
S hem , 9 Sh emiil , 1 3 9
.
.
xty i
Si
.
‘
.
xxx
.
.
Shou l de r s i n mag i c , A, 2 1 1 ; , 1 6 3 S hr ou d i n mag i c , H , 1 6 9 vi S i bylli n e books , S i c kn ess du e to de mons (see D emon s ) , ‘ C ha l As , 9 6 ; C e l e bes , 1 6 3 ; N T ’ de an s , 1 0 0 ; to e cli pse , As , 5 5 ; to to g ods , 9 6 ; to br ea ch s ai n ts , A, 9 7 .
.
.
.
96,
1 19 ,
1 9 1 an, 2 1 8 ;
to
han ds , 1 2 9 ; to ea ti n g fis h 1 4 1 ; to c r os s in g a r i ve r , 1 4 1
u n was hed
.
S i l at , 7 0 S il k i n mag i c , A, l xvn ; Ab, 1 6 4 ; ; 1 , 1 64 Sil oa m, 3 1 i , l i ii , 89 ; S ilver i n ma g i c , A, ’
.
xx
H
,
xxx xxix
xx
M oon -g od
55,
2 45 ;
.
S olwdn , 1 4 7
.
God, 7 3 , 7 4 ; s ee B ns E ldhi m vi , l iii , 1 0 , 1 1 , 6 0 S ou da n ,
S on
of
’
.
xxx
S ou l ,
x
.
Ghos t ; hymn
be li ef con ce r n i n g , 3 E ; tr a n s mi g r a ti on of s ee Gho s t ; e te rn a l s ou l , se e Ghos t Sou th S e a s l an ds , 5 3 S ozome n qu ote d, 7 9 , 1 0 7 see
of,
S, 5
x
I
.
.
.
S pa i n
ex
G
lx i i
t
ag a e
.
S parr ow i n ma g i c , A, 3 7 S pea ki n g with ta booed p e r s on ta bu , S ab , 1 1 9 Spe ar wor ts i n ma g i c , H , 9 1
r en de r
P
,
s ee
.
H
,
M , In
1 47
.
x
S pi n ni n g i n ma g i c , As , l iv, 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 1 71 ; , 167 S pi r it, se e D emon s , Ghos ts ; s p1r1 t -wi fe 6 6 , 6 7 ; c l as s e s of, 2
P
.
.
S pitti n g i n ma g i c , R oman , 2 2 7 S pittl e i n ma g i c , 3 3 , 1 45 ; A, xv, 89 1 0 7 , 1 4 7 , 1 6 8 ; As , 3 3 , 1 5 3 , 1 85 .
.
S i n , 1 9 3 or ig i n of , a mon g Se mite s , 1 2 8 Si n - off er i n g , I B2 E , S in ai , 1 1 7 i ii , 4 0 , S i n a iti c en i n s u l a , liv , lviii ,
.
.
P
x
5 9 , 89 , 1 59 , 1 7 3
lx
.
Si n j ar Hill s , 6 i , xxu S i ppar , S ir en s , 6 8 ’ S i r i m, 5 7 , 5 9 Si s te r s , two marr yi n g on the tabu , H , 1 3 5 Si tl amtae a , li -n a i s hti m i t 12 S , p S itu a , 1 84 i , 1 02 Si x i n mag i c , H , .
.
xxx
.
sa
me day
,
22, 36
.
S pr e n g er q u oted , , , 6 9 , 77 S pr in g i n ma g i c , A , 2 1 1 S qu a r e i n ma g i c , H , 1 86 , 1 89 S t An thon y, 5 4 , 1 0 5 S t Cypr i an , 4 2 eor g e , 2 3 1 St S t J ohn , l i v .
G
.
.
.
St St
.
.
St St
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
xxx xxx l xiv
.
.
x
.
.
M
.
.
.
l
2 06 ; I bn Kha du n , 1 45 ; N T , 1 4 7 ; Pse ll us ,
.
.
xx
;
.
' ra , 2 1 6 d p y S pi c e s i n ma g i c ,
.
,
.
oc
.
Si mon of S a mar i a , vi , x i v, Si n ,
S ada , Ar a b de mon , 1 0 7 S ol omon , 5 7 , 7 7 , 1 0 6 , 1 50 , 1 80 , 2 3 1 ; B aths of , 7 9
.
