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w ork is i nt e n d e d a s an i n troductio n to th e i mport an t an d e x t e n si ve subj e ct of ve t e rinar y th e ra I t is div id e d i n t o thr e e p e ut i c s an d ph a r m a cology p a rts P a rt I is in tr o duct o r y an d d e als i n a con cis e m a n n e r with th e subj e cts o f di a gn osis an d th e ge n e r al s y m pto m s of dis ea s e i n r e l a tio n to th e r a p e utics ; t h e a ctio n s a n d us e s of m e dici n al ag en ts are a lso bri e fl y n otic e d in a ge n e r a l m an n e r P a rt II is d e v ot e d to g e n e r al th e r ap e utics a n d i n it t h e a utho r h a s f ollow e d t h e pl an a dopt e d b y D r M itch e ll B ruc e i n his e x ce ll e n t work on Ma t e ri a Me di c a a nd ’ T h e r a p e utics th a t o f discussi n g th e a ctio n s a n d vi z us e s of r e me di e s u n de r t h e ph y siologic al s y st e m s of t h e bod y P a rt II I d e als with sp e ci a l th e r a p e utic s an d he r e ag ai n t h e a uthor h as a rr an g e d t h e actio n s o f drugs o n t h e pl an a dopt e d b y Dr M itch e ll B ruc e which co n si s ts i n dis cussin g th e ir a ctio n s fro m the ir first co n t act with th e b o d y to th e ir e ffe c ts o n th e va rious org an s an d tissue s u n til t he y b e co m e e li m i n at e d B y this m e thod t h e stud e n t is e n a bl e d to thoroughl y E

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un de rst an d t he S pe cific a ction s of m e dicin al age n ts an d th e ir r ati on al e m plo ym e nt in th e t re at m e n t of dis e a s e Th e a utho r h as e n d e av our e d a s f ar a s possibl e to group toge th e r those drugs poss e ssi ng a sim il a rit y in a ctio n an d h e v e n ture s to h o p e th a t this m e thod will b e f ou n d pr ef e r abl e to f ollowin g th e m a ccordin g to th e ir n atu ral orde rs or alph ab e tic all y T o x icolog y h a s o n l y b ee n bri e fl y touche d o n wh e ne ve r n e c e ss ar y an d for f urth er i n f or m a tio n on this subj e ct th e stude n t is r e fe rr e d t o m or e pre t e n ti ou s t e xt books O n l y an outlin e o f th e pr e p arati o n o f drugs h as b e en gi ve n an d bot an ic al c haract e rs i m puriti e s e t c are pur p osely o m itt e d as th e author d oe s n o t co n sid e r th e s e m att e rs o f i m port an c e to t h e v e t eri n a r y stud e n t o f th e pre s e n t day whos e ti m e h a s alr e a d y suffici en t d e m a n ds upo n it i n m a st e ri n g th e a ctio n of dr ugs a n d th e ir e m plo y me n t i n t h e tr e a t m e n t of dis e a s e T he whol e sal e ch e m ists h ave r e li e ve d bot h pra ctitio n e r s an d stud en ts of a v a s t am oun t of troubl e b y pr e p ari n g drugs in a r eli abl e m ann e r a n d o ur ti m e an d e n e rgi e s are n o w m or e u s e f ull y e m plo y e d in e n d e a v ouri n g to k ee p p ac e with t h e e ve r i n cr ea si n g disc o v er ie s i n th e sci e n c e of th e r ap e utics ’ A s p e ci al c h ap t e r h as b e e n d e v ot e d to An ae sth e tics i n con s e que n c e o f th e i m port an c e o f this subj e ct i n t h e pr e s e n t day an d in it th e autho r h as gi ve n th e r e sult s of pra ctic al obs e r va tio n with r e f e r en c e to th e e m plo y m e n t o f chloro f o r m in v e t e rinar y surg e r y In th e App en di x so m e pr a ctic al i n f orm a tio n is gi ve n o n th e subj e ct of pr e scribi n g an d disp en sin g toge th e r wit h e xa m pl e s of pr e scriptio n s wh ich it is hop e d will pro v e o f so m e a ssist an c e to th e s t u d e n t T h e a uthor gra t e f ull y ack n o wl e dg e s t h e va lu abl e a ssist an c e w hi ch h e h as r e c e i ve d i n t h e pr e p a r a tio n o f t h is .

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will n ot be su ffi ci e n t for h im to pr e scrib e r eme di e s in o n e c a s e b e c a us e si m il a r r e m e di e s h app en e d to affo rd r eli e f i n an oth e r c a s e o f t h e s a m e n at u r e ; h e m ust r eas on out th e r a ti on a le of h ow e a ch m e dici n al age n t acts and tre at e v e r y c a s e o n its m e rits a ccordin g to th e in dic a tio n s which ar e pl a c e d b e f ore him Th e stud en t m ust a l s o r e cogn is e wh at is t e rm e d th e vis m edi ca tma: na tm ce o r t h e pow e r o f na tur e to cu re dis e a s e a n d b y appr e ci a tin g this pow e r h e will l earn th a t th e groun dwork of r a tion a l tre at m e n t co n sists i n h e lpin g th e e fi ort s of n a tur e as m uch as possible an d usin g n o m e an s or r e m e di e s which ar e lik e l y to frustr at e the m H e will also a s h e studi e s t h e e ffe cts of t h e diffe r e n t m e dicin al a g en ts cli n ic a ll y be of t e n struck b y th e f a ct th at i n m an y c a s e s wh e re a c e rt ai n cur ati ve e ffe ct is a scrib e d to t h e u s e o f a p a rtic u l a r drug it w as i n r e alit y n atur e th a t c aus e d t h e s o c a ll e d cur e I t will also be a pp ar e nt to him th a t th e r e are v ery few dis e ase s which w e ca n dir e ctl y a ct on b y m e an s of me di ci n a l age n ts an d bri n g a bo u t wh a t is t e r m e d a cur e ; in th e m aj orit y o f i n st an c e s w e tr e at th e s e co n d ary e fi ects r ath e r th an th e pri m a r y dis e a s e T a k e f or i n st an c e a c a s e o f pn e u m on i a H ere w e c ann ot act dire ctl y on th e lun g so as to short e n th e cours e of th e dis e a s e — w e kn ow th a t it m ust r un a d e fin ite cours e — an d our e ff orts a r e dire ct e d to kee p up th e stre n gth of t h e p a ti e n t a n d to com b a t an y co m plic ati on s which m ay aris e as b e st w e c an We p ay spe cial a tt e n tion t o th e ch ar a ct e r of th e puls e t o th e t em p e r a tur e a n d to t h e r e spira tor y m o ve m en ts , an d also to t h e dig e stive s y st e m a n d b y e ve r y m e an s possibl e e n de av our to pro m ot e t h e a pp e tit e an d t e mpt t h e p ati e n t to p a rt ak e of n ourishi n g an d e asil y dig e st e d It

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r e m e di e s b e i ng o ft e n irr ati on a l an d i n j urious to th e p a ti e n ts It m u st b e cl e a rl y i m pr e ss e d o n th e stud e nt th a t n o a m o u n t o f k n owl e dg e d e ri v e d fro m t e x t boo k s o r l e ct u r e s will e n a bl e h i m to tr e at dis e a s e s i n th e ir v arious ph as e s i n a s a ti s fa ctor y m a n n e r ; h e m u s t c o m bi n e c a r e ful cli n ic a l stu d y with th e or y a n d n e v e r f ail to watch th e co u rs e of a c a s e att e n ti v e l y an d t o n ot e t h e s ig n s of i mpro ve m e n t an d t h e e ffe cts o f th e m e dicin al a ge n ts e m plo y e d H e m u st also cultiva t e his pow e rs o f obs e r v a tio n i n ord e r to b e abl e to n otic e an y ch an ge s which m ay occur i n th e co n ditio n of a p a ti e n t duri n g th e co u rs e o f a n affe ctio n a n d a lso to corr e c tl y n o t e t h e pr e s e n c e o f di a gn o s tic s y mpto m s d u ri n g his e x a m in a tio n of a p ati e n t W e h a ve n ow to co n sid e r th e m e an i n g of the t er m P ha r m a co logy In f or m e r ti m e s this t e r m r e fe rr e d to th e pr e p a r a tio n a n d s ourc e o f t h e v a rious d r u gs a s w e ll a s to a co n sid e r a tio n o f th e ir ch e m ic al an d ph y s iologic al a ctio n s It is n o w g e n e r a ll y r e cog n i se d a s r e f e rri n g to t h e a ctio n o f th e v ariou s dr ugs o n t h e di ffe r e n t org a n s o f t h e bod y i n a st a t e o f h e a lth T h e s u bj e ct o f M a ter i a M edi ca will t e ach th e stud e n t t h e s ourc e s o f e a ch drug its t e ch n ic al n a m e its f or m ul a i t s p rop e rti e s th e p r e p a r a tio n s m a d e u se o f b y th e th e r ap e utist i ts i m p u riti e s th e s u bs tan c e s wi th which it is co m p ati bl e or i n co m p a tibl e a n d its dos e s f or t h e v a rio u s a n im als I n this work it is n o t i n t e n d e d to n otic e t h e s u bj e ct o f m a t e ri a m e dic a fu rth e r th an t o give t h e t e ch n ic al n a m e o f e a ch drug its sourc e t h e pr e p ar a tio n s o f t h e dr ug which a r e i n u s e i n ordi n a r y pr a ctic e an d th e dos e s f o r t h e di ff e r e n t a n i m als .

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s otic e thos e drugs c o n c e rn i n g which w e a r e i n p o ss e ssio n o f c e rt ai n d e fi n it e fa cts with r e fe r e n c e t o th e ir ph y siologic al a ctio n an d a s a r e sul t of this k n ow le dg e of th e ir a pplic a tio n i n t h e tr e a t m e n t o f di s e a s e W e sh all fi n d th at th e re are m e dici n a l ag e n ts in u se which w e c a nn ot e x pl ai n in a s atis fa ctor y m an n e r a s t o th e ir th e r ap e utic a l a ctio n ; w e k n ow b y e x p e ri e n c e th a t th e y produc e c e rt a i n r e sults bu t t h e m a n n e r in which th e y p roduc e th e s e r e s u lts is n o t a t a ll cl e a r T h e n u mb e r o f such a g e n ts w e sh all fi n d is gr a du a ll y de cr e a si n g a s o ur k n owl e dg e o f p atholog y is i n cr e a si n g I n a dditio n t o o u r co n sid e r a tio n o f th e a c tio n s a n d m e dici n a l us e s o f th e v a rious dr u g s e m plo y e d i n t h e tr e a t m e n t o f dis e a s e w e h ave t o n otic e so m e o f th e m aj or d e t a ils o f h y gi e n e a n d th e i m port an t poi n ts i n co n n e ctio n with th e c a r e of sick an i m a ls As a r e sult o f o u r k n owl e dg e g a i n e d f ro m a co n sid e r a tio n o f t h e sp e ci a l a ctio n s an d us e s o f e a ch drug w e a r e e n ab l e d to c oll e ct c e rt a i n f a cts a n d pri n cipl e s a n d th e s e ar e cl a ss e d u n d e r t h e h e a di n g o f Gen er a l T her ap eu ti cs W e c a n a lso cl a ss a c e rt a i n n u m b er o f drugs which re s e m bl e e a ch oth e r i n th e ir a ctio n s un d e r s e p a r a t e h e ad i n gs but w e sh a ll fi n d i n m a n y i n s tan c e s th a t dru gs h av e a ctio n s which e n titl e th e m to b e pl a c e d u n d e r m or e th an o n e h e a di n g a n d such a ctio n s will v ar y a ccordi n g T oxi co logy w hich tr e a ts o f th e e ffe cts t o t h e dos e s giv e n s y st e m with th e post o f t h e v a rious poiso n s i n t h e m ort e m a pp e a r a n c e s a n d t h e a n tidot e s will r e c e i ve a bri e f n otic e in P a rt II I in t h e s e p ar at e d e scriptio n of e ac h ag e n t In t h e n e x t c h a pt e r w e sh all co n sid e r th e subj e ct o f D i a gnosi s a n d the Gener a l S ymp toms of D i sea se ,

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r a tio n a l tr e a t m e n t of d i s e a s e is f ro m t h e obscurit y o r n o n a n d if a corr e ct d ia gn osi s d e ve lo p m e n t o f t h e s y m pto m s a t our first e x am i n a tio n o f t h e p a ti e n t this i s i m pos s i bl e w e h a v e th e n to dir e ct o u r e ffort s to t h e tr e a t m e n t o f wh a t e v e r s y m pto m s p r e s e n t th e m s el ve s Th e a rt o i di agn o s i s co n s ist s in ar r a n gi n g t h e symp toms p r e s e n t e d i n to sign s of dis e a s e ; o r i n oth e r words w e co m e a t t h e tr u e origi n o f t h e s ym p t o m s which w e t e r m the ca use W e h ave to co n sid e r th at th e r e ar e so m e s y mpto m s w hich ar e so ch a r a ct e ri s tic to t h e p r a ctis e d e ye th at b y r e cog n itio n o f th e m w e c an di s tin gui s h o n e dis e a s e fro m If a t h e oth e r S u ch a r e t e r m e d di agn os tic symp toms s e t o f s y m pto m s a r e p e culi a r t o a c e rt a i n di s ea s e th e y a r e t e r m e d p a thogn omon i c W e h ave al s o to n otic e wh a t ar e t e rm e d t h e gen er a l s ymp to ms of di s ea s e which a r e tho s e ch a n g e s occ u rri n g i n m a n y an d v a ri e d dis e a s e s a n d which i n co n j u n ctio n with di ag n o s tic s y m pto m s l e a d u s to a corr e ct di a gn osis a n d a l s o e n ab l e us to j u dge o f t h e co n ditio n o f t h e p a ti e n t a n d t h e i n dic a tio n s fo r tr e a t m e n t T h e y a r e t h e fir s t ph e n o m e n a look e d fo r i n t h e e x a m i n a tio n o f a p a ti e n t a n d i n th e abs e n c e o f di a gn osti c s y m p to m s t h e y gi ve u s v al u a bl e i n for m a tio n with r e f e r e n c e to p ri m ar y i n dic a tio n s fo r tr e a t m e n t a n d a r e a lso o f Vit al i m port a n c e d u ri n g t h e cours e o f lo n g an d s e ve r e a ffe ctio n s T h us w e h ave s y mpto m s co n n e ct e d with ( 1 ) the con di ti on of the p u ls e ; (2 ) the vi si ble mu cou s mem br a n es

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(4 ) the r esp i ra tor y f un cti on s (5 ) the s urf ace of the bo dy ( 6 ) the secr e ti on s an d excr e ti on s All th e s e will m e ri t a short co n sid e r a tio n ; but b e f or e proc e e di n g to this w e sh a ll h av e t o brie fl y n otic e t he va lue o f a cor r ec t di agn osi s i n t h e tr e at m e n t o f dis e a s e as c o m p ar e d wit h th e i n dic a tio n s a fford e d b y t h e s m y p to m s We m ust be cogn i z an t o f th e f ac t th at th e r e ar e m an y affe c tio n s pr e s e n ti ng s y m pto m s to ou r n otic e which s y m pto m s do n ot i n dic a t e t o us t h e true n atur e o f t h e di se a s e ; or i n oth e r words if w e w e r e t o e n d e av o u r t o tr e at t h e affe ctio n b y acti n g o n th e s ym pt om s w e should n o t b e succ e ss fu l We m e e t with c a s e s wh e r e th e s y m pto m s pr e s e n t e d would l e a d u s to i n fe r th a t a c e rt a i n org an o r s e t o f o rga n s a r e affe ct e d b y dis e a s e wh e r e a s i n r e alit y b y m e an s o f r e fl e x a ctio n an d oth e r c a us e s t h e s y m pto m s a ris e f ro m a di e r e n t s y st e m o f org an s a ltog e th e r T a k e for e x a m pl e a c a s e o f a do g a ffe ct e d with in t e s tin a l p a r a sit e s o r f or e ig n bodi e s i n t h e sto m a ch a n d w e o f t en fi n d s y m pto m s which with o ut c a r e ful c o n sid e r a tio n w e wo u ld a scrib e t o a br a i n a ffe c tio n O h vi o u sly t o tr e a t t h e br a i n s y m p to m s would b e o f littl e v al ue as t h e c a us e would be still a t work ; w e m ust i n a ll c a s e s e n d e a v our to a sc e rt a i n t h e c a us e wh e n possibl e Or a n d o ur e ff orts will th e n b e dir e ct e d t o r e m o ve it a g a i n t a k e a c a s e o f f u n ctio n a l disord e r o f t h e h e a rt a risi n g fro m i n dige stio n o r f ro m p a r a sit e s i n t h e a li H e r e it would be us e l e ss to tr y a n d m e n t a r y c a n al tr e a t th e dis ord e r of t h e h e a rt ; w e m ust e n d e av our t o a sc e rt a i n t h e c a us e a n d a c t o n this a s m uch as possibl e O r t a k e th a t a ffe ctio n i n hors e s k n o w n a s di a b e t e s in s ip i du s wh e r e t h e an i m a l is affe ct e d with co n st a n t thirst H e r e alo n g with t h e a n d i s c o n ti n u a ll y p a ssi n g uri n e “

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h ave to in qu ir e aft e r th e q u alit y o f t h e f ood a n d ch an ge it a s t h e affe ctio n is i n r e alit y du e to d e l e t e riou s ch a n ge s i n t h e f ood M an y oth e r i n st a n c e s m ight be cit e d o f t h e s am e na t ur e such a s a cough de p e n di n g on i n dige s tio n o r v arious oth e r c a us e s whic h m u s t be tr e a t e d a ccordi n g to its so u rc e ; th e n w e h a ve c as e s of d e r a n ge m e n t of t h e di e tc B ut y ue to d e n t a l irr e g u l a riti e s i ste m d s e s t v e g s u ffi ci e n t e x a mp l e s h av e b e e n s how n to d e m o n str at e t o t h e st u d e n t h o w c a r e f ul h e s hould be in a scribi n g a n y s y m pto m or s e t o f s y m p to m s to th e ir r e al c a us e a n d alo n g with a p h y s ic a l e x am i n a tio n o f t h e p a ti e n t t o f or m a corr e ct di a g n osis B ut w e h av e to co n sid e r th a t th e r e ar e m an y i n st an c e s b ro ught u n d e r t h e n otic e o f t h e pr a ctitio n e r i n which it is n o t p ossi bl e at t h e ti m e to f or m a corr e ct di ag n o s i s e ith e r f ro m t h e o b s curit y o f th e s y m pto m s or f ro m n o n d e v e lop m e n t of di agn ostic s y m p to m s T hu s t ak e a c as e o f th a t co mm o n a ffe ctio n t e r m e d i n flue n za I n o n e c a s e w e h ave pr e s e n t e d to us th e occurr e n c e of rigors w ith st ari n g co a t an d cold n e ss o f t h e e x tr e m i ti e s i n a n oth e r c as e w e h ave w e a k n e s s o f t h e hi n d e x tr e m i ti e s a n d g e n e r a l m u s c u l a r d e bilit y e t c W e fi n d th e t e m p e r at u r e i s 1 04 or p u ls e a n d r e sp ir a tio n a cc e l e r a t e d acco m p an i e d b y a l m ost tot al lo s s o f a pp e tit e B u t th e s e ar e s y m p to m s co m m o n to m a n y affe c t io n s ; w e c a n n ot pr e dict wh a t org a n s will b e co m e a ffe ct e d i n a d a y or so ; e ith e r p n e u m o n i a b ro n chitis or pl e u ri s y m ay s up e r ve n e t h e p r e s e n c e o f which w e sh a ll be a bl e to a sc e rt a i n by a p h y s ic a l e x a m i n a tio n o f t h e ch e st W h at th e n ar e th e i n dic a tio n s f or t h e th e r ap e utist O bv iou s l y it would n o t b e wis e to d e f e r tr e a t m e n t un til h e c an b e sur e of a corr e ct di agn osis u se

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c a s e s of si m pl e colic a n d affe ctio n s of th e suc h a s a c ut e i n dig e stio n e t c a lso i n c a s e s s to m a ch W h e r e p ai n e x ists i n s y st e m s oth e r th a n th e dige stiv e such a s p l e u ris y n e phritis e tc h e is e n a bl e d m or e r e a dil y b y study i n g oth e r s y m pto m s pr e s e n t e d t o f or m a di ag n osis an d to bri n g t o his a ssist a n c e v alu a bl e a ids i n th e w a y o f th e r ap e utic a ge n ts T h u s i n t h e c a s e o f si m pl e colic d e p e n di n g o n a sp a s m odic co n tr a ctio n of t h e m u sc ul ar co a ts of t h e i n t e s ti n e s du e to th e pr e s e n c e of irrit a ti n g i n ge st a it is cl e a r th at in a dditio n to r e li e vi n g t h e p a i n w e should a lso dir e ct o ur e ff orts to t h e r e m o v a l o f th e c a u s e b y t h e s u c h as 0 1 li n i an d a d m i n i s tr a tio n o f m ild purg a ti v e s a lso b y t h e a d m i n istr a tio n o f e n e m a s S uch r e m e di e s will r e m o v e th e sourc e of irrit atio n an d thus pr e ve n t a r e c u rr e n c e of t h e p ai n I n th e oth e r i n st an c e s s t a t e d a ppropri a t e tr e a t m e n t m u s t b e a dopt e d i n a ddition t o th e a ll e v i a tio n of t h e e xi s ti n g p a i n T h u s i n t h e c a s e o f affe ctio n s o f t h e uri n ar y s y st e m a cco m p a n i e d b y pa i n w e h ave to bri n g t o ou r a i d a ch e m ic al an d m icroscopic al e x a m i n a tio n o f t h e u ri n e i n a dditio n to a c a r e f ul obs e r va tio n o f t he s y m pto m s pr e s e n t e d b e for e w e c an f or m a corr e ct di agn osis an d pr e s cri be su i tabl e tr e a t m e n t I n t h e m a j orit y o f c a s e s o f a ffe ctio n s o f th e r e sp ir a tor y s y s t e m t h e p r a ctitio n e r h a s to d e p e n d m or e o n tr e ati n g t h e g e n e r a l s y m pto m s which pr e s e n t th e m se l ve s i n s t e a d o f e n d e av o u ri n g to a c t dir e ctl y o n t h e org a n s a ffe ct e d T h e p u ls e a n d t e m p e r a tur e will r e q u ir e c a r e fu l w a tchi n g a n d t h e str e n gt h m u st b e k e p t u p b y s ti m u l a n t s i f n e c e s s a r y a n d by t e m pti n g th e a n i m a l to p artak e of n ourishin g a n d e a sil y dige st e d f ood Th e irr a tio n al tr e a t m e n t o f f or m e r d a y s vi z b y ad m in ist e ri n g s e d a ti ve s a n d b y blood l e ttin g e tc co m bi n e d B u t in

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with s e v er e cou n t e r irrit a tio n an d pouri n g qu an titie s of ’ f fluid oods dow n th e a n i m a l s thr o at ca n on l y be a scrib e d to a prev al e n t id e a th a t th e cours e o f th e dis e a s e could b e cut shor t b y th e a doptio n o f such m e a sur e s I n co n sid e ri n g th e subj e ct o f t h e ge ne r a l s ym ptom s o f dis e a s e th e stud e n t will fi n d m uch scop e fo r r e fle ctio n A s pr e v iousl y r e m ark e d such s y m pto m s c an n ot b y th e m s e l ve s l ea d h i m to a corr e ct di ag nosis but th e y a fford h i m v alu abl e i n dic a ti o n s a s to t h e co nditio n of th e p a ti e n t a n d a s a guid e t o th e adoptio n of t h e r ap e utic m e a sur e s d u rin g th e c o urs e of f e bril e affe ctio n s We s h all firs t co n sid e r th e i n dic a tio n s aff orde d b y a stud y o f t h e c h ar a cte r of -

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w are th a t th e p u ls e is an i n d e x of th e co n ditio n o f th e h e art an d th at s o lo ng as t h e actio n o f t h e h e a rt is m ai n t ai n e d w e h ave li fe in th e an i mal w e s e e a t o n c e t h e gre at i m port an c e of th e ch aract e r of th e puls e to t h e th e r a p e utist I t is e ss e n ti al t h a t t h e stud e n t sh ould m ak e hi m s e l f f am ili a r with t h e ch ar a ct e r o f t h e h e alt h y puls e i n t h e diff e r e n t an i m als so a s to be a bl e to appr e ci a t e t h e H e sh o uld c a r e full y n ot e c h an ge s i n d uc e d b y dis e a s e its t e n sio n it s r e gul a rit y its v olu m e b e for e h e proc e e d s t o stud y th e a lt er atio n s pr e s e n tl y t o b e d e scrib e d T h e puls e is usu all y r e g a rd e d a s t h e w a ve which is s e n t through th e art e ri al s y st e m with e ach co nt ractio n of th e h e a rt I t s ch ar a ct e r d e p en ds o n th e con ditio n o f th e h e a r t its e l f a n d a lso on th e co n ditio n of th e w alls of th e blood v e ss e ls a n d t h e qu a lit y a n d q u a n tit y o f t h e blood its e l f D e p e n di n g on so m an y circu m st an c e s w e c a n n ot b e sur pris e d at obse r vin g h ow e a sil y its c har act e r m ay be are a

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VE TE RIN A R Y TH E RA P E U TI CS

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wh e n w e r e ga rd th e won d e rf ul m e ch an ism by which th e h e art is co n troll e d w e m ust be aw a r e th a t i n ord e r to dr a w co rr e c t co n cl u s io n s a v e r y clos e a n d c a r e f u l e xa m i n a tio n will be r e qu ir e d If th e h e art is aff e ct e d b y org an ic dis ea s e th e n it is p alp abl e th at th e puls e will b e alt e r e d in ch a r a ct e r If th e a ccordi n g to t h e p arts o f t h e org a n affe ct e d w all s of t h e art e ri al v e s s e l s a r e r e l a xed th e blood will p a s s m or e e a sil y i n to th e v e i n s a n d a s a r e sult th e a rte ri a l t e n sio n will b e slight a n d th e puls e will f e e l so f t a n d co m pr e ssibl e an d a l s o l a rg e T h e puls e w a ve m ay b e co m e e xagge r at e d an d m a y b e m ist ak e n f or a n e x tr a p u ls e b e a t s u ch a co n dition b e i n g t e r m e d di cr o ti sm If th e qu an tit y or qu a lit y o f t h e blood its e l f be alt e r e d th e r e will also be a ch an ge i n t h e ch a r acte r of t h e pul s e T h u s pl e thoric a n i m als g e n e r all y but n o t alw ay s h ave a s tro n g f ull puls e T h e n i n c ert ai n dis e a s e s such a s p u rp u r a hce morr ha gi ca i n hors e s an d r ed wa ter i n c a ttl e th e qu alit y o f t h e b lood is d e te rior a t e d a n d t h e puls e m ay be f o u n d fl u tt e ri n g or tr e m bli n g a pp e a rin g to h ave a doubl e b e a t with th e arte r y r e l a xe d S o th a t t h e stud e n t will cl e a rl y se e t h e gre a t possibilit y o f a gr av e e rror i n di a g n o s is if h e w e r e to d e pe n d o n t h e ch a r a ct e r o f th e puls e a lo n e without t aki n g oth e r s y m pto m s i n to co n sid e r atio n T h e r e is a co m m o n t e n d e n c y to a scrib e m an y c as e s wh e r e irr e gul arity or i n t e r m itt e nc y in th e puls e b e a t s occurs to be due to c a rdi a c affe ctio n wh e r e a s w e of t e n fi n d t h e disord e r to b e f un ctio n a l a n d d e p e n di n g o n de r a n ge me n ts of th e dige sti ve orga n s or n e r v ous affe ctio n s T h e n or m al st an d a rd o f t h e puls e o f t h e hors e is ge n e r all y st at e d to be 4 0 b e a t s p er m i n ut e but this i s s u bj e ct to vari atio n as r e g ards n e r vous t e m p e r ame n t e x cit e m en t e tc m odifi e d ,

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ot be r e gard e d as a r e li abl e guid e a s e ve n t h e act of a ppro a chi n g t h e a n i m als will be su ffici e n t to c aus e i n crea s e d puls a tio n s a s also do e s th e a c t o f r u m i n a tio n T h e p u ls e o f t h e dog v a ri e s a ccor di n g to th e si z e a n d br e e d of t he an i m al fro m 8 0 to 1 00 p e r m i n u t e an d i n j udgi n g o f i t s c h a r a ct e r it is e ss en ti a l th at th e an i m al be n o t e x cit e d i n a n y w a y a n d b e q u i e tl y a ppro a ch e d a n d h an dle d Th e v a ri e ti e s o f th e puls e which ar e fo u n d i n ve t e ri n a r y pr a ctic e r e quir e fo r th e ir a ppr e ci a tio n c ar e f ul cli n ic a l stud y Th e f ollowi n g v ari e ti e s a r e r e cog n is e d 1 T h e f r e qu e n t puls e or its r e v e rs e t h e i n f r e qu e n t puls e 2 T h e quick puls e o r its r e v e rs e t h e slow puls e 3 T h e l a rg e a n d t h e s m a ll p u ls e Th e c o m pr e s s ibl e a n d th e i n co m pr e ssibl e a ls o 4 t e r m e d t h e h a rd a n d t h e so ft pul s e 1 Th e Fr eq u en t P uls e is r e f e r a bl e to t h e n u m b er o f b e a ts i n a gi ve n ti m e As pr e v io u sl y r e m a rk e d this n u m b e r m ay v ar y withi n c e rt a i n li m its i n i n di vidu als o f difi e r e n t t e m p e r a m e n ts E x e rcis e o r e x c it e m e n t W ill c a u s e a f r e qu e n t puls e whi c h will r e tur n to n or m al wh e n th e a n i m a l b e co m e s p a ssi ve Ag a i n e x c e ssiv e r e pl e tio n o f th e dig e sti ve org an s will i n cr e a s e t h e f r e q u e n c y o f th e p ul s e an d w e fi n d i n t h e v a riou s fe v e rs an d i n i n a m m a ti o n s o f v isc e r a l org an s th a t t h e f re que n t puls e is us u a l in th e pri m ar y st ag e Mo d e r at e blood l e ttin g will i n cr e a s e th e f re qu e n c y o f l e tti n g c a us e s e x tr e m e th e puls e b e ats ; e x c e ssi ve blood — f r e qu e n c y which is a lso f ou n d i n dis e a s e s ch ar ac t e ri z e d b y gr e a t prostr atio n an d d e bilit y Th e In f r e que nt P ul se is o f t e n a sso ci a t e d with sl o w n e ss puls e

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VE T E R IN A R Y TH E R A P E U TI CS

14

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it is f oun d in c a s e s of br ai n disorde rs i n so m e disord e r e d co n ditio n s of th e dig e sti ve s y st e m in dis e as e s i n which ch a n g e s i n t he blood occur a n d so m e tim e s i n c a s e s o f f a tt y d e g e n e r a tio n o f t h e h e a r t 2 Th e Q u ick P uls e — I n this v a ri e t y e a ch b e a t occup i e s l e ss th an th e us u a l ti m e a lthough t h e whol e n u m b e r o f puls a tio n s i n a giv e n ti m e m a y n ot be i n cr e a s e d I t d e p e n ds o n t h e m od e o f co n tra ctio n of t h e v e n tricl e s I t is f ou n d i n c a s e s wh e r e th e r e is gr e a t i n cr e a s e of n e rv ous irrit a bilit y an d a lso in so m e c a s e s o f va l v ul a r dis e a s e o f t h e h e art In T h e S low P u l s e is th e r e v e r s e o f t h e q u ick puls e it the r e is a slow e r co n tr actio n o f th e ve n tricl e s 3 Th e L ar ge P uls e i s th a t f or m i n which t h e v ol u m e i s gr e at e r th an u sual It d e p e n d s o n v a rio u s co n ditio n s an d m a y occ u r e ith e r with str e n gth or wi t h f e e bl e n e ss o f t h e p ulsa tio n s T h u s w e m ay h av e th e a r te r y f u ll i n v ol u m e bu t th e puls a tio n fee bl e th e i m p uls e w e a k a n d t h e art e r y y i e ld i n g to t h e pr e ss u r e o f th e fi n g e r We fi n d s u ch a co n ditio n i n c a s es o f s e v e re pul m o n ar y co n g e stio n H e re th e ful n e ss o f t h e a rt e r y is p alp a bl e but th e pu l s a tio n s a re w e ak due to e x c e s s i ve co n ge stio n o f t h e p u l m o n a r y v e ss e ls T h is h as b e e n t e rm e d t h e ’ o pp r e s s e d p uls e a n d it is be n e fit e d b y a m od e r a t e a b s t r ac ti o n o f blood which r e li e v e s t h e o v e rgorg e d v e s s e ls Th e S m al l P u l s e is th a t f or m i n which t h e v olu m e is s m a ll e r t h a n u s ua l it m a y aris e fro m f e e bl e a ctio n o f t h e h e a rt fro m a n ae m i a or f ro m e xc e ssi v e to n icit y o f t h e a rt e ri al co a ts 4 Th e H a r d P ul s e a ris e s f ro m co n tr a ctio n o f t h e m u s c u lar co a t of th e a rt e ri al w a lls In this co n ditio n t h e a rt e r y i s i n co m p r e s si bl e to t h e to u ch a n d wh en a ssoci a t e d w ith ’ n o f t h m e u s all e ss p ls e it i s t e r me d wir y or t h re ad y ’ ,

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D I A GN OS I S A N D GE N E RA L S

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t his c h ara ct e r in th e e arl y st ag e s of in amm a s e rous m e m bran e s such a s pl e uris y p e rito n itis

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ctio n s w h ich ar e ush e re d in b y rigors w e fi n d th e puls e in th e first st a g e s s m a ll a n d h ar d t h e a rt e ri e s b e i n g i n a st at e of co n tr actio n I n t h e s e co n d st ag e s so m e ti m e s c all e d th e acme o f t h e affe c tio n wh e n th e fe v e r is e st a blish e d t h e puls e ch a n g e s its ch a r ac t e r th e a rt e riol e s r e l a x it b e co m e s l arge r but n o t ye t b e i n g w e a k e n e d it is l a rge a n d f ull W h e n th e dis e a s e e x h a usts th e p a tie n t th e puls e b e c o m e s so f t e r m or e co m pr e ssibl e a n d short a n d f e e bl e S o m e ti m e s t he h ar d puls e is a ssoci a t e d wit h l a rge n e ss a s i n l a m i n itis w h ic h puls e is d e scrib e d a s quick f ull a n d bo u n di n g Th e S of t P uls e pre s e n ts s e v e r a l v ari e ti e s T h e s m a ll so f t puls e is f ou n d t o occur tow ards th e e n d th e t e n sio n o f t h e a rt e ri e s o f slow e xh austi n g dis e a s e s is s m a ll t h e i m puls e o f t h e h e a rt w eak an d th e a m oun t o f blood prop e ll e d a t e a ch v e n tricul ar co n tr a ctio n is de fici e n t We m ay al so fi n d this co n diti on in so m e c a s e s o f a n aem i a S t ren gt h and W eak ne ss of P uls e — Fo r th e purpos e s o f di ag n osis progn osis a n d th e i n dic atio n s for tr e a t m e n t it is i m p o rt an t f or t h e s tud e n t to disti nguis h s trength of puls e fro m a f u ll bu t f e e ble p u lse I n a str o n g puls e th e i m p u ls e is v igorous t h e r e is c on t i n u o u s r e sist an ce to pr e ssur e a n d a c e rt ai n am ou n t o f ful n e ss O n t he o th e r h an d w e m a y fi n d th e puls e f u ll but e n e r a ll y a ssoci a t e d which is g ee ble a t t h e s a me ti m e f with sl o w a ctio n of t h e h e a r t an d r e l axatio n o f th e a rt e ri a l co ats Int er m it t ent P ul se — In thi s f o rm of puls e an o cc a sio n al In

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VE T E RI N A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

16 '

b eat is m issed T his m ay occur at r e gul ar p eriods an d o ft e n or a t irr e gul a r p e riods W e m u st be c are ful to dis ti ngui sh b e tw e en a n i n t e r m itt e n t a n d an i r regu la r p u lse In t he l a tt e r f or m t h e be a ts diff e r i n l e n gth f orc e an d ch ar a ct e r ; it is a fa r m or e s e rious co n di t io n b e in g g e n e r all y du e to c a rdi a c dis e a s e An i n t e r m i t t e n t p u ls e m ay be du e to i n div idu al idi o s yn e re sis or m a y a rise f ro m i n dig e stion or f ro m n e r vous an d f u n ctio n a l dis e a s e s It m ay be co m p a tib l e with p e r fe ct h e a lth an d th e r e ar e m an y anim als with a n i n te r m itt e n t puls e w h ic h ne ve r s e e m to b e aff e ct e d by it i n a n y w ay H avi ng co n cl u de d thi s b ri e f d e scriptio n of th e v ari e ti e s o f puls e usu all y m e t with w e h ave n ow to c on sid e r t h e i n dic ation s which th e s e v a rio u s f or m s give to th e th e r a I t is ob vious as pr e v io u s l y r e m ark e d t h a t h e p e ut i s t c an n ot be too c a r e ful to a v oid h a s t e i n his di ag n osis b y r el y i n g on th e ch a r a ct er o f t h e pu l se an d th at h e h as to t a k e oth e r s ym pto m s i n to co n s ide ratio n i n a dditio n if h e is to a scrib e t h e alt e r e d co n ditio n s to th e ir r e a l c aus e an d pr e scrib e suit abl e tr e a t m e n t T hus i n t h e quick f ull p u l s e which us u a ll y a cco m pa n i e s sth en ic dis ea s e s s u ch a s l a m i n itis th e use of s e d a ti ve s an d f e bri fug e s will be i n dic a t e d such as tr a co n iti e t c whil e in th e f ull sof t p u ls e f oun d i n th e f e bril e st age of r e spir a tor y affe ctio n s w e m u st be c a re f u l to av oid t h e d e pl e ti n g e e c ts o f s e d a tive s k n owin g w e ll t h e d e bilit a tin g n a ture oi such dis e a s e s a n d how quickl y th e puls e m ay a ssum e a w e a k ch a r a ct e r Ag ai n if w e fi n d a f re qu e n t s m a ll an d co m pr e ssibl e puls e it i n dic at e s th e a dm i n i s tr a tio n o f a lcoholic st im u l a n ts which ha ve th e e ff e ct o f s tr e n gth en i n g t h e we ak e n e d h e art r e duci n g th e f r e qu e n c y o f th e b e ats an d l e sse n i ng th e co m pr e ssibili ty o f t h e bloodve s s e ls .

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pig m e n t i s e ith e r n ot r e m ove d fro m th e blood o r is re ab sorb e d w e fi n d a y e llow ti n g e i n t h e Visi bl e m u co u s m e m br an e s In d e pr a v e d co n di tio n s o f t h e blood s u ch a s e x i s t s i n p u r p ur a h ae m o rr h a gic a th e r e is n ot e d t h e pr e s e n c e of pe t e chi al s p ot s i n th e Vi s ibl e m uco u s m e m br a n e I n an ae m i a a co n ditio n o f p a lli di ty is f o u n d a n d i n h ae m orrh a g e thi s p a llidit y occ u rs sud de n l y A sl at e colo u r e d a pp e a r an c e o f th e S ch n e i d e ri an m ucous m e m br a n e is f o u n d to exist i n c a s e s wh e r e t h e poi s o n o f gl a n d e rs is p r e s e n t in t h e s y st e m a n d it is in thi s m e m bran e th a t th e ch a r a ct e ri s tic u lc e rs a p p e a r T h e co n ditio n o f t h e b u cc a l m u co u s m e m b r a n e a lso I n c a s e s o f i n dig e s tio n a n d d y s m e rits ou r a tt e n tio n p e p si a w e fi n d it f o u l a n d s o ap y t h e to n gu e so m e ti m e s b e i n g fu rr e d e sp e ci a ll y i n t h e dog T hi s m e m br a n e is f o u n d dr y i n c a s e s o f f e b ril e a n d in a n d e x c e s s i v e l y m oi s t du e to an am m a t o r y a ffe c tio n s o v e r s upp l y o f s a liv a in c a s e s o f irrit a tio n o f t h e m o u th A si m il a r co n ditio n is f ou n d to e x i s t i n irr e a n d f a uc e s gu lar i t ie s o f th e t e e th a n d al s o wh e r e irrit a ti n g m e dici n e s h ave b e e n a d m i n ist e r e d without p rop e r dilutio n .

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to di agn osis an d as a n i n dic a tio n to t h e th e r a p e u tist o f th e co n ditio n o f h i s p a tie n t a n d his progr e s s du ri n g th e cou rs e o f a fe b ril e affe ctio n t oo m uch i m port a n c e c an n ot be a tt ach e d to t h e i n f or ma tion ga i n e d b y t h e u se of t h e cli n ic al th e r m o m e t e r I n th e pri m ar y st ag e s of m a n y affe ctio n s w e a re e n abl e d to r e cogn is e t h e s e rious co n dition o f t h e p a ti e n t a n d pr e scrib e suit abl e tr e a t m e n t be f or e co m plic a tio n s m an i fe st th e m s e l v e s I n so m e s e rio u s co n t agio u s dis e as e s w e a re e n a bl e d to r e cogn ise t h e e x ist e n c e o f th e sp e cific virus i n th e s y st e m b ef or e di agn ostic s y m pto m s a pp e ar e g pl e uro p n e u As

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D I A GN OS I S A N D GE N E R AL S

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YMP T OMS

19

o n t a gios a in c attl e an d gl an d e rs i n hors e s in th e chro n ic f or m Ag a i n d u ri n g th e cours e of a f e bril e affe c tio n with a c u t e i n fl a m m a tio n o f i m port an t org an s b y p ay i n g cl o s e att e n tio n to t h e t e m pe r a tur e i n co n j un ctio n w ith oth e r s y m pto m s w e ca n j u dg e with t ol e r a bl e a cc u r a c y o f t h e co n ditio n o f our p a ti e n t a n d t h e r e sults o f ou r tr e a t m e n t We k n o w th a t wh e n th e t e m p e r atu r e r e m ai n s high t h e p a ti e n t is i n a s e rious co n ditio n a n d w e c an a lso r e cogn is e t h e o c curr e n c e o f a r e l aps e duri n g t h e progre ss of a dis e a s e b y th e a pp e ar an c e o f a sudd e n ris e i n t h e t e m p e r a tur e I n e xt e n si ve surgic a l op e r a tio n s a n d i n s e ve r e wou n ds th e t e m pe r a tur e is a lso a us e ful guid e gi vin g us a n in dica tio n of t h e e x t e n t o f irrit a tiv e fe ve r which m ay be pr e s e n t Th e n or m a l t e m p e r at u r e o f th e hors e m a y o n a n bu t this is li a bl e to va ri a tio n s av e r a g e be st a t e d a s I t is high e r i n y ou n g th a n i n a dult i n a s m a ll d e gr e e a n d i n t h e v e r y a g e d it m ay b e f ou n d b e lo w an i m a ls t h e a ve r a ge D urin g t h e cours e of f e bril e affe ctio n s t h e t e m p e r a tur e is a s a rul e high e r i n th e e v e n i n g th an in t h e m or n i n g a n d wh e n possibl e it is a dv is abl e th a t t w o d a il y obs e r v a ti on s be ta k e n Fever — U n d e r t h e t e r m f e v e r are i n clud e d m an y con c om it a n t ph e n o m e n a b e sid e s t h e a b n or m a l ris e i n t e m such a s ch a n g e s in t h e ch a r a ct e r of t h e puls e r a t ur e e p t h e r e spir a tio n s th e s e cr e tio n s an d e x cr e tio n s t h e n e r v ous s y st e m th e s e ch an ge s v ar y i n g i n d e gr e e a ccordi n g to t h e n a tur e of th e affe ctio n o f which th e f e ve r is but We e ith e r a pr e cursor o r a n a cco m p an y i n g s y m pto m h av e als o t o r e cog n is e th a t fe ve r m a y f ollow t h e p e r f or m a n ce o f o p e r a tio n s o r m a y occur a s a r e sult o f w o un ds w he n it is t e rm e d i rr i ta ti ve f ever c

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VE T E R IN A R Y TH E RA P E UT ICS

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h av e in th e h ors e th e occur r e n c e o f fe ve r un co nn e ct e d with a n y appr e ci a bl e ch a n g e i n i n t e r n a l org a n s an d a risi n g i n d e p e n d e n tl y o f a n y a o co m p an yi n g affe ctio n w e a re p e r fe ctl y w e ll a w a r e a s a r e sult o f e xpe ri e n c e S uch a co n ditio n w e t e r m s imp le f ever I t is e ss e n ti all y a disturb e d st a t e o f th e m aj orit y of t h e chi e f f u n ctio n s o f th e bod y a risi n g f ro m c a us e s which w e ar e n ot abl e to e xpl a i n i n a s a tisf a ctor y m an n e r Va rious c a us e s a re s u gge st e d such a s sudd e n va ri a tio n s i n t e m p e r a t u r e fa tigu e sudd e n ch a n g e s i n h ygi e ne an d di e t e tics We m ust how ev e r r e cogn is e th at m an y suc h c a s e s of si m pl e f eve r if n o t tr eat e d in a r atio n al m a n n e r or if t h e p a tie n ts a r e k e pt a t work m ay d e ve lop i n to far m or e s e riou s affe ction s wi th p e rh aps i n fl a m m ator y ch an ge s in i n t e r na l org an s Th e subj e ct o f fev e r w ill be a g ai n n otic e d un d e r th e s e ctio n de ali n g with Gen era l Ther ap eu ti cs S imp le P ev e r

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D I A GN OS I S A N D GE N E RA L S

YMP T OMS

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r is e or e xe rtio n in a st at e of h e alth t h is r e l atio n ship is g e n e r a ll y m a i n t a i n e d T hus i f th e cir e n l a tio n be i n cr e a s e d th e r e is a l arge r a m oun t o f b lood p a ssi n g through t h e lun gs r e quiri n g ae r a tio n which is pro vid e d f or b y an i n cr e a s e i n th e n u m b e r o f r e spir a tio n s B u t as a r e sult o f dis e a s e this r e l a tio n is disturb e d a n d w e m a y h av e a n i n cr e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f puls a tio n s o u t o f a ll proportio n to t h e n u m b e r o f r e s pir a tio n s or t h e r e spir a tio n s m a y be gr e atl y i n cre a s e d without a co r r e sp o n di n g i n cr e a s e in t h e puls a tio n s T h e i n dic a tio n s a ff ord e d to t h e th e r a p e utist b y ch a n g e s i n t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h e r e spir a tio n s ar e va rious a n d i m p o rt an t bu t w e h ave to r e m e m b e r th a t th e y ar e n o t T hus w e alw a y s di a g n ostic o f r e spir a tor y affe ctio n s m ay h a v e a cc e l e r a t e d r e spir a t io n s or di ffi c u lt br e a thi n g i n m an y a cut e d is e a s e s du e t o e i t h e r a n a lt e r e d c o n ditio n of t h e blood or p e r ve rt e d f u n ctio n s of t h e n e r v ous s y st e m We h a ve a cc e l e ra tion of th e r e spir a tion s i n c a se s of a lso i n m an y c a s e s o f e n t e ri t is p e rit o n itis v ol vulus e tc c a rdi a c affe ctio n A c o n sid e r a tio n o f o th e r s y m p to m s t og e th e r wi th a phy si c a l e x a m i n a tio n o f t h e ch e s t will l e a d u s to a scrib e t h e ch a n g e s i n t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h e r e spir atio n s t o th e ir tru e c a us e We m a y i n quire as to t h e c a us e s o f this alt e r a tio n in th e ch a r a ct e r o f t h e r e spir a tio n s o r as it is t e r m e d whe n s e ve re dysp n ce a T h e s e c a us e s a re v a rious a n d d e p e n d u po n t h e s tru c tur e s i n v ol ve d b y t h e dis e a s e T h u s i n pl e uris y in th e fi rst st a g e s w e h aVe p a i n which li m its t h e m o ve m e n ts o f th e thor a cic w a lls a n d h e n c e i m p e d e s t h e r e spi r a tor y In t h e l a t e r s tage s wh e n th e r e is e ffusio n m o v e m e n ts D ur in g

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VE T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

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ch e st c av it y th e r e is m e ch an ic al r e sist an c e t o t h e e n tr a n c e o f ai r to th e l u n gs In p n e u m o n i a a n d bro n chitis w e h ave t h e e xu d atio n c ausi n g i n t e r fe r e n c e with t h e p a ss age of t h e air an d h e n c e i n cr e a s e d r e spir a tor y m o v e m e n ts ar e r e q uire d In affe ctio n s of th e l ar y n x th e r e m ay b e e xtr e m e d y s p n oea f ro m its c a li br e b e i n g di m i n ish e d e tc T h e r e a r e c e rt ai n v a ri e ti e s o f b r ea thi n g which w e m ay ob s e r ve i n di ffe re n t affe ctio n s which ar e of gr e at i m p ort a n c e as a ids to di a g n osis 1 A b domi nal B r ea thing — In this va ri e t y w e fi n d th a t t h e an i m a l e n d ea v o u rs t o li m it t h e m o v e m e n ts o f t h e thor a cic w all s a s m uch as p ossibl e an d the se m o ve m e n ts a r e m a d e up b y th e a ctio n o f t he a bdo m i n a l m u scl e s b e i n g brought i n to pl a y ; th e ribs be i n g fi x e d a s m u ch a s p os s i bl e th e re is t h e app e a r a n c e o f a hollow li n e e x t e n d i n g a lo n g th e low e r bord e rs o f t h e f a l s e ribs f ro m th e st e r n u m t o th e a n t e rior spi n e of th e ilium S uch a co n ditio n is f ou n d to e x i s t in c a s e s o f p l e uris y an d h y drothor a x t h e r e spir a tio n s b e i n g pe r for m e d qu ickl y a n d in co m pl e t e l y 2 Th or ac i c Brea thi ng — I n thi s va ri e t y th e a bdo m i n a l m uscl e s ar e k e pt i n a be y a n c e a s m u ch a s p ossibl e a n d e x tr a m o ve m e n ts of t h e thor a cic w a lls h ave to m ak e up for t h e d e ficie n c y T hi s co n ditio n is ob s e r v e d i n c a s e s o f a t u le n t colic a scit e s p e rito n itis a n d i n e x te n si ve a bdo m i n al t u m ours An oth e r v a ri e t y o f r e s pir a tio n m e t with is th a t t e r m e d i rr egu la r W e fi n d it occ urri n g i n th at affe ctio n t e r m e d ’ bro k e n wi n d wh e r e t h e i n s p ir a tor y m ove m e n t is p e r f or m e d r ap idl y a n d i n a j e rk y m a n n e r w hil s t th e e x pir a tor y is p e rf or m e d slowl y a n d with a do u bl e a ctio n e sp e ci a ll y of t h e a bdo m i n a l m uscl e s We h ave also to n otic e th a t s ym ptom t e r m e d a cough i n to

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D I A GN OS I S A N D GE N E RA L S

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ug h although a v e r y tri vi al m att e r i n so m e c as e s is a ve r y i m po rt a n t o n e i n oth e rs I t occurs a s a s y m pto m o f r e spir a tor y affe ctio n s b e i n g th e n ge n e ra ll y du e t o so me irrit a tio n o f th e l a r y n x bro n chi a l tu b e s e t c a n d an e ffort is m a d e t o r e m o v e t h e so u rc e o f this irrit a tio n whic h e o r t is ge n e r a ll y i n v olu n t ar y A c o u gh how e v e r m ay d e p e n d on oth e r c au s e s th a n irrit atio n o f th e air p a ss age s thus w e m ay have a cough pr e s e n t in c a s e s o f i n dig e stio n i n t e sti n a l p ar a sit e s e t c such a f or m b e i n g t e r m e d symp a the tic T h e r e a r e m an y v a ri e ti e s o f c o u gh m e t with a ll b e i n g o f i n t e r e s t to t h e th e r a p e utist a s a n a i d to di a g n o s is T h e M oist Cough is m e t with i n t h e s e co n d a r y st a g e s o f c a t a rrh a l affe ctio n s an d i n dic a t e s th a t th e r e is an i n cr e a s e d s e cr e tio n o f m u cus e tc T h e Dr y Cough pr e s e n ts s e v e r a l m odific a tio n s It is pr e s e n t durin g t h e first st ag e s o f c a t a rrh a l affe c tio n s wh e n t h e s e cr e tio n of th e m u cous f ollicl e s is arr e st e d In c a s e s o f pl e uris y t h e dr y co u gh b e co m e s short an d p a i n f ul t h e f orc e d e x pir a tor y m o ve m e n t c a usin g p a i n I n th a t a ffe ctio n t e r m e d br o ken w i n d th e r e is a ch a r a ct e ristic dr y cough which is short sh a llo w a n d suppr e ss e d a n d u s u all y si n gl e T h e Chron ic Cou gh v ari e s i n i n t e n si ty an d pr e s e n ts m odific a tio n s f ro m th a t o f a d e e p so u n d to tha t v e rgi n g I n th a t d i s e a s e o n to t h e co u gh f ou n d i n br o ken w i n d ’ t e r m e d ro a ri n g t h e cough is d e e p a n d hollow an d i n c a s e s wh e r e cough occurs f ro m t h e irrit a tio n of t e e thi n g t e rm e d a den ta l cough it is loud an d p a ro xy s m al Th e v a lu e o f t h e c h a r a ct e r o f a cough as an aid t o di a g n osis wh e n t a k e n i n co n j un ctio n with oth e r s ymp to m s is c e rt a i n l y va luabl e but w e m u st be c a r e f ul to a ttribut e i t t o it s r e al ca us e and pr e scrib e a pr O ri ate p p tr e at m e nt A

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VE T E R IN A R Y TH E R A P E UTI CS

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S ymp tom s f urn ish ed by t h e Cond ition of

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orm al st at e an d u n de r ordi n ar y co n ditio n s t h e s u rf ac e of th e bod y a n d t h e e xtre m iti e s ar e of an e qu a b l e t e m pe r atur e I n s e ve r e i n fl am m ator y dis e a s e s t h e ge ne r a l sur fa c e o f t h e bod y a n d th e l e gs a n d e a rs wi ll be f o u n d e x tr e m e l y cold ; an d if i n a dditio n th e r e be a cold p e rspir atio n o ve r t h e bod y it ge n e r all y indic at e s a fa t al t e rm i n a tio n We fi n d a st ari n g co a t with s e v e r e rigor s i n t h e p re m o n itor y st a g e s o f s om e aff e ctio n s ; a n d i n c a s e s o f i n dige s tio n t h e pre s e n c e o i pa r a sit e s i n th e a li me n t a r y c a n a l an d i mprope r f e e di n g th e r e is a dry s cur fy co n di tio n o f th e ski n w hich h a s lost th e gloss a n d fe e l o f h e a l t h a n d to which t h e t e r m hi de bou n d is ap pli e d In

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pri ma r y st a ge s of f eb ril e aff e ctio n s th e re is o ft e n a di m i n utio n of all t h e s e cr e tio n s ; s u ch a co n ditio n soo n giv e s w ay to i n cr e a s e d a ctio n o f so m e p artic ul a r organ s s u ch as th e s ki n t h e kid n e y s or th e b owe ls T h e f un ctio n s o f s e cr e tor y org a n s are di m i n i sh e d i n t h e e a rl y st ag e s o f i n fl a m mator y dis e a s e s T hus in t h e pri m a r y st age s o f pl e uris y t h e surf a c e s o f t he pl e u r a; are dr y the r e b e in g a rr e st o f t h e n a tur al s e cr e tio n ; a s th e dis ea s e co n ti n u e s th e s e cr e tio n r e tur n s but with a l a rge am o un t o f i n fl a m m ator y e ffusio n Gl a n ds an d m uco u s m e m b r an e s are affe ct e d i n a si m il a r m a n n e r b y i n fl a mm a tor y dis e a s e s T h e co n ditio n a n d ch ar a ct e r o f m an y e x cre tio n s s u ch a s thos e o f t h e bo w e ls t h e kid ne y s t h e ski n a re al so m odifi e d b y th e e ffe c ts o f dis e a s e a n d will m e rit atte n ti on i n the s e ctio n on Gene r a l T her ap eu ti cs I n th e

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VE TE R U WH M’ TH E RA P E UT K E

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Th e A ct ion

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Drug

which it produc e s on org a ns o f th e bod y Th e a ctio n s o f dr u gs h ave b e e n d e m on str a t e d b y s y st e m a tic e xpe ri m e n t s o n an i m als T h e m an n e r i n which e a ch drug i s a t tr a ct e d to c e rt ai n portio n s o f th e bod y a n d h as a s p e ci al e ffe ct o n v a rious orga n s a n d i n so m e c a s e s o n l y o n portio n s o f Vi tal s y st e m s w e c an n ot ye t e xpl a i n i n a s a ti sf a ctor y m an n e r k n ow b y e x p e ri m e n t th a t T hus f o r e x am pl e we str y ch n i n e n o m att e r b y wh a t ch an n e l it e n t e rs th e s ys t e m will st im ul a t e th e m otor tr acts of th e s pi n a l cord an d in l a rg e dos e s will c au s e Viol e n t co n v u l s io n s Fro m a k n owl e dg e o f this a ctio n w e fi n d th a t i n s m a ll do se s s tr y chn i n e i s be n e fici a l in p ar al y s is d ep e n di n g o n i m p e r fe ct actio n o f th e cord an d ge n e r a l w an t o f n e r ve to n e W e k n ow as th e r e sult of e x p e ri me n ts th a t chlor al h ydr a t e h as a sp e ci a l a ctio n on t h e br ain digit alis o n t h e h e a r t e rgot of r ye on t h e bloo dve ss e ls a n d o n i n v ol un t ar y m uscul a r tissu e s b e ll a do n n a o n t h e r e spir a tor y a n d cir c u la to r y s y st e m s an d o n t h e n e r v o u s s u p pl y o f t h e iris an d f ro m this k n owl e dg e w e a r e e n abl e d to a ppl y t h e s e di ffe r e n t drugs i n th e tr e a t m e n t o f dis e a s e Wh e n w e h ave d e m o n s tr a t e d t h e p r e cis e a ctio n o f a drug on t h e h e a lth y an i m al w e t e rm it t h e p hysi ologi ca l a c ti on o f t h e dr u g As w e s h all se e f urth e r o n t h e a ctio n s o f m a n y drugs will d e p e n d o n th e a m ou n t which i s a dm i n ist e r e d wh e th e r in m e dicin a l do s e s in m a x i m u m dos e s or i n to xic dos e s ; also o n t h e dur a ti on of the p er i o d of a dmin i s tr a ti on a n d o n th e i n t e r va l s b e tw e e n e a ch dos e As a rul e w e fi n d th at m ost dr u gs which a c t o n t h e cir cul ator y an d n e r vo u s s y st e ms i f gi ve n in e xce ssi ve .