.
xx x x
xxx
.
Shi til , 5 Shoes worn by wome n i n c hi l dbed, H , 1 1 9 ; bu t §n ot by on e c ar r yin g c or p se , H , 1 1 9 ; i n mag i c , As , 1 5 3 ; H , 1 84
,
.
x
.
xxx
.
S n a k e i n mag i c , A, 2 0 ; As , 1 2 , 49 , 5 4, 6 3, 6 4 ; E , viii , xi x ; H , i ; S, 54 for m of Ji n n , 5 7
.
I
xxx
x
.
xx
.
S ku ll i n mag i c , A, 2 56 S l ee p , A , ; mag i c doe s n ot wor k i t sor ce r er i s as l ee p , A, ii S mok e i n ma g i c , H , l vi ii
.
.
da tes ,
91
.
.
or
,
1 48
She 6 l , 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 2 3 4 ; s ee Un der wor ld S he wbr e a d, 2 0 7 ’ S hi a h tr adi ti on , 28 Shi bbeta , 1 2 9 S hi ps i n mag i c , 1 5 4 E ; A , 2 3 1 ; As , 2 3 0 , 2 5 3 ; H , 1 86 , 1 89 , 2 54 ; E , 1
tabu
H
ma g i c ,
S ki mmi n g - spoon i n ma g i c , H , 1 1 8 S ki n i n ma g i c , A, 2 1 1 ; As , 1 87 ; E th ,
.
of
n
M xi m d T i Ni 3 3 P l xxx 7 4 P t lxvi a
e
n o,
au
.
.
,
,
e er
ur n ,
e
,
.
53
.
.
I
ND EX
S ta g i n mag i c , Abipon es , 1 2 7 S te n ch dr ive s a way demons , s e e D emon s .
xxxi
S ti c k i n mag i c , H , S tol en mon ey to be
.
.
t
r e s or ed
by mag i c ,
A, 6 2 ii i , 89 , I5 S E Ston e i n mag i c , A, As , l iii ; H , l viii , 1 8, 2 0 7 ; , li ’ S , 83 , 89 ; Y , 3 1 Phil os ophe r s S ton e , S ton e s thr own by de mon s , A, 1 8 Stor m g od, see A dad S tor ms c au s ed by de mon s , As , 4 3 , 4 8, .
x
xxx
x
xx
I x
.
.
-
.
M e d, 4 8
54 ;
.
qu ote d xxxv S tr ee t (mar ke t pl ac e ma g i c As
S tr a bo
.
,
-
,
,
xxxvi
S u a ki n ,
br oa d p l a c es ) i n 44 , 4 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 6 0 ,
,
79
.
S we e tmea ts i n ma g i c , Pa ] , 1 0 2 S wor d i n mag i c , s e e I r on
M
1 7 8,
1 6 3,
1 03,
1 83 ,
195,
202,
2 1 3 ; A, 1 7 7 ,
2 29 ; 2 30 ;
As ,
1 7 8,
206 ,
,
,
(
2 12
N T .
S u c cu b a ,
S u ez , 4 0
of
.
.
2 2 5 , 22 6 E
209
,
G M
);
,
.
T abar j fin , 1 4
.
T abe rn ac l e Iv 1 30 T aber n a cl e s F e as t of 1 82 T abl e i n ma g i c As xlii 25 T abu xxi xxii xxx ix x1 ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
171
.
,
S u g a r i n ma g c , Pa l , 1 0 2 1 06 ; S u phur i n ma g i c , , S e e B r i ms ton e .
,
,
,
xxxvii
S u ma,
Su ma u ki n a -
,
G
M l iii v
,
.
M
l
tou chin g her m H 1 7 6 2 1 5 ; s pea kin g with tabooed p e r s on As S ab 1 1 9 c l ea s ed As 1 86 ove c ome by mag i c As 1 6 5 on a du lte r y 2 4 7 on be a s ts 2 52 ; M 2 3 ; pas s in g u n de r the r ope of a c a me l or un der th e c ame l it e l f or be twe en two c a me l s H 1 1 7 on br ibe r y 2 4 9 on c a r di n a l s in s 1 2 5 1 2 8 ; H 1 82 S ee a l s o u n der th e n a mes As e tc ; c l e an c l othe s on c l othe s H 15 ; 1 39 ; wea r i n g phyl a c te r i e s 4 1 8 u tti g on s h oe s H 1 1 9 p 1 39 on c ur s i n g 2 45 ; e
u n c ea n ,
,
,
,
S u matr a , 1 83
r
-
.
.
E Il
H
,
S ou th S e a s a n ds , 5 3 ; u n c l e a n woma n n ot a ll owed to s e e , 1 3 3 ; s u n vii , A, 1 5 9 ; As , r i s e i n mag i c , li i , 1 6 5 , 2 5 4 ; s u n s et i n mag i c, As ,
Sn rp a
-
xx
,
,
56 , 1 87 , 2 1 7 ;
i
s er e s ,
xxxi x
,
.
.
,
M lviii ,
.
,
,
.
n
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
de a d bodi e s , 1 09 , 1 1 2 , 1 9 0 ; A, 1 1 3 , 2 1 0 ; As , 2 6 , 2 7 , 1 1 5 ,
H
l vi , 1 7 , 2 7 , 1 1 8, 1 82 , 25 5 ; I a mbli c hu s , 1 1 7 ; S , 1 1 4 ; T obit , 1 1 4 ; pas s in g odou r of c ar c as e ,
.
x xxvii
.
.
,
,
13 1 E
.
11 ;
,
,
,
s
2 7,
.
es h , 1 5 8 S me fl S u mer i a n s , 1 7 8 S u mme r i n ma g i c , 1 35 ’ Sun (s e e S oma li ) , s qui maux , 1 84 ; a
n
,
,
on
vi i
2 54 ;
1 10,
,
,
.
xxx
,
,
.
v
.
l i v, l xvu , 9 5 E , 1 0 8E , 1 3 0 an, 1 7 8, 1 3 0 11 , 2 3 1 , 2 45 E ; c on ta g i ou s , 3 0 , 1 0 8, 1 2 5 E , 1 82 , 1 9 0 ; H , a or i , 2 1 5 ; holy, 1 1 0 , ,
,
l
,
.
.
i
.
,
23, 68 E
s u c cu bu s ,
.
,
1 80 ,
H
x
.
,
.
.
.
,
S u ba r ti , 2 4 0 S u bs ti tu te s i n mag i c ,
.
S wor d of ose s , l viii , 1 6 9 Sympa the ti c ma g i c , 1 4 2 E , 1 7 3, 1 7 8 Syr i a , p as s i m ”
,
.
S ab, 1 4
.
H H
,
,
254 ;
,
l
1 17
29
i
,
s e ep n g
in
on on
fa mi i es , 2 4 6 , 2 4 7
on
H
,
,
.
dr e g s , As , 1 2 6 , 25 4 (c f e a s i n g n a tu r e , A , 1 1 6 ;
on
t y
c eme e r
a
l
.
H
,
1 32
.
.
fir e , 2 5 0 , 2 5 2 ; As , 1 4 0 , 2 54 ; 1 3 9 ( See a ls o S k e at, M a la y M a g i c , .
.
S u rr ou n di n g with wa ter , H , 1 0 7 ; with me a l , As , 2 04 ; with li me , As , lvii E
S ee al s o C i r c le S wall ows i n ma g i c , A, 6 1 ; S u matr a , 1 83 S we a t i n ma g i c , Eth , 1 4 8 .
f ood,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
H 1 84 ; ea tin g with fr ien ds H 1 5 ; thin g s c ooked i n fir e (on S a bba th) As 1 3 9 ; h a lf b a ke d br e a d or mea t ta k e n with a s ki mmi n g s poon H 1 1 8 ; br e ad c ook ed i n a she s or c ook ed me at As 1 3 9 ; e ati n g t ote ms on
As , 49 ;
-
,
,
,
,
,
2 80
I
ivi
tt
i
ND EX
l
o e ms (a n ma s ) to dog s ng 19 1 ; g or n to e at, Abi pon e s , 1 2 7 ; e a in g
t t fl e sh H 2 0 7 u ps etti g mai ze dr in k Abi p on e s l 2 7 dr i n kin g veg e ta bl e s dr i n k i n g wa te r As 1 40 ( c f dra wn ove r n ig ht H 2 9 ; dr in ki n g fr om a g ra veya r d we ll H 1 1 8 T abu on l yi g 2 48 H 1 82 25 1 on mou r n i n g ,
n
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
n
.