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TH E

A CT I O N S A N D US E S O F D R UGS

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d o s e s will h av e a n opp o sit e efi e ct to th a t which th e y produc e in m e dici n a l dos e s T hus e ve r y sti m ul a n t to t h e h e a rt a n d circul a tor y s y st e m i f a d m i n i s t e r e d i n l a rge dos e s will a c t a s a d e pr e ss a n t Ag ai n an y s e t of n e r ve s if o v e r stim ul a t e d b y l a rg e dos e s will b e co m e p a r al y ze d as also will th e n e r v e c e n tr e s I t will a ls o be f ou n d th a t drugs which act o n t h e n e r v ous s y st e m produc e th e ir e ffe cts b y a cti n g on diffe r e n t portio n s o f it T h u s so m e h ave a sp e ci al e ffe ct on m otor n e r v e s o th e r s o n s e n sor y ; so m e a c t o n th e n e r ve c e n tr e s in t h e me d u ll a an d cord o th e rs a c t chi e fl y o n th e s ym p a th e tic n e rv ous s y st e m All th e s e a cti o n s will r e quir e sp eci a l stud y wh e n th e a ctio n s o f t h e va rio u s drugs a r e b e i n g tr e a t e d o f s e p a r a te l y T h u s w e sh a ll h av e to clos e l y f ollow t h e e ffe cts o f a dr u g i n its j our n e y thro ugh t h e bod y f ro m th e ch an n e l b y which it e n t e rs th e bod y to its e xcr e tio n b y th e v a rio u s org a n s such a s d e m u lc e n ts c a ustics S o m e ac t loc a ll y oth e rs with or wi tho u t s u ch loc a l a s tri n ge n ts e tc ; e ffe cts h av e a r e m ot e a ctio n o n org an s at a dist a n c e M ost dr u gs a d m i n is te r e d b y t h e m outh e n t e r t h e cir c u l a tio n f ro m t h e c a pilla r y v e s s e l s an d a bsorb e n ts o f th e st o m a ch an d s m a ll i n t e sti n e s b e i n g c arri e d b y th e S o m e subst a n c e s m a k e m e s e n t e ric a n d port a l v e ss e ls th e ro u n d o f t h e circul atio n i n a v e r y short sp a c e o f ti m e a s h as b e e n pro v e d b y e x p e ri m e n t T h e f ull e ffe c t o f drugs is a s a r ul e n o t produc e d u n til th e y r e a ch t h e org a n or tiss u e on which th e y h ave a sp e ci a l a ctio n Aft e r r e m a i n i n g i n t h e s y st e m f o r a v ari a bl e ti m e th e y a r e r e m o ve d f ro m th e b od y b y o n e o r s e ve r a l o f t h e e x cr e tor y ch a n n e ls e ith e r u n ch an ge d o r a lt e r e d i n th e ir c h e m ic al co m p ositio n ,

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VE TE R IN A R Y TH E RA P E U TI CS

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D uri n g

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th e y pa ss W e m ay n ow i n quir e as to th e m an n e r i n which dru gs a re be li eve d to ac t i n th e tr e at m e n t of dis e a s e B ri e fl y w e m a y st a t e th a t t h e a doptio n o f th e m a j orit y o f r e m e di e s is f o u n d e d o n th e ir ph y s iologic al a ctio n s Th e th e r ap e utic al a ctio n is si m pl y t h e p h y s iologic al a ctio n e xe rcis e d or m odifi e d b y dis e a s e Fo r t h e p u rpos e s o f d e scrip tio n w e m ay di vid e t h e u se o f r e m e di e s i n to t w o gre at cl a ss e s : 1 T ho s e which a r e i n t e n d e d t o ac t a n tip a t hi ca lly T h e p h y siologic al a ctio n o f such a g e n t s ov e rco m e s th e m orbid co n ditio n which e xists b y p rod u ci n g a co n ditio n which is dir e c tl y opposit e to it E x a mp les — P u rg a tiv e s i n c a s e s o f co n stip a tio n sti m u l an t s in d e bili ty a n d d e p r e s sio n a stri n ge n ts i n di a r r h aaa e tc T his div i s io n is m or e a pp lic abl e to t h e tr e a t m e n t of s y m pto m s a n d loc al di s e a s e s 2 T hos e which a r e i n t e n d e d to a c t a llop a thi ca lly i e s u ch a g e n ts as wh e n a d m i n ist e r e d c au s e a short m a n a g e a bl e dis e a s e whi c h o v e rco m e s th e e x isti n g di s e a s e E zcamp le s — Th e u se o f di a phor e tics i n fe bril e c a s e s diu re tics i n c a s e s a cco m p an i e d b y drops y ’ T his is o ft en n atur e s m e thod o f r e co v e r y— f or e xa m p l e t h e occ u rr e n c e of di arrh oe a i n c a s e s o f i n dig e s B y this tio n e t c du e to u n n at u r a l or irrit a ti n g f ood m e an s t h e i n g e st a produci n g t h e irrit a tio n ar e r e m o ve d f ro m th e a li m e n t a r y c an a l T his poi n t is o f i n te r e st to th e th e r a p e utist a s it t e a ch e s h im th at h e m u s t n o t e n d e av our to ch e ck this spon t an e ous di a rrh oea i m m e di a t e l y i n fa ct in so m e i n s t a n c e s it is de sir a bl e to a d mi nis te r a slight l a x a tive i n o rd e r to h e lp n a t u r e to r e m o v e t h e c a us e o f irrit a tio n .

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A CT I O N S A N D US E S O F D R UGS

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o m e t o co n si de r th e a ctio n s of e a ch drug s e p ar a t e l y w e sh all fi n d it o f ad va n t a ge to f ol low a c e rt a i n li n e o f r e s e a rch co m m e n ci n g wi t h t h e e ffe ct o f t h e drug o n t h e ch a n n e ls o f e n tr an c e t o t h e bod y th e a ctio n s o n t h e v a rio u s v it a l s y st e m s t h e va rious ch a n n e ls o f e x cr e tio n a n d a n y a ctio n s o n sp e ci a l org a n s o r tissu e s We m ust as f ar as possibl e a ccou n t fo r t h e va rious ph e no m e n a pr e s en t e d altho u gh w e sh a ll e n coun t e r m an y diffi culti e s i n such a stud y f ro m t h e co m pl e x m an n e r i n w hich so m e drugs e st ablish th e ir a ctio n s whil e i n o th e rs m an y p o i n ts i n this r e spe ct ar e n o t a s ye t d e fin it e l y k n ow n o r u n d e rsto o d A s pre v iousl y r e m ark e d a n i n ti m a t e k n owl e dg e o f ph y siolog y will be r e quir e d i n o rd e r to f ollow th e v arious a ctio n s i n a s y st e m a tic m ann e r an d to u n d e rst a n d t h e co m pl e x e ff e cts o n t h e diffe r e n t div isio n s o f t h e n e r v ous s y st e m Th e f oll o wi n g pl a n will b e fo u n d t h e m o st co nv e n i e n t fo r th e purp o s e s o f d e scriptio n c

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s e l e ctio n o f t h e r e m e d y is th e m ost i m port an t p art o f th e a r t o f pr e scri bi n g T h e n a t u r e o f t h e dis e a s e m ust be c a r e full y studi e d a n d a drug s e l e ct e d w hich po s s e s s e s a ctio n s suit abl e f o r o ur p urpo s e bu t which m u s t n o t pos s e ss oth e r a ctio n s th a t m ay be d e tri m e n t a l to t h e c as e T hi s l e ads us to a co n s id e r a tio n o f th e s e co n d h e a din g i n our list vi z 2 Co n tr a—i ndi c a tion s W e say th a t a c e rt ai n drug is co n tr a i n dic at e d in c e rt ai n di s e a s e s w h e n w e ar e a w a r e th a t it prod u c e s e ff e ct s w hich w o uld be p r e j u dici a l to t h e c a s e s a ltho u gh it m ight p o s s e s s o n e a ctio n which w ould b e o f s e r v ic e f o r e xam p l e w e say th a t opium is co n tr a i n dic a t e d i n dis e a s e s of th e r e spira tor y org a n s with sh a llow e m b a r r asse d br e a thi n g a l s o i n co n g e s t e d a n d i n fl a m m a tor y con ditio n s of th e br ai n an d i n aff e ctio n s o f t h e kid n e y s A g a i n purg a ti v e s a r e co n tr a i n dic a t e d i n i n fl a m m a tor y co n ditio n s of t h e i n t e sti n e s a n d d e pre ss a n t r e m e di e s ar e co n tr a i n dic a t e d i n a ll t yp hoid a n d de bilit a t e d c a s e s a n d irri ta tin g diu r e tics i n c a s e s of n e p hritis T h e co n tr a in dic a tio n s o f t h e v a rio u s dr u gs will be n otic e d wh e n w e co n side r th e th e r a pe u tic a l v al u e of e a ch m e dicin al age n t T he

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occ asio n all y S o me a r e n ot i n t e n d e d to be a bsorb e d but to ac t o n l y loc all y such a s gargl e s i ns u f a tion s loc a l a n ae sth e tics an d loc a l an od y n e s 1 By t h e s k i n or m ucou s m e m b r a n e co n tin uous with t h e s ki n e ith e r r u bb e d i n or p a i n t e d on t h e sur fa ce o r app li e d i n t h e f or m o f dr y p owd e r U su a ll y o n l y a loc a l effe ct is d e sir e d but so m e m ay b e co m e a b sorb e d i n s u f a tio n s to th e E xa mp le s — Ga rgl e s to t h e thro a t li n i m e n t o f b e ll a do n n a n a s a l c a v iti e s an d f a ci a l si n us e s coc a i n e a s a loc al a n aesth e tic ; app li e d to p ai n fu l p a rts th e u s e o f a tro p i a i n i n fl a m m a tor y co n ditio n s o f t h e e ye an d th e v a rio u s coll y ri a e m p lo y e d 2 By t h e m outh both i n s o m e c a s e s to a c t loc a ll y o n t h e sto m a ch a n d i n t e s ti n e s a n d t o b e a bs or be d i n to th e s y st e m chi e fly f ro m th e stom a ch a n d d u od e n u m W e m ay a d m in i st e r m e dici n e s b y t h e m o u th i n v a rious w a y s i n t h e f or m o f e ith e r ba lls dr e n ch e s powd e rs or e le c tu a ri e s T h e f orm o f e l e ctu a r y i s co n v e n i e n t wh e n it is f o u n d e ith e r d a n g e rous or i m possibl e to a d m i n ist e r t h e oth e r f or m s T h u s i n c a s e s of a cut e l a r y n gitis th e r e is gr e at d an ge r i n t h e a d m i n istr a tio n o f dr e n ch e s f ro m t h e irrit a bl e co n di tio n o f th e thro a t th e r e i s a risk of th e an im a l str u ggli n g a n d t h e fl u id e n t e ri n g t h e tr a ch e a a n d bro n chi a l t u b e s I n such c a s e s w e c a n pl a c e t h e m e dici n a l a g e n t i n th e f or m o f a n e l e ctu a r y b e tw e e n t h e m ol a r t e e th wh e n it will n o t o n l y b e co m e a bsor be d but i n t h e c a s e o f s u ch a g e n t s a s b e ll ad o n n a pot a s s chlor th e r e will a lso e tc be a be n e fici a l loc a l e ffe ct prod u c e d Ag a i n i n c a s e s o f t e t an us w e c a n n ot a d m i n i st e r r e m e di e s in t h e us u a l m a n n e r an d w e fi n d t h e f or m o f e l e ctu a r y ve r y va l u abl e W e m a y al s o r e fe r to th e ad mi n istr atio n o f 0 1 cr o ton i s as a quick a n d e ffe ctu al p u r a ti v e i n c a s e s wh e r e oth e rs g ,

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d m i n ist e r e d ; this ag e n t will produc e i ts e ffe ct wh e n pl a c e d o n t h e to n g u e 3 By S ub cut ane o u s or H yp o derm ic Inj e ctio n — In this m e thod t h e a cti v e pri n cipl e o f t h e drug i n solutio n is i n trod u c e d u n d e r th e ski n o r i n to th e s u bc ut an e ous tis s u e s b y m e a n s of a s y ri n ge an d hollow n e e dle It con s ti tu t e s t h e quick e st a n d sur e st m od e o f bri n gi n g t h e s y st e m u n d e r th e i n fl ue n c e of a dr u g B y this m e a n s t h e a cti ve pri n cipl e a t o n c e g a i n s e n tr an c e t o t h e circul a tio n a n d produc e s its sp e cific e ffe ct with c e rt a i n t y a n d r apidit y Th e i n troductio n o f t h e a g e n t is si m pl e ; t h e bulk o f fl u id sho u ld be a s s m a ll a s possibl e an d should be pr e p a r e d s o a s n o t t o irrit a t e t h e tiss u e s T h e p a rt s e l e ct e d sho u ld be o n e wh e r e t h e ski n is loos e a n d thi n su c h a s th a t o f th e ch e s t o r n e ck A f ol d o f ski n is t a k e n u p t h e n e e dl e is th e n push e d i n to it a n d t h e fluid f orc e d in by t h e s y ri n ge Aft e r t h e c o m pl e tio n t h e p a rt is g e n tl y m a n ip u l a t e d so a s t o f av our t h e a bsorptio n o f t h e fl u id M ish a ps m a y occ u r b y r e a so n of t h e solutio n s b e i n g irrit an t or too l a rge i n b u lk or t h e s y ri n ge an d n e e dl e n o t b e i n g p e r f e ctl y a s e ptic ; i n such i n st an c e s irrit a tio n a bs c e ss a n d sloug h i n g m a y occur T h e h y pod e r m ic m e thod is o f gr e a t v a lue i n v e t e r i n a r y pr a ctic e a s it e n s u r e s th e f ull a c tio n o f th e drug an d is e a sil y a p p li e d i n c a s e s wh e r e oth e r m e an s wo u ld n o t be pr a ctic abl e or wh e r e th e drugs would t ak e too lo n g a ti m e t o ac t I n c as e s o f v iol e n t a bdo m i n a l p a i n it is o f t e n i m possibl e t o a d m i n ist e r m e di c in e s b y th e m outh a n d m uch o f th e d o s e is lost ; a ls o i n c a s e s of i n fl am m a tio n o f th e i n t e s ti n e s th e r e is v e r y littl e pow e r o i absorp t io n f ro m t h e a li m e n t a r y c an a l c an n

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Inj e ction

i n j e ctin g t he ag en t dir e ct i n to t h e v e n ous s y st e m it p roduc e s its e ff e cts v e r y q u ickl y ; but this is a m e thod r a r e l y ado p t e d f or the r a p eu t ical p urp os e s as its dr a w b a c k s a r e m or e th a n its adv an t age s N o irrit a ti n g s u b s t an c e ca n b e us e d i n this m an n e r n o r a ny s ub st an c e which h a s t h e pow e r o f co ag u l a ti n g al bu m e n 5 In t ert rach e al Inj e ction — T h e r e spir a tor y m ucou s m e m br an e po s s e s s e s ve r y r apid pow e rs of a bsorptio n a s h a s b e e n pro ve d b y e x p e ri m e n t T h e i n j e ctio n o f me dici n e s i n to th e tr a ch e a is pr a ctis e d ’ i n c a s e s of th a t p a r a sitic dis e a s e t e r m e d hu sk o r hoo s e ’ in c at tl e wh e re t h e obj e ct is to a ct dir e ctl y o n th e p ar a s it e s A m i x t u r e co n t a i n i n g turp e n ti n e an d oth e r a ge n ts is e m plo y e d f or t h e p urpos e an d i s i n trodu c e d i n to o n e o f th e s p a c e s be t we e n t h e ri n gs o f th e tr a ch e a An y irrit a ti n g fl u id s w hic h g a i n e n tr a n c e to t h e bro n chi al m u co u s m e m br an e c a us e gr e a t r e sp ir ator y di s tr e ss a n d m ay c a u s e m e ch a n ic a l b ro n c h itis or p n e u m o n i a I t i s s aid th a t f a t ty oil s a r e n o t a b sorb e d b y t h e bro n chi a l m u cous m e m br a n e but a r e r e j e ct e d by th e tr a ch e a a n d n ostrils T h e s e poin ts a r e o f i m port a n c e wh e n a d m i n ist e ri n g flu id s to hors e s or c a t tl e i n t h e f or m of dr e n ch e s as it m a y h a p p e n fro m k e e pi n g t h e h e a d too high f ro m t h e struggle s of th e a n i m a l or fro m l a r yn giti s th a t a portio n o f t h e fl uid m a y fi n d its w a y dow n t h e tr a ch e a a n d c aus e a ve r y s e rio u s co n ditio n of th e a n i m al 6 By Inh a l a t i on — B y this m e thod v ol a til e s ubst a n c e s ar e i n t e n d e d to e n t e r t h e blood f ro m t h e pul m o n ar y c a p ill ari e s or to act on th e bro n chi al tub e s an d bro n 4

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l att e r w e h a ve th e in h al a tio n o f st e a m m e dic at e d with v a rious disi n fe ct a n t an d soothi n g r e m e di e s s u ch a s 01 e uc al y pti cr e oli n e tc — o i gr e a t v alue in c a s e s o f br o n chitis l e ss e n i n g irrit abilit y so f te n i n g t h e e x ud a tio n a n d pr e ve n ti n g d e co m positio n th e r e i n ( b) Th e M o dif y i ng E ff e ct of Di ff e r ent S p e ci e s of A ni ma ls on t h e A c ti o n o f M ed i ci n es — B ri e y t h e sp e ci e s o f a n i m a ls which w e a re c a ll e d upo n to tr e at a r e hors e s c attl e sh e e p p igs a n d dogs W e sh all h av e t o co n s id e r c ar e fu ll y t h e diff e r e n c e s i n a cti o n o f t h e v a rio u s m e dici n a l a g e n ts i n th e s e di ff e r e n t Sp e ci e s s u ch diffe r e n c e s m a i n l y d e p e n di n g o n sp e ci a l a rr a n g e m e n ts o f c e rt ai n Vit a l s y st e m s i n e a ch T h e r e is o n l y a slight diffe r e n c e i n t h e a rr a n g e m e n t o f t h e circul a tor y a n d r e spir a tor y s y st e m s i n th e s e va rious sp e ci e s ; co n s e qu e n tl y t h e a ctio n of m e dici n al ag e n ts is tol e r abl y u n i for m o n th e s e s y st e m s I n th e n e r v ous dig e sti ve a n d cut an e ous s y st e m s h o w e v e r a ma rk e d disti n ctio n e x ists i n t h e di ffe r e n t s p e ci e s s o th at t h e a ctio n o f dr u g e o n th e s e s yst e m s i s co n si de r a bl y m odifi e d a ccordi n g t o t h e sp e ci e s to which th e y ar e a d m i n ist e r e d We m ay t a k e it a s a r ul e th a t th e m or e highl y d e v e lop e d a s y st e m or a n org a n is t h e gr e a t e r will be t h e e ffe ct o f a g e n ts which h ave a s p e cific a ctio n o n it T hus O piu m a n d its a lk aloid m orphi a which i n t h e highl y d eve lop e d c e r e bru m o f m an c au s e s d e e p st u por i n l a rg e dos e s a cts i n t h e hors e a s a m otor e x cit a n t c a u s i n g t h e an i m a l t o w alk rou n d an d ro u n d t h e bo x i n o n e dir e c tio n a n d in so m e c a s e s Viol e n t d e liri u m occurs I n th e hors e w e h av e m an y ph y siologic a l p e c u li a riti e s t o n otic e e s p e ci a ll y with r e fe r e n c e to th e dig e sti ve s y st e m Th e sto m a ch is s m a ll a n d th e i nt e sti n e s v e r y c a p a cious an d a c c ordi n g t o t h e r e sults o f e x p e ri m e n ts th e r e is lit t l e o r n o a bs o rptio n f ro m t h e sto m a ch ,

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rr an g em e nt sto m a ch is pe culi ar T he

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c u tic u l a r portio n b e i n g a c o n ti n u a tio n of t h e m e m b r a n e o f th e oesop h ag u s ; a n d this portio n do e s n o t s e cr e t e ga s tric j uic e t h e Villous portio n s e cr e t e s th e true dige s tiv e j uic e T h e r e ar e oth e r p e c uli ari ti e s suc h as th e i n a bilit y o f v o m itio n i n th e hors e a n d t h e pr e s e n c e of l a ctic a cid i n st e a d of h y drochloric i n t h e g a stric j uic e T h e s e will be ag ai n r e fe rr e d to i n t h e s e ctio n d e ali n g with th e g en e ral th e r a p e utics of this s y st e m I n th e hors e th e e x cre t a c arr y a w a y about two thirds o f t h e wa t e r o f t h e f ood whil e in dogs o n l y 5 p e r c e n t is got rid of i n this m a n n e r I n h e rbi vor a o n l y 30 p e r c en t of th e w at e r e sc a p e s b y th e kid n e y s whil e t h e a m o u n t in c a r n i v o r a is 70 p e r c e n t I n h e rbi v or a 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e w a t e r is r e m o ve d b y t h e lu n gs an d skin whil e i n c ar n i v or a o n l y 30 er c e n t p e sc a p e s i n this man n e r Ve g e t a bl e purg a ti ve s a c t b e tt e r th an mi n e r al i n hors e s t h e l a tt e r b e i n g v e r y u n c e rt a in Th e purg ati ve g e n e r a ll y r e sorte d to is a lo e s w hich a cts chi e fl y o n t h e l arge i n t e sti n e s E m e tics h ave n o a ctio n i n th e hors e e ve n wh e n gi ve n i n l a rg e dos e s ; so m e m a y a pp e ar to h av e a s e d a tiv e e ffe ct Th e kid n e y s are eas il y a ct e d o n b y diur e tics but th e ski n i s n ot so r e adil y a ct e d o n as i n m an so th a t to e n abl e di a phor e tics to prod u c e th e ir e ffe ct th e a n i m a l m u s t b e w a r m l y cloth e d oth e rwis e t h e a g e nts will p a ss o ff by t h e kid n e y s a c ti n g a s di u r e tics Th e hors e is v e r y i n s u sc e ptibl e t o t he a ction s o f s e d a t i ve s M an y drugs which prod u c e a s e d a tiv e a n d s0 or i fi c p e ffe ct i n m an ac t i n this a n i m a l as c er bro spi e n al e x citan t e e ve n whe n gi ve n in l arge dos e s ,

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c attl e w e fi nd gr e at diff e re n c e s to e xist wit h r e gar d to t h e ac tio n s an d dos e s o f m e dici n al a g e n ts as c o m p are d with th e h ors e T h e s e a ni ma ls a re usu all y o f a dull phl e g matic te m p e ra me n t an d p o ss e ss a p e c uli a r a rr an g e me n t in th e a li me n t a r y c a n a l t h e sto m a ch is di v id e d i n to f our co m : p ar tm e n ts of which o n l y th e f ourt h di visio n is c ap abl e o f p e rf orm i n g th e f un ctio n o f dige stio n T h e first di visio n t e r m e d th e r u m e n is of e n or m ous si z e a n d c a p abl e of h oldin g a l arge am ou n t o f in ge st a Th e in te stin e s are s m all i n proportio n an d w e m ay r e m ark th a t aff e ctio n s o f this portio n of t h e a li m e n t a r y c an al ar e r ar e co m p ar e d with thos e of th e sto m a chs which ar e a fruit ful sourc e of diso r d e r i n ru m i n a n ts Ve r y l arg e d os e s of purg a ti v e s are r e quir e d to p r oduc e an e ffe ct of which s ali n e p u rg a ti ve s l a rge l y dilut e d pro v e m ost b e n e fici al L arg e d os e s o f sti m ul a n ts a n d to n ics ar e also re quire d i n th e s e an i m a ls ; t h e ski n an d kid n e y s a re n ot r e adil y a ct e d o n an d th e y a r e n o t s u s c e ptibl e t o e ith e r t h e e x cit a n t o r sop or ifi c e ffe cts o f opi u m or its alk aloids to an y e xt e n t We h ave to c o n sid e r th a t in m an y c as e s of s erious a ffe cti o n s i n c a ttl e it is o f t e n m or e a d van t ag e ous t o h a v e t h e a n i m a l d e stro y e d f or t h e butch e r th an t o h ave the o w n e r r un t h e ri s k o f e x p e n s e an d t o h a v e th e an i m a l die o f t h e dis e a s e T a k i n g i n to co n sid e r atio n t h e usu a l valu e of c attl e w e should be c a r e f u l t o av oid a d m i n ist e r i n g subst a n c e s which a r e lik e l y to i m p a rt a dis a gree abl e fl av our t o t h e fl e sh such as e th e r o il o f turp en ti ne e tc With r e fe re n c e to sh e e p si m il ar obs e rva tion s will appl y ; t h e y usu all y t ak e a bou t o n e qu a rte r th e dos e s of c a ttl e D o gs r e s e m bl e m an t o a c e rt a i n e x t e n t T h e ali me nt ar y c an al is sh or t an d str aight a n d e a sil y affe ct e d b y pu rg a In

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which a co m bi n atio n is pr ef er able t o a l arge dos e of a si n gl e purg ati ve T h e sto m ach is r e a dil y a ct e d o n b y eme tics an d th e a ct of v o m ition is ve r y e a sil y produc e d i n this an i m al ; thus dogs b y i n sti n ct o b t ai n a c e rt ai n gr ass which h as an e m e tic e fi e ct wh e n th e y fe e l d e r an g e d fro m an y sourc e o f irrit atio n i n th e sto m a ch In pr e scribi n g m e dicin e s fo r dogs it is n e c e ss a r y to b e ar in m i n d th at th e age n ts us e d should be as p al at abl e as possibl e i n orde r to av oid th e risk o f h av i n g th e m e x p e lle d f ro m th e sto m a ch Although in m an y i n st an c e s dogs t a k e sim il ar dos e s of m e dicin al ag e n ts a s m a n still th e r e a r e n ot abl e e xce p tio n s For e xampl e th e y will t a k e ve r y l a rge dos e s of alo e s as co m p ar e d with m an an d v e r y s m a ll dos e s o f c alo m e l an d oil of turp e n ti n e a s co m p a r e d with him P igs are si m il ar to dogs i n th e ir p e culi ariti e s to th e o f co u rs e m a ki n g allow a n c e f or a ctio n of me dici n e s in cre a s e of dos e s on a ccou n t o f t h e ir i n cr e a s e d si ze nd S i ze — As an i m als o f u c 0 T h e I n e n e o f A e a g () e ach sp e ci e s v ar y v e r y m u ch i n si z e it i s n e c e ss ar y to re m e m b e r th a t a s a ru l e th e s m all e r th e si ze t h e m or e dim i n uti ve should be t h e dos e Youn g an i m als are m or e r e a dil y a ct e d o n b y m e dicin e s th a n adults an d i n ve r y old an i m als m e dicin al age n ts h ave a great e r e ff e ct as th e Vit a l organ s b e co m e w e ak e n e d b y age We m ay r e m ark th a t th e ali m e n t ar y c an als of y ou n g such a s fo a ls a n d y oun g dogs are ve r y an i m als susc e ptibl e to th e a ctio n o f pu rga ti ve s an d th at o n l y th e m ild e st f or m s an d m o d e r a t e dos e s should be e m plo y e d (d) Th e E ff ect of Dis eas e s on t h e A ction of Me dicine s In c a s e s of fe v e r t h e a rt e ri al t e n sion is alt e r e d a n d tive s ,

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h ave s e en th at th e y d e pe n d on so m an y circum st a n c e s an d also o n i ndividu a l pe c u li ariti e s an d t e m p er a m e n ts T h e dos e s g e ne r all y l a id dow n ar e th e s m all e st us e ful dos e s which it is s afe to b e gi n with ; th e r e are m an y affe ctio n s how e ve r i n which it is n e c e ss a r y t o a d m i n ist e r drugs i n s u ch dos e s th a t th e ir ph y siologic a l e ffe cts will be p roduc e d b e fore a n y th e r a p e u tic a l r e sults will b e obt ai n e d As pre viousl y st a t e d t h e a ge o f th e p a ti e n t m ust b e t ak e n i n to co n sid e r atio n W ith r e fe r e n c e to hors e s w e m ay c alcul at e roughl y th a t y e a rli n g s r e q u ir e on e third o f t h e dos e for an adult two y e a r olds h al f th e dos e an d thre e y e ar olds two third s With r ef e r e n c e to dogs n o fi xe d r ul e c an be l aid down a s so m uc h d e p e n ds o n t h e si z e a n d br e e d We m ay how e ve r st at e th at in m ost c a s e s it is s afe r to pr e scrib e s m all dos e s wh en tr e a tin g on e o f th e s e p a ti en ts for th e first ti m e With r e gard to purga tive s both fo r hors e s an d dogs a prop e r dos e should b e giv e n an d i f a s u i cie n t am ou n t of p u rg a tio n is n ot prod u c e d t h e a ge n t is k e pt i n t h e s y st e m lo n g e r tha n n e c e ss a r y a n d m u ch n a us e a r e sults (f) Fr equency — We pr e scrib e m e dici n e s to be gi ven e ithe r i n a si n gl e dos e or to b e r e p e a t e d i n c e rt ai n dos e s a t c e rt a i n i n t e r v als T h u s pu rg a ti ve s ar e g e n e r a ll y gi ve n i n o ne dos e to n ic s twic e a da y f e b ri fu ge s a n d sti m ul a n ts at short i n t e rv a ls so as to k e e p up th e ir e ff e ct an d so t h a t t he e ff e cts of on e dose will n ot h a ve p a ss e d aw a y b ef ore t h e n e xt is give n (9 ) T ime — We t ak e a dv an t age of n a tur a l t en d e n ci e s in ord e r to a ssist th e a ctio n o f dr u gs T hus alk alin e sto m achics are give n b e f or e fe e di n g t o i n cr e as e g a stric s e cr e tio n Acid sto m a chics ar e gi ve n af t e r fe e di n g wh e n as

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tur a l a cid is de fici e n t D rugs which h ave a t e n d e n c y t o irrit at e t h e m ucous m e m br an e o f th e sto ma c h are a d m i n ist e r e d e ithe r alo n g wit h the f ood o r i m m e di a t e l y af t e r fe e di n g E x amp le — Ar s e n ic S o m e re quir e a sp e ci al pr e p a r a tio n of t h e ali m en t a r y c an a l b e f o r e a d mi n istr a tio n Fo r e xa mpl e p ur ga ti ves i n whic h it is e ss en ti a l th a t th e hors e be prop erl y r e p p a r e d b y b e i n g k e p t o n br a n m a s h e s for a r e aso n a bl e ti m e b e f o r e h a n d s o a s to h av e t h e in t e sti n al co n t e n ts i n a so f t c o n ditio n W h e n pr e scribi ng iodi ne w e m ust be c a r e f ul to a d mi n ist e r it at a prop e r i n t e rval b e tw ee n t h e ti m e s of fe e din g i n h e rbiv oro u s a n i m als so as t o av oid t h e in solubl e iodid e o f st a rch b e i n g f or m e d as th e f ood o f such a n i m als co n t a i n s a l a rg e proportio n o f st arch — h r n D u a tio n T o l era tio H a bi t ccu ul tio A m a n Th e ( ) l e n gth of ti me durin g which a drug m ay be ad mi n ist e r e d d e p e n ds on circu mst an c e s T h e r e ar e so m e d r ugs which a ft e r a d m i n istr a tio n to th e s a m e i n di v idua l f or a c e rt a i n ti m e co mm e n c e to los e th e ir ch a r act e risti c e ffe ct an d th e s y st e m ca n be m a d e to r e sist e ve n v e r y l arge dos e s — in f a ct such dos e s a s would h ave a t ox ic e ffe ct in oth e r in div idu als ; e xam ple s o f such drugs a r e opiu m a n d a rs e n ic We m ay r e m ark th at in pr e scribi n g ars e n ic w e h av e to co m m e n c e wit h s m all dos e s an d to gr adu all y i n cr e a s e th e m a s t h e s y st e m o f th e p a ti e n t ge ts a ccusto m e d to its B y a ccumu la tion w e m e a n t o i nf e r th a t th e r e ar e e e cts c e rt a i n drugs which wh e n gi ve n i n r e p e at e d dos e s for a p e riod o f ti me m ay n o t prod u c e a n y app re ciable e ffe c ts a t first w h e n a ft e r an i n d e fi n it e p e riod of adm i nistratio n th e y m ay sud d e n l y e xe r t th e ir ph y siologic a l e ffe cts i n a S uc h dru gs ar e s a id to be cumu la tive m a rk e d d e gr ee e x a m pl e s o f w h ich w e fi n d i n digit a lis m e rcur y str y ch na

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i an d i n pr e scrib i n g th e s e w e m ust b e c a r e f u l th a t th e y ar e n o t a llowe d to e n t e r t h e s y st e m m or e quickl y th an th e y c a n b e e xcr e t e d — N a rcotics i n d n s ct l t u ou i Th E ff o f C i m a e a n d S rr e e g () a r e s aid to act m or e e ffe ct u a ll y i n hot th a n i n cold cli m a t e s Ch e mic al r e a ctio n s a n d t h e p roto p l a s m ic m o ve m e n t s a r e f a cilit a t e d by a s lightl y e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a tur e I n d am p h u m id cli m a t e s t h e a n i m a l s y s t e m b e co m e s r e l a x e d an d out o f to n e ; h e n c e s m all e r do s e s o f drugs a r e b or n e th a n i n dr y br a ci n g cli m a t e s T h e e ffe ct o f s u rro u n di n gs h as a m a t e ri al b e a ri n g o n th e s u b j e ct o f p r e scribi n g ; hors e s k e pt i n ba dl y ve n til a t e d a n d o ve r crowde d st abl e s are ge n e r all y pro n e to dis e a s e s of a d e bili ta tin g or t y p hoid n a t u r e an d do n o t st an d d e pl e ti ve m e as u r e s W e ll br e d a n i m a ls i n good co n di tio n an d i n pro p e r s urroun di n gs wh e n a tt ac k e d by a cut e i n am m a t o r y di s e a s e s b ea r d e pl e tio n w e ll a n d th e e ffe cts o f s e d a ti ve s a r e b e n e fici a l I n c a n i n e pr a ctic e w e m ust be c ar e fu l i n di s ti n guishi n g t h e v a ri e ti e s o f p a ti e n ts i n pr e s cribi n g ; f or e x a m pl e th e p e t dog alw a y s a ccus to m e d to a n i n door li fe a n d t h e e x c e s s e s o f t h e t abl e will r e q u ir e diffe r e n t tr e a t m e n t t o t h e spor ti n g dog or o n e a cc u s to m e d to a n o u tdoor li fe in t h e co u n tr y H av i n g co n cl u d e d t h e de scri p tio n o f th e circ u m st a n c e s which m odi fy th e a ctio n s of m e dici n e s w e will n e w c o n sid e r t h e fi f t h i m port a n t s e ctio n of th e a r t o f pr e s cribi ng n n e , e tc

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ctu all y co mbi n e dr ugs w e m ust be p e r f e ct ly a cqu ai n t e d with th e ir ch e m ic a l co m positio n a n d prop e rti e s an d also with th e ir ph y siologic al a ctio n s In t h e co m bi n i n g o f c e r ta i n dr ugs ch e m ic a l r e a ctio n s m ay occur a n d e ith e r a us e l e ss or d a n g e rous co m po u n d m ay be f or m e d S uch drugs ar e s aid to be c hemi ca lly i n comp a ti ble with e a c h oth e r T h e r e ar e s o m e in co m p a tibl e dr u gs how e ve r whi c h w e do co m bi n e bu t w e ar e a w ar e o f t h e a ctu al c o m pou n d which is f orm e d an d which suits ou r purpos e Fo r e x a m pl e t h e f am ili ar w hi te lo ti on s o us e ful a s an is t e ch n ic all y sp ea ki n g i n co m a stri n g e n t a pplic a tio n p a tibl e b e i n g c o m pos e d o f a m i x ture o f ac e t a t e o f l e a d zi n c in w a t e r th e r e sult b e in g th e a n d sulph a t e o f f or m a tio n o f a c e t a t e o f z in c i n solutio n a n d th e sulph a t e o f l e a d which b e i n g i n s olubl e is throw n dow n as a whit e pr e cipit at e P e rs alts o f iro n a r e i n co m p a tibl e with s u b st a n c e s rich i n t a n n in s u c h a s ci n cho n a e t c Chlor a t e s sho u ld n o t be pr e scrib e d with iodid e s a s a ch e m ic a l ch an g e occur s which m a y c a us e irrit a tio n of t h e sto m a ch T h e r e a r e m an y oth e r e x a m pl e s o f ch e m ic a l i n c o m p ati bl e s whic h t h e stud e n t will l e ar n wh e n at pr a ctic al work his k n owl e dg e o f ch e m is tr y will t e a c h i n t h e ph a r m a c y h im th a t a cids sh o uld n o t be co m bi n e d wi t h alk ali e s o r cts

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how e v e r b e dr a w n to t h e d an ge r o f m i x i n g subst an c e s which a r e lik e l y t o c a us e an e xplosi v e m i x tur e T hus chlorid e o f lim e m i x e d with sulphur f or m s an e x pl o siv e co m po un d O il of turpen ti n e a n d sulphuric acid is also d an ge rous an d t h e s a m e m ay be s aid o f chlor at e o f pot a sh a n d s u lphur O th e r e x a m pl e s ar e p e r m an g an at e o f pot a sh an d A tt e n tio n m ust ,

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VE TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U TI C’S

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chro mic a cid m i xture s of chlori n e with amm o n i a c al s alts T h e chi e f i n c o m n itr a t e s with org an ic bodi e s e tc p a ti ble s will be m e n tio n e d u n d e r t h e h e a di n g o f e a ch dr ug i n s p e ci a l th e r a pe u tics B y p hysi ologi ca l i n comp a ti bles w e m e an thos e drugs which n e utr a li z e th e e ffe cts o f e a ch oth e r i n t h e s y st e m such a ge n ts a r e also t e r m e d p hys iologi ca l a n ta gon is ts Fo r e x a m pl e t h e a ctio n o f str y chn i n e o n t h e m otor tr a cts o f t h e spi n al cord a n d of Cal a b a r b e an o n t h e s ame r e gio n is a n t a go n i s tic t h e f or m e r sti m ul a ti n g th e l att e r d e pr e ssi n g an d p ar al y z i n g th e s a m e r e gio n A d va n t a g e is t ak e n o f t h e k n owl e dg e o f t h e a ctio n s o f an t a go n i s tic dr u gs t o f or m r e li a bl e a n ti do tes i n c a s e s o f poi s o n i n g T h e r e ar e so m e dr ugs which altho u gh ph y siologic all y i n co m pa tibl e a s r e g a rds c e rt a i n a ctio n s a r e u s e f u l to co m bi n e in th e r a p e u tics T hu s m orp hi a a n d a trop i a a r e a n t ago n istic as r e g ards th e ir a ctio n on t h e pup il bu t ar e v e r y us e f ul i n co m bi n a tio n as s e d a tiv e s a n d an od yn e s W e a lso e m plo y so m e dr u gs which ar e a n t a go n istic t o a slight d e gr e e t o o ve r co m e c e rt ain u n pl e as an t e ffe ct s s u ch b e i n g t e r m e d cor

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r e sult o f t h e co n sid e r a tio n of th e pr e c e din g s e ctio n s t h e stud e n t will n o w be abl e to co m bi n e th e r e m e di e s which h e j udge s w ill b e of b en e fit to his p ati e n t th e writi n g o f which in a h a n d y a n d l e gi bl e f or m f o r t h e dis p e n s e r i s t e r m e d t h e pr e s cri p tio n P r e scri p tio n s s hould co n t a i n as f e w drugs a s possibl e a s it is an irr atio n a l proc e e di n g t o co m bi n e a n u m b e r o f th e s e age n ts without p a yi n g a tt e n tio n to th e sp e cific a ctio n o f e a ch T h e cl a ssic a l p r e scripti on is f or m e d o n c e rtain d e fi n it e li n e s as f oll ows As

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ON P RE S CRI B IN G 1

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th at is t h e s e l e ctio n an d f or m of pr e pa r a tio n o f th e drug which i t is i n te n de d to e m plo y Th e s e le c tio n o f th e drug is th e m ost i m port an t p art of th e pr e s c rip tio n as this is th e chi e f portio n of th e co m bin a tio n which is to produc e t h e sp e ci a l th e r ap e utic al eff e ct T his is th e a dditio n of so m e ag e n t 2 Th e A djuv an t which is i n t en d e d t o a ssis t a n d h a st e n t h e acti o n of t h e b a sis 3 Th e Corr e ctive which li m its or m o difi e s th e a ctio n o f t h e b a sis an d pr e v e n ts u n pl e a s an t e fi ec ts T h is is so me subst an c e 4 Th e Vehicl e or E x cip i e n t a dd e d s o as to h a ve t h e pr ep a r a tio n i n a c o n v e n i en t f or m for a d min istr a tion .

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t h is w h ic h is a f or m ul a f or a pu rg ati ve b all f or th e hors e th e alo e s is th e b a sis ; t h e b e ll a d onn a is th e a djuv a n t th e gi n g e r is th e a s it i n cr e a s e s t h e a ctio n o f t h e a lo e s c orr e cti ve a s it pr e ve n ts gripi n g ; an d t h e tr e acl e is t h e e x cipi e n t or v e hicl e in which t h e subst a n c e s ar e m i x e d so as to m ak e a bolus o f prope r co n sist en c y W e m a y r e mark ho w e ve r th a t th e r e are fe w p re s crip tio n s writt en a ccordi n g t o th e s e fi xe d rul e s as i n m an y i n st a n c e s th e b a sis an d th e ve hicl e or e xcipi en t are o n l y pr e scrib e d T h e subj e ct of pr e scriptio n writi n g will b e a g a i n r e f e rre d t o i n t h e a dd e n du m o n v e t e ri n a r y ph arm a c y In

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G E N E RA L T H E RA P E U T IC S

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ge n e r a l th e r ap e utics i n clud e s a con sid e r a tio n o f t h e e v id e n c e of th e u s e fu l n e ss of th e r a p e utic m e a s ur e s th e r a tio n al e o f th e ir o p e r a tio n an d t h e i n dic a tio n s for th e ir e m plo y m e n t W e sh a ll fi n d th a t it is i m possibl e to la y dow n strict rul e s fo r th e a ppl ic a tio n of th e r ap e utic a l m e a s u r e s ; all th a t c a n be do n e is to p r e s e n t a c a re f ul co n s id e r atio n o f ge n e r al p ri n cip l e s with t h e i mp ort an t poi n ts in th e ir An d to h av e this a pplic a tio n succ e s s f ul a pplic a tio n r e qu ire s sp e ci al k n owl e dge a n d so u n d j u dgm e n t a n d r e a so n i n g We m ay i n qu ir e a s to h o w th e f a cts an d pri n cipl e s o f g e n e r al th e r ap e u tic s ar e obt a i n e d W e m ay a n s we r this b y st ati n g th at th e s e pri n cipl e s ar e t h e r e s ult o f e x p e ri m e n t a n d o f e x p e ri e n c e an d a k n owl e dge of t h e ph y siologic a l a ctio n o f drugs E xp e ri e n c e altho u gh v a l ua bl e as r e g a rds th e utilit y of a p a rtic u l a r m e thod o f tr e a t m e n t is Op e n to oh je c ti on I t is fo u n d e d o n c e rt ai n e xp e ri m e n t a l e v id e n c e e ith e r o f t h e b e n e fici a l e ffe cts o f a c e rt ai n m e thod o f tr e a t m e n t in t h e cours e a n d t e r m i n a tio n of a s e rie s of ca s e s o f t h e s a m e dis e a s e o r to t h e i m m e di a t e e ffe cts of TH

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d e gr e e s or gra d atio n s of h e alth t o which w e c an n ot a pp l y t he t e r m s di s ord e r or dis e a s e Th e p h y siologic a l st a t e o f t h e bod y is n ot a co n st an t o n e ; it is c a p a bl e o f b e i n g a ct e d o n b y v a rio u s surrou n d i n g i n flu e n c e s which i n flu en c e s ar e th e m s e l ve s c o p s t an tly ch a n gi n g such as t e m p e r a tur e a ir f ood e tc T hu s co u n tr y hors e s c an thri ve on a di ffe r e n t qu alit y of f ood a n d i n di ffe r e n t surro u n di n g s to wh a t thos e i n w e ll k e pt bu t it i s possi bl e to s t a bl e s i n tow n a r e a ccusto m e d to ge t a n i m a l s a ccu s to m e d to th e s e di ffe r e n t i n flu e n c e s We h av e a lso to co n sid e r th a t it is possibl e to h ave c e rt a i n ch an ge s i n org an s which ar e n o t v it a l witho u t a n y a pp r e ci abl e alt e r a tio n i n wh a t w e t e r m t h e h e a lth o f t h e a n i m al In ve t e ri n a r y pr a ctic e it is i m p ossibl e to de t e r m i n e d e fi n it e l y i n m a n y i n s t an c e s t h e e x a ct pe riod a t which th e r e i s a d e p a rt u r e f ro m th e n or m a l st a t e a n d t h e co m m e n c e m e n t o f disord e r or dise a s e as ou r p ati e n ts a r e i n c a abl e o f t h e pow e rs o f sp e e ch a n d t h e fir s t s m p y p to m s h a ve t o b e n otic e d b y t h e a tt e n d an t s w h o ar e n o t alw ay s gi f t e d with k e e n powe rs of ob s e r va tio n E x c e p t i n c a s e s which ar e ch a r a ct e ri z e d by t h e a pp e a r a n c e o f p ai n t h e usu a l s y m to m s fir s t n otic e d b y t h e p a tt e n d an ts a re d u l n e ss a n d loss o f a p e tit e e t c an d it p is q u it e cl e a r th a t m an y a ffe ctio n s will be i n a d e fi n it e st ag e o f d e v e lo p m e n t b e for e such c a s e s a r e bro u ght u n d e r t h e n otic e o f t h e p ra cti tio n e r — 2 Ph a m a D n m i r co a cs P hy siologi c a l A ct i on We y ( ) poss e ss a c e rt ai n pow e r o f i n t e r fe r e n c e ov e r t h e p h ysio lo We ca n a lt e r t h e ch a r a c te r o f gi c al st at e o f an a n i m al t h e f ood a n d t h e s y st e m o f f e e di n g w e a r e a bl e to m odif y his surro u n di n gs i n th e w a y o f v e n til a tio n e tc ; w e ca n ord e r e x e rcise or k e e p him at r e st w e c a n a ppl y clothi n g to t h e b od y ; an d l a stl y w e c an i n trod u c e i n to his s y st e m c e r ta i n m e dici n al a ge n ts to m odi fy o r i ncr ea s e T he re

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ctio n thus e x e rt e d w e t e r m a p hysi ologi ca l a c ti on Th e sci e n c e which r e l a t e s t o th e pow e r o f m odif y i n g ph y siologic a l a cti v it y w e t e r m p harm a co dyn am i cs — I t is di ffi c u lt to dr a w a li n e b e tw e e n 3 P a tholo gy ( ) h e alth a n d dis e a s e a s w e c an n ot r e cogn is e a d e fi n it e st a t e f o r t h e f or m e r t e r m I t is also di i c ult t o s e p ar a t e ih u e n c e s i n to ph y siologic a l or i n to m or b id o r p a thologic a l Th e ch an g e f ro m wh a t w e a r e a c cu sto m e d to r e cog n is e as h e alth wh e n su i c i en t l y d e fi n it e w e t e r m disorder or wh e n m or e m ark e d an d a tt e n d e d with d e cid e d s uffe ri n g a

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VE T E R IN A R Y T H E R A P E U T I CS

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c as e s of f r actur e s e x c e pt i n an i m a ls such a s brood m ar e s or m a r e s which ca n be s o utili z e d I n hor s e s i n co n s e qu e n c e o f t h e difficult y e xp e rie n c e d i n k e e pi n g t h e f r a ct u r e d li m b i n a st at e o f r e pos e co m plic a tio ns ar e ap t to e n s u e an d s u ch a co n ditio n o f t h e li m b m ay b e bro u ght a bo u t th a t th e an i m a l w ill b e n u fi tt e d f or a n y work a n d t h e m ost hum an e proc e e di n g wi ll b e to h ave h i m d e s tro ye d at t h e co m m e n c e me n t In c a ttl e i f th e r e i s n o r e a so n abl e ch a n c e o f t h e a n im a l s r e co ve ri n g or o f the ir be i n g f att e n e d f or t h e b u tch e r i mm e di a t e d e str u ctio n m ust b e r e s ort e d to a s n o t o n l y is th e r e t he e xp e n s e o f tre a t m e n t to n o purpo s e bu t al s o th e risk o f t h e m e dici n a l a ge n t s i n j uri n g t h e q u a lit y o f t h e m e a t b e sid e s t h e loss o f co n ditio n which soo n l e av e s t h e c a rc a s e of n o v al u e W e m a y a l s o r e fe r to dis e a s e s n o t o nl y i n cur abl e b ut a lso d a n ge ro u s to oth e r an i m als an d to m a n ki n d by r e aso n of th e ir co n t agio u s n a tur e such as gl an d e rs r abi e s H e re tr e a t m e n t is ou t o f t h e q u e stio n a n d co m e tc p u lsor y sl a u ght e r b e co m e s t h e m ost b e n e fici al m e a su r e I n c a n i n e p r a ctic e how e v e r with t h e e x c e ptio n o f r a bi e s t h e m a j orit y o f di s e a s e s a m o n g f av o u rit e a n im a ls r e q u ir e t h e skill o f t h e pr a ctitio n e r without t h e s am e co n sid e r atio n o f pra c tic a l utilit y i n t h e e v e n t of r e co v e r y T h e r e ar e si x m e a n s which t h e bod y p oss e s s e s b y which v a ri a tio n o f f u n ctio n al a cti vi ty c an b e s e cur e d a n d m orbid i n fl ue n c e s c an be m e t a n d o ve rco m e T h e s e n a t ur al m ea n s o f r e co ve r y ar e o f t h e gr e a t e s t i m port a n c e to t h e th e r ap e u tist a s by a co n s id e r a tio n o f th e m h e is e n abl e d to pre s cri be a li n e o f tr e a t m e n t b e st suit e d to t h e i n dic a tio n s o f a c a s e 1 Re s e r v e Forc e — T h e bod y poss e ss e s a c e rt ain a m oun t o f l a t e n t f orc e which i s c a ll e d i n to a ctio n wh e n it is r e quir e d this is t e rm e d reser ve f orce a n d w e h av e e x am pl e s

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N A T URA L ME A N S OF R E CO VE RY

53

i n the

i n cr e as e of si ze o f m uscl e s wh e n t h e y are con s ta ntly c all e d i n to a ctio n an d a l s o i n t he h e a rt w h ich p o ss e ss e s r e s e r v e f orc e wh e n r e quir e d for gr eat e xe rtio n 2 There is a P ow er o f ov er co mi n g t h e Ca us e of Disor der —Th us if th e r e s e r ve f orc e is b e i n g co n st an tly c a lle d i n t o a ctio n t h e r e sult will b e e n l a rg e m e n t or h y p e rtroph y o f tissu e s or org a n s W e h a ve e x a m ple s of this in h y per t r oph y oi th e l e f t v e n tricl e wh e n it h as e xtr a work to p e r for m i n c a s e s o f so m e v a l v ul a r l e sio n s T his is t e r me d com ensa tio n Also i n e n l a rg e m e n t o f o n e kid n e y w h en p th e oth e r is dis e a s e d 3 Th e Ca us e of t h e Di s or d e r m ay be exp e ll e d by Regu l at ing Mech an i s ms E xe mp la — Th e occurr e n c e o f v o m itio n i n th e dog wh e n th e sto m a ch is o ve rgorg e d with f ood or o f purg a tio n w h e n th e pr e s e n c e of irrit a ti n g i n ge s ta irrit at e s th e i n t e s ti n e s 4 Vi c ar ious Comp en s at ion — T hi s occurs w h e r e in c e rt a i n affe ctio n s o n e org a n e n d e av ours to p e rf or m th e wo r k of an oth e r ; fo r e x am pl e i n c a s e s wh e r e t h e f un c tio ns of th e kid ne y s ar e s u s p e n d e d t h e ure a a ccu m ul a t e s i n th e blood an d is e x cr e t e d b y t h e ski n an d i nt e sti n e s T h is m ay b e t a k e n as a n e ff ort to r e m o ve th e e ffe cts of a disord e r 5 N at ure h as a p ow e r of ins ur i ng r e st e g t h e loss o f a pp e tit e s ee n aft e r a c a s e o f e n gorge m e n t of t h e sto m a ch w hich gi ve s th a t org a n a n e c e ss a r y r e st 6 By R e p a ir — W h e n a n a tom ic a l ch an g e s h ave c c curr e d as th e r e sult o f dis e a s e w e fi n d th a t n ature pos s e ss e s th e p o w e r of r e p air to a c e rt a i n e x t e n t b y m e an s of an i n c re a s e o f n utriti ve a ctiv it y T h e r e a re f our f oun d a tion s o f R a tion al Therap e utics whic h will n ow e n g ag e ou r a tt e n tio n a n d are of gr e at i mport an ce ,

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VE TE RI N A R Y TH E RA P E UT I CS

54

organs o f the bo dy act i n obedience to surround ing natural forces 2 We have a certain power of controlling o r m o dif y ing these natural forces 3 We regard disorder o r disease as the result o f so m e disturbing influence acting on glands tissues or organs the pheno m ena produced are what we would expect in those affections of which we have a tolerabl y accurate kno w ledge of their patholog y 4 T h e functi ons of organs and even the anato m ical state if the disease is not too far advanced wi ll return t o the nor m al if the influences beco m e norm al T hese are all ver y i m portant considerations to the thera p eutist as the y indicate to hi m that he m ust take ad vantage of these nu m erous natural f orces in his treat m ent and endeavour to pro m ote a r eturn to the nor m al state b y acti n g i n accordance with these forces as m uch as possible or when necessar y b y neutralizing or coun t e ract in g the effects b y the e m plo y m ent of other f orces 1

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Diff erent K i n d s

of

Treat me n t

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We will now consider the various kinds of tr eat m ent in a general m anner 1 P r eventive T reat ment — H ygiene is th e science and art o f preserving health and as will readil y be seen it is founded o n an accurate knowledge of ph y siolog y P rop h yla xi s recognises the causes of disease at work and avoids o r counteracts them b y ever y possible m eans I n f ection m a y be guarded against by avoiding all sources of it ; by the s y stem o f preve n tive inno culation o r b y the ad m i ni stration o f certain drugs which h ave the e ffect o f renderi ng the s yste m c apab l e of resisting the action of the m orbid i nfluence ; for exa m ple the adm i n i s .