,
,
.
,
mur de r , 2 5 7 mur de r er s 1 1 6
on
.
,
,
.
on
,
on
.
t li n g an d che ating 2 48 on s tr i fe s tir r i n g u p 1 2 8 on s un s tr ok e As 2 5 2 Tr ibal 1 82 thr e s hi n g on va r i ou s p l a ce s floor wi n n owi n g fan (an d mea l ) 25 1 on ves s e l s 3 0 on voi c e r a i s ed (c f xxxi ) 1 39 1 4 0 H 1 4 3 2 1 4 0 1 84 ; on was hi n g 1 20 1 29 if ; t a bu u n was he d h an ds 1 30 ee a l s o H r e move d b wa s hi n g S y
,
,
p hys i c i a n
on
l t s an p
on
M
,
H
,
.
p
’
u
s
lli
xxxi
1 84
,
Wa s hi n g
.
,
,
1 82 ,
.
i di n g forth 1 3 9 1 32 R oya l As 1 3 8 E 20 2 ; H 2 0 2 ; T on g a 2 1 5 S abbath 1 3 8 ; H 2 5 2 ; s pe a ki n g l ou dly As 1 3 9 1 40 r i di n g As ma kin g e n qu i ry 1 39 ; As 1 39 1 c o ki n H 39 (of As g on se di ti on 2 4 9 on s ee i n h e su 126 t g on s e xu a l fu n c tions ( 1 1 3 mar r iag e 1 1 3 1 3 4 E ; A 1 I G E ; As 1 2 1 fi 1 3 1 2 55 ; H 1 16 E .
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
o
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
n
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
I a mbl i c hu s ,
1 84 ;
itati on
c oh ab
H
,
,
.
,
i n b ed wh e r e
t i t
,
Mi n
1 17 ;
ch
yi
,
116 ;
il d l ee ps s
,
1 3 5 ; two s i s e rs mar r n g on s a me 1 3 5 ; n e rc ou r s e w h bon d da y, , ,
H
it H
ma i d pr omis ed to a n othe r , 1 82 ; , me n str u ati on , 1 1 3 , 1 9 0 ; A , 1 I G E As , 1 2 0 11 , H , 1 16 a , 1 36 ;
P
2 5 1 ; S , 1 1 6 ; i s s u es , 1 1 3 , 12 1 E , 1 3 1 , 255 ; 1 1 7, ,
,
1 9 0 ; As , 1 3 2 ; c h db rt h,
il i
190 ;
As , 1 2 2 ,
H
1 12 ,
i
1 13,
I 34 A
I
1 3 1 , 1 35 , 2 55 ;
H
,
163
,
on s
y
pee ch ,
,
252
l oos e
,
2 49
.
l
on
a so
Skea t ,
a s o,
.
wea pon s , 2 5 1
l
(S ee
.
wor k , 1 3 8 11 wr iti n g ma te r i a l s , 2 5 1
on on
.
T a c itu s qu oted liii T a k i B us ta n l xii T kp i r tu xxxviii 1 7 7 T a ll ow i n mag i c As m m 1 54 1 58 ; M ar on ite 2 9 S ee W x T a mar 6 6 T amar i k i n mag i c A 88 2 5 3 ; As xxi ii Ii i lvi ii 1 87 1 88 T ammu z 3 2 0 3 ; mon th 6 4 1 3 9 T a n ta 7 9 T a n ta lu s 2 3 9 Ta per i n ma g ic M 6 2 s e e T c h .
,
-
-
.
,
a
,
.
,
,
a
.
,
.
.
,
s
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
T a smi t, 2 4 5
T e a r in g s ee
,
,
,
u
or
,
.
.
p pl a n ts i n ma g i c , As , 1 6 5 ;
Ta bu
.