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D I F FE R E N T K IND S

t r a t i on

te m per

of

so dii

h yp os ulp hi s

in

OF

T RE

A TME N T

as a preventive

55 of

dis

th e dog 2 Imm e di ate T r eat m ent — T his includes the Re mo v a l of t h e Cause attention to dietetics and the use of m edicinal agents Fo r e x a m ple i n cases o f indigestion due to engorge m ent o f the sto m ach we re m ove the i ndigestible f ood fro m the sto m ach b y the ad m inistrat i on of a n e m etic i n the dog and a purgative in the horse ; we destro y and re m ove parasites in the intestinal canal b y m eans of ver m icides and ver m i f uges ’ i T h s i s n ature s third m ethod of recover y 3 S y mp to mat i c or P a ll i at iv e T reat ment — T his is ’ nature s f ourth m ethod of recover y If we are unable to re m ove the m orbi d cause at work i n the s y ste m we T his m ust neutrali z e o r correct its e ffects i n the bod y is of course not so des i rable a m ethod as that j ust m entioned as we are now treating the effects instead of re m oving the cause We se l ect such re m edies as act i n an O ppos i te direction to th e e ffects o f the m orbid cause 4 E x p ect ant T reat ment — In thi s f or m we treat the s y m pto m s presented to u s bef ore the disease is full y developed and before it is possible t o for m a n accurate diagnosis 5 R at i ona l a n d E mp i ri ca l T reat ment — R a ti on a l Tr ea t m en t is that w hich is f ounded o n che m ical p h y siological and pa thological knowledge a n d o n a consideration of the po w ers possessed b y nature which w e have described E mp ir i ca l tre a tm en t is founded on the results o f ex w s ; but we m ust an d is not guided b y an y la r ie n c e e p re m e m b er as previousl y stated t h at m an y o f our m o st valuable re m edies were prescribed in this m anner i n f or m er ti m es an d their value ascertained by the statistics of recoveries .

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56

TE RINA R Y TH E E /1 P E UTI CS

ph y siological and pathological knowl edge ad van c e d and also the subj ect o f p har m aco d y na m ics beca m e better understood a large num ber of such re m edies were entit l ed to be placed under the heading of r a ti ona l treat m ent and the tendenc y o f the present da y is t o m ake e m piricis m give wa y t o rationa l is m an d thus render therapeutics a per fect science As well expressed b y the indications for th e future of rational B ouchard therapeutics will be real i zed w hen ph y siological thera p e u ti c s i s controlled b y stat i stical I n the ne xt series o f chapters w e will consider the ge n e r al therapeutics o f t h e d i ff erent vital s y ste m s of the bod y an d for con venience of description and as e xplain i n g the rationale of treat m ent each s y ste m will be noticed un der five sections as f ollows : 1 A brie f de scr ip tion of the p h y siolo gical re lat i ons of the s y ste m i n the horse cow and dog 2 T h e ph armaco dyna mi cs of the s y ste m and also the use of n on m edicinal m easures when required 3 T h e p at h o l ogi ca l re lati ons of the s y ste m— disorders a n d deran ge m ents being selected rather than actual di s ease of the parts so as to ill ustrate the actions and uses o f re m edies 4 N atural r ecovery— notice being also taken o f the li m its of treat m ent 5 Rati ona l therap eut i cs — which will be founded on the f our preceding sections As

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58

TE RINA R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

sub m axillar y gland i s supplied b y the chorda t ym pani which sup p lies dilator fibres to the vessels a n d secretor y fibres to t h e glan d cells I t is also suppli ed b y a branch o f the s y m pathetic which gives constrictor fibres to the w alls of the arter y suppl y ing the part Th e nerve suppl y of th e parotid consists of the glosso phar yn geal and the s ym p atheti c 3 T h e sensory nerv es of t h e mouth receive an d trans m it to the cerebru m and m edu l la the i m pressions of taste whether bitter o r sweet ; these i m pressions are trans m i tte d to a special centre in the m edulla fro m which the y are reflected to the sto m ach m odifying its functions and to the salivar y gl ands of the m outh which the y i n u e n ce through the chorda t ym pan i Th e

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P h ar maco -dy nami cs

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Fo od — We

can alter the quantit y and qualit y of the food and the form o f the f ood ; thus we can order th e oats to be crushed o r the ha y to be chopped as we m ay s ee desirable for di fferent cases 2 We ca n influence the sensor y apparatus of the m outh b y th e ad m inistration o f aro m atic bitters b y the m e m bers of t he spirituous group and b y acids Aro m atic bitters increase the re l i sh for food b y s ti m u lating the secretion o f the digestive fluids in the m outh and also in the sto m ach as w i l l presentl y be described T hese increase the rel i sh f o r f ood a n d provide for the digestion of the sam e b y an increase o f th e digestive fluids o f the m outh and stom ach E xamp les — Aro m atic oi l s gentian quassia etc T hese i n S ia l ago gues increase the secreti on o f saliva clude the greater nu m ber o f sti m ulants o f the sensor y apparatus diluted m ineral acids and vegetable acids 1

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D I S ORD E RS O F T H E

M O UTH

59

We divi de si a lagogues into those which act locall y b y b eing ab sorbed a n d acting o n the gland stru cture directl y and sp ecific si a la gogues which act on the ter m inations of th e nerves i n th e salivar y gland s or on the cel l s the m selves b y wh atever channel the y enter the s y ste m As e x a m ples o f o r di nar y si a lagogues we h ave dilute m ineral acids vegetable acids an d their salts etc w hich h ave the e ffect o f re m oving thirst As e x a m ples o f sp ecific si a lagogu es we h ave j aborandi and its active principle pilocarpine m ercur y iodine an d ph y sostigm a Indi rect e m etics such as anti m o n y a n d ipecacuanha also act as sia l agogues A nt i si a l ag og ues a re those dru gs which di m inish the secretio n o f saliva such as dilute solutions o f alkalies as potash an d sod a S p eci fi c an t i si a l a go gu es act u p on the secretor y ne r ves such as bellado nn a and its active principle atropine als o opiu m i n e x cess De mul cent s are substances which a ff ord a n artificial covering to the m outh tongue and fauces whe n the n atural secret i o n fails Mucilaginous preparations linseed tea E xamp les gu m s hone y s y rups etc ,

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III

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P at h ol ogi cal Rela tions

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we fi n d the chief cause o f digestive disorders If m astication is not properl y perf or m ed from various causes i t follows that the food in herb ivora will n o t b e i n a fit state for digestion i n the sto m ach 2 Loss o f T a s t e — T his occurs in fever a n d catarrhal aff ections a n d is often associ ated w i th loss o f the sense of s m ell a m atter o f great im po r tance in o ur patients 1

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VE

60

TE R INA R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

depend so m uch on the s m ell of food the result being interf erence with appetite 3 Di sor ders of t h e S ecret i on s of the M out h — In acute febrile d i seases w e have deficienc y o f saliva and dryness of the m outh and fauces also i n long standing cases o f i ndigestion T his condi t ion also occurs when large doses o f such drugs as opiu m a n d belladonna have been ad m in w hich

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is te re d

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consists in an excessive secretion o f saliva I t depen d s o n m an y causes and is also ter m ed p tya li sm I t ar i ses f ro m irregulari ties or d i seases o f the tee t h the action o f i rritating food on the m outh and tongue and also fro m disease o f the ner vou s centres and in aff ect ions of the phar ynx also fro m the presence o f a f oreign bod y in the oeso p hagus and occurs as the result o f the a dm in i s trat io n o f certain drugs such a s m ercur y to the e ffects of wh i ch the co w and dog are particularl y suscept ible If given in too large doses iodine has a si m ilar e ffect 4 Deran ge ments of t h e E x cret i ons of t h e Mout h — Ih the dog w e find an o ffensive s m e l l fro m the m out h i n cases of d igestive derange m ents also fro m accu m ulations of tartar round the b ase o f the teeth fr om di s eased tee th a n d i n some r esp i ra tory a ec ti on s fi Gl oss i t i s or infla mm ation of the tongue arises f ro m inj uries and f ro m che m ical irritants or the ad min i strat i on of m e dical agents not su fficie n tl y diluted such as s p t s am m on aro m at ol tereb potash and soda S a i v at i on

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Reco v ery

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Th e

fl .

sense o f taste returns when the febrile a e ctio n subsides S a l i vat i on ceases after the re m oval of the cause and t h e o ffensive odour fro m the breath also disappears i f the cause is re moved .

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S I A L A G O G UE S A N D

A R OMA T I C

'

V Th erap eut i cs .

B I T T E RS

61

.

We will now consider the rational treat m ent of diseases originating in the m outh 1 A t t ent i on to t h e Foo d — Th e precaution o f avoiding food o f an irritating nature the m ode of ensuri n g proper m as tication of the f ood and the preparation o f the f ood according to the require m e nts o f the case 2 Di sor de rs of t h e S ensory A pp aratus of t h e M out h Th e d eficienc y o f sal i va i n f evers etc m ust be treated b y dilute m ineral acids a n d the acid tartrate of potash which have the e ffect o f re m oving thirst In chronic in digestion with dr y ness of the m outh we prescribe aro m atic bitters and i n loss of appetite we rouse the nerves of taste b y aro m atic bitters with alcohol 3 U n p leasan t E x cret i ons f r o m t h e M o ut h will be treated b y ascertaining the cause and acti n g on it Gl oss i t i s will be treated b y the u s e o f astringent gargles such a s borax an d water and solutions of potass chlor with hone y etc and de m ulcents I n cases where it results f ro m the action of irritating m edicinal agents not suff ic i entl y diluted such as preparations o f a m m onia it will be f oun d that w eak solutio n s of vinegar with hone y will have a benefic i al effect 4 De f ects of t h e M ech ani ca l A p p ar atus of t h e T ee t h will require special attention an d surg i cal interference 5 S a l i v at i on m ust be treated according to the c ause I f due to the action o f drugs their e m plo y m ent m us t be cease d an d b elladonna ad m inistere d I n concluding o ur consideration o f the m o uth and contiguous parts we have to draw attention to an i m aginar y disease of the palatin e b ars of the m outh term ed lamp a s T his i n realit y is due to a tem porar y congestion o f the parts i n y ou n g horses during the process .

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VE TE R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

dentition ; and in adult horses the parts are swollen i n cases of ind i gestion O bviousl y the rat i onal treat m ent w i l l depend on acting on the cause but the m ost abo m inab l e cruel ti es are o f t en perp etrate d i n such cases by f arriers w h o with a red hot iron endeavour to burn away the swo l len m e m brane I t hardl y see m s credib l e that an y o w ners o f horses wi l l per mi t such barbarit y in the prese n t en l ightened age but we have to con fess fro m ex p erience that so m e persons other w ise inte lli gent believe th e ignorant ideas of groo m s and f arriers on thi s subj ect of

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CH AP TE R I I I

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DIGE S TION — T H E S TOMA CH

I

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P h y si o

l ogica l Re l at ions

.

.

co m m encing this brief descr ip t i on we m ust draw attenti on to th e f act that substances which sti m ulate the nerves o f taste produce in a reflex m anner act ivit y o f the gastri c f unc tions and that proper insalivation wi th the al k al i ne secretion o f the m outh renders the f ood in a proper state fo r gastric digestion b y increasing the o w o f the gastr i c j uice An i m p ortant la w m ust be noticed vi z that a ci d su b s ta n ces s ti mu la te a lka li n e s ecr e ti on s and a lka li e s s t imu la te IN

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a ci d s ecre ti on s

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In

the di fferent s p ecies o f patients w e find that the sto m ach varies i n arrangem ent and that this variation has a ver y i m portant beari ng i n phar m acology and therapeutics ,

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D I GE S TI ON

S T O MA CH

TH E

63

In

the horse the s to m ach is s m all in co mp arison to the si z e o f the ani m al and to the volu m e o f the intestines For various reasons the occurrence o f vo m ition except under certain grave condition s o f disease is i m p ossib l e T his organ is rarel y e m pt y although it has been proved that shortl y after food enters it co m m ences to pass on to the intestine Th e food entering the e m pt y sto m ach passes o n t o the p y lorus As m ore food is taken the sa m e process goes on but the am ount passing o ut does not equal that co m ing in When the feed is fin ish ed t h is passage o f ingesta into the duodenu m ceases or on l y s m all quantities will pass o ut a n d a long ti m e elapses before the sto m ach i s reall y e m pt y T h e best condition of the organ for th e f unction of d i gestion is when it is t w o thirds full O ther i m portant points in connection with the sto m ach o f the horse are that onl y a portion of the m ucous m e m bra n e is capabl e of secreting a digestive fluid viz the Villo us por tion Also the cardiac and p y loric orifices are situated close together an d the cardiac orifice i s contracted except when foo d is entering Th e di fference in appearance between the cuticular and Villous m ucous m e m brane an d the situation o f the organ which rests o n the colon and is not in contact with the ab do m inal wal l s are other p o i nts w orth y of note In rumi nants the sto m ach is divided into f our c o m p ar tm e n t s o f which the first t h ree m a y be considered as dilatations o f the oesophagus I t is onl y i n the f ourth division that true gastric change s occur T h e sto m ach o f the pig is a t ype bet w een the car n i vo r o u s and r u m i n a n t fla ll portions of i t do not possess

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64

’

TE R INA R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

the sam e powers of digestion T here are tw o acids for m e d in gastric digestion in the pig ; for the first hour and afterwards or t wo o f di gestion the acid i s lactic h y drochloric acid Th e sto m ach of this ani m al e m ptie s itself ver y slowl y when no f resh f ood is given Th e sto m ach of the do g is large and coated through out with a m ucous m e m brane secreting gastric j uice We m ay stud y the f unctions o f the sto m ach fro m three standpoints .

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2

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Th e

secretion o f gastric j uice Th e m ove m ents i n the organ f or the m i xing of foods and their passage o n to the intestines Absorption .

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3

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The

gastric j uice is a n acid secretion which is derived fro m the gastric glands T h e acidit y of this secretion in the horse h as been proved to be due to the presence of lactic acid w hile in other ani m als the acid believed to be present is h y drochloric Th e digestive fer m ent is ter m ed p ep sin which has the power of con verting proteids i nto peptones T h e gastric j u i ce i s st i m ulate d to flow b y the following agencies : (a ) the m echanical presence of food ; ( I?) b y the products of di gest i on ; (c) b y i mpressions o n the nervous centres such as tastes etc ( d) b y the presence o f the saliva and a n y dilute alk a l i ne fluids at the m ouths of the gastric tubul es 2 As digestion p roceeds the gastric vessels dilate there is m ovem ent of the m uscles of the gastric walls co m plex changes occur in the f ood an d what we term the ch y m e is form ed 3 As the result o f digestive changes we find that in the stom ach about 40 to 5 0 per cent of the carbo h y drates oi the f ood have been converted into s ugar and 1

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66

TE RI NA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

as sti m ulation of the pneu m ogastrics has no effect o n the o m asu m w hi le it p roduces contraction of the other three divisions

m a in de r ,

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We m a y n o w inqu i re as to the power we have of acting ph ysiologi ca l l y o n the sto m ach With regard to horses and ru m inants we m ust adm it that fro m p h y siological pecu l iar i ti es our power o f i nter f erence is f ar less than i n the case o f dogs so that i n our consideration o f the fo ll owing p oints w e sh a ll have to dra w attent i on t o an y i m p ortant d i fferences w hich m ay ex i st i n th i s respect 1 Foo d — We have great p o w ers o f control over the quant it y and qual i t y o f the f ood o f ani m als We can order spec i al di et fo r certain cases a n d p ay attention to the peri ods o f f eed i ng We can regu l ate the supp l y of w ater and m ake sure that it is a ll owed at a p roper ti m e as regards the t im e of f eedi ng W e ca n use m easures to ensure the proper m astication and insalivation of the f ood 2 Th e P o w er of Interf erence w i t h t h e Gastri c Jui ce (a) A lka li n e s tom a chi cs increase the flow of the gastric j u i ce T he y consist of dilute alkaline solutions such as s o d ii b i carb etc ad m inistered b e fore f eedi n g Th e i ncrease o f the sa l ivar y flow will also increase the a m ount of gastric juice secreted If the constituents o f the ( b) D i ges tive A dju v an ts gastric j uice are deficient we m ay ad m inister di l ute h ydrochloric ac i d or peps in o r both co m bined either along w ith the f ood or i m m ediatel y a f ter f eeding 3 T h e P ower ov er t h e N er v es of t h e S tomach — (a ) S ti nni la n ts to the N er ve s of the S toma ch — T hese increase the sensibi l it y o f the nerves and cause increase o f not onl y .

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S T OM A CH I C'S

67

the local but also the general circulation the y increase the ac tivit y of the glands dilate the vessels and produce a feeling of hunger T hese include aro m atic bitters such as gentian si m ple bitters such as calu m b a and S pirituous preparations of the sa m e ( b) Ga s tr i c seda tives reduce the sensibilit y of the gastric nerve s ; sensa t ion an d the reflection of i m pressions is le ssene d T hese include O piu m and belladonna bis m uth and dilute h y droc y anic aci d T here are certain drugs also acting as gastric sedatives which h ave the power of arres ting d i sorder of the m ucous m e m brane such as creasote creolin and carbolic acid T h ese are ter m ed ga s tr i c di si nfe c ta n ts (c) We can act on the gastric nerve s re e xly b y appli cations to the e p igastriu m such as forn e n tation s poultices counter irritants 4 Th e P o w e r ov er t h e Gastri c Ci rcu l ation— (a ) S tima lan ts of the G a s tr ic Ci r cu la ti on — T hose agents which are sti m ulants to the nerves dilate the vessels and increase the blood suppl y such as aro m a tics bitters and alcohol etc ( b) G a s tr i c as tri nge n ts render the local gastric circula tio n less active T he y are indirectl y gastric sedatives E xa mp les —D ilute acids op i u m sa l ts o f zinc lead tannic acid a n d substances contain i ng it 5 T h e P ower over t h e M ove ments of t h e S tomach — U nder this head we G a as tri c or S tom a c hi c T on i cs ( ) h ave such agents as d i lute h y drochloric acid and dilute nitric and nitroh y drochloric acid T hese b y increasing the acidit y o f the ch y m e increase the m ove ments of the sto m ach We h ave also to include sp ecifi c n ervo mas ca lar s timu lan ts such a s n u x vo m i ca and its active prin ,

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68

T E R INA R Y TH E R A P E UTI CS

stry chnine T hese have a spec i al action in i m part ing tone to the wa ll s o f the sto m ach and increasi n g its m ove m ents ( b) S u bs ta n ces w hi c h di m i ni s h the Ilf o vcm en ts 0f the S toma ch — T hese inc l ude gastri c sedat i v es such as op i u m and di l ute h ydroc yan i c ac i d ; also alkal i es given af ter m ea l s w hich reduce the ac id i ty o f the contents 6 Th e P ow er of I nter f erence w i th t h e Contents of t h e S t om ach — (a ) An ta ci ds — T hese are subs tances wh i ch neutral ize the contents o f the sto m ach such as al k alies T hese have the e ffect of ( b) Ga s tr ic D isinfec ta n ts correct ing the process o f deco m p osition i n the contents o f the sto m ach and preventing the f or m at i on o f gas a n d i nc l ude carbol i c ac i d cr e asote creol i n aro m atic oils etc (0 ) W e m a y also note the use o f a n tido tes in cases of po i son i ng as co m i n g u nder this he a d 7 Car m i nat i v e s —T hese are substances w hich sti m ulate the gastri c nerves increase the gastric c i rculation exc i te the m uscular contractions , a n d probabl y re l ax the card i ac or ifice o f the sto m ach i n dogs T he y possess m ore than a l oca l effect as p revi ous l y re m arked ; general st i m ula tion a l so occurs ; thus the y are o n e f or m o f diffusible sti m u l ants E x a mp le s — Aro m at i c and p ungent o i ls alcohol ether etc III P at h o l ogica l R e l at i ons T h e ch i e f cause o f d i sorders o f the sto m ach i n all an im als m ay be attr i buted to errors o f f e e d i ng I n the horse the sto m ach i s b y no m eans so subj ect to d i sease as i n rum inants and dogs because i n this ani m al the intest ines have t h e m ost i m portant part o f digestion to perf or m consequentl y w e fi n d that the latter organ s are m ore l i able to be affected b y disease c iple ,

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D YS P E P S I A

69

The

reverse hold s good in ru minants As w e have alread y m entio n ed the l arge a n d co mp l icated sto m ach per for m s the m aj or part of digestion hence it is m ore prone t o d i sorders w hile the i ntestines are rarel y aff ected I n co m par i son I n the dog altho u gh deran ge m ents of the sto m ach are frequent st ill i n consequence o f the read y po w er o f vo m ition possess e d b y this an i m al m an y serious affections are avoided I n the horse a ffection s o f the sto m ach are ver y serious ; t h us i n engorge m e n t as e m etics have no effect in this ani m al and as f o od i m proper l y p re p ared is retained by th e action o f the p yloric structures ver y f atal ter m ina tions are apt to ensue espec i al l y so w hen w e cons id er the s m a l l size o f the organ in co m pari son with the bulk o f food usuall y ta k en Dy sp ep si a o r dera n ge m ent o f t he gastric digestion is i n r um inants and dogs a n affect i on of ver y co m m on occurrence We have also to consider that although in horses the e ffects o f this disorder m ay not be attributed d irectl y to th e sto m ach still it has an i m portant bearing on ih t e s ti n al affections in an indirect m anner b y reason o f th e ali m entar y m atter l eav ing th e sto m ach bef ore the meces sar y cha n ges h ave been produced i n it s o as to fit it f or i ntesti n al d i gestion T here are m an y w a ys i n w h i ch dera n ge m ent o f gastric digestion m ay b e brought about and fo r a l l practical purposes we m a y briefl y re fer to the follo w i n g cond i tions as tho se m ost co m m o n l y m e t w ith i n a ll ani m als n gorge m ent o f the cute indigestion with e A a ( ) sto m ach n gorge m ent — chro n ic i h ndigestio n without e b I ( ) digest i on — acute and chronic G astriti s c ( ) .

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70

TE RINA R Y TH E RA P E UTI GS

all these diff erent conditions we can assign m an y causes but to the foo d m ust be attributed first place i n causation esp eciall y as regard s the conditions (a ) a n d T hus in the horse indigestion with engorge m ent is generall y due to ingestion o f f ood too abundant in quantit y and quickl y swallowed without proper m astication and insalivat io n T he ac tion of cooked foods m ust be par ticularl y noticed T hese w hen given i n large qua n titi e s and especiall y when the h orse is h u n gr y and f at igued are not properl y m asticated and acte d o n b y the sa l iva the resul t being that the y are rapid l y sw all owed an d bei n g u nfi t te d to be acted on b y the sto m ach are retain e d i n it causing distension of the walls o f this organ the for m ation of gases paral y s i s of the wal l s an d m ay even ter mi nate in rupture o f the latter S uch f oods have the character o f bulk and indigesti bi li ty and l i abilit y to undergo f er m entation in the sto m ach although t h e v m ay n ot of n ecessit y be i n nutri t i ous In cattle we have the conditio n s of distension of the rum en with solid m atters ter m ed p len a lvi a and also distension of that organ w i th gases derived fro m fer m entati on o f the food ter m ed hoven th e latter generall y due to the ingestion o f fresh green food when the ani m al i s n o t accusto m ed to such and t h e form er depending on the introduction o f solid m atters in such a m ount as to para l y ze th e organ b y over distension such as grain f ood cha ff potatoes etc In the dog engorge m en t o f the sto m ach i s generall y relieved b y sp ontaneous vo m ition or b y the ani m al naturall y eating a certain grass of an e m etic nature ; consequent l y we see those conditions noted under headings (b) and (c) oftener th an actual As regards condit i ons other than the e ngorge m ent 1

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CA US E S O F GA S T R I C D I S O RD E RS "

quantit y an d qualit y o f the food as causes digestion we m ay note the following

of

71

gastric i h

,

2

I r r egu la r i ti es

.

the tee th

w i th

gas tri c ju i ce i n r e la ti on to the a mou n t the ood ta ken ; a lso dimi n u ti on of t he as tr i c s ecr e ti o n g ter ca ses of sever e i lln es s

f

f

f

a

con di ti on s conn ec ted

o

.

f

di s ea sed

.

3 D efi ci en cy

o

and

.

4

D efi ci en cy

.

f

o

t he

a ci d

f

o

ferm en t

di ges ti o n ,

of

or

the p ep s i n

.

5

D i s or der

.

f

o

the m u scu la r

fu n c ti on s of

the

s toma ch

.

case w e m ay h ave f eebleness of the m ove m ents fro m w hich cause the contents are not exposed in a proper m anner to the gastric secretion ; there is also feebleness o f the expulsive e fforts and the ch y m e is k ept t o o long i n the sto m ach d i gestion b eing thus retarde d We m a y have i n another case excess o f the peristaltic m ove m ents w hich h as the e ffect o f causi n g the f ood to enter the duode n u m be fore gastric digestion i s co m A s i m i l ar e ffect w i ll occur if water be given to p le t e d horses i m m e di atel y a fter f eedi ng the f ood be i ng washed o u t o f the sto m ach and causing i ntestina l dera n ge m ent 6 I n y oun g ani m als we find ind i gest i on occurr i n g fro m re m oval fro m the da m at too earl y an age and a l lo w ing the y oun g an im al to suck l e at irregular intervals such as w hen the d am is working daily I n such i n stances di arrhoea is usual l y the chie f s y m pto m present 7 T h e occurrence o f excessive acid i t y ter m ed p yr osi s m ani fested by the ani m al having a tendenc y to lick wa l ls e at cla y etc In

o ne

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Ar i si n g fro m

n er vous or i gin

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T hese

are due to i m pressions originating in the intes tine s liver kidne y s etc 9 O rganic diseases o f the s to m ach 1 0 T h e actions of certain drugs such as opiu m ,

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VE

72

TE R INA R Y TH E RA PE UTI CS

arsenic digitalis etc ad m inistered for m edicinal pur poses If fro m an y o f the causes enu m erated gastric digestion be not properl y perform ed— in the case of a heav y f eed the constituents are onl y partiall y acted ou— acid de com posit ion ensues with the f or m ation of organic acids and we have instead of norm al ch y me a fer m enting m ass resulting in e x cessive for m at i on of gas T h e h eart and neighbouring organs beco m e i m peded i n the i r action the nerves vessels and glands o f the sto m ach beco m e irritated the m ucous m e m bran e swollen and of a pallid hue and the su rface is covered w ith a tenacious m ucus Th e nervous centres are irritated causing vo m iting an d eructat i on s o f gas in the dog I n the case of the horse i f no relief be given ver y serious and fatal r esults m ay ensue either in t h e occur rence o f cerebral co m p l ications o r rupture of the organ I f not severe the contents m a y pass on to the intest i nes causi n g derange m ent of the l atter b y irritation and b y reason o f excessive acidit y Af ter the acute s y m pto m s have passed off the m orbid state o f the m ucous m em brane m ay continue w ith ex ce s s i ve secretion o f m ucus and arrest of digestive power T here m a y be pain and loss o f appetite all o f w hich w i l l require appropriate treat m ent ( b) I n di ges ti on w i thou t E n gor gemen t Chron i c I n diges ti on — In t h i s form the attacks are less severe but m a y be a l m ost conti n uous I t m ay occ u r fro m an y o f t h e causes m entioned and m ust be looked upon as a ver y troub l eso m e disorder in all ani m als and as we shall see further on a species of chronic gastritis or gastric catarrh is so m eti m es responsible f o r chronic indigestion especiall y i n dogs Fro m whatever cau s e the disorder procee ds in all ,

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74

T E RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

we fi n d gastritis i n cattle due t o the action o f irritant poisons I n the dog acute gastritis a ffecting the m uscular and m ucous coats is seldo m seen except as the result o f irri tant p oisoning W e h ave ho w ever to notice a ver y serious disorder of this ani m a l ter m ed gas tr i c ca ta r r h consist i ng o f conges tion or subacu te infla mm ation o f the m ucous m e m brane w ith great irritabil i t y o f the organ so that it w i ll ne i ther reta i n food nor m edi c i nes I t m ay arise f ro m the long continued u s e o f ind igestible foods or the presence o f p arasi tes or o f foreign bod i es i n the sto m ach I t has a tendenc y to extend to the i ntestines causing a ver y f atal conditio n Also

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IV

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N atura

l

Recovery

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cases o f indigestion with engorge m ent in the dog the occurrence o f vo m it ion affords rel ief but the after e e c t s require therapeut i cal inter f erence I n horses and cattle pro m pt and e ffectua l m eans are req uired both to re m ove the cause and to treat the effects w h i ch re m ain I n organ i c diseases o f the organ treat m ent can onl y be p alliative V T h era p eut i cs 1 P rop h y l act i c T reat ment — ( a ) D ie ti n g — T his co m es first i n order and i s one o f the m ost i m portant detai l s not on l y i n the p reventi o n o f the various cond it ions whi ch w e have m ent i one d but a l so in the i r treat m ent ( b) B y a r tifici a l mea ns such as the ad m in i s trat i on of h ydroch l ori c ac i d o r p ep s i n either w i th or af ter f eed i ng i n cases where these are defic i ent ( 0) B y i n cr ea si ng th e ga s tr ic secr e ti on in cases w here this is not secreted i n su fficient am ount such as b y the In

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T RE

A TME N T

0F GA S T R I C

A FFE

CT I ONS

75

ad m inistration o f aro m atic bitt e rs w i th alcohol and an Fo r exa m ple tincture o f gentian alkaline sto m achic wi t h b i carbonate o f soda given be fore f eeding T his i s a n i m itation o f the natural insalivation o f the f ood 2 Imme di ate T r eat me nt — When acute indigestion w ith engorge m ent exists the indicat i ons are to evacuate the sto m ach o f its contents to relieve pain if it be present to n eutrali z e the excessive acid i t y and to expel or absorb the gas w hich m ay be for m ed In the horse we find that to restore the f unctional po w er to the sto m ach it i s necessar y to act on t h e whole ali m entar y canal b y m eans of a purgative which has the e ffect o f re m oving the excess o f food fro m this organ If co m bined w ith th e excessive for m ation o f gas th e ad mi n istration of o il o f turpentine i n a purgative dose of l i nsee d o il will be o f service w hile if pain be present w e prescribe in addition a f e w doses of sulphuric ether If this pa i n i s not relieved it w ill be necessar y to e m plo y the h y poder m ic i n j ection of m orphine Th e additi on of a n alkali to render the contents less acid a n d m ore fi tted fo r their passage into the intestines will be in dic a te d s u ch as the bicarbonate o f soda with e pts a m m on aro m at and a n aro m atic bi tter such as We m ust re m e m ber the extre m e d anger of gentian e n gorge m ent of the sto m ach i n the horse bo t h as r e gards cerebral co m plications and rupture o f the organ so th at pro m pt tre at m ent will be required I n c attle the ru m e n a nd o m asu m are the divisions of the s to m ach w h i ch beco m e a ffected by engorge m ent and loss o f functional activit y the abo m asu m being the divi sion liable to chronic indigestion or to gastriti s In these ani m als all o ur e ffor t s m ust be directed to expel the con tents f ro m the divisions i m pacted b y m eans o f saline and ,

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76

TE RI NA R Y T II E RA P E UT I CS -

oleagi n ous p u rgatives and to encourage a return to the n or m al state o f acti v it y by the m e ans al read y stated I n the dog i f the i m p act i on o f the sto m ach b e n o t rel ieve d by spontaneous vo m itio n it w ill be necessar y to ad m inister an e m et i c 3 T reat m ent of t h e E ff e ct s — I f m uch irri tabilit y o f the sto m ach re m a ins gastric se d at iv e s w i ll b e indicated T h e organ w ill requ i re rest so that onl y s m a ll a m ount s o f easil y digested food shou l d b e a ll o w ed ; i f th e re b e m uch p rostrat i on o f strength m o derate doses o f s t i m u lants w ill be usef u l S m a ll doses o f b icarbonate of soda and tr gentian ad m i n i stered bef ore f eeding w i l l he l p to restore the nor m al secret i on of the gastr i c j u i ce and neutra l i z e excess o f alkal ine m ucus w hich m ay be present 4 Ch roni c i n di gest i on i s to be treated b y care f ull y ascertai ning the cause and by str i ct attention to f eeding and to the ti m es o f f eeding T h e o w o f the gastric secre t i on m ay require sti m u l atio n but this m ust not b e over done T h e ac i d of th e gastric secretion o r the pepsin m ay be deficient and w i ll require the ad m inistration o f di ges tive adjuvants af ter f eeding Th e nervo m uscu l ar structures m ay require strengthen ing such as b y the ad m i n i strat ion o f nervo m uscu l ar sti m ulants and ton ics such as nux vo m i ca and qui n i ne I f there is a tendenc y to excessive f er m enta ti on i n the contents gastric d i s in fec tants w i ll be ind i cated I f there be a con di t ion o f chronic catarrh o f the m ucous m e m brane gastric astri nge n ts w i ll be requ ire d such as k ino catec hu and s ubstanc e s contai n i ng tannin 5 Gastr i t i s i s to be treated b y secur in g as m uch rest and quietude fo r the sto m ach as possible gastri c se d a tive s being e m plo y e d and de m ulcents ,

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VO MI TI ON

A ND E

ME TI CS

77

In

the dog the sto m ach b eco m es ver y irritable in this aff ection persi ste n t vo m ition b eing present so that neither foo d nor m edicine can be retained D ilute h ydro c y anic acid ( gtt i to gtt iii ) with bism uth an d alkal ine carbonates will be foun d use f ul i n allay in g the gastric irritation a n d the foo d m ust be of a bland m ucilaginous n ature E xternall y pou l tices and fo m entations to the abdo m en should be adopted 6 I n organic d iseases o f the sto m ach our treat m ent can onl y be palliative T h e di fferent s ym pto m s presented will require therapeutical m easures o n the lines alread y laid do w n ,

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C H AP T E R IV

.

O N VOMITION A N D TH E E

I

.

Ph y s io

A CTIONS A ND USE S OF

ME TICS

l ogica l

.

Re l ati ons

Fo n

.

various ph y siological reasons the act of vo m ition does not occur in the horse e x cept under ver y grave pathological conditio n s I n ru m inants we find the act ver y rare a n d although it would appear that the physiological arrange m ent would tend to render the a c t e as i l y perfor m ed we fi n d the r e verse to b e the case so that it is reasonable to conclude th at i n these ani m als the vo m i ting centre is either ver y rudi m entar y or n o t sensible to ordinar y i mpressions I n the do g the act o f vo m ition is ver y easil y induced bo th as an effort of n ature to relieve the sto m ach fro m the presence o f irritat i ng or indigestible food and also b y the actio n of e m etics In the act o f vo m it i on there are contr actions o f the ,

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78

T E R INA R Y T H E RA PE UT I CS

longitudinal fibres of the oesophagus w hich dilate the cardiac orifice the abdo m inal m usc l es and the d i a p hrag m contract and co m press the sto m ach while the p y l oric orifice is closed T h e act i s a reflex o n e depending o n a ff erent nerves f ro m the f auces sto m ach abdo m inal viscera peritoneu m etc a centre in the m e du l la s i tuated close to the res p ir a t ory centre ; and e fferent nerves the phrenic and nerves to the abdo m inal m uscles Vo m it ing m a y be produced b y i m pressions f ro m distant areas an d also b y d i rect i rri t ati on o f the nervous centres such as the p resence o f certain substances as ap o m orphia I n the ac t o f vo m i i n the b l ood flo w ing through the m tion t here are certai n assoc i ated condi t i ons w h i ch occur bes i des the evacua ti on of the contents o f the sto m ach Th e T hu s a flow o f sa l iva genera ll y p recedes the act gall bladder m a y be f orc i bl y em ptied of bile which m a y enter the sto m ach a n d beco m e ex p e l led Th e res expirator y m ove m ents p ir at or y centre is sti m u l ated occur the chest is co m p ressed the respiratory passages P erspiration is excited a n d the cardiac are c l eared an d vascular centres are depressed ,

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II

P h arm aco -dy nami cs

.

.

E m etic s

are those substances which produce vo m iting wh en ad m inistered E m et i cs are of two k i nds 1 di r e c t .

e me ti cs

,

2 , i n di r ec t em e ti cs

.

e met i cs are those which given b y the m outh cause e m esis by local irrit ation o f the nerves o f the sto m ach E xa mp les — S u l p hate o f z inc sulphate o f copper and the popular e m eti cs s uch as salt an d war m water mustard an d w ater etc Di rect

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VOZIII T I ON A N D T H E

US E S

OF

E

ME

T I CS

79

e m et i cs cause e m esis b y whatever c h annel the y enter the bod y ; o n reaching the blood the y act o n the and cause fa r greater v o m iting centre i n the m e d ulla depressio n than the direct e m etics and also depress the other centres in the m edulla E xamp les — Apo m orphine which is the quickest e m etic known and c an be ad m inistered h y poder m icall y ; anti T h e last t w o act both as direct m on y and ipecacuanha an d ind i rect e m etics e met i cs av ert o r arrest e m esis A nt i — 1 S ubstances which reduce the irritabilit y o f the vo m iting ce ntre such as a m y l n itrite chlora l opium bro m ide s 2 S edatives to the a fferent nerves o f the sto m ach such as bis m u th dilute h y droc y anic acid dilute alkalies such as l i m ewater water given as h ot as it can be borne and ice 3 M easures acting indirectl y such as poultices f o m e n t ation s an d bl i sters to the epigastriu m In di rect

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III

W e h ave

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tw o

P at h o

l ogi ca l

conditions

Re l at i ons to

.

cons i der :

1,

ex cessi ve

fecti ve v om i ti n g

2 , de

vomi ti n g

.

ces si v e v omi t i ng m ay occur in affections o f the sto m ach o f the brain and o f other organs I t m ay also occur f ro m irritation o f the vo m iti ng centre such as fro m the action of retained urea in the blood o r fro m t he effects o f certain poisons D e f ect i v e v o mi t i ng with atte m p ts at retching occurs so m e ti m es fro m either direct or ind i rect sti m ulation o f the centre In cases o f poiso n ing b y narcotics no natural atte m pt at vo m iting occurs and e m etics m a y be urgentl y required to get r id of the po i son E

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VE TE RINA R Y T H E RA PE UT ICS

80

IV N atura .

l

Recover y

.

Vo miting may cease a f ter the cause has been re m oved ;

but in so m e cases it m a y pers ist calling for interference If allowed to continue the i rritabilit y of the gastric m ucous m e mbrane beco m e s i ncreased also the sensibilit y of the vo m iti n g centre and great w eakness and prostration O f strength due to want o f nourish m ent is apt to ensue .

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V Th er ap euti cs

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cessive Vomit i ng — Th e first indication in the treat m ent o f e xcessive vo mit i ng i s to ascertain the cause and if possible re m ove it In the dog if due to the presence o f irritating food the a dm ini strati on o f a n e m etic will help to re m ove it ; while if the vo m iting occurs i n the second stage O f indigestion w i th irritation of the gastric m ucous m e mbrane gastric se datives w ill be indicated If due to the presence of a poison then su i tab l e antidotes will be given I f the vo m iti n g be due to so m e inj ur y or disease O f the brain nervous sedatives such as bro m ides of potassiu m or a mm onium wi l l be use f ul If w e ascertain the cause to be the presence of som e i ntr i nsic poison such as urea in the blood which irr i tates the vo m i ting centre we m ust endeavour to re m ove it b y increasi ng the action of the bo w els kidne y s and s k in If we fail to ascertain the cause we m ust endeavour to re duce the irritabilit y of the gastric nerves and the centre b y the ad m inistration of such agents as O piu m d i l ute hydroc y anic acid ; etc 2 Def ect i ve Vo mi t i ng— t h e U se o f E met i c s — For o b vi o us reasons the cons i deration of the above w ill onl y appl y to anim als which have the p ower of vo m ition as the dog and p ig because horses and ru minants do not respon d to the action o f e m etics In cases where the presence of indi gestible food is not re m oved b y s pon 1 E

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VE TE RI NA R Y

82

’

TII E RA P E UTI CS -

When the ch y m e enters the s m all intestines it m eets three d igest ive fluids viz the bi l e co m ing fro m the l iver ; the pancreatic juice f ro m t h e pancreas ; and the succus entericus fro m the glands o f the s m al l intestines As a result o f the co m plex che m ica l changes which occur the c h y m e beco m es changed as fol l o w s : it changes its ph y sical character a n d beco m es al k al ine i n reaction and in a fit state for absorption b y the lactea l s and vessels of the i ntest i nes In connect i on with the intestines w e have to consider : ,

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3 P eri s ta lti c A bsorp ti on ; 2 E xcre ti on tr a n si t ; 4 E va cua ti on 1 A b sor p t i on — As the ch y m e passes alo n g

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a cti on ,

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the s m all intestine certai n p ort ions of it beco m e absorb e d b y the l acteal and porta l sy stem s ; it is then carri ed on to the large i ntesti ne where a further absorpti on takes place the re m ainder f or m i n g the f aeces An i m portant p oint to notice is that a certain a m ount o f fluid passes f ro m the intestine to the blood and f ro m the blood to th e in t est i ne I f absorp tion be s l o w there will be m ore fluid directed into the i nt e st i ne f ro m the blood a n d m ore rap i d trans m i ss i on O f the contents and as a consequence the f aeces wi ll assum e a l i quid character O n the other hand if the absorpt io n be active there will b e less fluid pour e d out the trans i t w i l l be slower and the f a ces will be of a fi r m character We c a n on l y ex p lain th e absorption of water and salts b y the portal s y ste m on the pr i ncip les O f di ffusion or os m os i s T h i s process wil l depend on the a m ount O f w ater salts and prote i ds i n the bowel as co m pared with those in the blood and also o n the nature of these salts a n d the ac tivit y of the c i rculation through the ve i ns 2 E x cr et i on — I n the s m a l l intestine there i s a large .

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D I GE S TI ON— T IIE

I N TE S TI NE S

-

83

a m ount O f wat er y e xcretion which is greater than the am ount absorbed con sequentl y the co ntents are fluid T his ex cretio n is acco m p l ished b y the process of os m osis fro m the vessels and also b y the glands o f th e intestine being acted o n b y nervous influence 3 Th e T rans i t of t h e Content s — T hi s is acco m plished b y m eans o f pe r ist altic action P eristal tic action is governed b y the action of certai n nerves the vagus when irritated incr e asing peristaltic action and the splan ch ni cs i nhibiting it T h e inte stines also conta i n local ganglia which are capable o f sustaini n g the action of the bowel in dep en de n tly o f outsid e nerve suppl y T h e ord i nar y sti m uli consi st of the presence O f ingesta an d probab l y o f a certain proportion o f gases i n the intestine ; also b y th e presence O f the bile which in cre ases peristalsis T h e i ntestinal m ove m ents are also either increased or di m inish ed b y the action of d ifferent m e di cinal agents 4 Th e General E ff ect s of E v ac uation of t h e B ow els T h e e ffect is m ore than a local o n e as the whole s y ste m is infl uenced e speciall y in active purgation T h e f ollow ing are a m ong the principal effects : ( 1 ) A certain a m ount of w a ter is re moved fro m the blood T his is especiall y the case with so m e purga ,

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tive s

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(2 ) T h e bile is cleared o u t fro m the sm all intestine and the liver thu s indirectl y sti m ulate d m eleterious su stances are re oved fro the b m D 3 ( ) s y ste m also irritating ingesta and parasites fro m the inte stines Th e circulation in th e abdo m en is m odified the 4 ( ) pressure i s lessene d in the blo odve sse ls and the blood flows m ore freel y i n the portal s y ste m T h e circulation ,

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VE TE R INA RY TH E RA P E UTI C’ S

s4

in the liver is render ed m ore free and the volu m e of blood reduced the cerebral circ ulation i s depressed the circulation in the kidne y s is increased an d diuresis is more readi l y induced ,

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II

P harmaco -dynamics

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.

We can m odif y the action of the intestines i n various wa y s either b y attention to the f ood b y increasing peristaltic action b y in creas ing the intestinal secretion or b y m odi fying absorption and e xcretion 1 Foo d — We m ust pa y attention to the f act that per f ect digestion in the sto m ach is on e of the m ost i m portant factors in pro m oti n g intest inal digestion an d p reserving a proper action of the intestines If the f ood enters the intestine before it is properl y acted on by the gastric secretion it will cause irritation of the intestinal m ucous m em brane setting up either colic or enteritis or as a n effort of nature to rem ove it spontaneous diarrhoea Certain coarse articles of food such as bran have the eff ect of increasi n g the acti on of the intestines and acting as la xatives and are large l y used for this purpose 2 A gents w h i ch act up on t h e Intest ina l Bl o odvessel s We m ay divi de these into : (a ) D ras ti cs ( b) A s tr ingen ts (c) Cons tri ngen ts D r a s tics — T hese are powerful an d o f ten danger ous a ( ) purgatives T he y cause dilatation of the intest i n al blood vessels a n d a transudation o f fluid into the w alls and c avit y of the intestines T he y produce a con dition of m ild catarrh O f the intestinal m ucous m e m brane and liquid evacuations and requir e to be prescribed with great caution E xamp les — Croton O il gam boge elate riu m T hese pur gatives are indicated in cases wher e i mm e ,

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VE

86

T E RINA R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

fl

purgatives require to be disso l ved in a proper proportion o f w ater in order to produce the desired e ffects 4 A gent s whi ch i n u ence t h e Intest i na l Gl an d s —M ercurials a a r tha r ti cs a n d H ydr a gogu e Ca r tha r ti cs C ( ) m oderatel y increase the secretions of the intestinal gl ands and sali ne purgat ives also act as glandular sti m ulants H ydragog ue cathartics produce ver y fluid evacuations and also p robab l y act on the vessels and nerves E xa mp les — Ja l ap coloc y nth podoph y l l i n etc T h ese

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b u bs ta n ce s w hi c h di rec tly dim i n i s h the I n te s tin a l S ) ( S ecr e ti on s — O p i u m , lead , and im e d irectl y di m inish the

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intesti nal secreti ons Alkalies and the i r carbonates i n d i rectl y p roduce a si m i l ar e ffect by i nterf e ring with the acidi t y O f the ch ym e when gi v e n in f ull doses 5 A gents w h i ch i n uence t h e N erv o M uscu l ar S tructures of t h e I ntest i ne s — As w e have alread y seen there are m an y substances w h ich act on the i ntestines through the m uscular coat the nerves or a co m b i nation of both D rastics even act i n a reflex m anner T hus croton O il will caus e inc re ased peristal sis o f the i ntestine before it h as le f t the sto m ach r v o M u s cu la r I n tes ti n a l S tim u la n ts — T h e se are a N e ( ) general l y kno w n as s i mp le p ur ga ti ves and t h e m i l dest of the g roup are ter m ed ap er i en ts or la xa tives such as castor O il raw l i nseed O il etc S i m ple purgatives act ch i efl y o r ent i re l y on the i ntest inal m uscles and cause a m uch less flu i d evacuat i o n than that p roduced by sal i ne or cathartic p urgatives wi th less action on the porta l and general c ircu l ation E xa mp le s — Aloes rhubarb etc T he y are generall y co m b i ned w i th a car m inative to prevent pa i n fro m excess ive m uscular contract i on .

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A N T H E L MI N TI C'S

37

Certa i n

drugs assist the action of such purgatives such as nux vo m ica b elladonna the latter act ing b y its power of lessening the inhibition of the sp l anchnic nerves (b) N e rvo Muscu la r I n tes ti n a l S eda ti ves — T hese arrest the m ove m ents of the intestine either directl y or b y acting o n the nerves E x a mp les — O piu m m orphine lead etc B is m uth ch alk etc d im i nish peristaltic action b y for m ing a protective coating o n the m ucous m e m brane and indirectl y b y di m inis hing the acidit y and irr i tab il it y o f the contents All the substances under this headi n g are as tr i n gents 6 Ch ol a gogues — T hese increase peristaltic action of the intestines b y increasing the o w o f the bile which is a natural sti m ulant O f the m uscular coat T he y are divi ded into (a ) D ir ec t cho la gogu es which sti m ulate directl y the liver cells an d the ga l l bladder I n dir ec t cho lagogues which indirectl y sti m ulat e t h e bili ar y secretion by clearing out the b ile w h ich is present in the intestine and thus a f resh flow is induced E x a mp les of D ir ec t Cho lagogu es —P odoph yl li n sulphate o f soda etc E xa mp le s of I n di rec t Cho lagogu es — Mercurials such as calo m el pil h ydr ar gyr i e t c We have also t o m ent i on that m o st purgatives are indirect cholagogues a n d that m an y purgatives are direct cholagogues while all cho l agog ues are purgatives 7 A nt h e l mi nt i cs are m edicines which ki ll or expel parasites fro m their various locations in the bod y T he y are divided into l Ver mifuges whi ch ex pel the parasit e s W itho ut o f ,

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VE T E RI N A R Y TII E RA P E UTI CS

88

n ecessit y destro y ing the m T hese belo n g to the group o f cathar tic purgati ves and b y their action the paras i tes are re m oved fro m the intesti ne in the e xcreta 2 Ver mi c ides destro y the parasites and it i s clear that a co m bination of both a verm if uge and a verm icide wi l l be advantageous Certain ver m icides have a special action o n certain Sp ecies o f parasites T hus areca n ut and the extract of m a l e shield fern are usefu l f o r acting o n the varieties O f tape w or m santonin for roun d w or m s Th e o x yures o r thread w or m s f ound in the rectu m are b est acted on b y a nthel m intic ene m ata such as decoction s of quassi a or a l oes O i l o f turpentine is a valuable anthel m intic in horses and cattle but requires to b e used with great caut i on in dogs All anthel m intics act b etter when the sto m ach and intest ines are m oderate l y e m p t y and the contents sof t a n d i n m an y instances the m edicinal agents will require re p etition S m all doses o f sa l ines a nd m ineral tonics wi l l also be useful to induce a health y condition o f the ali m entar y canal T h e p arasites infesting the bronchial tubes O f young catt l e and la mb s are best acted upon b y i n te r tr ac h e al inj ections O f solutions special l y prepared generall y co n s i st ing o f s m all a m ounts o f such agents as oil of turpen tine carbolic acid etc B y th i s m ethod the parasites are direct ly destro y ed and expelled .

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III

P at h o

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l ogi cal Relations

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U nder

the above heading we have the following con dition s to consider an d m a y re m ark that in rum i nants affections of the intestines are seldo m m e t with i n com parison to their frequenc y i n horses and do gs ,

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VE TE RI NA R Y TH E RAP E UTI GS

90

articles of f ood D e f ective biliar y secre tion is also a co mm on cause We m ust regard constipat i on as but a s y m pto m O f so m e e xisting condition rather than as a disease D ogs especiall y those kept as pets with pa m pered appetites and insufficient exercise are ver y subj ect t o deficient action of the intestines o f ten leading to serious conditions In foals shortl y a fter birth there m a y b e a con dition of constipation du e to i nabi li t y to p ass O ’the m econiu m which if not relieved m ay l ead to grave consequences 3 Imp action of t h e Larg e Int est i n e s — T his m ay depend on loss of tone in the m uscular coat w hereb y the intes ti h al contents accum ulate and com p l etel y arrest the action of the bo w els and bloc k the passage In the horse the double colon is O f ten the seat O f this affection dr y bul k y in digestib l e f ood being a predis posing cause Calcu l i and concretions for m ed in the intestine also are causes o f Obstruction and tu m ours mechanicall y inter f er i ng with the parts are so m eti mes m et with I n the dog i m paction w ith p aral y sis of the intestine is an occurrence ver y f requentl y m e t with and a peculiar s ym pto m so m eti m e s is present i n such cases i s the occurrence O f paralysis of the hind e xtre m ities o f the ani m al In th i s ani m al accu m ulations of fse cal m atter m ay assu m e a ver y hard character causing serious s ym pto m s We m a y also ref er to the presence of foreig n bodies and sharp bones swallowed as causes of intestinal obstruction i n the dog 4 S p asm of t h e Intest i nes or Co l i c is a n a ffection O f ver y frequent occurrence i n horses I t consists o f a spas m odic contract ion of the m uscular coats of the inte s tine and is generall y referable to irregulariti e s i n feeding , tin u ance i n dr y

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I N TE S T I N A L

A FFE

CT I ONS

91

the processes of m astication salivatio n and gastric digestion n o t b eing properl y perfor m ed fro m various causes Ir ritation i s s e t up i n the intestines leading to the o ccu rrence o f the s y mpto m s w hich we recognise as those of colic 5 In ammat ion of t h e Int est i nes or E nter it i s is o ne of the m o st fatal affections t o which the horse is liable It m a y arise fro m various causes ; in m an y instances it is i m possible to assign an y definite cause a n d authorities are n o t y et agreed as t o wh ether col i c if severe an d n u checked will ter m inate i h enteritis o r whether the latter affection ha s a disti nct origin a n d course of i ts own E nteritis consists in infl am m ation of the m ucous coat of the intestines the large be i ng o f tener attacked than the s m all Aa t b e disease progresses all the coats of the i ntestines beco m e involved in the infla m m ator y process In so m e cases the disease runs a ver y rapid course the post morte m app e arances show i ng extensive e xtravasa tion of bloo d into the cavit y o f the bowels rese m bling a for m of apoplex y o f these organs rather than an ordinar y for m o f infla m m ation 6 Volvu l us a n d I ntussusce p t i on and other for m s o f grave i ntestinal lesions are general l y hopeless cases an d be y ond the aid o f the therapeutist H owever we m ay venture to h Op e i n the ne ar f uture when abdo m inal surger y sh all be better understood as applied to ani m als that surgical interf erence m ay be broug ht t o bear with benefi t i n such cases 7 T ymp an i tis of t h e Int est i ne or I l atu l ent Coli c is that condition in which there i s d i stension o f the bow e ls b y the presence o f gas ari s i ng fro m food which easil y undergoe s fer m entation the pa in not being so acute as in th e spas m odic for m but the constitutional disturbanc e greater .

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92

TE R INA R Y T H E RA PE UTI C'S

T y m panitis ma y

'

O ccur during the progress of another disease where e xhausti on is a pro m inent feature It also o ccurs in c ases of O bstruction o f t h e intestines fro m calculi tum ours and other m echanical causes and m ust alway s be regarded as a ver y grave s y m p to m .

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IV N atur al Reco v er y .

As

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previousl y stated we o ften find that diarrh oea is an e ff or t of nature to re m ove so m e irr i tati ng m aterial fro m the intestinal canal W hen th i s cause is re moved the sy m pto m s m ay cease but we sha l l find that therapeutic m easure s wil l be required e i ther to hel p the rem oval of the irritant or to co m bat excessi ve s y m pto m s in m an y c ases In all the other pathological conditions noted the aid o f the therapeutist w i l l be requ i red spontaneous as recover y is seldo m seen ,

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V The Uses

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Th era p eut i cs

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P urgat i ves — Th e

intestines of the horse present a ver y extensive surf ace o f m ucous m e mbrane and great care is essential i n the ad m inistration of purgatives i n order to avoid the occurrence O f super fo r t w o day s prior to the purgation If possible ad m inistration o f a p urgat i ve the ani mal should be pre pared b y being fed o n bran m ashes so as to render the intestinal contents so ft and easil y acted o n and thus to avoid an y irritating eff ects as m uch as possible B y this m eans a m uch s m a ll er dose of the purgative will suffice to bring about desired results Up to the present the drug chiefl y e m plo y ed to produce purgation i n the horse is aloes ad m i nistered in the for m O f a properl y pre p ared bolus S al i ne purgatives have a n uncertain actio n i n this ani m al while th e use of la xatives of

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TE RI N A R Y T II E RA P E UT I CS

VE

94

We will n ow consi der the therapeut i cal relations of the following conditions .

D efici en t I n tes ti n a l Ac ti on — the Use of P urga tives 2 E xcessi ve I n tes tin a l A c t-ivi ty - the Use of A s tri n a tm en t of Di a rr hx a e n n d t h e T re a t s , g 1

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varies i n degree fro m what is known as ordinar y cons t ipation to a condi t ion o f great gravit y i n wh i c h there is to tal stoppage of the bowels with perhaps paral ysis O f the m uscular coat of the intestine In the treat m ent o f ordinar y constipation the caus e Attenti on m ust m ust first be discovere d a n d re m oved be directed to the f ood to the dige stion to the a m ount O f e x ercise and to the state O f the l i ver If the condition beco m e chronic it will generall y be found due to a wan t of ton e or torp idi ty of the muscu la r coa t of the i n tes ti ne in which nervo m uscular sti m ulants will be indicated a fter free purgation has b een induced b y the ad m inistration o f a p urgative T hus m edicinal doses o f n u x vo m ica w i th s m all doses of aloes an d bella donna will be found ver y use f ul in such cases with occa cholagogues such as si on al ad m inistration o f saline sulphate of soda In cases O f i m pac tion O f the intestines violent pur ga tive s should be avoided the u s e of oleaginous la x atives being indicated with the l i beral use of purgative ene m ata adm inistered by m eans o f a spec i al long tube In cases of co li c o r sp a sm of the i n tes ti nes generall y due to the presence of i rritating ingesta an oleaginous purgative should be adm inistered with an antispas m o dic to relieve th e pain Ot h e r Uses of P ur gat i v e s — B esides the use of purgatives for the conditions we have m entione d there are m an y 1

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De fi c i ent Intest i nal A ct i on

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US E S O F

P UR GA T I VE

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(a ) F or the R edu cti on of the Gen era l B lo od P ressu re In c a s e s o f c e r e br a l co n g e stio n o f drop s y d ue t o o v e r l o a di n g o f th e port a l s y st e m a n d s y st e m ic ve i n s h y dr a gogu e c a th artics a n d s ali n e s ar e v e r y u s e ful r e li e vi n g t h e circul atio n an d r e m o vi n g a l arg e a m ou n t o f fl u id b y th e i n t e sti n e s (b) At th e co m m e n c e m e n t of so m e i n fl a mm a tor y aff e c tio n s such as l ym ph an gitis l am i n itis irrit a ti ve fe ve r du e to wou n ds e t c (o) In c a s e s of i n fl am m a tio n of th e li ve r an d kidn e y s purga ti ve s h av e a b e n e fici a l a ctio n r e m o vi n g b y t h e i n t e s ti n e s th e e x cr e m e n titious m a tt e rs which b y r e aso n o f t h e loss o f f u n ctio n o f t h e f or m e r org a n s r e m a in i n th e s y st e m ( d) Fo r r e m o vi n g fro m th e ali m e n t a r y c an al p ar a si te s a n d a lso f o r r e li e v i n g t h e sto m a ch o f irrit a ti n g i n g e st a a n d i n c a s e s of e n gorg e m e n t o f th a t org a n l e adi n g t o c e r e br a l co m plic a tio n s Also i n ca s e s o f di arrh oea du e to th e pr e s en c e o f irrit ati n g m a t e ri al in t h e i n t e sti ne s a p e ri en t is t h e first i n dic a tio n i n tr e a t a m od e r a t e ment In i n fl a m m ator y Con t ra i ndic a tion s of P urga tiv e s c o n ditio n s o f th e i n t e sti n e s i n p e rito n itis i n volv ulus an d i n t us su sc e ptio n i n h e r n i a e tc pu rg a tiv e s m ust be studiousl y av oid e d a s p e rist al t ic m o ve me n ts i n cre as e th e dis e a s e d co n ditio n a n d t e m p or a r y p ar al y si s of th e i n t e s ti n e m ust be ai m e d a t Ag a i n i n a ll c a s e s o f a d e bilit a ti n g n a tur e such as i n fl u e n z a r e spir a tor y affe ctio n s e tc purgati ve s h ave a d e pr e ssi n g a n d w e a k e n in g e ffe ct an d if th e ir u se is abs o lu te ly r e quir e d o n l y th e m ild e st l a xa ti ve s should be e m plo y e d w ith th e u s e o f e n e m a t a i n a dditio n .

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VE TE R I N A R

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tr eatm e n t of diarr hce a is to a sc e rt ai n the ca use an d i f possibl e r e m o v e it If due to irr a tio n a l m e thods of f ee di n g th e s e should be i m m e di a te ly att e n d e d to S o m e an i m a ls e spe ci a ll y hors e s ar e ve r y subj e ct t o an a tt a ck of di arrh oe a W it h o u t an y appr e ci a bl e c aus e an d r e quir e c a r e f ul a tt e n tio n i n th e w a y o f f e e di n g Ca r e sho u ld be t ak e n th a t t h e f ood is prop e rl y act e d o n in th e m outh an d also th at ga stric dige stio n is prop e rl y p e rform e d a n d th at th e a n i m al is w a t e r e d at a prop e r tim e U n l e ss th e di a rr h ma is e x c e ssi ve it will be a dv i s a bl e in c a s e s wh e r e it is due to th e pr e s e n c e of irrit a ti n g i ng e s t a i n t h e in t e sti n e s to h e lp th e e o r ts of n atur e to r e m o ve th e c a us e b y th e a d m i n istra tio n of an ol e a gi n ous l axa ti ve I n y oun g an i ma ls wh e r e t h e affe ctio n is of t e n du e to t h e m ilk b e i n g d e t e rior a t e d in qu a lit y an d allo w e d at irre gul ar i n t e rv als a si m il a r cours e should be adopt e d at t h e co mm e n c e m e n t b eari n g i n m i n d how e ve r th e gr e a t da n ge r of i n t e stin al c at arrh with w e ak n e ss of t h e p a ti e n t supe r ven i n g i f t h e co n ditio n is allow e d to co n tin u e wi t h out tr e a t me n t b e i n g a dopte d If t h e di arrh oe a b e due t o r e n a l or h e p atic disord e rs chol agogue s with diur e tics in m ode r a t e dos e s will be us e f ul If it be due to ex c e ssive acidit y o f th e duod e n um a lk a li e s such a s bic a rb on at e o f sod a o r ch alk sho u ld be a d m i n ist e r e d If t h e di arrh oea p e rsists af t e r our e o r ts to r em ov e the c au s e w e are co m p e ll e d to tr e at t he e ffe cts r e m e m b e ri n g th a t th e s e sho uld n ot be a llow e d to co n ti n u e too lon g b ef or e tr e at me n t is adopt e d For this purpos e w e pr e scrib e i n t e sti n a l con strin ge nt s with i n t e sti nal n e r v o muscul a r s e d a ti ve s S ubst a n c e s co n t a i n in g t an n ic acid first st e p ,

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VE TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

98

subduin g th e e xc e ssi ve p ai n by t h e a d m in istr atio n of m orphi a a n od y ne s o f which O pi u m a n d i ts alk a loid co mbin e d with a tropi a a r e thos e i n ge n e r al use We h ave to co n sid e r th a t i n this affe ctio n v e r y l ar ge d os e s of the s e drugs will be tol e ra t e d a n d a s i n m an y hors e s thos e age n ts m en tion e d a c t a s c e re b ro spi n a l e x cit an ts an d f a il to gi ve r e li e f it will b e n e c e ss a r y to a d m i n ist e r a h y p n otic such as chlora l h y dra te o r th e drug c ann a bis i n dic a which is n ow com i n g i n to f a v o u r as a v aluabl e a n od y ne f or t h e hors e Th e Tr ea t ment of Ob struct i on of t h e In t e stin e due to I mp a ction or oth e r Ca u s e s — I n th e s e c a s e s th e u se of stro n g purgati ve s is also co n tr a i n dic a te d a s lik e l y to c aus e ruptur e of th e i n t e s ti n a l w all or e n t e ritis O le agi n ous l a xa ti ve s should be ad m i n ist e r e d an d purgati ve th e lo n g r e ct u m tub e b e i n g of e n e mat a p e rs e v e r e d i n v ast s ervic e in such c as e s If w e a re e n abl e d to di agn os e th e c a s e to be a p a r a l y z e d co n dition o f t h e colo n with a ccu m ul atio n o f t h e co n t e n t s th e n t h e us e of h y pod e r mic i nj e ctio n s of e se ri n e co m bi n e d W ith piloc arpi n e is i n dic at e d an d h as gi ve n m ost s ati s fa ctor y re sults the f or me r o f th e s e dr u gs c au si n g e n e rg e tic co n tr a ctio n s of th e m uscul ar co a t o f th e i n t e s ti ne s with i ncr e a s e d s e cre tio n of t h e i n t e sti n a l flu id s t h e l a tt e r c ausi ng e xe cs si ve s e cre tio n of th e i n te sti n a l gl an ds I f t h e obstructio n b e due to oth e r c a us e s this tr eat me n t will o nl y h a st e n t h e f a t a l r e s u lt b e s id e s c a usi n g e xc e ssi ve pai n to t h e an i m a l Fi n all y w e m a y st a t e th a t i n a ll i n t e stin al disord e rs wh e r e p ai n is a pro m in e n t s y m pto m our i mm e di at e efi ort s should be dir e ct e d to s u bdu e it as p ai n if allowe d to co nti nu e will l e a d to ve r y se rious r e sults If w e could a lw a ys di a g n os e t h e c aus e of abdo m in al p ai n co rr e ctl y th e n i n de e d our e fforts should be dir e ct e d ,

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TR E A TM EN

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OF I N T E S T IN A L A FF E CT I ON S

99

r e move this c a us e a n d tr e a t t h e e ffe cts which m ay r e m ai n If w e a r e positive f ro m o ur obs e r va tio n a n d j udg m e n t o f th e s y m pto m s th a t a c e rt a i n c a s e is o n e O f sp a s m odic colic due t o t h e pr e s e n c e O f irri ta ti n g i n ge st a i n th e i n te sti n e s th e n t h e r a tio n a l tr e a t me n t w o u ld be th e a dm i n istr a t io n o f a c a th a rtic i mm e di a t e l y B ut un f ortu n a t e l y in all c a s e s t h e s ym pto m s pr e s e n t e d ar e n o t sufii c ie n t l y di a g n ostic t o e n a b l e u s to do this with c e rt ai n t y a n d t h e pri m a r y s y m pto m s O f a bdo m i n a l p a i n m a y be t h e pr e cursor O f v e r y s e rious co n ditio n s wh e r e ould a c ti v e purg a ti ve s w o u ld b e n o t o n l y i n j u rious but w i n cr e as e t h e t e n d e n c y t o a fa t a l r e sult W e h ave also to t a k e i n to co n sid e r a tio n t h e l e n gth O f ti m e which a c a th artic dos e will t ak e t o prod u c e its e ff e c ts in a hors e which is n o t pr e p a r e d P r a ctitio n e rs diffe r i n th e ir O pi n io n s with r e f e r e n c e t o tr e a t m e n t i n s u ch c a s e s so m e a dvoc a ti n g th e adm i ni s t r a t io n o f a n a cti v e c a th a r t ic o n t h e first s y m pto m s O f sp a s m odic colic b e i n g show n with an an tisp a sm odic t o r e li e v e t h e p a i n ; oth e rs r e g a rd th e r e li e f of t h e p a i n a s O f pri m a r y i m port a n c e a n d a t t h e s a m e ti m e a d m i n ist e r which i n th e e ve n t of a m or e a n o l e agi n ous ape ri e n t s e rious co n ditio n sup e r ve n i n g c an n o t be productiv e O f We m ay a dd th at t h e l att e r is an y i n j u rious e ffe ct t h e pr a ctic e r e co mm e n d e d b y a uthoriti e s o n hu m an m e dicin e to

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VETER IN A R Y

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proc u r e e v a c ua tio n O f th e bow e l s T O r e str a i n s e ve r e di a rrh oe a T O d e s t ro y a n d r e m o ve p ar a sit e s i n this loc a tio n B y r e fl e x a ctio n t o p roc u r e soothi n g e ffe ct s o n th e p e l v ic org an s T O ac t a s n utri e n ts to th e s y st e m wh en f e e din g by t h e m out h i s i m possibl e o r co n tr a i n dic a t e d To

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purpos e o f proc u ri n g ev a cu atio n o f t h e bow e ls m ay b e e ith e r si mp le co n s isti n g o f w ar m w at e r with so a p r ubbe d up th e r e in or p ur ga ti ve such a s i n j e ctio n s O f c a s tor O il r aw li n s e e d O il o r solu tio n s of I n e ith e r o f th e s e i n st an c e s w e do n o t i n t e n d th e a lo e s a ctio n to be m e r e l y a loc a l o n e by r e m ov i n g t h e co n t e n ts but to stim u la t e t h e whol e i n t e sti n al tr a ct O f th e r e ct u m to i n cr e as e d p e ri s t altic a ctio n I n t h e c a s e O f s i m p l e e n e m a t a to e ffe ct this purpose it i s n e c e ss a r y to i n trod u c e a l a rg e am o un t o f fluid so th a t t h e low e r portio n O f th e i n t e s ti n e sh all b e dist e n d e d a n d t h e a ction o f t h e p a rt s b e y o n d this e x cit e d T O p e r f or m thi s e ffe ct u a ll y c e rt a i n poi n t s m u st be W e m ust co n sid e r th a t th e l arge colo n is a tt e n d e d to th a t portio n O f th e i n t e stin e which is usu a ll y a ffe ct e d b y i mp a c tio n e t c a n d th a t this p art is o ut o f r e a ch of m e cha nic a l i n t e r f e r e n c e Also w e h ave to co n s id e r th e gr ea t l e n gth O f t h e r e ct u m a n d flo a ti n g colo n o f t h e hors e 1

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VE TE RIN A R Y

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colo n a t u b e o f about h al f t he l e n gth s u fficin g for ordin ar y c a s e s In usi n g p u rga ti ve e n e m a t a w e should b e c a ref ul to e m plo y o n l y m od e r a t e am o u n ts at a ti m e so as to e n sur e th at th e y sh all be r e t ai n e d for a prop e r pe riod H e r e a g ai n w e fi n d th e lo n g tub e o f i n fi n it e s er v ic e in c as e s o f i mp a ctio n a m i x tur e o f c astor oil a n d raw li n s e e d oil c a r e f ull y i n j e ct e d producin g m ost fav our abl e re sults I n c an i n e p r a ctic e f or sim il a r purpos e s th e lo n g tube is an e ss e n ti a l f a ctor i n th e tr e at m e n t o f i m p a ctio n of t he colo n In t h e dog w e fi n d i n th e s e c a s e s a co ndition of gr eat irrit abilit y of th e sto m a ch so th a t it i s i m possibl e to c a us e ol e agin ous r e m e di e s t o be r e t ai ne d wh e n ad min i s t e r e d b y th e m outh as v o m itio n quickl y occurs W e m ay also r e fe r to t h e e x c e ll en t r e sults O bt ain e d b y th e u s e o f e n e m a t a Of gly c e ri n e in c a s e s o f i mp a ction of th e bow e ls an d in dogs t h e use O f suppositorie s of gl y c eri n e O ft e n is m ost s a ti s fa ctor y I n c a s e s O f a tule nt di s t e n sio n of th e bow e ls w e fi nd t h e u se o f e n e m a t a v e r y be n e fici al e sp e ci a ll y wh e n such a re m e dic a t e d b y t h e a dditio n O f such a ge n ts a s Oi l o f turp en ti n e a s a foe tid a e tc c ar e b ei n g t a k e n th at the f or m e r i s a d m i n ist e r e d w e ll m i xe d with so m e bl an d substan ce so a s to a v oid its irrit atin g effe ct o n the m ucous m e m b r an e 2 E n e m a t a to ac t as s e d a ti ve s an d a strin g e n ts to th e bow e ls i n c a s e s of s e ve r e di arr h oea should b e sm all in bulk t h e b a s is b e i n g of boil e d st arch m e dic a t e d with tin ctur e o f O pium an d a stri n ge n ts such as ac e t at e of l ead o r s u b st a n c e s co n t ai n i n g t a nn i n 3 E n e m a t a to de stro y p a r a sit e s i n f e s ti n g th e r e ctum are m e dic at e d with so m e v e r m icid e such as q u a ssi a w e a k solutio n s o f ti n ctur e of iro n o r solutio n s of co m m o n s alt th e

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w ar m wat e r produc e soothi n g e ffe cts o n th e i n t e sti n e s an d n e ighbouri n g org an s an d ar e us e f ul i n r e duci n g t h e p a i n o f c y stitis an d p e l v ic an d abdo m i n al p ai n g e n e r a ll y 5 N utriti v e e n e m a t a ar e e m plo y e d in c a s e s wh e r e s w a llowi n g is diffi cult or i mpossibl e also in p e rsist e n t v o m iti n g a n d i n p ai n ful org an i c dis e as e s o f t h e sto m ach S uch e n e m a t a should b e s m all i n a m ou n t an d co m pos e d of bl an d u n ir r it a ti n g m a t e ri a ls so a s t o f a v o u r ab s orp t io n fro m th e i n t e sti n al m uco u s m e m br an e T h e n utri e n t m a t e ri al sho u ld b e pr e p a r e d i n a f or m c ap abl e O f b e in g fr e e l y ab s orb e d such a s b y th e a dditio n of p e psi n an d dilut e h y drochloric a cid o r b y a ddi n g a p an cr e a tic f e rm e n t such as m i x in g a portio n of th e p an cr e a s of an o x or pig with m e a t bot h b e i n g r e duc e d to a st a t e of fi n e di visio n an d rubb e d tog eth e r with w ar m w a te r E ggs ar e c ap abl e o f b e i n g abso rb e d without th e proc e ss of p e pto n i za tio n .

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CH AP TE R VII TH E I

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d u c e c e rt ain d e fin it e ph e n o m e n a i n th e org an a n d i n th e ge n e r al s y st e m T h e ch e m ic a l proc e ss e s i n t h e org a n a r e disturb e d t h e co m positio n of t h e e x cre tio n s is alt e r e d an d c e rt a i n s ym pto m s ar e O b s e r v e d as a co n s e q ue n c e O f th e pr e s e n c e I n th e dist u rb an c e o f in t h e blood o f c e rt a i n p roduct s t h e n a t u r al fu n ctio n s o f t h e li ve r wh e th e r du e to str u ct u r a l ch a n g e s in th e O rg an or n o t th e r e ar e a fe w i m port an t s ym pto m s which w e r e cog n i s e a s g e n e r all y p re s e n t 1 Ja rm di ce— du e to s o m e dist u rb a n c e i n th e f or m a tio n an d s e cre tio n o f t h e bil e or to r e a bsor p tio n O f t h e bil e W e m u s t how e v e r dr a w af t e r i t h a s b e e n s e cr e t e d a tt e n t i o n to t h e f a ct th a t in m a n y c a s e s o f e x t e n s i ve di s e as e o f th e li v e r this s ym pto m m a y be a bs e n t 2 T h e r e m a y b e th e e x hi bitio n o f p a in e v id e n c e d b y colick y s y m pto m s or u n e a si n e ss 3 P e r s ist e n t l a m e n e s s i n th e O ff sho u ld e r i n hors e s 4 I n f ar a d va n c e d c a s e s O f li ve r di s e a se s with ch an g e s i n t h e h e p a tic struct u r e an d O b s tru ctio n to th e p ort al circ u l atio n w e m ay h ave th e O ccurr e n c e o f i n t e sti n al c at a rrh a n d th e pr e s e n c e o f fluid in th e abdo m i n al c avit y t e r m e d a sci tes 5 In dogs obs ti n a t e a n d p e rsist e n t v o m iti n g As ch a n g e s i n t h e g e n e r al s y st e m t h e r e sult O f di s ord e rs O f t h e liv e r w e m ay n ot e distur ba n c e O f th e n e r v o u s s y s t e m a n d i n t e r fe r e n c e with g e n e r al n u tritio n T h e u ri n e co n t ai n s a n e x c e ss of u r e a th e colo u ri n g m a tt e r i s i n cr e a s e d an d l e u ci n a n d t y rosi n ar e pr e s e n t Th e b il e i s a lt e r e d i n qu a lit y a n d qu a n tit y c a usi n g e ith e r di a rrh oea w i th p al e f oul e va cu a tio n s or co n stip a tio n T h e gl y coge n ic fu n ctio n o f t h e live r m a y be di s tur b e d givi n g ri s e to th e pre s e n c e of s ug a r i n t h e uri n e o n e o f t h e l e a di n g p h e n o m e n a O f th a t d i s e a s e t e r m e d di a be tes .

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th a t dis e as e k n ow n as r e d w at e r in c attl e th e an d a lbu m i n O f th e blood is i n a d e g e n e r at e d co n ditio n i n th a t aff e ctio n in hors e s t e r m e d a zo tu r i a o r ha rm glo bin u i i a th e r e i s e x c e ss o f a lb u m i n i n t h e b lood which h a s u n d e rgo n e so m e co m p l e x ch e m ic al ch a n g e s which r e n d e r it c ap abl e o f p rod u ci n g c e rt ai n m or bid p h en o m e n a i n th e s y s t e m s u ch as i n a bilit y to ris e co n vulsio n s a n d th e p r e s e n c e O f d a r k colour e d uri n e e tc ( 0) Th e E l e men ts of Fi bri n may b e i n E x c e ss or Defi ci ent — T h e fi b ri n i s f or m e d i n excess i n c e rt ai n a cut e i n a m m at or y affe ctio n s such a s a cut e rh e u m ati s m ; it m ay a lso b e i n cr e a s e d b y th e a pplic a tio n O f e x t e rn a l irrit an ts I n so m e e x h a u sti n g dis e as e s a n d i n e m a ci a t e d subj e cts th e fib ri n m a y also b e f or m e d i n e x c e ss T h e r e is defi ci en cy o f fibri n a n d as a r e sult i m p e rfe ct co a gul atio n O f th e blood in a ll co n ditio n s wh e re th e r e is i m p e r f e ct o xy ge n a tion of t h e blood T hus i n s ubj e c t s which h ave di e d fro m asph y xi a t h e blood is f oun d in a s e m i— u id con ditio n d a rk i n colour an d do e s n ot coagu l at e un til e xpos e d to th e air Various poiso n s such as h ydroc ya n ic aci d h ave a si m il ar effe ct In low f e v e r s o f a t y phoid ch a r act e r s u ch as i n fl ue n za i n hor s e s with u n s an it a r y b adl y ve n til at e d surroun din gs t h e blood b e co m e s v e r y flu id i n ch a r a ct e r an d t e n d s to gravit a t e to th e d e p e n di n g p arts O f th e bod y f orm ing swe lli n gs on t h e e xtr e m iti e s t h e abdo m e n t h e h e ad etc a n d t h e a pp e a r a n c e O f p e t e chi ae o n t h e v isibl e m ucous m e m br a n e s a group of s y m p to m s b e lo n gi n g to th a t aff e c tio n t e r m e d p u rp u r a ha mor r hagi ea (d) Th e E ff e cts of De f e ct i v e E x cr e t i on — Ch yl e in a d e fe ctiv e co n ditio n is a c aus e O f an ae m i a e t c Wh en th e organ s of e x cre tio n ar e disord e re d o r dis In

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s d pr o ducts a ccu m ul a t e i n th e blood T h us in arr e st e d or d e fe cti ve e x cr e tio n O f uri n e ur e a a c cu m ul at e s i n th e bl o od a cti n g as a n a rcotic poiso n an d in sm all er am o u n ts as an irrit an t gi vin g ris e t o th e p athologic al c on di tio n t e r me d a n e mi a Ag ai n in s e v e r e p a thologic a l co n dition s o f th e r e spir a tor y o rg an s th e c a rbo n ic a cid m ay a ccum ul ate in t h e blood to suc h an e x t e n t a s to c a us e a sph yx i a — Re d uct i on of Ox b asmo e D e fi H ae m l b n e ci n c o f o o i g y y ( ) glob i n — D e fi ci e n cy O f h ae m oglobi n m ay de p e n d o n t h e w an t of a suffi cie n t quan tit y o f blood as a whole on w an t o f a su ffi ci e n t proportio n o f r e d corpuscl e s or on d e fici e n c y O f t h e i n di vidu a l corpuscl e s i n h a e m oglobi n Th e r e sul t is th at th e blood is r e duc e d i n it s o x y ge n ati n g pow e rs an d t h e f un ctio n s O f t h e di ffe r e n t v it al s y st e m s ar e n o t p e rf o r m e d in a prop e r m a n n e r Re ductio n o f o xy h ae m oglo b i n m ay be brought about b y th e a d m i n istr ati o n o f c e rt a in drugs in pois o n ous qu an titi e s such as dilut e h ydroc y an ic a cid iodi n e turp en ti n e p h osph orus e tc S o m e o f th e s e u n it e with the o xy h aem ogl o bin ot h e rs s e i ze a n d co m bi n e with the o xyge n t h e r e sult b e i n g th a t r e duc e d h ae m oglob in is l e f t w h ich b e co me s dissol ve d f ro m th e corpuscl e s an d di use d thr ough th e blo o d ea e

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ctio n s Of t h e blood whic h d e p en d on an a b n o r m al c o n ditio n o f th e suppl y a n d o f t h e e xcr e tio n s will re tur n to a n or m a l st a t e wh e n the s e i nflue nc e s b e c o m e n o rm al T h e skill of t h e th e r ap e utist will h o w e ve r be o f t en r e quir e d t o a ssist th e e fforts o f n atur e T h e r e i s a li m it t o r e co v e r y wh e n l a rge amou n ts o f a p o iso n suc h as c arbo n ic acid h ave e n t e r e d th e blood an d w h e n th e h ae m oglobi n h a s b e e n e xc e ssi v e l y r e duc e d affe

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dic atio n s und e r this h e adi ng will be b as e d on t he f a cts which w e h ave alr e a d y l a id dow n 1 P l e thora — T o re duc e this co n dition it is m an ife st th a t a prop e r am o un t O f e xe rcis e be enfo rc e d th at e xces siv e qu an titi e s of sti mul a ti n g f oods be wit h h e ld a n d th e e xcr e tor y org an s k e pt i n prop e r ord e r 2 A n aemi a — T his co n ditio n m u st be tr eat e d o n ge n e r a l h y gi e n ic an d di e t e tic pri n cipl e s in co nn e ctio n with ag e n ts which act dir e ctl y o n t h e blood I n c a s e s w h e r e th e al bu m i n o f th e blood is d e ficie n t or d e ge n e r at e d strict at te n tio n m ust be gi ve n t o th e u se a l o n g wit h th e a d m i n istr a tio n of o f n itrog e n ous f oods chlor a t e O f pot a sh I n c as e s wh e r e th e fibri n is d efi ci en t an d th e r e is a t e n d e n c y to e xtr avas atio n s et c drugs which act dire ctly o n t h e blood such as chlor a t e of p ot a s h wit h som e pre b e i n dic a t e d t o o v e rco m e this will r ati on O f iro n a p con dition If w e wish to i n cr eas e t h e a lk a lin it y O f th e blood such a s i n c a s e s O f r h e um a tis m w e a d mi n ist e r s alts of pot ag siu m sodium e tc T h e s e a lso co m bi n e with th e prob able c a us e of th e disorde r an d by the ir diure tic action c aus e its e x cr e tio n fro m th e s y st e m Ce rt a i n poiso n s in th e blood th e r e sult O f i m p er fe ct e x cr e tio n will be tr eat e d b y e ith e r a cti n g on th e organ s or i f this be i m possibl e b y a cti n g on oth er a t f a ult organ s an d thus a ssistin g i n c a rr y in g O ff th e de l e t e rious products T hus i n c a s e s O f ur aemi a w e sti m ul a t e th e bowe ls a n d ski n to i n cr e a s e d a ctio n so as to r e m o ve the poison f ro m th e s y st e m a lso w e adopt a si m il ar course i n th a t affe ctio n o f hors e s t e r m e d a zo tur i a wh e r e th e r e is e x c e ss O f n itroge n ous p rod u cts in th e s y st e m which t h e k id n e y s are u n abl e to c a rr y O ff The

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t ak e th e c a s e O f an y de fi n it e structur e such as a m uscl e w e sh all fi n d t h e f ollowi n g ph e n om e n a i n co n n e c tio n with it First a f r e e a n d prop e r blood suppl y s e co n d a c e rt ai n f orc e duri n g th e p e riod of co n tr actio n d eve lopi n g e n e rg y a n d h e a t an d produci n g c e rtain ch e mic al subst an c e s s u ch as c arbo n ic a cid w at e r n itro g e n ous bodi e s a n d p ro b abl y ur e a third af t e r th e blood h as p a sse d thro u gh t h e m uscl e it los e s its o x y ge n an d a c e rt ai n a m oun t O f prot e ids a n d t a k e s up t h e w a st e pro d ucts for th e purpos e o f e x cr e ti n g th e m — in oth e r words it h as b e co m e v e n ou s blood I n this p roc e ss t h e m ol e c u l e s O f t h e m uscl e a r e mi xe d with th e o xy ge n a n d c e rt a i n e l e m e n ts o f t h e pl as m a an d a n i m port an t poi n t to n ot e i s th a t wh e n an y li vi n g tissu e is i n com bi n atio n with m e t ab olic m at e ri als a n d f or m i n g c e rt ai n r e s u l t s such a s f orc e a n d oth e r produ cts from th e m th a t th e m ol e c ul e s o f thi s liv i n g tissu e b e co me T his ch an ge ch an ge d or al te r e d to a c e rt ai n e xt e n t will d e p en d o n th e ch ar act e r O f t h e blood or pl a s m a Ag a i n t h e ch a r a ct e r o f th e f orc e g e n e r a t e d s u ppli e d a n d O f t h e prod u cts pr o duc e d an d t h e ch e m ic al co n sti t ut i on o f th e activ e protopl a s m O f th e li vi n g tissu e will v ar y a ccordi n g to th e va ri atio n in th e blood supplie d W e thus s e e th at i n e ve r y org an a n d tissu e O f t h e bod y th e r e is a r e l a tio n b e t w e e n th e ch ar a ct e r O f th e pl a sma sup p li e d a n d th e ch a r act e r o f t h e protopl a s m th e on e a cti n g a n d r e a cti n g o n th e oth e r A ccordi n g to t h e str u ct u r e a n d f un ctio n s o f th e diffe r e n t organ s a n d tissu e s w e fi n d di ffe r e n t subst an c e s f or m e d fro m th e m an d p artic u l a r ki n ds O f f orc e dis pl ay e d ih e a ch c a s e ; for e xam pl e s e cr e tio n n e rvous e n e rg y e t c T h e proc e ss o f m e t ab olis m is still v e r y O bscure a n d th e re ar e m an y p oi n t s i n co n n e ctio n w ith it r e quiri ng If w e

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l cid atio n Th e pre cis e m an n e r i n which th e product s of dige stion ar e us e d up i n t h e s y st e m a n d th e f orm s whic h th e y u n d e rg o b e f or e b e i ng brok e n down i n to c arbo n ic acid w a te r an d n itr oge n ous c om poun ds is n ot ye t cl e arl y u n d e rstood I t is no t alw a y s p o ssibl e to j udg e th e s ta t e of m e t a bo li sm or th e proc e ss o f n utritio n in t h e bod y with an y d e gr e e o f a ccur ac y We m ay co n sid e r th e a m oun t Of f orc e displ a y e d suc h a s t h e to n e of th e m uscl e s th e r a t e o f growth e tc an d also t h e m a t e ri al co n su m e d — th a t is th e am ou n t o f f ood t ak e n— but wh en w e co m e to e x a m i ne th e produc t s O f m e t abolis m — th at is th e e x cr e tio n s— w e c an gl e an s o m e v e r y v a lu able i n f or m a tio n t o h elp us i n cli n ic a l stud y For e x a m ple b y an e xam in a tio n o f t he uri n e both ch e m ic all y an d ph y s iologic all y w e can f or m a fa irl y a ccur a t e O pi n io n a s t o t h e f u n ctio n a l a cti v it y an d c o n ditio n O f th e kidn e y s a n d in c e r ta i n i n st an c e s O f oth e r orga n s o f th e bod y

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secre tio n s o f t he s k i n by i nfl ue n ci n g t he cu tan eous v essel s an d n erv es ; bell a do nna c auses an a rres t o f t he secretio n o f th e sub m axi ll ary s al i v ary gl and by p ar a l y in g th e t er m i nat io n s o f th e c h ord a t ym p an i n er v e i n th e g l and t he efi e cts bei n g dry n ess o f th e m ou t h an d th ro at due t o a w ant o f s ali v a A l t er at i v es — I t is di i c ult t o de fi n e an al t er at i v e al t hough we a re a w a re o f th e t her a peut ic a l effec t s pro duce d by t he a dm i n is t r at io n o f t he c l a ss o f drugs i n c l uded u n der t h is he a di n g W e e m p l oy such drugs to e x er t a be n efici a l effec t or a l t er at io n i n cer t a i n m orbid co n di t io n s o f th e v a rious t issues an d org an s o f t he bo dy T h e m ann er i n wh ich t hese e ffec t s a re brough t abou t is n o t a l w a ys e a sy o f e x p l anatio n W e m ay reg ar d al t er at i ves a s possessi n g a cer tai n power o f e x ercisi n g t h e t issues i e i n cre a sin g th e n u tri t i v e a c ti vi ty effec t i n g so m e com p l e x ch an ge i n t he pro top l a s m an d m o l ecu l es o f th e p ar t— in o t her words i n cre a si n g th e a m ou nt o f work perf orm e d by t he p art N o t o n l y h av e m edici na l age nt s th is e ffec t bu t also die t an d surroun di n gs h av e an i m por tant be ari n g i n t he s am e direc t io n W e m ay di v ide a ge nt s possessi n g th e power o f in u e c i n g m e ta bo l is m i nt o two c l a sses — a T h ose w hi o c h i n e M b li m T hese i n c l ude r c e as e t a s ( ) such age nt s a s iodi n e m ercury a rse n ic su l phur ; an d t h e m ann er i n which e a ch o f t hese is be l ie v ed t o a c t wi ll be d escribed u n der t he he adi n g o f e ach drug i n th e sec t io n o n Sp ecia l Th er ap eu ti cs W e m ay re ga rd a ll a s bei n g tak e n i nt o co mbi na tio n wi th th e pro t o p l a s m o f th e tissues o n w h ich t hey h av e a speci al a c tio n t h e n bei n g re m o v ed i n t h e m e tabo l ic pro duc ts an d duri n g th e who l e process a cer ta i n ch an ge is i n duced i n th e m o l ecu l es o f the p ar t n u tri tio n is an d

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P at h o l ogic a l Re l at i ons T here a re a l a rge n u m ber o f dise a sed co n di t io n s depe n di n g o n disor d ers o f m e t a bo l is m B riefl y we m ay re m a rk t h a t th e m os t f reque nt c a use o f such disorders c an be a scribed to errors o f die t an d n egl ec t o f h ygie n e T h us e x cess o f s ti m u l a t i n g f oo d wi thou t proper e x ercise h as a dis t urbi n g i n fl ue n ce o n ge n er a l n u t ri t io n a s well a s o n v i tal org an s such a s th e l i v er k id n eys e t c W an t o f proper f ood l e a d s to an an ae m ic co n di t io n resu l t i n g i n an e nf eeb l ed ch ar a c t er o f t h e process o f m e t abo l is m I II

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VE TE RI N A R

1 24

Y

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x ter na l i n fl ue n ces suc h a s sudde n ch an ges o f t e m h affe c t r at u re h e t c gi v e rise t o c i ll s c a a rr a l e m a p y t io n s e tc T h e p rese n ce o f speci fi c org an is m s i n th e b l ood i n du ci n g t h e v a rious p h e n o m e na pecu l i a r to e a c h wi t h th e usu a l s ymp to m s o f fever m a y be al so m e n tio n ed a s dis orders o f m e t abo l is m S uch organ is m s are suppose d t o dis turb m e t abo l is m bo th by th eir ow n li f e i n t h e tissues a n d a l so by th eir re roduc tio n a n d t h e pro d uc t s o f t h eir p c h an ges e n teri n g t he b l oo d t h e resu l t bei n g a ge n er al i nfec tio n o f th e s ys te m w i th t h e ge n er a l sym p to m s o f f ev er vi z h ig h t e m per a ture f u n c tio na l der an gem e n t w a s ti ng a n d i n cre a sed e x cre t io n As o t her e x am p l es o f disor dere d m e t abo l is m we m a y m e n t io n th e di ffere n t f orm s o f d ege n er a tio n o f t issues t h e prese n ce o f u nnat ur a l gro wt hs suc h a s c an cer an d t h e v a rious f orm s o f i n fl a m m at ory co n di t io n s E

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ur a l Recov ery S o m e o f th e d isorders o f m e ta bo l is m wi ll dis appe a r spo n taneous l y bei n g o f a tem por a ry nature We h a v e t o m e n tio n t wo gre at powers o f nat ure i n res t or i n g a n or m al co n ditio n o f m e tabo l ism vi z 1 R ea ction IV

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U n d er th is h eadi n g o n l y a s l i gh t sk e tch o f th e m e an s a t our co mm an d c an be gi v e n t h e sub j ec t bei n g so e xt e n ,

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VETERINA R Y TH ERA PE U TICS

12 6

u l se h as al re ady bee n co n sidered i n P a r t I u n der the h e adi n g o f T he Gen er a l S ymp toms of D isea se S o m e i m por t an t poi n t s f or th e s t ude n t t o n o t ice are Th e P

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is a N erv o m uscu l ar O rgan possessi n g a u to m a t ic a c tio n w h ic h depe n ds o n t h e prese n ce o f i n tr a c a rdi ac g an gl i a an d th at th e p rese n ce o f th e b l oo d i n t h e organ e x ci t es t h ese g an gl i a a d t h e s t re n g th o f Th e th e s ys t o l e de p e n ds o n th is pressure o f t h e b l oo d coro nary ar t eries supp l y n u trie n t b l oo d to th e h e a r t 2 Th e H e art is p ro v i de d wi t h a Regu lat i ng M ech an is m co n sis ti n g o f l

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is sub j ect to m an y i m pul ses f ro m a v ariety o f por tio n s o f th e bo dy such a s f ro m th e viscer a s k i n ce nt r a l n er vous sys t em l u n gs an d ev en fro m th e h e ar t i t se l f ; th is ce n t re recei v es t h ese affer n t i m pressio n s w h ich are t h e n refl ec te d t o th e he ar t a s m o tor i mp u l ses ei t h er by th e v a gus or sy m p at het ic T h e aff ere nt i m p ressio n s f ro m th e he ar t i t se l f t r av e l th rou gh th e v agus ; i n a n or m a l co n di tio n t h ese se n s a t io n s a re n o t percei v e d by t h e i n di v i du a l bu t i f gre a t l y augm e n t e d by an y c a use p a i n dis tress an d p a l pi ta tio n occur bei ng refl ec t e d to th e pr aecordiu m T h e c a r di a c ce n t re is a l so affec t ed by i t s b l ood supp l y depe n di n g o n t h e qu al i t y o f t h e b l oo d an d t h e b l oo d pressure i n i t ( b) T he Vagus h as an i n hibi t ory or co n tro ll i n g e ffec t o v er th e m ov e m e n t o f th e h e ar t i ts t erm i natio n s bei n g co nn ec te d wi th th e i n tr a c ardi a c gangl i a If t h e v agus be s tim ul at ed th e be at s o f th e h e ar t a re reduce d i n f orce The Ca r di a c Ce n tr e

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CI R CUL A T OR

TH E

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1 27

an d f reque n cy ; i f t his n er v e be di v ided t he he a r t be at s r a pid l y owi n g t o i ts antago n is t th e sy m p at he tic n erv e h av i n g f u ll power T his i n hi bi t ory a c t io n o f th e v agus c an be e xci t ed by re fl e x i m pressio n s c arried t o t he m ed ull a such a s by shoc k or by i n j uries t o t he abdo m i nal regio n e t c (o) T he S ymp a the ti c is th e anta go n is t o f th e v a gus i n i t s a c t io n o n th e he ar t i t bei n g t h e a ugm e nt i n g or a cce l er at or n erv e S ti m u l at io n o f th e sy m p at he t ic i n cre a ses t he a ct io n o f th e h e art ; di visio n o f t his n erv e reduces t he n u m ber o f be at s o f th e h e ar t Th e sy m p at h e t ic n er v e h a s e x t e n si v e co nn ec t io n wi th t he spi na l cord an d is n o t i n co n s tant a c t ion whi l e th e v agus is i n co n s tant a c tio n i n i t s i n h ibi t ory power ov er t h e he a r t 3 W i t h re f ere n ce t o t h e Pu l se we m us t n o t ice t h at i t s f reque n cy an d ch a r a c t er dep en ds on the length of the dia s tole or di l atat io n o f th e v e n t ric l es a s th e l e n gt h o f t he sys t o l e or co nt r a c tio n v aries o n l y to a v ery s l igh t e xt e nt u n der an y circum s t an ces If th e di a s to l e be l o n g an i nf reque n t pu l se is th e resu l t i f i t be shor t t here wi ll be a f reque nt pu l se D uri n g di a s t o l e t h e v e nt ric l es a re bei n g fi ll ed f ro m t he a uric l es an d v ei n s an d th e n er v o m uscu l a r s t ruc t ures a re bei n g res t ed an d n ouris h ed poi nt s o f gre at t her apeu tic a l i nt eres t a s we sh all see f ur ther o n 4 Th e A rt e ries a re co n t ro ll ed by (a) The Va se mo tor Cen tr e V o con s tr i c tor N erves Vase di la tor N erves b e r s ( ) besides possessi n g a l oc a l n erv ous m ech anis m ,

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V a so mo tor Cen tre is si t u at ed i n t he fl o or of ( ) t he f our t h v e n t ric l e i n t h e m edu ll a ; by m e an s o f i m pu l ses p a ssi n g ou t f ro m t h is ce nt re t he t o n e of t he a

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Digitiz e d by Micros oft®

VETERINA R Y TH ERA PEUTICS

12 8

o f t he body is m ai nt a i n ed an d co nt ro ll ed t h ey bei n g di l at ed or co nt r a c t ed a s required Cer tai n ce nt res e xis t i n th e spi na l cord an d al so l oc a l ce nt res a ll o f wh ich are subor di nat e t o t he ce nt re i n th e m e du ll a T he v a so m o t or ce nt re is sub j ec t t o i m pres sio n s f ro m t he v iscer a surfa ce t em per ature se n s at io n s e t c an d al so is affec ted by th e qu a li t y an d ch a r a c ter o f t h e b l ood circul at i n g t h rough i t ; t hus deficie n cy an d p o v er ty o f t he b l ood i n o x yge n s t i m ul at es i t c ausi n g co n tr a c tio n o f th e a rt erio l es an d a r aisi n g of b l ood pressure I t c an a l so be a c t ed o n b y cer t a i n drugs bei n g ei t her s ti m u l at ed or depressed W e m us t howe v er be aw are t h at a l t hough s t i m u l a t io n o f th is c e n tr e cau ses co n s trict io n o f t he s m a ll v esse l s it m ay i n so m e c a ses resu lt i n i n hibi tio n of t he p ar t resu l ti n g i n v a scu l ar di l atation such a s is f ou n d t o occur i n cer t ai n dise a sed co n di tio n s A ffere nt i m pressio n s re a ch i n g th e v a so m o tor ce ntre f ro m t h e he ar t h a v e a sp e ci a l e ff ec t which is o f gre at t her a p e utical i m por tan ce In c a ses where t he h e a r t is dis t e n ded wi th b l ood c ausin g dis t ress or ev e n a t e n de n cy t o fai l ure o f i ts a ct io n i mpressio n s re a ch th e c a rdi a c ce ntre by m e an s o f t h e v a gus t hese a re t r an s f erre d t o t he v a so m o t or ce n t re an d i mpu l ses a re se n t t o t h e v esse l s by t he v a so di l a tor n er v es wi t h t he resu l t th a t t he v esse l s beco m e re l a x ed t h e b l ood pressure fall s an d th e he a r t is e nab led t o em p ty i t sel f m ore re adi ly a n d beco m es re l iev ed T his pro visio n o f nat ure is t er m e d t h e dep r essor mechan i sm o f t he circu l atio n bloo dve ssels

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Va so cons tr i ctor N er ves Va so -dila tor N er ves T h ese a re dis t ribu t e d t o t h e m uscu l a r w a ll s o f t he s m a ll bloo dve s sels bo t h se t s bei n g u n der t he co nt ro l o f t h e v aso m o t or ce ntre If t h e v a so-co n s t ric t or n er v es be ( b)

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VETER IN A R Y

1 30

TH E RA PE UTICS

Ph arma co dyn amics For co n v e nie n ce o f d escrip tio n we m ay co n sider i n fl uen ce which we possess o v er 1 T he T o ta l Vo lu me of B loo d i n Ci rcu la ti on II

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he a l thy co ndi tio n o f t h e s ys t em wi t h a proper co n d i tio n o f t he b l ood re n d eri g t h e coro nary circul at io n a c t i v e co n s ti t u t es a na tur a l direc t s t i m u l us t o t he a c tio n o f t h e h e ar t Cer tai n d r ugs such a s al coh o l digi tal is a mm o n i a e ther e t c a ct a s direc t c a rdi a c s t i mu l an ts C r m i nat i v es a c t a s direc t a n d i n direc t c a rdi a c s tim u l an t s t h e l att er depe n di n g o n refl e x a c t io n f ro m t h e g a s tric m ucous m em br an e th rough th e ce nt r a l n erv ous sys te m Th e he ar t m a y be s t i m u l ated i n direc tl y by refl e x s ti m u l atio n such a s coun t er irri tatio n o v er t h e regio n o f t he pr ae cordium an d by i n h al at io n o f a mm o n i a a l so by the co l d douche an d by age llation A

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CIR CUL A T O R Y S

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D irec t Car dia c D ep ress a n ts - T hese depress th e i n tri n sic n er vo m uscu l a r

ei ther soo the or a pp a r at us o f t he he a r t T hey i n c l ude drugs such a s O piu m di l u t e hydrocy anic a cid a co n i t e ch l o ral ch l oro f o rm e t c In direc t l y we m ay depress t he s am e app a r at us by the use o f purg a tiv es diure t ics an d di aph oretics by w arm a pp l ic at io n s t o t h e pr ae cordium by t h e ge n er a l h o t b at h an d by a ge nt s wh ich h a v e t h e power o f shor t e n i n g t he di a s t o l e o f t he h e ar t .

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( b) We can i n u ence the a er en t n erves of the hear t th at is t h e m e an s by which i m pressio n s a re c arried t o t he br a i n f ro m th e he a rt i t se l f T hese n er v es a re depressed by t h e a d mi n is t r at io n o f such drugs a s opium ch l or a l be ll a do n na e t c t h e t er m i (o) T he i n hi bi tor y ner ves of the he a r t n at io n s o f t he v a gus i n t he h e a r t— m ay be s ti mu la ted by such d rugs a s digi t al is e tc an d t he a c tio n o f t h e he ar t re n dere d l ess f reque nt Th e s am e s truc t ures m ay be dep r ess ed an d th e a c t io n o f t he h e ar t i n cre a sed i n f reque n cy by such drugs a s be ll a do nna hyoscy am us a m y l n i t ri t e T here a re m an y drugs which gi v e n i n l arge doses h a v e a si m i l a r effec t (d) The ca r di ac ce n tre m ay be ei t her s t i m ul at ed or de pressed by cer ta i n drugs It c an be sti mu la ted by digi ta lis a l coho l e t her ch l oro f or m i n t heir pri m a ry a c tio n s ; i t is a l so s t i m u l at ed by be ll a do nna an d by such l oc a l irri tat io n an d t he app lic at io n o f co l d m e a sures a s cou n t er — douches It c an be dep ressed by such drugs a s al coho l an d ch l oro for m af t er t heir firs t s ta ge a l so by a co n i t e ch l or a l di lu t e hydrocy an ic a cid opium e t c It is t h us c l e a r t h at we c an i n fl ue n ce t he he a r t wi t h reg ard t o i t s f reque n cy by m e an s o f a c ti n g o n th e v agus ei t her t h rough t he c ardi a c ce nt re or t hrough i t s t er mi na t i on s T he di a s t o l e c an be ei t h er l e n g t he n ed or s h or t e n ed ,

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VE TERINA R Y TH

1 32

E

RA P E

UTI CS

o f gre at i m por tan ce i n co nn ec tio n wi t h t he W e m ay a l so rem a r k th at t h er a peu t ics o f t he sub j ec t a l l d rugs w h ic h h a v e t h e e f fec t o f a cce l er at i n g t h e a c t io n o f th e he ar t i f co nt i n ued i n l arge doses pro v e t o be c ar di a c depress an t s 3 Th e A r terie s — W e h a v e t he power o f i n fl ue n ci n g t h e a r t eries by a c t i n g o n t h e f o ll owi n g s t ruc t ures V h M o to r Ce n tr e — T his c an be s timu la te d by a T e as e ( ) s uch drugs a s a l coho l c h l oro for m e t c i n t heir pri mary s t ages an d t e m por a ri l y by a mm o n i a e t her digi ta l is I t c an a l so be s ti m u l at ed by such m e a sures a s t he e tc a pp l ic a t io n o f co l d t o th e sur fa ce o f t he body by cou nt er irri t at io n t o a re a s o f t h e s k i n an d by i n h al atio n o f a mm o n i a which s t im u l at es t h e t rige m i n us It c an be dep r essed by a l coho l an d c h l oro f or m i n t he seco n d s ta ges a n d by opiu m di l u t e h yd rocy an ic a cid a co n i t e be ll a do nna e tc a l so by t he l oc a l a p p l ic at io n o f an ody n es he a t e tc a

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VE TER INA R Y

1 34

TH E RA P E UT I CS

o s pres en ted fro m th ose dep e n di n g o n organ ic dise a se o f th e h e ar t an d a l so t o a scribe such s ym p to m s t o th eir re al c auses i n order t o t re a t th ese disorders i n a r at io nal m ann er W e m ay div i d e th ese disorders o f th e h e a r t an d v esse l s i nt o th ree cl a sses depe ndi n g o n t heir c auses : a ) T h ose dep en di n g on n er vous cau ses suc h a s e x ci t e ( m e n t i n an i m a l s o f a n er v ous t e m per a m e n t a l so c a uses a c t i n g i n a re fl e x m ann er t h rough t h e n er vous ce n tres i n t h e m e du ll a such a s d er an ge m e n t o f t h e diges t i v e org an s ; or irri tatio n f ro m th e p rese n ce o f p ar a si t es i n th e s to m a ch a n d i n t es t i n es

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f

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the blood,

such a s i n c a ses o f septic aem i a al so i n th e specifi c dise a ses We m ay a l so re m a r k t h at f u n c tio na l disorder o f th e h e a r t m ay occur a s a se que l t o e p i zo otic dise a ses such a s i n fl ue n z a t h e sym p t o m s dis ap pe a ri n g w h e n th e de b ili ty w h ic h is prese n t a s a resu l t o f t h e dise a se h as p a ssed o ff I t is esse n ti a l i n a ll c a ses o f f u n c tio na l disorders o f th e h e ar t t h at a h a s ty di ag n osis be a v oi de d a s repe a t e d e x a m i natio n s are o f te n re quire d be f ore we c an arri v e a t correc t co n c l usio n s I t is o f ten surprisi n g w h at dis t ressi n g s ym p to m s m a y be prese n t i n c a ses depe n di n g o n diges ti v e der an ge m e n t s an d t h e prese n ce o f p a r a si t es i n th e s t o m a c h l e a di n g o n e t o t h e suspicio n t h at su ch an d i n t es t i n es s ym p to m s m ay be due t o org an ic dise a se o f th e h e ar t u n l ess c are f u l observ at io n be persev ered i n ,

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Digitiz e d by Micros oft®

O RGA N I C

A F F E CTI ON S

OF

TH E

H

EA R T

1 35

r ic Dise a ses of t h e H e art are fa r m ore co m m o n t h an wou l d be i m agi n ed by t h e i nfor m at io n g a i n ed f ro m t he c l i n ic a l e x am i na t io n o f p a t ie nt s I t is w h e n mak i n g pos t m ort e m e x am i natio n s t h at we fi n d man y i n s tan ces o f we ll m ar k ed org an ic dise a se whic h h a d n ot produced an y a ppreci ab l e sy m p t o m s duri n g l i f e or t ha t th ese sy m p to m s h a d n o t bee n de t ec t ed o r h ad bee n a scribe d t o dise a ses o f o t her org an s Th e m os t co mm o n org an ic dise a se o f th e h e a r t f ou n d i n horses an d dogs is t h at o f fa tty degen er a tion Th is affec t io n is o f t e n m e t wi t h i n th e c a se o f a ged an i m a l s i n high co n di tio n an d wi t h i n suffi cie nt e x ercise O f v a lv u l a r affec t io n s we m ee t wi th dise a se o f th e m i t r a l an d a or tic v a lv es m ore o f t e n t h an o f th e o thers t h e co n di t io n s o f obs t ruc t i v e a n d regurgi t an t l esio n s bei n g o f te n f ou n d t oge t h er i n th e l att er As a cut e affec tio n s o f t he h e a r t we m ay m e n t io n e n doc a rdit is o ft e n co m bi n ed wi t h peric ar di tis W e m ay i ll us t r a t e th e e ffec t s o f a v a lv u l ar affec tio n by t ak i n g th e c a se o f a l esio n o f t h e a or t ic v a lv es t h is wi ll a l so a fford v a l u ab l e i n dic at io n s i n th e w a y o f t re at m e n t In dise a se o f t h e a or tic v a lv es t h e course o f th e p he n o T h e firs t e ff ec t s a re t h at m e na i n duced is progressi v e t h e b l oo d f ro m th e l e ft v e n tric l e is obs truc ted i n i ts p a ss age to th e a or t a duri n g sys to l e an d regurgi tat es f ro m t h e a or ta duri n g di a s to l e In order t o o v erco m e t his th e h e a r t h a s an e x tr a a m ou nt o f wor k t o per f or m an d here we h a v e an e x am p l e o f na ture s e ffor t s t o co m b at dise a se a s a co n di tio n o f h yper trophy o f t he m uscu l a r w a ll o f t h e h e a r t occur s i n or d er t o e na b l e i t T h is is t er m ed comp en sa ti on ; t o per f or m th e e x t r a work bu t af ter a t i m e i n co n se que n ce o f t h e i n cre a sed de m an d f or n u t ri tio n t o sup p l y t h e e x t r a m uscu l a r f orce this n u t ri t io n beco m es i n su ffi cie nt wi t h th e r esu lt t h at com 2

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Digitiz e d by Micros oft®

VETE RINA R Y

1 36

T H E RA P E U TI CS

fai ls an d th e n gr av e sy m p t o m s se t i n Th e co nt r ac t io n o f th e v e n tric l e fa i l s to co mp l e t el y e mp t y th e c av i ty i t beco mes o v er dis te nd ed wi th b l ood duri n g di a s t o l e i t s w all s beco m e s t re t c h e d an d a s a resu l t t he c av i t y is di l at ed O th er co n di t io n s n o w occur : the m i tr a l v alv e beco m es i n co m pet e n t an d duri n g sys t o l e b l ood regurgi tat es i n to t h e l ef t a uric l e t h e pu l mo nary circul at io n beco m es dist e n de d an d by t his m e an s th e righ t v e nt ric l e an d aft er w a rd s th e righ t auric l e beco me i m peded i n t heir f u n c t io n As a resu l t t he sys t em ic v ei n s beco m e dis te n d ed an d th e circu l at io n i n t he v iscer a is i nt er f ered wi th l e a di n g t o th e occurre n ce o f dropsy i nt es t inal h mm orrh age an d al so t o th e prese n ce o f albu m in in t he uri n e Respir a t io n is i nt er f ered wi th an d a l so th e supp l y o f a r teri a l b l oo d t o t he sys t e m so t h at t he v a rious co mp l ic a tio n s c a use a fa t a l t er m i na tio n 3 H e morrh age and i t s Co n seq uen ces — H ae morrh age produces cer tai n e ffec ts i n t h e sys t e m due t o t he l oss o f b l ood an d al so t o th e fall i n th e b l ood pressure If sufficient i n am ou nt a co n di t io n ter m ed syncop e or fa in ting wi ll occur T h is depe n ds o n i nabi l i ty o f t he he ar t to supp ly a sufficie n t a m ou nt o f b l ood to t he brai n th e resu l t bei n g l oss o f co n scious n ess an d o f th e po w er o f m a i ntai n i n g th e s t an di n g p osi tio n t h e an z e m ia o f t he br ai n produci n g a co n di tio n o f ge n er al m uscul ar p a r alysis Th e s am e effec t s a re produce d by an y c a uses o f c a rdi a c fa i l ure In v e t eri na ry pr a c tice s yn cope is n o t a co n di t io n o f co mm o n occurre n ce We m ee t wi th i t i n c ases o f i nt er na l h aem orrh age suc h a s u teri n e h aem orrh age an d h ae morrh age a s t he resu l t o f wou n ds a cci de n t a l or af ter ( oper atio n s ) I t m ay a l so occur by t h e a ccide nta l e n t r an ce of ai r i n t o t h e j ugu l ar v ei n duri n g th e oper at io n of v e n esec t io n p en sa ti on

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Digitiz e d by Micros oft®

VE T E R I N A R Y TH E RA P E U TI CS

1 38

to restore the vital fluid to a nor m al condition ; and if existing af ter debili ta ting diseases general tonics wi l l be indicated 2 In Organi c Di seases treat m ent can onl y be palliative and as previ ous l y re m ark e d w ith re f erence to horses it m a y not al w a ys be ad v isable to co m m ence a course o f treat m ent with the m I n the treat m ent of valvular lesions the ch i ef ai m shou l d be th e p r even ti on a n d r emova l of di la ta ti on of the v en tr i cle Vari ous m e ans are ado p ted for this purpose o f which the fo ll o w i ng m a y be noted (a ) Avoi da n ce of exer ti on as m uch as possible so as to lo w er the intraventr i cu l ar p ressure — T his can be n i 6 B i n cr eas i t h e a r d a c P o w e r C g ( ) y acco m plished b y the adm inistration of direct car diac sti m ulants such as digi ta l is stro p hanthus alcoho l a m m onia etc At the sa m e ti m e strict at tention should be pa i d to t h e d igestive s y ste m so as to avoid derange m ents o f it w hich are a source of danger to the heart T h e quanti ty and qua l i t y o f the b l oo d is also o f i m por t ance i n order that a proper nutr ient suppl y through the coronar y arteries b e m aintained to the cardiac walls — B 0 B i n cr e a s i n t h e Ti m e o a r d i a R e c C s t g f y this () y m eans we endeavour to i ncrease the po w er o f contraction o f the ventric l e and to prevent over distension o f i t and al so to afford a certain a m ount o f rest to the heart In drugs such as digita l i s stro p hanthus etc we possess valuab l e agents in th i s res p ect T hese besides acting as d irect cardiac sti m ulants a l so sti m ulate the i nh i b i tor y apparatus i n t h e h e ar t and m edulla ; the y l e n gthen t h e t i m e of fi ll in g the heart and thus f avour the venous o w into i t ; the arterial pressure is also raised as the aorta i s m ore co m p l etel y filled a n d the vaso m otor nerves are sti m ula ted We c an thus clearl y ,

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Micros oft®

,

T R E A T il-[E N T 0 F [L E

M O R R[I A GE

1 39

see how the y act beneficiall y i n the d i fferent conditions w h ich exist as a result o f lesions o f the aortic valves alread y described I t is obvious that such drugs will b e contra indicat e d during the co m pensation perio d but w ill be of the greatest service when this co m m ences to fail and dilata tion results — T hese are usual l y ( Z) B y T r ea tme n t o m m t h e S t o s f y p ( cardiac distr e ss a n d pain also pul m onar y distress drops y and visceral conges tions I n the treat m ent o f cardiac distr ess with oppression and pain cardiac sedatives such as opiu m and chlora l m ay be in dicated but in the use of the se agents great di s cri m i natio n and j u dgm ent is necessar y as they may also L ocall y act as dangerous cardiac depressants hot f o m entations and rube f acients to the reg i on o f the heart or the application o f bel l adonna o f ten g i ve relie f In pul m onar y distress sti m ulant expectorants such as a mm onia are use ful ; but our chief reliance in co m bat ing this s ym pto m and re l ievi n g the p ul m onar y engorge m ent should be o n agents w h i ch act o n the heart itself such as digitalis T h i s agent acting also as a diuret i c relieves t h e drops y whi ch m a y be present i n a m a n ner which wi l l be described under the heading o f T he Ki dn ey I n certai n cases purgativ e s w i l l be indicated to relieve the v i sceral congestions 3 Th e T reat me n t of H e morrh age — T h e treat m ent o f external h aem orrhage belongs to the do m ai n of S urger y T h e effects will however engage o ur attention under the hea ding o f S yn cop e I n internal h ae m orrh age a conditio n o f ver y great danger the therapeutist has to bring different agents to his aid .