Te ima 5 3 T ei r e s i as 8 T e ll al xxi x T e ll e l kadi 80 Te mpl e 9 3 ; of Bel 7 8 ; of Ezida xxxvu ; of H i e ra oli s l i ii ; of J e u s a l e m 1 1 7 p of g a mas xxii ; of Theban Ju piter 7 8 ; fir e te mpl e 9 2 .
,
,
.
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
r
,
.
v
o er
fro m
1 17 ;
,
S ee
.
,
on s or c er
b r i dg e
a
H
dr y wa te r c ou rs e ,
-
,
u n de r
.
,
,
.
,
M a la y M ag i c , 2 5 8, on wome n : a woman p as s i n g be twe e n two men , or a man p a s s i n g be twee n two wome n (r is k of me n s tr u ou s tabu P ), H , 1 1 7 ; wi dowhood, A , 1 3 5
.
,
,
i
s n a s p g
Wa s h i n g
2 53 ; As , 1 40 ;
,
2 50 ; on p ou r n g ou t, the g r ou n d, A, Pa l , Y ,
on
on
on
247
on r
28 ;
l
.
p
wate r ,
on
,
,
,
,
.
u n c e an ,
.
,
i
,
.
,
,
,
,
a
i ti n g wi th fin g e r 2 52 1 3 9 i tly t H r es a b us A s ; p r s on er s
.
.
,
.
,
,
H
.
u p,
g
.
,
,
59 ;
wor k , 1 39 n
.
.
,
,
.
n o p
on
on
(of
22
on
202
1 3 9 , 2 46
r f u me , e p
on
,
,
2 15, 2 1 6 E
i
.
,
,
.
,
,
on offe r n g s ,
on s e a
,
-
,
T abu
,
il par in g s be i n g sc a tte r e d H 2 9 G 2 1 6 E ; H 1 82 oaths 2 5 4 ;
on n a
.
-
,
,
,
.
IND EX lii i ;
S,
c or ds
l our ed
Colou r ed for two -c o
s ee
Tyn dar eu s Tyr ol 1 3 7
216
,
,
37
,
,
Vi
-
.
Un a s xli x Un bu r i ed g hos t s ee Ghos t Un cl e an : beas ts 4 1 9 1 2 1 5 if ; food 2 0 3 ; pl a ce H 9 1 2 0 0 Un de r wor l d A 5 5 8 ; As xl vn 3 8 1 2 49 82 E xlix s ; Eth 6 ; H 3 4 ; M e l a n e s i a 2 2 ; (Ku tha ) .
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
xxx
S ee S heol ; As , li i i ,
.
Un r i pe thi n g s i n mag i c , H , 1 3 5 U n timely birth as g hos t , s ee A bor ti on U n ti mely dead as g hos t, see Ghos t Un was hed han ds i n mag i c , As , 1 2 0 ; .
.
.
Up
a n ta
-
.
’
1 82 , 1 9 1 ff
s ins ,
l nt in a p
mag i c ,
-
or
of .
.
2 55
.
9, 26 ,
Ur , 2 2 2 Ur a 84 fl Ur i n e , l xv ; of as s i n libati on , As , 34 ; of c ame l as medi c i n e , A, 1 7 3 Ur i gm, 2 2 4 Ur ka r i n n u -wood , viii iii , lvi ii , 1 2 6 Us u r tu , Ute r u s of ani mal s i n mag i c , 2 0 1 Utu kki l i mn ati , x1 Utu kku , 8, 3 9 , 4 4 , 4 5 , 9 7 .
.
.
.
xxx
xx
.
.
.
.
.
V
5 2 i r es , p
.
33 ;
see
Colou r ed
or
ha ir i n mag i c , As ,
ro
e
,
,
.
e-
a n
n
a
ro ec
s
en us ,
en e u
ne
ar
-
c,
on s ,
.
.
1 22 , 1 26 , 1 35 ,
,
xx
.
G
I
2 8,
1 4,
1 29 ,
S 1 15 ;
°
eor
es ,
W a tc hes
of
the
n
i g ht
As ,
,
xxvn ;
,
,
x
xx xx
xx
2 8 3 2 , 3 4 , 9 8, 1 0 0 , 1 23 , 1 2 9 ii -
14 ; 2 1 2—
2 0 2 , 2 0 8,
(Eth)
E
x
,
v,
,
.