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VE T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

14 0

speaking i n ternal h ae m orrhage occurs fro m the sto m ach i ntestines lungs and uterus In the case of the sto m ach intest i nes a n d lungs m edicinal agents ter m ed hee mos ta ti es are m ade use o f T hese agents also ter m ed s typ ti cs m ay be classed accordi n g to the strue tures up on w hich the y act i n g its po w er hose acting on the b l ood b y increas T a ( ) B y this m ea n s o f coagulation or p rec ipitati n g albu m in h mm o r r h a ge f ro m the part ma y be subdued E xa mp les — T a n n i n and substances containing i t such as catechu ga lls log w ood etc a l so sa l ts such as a l u m acetate o f l ead persalts of i ron etc ( 6) T hose agents p roducing contraction o f the broken vessels such as acetate of lead ergot the local app l ica tion o f cold or o f heat such as water at 1 1 0 to ( 0) T hose agents w h i ch act on the p erivascular t i ssues constrin gi n g the m and thus co m p ressing and closi n g the bleeding vessels T hese i nc l ude the substances just m e n t io n e d vi z acetate o f lead persa l ts o f iron tannin and substances containing it etc I n add i tion to the use o f h a m os ta ti c s i n internal h ae m orrhage we find i t o f advantage to ad m inister card iac and general sedatives w ith care f ul j udg m ent so as to reduce the force but not the p ow er of the hear t and also to ensure perf ect rest For these purp oses opiu m i n its d iffere n t preparat ions i s esp eciall y useful I n cases o f c e rebral h ae m orrhage h y dragogue purga t i ve s are use fu l by di l ating the m esenteric vessels and thus re l i eving the cerebral vessels and also wi thdrawing a certain a m ount o f flu i d fro m the blood I n so m e cases of h ae m orrhage f ro m the sto m ac h due to portal co n gestion we e m plo y p urgatives i n a cautious m anner for a s im i l ar purp ose S y ncop e In veter i nar y practice as previous l y B riefl y

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Micros oft®

VE TE R IN A R Y T H E R AP E U TI CS

1 42

that for m of brain affection due to reflex action f ro m the sto m ach known as sto m ac h staggers It is obvious that i n all cases characteri z ed b y debi l it y o r those w h i ch tend t o assu m e this character such as epi z o ot ic affections etc and also in the second stages o f the affectio n s m e n t i oned above venesect ion is contra indi cated and cannot act but in a detri m enta l m anner L ocal venesect ion i s l argel y m ade use o f in the f or m o f sc ar i fi ca t io n o f loca ll y i nfl a m ed areas I t is also availed of b y so m e p ract iti oners in the trea t m ent o f la m i nitis b y b l eeding at the toe i n the affected f eet or at the coronets though this is a m easure as to the beneficial e ffec t o f which there i s a divergence o f op inion .

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CH AP TE R X I TH E

1

TH

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.

RE S P IRA TORY S YS TE M

.

P h y si o

l ogica l

Re

l at i ons

.

function of the res p iratory s yste m is to supp l y ox ygen to the blood and to carry off b y expiration the carbonic acid water heat etc f or m ed i n the tissues T h e acts o f respiration are governed b y the respirator y centre w hich i s situated in the m edul l a close to the deep origin o f the pneu m ogastri c ne rves T h i s ce n tre i s affected b y i mp ress ions carried to i t by affere n t nerves not onl y f ro m the resp irator y p assages and l ungs but a l so f ro m a l l p arts o f the body by w h i ch its act ivit y is m odified a n d b y reflex action the respirator y m ove m ents are influenced T h e qual i t y o f the b l ood c i rculat i ng throug h this E

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Micros oft®

TH E

R E S P I R A T OR Y S

YS T E

M

14 3

centre affects it considerabl y a deoxidized condition lead i n g to sti m ulatio n o f the centre and i ncreasing the respirator y activi ty T h e m anner in wh i ch the changes i n the blood produce these effects i s n o t y et de fi nitel y known ; at o n e ti m e the y w ere ascribed to excess of carbonic acid in the blood T h e vagus i s the special a fferent nerve o f respiration and carries i m pressio n s fro m the whole surf ace of the respirator y passage s to th e centre If these i m pressions be excessive the y also reach the cerebrum causing sensations o f distress oppression or irritation which are referred more or less to the respirator y organs An i m portant point to consider is that in a cond i tion of di m inished ox y genation o f the bl ood not on l y is the respirator y centre sti m ulated but also the cardiac and vaso m otor centres leading to a slo w ing of the act ion of the heart and a n i n c re a se in the arterial res i stance We h ave als o to consider that the bronchi are under the control o f the m edulla b y reason of the m otor fila m ents o f the vagus w h i ch originate in the respirator y centre suppl y ing th e m usc l es regulating the calibre o f the bronchi B y this m eans i m pressions originating in the respirator y passages produce a n effect on the bronchi With re ference to the m echanis m o f respiration it m ay b e stated that i n the horse under ordinar y c i rcu m stances onl y the last ten pair o f ribs take an y share in res p iratio n as the eight true r i bs are covered b y the scapula ; but when d y spn oea occurs fro m an y cause the elbows are turned out a n d thus other m uscles act as auxiliaries and a certain nu m b er of the true ribs ass ist i n respirat i on ,

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VE T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

14 4

II

Ph arm aco -dyna mi cs

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.

W e can i nfluence the respi rator y s yste m in various w h i ch can b e convenientl y stud i ed under the w ay s f ol l o w ing heads 1 T h e A i r — B y pay ing attention to the details of ventilation we can ensure a proper a m ount o f ox ygen in the air surrounding the an i m al ; and b y artificiall y regulating the at m osphere w e can ensure a proper te m perature o f the resp ired air We can also b y the use of i nhalations m edicated o r o t h e r w is e o f steam f ro m hot w ater p roduce e ffe c t s o n the resp i rator y p assages 2 By i n uenci ng t h e Bl oo d and Ci rcu l at i on — T h e red corpuscles being the carr i ers o f ox ygen are i m portant agents i n m odi fyi ng respirator y activit y ; so that b y act i ng On these b y m eans o f food dr u gs natural in uen ce s etc w e can p roduce beneficial effects on the respirator y s yste m Th e circulation also is of i m portance in m o dif ying the respirator y f unctions — a B 3 By i n uenci ng t h e Lungs an d A ir— p assage s ( ) y a c ti n g on the A er e n t N er ve s o f the R esp i r a tor y Or ga n s ei ther s ti mu la ti n g or dep r es s in g th em — T hese nerves are sti m ulated by a m m on i a a n d depressed b y opium chloral chloro form and ether T he y are soothed b y w ar m and m o i st air and by hot applicat i ons to the walls o f the chest a n d to a slight extent b y de m ulcents Abnorm al sensations connected w ith the respirator y organs m ay be m odified by these nerve depressants ( b) B y a c ti n g on the Ci r cu la tion of the Vesse ls of the B r on c hi T h e circul ation can be i n cr eased by sti m ulants to the general ci rcu l ation also by d igitalis and aro m atic Th e bronch i al circulation can be dep r essed b y o il s heat b y general vascular depressants such as acon i te ipecacuanha alka l i es etc ,

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VETERI N A R Y TH E RA P E U T I CS

14 6

the chest also b y appl y i n g local ano dy nes such as bella donna and soothing lini m ents to the sa m e s i tuation 5 W e can act on t h e T racts of t h e E er e nt Imp ul ses f rom t h e Resp i ratory Centre on t h e S p i na l Centres of t h e Resp i rat ory Musc l es an d on t h e N ervo m uscu l ar A p p aratus of t h e Ch est and Lar yn x — T hese can be s ti m u la ted b y s tr y ch n i ne which acts both r e e xly and d i rectl y by increasing the v i gour o f the spinal centres E lectricit y ap pli ed to the nerve trunks such as to the phrenics intercostals or directl y to the m uscles also sti m ulat e s t h e sa m e reg i ons T hese regions can be dep r essed b y opiu m w hich has the e e ct o f depressing the who l e eff erent m echanis m T h e m ove m ents o f the chest m ay be controlled d i rectl y by the app l i cation o f suitab l e bandages to the chest wa ll s a m atter of i m p ortance i n connection with w ounds and inj uries of this region E xp ectorants increase the a m ount o f the n atural secre tions o f the respirator y passages and a l so m odi fy their character s o as to f acilitate their expulsion In horses and cattle these agents do not appear to have as benefici al an action as in hu m an bei ngs the best results being obtained f ro m the use o f m edicated inhal ations In dogs however expectorants are o f great therapeutical val ue E xpectorants m ay act upon the bron chial glands upon the m uscular structures of the bronchi upon the bronchi al c irculation and the respirator y centre Ac cording to their action on the circulation we m ay divide these agents into ,

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S e da ti ve E mp ec tor an ts

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include a m m o n ia sc illa de m ulcents and war m liqui d

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PA TH 2

S eda ti ve

OL O GI CA L

REL A TI ONS

147

E xp ector a n ts

include alkalies , iodid e s ipecacuanha the inhalatio n of stea m an d h o t applica tion s t o the walls of the chest I n view o f their special actions w e m ay fo r m othe r group s of e xpectorants as follows 3 E xp ector an ts w i th a S e da ti ve E ffec t on N erves T hese are generall y f orm ed b y co m bining e xpectorants such as ca m phor ipecacuanh a a mm o n ia etc w ith opiu m an d are of a dvantage in the treat m ent of so m e respirator y a ffections characteri z ed b y irritation and cough .

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on

the

— (a ) T hose which increase the water of th e bronchial m ucus and thus the liquidit y of the sputa ; these include saline expectorants iodine etc ( b) D isinfectant expectoran ts include aro m atic oils balsam s etc ; these are absorbed b y the pul monar y m ucous m em brane and then excret e d fro m it ; the y p r o duce an increased ow of m ucus and e xert an anti septic deodorant an d disin fectant effect both on the secretio n and also on the surf ace o f th e m ucous m em brane T h e oil of eucal y ptus is of special value in this respect b eing given intern all y as w ell as e m plo y ed as an inh alation D isinfectant i nhalatio n s c an also be m a de with such agents as carbolic acid creolin etc and are not onl y p ro o f the highest therapeutical i m portance m ot i ng the discharge fro m the bronchial tubes i n cases o f bronchitis but reducing irritation an d rendering the discharge aseptic Sp u ta

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III P ath o l ogical Relatio ns .

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diseases an d disorders of the respirator y s y ste m include a la rge number of abnor m al conditions to which Th e

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VETER INA R Y

14 8

TH

E R A P E UTICS

a passing notice can onl y be given We m ay divide the m into tw o great classes 1 T hose depending on cha n ges in the blood and circu lation which have been alread y noticed i n Chapters VIII .

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dependin g o n changes i n the ne rve m uscular ap paratus of th e respirator y s y ste m also i n the lungs and air pa ssages the respirator y centre and the aff erent and efferent nerves o f com m unication I n a ff ections of the respi rator y organs such as bron pneu m onia pleuris y etc chi t is pul m onar y co n gestion we have ci rculator y infla mm ator y and degenerative changes occurring as predo m i nant conditions var y ing according to the stage and severit y of the disease and producing certain anato m i cal changes in the parts T hus in pul m onar y congestion we have the pul m onar y vessels engorged w ith blood in bronchitis the bronchial tubes beco m e obs tructed by i n amm at ion of their m ucosa an d swelling and b y the presence o f catarrhal products which m ay be retained causing irritation of the nerve s and vessels In pneu m onia the condition o f consolidation render s that portion of the lung incapable of perfor m ing its function while gangrene m a y resul t from different causes In specific aff ections o f the lung such as tubercle m arked degenerative changes also occur I t is clear that in all such aff ections the eff orts of the practitioner m ust be directed to the relief o f the s y m pto m s t e the e e cts o f the m orbid changes as he has ver y little power i n acting di rectl y o n the seat o r c ause o f the disease Am ongst these effects the following will de m and atte n tion : 1 Dyspnoea —D isturbed respiration varies in degree 2

T hose

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VETER IN A R Y

15 0

TH ER A PE UTI CS

The

condition of d y spn oea to a certain extent is an effort of nature to increase the ox ygenation o f th e blood by increasing the force an d frequenc y o f the respirator y m ove m ents We m ust however consi der that this con dition soon tends to aggravate the distress instead o f a ffording relie f N ature endeavours to re m ove the effects o f the m orbid influence b y re m ovi n g the excessive secre tions b y expectorat i on Vicarious action i s another m ethod b y which nature endeavours to aff ord rel i e f — thus in d y spn oea auxiliar y m uscles are ca l led into action along with those o f respira tion and the health y portions of the lung tissue take on increased functio n ,

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V Th er ap eut i cs .

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the treat m ent of resp i ratory a ffections h ygi enic and dietetic m easures are o f first i m portance P ure air a pro p er te mperature o f the surround in gs an a ll owance o f eas i l y —digested nutri tive food and caref ul nurs ing of the patient are detai l s wh ich never shou l d be lost s ight o f N o h ard and f as t rules can b e laid down as regards m ed i c i nal treat m ent seeing that we cannot act directl y o n the organs a ffected so as either to re m ove t h e cause o r cut short the course o f the infla mm ator y act i on if such be present Th e strength of the p atient wi l l de m and attent ion the cond i ti on o f the pu l se indi cating the use o f sti m ul ants or other w ise T h e exc retor y organs should be kept in as nor m al a condition a s poss ib l e b y acting gentl y o n the m such as help i ng the sk i n to per for m its f unctions by the use o f cloth i n g and diaphoretics the ki dney s b y the ad m ini strati on o f saline diuretics and the bowels should their action beco m e torpid by the allowance of s m all do ses b f sulphate o f m agnesia and the use of enem ata if neces sar y T h e te m perat ure as indi In

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OF

TRE A TM E N T

D

e ati n g

YSPNE A

151

the degree of f ever present is a s ym pto m of great i m portance and will require appropriate attent i on b y the ad m in i stration o f ant ip y retics Above all things no m easures calculated t o depress the patient should be adopted and excessive interference should be avoided I n the treat m ent o f d y spnoea we m ust carefull y inquire into its cause I f depending o n acute bronch i tis in the first stages saline expectorants will be of service in lique f ying the bronchial secretions whi l e the inhalation o f w ar m m oist air such as stea m will help to overco m e the dr y ness and e x tre m e vascularit y of t h e bronchial tubes After the earl y stage is passed st i m ulants such as a mm oni a with ca m phor etc are indicated which b esides their expectorant action sustain the act i on o f the heart and stre n gthen the respirator y centre I nhala tions m edicated w i t h disin fectant agents a n d aro m atic oils are o f the greatest service f avouring expec toration and preventing the discharges fro m b eco m ing putrid o r purulent T h e external app l icat i on o f heat b y m eans o f w oollen rugs wrung o u t o f ver y h o t water and applied in a proper m anner to the walls of the chest gives great relie f in cases o f this kind In Dy sp n oea f ro m Di mi ni sh e d Resp i ratory A rea such as o ccurs i n acute pneu m onia fro m consolidation o f the lung w e find tha t the air an d the bloo d cannot co m e into m utual contact s o that increased resp i rator y m ove m ents ’ occur with acce l eratio n of the cardiac action the results b eing that the air is constantl y changed and the blood constantl y renewed T hese are e fforts o f nature to pro vi de for the a eration o f the bloo d a n d the practitioner m us t endeavour to ass i st the m T hus the general s y ste m will require t o b e sustained an d the action o f the heart carefull y watched s o that sti m ulants m a y be ad ministered when necessar y and ever y thing possible secured for the ,

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1 52

RIN A R Y TH ERA P E

U TI CS

co mfort of the patient the acco m pan y ing fever bei n g co m bated b y m easur es which are not depressing ’ In Dy sp noea w i t h S p asm co mmon l y terme d A st h m a which is an affection due t o spas m of the circular m u scu lar fibres o f the bronchial t ubes dep ending on so m e irrita tion of the vagus or respirator y centre by which reflex i m pressions pass out to the bronchia l m uscles we e m p l o y direct depressants to the nerv e m uscular structures of the bronch i such as belladonna h y osc ya m us etc T his affe c tion i n the horse is b y so m e authorities c l assed with that ’ disease known as bro k en w i n d but others either regard i t a s a distinct affection or as an earl y stage o f the l atter In dogs asth m a is of co m parativel y frequent occurrence and o ften gives rise to ver y distressing s y m pto m s I nhalations o f stea m often give re l ief wh i le hot applications to the walls o f the chest are use f u l ; i n severe cases counter irritation m ay be required I nternall y di ffusible st im ulants and anti s p asm o di c s give rel i ef such as s p irits o f ether or chloro for m in s m all doses o r a m ixture of carbonate o f a mm onia spirit s of ether w ith an aro m atic is a usef ul co m bina tion P o w er ful respirator y depressants such as opiu m etc are to be avoided in cases with threatening asph yxia as the y are likel y to i ncrease that condition Cough dependi n g o n resp i rator y a ffections is in so m e cases an e or t o f nature to rem ove som e obstruction f ro m the respirator y passages but o fte u proves a m ost distressing s ym pto m de m anding relie f As far as possible power f ul depressants of the respirator y centre s u ch as narcot ics are to be avoided i n the treat m en t of respira tor y d i seases and in distressi n g cough other m eans should have the pref erence In affections such as lary ngitis it m a y be dangerous i f not i m possi ble to ad minister re m edies in the usual m anner as violent fits of coughing are produced during ,

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VE

1 54

TE RINA R Y TH ERA PE

UTICS

hu m an m edicine still it is a s y ste m which deserves care ful attention with reference to the action of dr ugs and the treatm ent of various diseases Th e ph y siolog y of the nervous s y ste m is a ver y e x ten sive subj ect as its distr i bution is universal throughout the bod y and the student is re ferred to the e xcellent m anual ’ on eterinar y h y siolog V P y b y P rofessor F S m ith f or a consideration of the chie f points i n connection with i t Fo r o ur present purpose it w ill be su fficient to notice those portions which are o f interest in the therapeutical rel ations of the s y stem such as the higher nervous centres representing sensation consciousness and vo lun tary m otion ,

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P hy si o

l ogi cal

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tissue possesses the power of display ing or discharging force when acted on b y certain influences T his power or propert y is ter m ed i rri ta bili ty Th e influence which produces it is ter m ed an i rri tan t a n d the act of producing it is ter m ed i r ri ta tion If the result of the influence be t he displa y of m ore force than ordinar y we ter m it a s timula n t an d th e acti on s ti mu la tion If the result be the displa y o f less force than ordinar y we ter m the influence a dep ressa n t and the action dep ressi on Fo r practical purposes we m ay arrange the nervo u s s y ste m o n the following p l an N ervous

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T he Ter mi na l N er ve -endi n gs the B ody

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The Afi er en t N er ves

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T he Sp i na l Co rd T he Cere brum, or B rai n P r op er .

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fa ce of

the S ur

TH E

NER VO US S YS TEM

In

1 55

addition t o this arbitrar y plan w e m ay add th e nervous m echani s m of th e viscera which is a portion of great i m portance We fi n d that m ost of th e viscera are governed b y centres i n the m edulla S pinal cord or cereb ru m and that this m echanis m is partl y reflex ; also that the e ff erent nerves between these centres and the viscera are inti matel y connected with the s ym pathetic nervous s y ste m an d that i n addition the viscera possess intrinsic ganglia b y which their autom atic action is chiefl y carried on Th e following ph y siological points are of i n terest with regard t o the actions of drugs on the parts nam ed Th e Br ain consists of m otor centres presiding over the m ove ment o f the li mb s a n d also for th e m astication o f food etc It also consists o f sensory centres for the special senses o f sight taste an d hearing and others fo r general sensation T hese different functions are i n addition to th e function o f the organ as the centre o f consciousness intelligence e tc I n the do m estic ani m als the cerebru m is o f s m all si z e co m par ed with the posterior parts of the brain and the size o f the S pinal cord while i n the hu m an being the cerebru m is w e l l developed As a result o f these facts we find that certain drugs acting on the cerebru m such a s opiu m produce m arked sop ori fic effects i n m an w hile i n the do m estic ani m als such agents produce less dep r e s sio n o f brain function and f requentl y cause deranged m otor function and convulsions Th e S p i na l Cor d possesses three i m portant functions viz conducti on r eflex a cti on and or igi n a ti on of nervou s force It tran s m its sensor y i mpulses to th e br ain and m edulla and fro m the latter o r gans it conve y s m otor i m pulses to the m uscles glands etc Th e Medu ll a contains various cent r es essential to life ,

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VETE RINA R Y

1 56

TH ERA P E

UTI CS

such as the respirator y centre the cardiac centre etc which re n ders this orga n on e of the m ost i mportant i n the bod y B e f ore proceeding to notice the influences which we can bring to bear on the d ifferent portions o f the nervous s yste m we have to consider the following ph ysiological states o r conditions 1 S ensatio n — T h i s is the result of an i m pression carried to the cerebru m b y an afferent nerve generall y co m m encing at the peri p her y and referred thereto All organs and tissues i n the nor m al state are sens i tive ; but actual sensations do not proceed fro m the m When however they are disturbed b y an y cause percep tion is aroused an d a condition of p a i n m ay be the result We ter m the constant e xistence of sensation i n a quiescent state common se nsi bili ty 2 M otio n — Th e act of m ove m ent is generall y re garded as due to an i m pulse originating i n a nervous centre and being conve y ed b y an efferent or m otor nerve to m uscles or m uscular organs Muscular contraction m a y be produced by sti m ulation of an y part o f the e ff erent o r m otor ne rve tracts It m ay also originate i n a reflex m anner b y sti m ulation of so m e portion of the sensory nerve tract being reflected through th e centres 8 Consci ousn e ss i s a ph y siological state partl y dep end ing on the presence of percept i ons and partl y associated with the intellect and the w i l l Generall y speaking it will depend o n a perfect state of the whole sensor y apparatus but for our p resent purpose we m ay regard it as residi ng in the cerebral convolutions over whi ch we c a n exert influence b y m eans o f certain d r ugs 4 S l eep — T h e real nature o f health y sleep is a m atter which is not y et clearl y understood I t is generall y supp osed to depend on dim inished m etabolis m o f the .

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’ TICS

VETE

1 58

RINA R Y TH ERA P E U

act as local sti mulants ; and certain m etallic salts if applied in solution suffi cientl y strong have th e sa m e e ffect such as silver copper zinc etc acting as caustics or astringent s I t is necessar y to understand that the sensations pro duc e d b y local sti m ulants are in realit y cen tr a l although the y m ay be referred to the per i pher y T h e higher centres are sti m ulated and th e i m pulses while being carried to the cerebrum a l so act partl y on the spinal and m edullary centres producing refle x i mpulses which m a y act o n m uscles and the viscera T hus w e see that sensor y i m pressions especiall y irri tating ones sti m ulate not on l y consciousness but also the vital centres in the m edulla and through the m som e of the i m portant viscera For exa m p le the cold douche rouses consciousness and also excites the respirator y centre causing increased respirator y m ovem ents I t will thus be seen th a t loca l s ti mu lan ts may become ,

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gen era l s timu la n ts ( b) L oca l ane s the ti cs .

reduce the sensibilit y of the ter m inal nerve endings and final l y re m ove their power When u sed for the relief of of receiving i m pressions pain the y are ter m ed loca l a n odynes S o m e agents directl y depress the nerve fibrils such as belladonn a aconite cocaine opium ; others such as alcohol ether volatile oils etc have a si m ilar eff ect when their action is prolonged M oderate co l d such as that produced b y the evaporation of ether acetic acid e ta — also certain saline solutions such as that of chloride of a mm oniu m possess an an aesthetic effect o n the parts to w h ich the y are applied ; while extre m e cold will cause ab solut e an aesthesia of the part Moderate heat r ed uces the irritabilit y of nerves while e xtre m e heat prolo n ged d estro y s it -

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IN

FL UEN CES O VE R

M O TO R

S YS TE M

159

We e m plo y certain agents such as p oulti ces to act as local anod y nes which effect the y bring about b y com bining the proper ties o f heat a n d m oi sture T h e heat relieve s th e pain b y acting o n the bloo dvessels dilating and relieving the m pro m oting os m osi s and the m igration o f corpuscle s an eff ect which is assisted b y the presence of m oisture (c) We can act on the tr un ks of the affer en t ne rves B y the u se of ce r tain drugs such as opiu m we c an interfere with the carr y ing o f i mpressions fro m the peripher y to the sensor y centres b y dep ressing the nerv e trunks the m selves We m ay m ention a fa m iliar surgical operation — viz neuroto m y— which relieves pain and la m eness b y section o f the ne rve thus preventing painful i m p r essions being carried t o the sensor y centres f ro m the diseased part ,

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p ercep tive cen tre s te rm ed n arco tics ;

b y that group o f agents these include general an aesthetics an d general anod y nes which will b e noticed presentl y under the head of Con them s elv es

sci ous n ess

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the group of narcotics we fi nd som e agents such as opiu m which interfere with the afferent i m pres sions fro m all portions of the s y ste m—that i s at their for m ation in the course o f their conduction and at their entr y to the sensor y centres 2 M otio n — We possess m ore powe r ove r that portio n o f the n ervous s y ste m presidi n g over m otion than ove r sensation because we c an act on m otor parts both dir ectl y an d also i n a refle x m anner—viz b y local irritants producing m usc ul ar m ovem ents and loc al depressant s arresting them We fi n d that diffe rent drugs act on di ff e r ent portion s of the m oto r apparatus Am o n g

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VE TER IN A R Y

1 60

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(a ) Mo tor s timu la n ts m ay act on the motor convoluti on s o f the cerebru m E xa mp les — Alcohol in m oderate doses and chlorofor m and ether in their pri m ar y stages T he y m a y act on the m edu lla T hus am m onia bella donna and str y chnine excite the m ovem ents of the respirator y m uscl es by acti ng on the respirator y centre and ether and chlorof or m in their pri m ar y stages have a s im ilar e ffect T he y m a y act on the m o tor cen tr e s of the sp i n a l cor d T hus str y chnine produces convulsion s b y powerfull y sti m ulating these centres L oca l m o tor s ti mu lan ts act on the termi na ti on s of the nerves the ter min a l app a r a tu s and the muscles the m selves As examp les we have the e m plo ym ent of hand rubbing to parts the cold douche etc which r e u se the local circulation and increase m uscular nutrition and activit y E lectricit y is also in use as a local m oto r sti m ulan t and str y chnine possesses a sim ilar action b M o t o r D e r essa n ts — L arge doses of alcohol ether ( ) p and chlorofor m depress a n d finall y paral y z e the motor con v olu ti on s of the cerebru m and thus co m pletel y arrest a l l vo l untar y m ovem ents The m o tor fu n cti on s of the m edu lla are depressed b y opiu m aconite chloral etc and b y large doses o f alcohol a n d chloro for m which ulti m atel y produce paral y sis of the resp irator y centre and cause death by this m eans The mo tor cen tr e s i n the sp i n a l cor d are depressed b y ph y sostig m ine and other drugs the result being paral y sis o f the li m bs when large a m ounts are ad m inistered The m otor n er ves themse lves are depressed b y coniu m and other drugs which cause paral y sis through these channels when ad ministered in sufficient a m ount The mo tor n erve en dings are depressed b y belladonna .

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VETERINA R Y

1 62

TH ERA PE U TICS

wh i ch act p ri m aril y o n the convo l utions of th e cerebru m first sti m ulat i ng then dep ress in g and fina ll y arrest ing their f unct i ons produci n g t h e condi tion o f unconsc i ousness T h e vital centres i n the m e du ll a are a l so depressed but unt i l consc i ousness i s co mp l etel y re m oved no serious depression i n the vi ta l centres occurs Ch l oro f or m and ether act i n this m anner and are hence the agents m ost co m m on l y used for the purp ose o f general an aesthet i cs 2 Th e se agents which invo l ve the cerebrum and the vi tal centres i n the m edu ll a at the sa m e t i m e so t h at be fore the con di t i on o f unconsc iousness i s p roduced there i s dangerous dep ression o f the centres o f resp i ra tion and circulat ion i n the m edulla As exa m p l es o f such agents w e m ay give opiu m and ch l oral I t is nee dl ess to re m ark that such drugs are not used f o r th e purpose of re m oving consciousness but are f requent l y e m p l o y ed and are o f great i m portance w hen Fo r p rescr i bed in su i tab l e doses as genera l anod ynes such p ur p oses we e m plo y the m to arrest percept i ons o f p a i n to i nduce s l eep an d to soothe and prevent pa i n i n t h e great v i ta l organs o f the bod y when such are di s ordered or di seased H yp n o ti cs are agents w h i ch pro m ote or produce s l eep and i nc l ude narcot i cs such as op iu m ch l ora l etc also bro m ides T he y do not act so read i ly on an i m al s as on m a n i n conseq u ence o f the cere bru m o f the f or m er not being so w e ll d eve l oped as i n the l at ter W e m a y re m ar k that certai n nervous depressants such as ac o n i t e paral yze the m edu ll a be fore the y re m ove consc i ousn e ss an d consequent l y are dangerous agents never e m p l o ye d for genera l an ae sth e t i c p urposes a n d requ ir i ng great care in their use as nervous sedat i ves 1

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PA RA L YS I S III

P at h ologi cal Re

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l at i on s

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considering the pathological relations of the nervous s y ste m it wi l l b e su fficie n t fo r our purpose to notice the principal symp tom s to which the varied m orbid cond i ti ons give rise 1 Di sturb an ces of S ensat i on — P a i n — W e are a w are that the condition ter m ed p a i n w ill depend o n a great variet y o f causes and m ay arise f ro m diffe rent sets o f organs an d m a y be due d i rectl y to the part to w hich i t is re ferre d and where i t origin ates o r b y refl e x action aff ect other regions B riefl y we m ay state that w hatever ti ssues or organs are affe ct e d givi n g rise to the cond i t i on w e m a y regard it as or i gina t i n g in the nerve o f pain suppl y connect in g t h e peripher y with the sensor y centres in the cerebru m S evere pain produces ver y serious e ffects if allo w ed to go on unc h ecked I t is a po w er fu l dep ressant o f the n erv o us centres and o f vital organs ; and such actions tak en in connection w ith the m orbid conditio n on which the p ai n depends wi l l clearl y show the student the great i m portance o f pain as a genera l s y m pto m of disease 2 P ara l y si s — T his is a s y m pto m depend i ng on various P aral y s i s m ay m orbid conditions o f the nervous s y ste m a ffect d ifferent portion s o f the bod y thus we m ay have paral y s i s o f the posterior extre m ities para l y sis o f the i ntestines p aral y sis o f the bladder etc We find this cond i t i on i n a large variet y o f diseases o f a diversified nature T hus we h ave inab i lit y to rise in that affection ter m ed a zo tur i a in horses also in injuries I n cattle we find it i n cases of m ilk t o the spina l cord fever ; and in dogs we find paral y sis o f the hind e x t r e m iti e s i n so m e cases o f i m paction o f the intestines also i n the later stages o f rabies In

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VETE RIN A R Y

1 64

TH ERA PE U TI CS

cessiv e M ot or A ct i v i t y — U nder this heading are included condit i ons such as spas m convulsions etc also disturbed m ove m ents of the viscera m ay be i ncluded Th e condit i ons m a y occur in a large nu m ber o f affe c tions a n d dep end o n various causes being due in so m e to a m orbi d s ta t e o f an y part o f the m otor tract fro m one extre m it y to t h e other and i n others to so m e dis turb an c e o f the sensor y area which produces effects b y acting r e e x ly through the centres 4 Di sturb ances of Consc i ousnes s — T hese include the condi tions o i ( a ) Un consci ousness wh i ch m ay depend on di rect inj uries to the head ; on inter f erence w ith the b l ood supp ly to t h e cerebrum ; such as is seen in f ainting due to h asm orr h a ge ; o n organic diseases o f the brain and as a resu l t o f narcot i c p oisons ( b) D e li r i um a n d exci tem en t w hich are conditions f ound to occur in m an y d i seases a n d leading to a state M an y p o i sons also produce these con o f exhaust i on 3 E .

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di t io n s

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IV

M an y disorders

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N atura

l

Recov ery

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the nervous sy ste m n ot dependi ng on organic changes have a ten d enc y to d i sap pear w hen the cause is rem oved either b y natural m eans or when these are ai ded by the therapeutist A s i t is difii cult i n m an y instances to ascr i be the symp to m s p resented to thei r real cause it i s c l ear that under such c i rcu m stances our e ff orts can onl y be directed to the alleviation o f the conditions p l aced bef ore us O n e im portant point never to be l ost sight o f is that severe pain shou l d a l w a y s be checked as earl y as po ssible n o m atter w hat it depen d s on of

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VETE

166

R INA R Y TH ER A PE UTICS

cause H e m ust be careful to distinguish bet w ee n the m anifestations o f pain dep ending o n abdo m inal affe c tions and those due to aff ections o f other organs such as o f the kidne y s pleur ae brain etc Correct diagnosis i n such cases m ust be m ade b y pa y ing attention to the general s ym pto m s presented and als o to the histor y of the case and to special s ym pto m s which if n ot present a t the ti m e o f exa m ination m ay beco m e apparent as the disease i s developed T h e c on ditio n s of deliriu m exc i te m ent etc dependi n g on afi e c tions of the brain w hether of i ts substance or of its coverings m ust be distinguished fro m si m ilar eff ec t s due to other cau ses I t is needless to sa y that such d i stinctions are b y no m eans clear when we cons i der f o r insta n ce that aff e c tions of the s t o m ach m a y by reflex action pro duce m arked disorder of the bra in caus i ng a co m bination of t h e evidences of pain and de l iriu m T hen again we have in certai n a ffections such as azo turia the occurrence o f vio l ent convulsive m ovem ents in severe cases continued u nti l the p at i ent beco m es worn out evidentl y due to so m e m orb i d cause ac ting o n the nervous s y ste m Whether pai n reall y occurs o r not i n such cases we cannot definite l y sa y because our patients do not possess the power o f sp eech Chronic degenerat ive diseases o f th e kidney s will also in so m e cases produce various degrees of pain evidenced b y the peculiar postures assu m ed b y the patients In cases of volvulus a n d i ntussusception of t h e intes tines the m ost violent struggles are oft e n witnessed the pain beco ming so intense that the patient s e e m s i ncap able oi controlling his action s I n cases o f brain a ffections w he ther occurring as pri m ar y affect i ons or du e to reflex irritation fro m th e sto m ach the horse beco m es so violent i n th e first stages Digitize d by Micros oft® .

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TH E

OF

US E

AN

OD YN ES

1 67

th at it is i m possible to approach hi m or to ad minister m edicines In cattle w e also fi nd the evidences o f pain either shown in great exc i te m ent with excessi ve m otor m ove m ents o r b y great dulness acco m panied b y a grunt or low m oan f requentl y repeated In dogs pain is m ani f ested either by low m e an s or b y shrieks depending o n severit y D ifferent postures are also assu m ed T h e alleviation o f pain le ads us to inquire into the use o f A no dy nes T he se are agents prescribed f o r the relie f o f pain T o m ake use o f anod y nes in a scientific m anner it is necessar y to arrive at a correct d i agnosis — that is to ascertain the cause of the pain and to re m ove i t and t o a c t on the e ffects which re m ain T h e student will clearl y see that in all cases this will not be possible especiall y so when we have t o depend on obj ective sym p to m s f or a diagnosis N evertheless there are certain conditi ons where pain ex i sts and where we c an re m ove it b y the em plo ym ent these attack t h e o f what are term ed i n di r ec t a n odyn es ; cause o f the pain while the y do not act directl y o n nervous tissue For ex am ple in the case o f l ocal affe c tion s characteri z ed b y p a i n such as an abscess or a f oreign bod y in a part we m ake use o f surgical m eans o f relief also o f poultices w ar m f o m entations etc B ut even loca l a ffections so m e ti m es require th e use o f eithe r local d irect anod y nes or general anod ynes Again we fi nd t h at local irritant s such as m u stard etc m a y beco m e local anod y nes supposed to be due to cert ai n actions such as exhaustio n of the i rritabilit y and con du c tiv i ty o f local n erve s and to d i latation o f the vessels etc e ffects which w i ll be described in the chapter on .

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Cou n ter I r r i ta ti on -

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P urgativ e s may

act as indi rect an od ynes in so m e cases

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VE TE R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

1 68

.

such as i n i m pacti on o f t he sto m ach or i n spas m odic colic due to the presence o f irri tating i ngesta ; these agents rem ove the cause B u t it is o ften n e ce s sary t o co m b i ne w i th the m anody nes i n order to re m ove the effect the pain Loca l A no dy nes are e m p l o yed to reduce the irri tabil i t y o f nerves b y l oca l m eans ; such are bel l adonna o p i u m cocai ne and also the h y p oder m ic i nj ect ion o f m orph i a which acts both locall y a n d genera ll y Genera l A no dynes are a m ost i m p ortant group o f m ed i c inal agents i n veteri nar y thera p eut i cs T he y r e l ieve pai n no m atter fro m w h at source b y depressing t h e sensor y centre s in the cerebru m or b y d i m i n i shing the conduct i vit y o f the sensor y nerves or by a co m bination o f both m ethods S o m e such as chloral h ydrate act as ure and power ul n o tics — that is cause s l eep and f h p yp prevent the p ercept i on o f pain b y their action on the sensory ce n tres of the cerebru m O thers such as op i u m a n d its act i ve princ iple m or ph ine p roduce a p ara lvz in g effect on the sensory nerves o f all organs and also act as h y pnot i cs in so m e ani m al s As we sh al l s e e ho w ever when treating o f the specia l therapeutics o f o p ium and its al k alo i ds i n the m aj or i t y o f cases i n horses i nstead o f a h yp notic effect these drugs p roduce exc ite m e n t and act as cerebro s p ina l sti m ulants even w hen ad m inist e red in l arge doses ; and as such e ffects are p roduct ive of har m b y reason of thei r dep ress ing action on the nervous s y ste m a t a ti m e w he n i t requires rest w e have to de p end on another drug vi z cannab i s i nd i ca— w h i ch poss e sses the p ropert i e s o f act in g as an e ffic i ent anod yne both b y producing d i rect h yp notic e ffects as w e ll as de p ress i ng the sensor y nerves A pure h yp not i c such as ch l ora l h ydrate a l though pro du c m g sleep b y i t s act i on on the convo l utions o f the .

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VETER INA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

1 70

cessiv e Mot or A ct ivi t y — S p as m s convulsions etc are also rationall y treated accord in g to their cause W e m eet in y oun g dogs cases of co nvu ls i ve fits due either to teethi n g or to the p resence of parasites in the intestina l ca n al S uch cases are treated b y aper i ents a n d sto m ach i cs and b y anthe l m intics according to the cause Cases o f e p i l e p s y are m e t w i th in dogs i n w h i ch i nstanc e s the ad m inistrat i on o f the bro m i des is often o f serv i ce In affections such as te ta n u s in w hich the correct pathology is not ye t di scovered various m ean s o f treat m ent are ado p ted ; but i t cannot ye t be said that the use of o n e drug gives better resu l ts than another In cases of con vu ls ion s the exact cause o f w hich we cannot deter mine it m a y be necessar y to prescribe drugs such as Op iu m ch l oral h ydrate cannab i s i ndica etc to abate the vi olence o f the s y mpto m s In cases o f such affections as a zo tu r t a w here the convu ls io n s de p end o n so m e de l eterious agent act i ng on the nervous syste m i t i s of the greates t im portan ce to ensure the acti on of the various excretor y organs such as the bo w e l s the s k in and the k i dne y s by the use o f purgatives d i ap horeti cs and diuretics w hen necessary avoi ding narcot i c agents as m uch as possible unt i l the other m e ans f ai l 4 Consci ousness — Ih cases w here deliriu m is a pro m i nent s ym p to m cerebra l dep ressants caref ul l y regulated are ind i cated such as ch l ora l bro m ides etc In loss of con sc iou sn ess w e m ust clearl y inquire in t o the nature o f the case If t h e condition be due to i n jur i es of the h e ad our attent i on shou l d be d irected to the state o f th e heart and the r e sp irator y s yste m which m a y beco m e depressed a l on g wi th t h e co nvo lu 3 E .

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KH M M

TH E

WS

IH

tions of the cereb r u m the centres o f respiration an d circulation b ein g involved b y the inj ur y In such cases restorative me asures m ust b e e m plo y ed i ncluding cardiac sti m ulants an d artificial respiration if necessar y B ut i n cases of loss o f consciousness where the vi tal centres are n o t seriousl y depressed we should avoid sti m ulants a s m uc h as possible as th e y are likel y t o increase th e existing inj ur y to the brain b y sti mulating the circula tion through it when i t should re m ain in a state of quietude ,

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CH AP TE R X III TH E

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K IDNE YS

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organic affections of the k i dne y s are b y n o m eans so frequent in our pati ents as i n hu m an beings sti l l a consideration of these i m portant organs is n e c e s sar y as independen t of chronic diseases there are m an y abnor m al states m e t w ith w hich de m and the attention A lso the kidne y s being very i m o f t h e therapeutist portant organs of e x cretion can be availed of as auxiliaries i n the re m oval of dele terious m ateria l s depending o n a ff ections of o ther organs

AL T H O U G H

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I

Ph y s i o

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l ogi cal

Relat i o ns

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function of the ki dne y s is t o re m ove fro m the blood an d f ro m the s y ste m the waste and poisonous products of the bod y the excre t ion thus form ed bei n g ter m e d the u r i ne B riefl y the urine m ay b e stated t o arise fro m two por tions of the kidne y 1 Th e Bulk of t h e Wate r of t h e Ur ine is re m oved fro m Th e

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VET E

1 72

RINA RY

T H E RA PE UTICS

the blood b y m eans of the Malpighian bodies the blood pressure i n w hi ch is al w ay s high because the efferent vessels are s m aller than the afferent T h e water y portion ’ then trans ude s into B ow m an s capsule and thence into the tubules 2 The S o l i d P o r t i ons of t h e Uri ne viz the urea uric acid hippuri c acid and m an y sal ts dissolved in a s m all a m ount of flui d are separated fro m th e b l ood b y the cells of the convoluted tubules T hese epi the l i al cells separate fro m the capillar y vesse l s which surround the m the organic a n d i norganic m aterial s m entioned and these j oin the water which is passing through the tubules derived fro m the Malpighian bodi es According to L udwig there is a partial reabsorption of the water w h i ch i s e xcreted b y the M al p i ghian tu f ts T h e renal vesse l s are under the control of the vaso m otor s y ste m of nerves and there are no recognis e d secretor y nerves of the kidne y s Th e S ecret i on of Urine cons i sts o f a fi ltr a ti on theory i e the e xi stence of a di ff erence in pressure bet w een the blood in th e M alpighian bodies and the tubules ; and also on the e lec tive p ow er possessed by th e epitheli a l cells of the tubules which re move the organic a n d inorganic m atters fro m the sa m e blood T h e A mount of Urine de p ends o n the n a ture of the f ood the quanti t y of fluids ta k en and the activit y o f the bowels and skin Th e secretion of urine is i n crea sed duri n g the p eriod of digestion b y cardiac s tim ulation and also by contraction of superficial bloo dve s se ls such as b y the act ion of cold on the skin T h e organ i c m a tters are increased b y nitrogenous f ood a n d the activit y of the renal ep ithe l iu m w ill depend on the activit y of the circulation a nd on the qualit y o f the blood Th e follo w ing points are a l so of i m portance : ,

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VETER INA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

1 74

fluids i n geste d w h i ch increases the a m oun t of w ater in the s y ste m a l so by the a dm inistration o f card i ac sti m u l ants such as a l cohol d igi ta l i s am m on i a etc S uch agents are ter m ed car di o va scu la r di u r e ti cs T h e action o f cold on the surf ace o f the bod y w i ll produce a si m i l ar e e c t b y constri cti ng the per ip hera l vessels B y Agen ts w hi ch di la te th e R en a l Ar ter i e s —T hese cause increased quant i t y of b l ood i n the rena l arteries wh i l e the general arteri a l pressure and that i n the renal veins re m ai ns una l tered T hese act locall y on the vaso m otor nerves o f the k idne y causing depress i on and con sequent l y d il atat i o n of the rena l arteri es T he y i nc l ude digi ta l is in the second stage o f i t s action S p i ri ts o f nitrous ether vo l at i l e o il s an d resi ns such as turpentine c a m a l so agents such as alcohol be ll adonna etc p hor etc Th e action o f co l d on the sur f ace o f the bod y produces reflex di l atat i on o f the renal vessels All these agents are term ed loca l va scu la r di ur e ti cs B y co m bini ng agents i n c l asses (a ) and ( b) a m ore pro f use vo l u m e o f urine w i l l be the resu l t 2 Th e A gents whi ch aff ect t h e e xcret i on of t h e U ri nary Sol id s m ay be divi de d into two classes B oth influence the activit y of th e rena l ep i theliu m and hence the e x cre tion of so l ids and a certai n am ount o f w ater

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(a )

T h os e w h ich

a

ec t

the Gen er a l Comp osi ti on

.

the R en a l E p i the liu m thr ou gh the B loo d — G eneral m easures ,

f w h i ch i nc l ude the co m posi tion o f the f ood the p erf ect i on o f the p rocess o f d i gestion the act i on o f t h e l i ver etc and the causes p roducing such nor m a l p er for m ance o f f uncti ons a ll have an e ff e ct i n a l ter i ng the co m p osi t i on o f the ur i nar y so l ids T h e che m i ca l reaction o f the urine i s not affected b y the ad m in i strati on o f the m i nera l acids as the m ajori t y are excreted i n the f or m of neutral sa l ts T h e vegetable acids such as citric tartaric a n d acet i c o

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D I UR E TI CS

1 75

acids co m bine w i th alkali ne bases and are excreted as al k aline carbonates Th e ad m inistration o f al k a l ies produce s an a l kali z ing e ffect o n the urine — that is i n the case of carnivora Am m oni a has not this e ffect as it is broken up in the s y ste m ,

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T hose A gen ts w hi ch a c t i n a Sp eci a l Ma n n er on th e R en a l E p i the li u ni — P otash sti m ulates the renal e p i th e .

li um and is excre ted as the carbonate S oda in certain o f it s salts such as the pho sphate has a si m ilar e ffect b ut in a fa r less degree M agnes i a and calciu m are al so special sti m ulants o f the renal epithe l ium All these salts m entioned w hile acting as special sti m ulants of the renal epitheliu m also carr y w i th the m a certa i n a m ount o f flu i d f ro m the venous pl e xus around the tubules and thus produ ce a con dition o f d i uresis S uch agents are ter m ed sa li n e di u r e ti cs and are o f great i m p ortance to the therapeut i st We do not recog nise the m as directl y affect i ng the ren al c i rcu l ation but as acting indirectl y b y thei r influence on the venous p lexuses around the tubules thus producing e ff ects o n t h e re n al circulat i on and especia ll y o n the blood p ressure i n the veins In addi t i on to saline diuretics we possess a group o f m edicinal agents i n the aro m atic o i ls oleo res i n s and ba l sa m s which have a special e ffect o n the renal e p i th e liu m T hese are excreted b y t h e renal epitheliu m in part either unchanged or altered b y deco m posi t ion dur ing their passage T hey also carr y awa y a certa i n a m ount of wa t er T h i s action vari es accord ing to the agents e m plo y ed S o m e such as turpentine in large doses m a y in so m e cases di m i n ish in others increase the bulk o f the urine an d m ay even produce h ae m orrhage fro m t h e glo m eruli ,

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VE TER INA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

1 76

l

or Dep ressants dim i nish directl y the ac tivit y o f the renal epithel iu m producing the i r act i on b y the i r i nflue n ce through the bl ood W e m a y m ent i on op iu m and i t s a lk al o i d m orp hine as possess i ng th i s po w er in a m arked degree 3 Rena S e dat iv es .

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III

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l ogica l Re l at i ons the k idneys are rare in veterinar y

P at h o

Chronic

.

affections o f pract i ce and acute i nflam m ator y affect i ons o f these organs cannot b e said to be of co m m on occurrence T here are ho w ever disorders o f the renal f unct i ons co m m onl y m e t w ith characterized by changes in the character co m position and volu m e o f the urine As exa mp les o f these we m ay give a zotur i a or h ae m o globi n uri a and diabetes i nsi p i dus in horses and that ’ red water or b as m o album i nuria i n a e c t io n ter m ed catt l e As cases o f chronic i nfla m m ator y a ffecti ons o f the kidne y s are so m eti m es m e t w i t h both in horses and dogs it is necessar y to stud y the pathological relat i ons o f this s y ste m as briefly as poss i b l e on the f ollow i ng lines : 1 Di sor d ers of t h e Fl uid P ort i on of t h e Ur i ne dep endi ng on Ch anges i n t h e Genera l Bl o od P ressur e — T hese m a y be ref erable to n u ti on of the Ge n er a l Ar te r i a l P ress u r e — T his a D i m i ( ) cond i t ion m ay be due to di sease o f the hear t — c g d i l a t ati o n — by w hich the arteria l pressure i s l o w ere d and the venous i s rai sed ; so that as regards the k i dney the p re ssure is lo w ered in the a fferent vesse l of the g l o m eru l us a n d raised in the e fferent vessel T h e result is p assive co n gestion o f the ki dne y s T h e urine is less en ed in a m ount both o f flu i d a n d also o f the total ,

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VETERINA R Y TH ERA P E

178

blo odve sse ls—

U T I CS

the presence of ab do m inal e n lar ge m e n t s T hese m ay cause p ressure o n the trunks of the renal vessels and thus interfere with the renal c irculation resulting i n the presence o f a l bu m in blood etc i n the urine or in so m e cases there m ay be s up p re s sion o f uri ne 3 Morbi d Con di t i ons of t h e S ecret i ng E p i t h e l i um of t h e Ki dney — T hese are a m ong the l es i ons a l so f ou n d i n ’ cases o f B right s disease T h e ce ll s lose thei r f unction beco m ing diseased the y obstruct the tubu l es a n d p ress upon the venous p lexus caus i ng i nter ference w ith the c ircu l at ion o f the b l oo d and also with the fil trat i on o f the flui d p ort io n o f the urine through t h e glo m erulus T h e resu l ts are : T h e urine beco m es lessened i n vo l u m e and o f high spec i fic gravit y I t contains a l bu m in prob ab l y der i ved f ro m the venous p l exus and blood ei ther f ro m the latter or f ro m the glo m er ulus ; and also casts o f diseased cells fibrin etc Th e f ollo wi n g seri ous results m ay occur : T h e urea accu m ulates i n the b l ood the general circulation i s i nter f ered with the heart beco m e s affe ct e d and the fluid portions of the b l ood escape into the ti ssues and ser ous cavi ti es const i tuting drops y T hese are so m e o f ’ the pheno m ena m e t w i th i n that f or m of B ri ght s disease k no w n as the la rge w hi te kidn ey T h e student shou l d co m pare the character of the urine wi th that descr i be d i n subsection ( 6) the contrac ted ’ i kidne y which s another for m of B ri ght s disease 4 Rena l A ff ect i ons d ep endi ng on A b norm al Condi t i ons of t h e B l oo d — T h e ur i nar y secret ion m a y beco m e de ranged by influences other than changes i n the k idne y s them selves T hus the b l ood m a y be in an abnorm al state as the resul t of d y spepsia or fro m hepat i c disorder and the urinar y secretion m a y be greatl y m odi fied as regards i ts co m posi tion and reactions renal

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A F FE C TIONS

RENA L

17 9

We m ay r efer t o the following disorde r s as e x am ples o f cases of this n ature a O x a lur i a — e u aff ection m e t with i n horses c on ( ) sisti n g of debilit y loss o f flesh and the presence o f ox alate of li m e in the urine which is clear and pale i n colour frequentl y passed and acid o r neutral i n reactio n T h e caus e s are : I rregularities in f eeding i m proper diet and i m paired digestion as a result It is also said to be produced b y food containing a n excess of saccharine m aterials su c h as turnips carrots etc — a condition characterized b y spas m s o f o b A z t u r i a ( ) the large m uscles o f the posterior part of the bod y and T h e urine is dark colour e d of high specific o f the li m bs gravit y and containing a large a m ount of urea a n d so m eti m es albu min i n s m all am ount T h e chief cause i s the allowance of food too r i ch in nitr ogenous m ate rials with i nsu fficient e xercise an d the affection is m ostl y see n when the ani m al is put to work after a period o f i dleness m a lbumi n ur i a also kno w n as red wa ter — occur c H e e o ( ) ring i n cattle In this disease the urine is dark coloured containing albu m in an d the colouring m atter o f the T h e causes are blood in a disintegrated co ndi tion chiefl y dietetic the food b eing inf erior in qualit y result ing i n an i m poverished condition of the blood T h e albu m in being unfit for nutri tion i s e xcret ed b y the kidne y s along with a por tion o f the h ae m oglobin which beco m es broken down giving the ch aracte r istic colour to the urine We m ay also draw attention to a condition of the urine in which a large a m ount o f phosphates are present T hese have a tendenc y to beco m e precipitated i n t h e m ucous m em brane o f the bladder or urethr a giving rise to irritation or i n so m e instances to the for m ation o f calculi Th e causes are also dietetic errors ,

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VETER INA R Y

1 80

T H E RA P E U TI CS

IV N atura .

l

Recov er y

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If the renal disorder depends o n derange m ent of the blood or of other i m portant organic f unctions it is obvious that natural recover y w i ll f o l low when these beco me changed to a nor m al condition If ho w ever organic changes occur i n the k i dne y the ski ll o f the therapeutist will be severe l y taxed i n order to prolong vitalit y i n consequence of the serious results which f ol l o w and the i m p l i cation of other v i tal organs We m ust ho w ever recognise that the kid n e y p ossesses m an y provisions w hich tend to a natural recover y w henever this result is possi ble T hus increased work i s m e t b y increased functional activit y ; also if one kidne y be di seased the other endeavours to perf orm its work a condition o f co m pensa t ing h y pertroph y occurring i n the health y organ Th e condition term ed vi ca r i ou s comp en sa ti o n is also an i m portant one T hus we find that the skin a n d the bowels endeavour to carr y off the e ffete products which are nor m a ll y excreted by the kidne y s but which are ap t to b e retained in renal diseases T his e ffort of nature i s taken advantage o f b y the therapeutist b y sti m ulating the bowe l s and s k in to act ion b y purgatives and dia p h or e t i c s and thus p revent i ng the accum u l ation o f effete m ater i als i n the s yste m and a l so giv i n g the k i dn e ys a te m porar y rest in cases where such is desirable ,

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V T h erap eut i cs .

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this heading we ca n on l y dra w attention to so m e i m p ortant general principles in the treat m ent o f renal affect i ons 1 Th e Us e of Di uret i cs is not confined to the treat m ent o f affecti ons o f the k i d n e y as i n other disorders we find these agents o f great therapeutical value T hus U nder

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VE T E RI N A R Y

182

TH

E

RA PE U TI CS

re medies directed to the nervous s y ste m depending o n the nature of the affection In d i abetes insipi dus the first st e p in treat m ent will be attention to the food T hen m i ld ap erients and the ad ministration of iod i ne or iodide of potass i u m prove of service In severe cases opiu m acts beneficia ll y In that affect ion ter m ed dia be tes m elli tu s or glycosur i a w hich i s of rare occurrence in the horse bu t i s m e t with i n the dog the patholog y i s ob scure It i s genera l l y be l i eved that the liver i s the ch i e f organ i nvolved a l though th e pro m i nent s ym pto m is a pro fuse secreti on Th e o f urine conta i n i ng glucose with excess i ve thirst treat m ent will consist in avoiding s tarchy and sacchari ne arti cles o f food and the ad m in i stration o f s m all doses o f opiu m w i th m i neral ton i cs 3 In Re n a l A ff ect i ons dep en ding on A bnor m al Condi t i ons of t h e Bl oo d it is clear that the first ind i cation wil l be to bri n g about a return o f the vital fluid to a nor m al condition T his w i l l be acco m pl ished by act ing o n the bo w els and ski n and p ay i n g special attention to dietetics I n a z oturia i t is esse n tial that the bowels be acted on b y a purgat i ve and the s k in b y dia p horetics so as to re m ove as exped i tiousl y as p ossible the e ffete m ateri als w h ich ex i st i n the b l ood and w hich give rise to the characteristi c and ser i ous s y m pto m s If the urinar y secret ion be de fi cient d i uret i cs w i ll be indi cated those being sel ected wh ich have an e ffect o n the solid portions o f the ur i nar y secretion ’ I n red w a t e r i n cattle i t is o f great i m portance to pro m ote the act i on of the bo w els ; but our endeavours shou l d also be d irected to re store the blood to a nor m al condition b y the al lo w ance of nitrogenous food and agents w h ich have a special act i on o n the blood such as ch l orate o f potash ,

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B OD Y H E A T A ND I TS R E G UL A TI ON ; T H E

S KIN

1 83

In

o x aluri a and conditions of e xcess of phosphates in the urine the bowels should be acted on the diet attended to and di lute m ineral acids with vegetable tonics adm inistered such as the dilute nitro m uriatic acid with tincture o f n ux vo m ica and gentian ,

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CH AP TE R X IV

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TH E

AND IT S

BODY H E AT

S KIN

I TH

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Ph ysio

RE GULA TION ; T H E

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l ogi cal Relations

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heat of the bod y i s the r e s ult of changes occurring in the tissues T h e largest source is the oxidizing of carbon into 0 0 2 but m an y other changes occurring i n the s y ste m also result i n the form ation of heat such as m uscular contraction e tc T he norm al te m perature o f the bod y is the result of a certain a m ount o f heat being produced portion of which accum ulates i n the s y stem and portion of which is lost Th e bulk o f loss o f heat is due to evaporati on b y the skin the heating o f inspired air food etc a s mall pro portion b eing due to r adiation T h e pro duction o f heat in the s y ste m varies at different perio ds as also does th e e x ternal te m perature so that it i s necessar y that som e m eans o f regulating the bod y te m T his we find i s a co m ple x and p e r at ur e should e x ist sensitive nervous m echan is m consisting of governing centres a fferent nerves fro m parts capable of receivin g i m pressions and e fferent nerves carr y ing i m pressions to active organs Th e Ski n occupies a m ost i m portant position with r efer ence t o the regulation of the bo d y te m perature an d also E

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VE

TER INA [Z Y TH ER A P E

U TI CS

as an e xcretor y organ I t contains i m portant glands term ed sudorip ar ou s or s w ea t glands w hich secrete an albu m inous fluid ter m ed s w ea t consist ing of organic a n d inorganic m atters of the nature o f an excretion T h e skin also possesses a resp irator y function CO 2 being passed out an d ox ygen passed in ; but thi s process is not ver y active i n the higher ani m als T h e skin is h i ghl y endo w ed with sensor y nerves and also with blo o dve sse ls ; it i s a b ad conductor o f heat this being assisted b y the subcutaneous la y ers of f at and also b y m eans o f the hair growing f ro m the skin T h e a fferent nerves originating i n the skin carr y i m pressions of te m perature whether of heat or cold to the brai n a n d cord T hese i mpressions are received b y the cerebru m becom ing sensations of tem perature a l so by the sweat centres in the m e dulla an d cord and m an y other centres such as the vas e m otor cardiac respira tor y etc Th e e e ren t i m pulses proceed fro m the sweat centres to the sudori parous glands e i ther stim u l ating or dep ress ing the m according to their nature T he y also proceed f ro m the other centres produci n g e ffects o n the e u t a n e o u s circulation the general circul ation the renal secretion etc T h e sudoriparous glands o f the horse are not easil y acted on b y drugs an d according to P rofessor S m ith we possess no drug which c an e xcite the secretion o f s w eat in the horse ; he h a s proved b y experi m ent that pilocarpine has no effect on the sweat glands o f this an im al although it pro duces a profuse sali var y flow Cattle possess ver y rudi mentar y s w eat glands n ot easi l y acted on T he y are believed to perspire princi pal l y in the m u zz le ; while in the dog the skin practicall y does not sweat except i n the foot pads I n this ani m al ,

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TH E RA PE UTICS

VE TE RI N A R Y

186

act in g on t h e Cut aneous Ci rcu l at i on T hese co m prise a power of withdrawing heat f ro m the bod y by m odi fyi n g the a m ount o f blood and the rate o f flow i n the cutaneous vessel s (a) Th e blood can be coo l ed b y causing di la ta ti on of thes e vesse ls acco m plished b y increasing the surrounding tem perature also by the use o f th e hot bath a n d b y the ad m inistration o f d iffusible sti m ulants such as alcohol S p i rits of n i trous ether etc ( b) S i m i lar e ffects are produced b y i n creasi n g the flow of blood thr ou h the cu tan eou s vesse ls acco m plished b y g cardiac st i m u l ants of all kinds 2 B y act i ng on t h e S w eat Gl an ds b y A g ent s t erme d ’ ’ a oret cs or ifi c Di p h i S u dor s — T hese increase the a m ount o f p erspiration and include a variet y o f m eans and agents act ing i n di fferent w ays : ( a ) B y s ti m ula ti ng the a er e n t cu ta n e ou s n er ves b y m eans o f the surround i ng te m perature being raised as i n t h e T ur k ish bath a l so b y m eans o f war m clothing and sti m u l ants such as m oderate doses o f al coho l etc ( b) B y a cti ng on o ther a er en t n er ves wh i ch st i m ulate the s w eat g l ands r e e xly such as b y aro m atic drin k s which act on the nerves of the m outh throat and sto m ach (0) B y a cti ng on the sw ea t cen tr e i n the medu lla d ire c tly T hese include narcotics w hich produce this effect b y increas i ng the venous co n di t i on o f the blood such as opiu m chloro form etc a l so b y m easures which increase the flo w o f b l ood through the centre such as hot drinks etc ( d) B y s timu la ti n g th e term i na tion s of the n er ve s i n the s w ea t gla n ds and also the secreting cells o f these glands such as by pi l ocarpine w h i ch produces prof use and rapid d i ap hores i s ; also b y di lat ing the vessels a n d thus i n creasing the o w of blood to the glands 1

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A ND

D I A P H OR E TI CS

S o me

A N H YD R O TI CS

1 87

agents such as acetate o f a m m onia cause diaphoresis in a co m plex m anner T hi s agent is sup posed to both sti m ulate the s ecreting ce l ls and to be excrete d fro m the m along with an increased a m ount o f water O ther drugs acting in a m anner not per fectl y clear are ca m phor and a lso ipecacuanha i n the for m o f ’ D over s powder We find that so m e diaphoretics act in m ore way s than on e thus alcohol dilates the cutaneous vessels increases the rate o f blood d o w and sti m ulates the afferen t nerves and s w eat centres We m ay here notice a group o f agents which have an opposite effect to diaphoretics ; these are ter m ed a n hy T hese di m inish the a m ount of persp iration and ( lr o tic s the y produce this effect b y acting i n di fferen t wa y s ( a ) B y dep r essi n g the sw ea t cen tr e acting indirectl y b y s ti m ulating the cardiac a n d resp irator y centres and thus overco m ing the venous condition of the blood w hich i n w eakness and exhausting diseases frequentl y pro duces s w eating o f that peculiar nature ter m ed co ld swea ting E xa mp les — Alcohol am m onia ; nerve tonics such as str y chnine iron etc ; w hile proper attention to food air etc cannot b e o verlooked as auxiliaries ( b) B y dep r essi ng the ter mi n a tion s of the secr e tory n e r ve s o th e s w ea t— gla nd s f E x a mp le s — B e l ladonna a n d its alkaloid atropine T hese h y osc y a m us an d its alkaloid h y osc y am ine agents have a ver y m arked effect i n di m inishing o r checking excess of perspiration 3 W e can act on oth er E x c r etory O rgans f or t h e — P urgatives h o d f e H o t B u ose e uc n eat t h e d i r o f y g p rp and diuretics cause a direct loss o f heat b y abstracting a n increased a m o unt o f warm e xcretions fro m the bod y through the m ediu m of the bowels and kidne y s T his ,

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VETERINA R Y

1 88

T IIE RA P E U TI CS

e ffect is assisted in the case of purgatives by the reflex d i la tation of cutaneous vessels w hich acco m panies pur but we shall find that i n m ost f ebrile conditions ga t io n w h i ch we have t o treat stro n g p urgatives will be contra indi cated al though laxat ives w i ll be o f great service 4 W e can act on t h e H eat f or mi ng Ti ssues i n the bod y by the use o f certain drugs w h i ch possess the power o f di m i nishing tissue cha n ge S uch agents are ter m ed and are re p resented b y qu in i ne sa li c ylic a n ti yr e ti cs p ac id ant i pyri n etc T hese inter fere w i t h m etabo l is m and lessen the a m oun t o f heat f or m ed b y reducing the act i vi t y o f the t i ssues the y have litt l e eff ect o n hea l th y ani m al s this being attr ibuted to the nor m al m echanis m o f regu l ation o f te m p erature O ther drugs such as a l cohol reduce te m perature by d i m in i shing t i ssue w aste but do so i n a di fferent m anner f ro m quinine Alcoho l beco m es oxidi z ed i n the tissues thus sp aring the m to so m e extent and a l though g e nerating a certain a m ount o f heat its a c ti on i n the c i rcu l ation is such that a d i m i n u ti o n of te m perature i s the tota l result O t her drugs such as aconite probabl y reduce te m pera ture b y the i r eff ects on the c ircu l ation ,

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III

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P at h o

l ogica l Re l ati ons

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have alread y shown that the nor m a l te m perature o f the bod y is the b a l ance between the production and the l oss o f heat both o f w hich are under the control o f the nervous s yste m w e have n o w to consider the e ffects o f d i sturbance or disorder o f these relations leading to that abnor m al condition of the s y ste m ter m ed p yrexi a o r fever T h e chief characteri st ic i n f ever is elevation of the bo dy te m perature but there are m an y conco m itant pheno m ena which a l so require consideration consisting o f dera n ge m ent o f vita l f unctions and a condit i on o f As w e

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VETER INA R Y T H ERA PEUTICS

1 90

are contracted and the sur f ace of th e bod y i s cold especiall y the extre m ities Th e N erv ous S y ste m i s depressed but in so m e instance s rest l essness and deliriu m m ay be present ; these h o w ever are not of ten m e t w ith in our patients as com pared w i th m a n T h e P ul se beco m es a l tered in character and the resp i r a ti o ns accelerated de en di ng o n the deg ree o f the rise p o f te m perature and on the organs involved i n the a ffe c tion of w h i ch the f ever is an acco m p an y i n g condition T h e Digest i ve S yste m beco m es disordered evidenced b y dr y ness o f the m outh thirst loss o f ap petite and constipation o f the bowe l s Th e U ri nary S ecret i on is scant y h igh co lo ur e d and its solid constituents are bot h re l at ivel y a n d absolute l y i ncreased N utr i t i on is inter f ered with sho w n b y general e m acia tion the degree of which dep en ds on the intens i t y a n d duration o f the febrile affect i on We m ust regard f ever as one of the pro m inent s ym pto m s f ound i n those affect i ons which are usual l y acco m panied by it rather than as a distinct condition T here i s ho w ever a f or m of f ever m e t wi t h ter m ed fe bri cu la or simp le fever which appears to arise i nde pendent of serious co m p l ications and tends to a quick recover y We have alread y al l uded to this f orm in P art p 20 T h e occurrence o f f ever o f ten precedes the advent o f the spec i a l changes i n organs induced by the var i ous di se ases ; at least those changes wh i ch we can detect by a n exa m inat ion of the patient and an obser v at i on of the s ym pto m s We regard the recognit i on o f f ever as a ver y i m p ortant ite m in therapeuti cs ; although we m a y not i mm ed i atel y ,

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X IA

P YR E

19 1

be able to deter m i n e the exact nature o f the disease which is likel y to follo w still we can adopt treat m ent which will be beneficial i n the earl y stages T h e he ight o f te m perature is o f i m portance during the course o f a febrile affectio n ; b ut although a high te m perature is a ver y serious conditio n still w e m us t take i nto considera tion the s tate of the vital organs of the bod y at t he sa m e ti m e in esti m ating the dangers of a febrile attack Th e state of the pulse of the respirations o f the nervous and digestive s y ste m s m ust be t aken into account T h e depressant e ff ect of the high te m perature will greatl y depend o n the previous condition o f the organ which is invaded b y the d i sease — whether it i s weakened b y the effects of previous di sease or n o t ; and a l so the influence of the surroundings whether h y gienic or other wise m ust n o t be lost sight o f T hus if a horse su ffering f ro m a n attack o f pneu m onia although showi n g a high te m perature has a f air appet i te and a pulse not like l y to cause alarm an d if in addit i on we are able to place hi m in h y gi enic surround ings and have him properl y nursed we would be fa r m ore confident of his recover y than i n a case where although the te mperature is lower we fi n d the pulse is frequent s m all and co m pressible the appet ite poor a n d th e surround i ngs unh y gienic We have t o notice a v ar ie ty of f ever ter m ed i n a m ma tor y fever i n which the rise of te m perature fol l ows the infla m mator y actio n in parts or organs and is thus s aid to b e seconda r y We fi n d this condition occurring i n surgical practice and in a ffections o f abdo m inal organs such as enteritis peritonitis etc T h e intensit y of the fever will b e m odified according to the nature of the parts involved b y th e infla mm ator y action at the co m m e n c e m e n t and we fi n d that the fever is n o t al wa y s proportional to the si z e or i m portance o f the par t i h ,

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VE TERINA R Y TH ERA PE UTI CS

1 92

flam ed In traum atic peritonitis a leading s ym pto m i n addition to the f ever a n d the pai n is a s m all thread y pulse an effect of the great dep ression which exists ’ which quickl y t ends to death f ro m failure o f the heart s action Another for m o f f ever is ter m ed chr oni c fever in w h ich a constant rise o f tem perature ex i sts It is m e t with in cases o f specific diseases such a s tuberculosis and chronic glanders and in the latter disease is a s y m pto m of great i m portance as an aid to diagnosis Di sorders of P ersp i rat i o n — T hese we m a y re fer to t w o c l asses vi z (1 ) E xcessi ve sw ea ti ng ( 2 ) defici en t sw ea t .

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i ng

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We find exces si ve sw ea tin g to occur i n such cases as H orses out o f condition fro m various a z oturia etc causes are likel y to s w eat excessivel y even w hen at S evere pain also causes p r ofu se p er m oderate exercise -

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sp i r a ti on

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D efi ci en t

occurs at the beginning of m ost f ebrile affections the sk i n being dr y ; it also occurs in so m e diseases and disorders of the ur i nar y functions s wea tin g -

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IV

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N a t ura

l

Recov ery

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In disorders of the bo dy heat as well as in the p heno m ena which acco m pan y the m there is a natural tendenc y to return to the nor m al and the ai m of the therapeut i st should b e to assist nature as m uch as po s sible and avo id undue interference Febrile a ffections genera lly r u n a definite course and cannot be cut short b y an y l ine of treat m en t ; so that attention to the vital f unctions a n d care ful nursing and h y gieni c surroundings f or m the chie f details of rational treat m ent in connection with t h e use o f agents to reduce the p y rexia ,

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VETER INA R Y

1 94

T H E RA P E UTI CS

agents it requires to be used w i t h caution a n d j udgm ent in properl y regulated doses and in suitable cases T h e kidne y s and bo w els are kept regular b y the allo w ance such as sul p hate o f o f salines in the drinking water m agnesi a with n i trate o f potash In cases where the tem perature runs high the use of quinine will be i n dicated a large dose being given at first followed b y s m aller quantit ies as required In cases depending on trau m atic causes abdo m inal a ffection s etc anod ynes to relieve the pai n m ust be ad m in i stered along with f ebrif uges and other m eans adopted as the special dem ands of the cases require Di so rders of P ersp i rat i on are treated according to their nature an d causes T h e excessive s w eating wh i ch is f ound i n m an y cases of a z otur i a i s evidentl y an effort o f nature to re m ove the excess of de l eterious m ateri als f ro m the sy ste m and is to be encouraged b y diaphoretics a n d war m clothing In cases w h ere horses sweat o n the sl i ghtest exertion nervine tonics are indicated with strict attention to h ygiene and dietetics A n hydr o tics the m ost po w er ful o f which are bel l adonna and h y osc y a m us m ay be ind icated B riefl y speaking these m a y act b y d i minish i ng the activit y of the s w eat glands also by lessen ing the excitabilit y of the sweat centres or by act ing on the circu l ation and sti m ulat ing the respirator y centre and i n th i s w a y overco m ing that venous condition o f the blood which i s apt to occur in cases o f debi l it y a n d wh i ch is a cause of th e abnor m al sweating acco m pany ing such a condition o f the s y stem ,

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S URF A CE

TH E R AP E UTI CS O F T H E

OF B OD

Y

1 95

CH AP T E R X V

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TH E

TH E RA PE U T ICS OF TH E B ODY

FR O M

S URFA CE

OF TH E

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knowledge O f the ph y siological r elations of th e surface O f the bod y we c an easil y appreciate the im port ance O f this portion o f o ur subj ect to the therapeutist T h e ski n is highl y endowed with sensitive ne rves and is also very vascular so that it is ver y susceptible t o e xter nal influences not onl y those acting on it through th e m ediu m of the su rrounding te mperature but also those which w e can appl y f or c ertain therapeutical pur poses B y acting O u the sur f ace of the bod y we c an produce e ffect s on distant parts such as the nerve cent r es the general circulation and eve n the entire s y ste m S uch e ffect s are pro duced b y m eans o f the nerves which have e x tensive r elatio ns through out the s y ste m and also b y the cutaneous vessels We m ust re m ark however that the modus op eran di of the m easures w h ich we adopt is b y n o m eans so si mple a s m ight b e i m agined as in m an y instances it will be found to b e com plex a s well as obscure our

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dy nam i cs P h arm aco—

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which we adop t m ay be convenientl y conside r ed unde r the following heads Th e m easures 1

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2

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Cou n ter -i r ri tan ts B a ths a n d A llie d Meas ures .

3 S ur gi ca l App li ca tions .

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Co unt er -i rri t ant s to

are those agents which when applied the skin cause either sti m ulation or infla m m ation of it ,

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T H E RA P E UTI CS

VETE RINA R Y

1 96

depending on the strength o f the application B y reflex action the y also produce eff ects o n rem ote parts Counter irritants are arranged according to the degree O f their action into the f ollowing classes : ( a ) Ru befa ci en ts produce a degree O f redness and con gestion o f the skin Th e alteration i n colour of the s k in i s not al w a y s vis i ble in veterinar y patients T hese agents are represented b y hot water m ustard applied in m odera tion solutions o f a mm onia volat i le O ils such as cam phor turpentine etc — T hese are m ore active b es i ca n t s or E i s as t i c s V p p ( ) agents ; the y cause at first reddening o f the skin with increased heat and a sensation o f s m arting In a var i able ti m e depending o n the strength of the appl i ca tion the papill ae o f the skin beco m e raised and vesicles for m these enlarge and coalesce f orm ing blisters o f various siz es ; the y contain an albu m inous fluid and generall y fibrin Af ter a variable ti m e the y either dr y up or a m uco purulent fluid is exuded which beco mes hard for m ing a scal y covering to the part ; thi s graduall y falls O ff as n e w skin beco m es f or m ed E xa mp les — Cantharides strong applications o f m us tard boi l ing w ater ( 0 ) S upp uran ts or P u s tu lan ts T hese cause in a mm a tion of the deep —seated portions o f the skin and the f orm ation of pustules T he y are represented b y bin i odide of m ercur y croton O il tartar e m etic etc Vesicants app l ied ver y strong and repeatedl y have a si m ilar effect T here are other f or m s of counter irritants besides the m edici nal agents m entioned such as the a c tu a l cau tery and s e ton s Th e Gener a l A ct i o n of Counter i rr i t an ts — It will be readil y seen that the general action O f counter irritants i s a ver y co m plex o n e although the m easures adopted are si m p l e in their appl i cat i on .

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VETER INA R Y TH E R A PE UTICS

1 98

the a ffections for which the y are reco m m ended but their beneficial action is questioned altogether b y co m petent authorities We need onl y re fer t o standard works on veterinar y m edicine and also to professional literature t o b eco m e aware t h at while one authorit y definitel y states as the result of actual experience that counter irritation is of signal benefit i n the treat m ent of pul m onar y affe c tions another authorit y quite as em i nent conde m ns the practice as not on l y use l ess but har m ful to the patients T hose who believe i n the beneficial e ffects o f counter irritants to the walls of the chest i n case s o f pneum onia p leuris y or bronchitis base the i r vie w s o n the f ollow i ng act i ons w hich these agents are capable o f producing ( a ) T hat b y acting on the skin over the regio n o f a par t or organ we can produce certain effects o n the nutrition of the latter as well as the functions ( b) T hat by this power w e can influence internal m orb i d processes b y creating ex ternal irr i tations T hese are based on the i dea that w e possess influence over : 1 T h e circulation o f parts i n i mm ediate vascular co n n e cti o n with the area o f sk i n irr i tated B y m eans o f rube f aci ents and ves i cants it is believed that the c i rculation will be attracted to the area of sk i n that the plas m a will be drained O ff and thus internal congest i ons or in a mm atio n s w i ll be di m i n i shed T hi s is also explained by the f act that i n congestion O f the brain or o f its coverings th e ad m in i strat i on o f a drastic cathartic proves beneficial b y diverting th e blood to the intestinal canal and thus a o r din g relief t o the aff ected organ 2 I t i s believed that w e ca n influence deep seated parts by irritating the cutaneous nerves which acting i n a reflex m anner through the ce n tres in the brain and ,

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TH E

OF CO UNTER IR RI TA I I ON

OR Y

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1 99

cord will m odif y the circulation and nutrition of the parts b eneath the area to which t h e counter—irritant is applied 3 B y counter irri tation we can affect the trophic and vaso m otor centres in the brain and cord which preside over the area of skin irritated ; and i n a reflex m anner a neighbouring trophic centre m ay be influenced which will i nduce a change in the nutrition O f the tissues in the neighbourhood O f the irritated area of skin As e x amples o f pathological con dit i ons explaining these pheno m e n a the f ollowing are quoted b y Dr Wood T h e for m ation o f a duodenal ulcer as the result o f a b urn O f the skin especiall y of the abdo m inal wal l S y m pathetic O phthal m ia caused b y th e presence O f a ’ diseased tooth T h e above illustrate so m e o f the views held as to the theor y o f counter irritat i on * We have now to inquire as to the patholog i cal conditions i n which counter irritants are indicated and prove of ben efit We find m ost au th o r it i e s agreeing as to their beneficial action i n cases o f subacute o r chronic i n am m a t io n s O f j oints tendons also in cases O f rheu m at i s m affecting different por e tc tions o f the bod y i n p hlebitis and other diseased condi tions B ut when we co m e to consider the question of the value O f counter irritatio n in thoracic a e ction s we find the m ost strik ing di fferences of O pinion to exist a m ong authorities T hose who are in f avour of counter irritati o n state as the result O f considerable experience that the y have f ound m orbid conditions o f the lungs and thoracic organs benefited b y m oderate vesication applied t o the chest walls Th e y note favourable results in f ro m twelve t o twent y four hours consisting in an i m prove On m ent in the pulse te m perature and respiration ,

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For f urt h e r i nf orm at ion on ’b D r H C r i c a e d an d M a t e i a M , y .

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p 4 75 .

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T h e r a p e u ti c s

VETER INA R Y TH ER A P E

2 00

UTI CS

the othe r hand we fi n d authorities w h o are opposed to counter irritation bringing f orward strong evi dence that t h e practice i n such cases is not onl y useless but actuall y productive of har m to the pat i ent raisi ng the te m pera ture causing restlessness and increasing instead of m odifying the m orbid processes in the organs involved b y the disease Without adhering to either O f these opinions we m a y safel y state as the result o f clinical experience th at the indiscri m inate use O f strong counter irritants to the chest walls in cases of th oracic affections is both irra t ion al and har m ful in pract i ce A m oderate a m ount O f counter irritation is o f the greatest benefit in so m e cases while i n ot h ers it can b e entirel y dispensed with H ot applications to the chest walls we have found of great service but when i m properl y applied the y are productive of m ore har m than good and hence the application of a m oderate counter irritant m ust al w a y s have the prefer ence where the satis f actor y adoption of the other m easure is i mpossible N O hard an d fast rule can b e lai d down as to the e m plo y m ent of counter irritation or otherwise but this fact we m ust l ay stress on that it is clearl y wr ong practice to appl y severe a n d prolo n ged irritation t o the thoracic walls causing extensive and deep seated struc tural changes in the skin wi t h the hope o f reli eving the diseased process in internal organs In the prim ar y stages o f thoracic affections where a high tem perature i s a pro m inent s ym pto m and if in addition the ani m al is excitable it would b e clearl y irrational to appl y counter irritants where rest pur e air and attention to the diet with sim ple m edicinal agents will of them selves bring about a return to the norm al B ut there are cases where counte r i r ritation state ,

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TERIN A R Y

VE

2 02

T H E R A P E UTI CS

blistering N ow if when the p art has been deepl y fired with a sharp pointed iron and when a long rest h as been allowed the anim al goes sound surel y we a r e n ot going to bel i eve that t h e i nflam m ator y process induced did not extend be y ond the s ki n and subcutaneous tis sues We are f ull y aware that in p er f or m ing the O peration we pierce the exostosis with the cauter y and we are j ustified in conc l u ding that the beneficial results produced were due to the reparat ive process set up which assisted nature to cause anch y losi s O f the opposi n g sur f aces o f the diseased bones and thus rem oved the p ain and l am eness and as a n auxiliar y to wh i ch w e m ust regard rest as ver y i m portant 2 Bat h s and A ll i e d M easure s — In veteri nar y practice we do not m ake use of baths either hot o r co l d to the s a m e extent as in hu m an m ed i c i ne T h e large extent o f the ski n of horses and cattle and the diffi cult y in over co m ing the evil e ffects O f excessive reactions are a m ong the circu m stances w hich preven t the general adoption o f baths H ot baths are O f the greatest benefit i n canine practice and are em plo y ed for a variet y O f diseased con dit i o n s Great care is however necessar y i n order to avoid the injurious effects o f reacti on and to gu ard against the danger of chills etc T h e patients should be caref u l ly dri ed and kept i n kennels m aintained at a prop er te m p erature T h e Tu r ki s h B a th as a therapeuti c agent is o n e of great va l ue and i m portance and n o veterinar y in fi rm a ry i s co m plete without a proper l y fitted b ath of this k ind In cases O f chills rheu m at i s m la m initis renal affectio n s etc the T urkish bath is o f benefit i n the earl y s tag es ; but we m ust b e careful not to cause excessive react i on and also to see that the anim al is proper ly clothed a n d .

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F O MENTA

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A N D P O UL TI C E S

2 03

afterwards exposed to cold We m ay also refer to the value of th e T urkish b ath in affections o f the skin e xtending over a wide area whether in horses or dogs Th e action O f th e hot air so f tens the cuticle and enables applications t o have the desired effect T he E e e ts of Co ld an d H o t App li ca ti on s — T h e e ffect O f the application o f cold to a part for a ti m e is to cause contraction of th e afferent arteries b y refle x action and as a result the am ount O f blood going to th e part is lessened H eat dilat es the capillaries r e duces tension and relax es tissues soothes the nerves O f the part and thus relieves pain F om en ta ti on s are co m posed o f hot water either m edi T he y are applied t o infla m ed parts c at e d or otherwise f or the purpose o f lessening tension and pain and require care in their use so as to avoid the effects of reaction T heir application should be continued f o r a considerable ti m e with water at the required te m perature ; the parts should be well clothed afterwards and a sti m ulating lini m ent applied s o as to prevent chilling P ou lti ce s are applications co m posed o f substances such as linseed m eal bran oat m eal boiled carrots or turnips spent hops etc T heir uses are various i n cases where heat and m oisture are beneficial either in soothing the nerve endings in inflam ed parts o r in f avouring the m a In cases of pu n ctured w ounds of t u r at ion o f abscesses the f eet in horses a fter the j udicio u s use o f the knife to provide proper drainage poultices are ver y useful It is necessar y t o re m ark however that poultices require to be e m plo y ed with discretion so as to avoid their use in the case o f wounds where w e m ay b y dr y antiseptic dressings induce m ore f avourable results T he y should n o t b e continued f o r to o lo n g a period as the y are apt t o pro duce a softene d u n health y condition o f the part .

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VETE

2 04

RINA R Y TH E R A P E UTI CS

and excessive granulations which interfere m ateriall y with the reparative process In m an y instances it is necessar y to m edicate poultices ; thus in wounds of the f eet associated w ith m uch pain local anod y nes such as belladonna are ver y use ful In ever y case we should endeavour to render poul tices app l ied to O pen surf aces antiseptic b y the addition O f agents such as carbolic aci d creolin etc in proper proportions I t is also necessar y to re m e m ber that poultices should b e chan ged at least twice a day to avo i d putre factive changes When wounds beco m e greatl y inflam ed and great pain and irritabilit y exist the beneficial effects of poultices j udiciousl y applied are b ey ond question T h e se l ection O f either hot or cold applications fo r therapeutical purposes i s ver y O ften a question of taste and depends m uch o n the nature O f the case As a ru l e we m a y state that where pain and tension are pro m inent s y m pto m s the use o f heat is indicated ; th i s acts beneficiall y b y soothi n g the peripheral nerve endings relievi n g the tension of the vessels and so f tening the s k in T here are m an y instances especia l l y o f unhealth y condi tions of the j oints liga m ents and tendons O f horses where the app l ication o f cold such as that produced b y a continuous stream o f cold water over the parts is pro du c tive o f great benefit As exam p les we m ay m ent i on cases where it is necessar y to reduce existing heat or infla mm ation prior to the application o f a coun ter irritant ; also i n cases of O pen j oint the continued application of cold relieves the pain and c h ecks the inflamm ation in the s y novial m e m brane 3 S urgi ca l A pp l i cat i on s — T h ese proper l y belong to the do m ain O f surger y so that onl y a brie f m ention can be m ade here o f the therapeut i cal agents e m plo yed in ,

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VETER INA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

2 06

T he y

are astringents and act either b y coagulating alb umin an d thus plugging the bleeding vessels or the y cause contraction of cap i l lar y vessels S typtics are represented b y persalts o f iron b en z oin tannic acid acetate of lead hazeline etc P ressure such as with tow or lint acts as a mechanical st y ptic — Caustics possess the E C a u s t i c a n d sc h a ro t i c s 7 s ( ) power O f destro y ing living tissue with which the y co m e i n contact T he y co m bine with the water and albu m in and when the y p roduce an e xtensive o f the tissues slough are term ed escha r oti cs Caustics are em plo yed for destro ying virus in wounds for rem oving warts and unhealth y growths and fo r pro m o ting the healing pro cess in s inuses and fistul as T he y are useful i n sup pressing e xuberant granulations a n d in hastening the healing process when this is slow p robabl y b y stim u lating the trophic nerves and the cap i llar y vessels Of the part (8 ) Vesi can ts are so m eti m es e m plo y ed i n cases O f ulcerating surfaces which tend to beco m e chronic an d are difficult to heal T he y sti m ulate the local circula tion and pro m ote the rep arative process cantharides b eing the agent usuall y em ployed for this purpose (9 ) Anodynes are e m plo y ed i n cases of wounds charac te ri ze d b y persistent pai n and irritation T he y are applied locall y as well as adm inistered internall y the prepara tions O f O pium and belladonna being m ost useful in thi s respect ,

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concluding the subject of general therapeutics we m ay refer to the act ions of m edi ci na l agents on t h e B efore

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a ne s thesi a o

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M YDRI A r 1 03

A ND

M YO T I CS

The i/I i S is di la ted b y belladonna ‘

'

in ternall y i n T he i ri s

is

su

i c ie n t

amount

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an

2 07

d i ts al kalo ids , also

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p hy so stigmine by O piu m ,

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P A RT III

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S P E CIA L TH E RA P E U TICS

CH AP TE R

I

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IN TROD U CT ORY

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WE have now to consider the actions

of

the various m edicinal agents an d their uses founded on ou r kno w ledge o i their actions N e w re m edies are ever o n the inc r ease and as our knowledge O f pathology advances so will our efforts to discover new m eans to co m bat disease be continued As a rul e new r em edies o r m ethods o f treat m ent w hen first brought fo r ward are eagerl y sought after S om e stand the test O f practical usef ulness ; others after a brief existence are ignored because the y have n o t acted up to the expectations of their introducers T h e num ber O f drugs e m plo y ed f or therapeutical purposes is ver y large but it i s clear that there are m an y which f ro m want of precise k nowledge concerning their actions and O f clinical data concerning their therapeutical value can not b e accorded m ore than a passing notice i n a work of thi s kind T here are certain drugs which have b een proved b y both experi m ental and clin i cal evi denc e to b e of definite therapeutical value and these o f necessit y will require a m ore de t ailed consideration at our hands ,

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VETE RINA R Y

2 10

’

TH E RA P E UTI CS

consists in arranging the drugs ac cording to their natural order— that is according to their source whether derived f ro m inorganic or fro m organic m aterials B y subdividing these w e can group together m an y m edicinal agents possessing s im i l ar actions and thus convenientl y co m pare these actions when necessar y Th e fo llo w ing is the s k etch o f the plan to be adopted T herapeutics

It

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— Th e I norgani c M ateri a M edi ca GR O U P I — Alka lie s a n d A lka li n e E a r ths G R O UP I I — T he Me ta ls G R O UP III — T he N on —Me ta lli c E leme n ts G R O UP IV — Acids P ar t I

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G R O UP V Wa ter G R O UP VI — The Ca r bon -

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Comp ou n ds

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P ar t II — Th e O rgani c Mat eri a M e di ca .

I — T he Vege ta ble Ki n gdom II — The An i m a l Ki n gdom

G R O UP G R O UP

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We have previousl y drawn attention i n P art I under the heading of the Actions of M edi ci n es to a convenient m ethod o f tracing the actions O f a drug i n the s y ste m and w henever possible thi s p l an will be followed It consists in arranging the act i ons under four distinct heads — that is sup posin g the drug t o be ad mini stered b y the m outh .

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The I mme dia te L oca l Action T he Ac ti on i n

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T he Sp ecif ic Actio n T he Remo te L oca l A c ti on .

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H

aving followed th e drug in its course through th e s y stem and noted its actions therein we can then c on ,

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SP E CIA L TH E RA P E UTI CS

211

sid e r its medi ci na l uses f ou n d e d on a k n o wl e dg e of th e s e a cti o n s a n d a ls o n o t e a n y con tr a i ndi ca ti ons t o its e m plo ym e n t T h e r e do e s n ot e x ist as ye t a n y r e c o gn is e d Ve t e ri n ar y P h a r m a cop oei a so th at i n th e f ollowi n g c h apt e rs th e pr e p a r a tion s of th e agen ts de scrib e d ar e t h os e of t he B ritish P h ar m acop oei a u n l e ss wh en f or sp e ci a l pur p o s e s s tro n ge r pr e p aratio n s th a n th o s e of th e l att e r are m en tio n e d Th e m a j ori ty of th e ag en t s o f th e P r ep a r a ti on s Ma t er i a M e dic a poss e ss such ch ar act ers i n th e crud e st at e th a t i t is n e c e ss ar y to pr e p are th e m for ad m in istr a ti on T h e f oll o win g ar e th e c hi ef ki n ds of p re p ar ati on s i n ,

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use :

(W at e r s ) are ve r y we ak si mpl e soluti on s o f v o l atil e oils in distill e d w at e r De coct a ( D e c o ctio n s ) ar e m ad e b y boili n g v e ge t abl e subst an c e s i n w at e r st ra i n in g an d a ddin g m or e w at e r Inf usion s ar e s o luti o n s pr e p a r e d b y dig e sti n g v e g e t abl e subst an c e s in wa t e r E sse nt i ae ( E ss en c e s) ar e s o lutio n s oi v ol atil e oils i n f o ur p a rt s of r e ctifi e d spirit ; th e y are ten ti m e s t h e str e n gth of spir its ( spiritus ) E xt ra ct a ( E xt ra cts ) ar e obt a i ne d b y e v apor ati n g e ith e r t h e e x pr e ss e d j uic e of fr e sh pl a n ts or th e s o lubl e co n s titue n t s o f dri e d d rugs G r e e n e x tr a cts ar e p re p ar e d f ro m fre s h pl an ts Alc o holic e x t ra cts are pr e p a r e d b y t h e a cti on of r e ctifi e d spi rit or pr o of spi rit o n dr y drugs and t h en e vapor at A q u ae

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VE T E RI N A R

2 12

(Gl y c eri n e s )

Glyceri na

gl y c e rin e

Y

TH E RA P E UT I CS

ar e

solutio n s

of

subst an c e s

in

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P ulv ere s (P owd ers )

pr e p are d b y r e duci n g drugs b y tritur a tio n to a st a t e of fi n e di visio n S p ir i tus ( S pir its) ar e sol u tion s o f colourl e ss subst an c e s o r oils in re ctifi e d spirit T he y are t e rm e d Co m pl e x wh e n pr e p ar e d in a sp e ci al m ann e r S p iritus ae th eri s n itrosi S yr up i ( S yrups ) ar e fluid pr ep ar atio n s c on t ain i n g a l a rge proportion of sugar T inct ures a r e solutio n s o f a cti ve subst an c e s i n S pirit e ith e r alo n e or co m bi n e d with oth e r sol ve n ts Vi na (Wi n e s) ar e solution s o f drugs i n she rr y such as ip e c a c u an h ae or i n or an ge wi n e e g Vin um Vi n um ar e

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qu i n i aa

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M i stur e ( Mi x tur e s )

m a de

b y dissol vi n g vario us subst an c e s in w at e r T he y a r e f re qu e n tl y com pou n d Li ni me nt a ( L i n i m en ts or E m broc atio n s ) are pr e p ar a tio n s f or e x t e rn al applic ation b y f riction an oi n tin g or p ai n tin g L ot i ones ( L otion s or W ash e s ) ar e solutio n s or m i x tur e s fo r e x t e r n al use b y w a s h i n g o r appl y in g i n lin t Ungu en ta ( O i n tm e n ts ) ar e m i xtur e s of a cti ve sub st an c e s with l ard v ase lin e Ia n oline e t c A lk al oi ds ar e a cti ve prin cipl e s f ou n d i n v arious pl an ts prob abl y r e sultin g fro m th e m e t a morphosis of th e al b u m i n o i d co n stit u e n ts th e y ar e a lk alin e in r ea ctio n f or m i n g s alts with a cids a nd i n f or m t he y ar e usu all y cr y st a l lin e solids All co n t a i n n itrog e n a n d the y m ay be r e ga rde d as co m p o un ds of a mm o n i a S o m e pl an ts con t a in a n um b e r o f alk aloids which m a y diffe r i n th e i r a ctio n s fro m on e an oth e r b u t ch e m ic a l a n al y sis affords littl e or n o in dic atio n o f su ch diffe r en c e For e x am pl e a m o n g th e a lk aloids o f opiu m w e fi n d ar e

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VE

2 14

T E R INA R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

CH AP TE R II I — TH E

I NORGANIC

.

G RO U P I

Of 2

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MA TE RIA ME DI CA

A LK A LI E S A N D A LK A L INE

—

m ost

i m port an t ar e : A mm o ni um ; 4 Ca lcium ;

th e

th e s e

S odi um ; 3

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1 5

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.

E A RT H S

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P ot a ssium ;

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M agn e s i um

.

N E RAL RE M ARK S O N AL KA L I E s A lk a li e s poss e ss th e po w e r o f di ssolv i n g t h e n itrog e n o u s co n stitu e n ts o f T his sol ve n t pow e r is i n proportio n to a n i m a l tissu e s T h e c austic ye t di s tin ct f ro m th e ir affi n it y f or w a t e r a l kali e s h avi n g a gr e a t a ffi n i ty f or w a t e r poss e ss a m or e d e s tructi ve a ctio n o n t h e tissu e s th an th e oth e r m e m b e rs o f this gro u p On t h e S to mach —Alk a li e s give n b e f or e f e e din g i n cr e a s e th e s e cr e tio n o i ga stric j uic e but if give n soon af t e r f e e di n g th e y n e utr ali z e t h e a cid of this s e cr e tio n a n d r e t ard dig e stio n I n c a s e s of e x c e ssi ve a cidit y with a cid e ruct atio n s th e a d m i n istr a tion o f a n a l k ali such as th e bic arbo n a t e o f sod a pro ve s b en e fici al but its a ctio n m ust b e r e g a rd e d Alk ali e s e xe rt a s e d a ti v e e ffe ct o n a s o n l y p alli a ti ve th e sto m a ch an d r e li eve g astric p a i n ; th e y a lso n e utr a li z e th e to x ic e ff e cts of a cids O n t h e B loo d — Alk ali e s b y r e a so n of th e ir diffusio n pow e r r e a dil y p a ss i n to th e blood so th a t o n l y a s m all portio n of th e m r e ach far i n to th e s m all in t e sti n e O n e n t e ri n g th e blood th e y u n d e rgo v a rio u s ch an ge s de pe n din g ou th e ir co mp ositio n t h e m aj orit y b e i n g pro b abl y co n v e r te d ulti m a t e l y i n to c a rbo n a t e s T h e y are q u ickl y e li m i n a t e d b y t h e kid n e y s so th at it is prob abl e the y do n o t i n cr e a s e t h e alk ali n it y o f t h e blood to an y GE

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fl

P O TA S S I UM A N D I T S

I E D I CI N A L S A L T S

2 15

t t ; in f act af t e r th e ir co n ve rsio n i n to ca r b o n ate s but littl e is k n ow n o f th e ir pr e c i s e a ctio n o n th e v it al fluid Actin g as diur e tics th e y ar e e x cr e t e d chi e fl y b y t h e kidn e y s gr eat

e x en

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1

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P O T A S SI UM A N D ITS

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ur ces

f r o m th e

M E DICIN A L S A LTS

— Fr om w o o das h e s fro m ,

na

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ni t a e

cr e am

t art a r

of

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GE N E RAL ACTI ON S O F P O TA S S I UM S AL T S Th e

.

ctio n s o f th e diffe r e n t s alts of pot a ssiu m var y a ccordi n g t o th e ir n a tur e so m e as th e h ydr at e b e i n g irrit an t a n d c austic ; oth e rs as t h e n itr a t e a n d a c e t a t e b e i n g diur e tic whil e oth e rs as th e iodide an d brom id e e x hibit t h e a ctio n o f th e ir a cid o r s alt r adic al a

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fl

(1 ) I M M E D IAT E L O CA L A CT I ON In th e m outh pot assiu m t e m por a ril y ch e cks th e s e cr e tio n of s ali va I n th e sto m ach if giv e n b e for e fe e din g it acts as a dilut e alk ali sti m ul a t e s th e ga stric follicl e s i n cr e a s e s th e ow o f ga stric j uic e an d also a cts as a s e d ati ve t o th e ga stri c n e r ve s If gi ve n af t e r fe e di n g it n e utr ali z e s th e a cidit y o f t h e co n t e n ts of th e sto m ach .

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ON O N T H E B L OO D P ot a ssiu m quickl y e n t e rs t h e b lood i n th e for m o f s alts ; it i n c r e a s e s th e n a tura l a lk ali n it y of th e pla sm a i n a tr a n si e n t m an n e r how e ve r an d a lso i n cre a s e s th e n u m b e r a n d qu a lit y o f t h e r e d corpuscl e s ( 2)

AC T I

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,

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.

(3) S P E CIFI C A CT I ON I n l a rg e r d o s e s p ot a ssi u m s a lts d e pr e ss th e mu scu la r I n th e do g l a rg e dos e s are n er vou s a n d ca r di ac ti s su es e x p e ll e d b y t h e ac t o f v o m itio n .

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VE

2 16

TE RINA R Y TH E RA P E UT I CS

O CAL ACT I ON P ot assiu m s alts ar e v e r y r apidl y e x cr e t e d f ro m t h e s y st e m chi e fl y by th e kid n e y s t o a l e ss e xt e n t b y t h e skin r e spir ator y p ass age s an d bowe ls i n cr e a si n g t h e th e ir a m ou n t an d t h e al k a lin it y o f t h e e x cr e tio n s di ure tic e ffe ct b e i n g ge n e r all y due to th e ir i n flu en c e on t h e r e n a l e pith e liu m T he M e di ci n a l Us es will be d e scrib e d u n d e r th e h e adin g of e ach s alt

(4 )

RE M

OT E

L

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P ot as s ii car b on as — CA R B ON A T E

OF

P otas s ii Bi car b on aS — B I CA R B ON AT E

P O T A S S I UM OF

.

P O T A S S I UM

.

P rep ar a ti on — T h e Ca r bon a te is obt ain e d f rom p e a rl a s h , t h e prod u ct o f li x iv i a tio n o f w oo d ash e s b y solutio n Th e B i car bon a te is p r e p a r e d b y a n d cr y st alli z a tio n s a tur atin g a stro n g a qu e o u s solutio n of th e c arbo n at e with c arbo n ic a cid gas , an d r e cr y st a lli zi n g .

.

the B i ca r bon a te — H

ors e s 3s s to 3i ; c attl e f dogs grs x to 3i to 3i ss S h e e p a n d pigs 3s s to 3i grs x i T wic e d ail y p rop e rl y dilut e d D os es

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o

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d e gre e

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,

Gen era l A ction s

,

.

,

— T h e c a rbon a t e s diffe r o n l y i n

th e

th e ir a ctio n Th e c a rbo n a t e i n s u ff i ci e n t a m oun t an d co n c en tr a t e d T h e b ic a r f or m a cts as an irrit an t corrosiv e poison bo n at e do e s n o t poss e ss this a ctio n b e i ng l e ss of an a lk ali an d m or e o f a s a li n e a n d is t h e s a lt pr e fe rr e d f o r i n t e rn al use I t is a n t a cid also sto m achic soothi n g th e ga stric n er ve s I t i n cr e a s e s th e alk alin it y of t h e blood an d uri n e an d a cts as a m ild diur e tic an d di aphor e tic E x ter n a lly both s alts i n dilut e solutio n ac t a s a n t a cids to th e s k i n b e s ide s sti m ul atin g an d cl e an sin g wh en us e d i n th e f am ili a r f or m o f so a p M e di ci na l Us e s— I n ter n a lly — In c a s e s of dysp ep s i a th e of

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VE

2 18

T E RINA R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

t r blist e rs whe n t h e p art b e com e s h ard an d sc a l y poss e ssi n g t h e ad van t a ge s o f a ll a y i n g u n du e irrit abili ty an d n ot c au si n g e xc e ssive sof t e n in g o f th e p arts s u ch as is ap t to e n sue af t e r t h e u s e of ol e a gi n ous subst an c e s fo r

tio n

u s e af e

,

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.

Li q uor P ot as s a — S O L U T I ON O F P O T A S H P ot a s s a Caus t i ca— CA U S T I C P O T A S II

.

.

P r ep ar a ti o n — T he L i g P o tassa is pr e p a r e d b y boili n g sl a e d li m e in a sol utio n of th e c arb on at e an d d e c an ti n g Ca u s ti c P o ta s h is p r e p a r e d f ro m t h e liq u or p o t as s ae b y boili n g it do wn q uickl y i n a S il ve r ve ss e l an d pouri n g .

k

i n to

.

m oulds

.

Cau sti c

pot a sh is a pe n e tr atin g c austic s e ldo m e m plo ye d i n p r actic e L iqu or pot a ss as poss e ss e s S im il a r a ctio n s to t h e c a rbo n a t e bu t th e l a tt e r b e i n g m ild e r is pr e scrib e d i n st ead .

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P otas s i i l od i dum— I O D I D E p 2 9 3)

OF

P O T A S S IUM

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P ot a s s i i

Br o mid um B r omum ,

p

B R O M ID E

P O TA S S IUM

( se e

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P otas s ii Nitr as — N I T R AT E P E T RE

OF

OF

P O T A S S I UM , N I T R E

,

S AL T

.

P r ep a re d fro m th e s oluti o n i n w a t e r

na

tive s alt b y cr y st alli za tio n fro m

.

D oses — H ors e s , 5 ii to 55 S a n d p igs , 5 8 s to 3i ; dog s , .

.

d ail y

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.

c attl e 3i to gi ss grs x to grs xx ,

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sh e e p T wic e

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S p e c i fi c A ction s — E f r iger an t ,

sur fa c e s

an d

it is stim ul a n t wh en co n c e n tr at e d is an irrit an t to x ter n a lly

an d

re

m ucous

.

I n tern a lly — In

c ssi ve dos e s it is a g astro i n t e sti n al irrit an t b e sid e s p ar a l y z in g th e h e art a n d n e rv ous c e n tr e s ex e

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P O TA SS I UM AN D I TS ME D I CI N A L S A L TS

2 19

I n me dici n al

dos e s it is ve r y solubl e an d diffusibl e an d quickl y e n t e rs th e blood I t s pr e cis e actio n in th e blood is n o t cl earl y un de rstood but wh e n a dd e d i n l arge a m o u n t t o blood dr aw n f ro m t h e bod y it r e t ards c o a u g l ati o n It is e x cr e t e d b y th e kidn e y s chie fl y also fro m t h e b r o n c h i al gl an ds a n d th e ski n i n cr e asi n g th e f u n c tio n s of th e s e org an s I t is a pow e r ful diu re tic producin g t h is eff e ct b y a cti ng as a loc al v a scul ar sti m ul an t to t h e kid n e y s t h us differi n g f r o m oth e r pot a ssium s alts in this r e spe ct Me d icinal U s e s — As an a lter a ti ve an d f e brif uge n itrat e o f pot a ssiu m is pre scr ib e d in fe brile con ditio n s an d c at arrh al affe ctio n s to pro m ot e t h e bro n chi al cut an e o us an d uri nar y s e cr e tio n s a n d t o a ssist i n t h e e li m i n ati o n o f effe t e products It is gi ve n e it h e r a lo n e o r with sulph a t e of m ag n e si a ’ i h n n is r dil y t k n dissol e d n t e p a ti e t s dri n ki n g a d ea a e v w at er As a diur e ti c it is e m plo y e d i n fe b r il e affe cti o n s and f or h ast e n i n g t h e r e m o va l o f e ffusi o n s f ro m s e rous c av iti e s In c as e s of r e n al dis e a s e its use r e quir e s c are b e c aus e of its actio n o n th e r e n al bloo dve s s els oth e r s alts such as th e ac e t at e an d a cid t artr at e b e i n g pr ef e rr e d wh e n it is d e sir e d to i n cr e a s e th e s e cr e tio n of w a t e r a nd urea b y sti m ula ti n g th e re n al e pithe lium without dis It is also us ef ul in oed e m atous turbin g th e r e n al ve ss e ls l ym ph an gitis etc in hors e s c o n diti o n s o f t h e li m bs a n d i n such c a s e s is o f t e n co m bi n e d with oth e r diur e tics i n co m bin a tion with oth e r I n acu te r heu ma ti sm but the s e c ann o t re m e di e s it produc e s b e n e fi ci a l e ff e cts be a scr ib e d to a n y sp e ci a l a ctio n o n th e blo o d E x terna lly i n co m bin a tio n with s a l am m o n i ac it f or m s a r e frig e r a ti n g lotio n whic h is us e f ul i n r e ducin g loc al i n fl amm ator y a ctio n ,

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2 20

TE R INA R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

P atas s ii Chlor as — CH

O RA T E o r P O T A S S I U M P r ep ar e d b y p a ssin g chlori n e ga s i n to a m i x tur e o f c arbo n at e or chlorid e o f pot a ssiu m an d sl a k e d li m e boilin g e vapor a ti n g an d s e p a r ati n g t h e chlor at e o f pot assi u m b y re cr y st alli za tio n L

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,

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D oses — H

ors e s 5 ii to gss c a ttl e 3ss to 3i sh e e p a n d p igs grs x x to gr s x1 ; dog s grs V to grs x v T h e s e dos e s m u s t be m odifi e d a ccord in g to circ u m st an c e s an d m a y b e a d m i n ist e r e d in t h e f ood or dri n k i n g w a t e r ,

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S p e c ifi c A ct i on s — I n t h e m outh it

i n cr e a s e s th e s aliv a r y flow ; a lso a cts a s a sti m u l an t to th e diffe r e n t portio n s o f t h e r e sp ir a tor y m uco u s m e m br an e thus b e i n g a s a li n e If a d m in ist e r e d i n e x c e s s iv e dos e s it exp ec to ra n t I ts a cts a s a n irrit an t to t h e sto m a ch a n d i n t e sti n e s I f it b e a ctio n o n th e b lood i s n o t cl e a rl y u n d e rstood it i n cr e a s e s t h e a dd e d to blood dr aw n f ro m t h e b od y p ow e r o f co ag ul a tion an d c a u s e s fir m n e ss o f t h e co a g u lu m I t do e s n o t a s w as o n c e b e li e v e d y i e ld up i ts o x y g e n to th e blood as i t is e li m i n a t e d chi e fl y b y t h e kid n e y s i n a n u n ch an ge d co n ditio n an d its solubl e pow e r is S light I n to xic dos e s it disin t e gr a t e s t h e r e d corpuscl e s an d c aus e s th e colouri n g m a tt e r a n d a lbum i n with a fe w cor p u scl e s to app e ar in th e urin e Me dic i n al Us e s — As a n i n ter n a l a n ti sep ti c th e chlor a t e a lthough w e a r e n o t o f p ot a sh is a v e r y v a lu abl e ag e n t ab l e to e x pl ai n t h e m a n n e r i n which it produ ce s its b e n e fi ci al e ffe cts i n c a s e s o f s e ptic ae m i a still e xp e ri e n c e h a s pro v e d its utilit y In c a se s of p urp ur a ha morr ha gica i t p rodu ce s m ost b e n e fici al r e s u lt s e ith e r alo n e or i n co m bi n at i o n with pr e p ar a tio n s o f iro n it is ad vis abl e to pr e scrib e at first a l arg e dos e an d to f ollow this with s m a ll e r a m ou n ts I t is e v id e n t th a t this dr ug poss e s s e s so m e sp e ci al a ctio n o n th e blood j u dgi n g f ro m t h e r e s u lts o bt a i n e d ,

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TE RI NA R Y T H E R A P E U TI CS

this s alt is as a di si nf ec ta n t an d deodoran t It is e m plo y e d i n sol u tio n a n d r e a dil y but is sup e rs e d e d t o a gr e a t e x t e n t e v ol ve s o x y ge n b y m or e e ffici e n t disi n fe ct an ts It is still e m plo y e d b y so me pr a ctition e rs a s a n i n j e ctio n for t h e ut e rus i n c as e s of m e tritis e tc T h e popul ar di s i n fe ct an t k n ow n a s ’ Con dy s Re d Fl u id is a solutio n o f p e r m an ga n at e O f pot a ssium an d sodiu m T h e m ost i mport an t

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s a lts of sodiu m r e s e m bl e i n th e ir actio n s t h e s a lts o f pot a ssi u m ; but th e r e ar e i m port an t diffe re n c e s to b e n otic e d : ( 1 ) T he y h ave n ot th e d e pr e ssi n g e ffe ct o n m uscl e s co n s e qu e n tl y th e y ar e f ar l e ss poiso n ous a n d n e r ve s wh e n a d m i n ist e r e d in full dos e s ( 2 ) T h e s alts o f sodium ar e m uch l e ss diffusible th an thos e of p ot a ssium ; thus th e y ar e m or e slowl y absorb e d a n d e x cr e t e d a n d i n so m e i n st an c e s ac t as s ali n e purg a ti ve s b y p assin g i n to th e s m a ll i n t e sti n e s (3) Th e s alts o f sodium co m p ar e d with thos e o f pot a ssiu m ar e l e ss us e f ul for th e p u rpos e of i n cr e a sin g t h e alk ali n it y of t h e blood i n dise a s e s such as rh e um a tis m as th e y ar e slowl y a bsorb e d a n d wh e n a d m i n ist e r e d in f ull dos e s t en d to p a ss off b y th e bow e ls The

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sh e ep 3ii t o giv a s a chol agogue an d alt e r ati ve f or hors e s gi i to gili dissol ve d in t h e drin k i n g w a t e r Ge ne r al A ct i on s — S ul p h at e o f sodiu m is a s a li n e p u rga tive r e s e m bli n g i n its a ctio n s oth e r p urg a ti ve s o f this I t poss e ss e s an n a tur e s u ch a s sul p h a t e o f m a g n e siu m i m m e di a t e loc al a ctio n o n th e i n t e sti n e s a lso sti m ul a t e s t h e i n t e sti n al gl an ds an d is co n st an tl y b e i n g a bsor be d a n d e x cr e t e d b y t h e i n t e sti n al v e ss e ls i n its co u rs e a lo n g th e i n t e sti n e c au si n g purg a tio n i n th e m an n e r d e scrib e d at p 8 5 It i s also a di r ec t c holagogu e o r tru e hep a ti c s ti mu la n t an d i n cr easi n g th e a cti n g dir e ctl y on th e h e p a tic c e lls s e cre tio n o f b il e b e sid e s r e m o v i n g bil e which is lo dg e d i n t h e duod en um Giv en i n s m a ll dos e s f r e e l y dilut ed it is e x cr e t e d al m ost u n ch an ge d by th e kidn e y s T h e phosph a t e of sodiu m h as si m il a r a ction s M e di ci nal U s e s — I t is pr e scrib e d f or b oth hors e s an d c attl e i n c as e s wh e r e w e wish both to sti m ul at e t h e li ve r a n d to act o n t h e bow e ls U n l e ss in l a rg e do s e s it h as n o purg a ti v e e ff e ct o n th e hors e an d e ve n th e n is u n c e rt ai n in its actio n N e ve rthe l e ss in m ode ra t e dos e s it h as a l ax a tive e ff e c t an d is us e f u l i n c a s e s o f co n ge stio n o f th e li v e r In c attl e co m p a r e d with sulph at e o f m ag n e si a it is slo w e r i n its a ctio n as a purg a tiv e an d both dr u gs ar e occ a sio n all y co m bin e d AS a chol a gogue in th e dog it is s e ldo m suit abl e b e c a us e o f th e gr e a t irrit abilit y o f t h e sto m a ch which is g e n e r a ll y pr e s e n t i n h e p atic dis ord e rs o f this an im al .