1 55 ; 2 7— 32 , 9 1 ,
a a
as
,
,
,
,
,
,
e,
a r on
,
-
Pa ] , 1 02 , 1 0 7 ; S , l xv ; T on g a , 2 1 5 R u n n i n g , A , 7 9 ; H , l vi , 2 9 , 1 6 4 of As , 5 1 8 1 8 8 f c , ( ( S pr i n g , R oma n , 2 2 7 W a te r i n g pl a c es ha u n ted , 9 0 g ive c on .
.
.
.
-
tr ou bl ed by s pir it 80 mag i c x li xlvi li 1 4 2 1 59
ce pti on
W ax i n As ,
7 9 , 80 ;
,
1 56 ;
impas s able
,
,
,
H
M
1 44 ;
,
1 49 ,
2 22
1 45 , 2 0 5 ; A , 1 0 6 (c f
by de mon s , dr opped i n wa te r
,
.
at
ba ptism,
M
a r on
W e ddin g s A 3 0 1 3 4 ; H , 1 3 5 ; Y W edn es day i n mag i c Y , 1 3 4 W e ll s i n ma g i c A l xvii , 5 1 6 8 ;
,
,
,
h a u n te d,
H
,
s ee
,
ite
31
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
E, 1 4 3 ,
1 1 5, 1 5 0 ;
t h E ( ),
wa x
,
D emon s
xxvii 1 64 ;
,
H
,
.
84 , 1 59 , 1 6 2 ,
I xxvi ii ,
.
.
x
xl v ;
H
,
xxxi ;
S ee Cor n Pa l , 1 0 2 ’ ‘ W he at - s ton e s , l ii i if 5 , 1 0 5 ; As , W hite i n mag i c , A, , l v, 1 6 1 , 1 6 5 , 1 70 , 1 7 1 , 2 0 3 ; H , 3 0 , 2 1 2 .
x
.
1 88,
xviii l lviii I xxviii 1 6 2 1 6 3 ; M Iii ; 1 2 9 1 46 M l g y 2 1 3 ; M it 2 8 3 2 ; H
G, 2 8
.
.
1 52 ,
,
1 5 7 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 6 , 1 87 ,
1 53,
,
.
s ee
.
W e s tc a r a pyr u s , 1 4 3 W h e at i n mag i c , As lii ,
.
,
M or n i n g an d M i ddle W a te r i n ma g i c , li , l i , 2 1 8 ; A, l xvu , 3 2 , 7 7 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 5 , 256 ; 2 8— ii , vi , vii , Ii i , liii , 2 5 , 2 6 , As ,
P
1 64
T on g a
.
253 ; E, 8 ; .
1 87
1 84 ,
1 40 ,
,
W es t i n ma g i c , As ,
.
Vi r g in ki d, As , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 ir g in l amb, As , 1 6 7 Vir g i n ar , l vi , 6 4, 7 3 , 7 4 , 1 3 8, 2 0 7 y Vi r g in par c h men t , H , 1 6 0
M
123
111, 3 4 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 9 ff , 1 88, 2 5 6 ; As , , 2 0 2 , 2 0 8, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 , 25 4 ; IV , 1 3 0 ,
1 46
.
V il p t t f m d m 74 V l xii 79 2 2 3 Vill v S i t G g 2 39 Vi g i m g i A 1 74 ; H e
,
,
Var i e g a ted thr e a ds
V
W a fe r , H oly, i n mag i c W ai s t i n mag i c , , 1 6 3 W as hi n g i n mag i c A,
,
am
25 0 ;
.
,
me a l
,
36
,
3 5 , 1 52 ,
Un wittin g
,
.
1 6 3 ; R oman , 2 2 7 2 15
,
5 8, 82
Un g u en t i n mag i c , A,
Ta bu
in
II ,
,
,
(Eku r r a )
3 2, 3 3 ;
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
Wome n
s ee
Ghos ts marr i ed to
s ee
I
.
,
its ;
s ce r a
M
.
.
,
s pi r
h s ts , o g
as
mag i c , H , 1 9 7 Vomi ti n g i n ma g i c , As , 1 53 , 2 0 4 ,
.
.
Ulzd ti , 7 8 Ul tz (W es tph a li a) , 2 39 Umm-e l S a by a n , 4 2
s ee
Vir g in s
.
B r other s T al e of the
T wo
.
.
xx
.
I
W i c k s i n mag i c , lx iv W i dowhood u n cl ean , A 1 3 5 1 87 W i er qu oted, 6 9 , 82 W ill ow in mag i c H 1 70 W i n d i n mag i c As 7 8 5 4 60
ND EX
W or m in ma g i c A
.
,
,
,
M ag i c , W or mwood i n mag i c ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
83 ;
,
tabu S ab 1 1 9 (of As s or cer y H 1 4 7 W in e i n ma g i c A 2 10 ; As xlv 111 1 5 8 1 87 ; H 2 0 1 W ipin g away a tab u 2 1 5 W i s e woman As 1 2 1 1 65 1 6 6 ; B abar 20 1 ; B orn eo 36 1 6 3 ; I 68 W itc hes xx i xxi v if 7 7 1 47 be ar s
,
,
W itti n g W iz ar ds ,
.
,
i
s ns
68
217
,
cas
,
,
,
1 6 6 , 1 88, 2 52 ’
,
W omen
tin g s pell
l
a so
v
,
xxiv ff lxi v .
,
s
pir its
Ba r r en
,
72 ;
an d
l xvi i i
,
3 1 , 42
.
Y
x
12 . 24,
-
,
x
(l xvi )
,
x x
(6 )
9
7 8, 86 ,
1 7 6 , 1 82 , 1 87 , 1 9 7 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 9 ,
.
s ee
.
.
4,
,
2 9,
Y ll w i m g i I Y idi 6 3 1 59 o
e
n
s,
a
,
c,
Y u s eph e l -ha g g
li v
,
i
Z a mma m pr e s ts , ebe dan , 22 6 -
1 63
,
.
.
,
Ghos ts )
.
x
.
,
i n ma g i c , , , , , 1 5 4 ; B or n e o, 1 6 3 W ool i n mag i c , A, l xvu ; Ab , 1 6 4 As , 1 6 7 , 1 7 1 , 1 9 2 ; H , l vii , 1 6 4 W or d of p ower , lvi if , l , l vi , lxvu ,
W ood
.
.
,
Y ag hfith , 1 5 8 a hweh , viii , l v,
ez
il par i n g s H 1 4 7 A xvi i i 8 ; As xlii i
o er n a
es ,
,
1 39 , 1 4 0 ,
.
(s ee
X x
.
wer e 5 7 marr i ed to
Vi r g i n s s te ppi n g
.
.
73,
.
,
M a la y
,
1 6 9 ; P, 1 6 8
,
qu oted 2 0 3 xxxvi 2 30
Xen ocr a te s
.
1 6 6 ; Ab , 1 03 ; wi s e -man , Born e o , 3 6 W o f, S , 5 4
l W olves
87
,
.
.
,
er
,
,
,
‘
,
,
,
1 50 ii
H
xlii i
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
W otyaks 1 84 W r i s t i n mag i c A ,
,
,
,
,
-
,
2 1 0 ; As ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
xl iv
,
te eth s ee Skeat
s in O n w or m (
.
.
,
2 83
.
Z i Z emz em 5 80 Z er k a M a i n 59 Z eu s 2 54 Z o oa s te r qu ote d
.
xxi fl
,
xl v
.
.
,
,
‘
,
.
,
r
Zfi, 1 1
.
.
,
1 19
(c f
52 )
i
s n
’
g er )
I
L ST
D E UT
p ag
.
xxii x iii xxv xxvi xx ii
,
Pn ovm ms ,
21
,
,
CCL
14
,
v
BIB L I CAL
xxvii 9 xxx 1 5 E ESI S E S
,
x
e
OF
,
A T
i v, 1 2
16
IS
A I AH vi ,
6
vi i i
,
19
xi v
xxxvii i 1 0 xxxviii 1 8 xlvii 1 2 1 3 ,
,
,
lvii
xvi ii
xvi ,
,
,
8
2 0, 2 1
QU
O TATI ON S
.
ER R A TUM
P a g e 1 6 3 li n e 12 ,
.
F or
.
pot
r ea d
foo t
.
View more...
Comments