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b e i n g gi ve n as a dos e dissolve d i n a prop e r proportio n o f w at e r I t is also pr e scribe d i n v a rious p a r a sitic a ffe ctio n s o f th e ali m e n t ar y c an a l o f y o u n g a n i m a ls i n co m bi n a tio n with to n ic ag e n t s a n d is pop ul arl y e m plo y e d as a n e m e tic f or t h e do g E x ter n a lly i t i s so m e ti m e s us e d i n th e f or m o f a r e f r ige r ati n g lotio n in co m b in a tio n with n itr a t e o f pot a ssiu m an d chlorid e o f am m o n iu m i n t h e proportio n s o f on e O f e a ch to thirt y o f w a t e r which prod u c e s a lotio n o f v e r y low t e m p e r a tur e .

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uri n e whil e it t e n ds to r e n d e r th e e x cr e tio n t h e chlorid e o f as w e ll as i n cr e a si n g its v ol u m e It ih a m m o n iu m poss e ssi n g th e s e a ctio n s m or e f ull y cr e as e s t h e br on chi a l s e cr e ti on th u s a cti n g as a n e xp e c ur e a a cid

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b e c o m in g chill e d ; a lso as an a pplic a tio n for th e irrit a tio n c aus e d b y t h e stin g s o f i n s e ct s Amm o n i a sh o uld n o t be u s e d stro n g e n ough t o ac t a s a ve sic an t as its a ction is lik e l y t o l e a v e a bl e m ish o n t h e ski n if prolon g e d Th e f ollowin g f or m con ve n i e n t lin i m e n ts for th e pur p o s e s of m ild coun t e r—irrita tion : .

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its e ff e cts th a n t h e othe r pre p ar atio n s o f am m on i a is pr efe rre d a s a s timu lan t i n c e rt ai n r e spir at ory an d c ardi ac in a

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TE R INA R Y TII E RA P E U T I CS

c attle m an ife st e d by r e curri n g a tt a ck s o f t y m p an itis Fo r this purpos e it is co m bi n e d wit h a ve g e t abl e to n ic such a s ge n ti an a n d a c ar m i n a ti ve such a s gin ge r an d a d m i n ist e r e d t w ic e d a il y i n w a r m a le A s a s ti mu la n t exp ec tor a n t it is i n dic a t e d i n c a s e s o f br on chitis a s i t pro m ot e s bro n chi al s e cr e tio n an d e x p e c t or ati o n b e i n g e s p e ci a ll y u se f u l wh e n t h e s e cr e tio n is ’ thick an d sc an t y i n t h e s e co n d a r y st age s a n d th e h e a rt s with g e n e r a l d e bilit y o f t h e s y st e m I n a ctio n w e a k a dditio n it sti m u l at e s t h e h e a rt a n d r e s p ir a tor y c e n tr e Fo r such p u rpos e s it is co m bi n e d with c a m phor chlora t e o f pot ash an d a bitt e r to n ic su ch a s an d ge n ti an an d a d m i n ist e r e d in th e f or m o f bolus twic e d a il y As a s ti mu la ti n g eme ti c it is som e ti m e s pr e scrib e d in c an i n e pr a ctic e co m bi n e d with ip e c acuan h a i n c a s e s of bro n chitis .

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T E R I NA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

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o agul a t e d m ass e s of c a s e i n occurri n g i n y oun g an i m als e sp e ci a ll y thos e ar tifici all y f e d o n m i lk about on e f ourth lim e w a t e r b e i n g a dd e d to t h e m ilk I t a ls o a cts as a gen er a l gas tr i c seda tive d e pr e ssi n g th e gl an ds o f t h e sto ma ch an d is h e n c e pre sc rib e d i n c a s e s o f v o m iti n g in dogs d e p e n di n g o n a co n ditio n o f a cid d y s p e psi a in th e f or m o f th e s a cchar a ted soluti on of li me which is pr e p ar e d b y dige stin g sl ak e d li me an d s u g a r i n w at e r a n d d e c an ti n g i n th e proportio n of an oun c e o f t h e f or m e r wit h t w o ou n c e s o f t h e l a tt e r t o a pi n t o f w a t e r an d a d m i n ist e r e d i n dos e s of f r o m tw e n t y t o si x t ym ini ms m i xe d with m ilk O n th e i n t e sti n e s th e a s tri n gen t a ctio n is du e p a rtl y to th e a n t a cid prop e rt y a n d p a rtl y to a s e d a ti ve eff e ct o n t h e in t e sti n al gl an ds a n d f or this purp o s e th e liquor c a lcis i s a d m i n ist e r e d i n c a s e s o f di arrhoe a i n c al ve s a n d l am b s in dos e s o f two ou n c e s f or t h e f or m e r an d h a l f a n o u n c e to on e ou n c e f or th e l a tt e r co mbi n e d with ti n ctur e L i m e w at e r m ay b e e m plo y e d as o f g e n ti an an d gi n g e r an a n ti do te f or poiso n i n g b y t h e m i n e r a l acids an d o x a lic a cid

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T E R INA R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

is pr e scrib e d in c as e s o f di arrh oe a co m bi n e d with oth e r a stri nge n ts a n d is b e li e ve d to sooth e t h e irrit ab l e m u cous m e m br an e a n d to l e a v e a prot e cti n g film o f th e c arb o n at e th e r e o n I n s e ve r e c a s e s o f di arrh oea i n all p a ti e n ts it is co m bi n e d with an ti s p as m odic s such a s opium or chlorod y n e wit h v e r y b en e fici a l e ffe cts Att e n tio n ho we ve r m u st be dir e ct e d i n such c a s e s t o a sc e rt ai n i f possibl e t h e ca use which i f d e e n di n g o n t h e pr e s e n c e o f an irrit a n t p will re quir e appropri a te tr e at m e n t a s pr e v iousl y r ef e rr e d to Calx Ch lor i n ata— CH L O R I N AT E D L IM E It

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2 38

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sti m ul a t e s t h e i n t e sti n al gl an ds a n d c aus e s gr e a t i n cr e a s e of t h e i n t e s ti n a l s e cre tio n s T h e tot a l r e s u l t is t h e fr e e e v a cu a tio n o f a l a rg e qu an tit y of flu id b y th e in t e sti n e s ; th e r e b e i n g also a slight am ou n t of in cr e as e d p e rist alsi s t h e m aj or por tio n of th e drug is r e m ov e d b y th e i n t e sti n e a n d thus e x cr e t e d a c e rt a i n a m ou n t b e i n g c a rri e d o ff by t h e kidn e y s As a purg a tive it is m or e r a p id i n its a ctio n i n c a ttl e t h an sulph a te o f sod a I n s m a ll dos e s sulph a t e o f m ag n e si a is lik e l y to be r e t a i n e d lo n g e r i n t h e i n t e s ti n e s b e i n g th e n absorb e d i n to th e blood a n d e x cr e t ed chi e fly by th e k idn e y s c au s i n g m or e or l e ss di u resi s r e n de ri n g th e urin e m or e alk ali n e a n d dissol vi n g u ric a cid On the Li ven — Accordin g to th e r e sults of e x p e ri m e n ts t h e s u lp h a t e o f m ag n e s i a do e s n o t dir e ctl y i n cr ea s e t h e flow of bil e thus diffe rin g f ro m th e s u lph at e o f sod a which is a dir e ct chol a gogue It h as how ev e r a b en e fi ci al a ctio n i n cl e ari n g aw a y u n absorb e d bil e i n th e duod e n um an d thus pr e ve n ti n g its r e absorptio n M edi c ina l Us es — A s a p ur ga ti ve th e s u lph a t e of m ag n e si a is n o t us e d i n t h e hor s e a s its a ctio n i n this an i m a l is un c e rt ai n so m eti m e s c au si n g viol e n t p u rga tio n an d a t oth e r ti m e s c a u si n g co n side r abl e di u r e s i s I n th e dog t h e purg a tive e ffe ct i s irr e g u l a r an d its n au s e o u s bitt e r t a st e is ap t to i n du c e v o m itio n i n this an i ma l F or r u m i n a n ts how e ve r e x p e ri e n c e pro ve s th a t it i s a ve r y v alu abl e purga ti ve ge n e r all y a cti n g i n f ro m t w e lve to fi ft e e n hours an d is pre scrib e d in th e m a nne r a lr e a d y m e n tio n e d I t is n e c e ss a r y t o r e m a rk how e ve r th a t th e pr a ctic e o f a d m i n i s t e ri n g l a rg e a n d r e p e a t e d dos e s o f t h i s dr u g to c attl e is irr atio n al a n d productive of i n j urious r e sults (3) It

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I11 A GN E S I UIlI A N D I TS

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D I CIN A L S A L TS

2 39

th e

c au s e of th e loss o f i n t e sti n al a ctio n is du e t o a p a r a l y z e d co n ditio n o f t h e i n t e sti n a l w a lls or t o In such i n st a n c e s w e fi n d t h e g a stric i n fl a m m atio n r e sult to be a t ym p an itic st at e o f t h e a li m e n t ar y c ana l with gr e at d e pr e ssio n o f t h e s y st e m e ffe cts which t e n d to aggr av a t e th e alre ad y e x isti n g co n ditio n If a dos e o f prop e r str e n gth do e s n ot s uc c e e d af t e r a r e a so n a b l e ti m e th e n w e sho u ld pr e scrib e ol e a gi n ous a p e ri e n ts a n d a dopt a li n e o f tr e a t m e n t b e st c alc u l a t e d to o ve r co m e th e c aus e of th e a rr e st e d a ctio n of th e i n t e s ti n e s A s a f e br if uge a n d a ltera tive th e sulph at e of m ag n e si a is a v e r y us e f ul th e r ap e utic a g e n t i n all p a ti e n ts It i m pro ve s th e app e tit e m ai n t a i n s a h e a lth y a ctio n o f t h e bow e ls r e m o ve s e x cr e m e n titious m att e rs f ro m th e blood l e ss en s ab n or m al t e m p e r a tur e a n d is pr e scrib e d i n fe bril e a ffe ctio n s co m b i n e d with oth e r s a li n e s such as t h e n itr a t e o f pot a sh gi ve n dissol ve d in t h e dri n ki n g w a t e r an d l e f t in t h e st all con v e n i e n t t o t h e p a ti e n t so th a t h e ca n dri n k at pl e a sur e T w o ou n c e s o f s u lph a t e o f m ag n e si a an d h al f an ou n c e of n itr a t e o f pot a sh gi ven twic e d ail y in this m a n n e r prov e ve r y u s e f ul i n c a s e s of i n fl u e n z a a n d a cut e r e spir a tor y a ffe ctio n s I n a ton i c torp idi ty 0f the bow e ls i n c a ttl e t w o o r thr e e with on e dr a ch m o f o u n c e s o f s u lph a t e o f m a g n e si a powd e re d n u x v o m ic a a n d o n e oun c e of p owde re d ge n ti a n a d m i n ist e r e d t w ic e d ail y f or m s a ve r y us ef ul pr e scriptio n A s a di ur e ti c it is pr e scrib e d in sm a ll dos e s in chro n ic th e kid n e y s a n d i n c a s e s o f dropsic al aff e ctio n s o f e ffusio n s A s a n an ti do te to poiso n in g b y s alts o f l e a d th e sulph at e of m agn e si a is ve r y effe ctu al co n v e rti n g th e m wh e n

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VE TE R IN A R Y TH E RA P E U T I CS

2 40

i n to i n solubl e sulph a t e s o f t h e bo w e ls which ar e o f th e to x ic a g e n t

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c arb o n a t e s of m agn e si a n e u t r ali z e e x c e s s iv e a cidit y o f t h e sto m a ch a n d i n t e sti n e s f or m i n g s alt s which h av e a l ax a tiv e a ctio n an d y ie ldi n g c ar b o n ic a cid T h e y i n cr e a s e th e a lk ali n it y o f t h e blood an d ar e pr e scrib e d as la x a tive a n ta cids i n c as e s c al ve s a n d dogs of a cidit y an d fl a t u l e n c e i n f o a ls gi ve n with th e S p ts a mm o n a ro m a t be twe e n t h e hour s o f fe e di n g i n dos e s of f ro m 5ii to gs s f o r f o als and c al ve s an d grs x to 3ss f or dogs As a n ti do tes f o r th e m i n e r a l a cids o x a lic a cid m e r curi al ars e nic al a n d copp e r s alts th e y f or m co m p a r a tive l y i n sol u bl e or i n n ocuous com po u n d s an d in l arge q u an titi e s pr e v e n t t h e ab sorptio n o f alk aloids b y r e n de ri n g th e co nt e n ts of t h e sto m a ch alk a lin e A ct i on s

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(0) T he y a c t on th e loc al circul ation o f t h e p art c ausi n g a c tive co n tr a ctio n o f t h e s mall art e ri e s a n d v e i n s di mi n ishi n g th e blood ow a n d pr e ven tin g th e e sc ape of pl a s ma an d blood c ells through t h e w alls o f th e v e ss e ls ( d) T h e y d e pr e ss th e loc al n e r v e en di n gs in t h e p a rt T h e tot a l e ffe cts o f th e s e a ctio n s ar e as tri nge n t s eda ,

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(3) S P E CIFI C A CT I ON L e a d is t ak en up b y th e tissu e s f re e l y f ro m th e blood a n d r e t ai n e d fir m l y i n th e f or m of an albu m i n a t e chi e fl y b y th e li ve r a n d kidn e y s a lso b y th e c en tr a l n e r vous s y st em an d in th e bo n e s Ce rt a i n t oxic eff e ct s a r e pro duce d a s a r e sult of th e pr e s e n c e o f l e a d i n th e tissu e s t h e co n dition b e i n g t e r m e d p lu m bi sm T h e chi e f s y m pto m s of this co n dition ar e d y sp e psi a con stip a tion colick y p ai n s cr a m ps of t he m uscl e s e sp e ci a ll y t h e e x t e n sors t e r m i n a tin g i n p ar a l y sis ; t h e puls e is f ull t e n s e an d i n fr e qu en t th e blood pr e ssur e r a is e d th e uri n a r y e x cre tion disturb e d t h e c e n tr al n e r vous s y st em is first irrit at e d e v id en c e d b y con v ulsio n s an d s u cc e e d e d b y p ar al y sis T h e app e a ran c e o f a blu e li n e a t th e e dge s o f th e gum s is o f t e n obs e r ve d .

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Digitize d by Micros oft®

LE

AD

Wh e th e r

A N D I TS

th e

lI E D I CIN A L S

I

A L TS

24 3

cts produc e d are du e to th e irrit an t a ctio n o f l e ad o n th e i n v olu n t ar y m uscul a r tissu e o f th e o r t o its pri m a r y ali m e n t ar y c an al a n d blo o dves s e ls an d a ctio n o n t h e c e n tr a l n e r v ous s y st e m a n d n e r ve s s e c on d aril y o n th e m uscl e s bloo dve s s e ls e tc is a que s tio n o n which a uthoriti e s ar e n ot agr e e d e ff e

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(4) RE M O T E L O CAL A C T I ON L e a d is slowl y e x cr e t e d b y t h e kid n e y s li v e r S ki n I n t h e i n t e sti n e th e portio n which is e x cr e t e d an d m ilk b y t h e live r is r e absorb e d ag a i n e x cr e t e d an d is fi n all y r e m o v e d f ro m th e bod y i n th e f or m of t h e bl ack sulphid e of le a d A n t i d ot e s t o Lea d S a lt s — In c a s e s of a cut e poiso n i n g In chro n ic i n dogs e m e tics should b e a d m i n ist e r e d poiso n i n g sulph a t e o f m agn e si a or pot a ssium iodid e con an d ve rt t h e l e a d i n th e s y st e m i n to i n solubl e s alts should b e pr e scrib e d d a il y a t i n t e rv a ls t h e u s e of occ a s io n al dos e s of li n s e e d oil h a st e n i n g th e ir r e m o v al fro m th e s y st e m .

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Plumb i Ox id um— O X I D E

P r ep a r ed

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in

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OF a of

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it is us e d i n th e f or m o i th e O l ea t e o f l e ad pr e p are d b y co m bi n in g it with o li ve oil o r l e a d pl a st e r an d w a t e r T his pl a st e r is e m plo y e d fo r th e p urpos e of bri n gi n g t h e e dg e s o f s m a ll wou n d s tog e th e r o r f or gi vi n g support to sutur e s i n t h e c a s e o f e x t e n si v e woun ds T h e o x id e of l e a d is so m e ti m es us e d loc all y as a E

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T E R IN A R

Plumbl A cet as — ACE P r ep ared

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T H E RA P E U T I CS

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Li quor P lumbl S ubacet ati s —GO UL AE P r ep a r e d b y boili n g o xid e o f l e a d 312 p arts , *

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toge th e r ac e t at e o f l e ad 5 p arts a n d w at e r 2 0 p a rts filt e ri n g a n d ,

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I n comp a ti bles — All ve ge t a bl e a strin g e n ts , pr e p ar a tio n s of opiu m , a lk ali e s , lim e -w a t e r , iodid e of pot a ssi um .

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Me dicinal U s e s — In ter n a lly the

scrib e d as f r o m th e lun gs

a e a e of

c t t l e a d is pr e a pow e rf ul hx m os ta ti c to ch e ck h a m orrh age stom ach an d i n t e sti ne s an d a ls o f r o m th e ,

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it is pr e scrib e d in c a s e s of o bs tin at e di arrhoea an d d y s e n t ery b e in g usu all y com bi ne d with opium its b e n e fici al effe cts i n this r e sp e ct b e i n g r efe r abl e to its l o c al a ctio n on th e alim en t ar y c an al E x terna lly t h e a c e t at e s o f l e ad are e x t e n si ve l y em ’ ploye d as a strin gen ts an d loc al s e d a tive s Goulard s ore e x tr a ct is pr e f e rr e d for e x t e r n a l a pplic a tio n b e i n g m sol ubl e an d n ot cr y st alli z in g In c a s e s of e c ze m a i n dogs wit h r aw sur f a c e copious w ee pin g an d i n t en s e irrit a tio n t h e c a r e f ul us e of a lotio n co n sistin g of liq plumbi diace tatis 3ii glycerin um gi t a qu a 3iv is of t e n producti ve o f b e n e fit ; bu t it is n e c e ss ar y to be aw ar e of t h e d an ge r of t h e an im a l licki n g th e p arts In c a s e s of mud f ever an d grease i n hors e s a li n i m e n t co n sisti n g o f th e liquor plum bi su bace ta ti s with As

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Digitize d by Micros ofi®

V

246

E TE R IN A R Y T H E R A I ’ E U TI CS

Mi x ed wit h l in seed o i l i t m a kes a v a l ua ble appl i c ati o n -

in c a ses o f b u rn s an d also in loc al blood po i so ning t he res ul t o f sep ti c matt er e nt ering a w o un d P aint ed o n i t form s a pro t ec ti ve cover ing an d dimini shes t he e x t re m e p ain e x i s ti ng in t he p a r t b y depress ing t he n erve e n d ing s -

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Plumb i Io didum—

I OD ID E

P rep ared by mi x ing sol uti o n s o f i od i de of po ta ss ium , an d drying t he

L E AD

OF

.

ni t ra t e o f le a d an d prec i p itat e .

M e di c in a l U ses — In t he f or m o f an o intm e nt ( 1

to 7 )

t he i odi de o f le a d i s so m e tim es u sed a s an a b sorbe nt a ppl i c at i o n t o e n l a rg ed j o int s g l an d ul a r s w ell ing s e t c t h e e ffec t s be ing re f er a b le t o t he i od in e prob a bly a ss i st ed by t he le a d A RGE N T UM— S ILVE R .

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The s al t o f s i lv er u sed in ve t er ina ry pr a c ti ce i s t he ni t r at e .

A r ge nti Nitr P r ep a r ed

as — N ITRA TE O F S I L VER

,

L UN A R CA U S TI

b y di ssolving s ilver in d il ut e nit ri c a c i d

General A c ti on s —

C

.

.

Ex tern a lly t he nit r at e o f s i lver a c t s

a c au s ti c w he n appl i ed in t he sol i d for m or in s trong sol uti o n S ol uti o n s o f a m oder at e s t re ngt h w he n a ppl i ed t o th e broke n sk in or a m u co u s m e m b r an e for m an a lb uminat e w h i ch co at s t he s u r f a ce wit h a t h in l ayer also co agu l a ting t he pro t opl a s m o f t he yo ung cells T h e ar t er i es ve in s an d c ap ill a r i es o f t he p ar t a re a c ti vely co n t r a c t ed an d in animal s wi t h sk in s o f a l igh t colo u r th e s uperfic ial l ayers are s tain ed bl a ck b e ing pre vi ou sly o f an op a u e whi t e at t he po int o f a ppl i c ati o n q

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N I T RA TE

0F S I

L VE R

24 7

I n ter n a lly

t he nit r at e of s i lver co m b in es wit h t he a lb umin o u s fl ui ds an d chlor i des in t he m o ut h an d w he n properly d i l ut ed a c t s a s an a s tr i ngen t In t he s toma ch in m ed i c ina l doses it i s deco m posed by t he a c i d prese nt It e nt ers t he blood in t he f or m o f an alb uminat e be ing slo wly a bsorbed an d re tain ed in t he m e ta ll i c for m in a ll th e co nn ec t i ve ti ss u es s taini ng e xposed p a r t s o f a per m an e nt bl a c k i sh bro wn colo u r T oxi c d oses c au se i rr itati o n o f t he s t o m a ch an d int es tin es W i t h pros t r ati o n co n v uls i o n s an d p a r a lys is t hese l att er effec t s be ing prob a bly ce nt r al in or igin The bes t a n ti dote i s comm o n s a l t w h i ch f or m s t he in sol u b le an d in er t chlor i de o f s i lver M e di ci n a l U ses — As a ton i c a n d as tr in gen t it i s so m e tim es prescr i bed in c anin e pr a c ti ce in chro ni c n ervo u s d i se a ses or in chro ni c d ia rrh oe a an d dyse nt ery in doses of g t o g r ain i n p i lls Ex ter n a lly it i s th e ca us ti c m os t uni vers ally e m plo yed a s it s e ffec t s a re l imit ed t o t he a re a o f appl i c ati o n an d it i s less i rr itating t h an o t hers As a s timu la n t t o in dole nt w o un d s an d u lcers t h e nit r at e o f s i lver i s very u se f ul pro m o ting he a l thy g ro wt h an d s u ppress ing e x cess i ve gr anu l ati o n s bes i des f or mi n g a pro t ec ting cover ing t o th e p a r t In conjun c ti vi ti s a sol u ti o n o f t he nit r at e o f s i lver co n taining f ro m h a l f a gr ain to t wo gr am s t o t he o un ce i s very u se f u l ; a fe w drops in ser t ed int o t he eye t hree tim es d ai ly pro m o t es a he a l t h i er a c t i o n in t he m e m br an e an d rel i eves i rr itati o n In op a ci ty of the cor n ea a sol uti o n co ntainin g fo u r t o s i x gr ain s t o t he o un ce o f d i s ti lled w a t er c a re fully ’ a ppl i ed d ai ly wit h a c am el s h ai r b r u sh o ft e n s u cceeds in re n dering t he p a r t cle a r It i s reco mm e n ded in er ys ip e las a ppl i ed tw o o r t hree ,

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D igitize d by Micros oft®

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24 8

fl

TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

tim es t o t he i n fl am ed s ur f a ce an d e x t e n d in g a f e w in ches beyo n d i t in th e f or m o f a s trong sol ut i o n co ntaini n g 8 0 gr ain s t o 4 dr a ch m s o f wat er In c a ses o f chr on i c i n a mma ti on of the la r yn x a n d p ha r yn x so m e tim es m e t wi t h in do g s a sol uti o n o f t he nit r at e o f s i lver a ppl i ed t o th e p a r t by m e an s o f a pro b ang or bru sh prod u ces be n efic ia l res u l t s The bes t solven t for th e nitr at e o f s i lver i s nit ro u s e ther a s t h i s d i ssolves t he f a t t y m att ers o f t he sk in an d e nables t he sol ut i o n t o prod u ce a uni f or m a c ti o n over t he s urf a ce in s t e a d of r unning in t o drops Th i s sol u ti o n a c t s mu ch m ore s t ro ngl y t h an an a q u eo u s o n e an d he n ce req ui res t o b e ma de o f less s t re ngt h ,

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Z IN CUM— Z I NC, A N D I T S

Gen era l I n comp a ti bles

M E DICI NA L SA LT S

.

Z i n c S a lts — Al k a l i es

an d f t he i r c a rbo nat es l im e wat er a ce tat e o f le a d nit r at e o f s i lver a s t r ing e nt ve ge table prep a r ati o n s o

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GE NE RAL ACT I O N S O F Z

(1 )

I N C S AL T S

IMM E D IA T E L O CA L A CT I ON

.

.

The s al t s o f z in c rese m ble t hose o f le a d s i lver an d copper in t he i r loc a l a c t i o n s ; t hey a c t a s ca us ti cs in t he i r s t ro ng er f orm s an d a s a s tr i nge n ts in t he i r w e ak er f or m s The d iffere n ce in de g ree o f t he a c ti o n s o f z in c s al t s depe n ds o n t he i r di usi on po w er a n d affinit y f or wat er an d o n t he i r sol u b i l it y Th u s t h e chlor i de o f z in c a c t s a s a ca u s ti c appl i ed in s u ffic i e nt s t rengt h loc a lly w h i le th e s ulph at e a c t s a s an as tr i n gen t an d s ti mu la n t I n ter na lly t he effec t o f z in c o n t he s t o ma ch i s t h at o f a loca l i r r i ta n t a c ting a s a di r ect eme ti c in t hose anima ls c a p able o f t h e a c t o f vo miti o n In th e int es tin e s in D igitize d by Micros oft®

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Z inci S ul ph

P r ep a r e d

TE RIN A R Y T H E R A P E U TI CS

a s — S UL PHA T E O F

b y t he a c tio n

gr anul at ed z in c D oses — As

I N C WH IT E

Z

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d i l ut e s ulphu r i c a c i d o n

of

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do g s g r i t o g rs iii A s an eme ti c f or do g s grs x t o g rs tw o o un ces o f war m wat er ,

VIT RI OL

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.

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xxx

.

d i ssolved in

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.

M edi c i n a l U se s — A s

t he s u lph at e o f z in c i s s a f e pro m p t an d e ffec t ua l for t he d i ff erent p urposes f o r w h i ch e m e ti cs are in d i c at ed It a c t s wi t h l itt le pros t r ati o n or nau se a prod uc ing it s e ffec t by it s loc a l i rritant a c ti o n o n t he s t o ma ch t h u s b e ing a di r ect ,

an

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,

fl .

,

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eme ti c

.

It i s so m e tim es prescr i bed a s a ton i c an d as tr in gen t b ut i s in f er i or to o t her dr ug s in t hese respec t s I n n ervou s a ec ti on s s u ch a s chore a ep i leps y e t c it i s prescr i b ed in c anin e pr a c ti ce o f t e n wi t h be n eficia l res u l t s t he doses be i n g gr a d ua lly in cre a sed Ex ter n a lly th e s ulph at e O f z in c i s very u se fu l a s a s ti mu tan t an d a s tr i n gen t appl i c ati o n in c a ses o f u lcers u n he al t hy w o un ds e t c l imiting t he am o unt of d i sch a rg e check ing e x cess i ve w e a k gr anul ati o n s an d pro m o t ing a t e n de n cy t o rep a r ati ve a c ti on Fo r t hese p u rposes it i s di ssolved in 30 t o 60 p a r t s O f wat er In infl am ed co n d iti o n s O f th e co n j un c ti v a af t er t he a c ut e s tag e h a s p a ssed a w e a k sol uti o n o f t he s u lph at e o f z in c dropped int o t he eye a f e w tim es d ai ly o f t e n proves o f servi ce As a n as tr i n gen t i njec ti on it i s prescr i bed in c a ses o f d i sch a rg es e it her a c ut e or chro ni c fro m t he g e nit o u r inary p a ss ag es s uch a s le u corrhoe a Co m b in ed wit h t h e a ce tat e o f le a d in sol uti o n it f orm s t he w h it e lo ti o n o f P ro fessor D i ck ,

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Z IN C A N D I TS

M E D I CI N A L S A L TS

25 1

Z i nci A ce t a s ,

w h i c h i s t he a c ti ve co n s titu e nt o f t h i s lo ti o n rese m bles in i t s a c ti o n s t h e s u lph at e o f z in c b ut i s seldo m u sed a s a sep a r a t e ag e nt ,

,

.

Z i n ci Ch lor i d um— CHLO R P r ep ared

l at ed z in c

Z

IN C

.

by t he a c ti o n O f hydrochlori c a c i d o n

gr a n u

.

M e di c inal Use s — T h e chlor i de

int er na lly

ID E OF

of

z

in c i s n o t gi ve n

.

Ex ter n a lly appl i ed wit ho ut di l uti o n it i s a po w er f u l ,

,

ca u s tic ,

possess ing g re at aff i n it y for wat er an d c oagu l ating a lb umin It i s so m e tim e s e m ployed a s an app li c at i o n t o un he a l t hy u lcer ati o n s fis tu l a s e t c It i s a po w er f ul a n ti sep ti c an d di si nfecta nt an d eve n in d i l ut e ’ sol uti o n i s a po i so n t o lo w f orm s o f l i f e B ur n e t t s d i s in f ec tant co ntai n s 2 5 g r ain s of chlor i de of z in c to e a c h fl ui d dr a ch m ,

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.

CUP RUM— COPP E R

.

The s a l t of copper e m ployed in ve t er ina ry pr a c ti ce i s t he s u lph at e .

Cup r i S ulp h a s — CU P R IC

COPP ER , B LU E

P r ep a r ed

S U LPH A T E S U LPH AT E S T O N E B LU E VIT RI OL ,

OF

'

.

,

by he ating copper wit h s u lphu r i c a c i d

I n comp a ti bles — Al k al i es

.

an d t he i r c a rbo nat e s l im e wat er min er al s a l t s ( e x cep t s ulph at es ) i od i des an d m o s t ve g e table a s t r ing e nt s

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,

,

,

,

.

A c ti on s —

The a c ti o n s of copper rese m ble t hose o f z in c an d s i lver Ex ter na lly it prod uces n o e ffec t o n t he un bro k e n sk in Ge ner al

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D igitize d by Micros oft®

VE

252

T E RI N A R Y T H E R A P E UT I CS

an d i s n o t a bsorbed t here fro m Appl i ed t o w o un ds ulcers an d del i c at e mu co u s m e m br an es freely it a c t s a s a ca us ti c I t unit es wit h sol uble a lb umin o u s s u bs tan ces o n t he s urfa ce f orming in sol uble a l b uminat es co n de n ses t he s t r u c tu res an d co n s t ring es th e bloo dve s se ls an d he n ce i s an a s tri n gen t in sol uti o n s O f m oder at e s t reng th I n ter n a lly in l a r g e doses i t a c t s a s a di r ect em e ti c in t he do g ; in t ox i c doses it i s an i r r i ta n t p oison c au s ing ga s t r o e nt er i t i s e t c In t he int es tin es give n in m edi cinal doses it h a s an as tr ingen t effec t S u lph at e o f copper i s slo wly a bsorbed an d i s s u pposed t o possess so m e t o ni c effec t It i s o n t h e nut r iti o n o f t he ce nt r a l n ervo u s s ys t e m e x cre t ed b y t he l i ver ch i efly a lso in t he u rin e an d s al iv a In po i so ning by s u lph at e o f copper th e sui ta ble a n ti do tes a re a lb umin o u s s u bs tan ces s u ch a s w h it e o f e gg mi lk e t c w h i ch f or m in sol uble a lb uminat e s wit h t he s al t M e di c i n a l U ses — As a n em e ti c t he s u lph at e o f copper i s so m e tim es prescri bed in c anin e pr a c ti ce in doses o f fro m g rs vi t o g rs x f or a c ting q ui ckly in c a ses o f n a rco ti c po i so n s ; b ut a m ore relia ble ag e nt i s fo un d in t he h y As a toni c an d p ode r m i c in j ec ti o n o f a po m orph in e a s tr i ngen t it i s occ a s i o na lly prescr i bed in doses o f 5 i for horses an d gr 11 t o g rs ii f or do g s It i s an a n tidote t o p h o sp h or u s p oi soni n g by co m b ining wi th t he ele m e n t an d re n der ing it in er t Ex tern a lly t he s u lph at e O f copper i s e xt e n s ively e m ploye d a s a s timu la n t as tri n gen t an d mi ld ca us ti c in c a ses o f e x uber ant g ranul ati o n s un he al th y s u r f a ces ulcers e t c It ho w ever possesses n o a dv antag e s over t he nit r at e ,

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VE

254

T E R IN A R Y T IIE IEA P E U TI CS

M e di c ina l Uses

—

The ch i e f u se o f a l um i s a s a top i ca l a s tr i n gen t in t h e f or m o f a lo ti o n f or a ph t ho u s u lcer at ed co n d i ti o n s o f t he m o ut h i t i s a lso appl i ed in t he f or m o f d ry po w der t o in dole n t s u rf a ces wi t h e x u b er ant g r anu l a ti o n s It i s so m e tim es prescri bed in t er na lly in c a ses o f h ae m orrh ag e fro m t he k i d n eys wit h t he i de a t h at d ur ing it s e x cret i o n t he f or m o f a l b uminat e i s red i ssolved an d t h at t he s al t wi ll h a ve a s t yp ti c effec t Al um i s freq u e n t ly a d mini s t ered t o co w s t o a rres t t he secre ti o n o f mi lk w he n it i s des i red t o s ta ll f eed t he m In c a ses o f e m er ge n cy al um m ay be e m ployed in s t ro ng sol uti o n a s a s typ ti c ,

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S U B -GR O U P FE RRUM

IRON

A N D IT S

II

.

ME DI CIN A L S A LT S

.

( 1 ) IMME D I A T E L O CAL A CTI ON Exter na lly t he sol u ble prep ar ati o n s o f i ro n s u ch a s t he pers a l t s a c t a s as tr i n gen ts an d con s tr i n gen ts w he n a ppl i ed t o t he broke n s k in or t o m u co u s s ur f a ces The y co agu l at e t he alb umin o u s ti ss u es an d t he blood co nt r a c t t h e b loo dv e sse ls o f t he p a r t b y co m press i n g t he ti ss u e s an d t h u s a c t a s h ce mos ta ti cs or s typ ti cs I n te r n a lly th e s a l t s o f i ro n h a ve an a s tr i n gen t e ffec t o n t he mu co u s m e m br an e o f t he m o ut h an d co ntigu o u s p a r t s I n the s tom a ch a ll t he s al t s a re co n ver t ed int o t h e chlor i de t h u s d iffer ing f ro m t hose o f so m e o t her m e tals w h i ch co m bin e wit h t he a c i d alb uminat es If the ag ent be a dmini s t ered in e xcess or i f t he organ be e m p ty t he d ig es ti ve fl ui d i s deco m posed an d t he i ro n a c t s a s an i r r i tan t an d a s tri ngen t t o t he mu co u s m e m br an e I n the du odenu m i ro n i s co n ver t ed in to an al k al in e .

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I R ON A N D I T S

ME D I CIN A L S A L TS

25 5

a lb uminat e an d i s a bsorb e d in t h i s f or m t he un absorbed por ti o n be i n g e x cre t ed a s t he s u lph i d e ,

,

.

A

CTI ON O N T H E B LOOD

.

The prep a r ati o n s of i ro n h ave im por tant effec t s on t he blood a c ting o n t he red corp u scles in cre a s i n g t he i r num ber an d t h e am o unt o f h ae m o g lob in prese nt be ing co m b in ed wit h t he l att er I ro n e n t ers t he c i rc u l ati o n very slo w ly be ing a bsorbed a lo ng t h e a l im e nta ry c ana l a s t he chlor i de an d a lk al in e a lb uminat e There i s a di ffere n ce o f op ini o n am o ng aut hor iti es a s t o t he m ann er i n w h i ch i ro n i s absorbed int o t he blood Ev i de nt ly b ut a s m a ll am o unt i s absorbed a s a l a r g e propor ti o n i s e x cre t ed wit h t he f aeces an d i f it i s in j ec t ed in t o t he blood mu ch O f it p a sses awa y in t he u r in e As t he res u l t o f e x per im e nt s it i s s tat ed t h at in he a l th i ro n does n o t in cre a se t he num ber O f red corp u scles but t h at it does prod u ce th i s effec t in c a ses o f an ae mia Ao cord ing t o D r W ood i ro n I n cre a ses t he o z o ni z ing po w er o f t he re d corp u scles an d i s also a s timul ant t o t he so u rce w h i ch prod u ces t he m t h u s a c ting a s a hx ma ti n i c ,

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blood toni c

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( 3) S P ECI F IC A CTI ON The spec i fic a c t i o n o f i ro n i s o n t he red corp u scles o f t he blood an d it i s s ai d t h at t he t e m per atu re i s sl ig h t ly r ai sed a s t he res ul t o f t he in cre a s ed o x i d ati o n .

,

.

REM O T E L O C AL A C T I ON I ro n i s e x cre t ed ch i efly by t he w hole le ngt h o f t he int es tin es a lso b y t he l i ver k i d n eys s k in an d s a l i v a an d t he v a r i o u s m u co u s s u r fa ces It possesses re m o t e a s tr i ngen t e ffec t s w h i ch a re o f im por tan ce O n the B ow e ls — It c au ses co n s ti p ati o n ; cer tain s al t s s u ch a s t h e perchlor i de h av ing g re at er a s t ri n ge n t e ffec t s

(4 )

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2 56

TE RIN A R Y T H E R A P E UT I CS

t h an o t hers It gi ves a c h a r a c t er i s ti c b l a ck appe a r an ce t o t he faeces d u e t o t he co n vers i o n o f t he m e ta l into t he s ulph i de an d tannat e res u l ting fro m t he a c ti o n of t he f ood an d s ulph u re t t ed hydro g e n o f t he int es tin es 0n the Ki dn eys — It i s e x cre t ed by t he cells n o t by t he glo m erul i ; it red u ces t he vol um e o f u rin e b ut in cre a ses t he am o unt o f u re a an d o t her sol i ds an d t he a c i d it y o f t h e e x cre ti o n It a c t s a s a r emo te a s tri n gen t t o t he mu co u s s ur f a ces an d a s a h ae m os tati c .

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f P r ep ara ti ons of I r on — Alk a l i es an d t he i r c ar b o nat es l im e wat er m agn es ia an d i ts c a rbo nat e tanni c an d ga ll i c a c i ds all a s t ring e nt in f u s i o n s s u ch a s t hose o f d igi t al i s c in cho na e t c I n comp a ti bles

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GE NE RA L VIE

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W

DIFFE RE N T P RE P A RA

OF T H E T IONS OF

I RON

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co n ve ni e n ce of descr i p ti o n w e prep a r ati o n s o f i ro n a s f ollo w s 1

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b ut

Examp les

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atini c A c tions l itt le A s t r ingency

T h ose p ossess ing t h e H

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m ay

For

of

I ron , w it h

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co m pr i s ing f err um r e dact um f err i c a rbo na s s a cch a r ata l i q u or f err i di alysatu s f err i p e r o x i du m h ydr a t u m All t hese prep ar ati o n s possess t he h ae m a t ini c a c ti o n o f i ro n wit h bu t l i tt le a s t ring en cy an d a re he n ce e m ployed in c a ses w here w e wi sh t o a vo i d an a s tr ing e nt e ffec t o n t he b o w els or an y t e n de n cy t o i nt er f ere wi t h t he pro cess O f d ig es ti o n The qu es ti o n o f t he sol u b i l it y in wat er O f an i ro n s a l t i s n o t o n e o f im por tan ce a s re ga rds a b sorp ti o n a s t h e sol i d prep a r a ti o n s b eco m e sol u b le in The

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2 58

T E RIN A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

wi t h quinin e It does n o t prod u ce t he i rr itating or a s t ring e nt e ff ec t s o f t he s u lph at e o f i ro n an d c an be prescr i bed in c a ses w here t he l at ter w o u ld b e i n a dm is s i ble bine d

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,

.

Fe rr i P er ox idum H y dr at um — P ER O X I D E

O X I D E O F I R ON

O R SE S Q UI

.

prec i p i t a tin g a di l ut ed sol uti o n o f t he per s ulph a t e o f i ro n wi t h sol uti o n of sod a an d dry ing P rep ar ed by

.

M e di c ina l U ses — T h e ch i e f u se o f t hi s s al t i s a s an

anti do t e t o po i so ning by a rse ni c It sho u ld be freshly prep ared in a sol u b le form an d in c a ses o f e m er ge n cy i s bes t m ade by mi x ing t hree o un ces O f t h e sol ut i o n O f per chlori de o f i ro n wi t h o n e o un ce o f c a rbo nat e o f sod a or wi t h sol uti o n o f amm o nia i f t h e l att er i s n o t at h an d It co n ver t s t he a rse ni o u s a c i d in t o an in sol ub le co m po un d w h i ch i s a b a s i c a rse nit e o f v a ria b le co n s ti t uti o n As it re qui res t w elve p a r t s t o n e ut r a l i z e o n e o f a rse ni o u s a c i d t h e prep a r ati o n sho u ld b e a d mini s t ered in l a rg e am o unt s every five or t e n minut es s u ch a s h a l f o un ce doses t o t he do g an d an in defi ni t e quantity t o t he horse f o llo w ed u p b y doses o f m agn es ia .

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2

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P rep a r at i on s

I ro n ch a r ac t er i z e d by a n d A s t r i ngent A c t i on

of

t h e i r Corr ugat i ng

.

These co m pri se t he co m po un ds wi t h t h e min er a l a c i ds s u ch a s t h e s ulph at e o f i ro n an d t he l i qu or f err i per c hlor idi wi t h it s m ed i c ina l prep a r ati o n s

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Fe rr i S ulp h

a s — S UL PH A T E O F IR ON FERR O U S S UL PH A TE G REE N VIT RI O L CoP P E R A s ,

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d i ssolvin g i ro n wi re in s u lph u r i c a c i d wat er crys tall i z ing an d dry ing ,

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ME D I CIN A L S AL TS

I RON A N D I TS

P err i S u lp h as E '

2 59

x si ccat a

.

by h e ating t he s u lph at e t o 21 2 Fah r e m ov ing s i x seve nt hs of it s wa t er a n d po w derin g ; 2 % gr ain s a re eq ual t o a bo ut 4 g r ain s of t h e crys tall in e s ulph at e P r ep a r ed

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D oses — H

gr

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orses 38 3 t o 5ii ; c attle 5i t o 3iv g rs v repe at ed t w i ce d ai ly .

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do g s

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The dr i ed s u lph at e i s prescr i bed in h a l f t h e a bove doses an d i s pre f erred in co n se qu e n ce O f it s co n veni e nt f or m f or di spe n s ing M e di c i n a l U ses —Th i s s a l t i s e x t e n s i vely e m ployed in v e t er ina ry pr a c ti ce a s a mi nera l ton ic b ut in co n se qu en ce o f it s a s t r ing e n cy an d l ia b i l i t y t o i rr itat e t he ga s t r i c mu co u s m e m br an e cer tain prec auti on s a re n ecess a ry in prescr i b ing it an d t hese will also a pply t o t he prep ar a ti o n s o f t he perchlo r i de prese n tl y t o be n o ti ced ( 1 ) Th at m o der at e doses sho uld be giv e n so a s n o t t o d i sorder d ig es ti on ( 2 ) Th at t hese prep a r ati o n s sho uld n o t be e m ployed w he n ga s t r i c der ang e m e nt i s prese n t (3) Th at t hey mu s t be prescr i bed e it her alo ng wit h t he f oo d or a d mini s t ered a f t er f ee ding T h a t it i s o f a dv antag e t o co m b in e t h e m wi t h 4 ( ) l a x ati ves s u ch a s s mall doses o f s ulph at e o f magn es ia or s u lph at e o f s od a in order t o avo i d t he i r co n s ti p ating e ffec t s The s u lph at e o f i ro n i s prescr i bed a s a gener a l ton i c in n as a l glee t a cco m p ani ed by a deb i l itat ed co n d iti o n be ing co m b in e d wit h a rse ni c an d b itt er o f t he sys t e m t o ni cs s u ch a s n u x vo mi c a in s u ch c a ses It i s bel i eved t o a c t a s a vermi cide an d i s hen ce e m ployed for t he de s t r u c ti o n o f int es tina l p a r a s it e s in com b inati on wit h o t her re m ed i es It i s a lso pre s cr i bed in c a ses of di a betes i nsip i dus in ,

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2 60

T E RI N A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

co m b inati o n wit h t he i od i de o f po ta ssium an d g e ntian As a hrcm a ti n i c it i s u se fu l in c a ses O f p u rp u r a h ae m o r rh a gi c a co m b in ed wit h t he chlor at e o f po t a sh In c ou va le s c e n c e fro m de b i l ita t ing affec t i o n s s u ch a s in fl u e n z a it i s prescri b ed wit h ve g e ta ble t o ni cs b ut w e o ft e n fi n d t h at t he bl a n d f or m s o f i ro n s u cceed be tt er in c a ses o f t h i s k in d s u ch a s d ia lysed i ro n co m b in ed wi th In c anin e pr a c ti ce t h e m i lder f orm s o f i ro n a re q uinin e pre f erred s u ch a s t h e s a cch a r at ed c arbo nat e E x tern a lly t he s ulph at e o f i ro n i s u sed a s an a s t r ing e nt prep ara t i o n in co m b inati o n wi t h o t her a s t ri n g e nt s O f a s imi l a r n at u re a s prev i o u sl y m e n ti o n ed It a lso a c t s a s a d i s in f ec tant an d mi x ed wit h s ulph at es o f lim e an d ’ al umina it f or m s T u s on s D i s in f ect an t P o w der w h i ch gives off w he n m o i s t e n ed su lp hu r ou s a n hydr ide .

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S T R ON G SO LU TI ON O F P ER C H L O R I D E O F I R ON P r ep ar e d by d i ssolv in g i ro n wi re in hydrochlor i c a c i d an d wat er a dd in g hydrochlori c a c i d po u ring in t o nit r i c a c i d ev a por at in g an d d i l u ting

Li q uor Fe rr i P e r chlor idi For t i or—

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( ) a

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P er chlor i de

P r ep a r ed by

t hree o f wat er x,

Of

a dd ing o n e p a r t

I ro n

Of

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s t ro ng sol u ti o n t o

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D oses — H ll

M ed i c in al Sol uti o n O f

L i q uor P err i P erch l or idi—

orse s an d c at tl e fis s t o fit give n properl y d i l ut ed ,

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b T t P P rch lor i d i— in c u r a err i e ( )

T in c tu re o f P erc hlor i de o f I ro n T in c tu re o f S t eel P r ep a r ed b y mi x ing o n e p a r t o f t he s t ro n g sol uti o n wit h o n e o f sp i rit an d tw o o f wa t er ,

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D os es —

chlori de

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VE

2 62

TE RIN A R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

t he k i d n eys or bl adder an d a s re m o t e a s t r in g e nt s in c a ses o f chro ni c d i sch a rg es f ro m t he g e nit o u r in a ry mu co u s m e m bran e s u ch a s le u corrhoe a Exter na lly t he chi e f u se o f t he perc h lor ide i s a s a po w er f ul s typ ti c I t co nt r a c t s th e bloodve ss els an d co n den ses t he ti ss u es bes i des c au s ing t he blood t o f or m a fi r m clo t o n t he s u rf a ce o f t he w o un d In co n seq u e n ce o f it s c orr ugating an d i rritan t a c ti o n o n w o un ds it sh ou ld n o t be u sed e x cep t in c a ses w here t he h x m orrh age c ann o t be o t her w i se a rres t ed In c a ses o f flooding o f t he ut er u s a ft er del i very t h e in j ec ti o n o f a sol uti o n o f t he perchlor i de i s h ighly r e co m m e n ded iu t he propor ti o n o f f o u r o un ces o f t h e m ed i c ina l prep ar ati o n to tw elve o un ces o f w at er w h i ch i s t o be slo w ly in j ec t ed int o t he ut er u s wit h a lo ng tube a f ree o utle t o f t he fl ui d be ing a llo wed an d t he int r od u c ti o n o f ai r a vo i ded ,

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Comp ound s

3

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of

Ir on w i t h O t h er A c t i

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Bodi e s

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These in cl u de f err i i o di dum f err i ar se ni as f err i phos pb a s an d f err i e t qui n in ae cit r ati s These prep a rati o n s a re int e n ded t o co m b in e t he h a m a t in ic an d t o ni c proper ti es o f i ro n wit h t he spec i fic a c ti o n o f t he co n s titu e nt s wi t h w h i ch t hey a re co m b in ed ,

,

,

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.

I OD I D E O F I R O N P r ep ared fro m i od in e i ro n wi re an d d i s ti lle d wat er he at ed t o g e t her ; t he sol uti o n be ing fil t ered an d evap o r at ed i s prescr i b ed i n c a ses o f dia be tes i n sip i du s in horses also in n a sa l glee t in gl an d ul a r e n l a r g e m e nt s an d a s a gen er a l toni c in t h e t re atm e nt o f scro f u lo u s d i se a ses D oses —S am e a s t he s u lph a t e P e r r i Io did um—

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.

Fe rr i Ar s e n i as — AR S E N IA T E

IRO N P r ep ared by m i x ing a rse niat e o f sod ium s u lph at e o f i r on an d b i c a rbonat e o f sod ium t o g e t her or

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,

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D igitize d by Micros oft®

I RON

I T S ME D I CI N A

A ND

L

SA

L TS

2 63

Th i s prep a r ati o n i s so m e tim es prescr i b ed in t re ating cer tain f or m s o f sk in affec ti o n s s u ch a s psor ia s i s chro ni c ec z e m a e t c in doses o f g rs v t o g rs x f or horses an d 1 g r f or do g s T 3 to ,

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,

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,

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Fe rr i P h os p h a S — P H O S PH A T E P r ep ared

f ro m phosph at e an d b i c a rbo nat e of sod ium

OF IRON

.

sod ium s u lph at e o f i ro n

Of

,

,

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Th i s s a l t i s ch i efly u sed in c anin e pr a c ti ce in c a ses O f r i cke t s an d a lso in do g s recover ing fro m d i s t e m per an d o t her deb i l itating affec t i o n s in doses o f f ro m g rs i v t o grs v iii It i s co n ve ni e nt ly a d mini s t ered in t he f or m O f P a rr i sh’s Syr u p u s Ferr i P h osp h a t i s Co m p w h i ch co n tain s in e a ch dr a ch m g r ain o f phosph at e O f i ro n an d g rai n o f phosph a t e o f c alc ium wit h s m a ll am o unt s o f t he pho sph at es o f po ta ssiu m an d sod ium ’ E a s t o n s syr u p i s al so a u se f ul prep ar ati o n co n s i s ting 1 g r ain o f phosph at e o f 1 g r ain o f phosph at e O f i ro n O f q uinin e an d 319 g r ain o f s t r ych nin e in e a ch fl ui d dr a ch m t hi s quanti t y being t he a ver ag e dose for t he do g repe at ed twi ce d ai ly ,

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Fe rr i

et

Q uin i n a

Cit r a s — CIT RA TE

O F I R ON

AN D

Q U INI NE A prep ar ati o n o f c it r at e o f i ro n an d q uinin e co ntaining 1 6 per ce nt o f q uinin e i s prescr i bed in c anin e pr a c ti ce in doses of fro m g rs i v t o g rs x a s a g e n er al t o ni c it co m b in es t he a c ti o n s o f bo th ag e nt s .

,

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.

.

S U B GR O U P -

H YDRA RGYRUM—

III

.

ME RCURY

.

s al t s an d prep a r ati o n s o f m erc u ry a re der i ved d i rec t ly o r in d i rec tly f ro m t h e m e tal i t sel f All

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D igitize d by Micros oft®

VE

2 64

TE R IN A R Y TH E R AP E U T I CS

GE N E RAL ACT I O N S

.

IMM E D IA T E L O CA L A CTI ON

(1 )

.

Ex ter n a lly — M os t prep ar at i o n s o f m erc u ry h ave b ut l ittle a c ti o n o n t h e un b roke n sk in un less a ppl i e d f or so m e tim e b ut cer tain s al t s possess m a rked ca u s ti c an d s u ch a s t he sol u t i o n o f t he cou n ter i r r i tan t proper t i es nit r a t e an d t he b ini od i de a ll a re c a p a b le o f a b sorp ti o n f ro m t he sk in O n mu co u s s u r f a ces an d o n abr a ded t i ss u es t here a re ho w ever defi ni t e e ffec t s prod u ced de pe n d ing o n t he prep a r ati on e m ployed T h u s so m e s u ch a s t he red o x i de t h e di l ut ed ni tr at e an d w e a k sol u ti o n s o f t he perchlor i de a re a s tr i n gen ts an d s ti mu la n ts loc ally O t hers s u ch a s s t ro ng er sol uti o n s o f t h e perc hl or i de a n d t he nit r at e a re cau s tics All prep a r a t i o n s a re a n ti sep ti cs an d di s i nfec ta n ts e s p e c i ally t he perchlor i d e I n ter n a lly t he loc a l a c ti o n o f m erc u ry a lso depe n ds o n t he prep a r ati o n e m plo yed an d it s s t re n gth All pre p ar a ti o n s prod u ce cer tain e ffec t s o n t he m o u th gum s an d s al i v a ry gl an ds res u l t ing in sa li v a ti on w he n a d mini s t ered i n f ull am o unt an d f or a per i od o f tim e t hese effec t s h o w ever b e ing d u e t o t h e e x cre ti o n o f t he drug fro m t he sys t e m an d n o t t o t he loc al a c ti o n I n the s toma ch t he s al t s of m erc u ry co m b in e wit h t h e chlori de O f sod ium present in t h e secre ti o n s an d b eco m e co n ver ted in t o a do u b le chlor i de O f sod ium an d m erc u ry ; t h i s again co m b in es wi t h al b umin f or ming a co m ple x s ubs t an ce It i s prec i p i t at ed at fir s t t he n beco m es solu ble in e x cess O f chlor i de o f sod iu m an d a l b umin an d i s in t h i s f or m difi us i ble an d e a s i ly a bsor b ed In l a rg e or co n cent r at ed doses an i rritant e ffec t i s prod u ced in I n the du oden u m an i rr itant a c ti o n i s t he s t o m a ch ,

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2 66

T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

t he gro wt h or l i f e o f germina l cells an d t h i s m a y be t er m ed an a l t er ati ve in fl u en ce W he n m erc ur y i s admini s tered in s m a ll doses for a co n s ider able per i od a co n d iti o n t erm ed m er cu r i a li sm or hydr a rgyr i sm i s prod u ce d ch ara c t er i z ed by th e f ollo wing t r ain o f s ym p t o m s vi z s al i v a ti o n t en dern ess o f t he m o u th an d gum s im p ai red appe ti t e d yspeps ia an ae mia an d in so m e in s tan ces ec z e mat o u s er up ti o n s an d b o n e affec ti o n s (4 ) RE M O T E L O CA L A CTI ON M erc u ry i s re m oved fro m t he sys t e m by all t he secre t i o n s t h e ch i e f ch an nel o f esc a pe b e ing t h e k i d n e ys D u r ing i ts e x cre ti o n i t s timu l at es m an y o f t h e gl an ds espec ially t he s a l iv a ry gl an ds a c t ing a s a po w er f u l si a la It h a s o n l y a sl igh t d iaphore ti c e ffec t an d does gogu e n o t in cre a se t h e vol um e O f t he u r in e b ut co m b in ed wit h d iu re ti cs s u ch a s d igita l i s it a ss i s t s t he i r a c t i o n It i s e x cre t ed in t he f aeces a s t h e s ulph i de der i ved p ar t ly f ro m a co n s ider a b le am o unt o f th e unabsorbed por ti o n o f th e dose a d mini s t ered an d p a r tl y fro m t he por ti o n e x cre ted f ro m t he l i ver p an cre a s an d int es tina l gl an ds I t i s app are nt t h at w e c ann o t pl a ce an y t her a pe uti c v al u e o n t he re m o t e loc al a c ti o n o f t h i s drug Th e A c t i on s and M e di c ina l U ses of t h e Diff ere nt P r e p ar at i on s of M ercur y — Fo r co n ve ni e n ce o f descr i p ti o n i t wi ll b e o f a dv antag e t o cl a ss i f y th e prep ar ati o n s o f m erc u r y a s f ollo w s ,

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Me ta lli c Mer cur y a n d i ts P r ep a r a ti ons 2 T he P er c h lor ide of Mer cu r y a n d i ts P r ep a r a ti on s 3 Th e S ubc h lor ide of Mercu r y a n d i ts P r ep a r a ti on s 1

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A Comp lex Gr oup ,

Ammon i a te d 5

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M er cur y

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the Oxi des , I odi des ,

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ME R CUR Y 1

A N D I T S P R E P A RA TI O N S

Meta ll i c M erc ury

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and

i t s P rep a r at i on s

2 67

.

M e ta ll i c m erc u ry i s n o t gi ve n int erna lly ex cep t in t he fi n ely d iv i ded for m i n w h i ch it e xi s t s in t he p i l ul a h ydr a rgyri an d t h e hydr a r g yr um c um cre ta .

P ilul a H y dr a r gy r i— B L U E P I LL P r ep ared

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by mi xi n g tw o p a r t s m erc u ry t hree o f ti o n o f ros es a n d o n e o f l i q u or i ce ,

co n f ec

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M ed i c in al U se s — B l u e p i ll i s so m e tim es e m ployed in

c anin e pra c ti ce a s a p ur ga ti ve an d i n di r ec t chola gogue in do ses o f f ro m g rs iii t o g rs v g e n er a lly co m b in ed wit h a s imi l a r am o unt o f the co m po un d colocy nt h an d h yoscy amu s p i ll ,

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H y d r a r gy r um cum Gr e t a — M ER C URY W IT H CH AL K GREY P O W D E R

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by t r itu r ating t o g e t her o n e p a r t t hree of prep a red ch a lk

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M ed i c ina l U se s — I n c a ses

of

b i l i o u s in d ig es ti o n wit h d ia rrh oe a o cc u rr ing in yo un g c alves an d f o a ls the h y dra r gyru m c u m cre ta i s u se f u l a s a laxa tive a n taci d an d a lter a ti ve in s m a ll doses s u ch a s f ro m g r s v t o g rs x v repe at ed t w i ce d ai ly In c anin e pra c ti ce s mall doses a re u se fu l in dyspeps ia d u e t o hep a t i c i rre gu l a r iti e s e sp e ci ally if t here i s ga s t r i c i rr itab i l it y It i s a lso u se f ul in c a ses of d ia rrh oe a in yo ung do g s depe n d ing o n in d ig es ti o n in w h i c h t he f ood a c ts a s an i rr itant in t he a l i m e nta ry c anal It res t ores t he n atu r a l colo u r t o t he f se c e s an d red u ces t he i rr ita b i l it y of t he int es tina l mu co u s m e m br an e For s u ch p u rpo ses it sho uld be a d mini s t ered in s ma ll repe at ed do ses fro m g r } t o gr s iii a ccord ing t o t he s ize o f t h e p ati e nt s ,

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2 68

TE R IN A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

Ung ue nt um H y d rar gy r i — B L UE O I N TM E N T P r ep ared

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b y mi x ing m erc u ry wi t h l a rd an d s u e t in t he

propor ti o n o f o n e

t o tw o

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—The

bl u e o intm e nt i s n o t e m plo yed in ve t er ina ry pr a c ti ce t o prod uc e co n s ti t u ti o na l effec t s I f a ppl i ed wit h fri c ti o n i t prod uces ves i c a t i o n an d in s u ffi c i e n t am o unt beco m es a b sor b ed prod u c ing t h e spec i fic e fi e c t s o f m erc ur y in th e s ys t e m Fo r t h i s re a so n t h e o int m e nt h a s t o be c auti o u sl y a ppl i ed I t i s so m e tim es e m plo yed a s an absor b e nt a ppl i c a t i o n t o red u ce s w ell ing O f j o in t s an d i s u se f ul in so m e c a s e s O f obs t ina t e p sor i a s is U ses

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Li n i me nt u m H y dr a r gy r i — M ER UR A L L N Oleat um H y dr ar gy r i — O LE A E o n M ER URY

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B o t h t hese

prep a r ati o n s possess s imi l ar a c ti o n s be in g di u s i ble p en e tr a ti n g a bs or ben t a ge nt s The l inim e nt i s prep a red b y mi x ing e qual p a r t s O f m erc u r ia l O intm ent sol uti o n o f amm o nia a n d c am phor l inim e n t t o g e t her The Ole at e i s a mi x tu re o f t he yello w o x i de o f m erc u r y in ole i c a c i d They m a y b e u sed in c a ses o f persi s t e n t sc a ly sk in d i se a ses in t in e a an d f av u s an d a s absor b e nt a ppl i c ati o n s t o e n l a rged gl an ds an d t o c a ses o f in d u r a ti o n o f t he mamma r y gl an d in c attle ,

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C H L OR I D E or ME R C URIC CH L ORI D E

H y d rar gy ri P e rc h lor id um— P ER URY, CO RR O S VE S U B L A E , MER

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b y t r itu r a t ing a m i x tu re

m e rc u ry chlor i de O f sod ium an d gan ese t o g e t her an d s u b l iming ,

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I n comp a ti ble s — Alk a l i e s

an d t he i r c a r b o nat es i odi de o f po t a ss ium l im e wat er ni t r at e o f s i lver a ce ta t e o f le a d a l b umin so a ps .

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2 70

A c ti ons

T E RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

U se s — Ca lo m el ,

be ing very in sol uble possesses m i l d a c ti o n s co m p ared wit h o t her s a l t s o f m er c ury I t mu s t be re n dered sol uble be f ore be ing abs orbe d co n seq u e nt ly t he e ff ec t s wi ll depe n d t o a cer tain e xt e nt on t he am o unt w h i ch i s ma de sol uble In proper doses i t i s a p urga tive in a ll anim a ls b es i des a c ting a s a n in d i rec t chol ag o gu e an d a d iu re ti c It s p u rga t i ve a c t-i o n i s a p u rely loc a l o n e prob a bly by s timu l ating t he i n tes ti n al g l an ds an d i rr it at ing t h e mu co u s m e m br an e c au s ing t h e o ut po ur ing o f fl ui d f ro m t he vessels The cholagogue a c ti o n i s o n e o n w h i ch so m e d i ffere n ce o f Op ini o n e x i s t s E x per im e n t all y it h as bee n de m o n st ra t e d t h at c alo m el does n o t in cre a se t he secre ti o n o f b ile b ut t h at corros i ve s ubli mat e possesses t h i s a c ti o n In p urga ti ve doses it i s bel i eved t h at c a lo m el a c t s a s an i n di rec t cho la gogu e b y cle ar i n g awa y t he b i le prese nt in t he d uode num an d preve nting it s re a bsorp ti o n H o w ever so m e aut hor i ti es s tat e a s t he res u l t o f clini c a l e x per i e n ce t h at in so m e a ffec ti o n s c alo m el does in cre a se t he flo w o f b i le a s s mall doses o f t h e drug res tore t he colo u r t o t he f ae ces w h i ch h a d beco m e p a le a s t he res u l t o f l i ver der ang em e nt Calo m el i s a very u se f u l ag en t a s a ca tha r ti c an d i n dir ect cholagogu e in c a ses w here s u ch a co m b inati o n i s des i r able s u ch a s co ng es t i o n o f t he por tal sys t e m an d l i ver It a ss i s t s t he a c t i o n o f o t her p u r gati ves wit h w h i ch it i s co m b in ed an d i s t h u s e m ployed in a ll c a ses w here a f ull p u r gati ve e ff ec t i s des i re d s u ch a s t e tanu s br ain affec ti o n s ly m ph angi t i s e t c In for m er tim es c alo m el wa s e xt e n s i vely e m ployed a s an al t er ati ve an d f ebri fug e in all f ebr i le an d in fl ammat ory aff ec ti o n s e it her co mb in ed wit h op ium or o t her wi se ; in t he prese nt d a y ho w ever in co n sequ e n ce o f o u r im proved k n o w led g e o f t he p at holo g y o f t hese affec ti o n s w e a vo i d ag e nt s l i k ely t o an d

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ME R CUR Y

A N D I T S P R E P A RA T I ON S

271

depre ss t he p ati e nt O f w h i ch c alo m el i s o n e In al t er a ti ve doses i t i s so m e ti m es prescr i b ed in c a ses o f ga s t r i c i rr itati o n int es tina l c ata rrh an d b i l i o u s d ia rrh oe a b ut t he hydr a r g yr um c um cre ta i s to be pre f erred fo r s u ch p u rpo se s Ex ter n a lly c alo m el i s desi cc ant s timul ant an d astri n g e nt In t h e for m o f o intm e nt ( 1 t o 8 ) it i s e m ployed t o a ll a y t he severe it ch ing o f cer t ain sk in a ffec ti o n s s u ch a s ec z e m a p it yr ia s i s e t c In t h at affec ti o n o f t he f ro g o f ’ ’ t he horse s f oo t t er m ed t hr u sh c alo m el i s a m os t u se f u l ag e nt co m b in ed wi t h e qua l p a r t s o f i o do form an d a ppl i ed t horou g hly t o t h e cle ft o f t he f ro g t he p a r t be ing k ep t a s dry a s poss ible .

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Th e O x i d es , Io d i d es ,

an d

M erc ury

A mmoni o Ch lor i d e -

of

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There a re tw o o x i des o f m erc u ry

,

viz

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H y dr ar gy r i S ub o x i dum— B L A C K O X I D E O F H y d r ar gy r i Ox i dum Rub r um— RE D O X I DE C URY , RE D P RE CI P ITA T E

MER C URY o x ME R

.

.

t hese s a l t s possess s imi l a r a c ti on s vi z s timu la n t an d a s tr ingen t w he n loc all y a ppl i ed ; t hey a re n o t u sed int er nally A m od i fic ati o n O f t he red o x i de b ut o f s imi l a r co m pos iti o n i s t he yello w o x i de w h i ch i s n o n crys ta l l in e The ther ap eu tic va lu e O f t hese o x i des co n s i s t s o f t he i r prese n ce in tw o u se f u l lo ti o n s vi z B ot h

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Loti o P rep a r ed

H y dr ar gy r i Nigr a — B L A c x

by mi x ing

l im e wat er ( 1 prec i p itat ed -

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WA S H

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in 1 0 o un ces o f m erc u ry be i n g

VE

2 72

T E RI N A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

WA S H

Loti o H y dr ar gy r i Fl a v a — YE LL O W P r ep ar ed by mi x ing 1 8 g r ain s o f wi t h 1 0 o un ce s o f l im e—wat er ( 1 t o o f m erc u ry be ing prec i p itat ed

.

corros i ve s ubl imat e t he yello w o xi de

.

B ot h

t hese lo t i o n s a re u sed a s appl i c ati o n s t o u lcers un he al t hy s ur f a ces chro ni c sc aly sk in er u p ti o n s e t c t he yello w wa sh being t he m os t a c ti ve In coll a r an d s a ddle galls wh i ch a re slo w in he al ing t he yello w wa sh i s a u se fu l s timu l ant an d a s tr ing e nt ,

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dr argyr i Iodidum Rub r um— B E D I O D I D E ME R C URY B I N I OD I D E O F ME R C URY

or

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by m i x ing ho t sol uti o n s o f perchlor i de o f m erc ury an d i od i de O f po t a ss iu m wa sh ing an d dry ing t he preci p itat e : P r ep ar ed

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A c t i on s

U se s —

The presen ce o f i od in e in t h i s s al t ren ders it m ore sol uble an d he n ce m ore q ui c kly ah sorb e d It i s seldo m prescri b ed int er nally e xcep t in t he co m b inati o n wi t h a rse n i c k n o wn a s th e l i quor a rse nii e t ’ h ydr ar gyr i i o didi or D o n ov an s sol uti o n prep ared by d i s solv i n g eq ual p ar t s o f i o di de o f a rse ni c an d red i od i de o f m erc u ry in wat er in t he propor ti o n o f 1 per ce nt o f e a ch s al t Thi s i s reco mm en ded a s an a l t er ati ve in chro ni c sc aly sk in affec t i o n s in doses o f 3i t o 3ii f or horses an d tax t o ULx x x f or do g s repe at ed twi ce d aily Ex ter n a lly t he red i od i de o f m erc ur y i s ex t e n s i vely e m ployed a s a coun ter i r ri tan t an d a bsor ben t in c a ses o f d i se a ses o f j o int s an d t he v ar i o u s f or m s o f e xos t ose s Appl i ed s uffic i e nt ly s t ro n g it pe n e t r at es deeply an d a c t s a s a s u pp u r ant I t i s u sed in th e f or m O f an o intm e nt in t he propor ti o n o f 1 p ar t t o 8 o f t he b a s i s wh i ch sho uld T h i s in cre a ses g re at ly t he be pre f er ably o i la no lin e pe n e t r ating an d a bsorb ing po w ers o f t he ag e nt and

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274 A c ti o n s

TE

RI NA R Y TH

E RA P E UTI CS

U se s — T h e

a c i d sol ut i o n o f t he nit r at e o f m erc u ry i s a s t ro ng c au s ti c an d m a y b e e m ployed for t h i s p u rpose in ma l ignant gro w t hs c an ker in t he f ee t o f horses e t c T h e d i l ut e c i tr in e O intm e n t i s very u se ful in c a ses o f eczema in do g s espec ia lly in th e s tag e it s e ffic a c y i s g re at ly in cre a sed b y t h e o f desq uam ati o n a dd iti o n O f creol in co m b in ed wit h l an ol in e In i rritable an d d i sch a r ging co n d i t i o n s o f t he eyel i ds wit h chro ni c infl am mati o n a n d ulcer ati o n O f t he h ai r f oll i cles a c a re fu l a ppl i c a ti o n o f w e ak c it r in e o intm e nt i s prod u c ti ve o f ’ mu ch be n efi t In chro ni c c a ses o f gr ea se in horses heels c it rin e o i ntm e nt i s a ver y u se f u l appl i c ati o n an d in deep fiss u res o f t he s am e p a r t s wi th l i t tle t e n de n cy t o he al t h e a dd i t i o n o f i odo for m t o t h i s o in t m e nt O ft e n prod u ces be n efic ial res u l t s and

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DO U B LE CYAN I D E o r C IN C Th i s h a s bee n st ro ngly reco m m e n ded by S i r Joseph L i s t er a s an an ti sep t i c dress ing f or w o un ds ; an d i s be s t prep a red in t he for m o f an an t i sep t i c gau z e w h i ch sho uld b e d ipped i m m ed iat el y be fore u se in t o a 1 t o sol u ti o n o f perchlor i de o f m erc u ry E x per im e nt s w it h t h i s s al t h a ve de m o n s t r a t ed t h at h al f t h e s t reng t h i s re qui s it e t o preve n t p u t re f a c ti o n in ser um an d corp u scles a s co m p ared wi t h corros i ve s u b l imat e I t i s s t at ed t h at t he do uble cy ani de o f m erc ury an d z in c i s f eeble a s a g er mi c i de b ut a d mi r a b le in preve nting th e g ro w t h O f mi crobes hen ce it i s reco mm e n ded t o t re at t he gauz e b e f ore u s ing wi th a sol ut i o n o f corros i ve s u bl ima t e or c a rbol i c a c i d S ir Joseph L i s t er s tat es t h at t h i s s al t t e n ds t o c au se he al ing by firs t in t e nti o n an d t h at gr anu l a t in g w o un ds he al in a s ati s f a c t ory m ann er by a gr a d ua l process o f c i c at r i z ati o n w h i le t he dress ing i s quit e uni rr itat ing t o t h e sk in D igitize d by Micros oft® Me r c ur y

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Z i n c Cy n i de — A MER URY AN D Z

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P H OS P II OR US

2 75

S UB -G R O U P IV

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P H 0S P H 0RUS

A

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n o n m e tall i c ele m e n t Ob tain ed f ro m bo n es The ch i e f t her a pe uti c int eres t in t h i s s ubs tan ce depe n ds o n t he hypophosp h it e s of sod ium an d c alcium w h i ch a re der i ved fro m it an d possess ing s imi l ar a c ti on s a re t he f or m s in w h i ch it i s u s ua lly prescri bed -

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( 1 ) I M ME D I T E L O C L A

A

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C TI O N

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i s a loc a l i rr itant an d c aué tic bo t h e x In t o x i c doses it c au ses ga s t ro te r n ally an d int er na lly e n t er iti s wit h int e n se t h i rs t an d in do g s prod u ces vo mit ing o f a d ar k g ree n or bl a ck s ub st an ce wit h t h e Odo u r o f ga rl i c an d so m e tim es phosphoresce nt As a p oi son it i s pec u l ia r in t he co m p a r ati ve slo wn ess of it s a c ti o n an d t he v a r ia ble d u r ati o n o f it s e ffec t s in a c ut e c a ses It c au se s c a t arr h o f th e s m a ll b il ia ry d u c t s an d a s a co n seq u e n ce j aun d i ce an d g e n er a lly d ia rrh oe a a lso a f a ll o f t e m per a t ur e an d f att y de g e n er a t i o n o f di ff ere nt organ s an d ti ss u es P os t m or t e m e x aminati o n sho w s g e n er a l in fl amm ati o n of t he g l an d ul ar s t r u c tu res o f t he s t o m a ch an d int es tin es t h e mu co u s m e m b ran e be ing t h i cke n ed an d of a w h iti sh colo ur T he a n ti dotes are o i l o f tu rpe ntin e w h i ch f or m s an in er t co m po u n d wit h phosphor u s an d s ulph at e o f copper w hi ch f orm s an in sol uble phosph i d e Mi l k o i l e gg s e t c sho uld be av o i ded a s t hey re n der t he po i so n m ore sol uble (2 ) AC TI O N ON T H E B L OO D P hosphor u s

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P hosp h or u s

e nt ers t he blood an d i s p a r tly o xi di z e d int o phosphor ou s or phosphor i c a c i d by t h e o xy g e n de ri ved f ro m t h e red corp u scles ,

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VE

2 76

TE R IN A R Y T IIE RA P E UTI CS

P ECI F IC A C TI O N It a c t s spec ially on t he g l an d u la r an d n ervo u s sys t e m s It c an be t r a ced in the ti ss u es in it s un ch an g ed f or m a s it i s o n l y p a r t ly o xi d i z ed in t he blood The ag e nt h a s S pec ial effec t s ou m e tabol i s m espec ially w he n give n in f ull doses These co n s i s t o f in cre a se o f t he nitro g e n o u s prod u c t s s u c h a s u re a e t c a red u c ti o n o f t he for m ati o n o f glyco ge n in t he l i ver a d iminuti o n o f o xi d ati o n an d o f t h e vol um e o f o xy g e n a bs or b ed res u l ting in f att y de g e n er ati o n of t he ep it helia l gl an d ul a r an d mu sc ul a r ti s s ues O i t he body In s ma ll doses co ntinu ed f or a le ngt h o f tim e phosphor u s h a s a spec ial eff ec t o n t he s t r u c tur e of b o n e w h i ch h a s bee n proved e x per im e nta lly co n ver t ing t he spo n gy t e xture int o firm co m p a c t s ubs tan ce wi tho ut al t er ing it s che mi c a l co m pos iti o n

( 3)

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( 4 ) REM O T E L O CAL AC TI O N P hosphor u s i s e x cre t ed b y t he k i d n eys an d l ung s p ar t ly a s p h O S p h orou s a c i d an d p a rt ly un ch ang ed b ut n o t a s phosph at es M edi c inal Use s — As t he h yp ophosphi t es o f c alc ium an d sod ium a c t very mu ch t he s am e a s phosphoru s b ut a re n o t i rr itant t hey a re pre f erred f or t her ape uti c al p u r poses As ton i cs an d a lter a ti ves t h ey a re prescr ibed in c a ses o f g e n er a l deb i l it y an d an ae mia in f o als an d do g s ; t hey in cre a se a ppe tit e an d d ig es ti o n an d overco m e w e a k n ess They a re a lso prescri bed in c a ses o f r i c k e t s bo n e so ft e ning an d chr oni c malnut riti o n in do ses o f 1 0 t o 2 0 grs f or fo a ls an d 1 t o 5 g rs f or do g s repe at ed twi ce d aily T h e P h osph at e of Cal ci um w hi ch co nj o in s t he a c ti o n s o f c alc ium an d phosphor u s i s prescr i bed in c a ses o f de bili ty ma l nut r i t i o n an d r i cke t s an d i s s o m e tim es co m bi n e d wit h iro n do g s gr s v to g rs x D os es —H orse s 5 ii t o 5 i v .

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VE

2 78

fl

T E RI N A R Y T H E R AP E U TI CS

b ut o n w o un ds u lcers , e t c it e x c it es very a c ti ve i n am m ati o n an d i s l ia ble t o b eco m e a bsorbed un less in deed t he process o f in fl ammati o n i s so severe t h at t he p a r t loses t he po w er O f a b sorp ti o n It i s an esch a ro ti c slo w ly corrod ing an d des t roy ing th e t i ss u es wi th w h i ch it co m es in co nta c t I n ter n a lly — I n m ed i c ina l doses on re a ch ing t he s t o ma ch i t does n ot f or m an a l b uminat e l i ke o t her m e m bers o f t h i s gro u p b ut i s ch ang ed in t o a sol ub le f or m an d a bsor b ed in t o th e blood It i s bel i eved t h a t i f f ood be prese nt th e dr ug i s a b sorb ed by th e l a ct e a ls an d co n ve ye d t o t h e b lood w h i le i f t h e s t o m a ch be e m p t y it i s a b sorb ed by t he ve in s an d p a sses o n t o t h e l iver I t s timu l at es t h e ga s t ri c n erves an d vessel s in cre a ses t he po w er o f d ig es t i o n an d sh arpe n s t h e a ppe t it e In l a rg e doses i t c au ses i r r ita ti on o f t h e ga s tr i c an d int es tina l m u co u s m e m b r an e prod u c ing n au se a an d d ia rrhoe a w h i le t o x i c doses a re corros ive an d i rr i t ant t hese effec t s ho w ever b e in g a lso d u e t o t h e e x cre ti o n o f t he age nt a s w ell a s t o t he imm ed iat e loc a l a c ti o n ,

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( 2 ) A CTI ON ON T H E BL OOD Arse ni c i s qui ckly a b sor b ed f ro m t he a l i me nta ry c ana l a lso f ro m an y mu co u s sero u s or sk in a br a ded s u r f a ce W e a re n o t awa re o f an y spec ial e ffec t o f th e ag e nt o n t he blood i t c an be de t ec t ed in t h i s fl ui d a s w ell a s in m os t organ s o f t h e body .

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(3) S P E CI F IC A CTI ON S Arse ni c e n t ers a ll ti ss u es an d or gan s i t does n o t f or m al b umina t es t here in an d i s m ore qui ckl y el iminat ed t h an o t her m e tals I t m ani f es t s a spec ia l affi nit y f or t h e m ucou s m em bra n e of the a li m en ta r y ca n a l prod u c ing e ffec t s t hereo n n o m att er b y w h at ch ann el it e nt ers th e .

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A RS E NI C A N D I TS P R E P A RA TI ON S

sys t e m

2 79

It a lso prod u ces spec ia l e ffec t s on t he ner vous sys tem o n me ta bo lism an d o n t he s kin M ed i c ina l doses a s a lre a dy m e n ti o n ed a c t a s s timu l an t s t o t he a l im e nta ry mu co u s m e m br an e ; l a r g e do ses c au se ir ri ta ti on w h i le a t o x i c do s e a c t s a s an a cu te i rr itan t ois on p It c au ses gas tr o en ter i ti s in all animals th e pos t m or t e m a ppe a r an ces v a ry ing wi t h t he sever it y an d d ur ati o n o f t h e c a se There i s g e n er ally a c ut e in fl a mmati o n o f t he s t o m a ch o ft e n in p at ches so m e tim es spo t s O f ecchy m os i s a re prese nt an d less co mm o n l y u lcer ati o n s Infl ammati o n of t he lo w er por ti o n o f t h e oesoph agu s a lso o f t he int es tin es m ay be prese nt M r C ress w ell Manua l O f Equin e Med i c in e records so m e im por tant c a ses o f a rse ni c al po i so ning in horses in w h i ch t he pos t m or t e m e x aminati o n s Sh o w ed sever a l s m a ll pat ches of red n ess in t he c uti c u l a r por ti o n o f t he s t o ma ch wi t h ero s i o n o f t he wa ll in o n e c a se at it s j un c ti o n wit h t he Vi llo u s por ti o n The Vi llo u s por ti o n wa s int e n sely in fl am ed o f a d a rk bro wni sh red h u e an d covered in p a r t s wit h a fil m o f co agu l at ed ly m ph ; p at ches w ere bl a cke n ed an d in so m e pl a ces t here wa s mu ch ero s i o n w h i le in o n e c a se t here w ere tw o al m os t co m The s ma ll an d p le te per f or ati o n s t hro ug h t he w alls l a r g e int es tin e s w ere a c ut ely in fl am ed in p at ches An im por tant les i o n n o t ed wa s t he prese n ce of in fl ammati o n o f t he e n doc a rd ium o f t he le f t ve nt r i cle wit h p at ches o f ecchy m os i s t here on sho wing t he spec ia l effec t o f a rse ni c I n anima ls po i s o n ed by a rse ni c o n t h i s m e m br an e t h e c arc a se s us ua lly res i s t deco m pos iti on t o a g re at e x t e nt On the n ervous sys tem a rse ni c possesses spec i fic effec t s It d imini s h e s th e se n s i b i l i t y an d r e e x i rritab il it y o f t he ce nt res of t h e sp ina l cord an d af t er wa rds d epresses t he mo t or nerve s and m uscles , in t ox ic dose s cau s i ng ge n e ral .

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2 80

TE RI N A R Y TH E RA P E U TI CS

p ar alys i s So m e aut horiti es co n cl u de a s a res ul t of t he i r e x per im e n t s t h a t se n s a ti o n an d refle x a c ti o n pers i s t a s lo ng or lo ng er t h an vol unta ry po w er ; a lso t h at a rse ni c i s a pro t opl a s mi c po i so n des t roy ing t h e f un c ti o nal a c tivity firs t O f t he ce nt ra l n ervo u s s ys t e m n e x t o f t h e n erves an d l a st O f th e mu scles (D r Ring er H an dbook o f T her ape u ti cs I t i s im por tan t t o re m e m ber t h at in so m e c a ses O f a rseni c al po i son ing t he u s ua l sy m p t o m s o f ga s tro e nt er i t i s m a y b e a b se nt an d t he anima l m a y d i e in a s t at e O f p r o fou n d coma th e pos t —m or t e m e x aminati o n n o t reve al ing o f t he a l im e nta r y mu co u s a n y s ign s o f in fl ammati o n m em br an e In s u ch c a ses t he ch i e f e ffec t o f t he po i so n i s o n th e n ervo u s sys t em On the hea r t an d ci r cu la ti on e x perim e nt s prove t h at in t o x i c doses a rse ni c a rres t s t h e a c ti o n o f t he he a r t by a d i rec t effec t o n a ll i t s s tr u ct u res — n erves gangl ia an d mu scle It lo w ers t he a r t er ia l t e n s i o n firs t a cceler at ing an d t he n decre a s ing t he a c ti o n o f t he he a r t also i n u e n c in g v a so m o t or n erves On the r esp ir a tor y sys tem it firs t s timu l at es sl ig h t ly t he resp i r at or y ce nt re an d t he p u l m o nary t erminat i o n s o f t he v agi In t o x i c doses it p a r a ly z es t he resp i r a t ory ce n t re On me ta boli sm it red u ces t he am o unt O f glyco g e n i n t he l i ver an d in terf eres wit h m e ta b ol i s m b y d imini sh ing o x i d ati o n The res ul t s a re an in cre a sed am o unt of nit ro ge n o u s mat er ia ls in th e u r in e a r i se in t e m per atu re an d i f t h e a c ti o n o f th e drug b e lo ng co ntinu ed t here occ u rs an e x cess o f t he f att y prod u c t s o f a lbumin o u s de co m pos i ti o n i h t h e sys t em w h i ch are n o t e x cre t ed an d a co n diti o n o f f at t y de g e n er a ti o n O f d i ffere n t ti ss u es an d organ s i s bro ugh t a b o ut I t pro On the s ki n arse ni c possesses a spec i fic a cti o n .

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VE

2 82

TE R IN A R Y T H E R A P E UTI CS

e les s s u scep tible to t he a c ti o n of a rseni c an d a lo ng er per i od el apses be f ore s ym p t o m s a re developed in co n seq ue n ce o f t he a rr an ge m e nt o f t he s t o m a ch w h i ch re n ders it s a bsorp ti o n slo w In c a ses recorded po i so n o u s sy m p t o m s a ppe a red in tw e n ty ho u rs co n s i s ting o f a c ut e a bdo minal p ain p u rging s tagg ering gait e t c I n s heep t here a re man y c a ses recorded o f a rse ni c a l po i so ning fro m t he u se o f a rse ni c a l d i pp ing m i xtures In s u ch in s tan ces it res ul t s f ro m t oo l ar g e a propor ti o n o f a rse ni c being prese nt in t he d i p an d by a llo wing t he sheep t o wan der over th e p a s t ur es an d t o g ra z e t hereo n : t he dri pp ing s f ro m t h e fleece f all o n t he g r a ss an d t h u s t he dr ug i s ta k e n int o t h e sys t e m It i s bel i eved an d e xper i me nt s be a r it o ut t h at arse ni c a l sheep d i ps are n o t absorbed t hro ug h t he so un d sk in The sym p t o m s recorded a re — d u l n ess an d nau se a fro t h ing at t he m o ut h col i ck y p ain s a cceler at ed r s sp i r ati o n an d in so m e in s tan ces de at h occ ur s r at her s u dde n ly I n dogs w h i ch a re u s uall y very s u scep ti ble t o t he a c ti o n o f a rse ni c t he s ym p t o m s a re n au se a vo m iting p ain p ulse qui c k an d w i ry p u rging wit h d a rk colo u red ev a c uati o n s an d co n v uls i o n s wi t h de at h in a sp a ce O f f ro m six t o t h i r t y ho u rs Ch roni c arse ni c al p o i so ning m ay occ u r in cer tain d i s t rict s w here tin an d copper s m el ting f ur na ces a re w or k ed t he u s ua l sym p t o m s be ing ind ig es ti o n t h i rs t s w ell ing o f j o int s an d g ra d ual e m a c iati o n In t he horse case s o f b o t h a c ut e an d chro ni c a rse ni c a l po i so ning h a ve bee n recorded a s t he res u l t o f t he ad mini s t r ati o n O f t he dr ug by t he at t e nd ant s w it h t he i de a o f im proving t he co n d i t i o n o f t he animal an d Mr Gress w ell M anua l o f Equin e M ed i c in e rel at es an int eres t ing c a se of t h i s descr i p ti o n in w h i ch an irre gu l a r pu ls e, Ca ttle

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A R S E N I C A N D I T S P R E P A R A TI ON

S

283

wit h gre at d i s t ress o f bre at h ing d u r ing m oder at e e x erc i se w ere t he res ul t s o f repe at ed s mall doses o f arse ni c co n tinn ed f or a lo ng per i o d W he n a rse ni c i s lo ng co ntinu ed in m ed i c inal doses cer tain sy m p t o m s Occ u r w h i ch t he pr a c titi o n er sho u ld c a re f u lly wat ch f or so a s to avo i d t he m by d imini sh ing t he am o unt gi ve n b ut n o t b y s u spe n d ing it al t o g e t her These a re firs t n o ti ced in t he e yes an d s t o ma ch co n s i s t ing of a sl i gh t oede m at o u s co n d iti o n o f t he eyel i ds res u l ting in sl ig h t co n j un c t i v i t i s e it her f ollo w ed o r pre ceded by i rr i t ati o n O i t he s t o ma ch ev i de n ced by in d ig es t i o n an d d iarrh oe a ; an d in do g s t h i rs t an d vo miti o n m a y oc c u r T h e an t i do t es an d t re at me nt of a rse n i c a l p o i so n i ng co n s i s t o f t he pro m p t a d m ini s t r ati o n o f e m e ti cs in t he do g ; w h i le in a ll animals t he m os t rel iable che mi c a l an ti do t e i s t he hydr a ted ses qu i oxide of i r on w h i ch c an be prep a red in Ca ses of e m er g e n c y by a dd ing a sol uti o n O f amm o nia t o t he perchlor i de o f i r o n sol uti o n wa sh ing t he preci p itat e wit h w a r m wa t er an d a dmini s t ering it A m o i s t in repe at ed doses a t int erv a ls o f t e n m inut es m i x ture o f c arbo n at e of sod a wit h a sol uti o n o f t he perchlor i de a c t s in a s imi l a r m ann e r; also d ialy z ed i ro n —t he a c ti o n o f t hese i ro n prep ar ati o n s b e ing t o co n ver t t he a rse ni c int o an in er t in sol ub le s u bs t an ce H ydr at ed magn es ia prep a red by prec i p ita t ing a sol u ti o n O f s ulph at e o f m agn es ia wit h c au s t i c po t a sh i s a lso u se f u l in d imini sh ing t he sol u b i l it y o f a rse ni c ; w h i le m ech ani c al anti do t es — s u ch a s O i ls de mulce nt s mi l k e t c — h a ve a s imi l a r e ffec t bes i des red u c i n g t h e i rr itati o n o f t he ga s t ro i nt es t ina l mu co u s m e m br an e t h e a dd iti o n o f a prep a r ati o n o f op ium be ing o f a dv antag e in t h i s respec t I n chr on i c ca ses ole agin o u s l a xa t i ves t o ni cs an d ,

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2 R4

TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P

E UT I CS

d iu re ti cs a re e m ployed t o h a s t en t he elimin a ti o n o f t h e po i son ( 4 ) RE M O T E L O C AL A CTI ON Arse ni c i s el iminat ed ch i efly in t h e u r in e in th e f or m of a rse ni o u s a c i d ; a lso b y t he ga s t r oint es tina l mu co u s m e m br an e t he l i ver an d sk in As previ o u sly m e nti o ned it s i rritant effec t s a re d u e t o it s e x cre ti o n a s w ell a s it s imm ed iat e loc a l a c ti o n Medi c ina l U ses — In te rn a lly— As a gas tr i c tonic arse ni c i s prescri bed in so m e c a ses o f ga s t r i c dyspeps ia It p ro d u ces be n efic ia l effec t s by s timul at in g t he n erves an d v essels o f t he s t o m ach an d i s ad mini s tered e i ther along wit h t he f ood or imm ed iat el y a ft er f e e d i n g, in t he form o f t he l i q u or ar s e n i c ali s an d here w e m a y re m a rk t h at for a ll p urposes t h i s prep a r at i o n o f a rse ni c i s pref er able be ing m ore sol uble an d less l ia ble t o c au se i rritati o n The for m o f dyspeps ia in w h i ch a rse ni c i s in d i c at ed i s ch ar a c t er i z ed by e x cess i ve per i s tal ti c a c ti o n o f t he s to m ach an d int est in es res ul t ing in t he p a ss ag e o f im per fec tl y diges t ed food int o th e int es tin es an d t he o cc u rre n ce o f p u r ging a f t er f eed ing The a rse ni c m ay be co m b in ed wit h an t a c i ds an d so m e aut horiti es r ecom m e n d t h at i t be give n in s mall doses short ly be fore f eed ing ; b ut t h i s i s r arely n ecess a ry As a genera l tonic an d a lter a tive or m odifi er of n u tr i tion it i s prescr i bed in v a r i o u s aff ec ti o n s s u ch a s g e n er al deb i l it y an aemia chro ni c na s al c ata rrh na s al g lee t e t c an d in s u ch c a ses i s u s ually co m b in ed wit h a prep ar ati o n o f i ro n In n ervous afi ecti ons — s u ch a s chore a ep i lepsy e t c in do g s it s a d mini s tr ati o n i s O f t e n produ c ti ve o f be n efic ia l res ul t s w h i ch a re bel i eved t o depe n d p a rt ly o n it s po w er o f d imini sh ing se n s i b i l ity an d refle x i rri t a b i l i t y o f th e n erve ce n t res an d p ar tly o n i t s a l t er ati ve a c ti o ns .

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VE TE RIN A R Y T H E E /{ P E UT I CS

28 6

— As

a c aus tic an d e sch arotic a rs e n ic is s e ldo m e m plo y e d in co n s e qu e n c e of th e s ev e rit y o f its d an ge r of its b e i n g ab s orb e d I t i s a n d th e a ctio n so m e ti m e s m i x e d with corrosiv e s ubli m a t e a s m all am oun t of a r s e n io u s a cid an d t h e l a tt e r b e in g m i xe d i n tis s ue p ap e r an d i n trod u c e d i n to th e s i n u s of a q uittor i n ord e r t o f or m a slough a n d p roduc e a h e a lth y a ctio n o f th e p a rt ; bu t th e u se o f t h e k n i f e i n s u ch a c a s e give s s af e r a n d b e tt e r r e s u lts As a n an ti p a r a si ti c a rs e n ic is l a rg e l y e m plo y e d i n sh e e p di p s a n d with prop e r p r e c a utio n s can be us e d with s a fe t y Th e f ollowi n g is a s af e dip : T a k e 2 lb o f ars e n io u s a cid 2 1b o f c a rbo n a t e of p ot a sh 2 lb o f s ubli m e d s u lphur a n d 4 lb o f s o ft s o a p ; dissol ve in 1 0 g a llo n s o f b oili n g w a t e r a n d a dd cold w a t e r t o m ak e 1 00 g a llo n s T hi s will b e suffici e n t to dip abo u t 1 00 sh e e p a n d th e f ollowi n g pr e c a u tio n s should be att e n d e d to — vi z : T h e she e p s houl d b e k e pt i n t h e dip abo u t a m i n u t e with th e h e a d c a r e f ull y k e pt a w a y f ro m th e fl u id T h e an i m a l is th e n pl a c e d o n a sp arr e d app ar atus ov e r a n othe r r e c ep t a cl e a n d th e wool sque e ze d as dr y a s p ossibl e with a s cr a p e r e sp e ci al c ar e b e i n g t a k e n n o t to allow th e an i m al o n p a s tur e i mm e di at e l y af t e rwa rds E

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A NTIMONIUM

m

A NTI M ONY

.

All th e m e dici n al

pr e p ar atio n s a r e de rive d fro m an ti m o n i u m n igru m bl a ck an ti m o n y which is obt a i n e d fro m th e n a ti ve sulphid e Th e chie f pr e p a r a tio n s in use ar e ,

,

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Li quor Anti mon ii Chlor idi — T E

OR I DE B U T T ER O F AN T I M ON Y P rep ar e d b y dissol v i n g purifi e d bl a ck h y dro chloric a cid R CH L

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AN T I M ON Y ,

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A N T I M ON

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A N D I T S P R E P A RA TI ON S

A nt i mon i um T art arat um— T ART AR AT E TAR T A R E M E

T IC

D

28 7

AN T I M ON Y ,

.

P r ep a r e d b y m i x i n g o x id e O f a n ti m o n y an d a cid t a r tr a t e o f pot a ssiu m wit h w a t e r , boili n g , e vapor a ti n g , a n d

cr y st a lli z in g TH E

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A CT IO N S O F AN T I M ON Y P RE P ARAT I O N S

.

O CAL A CT ION T h e ch lori de of an t i mony is a pow e r f ul escharo ti c a n d u n l e ss c a uti o usl y appli e d i t produc e s a sloughin g of t h e p a rt which is n o t dispos e d to h e al Tart ar e me tic applie d t o th e ski n i n t he f or m o f solu tion o r of oi n t m e n t c a us e s a n e ruptio n which i s fir st p apul a r an d th en pustular an d thus ac t s as a s e ve r e cou n te r i r r i tan t It i s absorb e d fro m th e brok e n s k in an d m ucous surf ac e s I n ter n a lly — I n the dog this a g e n t acts as an em e ti c in dos e s o f o n e to t h r e e gr ai n s T his e ffe ct is produ c e d bot h dir e ctl y a n d i n dir e ctl y — dir ectly b y its irrit an t a ctio n on t h e t e r mi n a tio n s o f t h e n e r v e s o f t h e sto m a ch an d i n di r ectly b y sti m ul a ti n g t h e v o m iti n g c e n tr e i n t h e m e dul l a I ts a ction is slow fi f t e e n m i n ut e s or lo n ge r b e in g r e quire d I t produc e s this e m e ti c a ction wh e n i n j e ct e d i n to a ve i n but m o r e slowl y ; an d its effe cts are prolo n ge d m uch n a us e a an d d e pr e s sio n r e sul ti n g showi n g th a t t h e drug is e x cr e t e d b y th e ga stric m uco us m e m br an e I n hor ses and ca ttle e x c e pt i n v e r y l arg e am ou n ts it prod u c e s n o e ffe cts an d e v e n th e n o nl y a slight d e gr e e o f n a us e a a n d u ne a sine ss is f ou n d to r e sult

(1 )

IM ME D IA T E

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( 2 ) ACT I ON O N T H E BL OO D An tim o n y e n t e rs th e blood an d do e s n o t co mb in e with th e album en of th e pl a s m a W e ar e n ot aw are of an y actio n w h ich it p r oduc e s u n d er t h is h e ad .

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VE T E R IN A R

288

Y

TH E RA P E U TI CS

(3) S P E CIFIC A CT I ON As alr e ad y m e n tio n e d it produc e s n o e ffe cts i n th e hors e i n ordi n ar y a m oun ts I n the dog it produc e s s p e cific a ctio n s a s f ollo w s It a cts On the h ea r t a n d cir cu la ti on it is dep r e ssa n t dir e ctl y o n all th e tissue s o f t h e h e ar t an d pa rtl y i n a r e fl e x m an n e r f ro m t h e sto m a ch ; it also a cts o n t h e ve ss e l w alls On the r esp i r a tor y sys tem it di m i n ishe s an d disturbs t h e r e s pir a tor y m o ve m e n ts O n the n ervou s sys tem it c a us e s dep ress i on both dir e ctl y a n d al s o t h rough t h e circul a tio n O n me ta bo li sm t h e e ffe cts o f an ti m o n y r e s e m bl e thos e i n l a rg e a m o u n ts c a usi n g of a rs e n ic an d phosphorus d e fici e n t o xy ge n atio n i n cr e a s e of n itroge n ous product s an d fa tt y d e ge ne r atio n O f org an s On the s kin it a cts as a sti m u l a n t to th e sup erfici a l l aye rs r e s e m blin g ars e n ic to a c e rt ain e x t e n t i n this r e sp e ct In m an it a cts as a di aphor e tic bu t this e ffe c t is n o t O bs e rve d in a n i m als T oxi c E ff e ct s — I n the h or se e x c e pt wh e n a d m in ist e r e d i n v e r y l a rg e am ou n ts n o a ppr e ci a bl e e ffe cts a r e prod u c e d T h e r e s ults o f e x p e ri m e n ts go to p ro v e th a t this a n i m a l r e sist s th e actio n of a nti m o n y in a r e m ark abl e m a n n e r In a f e w i n st a n c e s s y m pto m s O f n aus e a an d u n e a si n e s s ar e r e cord e d a ft e r l a rg e dos e s th e p os t m or te m app e a r a n ce s showi n g slight so f t e n i n g a n d v a sc u l arit y o f t h e i n t e sti n e s whil e in so m e c a s e s n o l e sion s could be dis co ve r e d T h e drug is st at e d t o produc e m or e d e fi n it e a ctio n s wh e n a d m i n ist e r e d i n tr a v e n ousl y so m e e xp e r i m en t e rs r e cordi n g purgin g an d s aliv a tio n a cc e l e r a tio n O f t h e puls e a n d r e spir a tio n s as th e r e sults of on e dr ach m a dm i n ist e r e d in this m an n e r I n ca ttle th e drug a lso produc e s littl e ph y siologic al .

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VE TE RIN A R Y T H E RA P E UT I CO

’

2 90

fl

it is also pre scrib ed b ut w e h ave n o e vid en c e of its a ctio n i n this re sp e ct to j ustif y its us e I t m ay be gi ve n i n dos e s o f f r o m 1 t o 4 dr ach m s I n the dog t h is drug can s afel y b e disp e n s e d wit h I t is to b e av oid e d as an em etic in co n s e que n c e of its n a us e ati n g a n d d e pr e ssi n g e e c ts As a seda tive exp ector an t f or sim il ar r e a so n s it s h o uld b e a v oid e d as our ai m in th e tr eat m e n t o f a ffe ction s r e q uiri n g th e us e of s e d a ti ve e xp e ctor an ts should be to sust a i n th e stre n gth of th e p ati e n ts b y e n cour agin g th e a pp e ti te an d dige stio n a n d a v o idi n g an y a g e n t lik e l y to irrit a t e or n a us eat e T a rt ar e m e tic is n ot e mplo y e d ex tern a lly As

a ver mi ci de

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BIS MU TH UM— BIS M UTH

chi ef s alt of bis m ut h pr actic e i s th e su bn i tra te Th e

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Bi s muth i S ubn itras — S U B N IT R AT E

OF

B IS M U T H

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b y dissol vin g purifie d bism uth in dilute d n itric a cid h eatin g co n c e n tr a ti n g w a shi n g with w at e r a nd dr y i n g D oses — H ors e s 5 iv to 3L ; dogs grs v t o grs xx Ad min ist e r e d e ve r y two hours as r e quir e d in th e f or m of e m ulsio n P r ep ared ,

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(1 ) IM ME D IAT E L O CAL ACT I ON E x ter na lly this s alt h as n o effe ct on th e u n b r o k e n ski n O n i n fl am e d o r ulc e r at e d sur fac e s it a cts a s a mi ld seda ti ve an d as tri ngen t a n d a si m il ar e ff e ct is pr o duc e d o n a cc e ssibl e m u co us m e m br a n e s I n ter n a lly it is in sol ubl e i n t h e sto mach an d p roduc e s se da ti ve an d as tri ngen t e e c ts e ith e r b y a cti n g O u t h e g astric n e rve s an d loc al circul atio n or b y a cti n g in a .

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29 1

A N D I T S P R E P A R A TI O A S '

mech an i cal mann er , s o o thi n g m emb r ane

an d

th e muc o us

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O n th e i n tes tines gen t

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B L OO D S P E CIFI C L O CAL A CT I ON

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AN D RE M T E

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t s t h e blood in v e r y s m all am oun t an d p ass e s th r ough th e tissue s ve r y slowl y T h e r e are n o sp e cific e ffe cts r e cogn is e d an d th e drug is e xcr e t e d b y t h e kidn e y s also b y th e in te sti n e s an d r e spir a t or y m uc o us me m b rane m ilk e t c T h e sub n itr at e is p a rtl y co n v e rt e d in t o th e sulp h id e in t h e i n t e sti ne s c ausi n g th e fae c e s to a ssu me a l ead e n g ray c olour Medic inal Us es — B is m uth is chi e fl y pr e s crib e d in c an i n e practic e in c a s e s of ga s tr i c c a t arr h wi th o bsti n at e v o miti ng due to d y spe psi a It m ay be co mbin e d with t h e bic arb o n a t e o f sodiu m dilut e h y dr o c y an ic acid o r wit h opiu m if t h e r e be m uch p a i n pre s en t I t i s als o us ef ul in c as e s of di a rrh oea i n f o als a n d y oun g dogs an d ’ m a y b e co m bin e d in such i n s ta n c e s with D o ve r s powd e r As a r ul e l arg e dos e s are r e qu ir e d to produc e th e r ap e utic e ff e c ts en er

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VETER INA R Y TH ERA P E

2 92

UT I CS

CH AP T E R IV

.

MA TE RIA ME DICA — Con ti nue d

IN ORGANIC GRO UP

I II

.

—T H

E

NON -ME TALLI C

We m ay subdi vide t h e t hr e e di v isio n s as f ollows

n on -m e a

t llic

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ME N T S

e em e n

l

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ts i n to

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2

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Chl orum ; Io dum ; Bro mum S ulph ur

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3 Garb o .

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S U B GRO U P I -

.

CH LORUM— CH LO RIN E

GA S

.

b y h eati n g co m m o n s alt an d bl ack o x id e of m a n g an e s e with sulph u ric a cid A c t i on s an d Us es — Chlori n e is a disi nf ec tan t a n tisep ti c It s a ction d e p en ds p a rtl y o n its pow e r of an d deo do r i zer d e stro y in g th e organ ism s whi ch produc e putr efa ctio n a nd partl y on its che m ic al actio n s It poss e ss e s gre a t a ffin it y f o r h y droge n an d s e i z e s u p on this e l em e n t in org an ic a lt e ri n g th e ir prop e rti e s and an d i n org an ic subst an c e s whic h e xe rts a cti ve o x id a s e tti n g fr e e n asc e n t o x y g e n t io n Chl orin e gas diss o l ve d i n w at er acts as a po w e r ful i r ri ta n t to th e skin an d i n dil ut e soluti o n s i n th e sto m a c h i t b e com e s con ve rte d i n to h y dr och loric a cid an d c hl orid e s I f th e gas b e in h al e d it c a us e s loc al ir rit atio n o f th e T h e chi e f use of c h lorin e in r e spir a tor y p a ss age s m e dicin e is as a di sinf ecta n t an d deo dori zer for th e purpos e of disinf e c ti n g sh e ds buildi n gs etc but oth e r I t is s o me tim e s e m plo y e d as ag en ts ar e t o be pr e fe rr e d P r ep ar ed

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VETER INA R Y

2 94

th e

T H E R A P E UT I CS

lso poss e ss e s powe r fu l a n ti se ti c an d di s i n e cta n t prop e rti e s p f Th e i odide of p o tassi um is d e v oid o f loc al irrit an t e ffe cts wh e n appli e d to t h e u n b rok e n ski n an d is n o t a bsorb e d b ut is r e a dil y t a k e n up f ro m e x pos e d m ucous m e mbr ane s I n ter n a lly iodin e acts as an i r r i ta n t i n th e sto m a ch an d i n t e sti n e s t h e iodid e s o f pot a ssiu m or sodiu m r a r e l y producin g t h is e ffe ct I t is gra duall y co n ve rt e d i n to th e iodid e or iod a t e of sodiu m ; th e iodide of pot a ssiu m is a lso d e co m pos e d i n t h e sto m a ch t h e sodiu m s a lt a n d a lbu m i n a t e b e i n g f or m e d it produc e s I f i n h al e d irrit a tin g e ffe cts giv i n g ris e to cough d y spn oea e tc ski n i n to

th e

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( 2 ) A CT I ON O N T H E B L OO D I odi n e is q u ickl y a bsorb e d i n to th e blood fro m th e sto m a ch an d m ucous s u rf a c e s a n d a t first e x ists in t h e f or m o f t h e iodid e of sodium Th e ch e m ic a l or ph y sic al ch an ge s p roduc e d on th e blood ar e n o t d e fi n it e l y a s oe r t ain e d th e r e sults o f e xp e ri m en ts goi n g t o pro v e th at th e iodin e is t e mpora ril y se t fr e e an d if a d mi n ist e re d in l arge am ou n t it s e e m s t o br e ak up so m e o f th e r e d corpuscl e s c ausi n g h aem aturi a a n d h ae m orrh agic e ffusio n an d dis ch arge s S o m e a uthoriti e s st a t e th a t it i n cr e a s e s th e co a gu l ati n g powe r O f th e blood .

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( 3) S P E CIFIC ACT I ON I odi n e p ass e s r apidl y f ro m th e blood i n to th e tissu e s b e i n g sp e ci a ll y a ttr a ct e d t o lymp ha ti c gla n ds a n d vesse ls I t quickl y l e a ve s th e tissu e s t o b e e x cr e t e d b y t h e kid n e y s an d m ucous s e cr e tio n s ge n e r all y an d its e ff e ct on m e t abolis m i s to a cce ler a te ti ssu e chan ge an d pro m ot e absorptio n I t s a ction o n lymp ha ti c gla n ds is t o r e duc e th e ir si ze .

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I O DINE

A N D I T S P R E P A RA TI ON S

2 95

poiso n s such as l e ad an d m e r cur y w h ich h ave th e pow e r o f a ssoci atin g th e m s e l v e s wit h t h e albu m i n ous structure s are dis e n ga g e d an d r e m o ve d f ro m t he s y st e m b y th e ad m i n istratio n of th e iodid e o f p o t assiu m We h ave n o e vid e n ce O f th e e ffe cts of i o din e i n m e dicin al d o s e s on t h e h e art v e ss e ls or t e mp e r atur e th e d e pr e ssi n g effe cts n o t e d as th e r e sul ts of l arge d o s e s o f t h e iodid e o f p o t a ssiu m b e i n g prob abl y due to t h e a ctio n o f p o t a ssiu m T oxi c E ff ect s — I odi n e an d iodid e of pot a ssiu m gi v e n i n l a rg e d os e s an d f o r a prolon g e d p e r iod of ti me a c t sp e ci all y on th e m ucous co ve ri n g of th e e y e s an d th a t of t h e n ostrils an d t hro at th e l a tt e r effe cts b e i n g c h i e fl y du e to t h e e xcre ti o n of th e a ge n t b y th e re spir ator y m uco us m e m b r an e ’ A s e ri e s o f s ym pt o m s t e r m e d I odism r e sults co n sisti n g of loss of app e tit e d y spe psi a an irrit abl e c a t a rrh a l c o n ditio n of th e m ucous m e m br an e O f t h e no strils e y e s , t h r o at e tc th e s e effe cts b e i n g r a r e l y n o tic e d in v e t eri n ar y p a ti e n ts a s co m p a r e d wi t h hu m a n P ro fe ss o r D ick s e xp e ri m en ts wi t h iodin e o n th e hors e de m on st rat e t h at i n so me i n st an c e s th e o nl y e ff e ct pro du c e d w as th e t o t al ref us a l o f w a t e r b y th e an i m al In the dog i o di ne in l a rg e dos e s c a us e s v om itio n a n d ga str o e n t e ritis wit h h mm atur i a an d h ae m orrh a gic dis A ccordi n g t o B i n z it i nt e sti n e s c h ar g e s fr o m t h e p a r al yze s th e c ere b ral c e n tr e s b y dire ct a ctio n on t h e n e r v ous st r uc t u re s a n d pro v e s f a t al b y t h is acti o n on th e re spi ra t o r y c e n tr e A n ti dot es — In a cu t e poiso n i n g an d i o dis m st a rch should be a d m i n ist e r e d which co n ve rts any un absorb e d iodi n e i n t o th e i n solubl e s t a rch iodid e Ce r t a i n

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VETERINA R Y

29 6

(4 )

RE M

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T I IE RA P E U TI CS

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is r apidl y e x cr e t e d app e a ri n g i n t h e u ri n e t h e m ucous s e cr e tio n s o f t h e ai r p a ss ag e s th e p e r sp ir a tio n s ali va bil e an d m il k In f u ll dos e s th e iodid e o f pot a ssiu m a cts a s a di u r e ti c ; but thi s a ctio n is u n c e rt a i n i n diffe r e n t in div i du als a n d is prob abl y du e to t h e a lk a li r a th e r th an to th e iodi n e T h e r e m ot e loc al a ctio n o f iodin e d u ri n g its e x cr e tio n b y t h e r e sp ir ator y m uco u s m e m br a n e is O f th e ra p e utic al i m port an c e a s it i n cr e a s e s a n d li qu e fi e s bro n chi a l s e cr e tio n thus a ctin g as a n exp ector an t I odi n e i s also e x cr e t e d b y t h e ski n c au si n g sti m u l a tio n o f t h e e pid e r m is a n d so m e ti m e s t h e a pp e a r a n c e o f a p apul ar o r v e sicul a r e ruptio n i f a d m i n i s t e r e d i n f u ll dos e s M e dici na l Us es — Th e iodid e o f p ot a ssiu m b e i n g m or e solubl e th an iodi n e its e l f is p r e f e rr e d for i n t e r n a l a d m i n i s tr a tion ; it is a lso l e ss li a bl e t o c a us e g a stric d e r a n g e men t T h e iodid e o f sodiu m poss e ss e s s i m i lar a ctio n s A s a p r omo ter of a bsorp tion iodi n e i s pr e s crib e d i n sub a c u t e a n d chro n ic i n amm ati on s o f v a rio u s ki n ds s u ch as e x ud atio n s or e ffusio n s i n s e ro u s c av iti e s a n d i n so m e f or m s o f pul m o n ar y co n solid atio n it p rob a bl y pro m ot e s ab sorptio n by sti m ul ati n g t h e loc a l n u tritio n I n c a s e s o f pl e uritic e ffusio n s a n d i n th e s e co n d a r y st a ge s of p n e um o n i a i t is pr e scrib e d twic e d ail y in com bi n atio n with to n ics A s a n exp ectora n t it is us e f ul i n c a s e s o f chro n ic bro n c h i ti s a n d m ay b e co m bi n e d with t h e chlorid e o f am m o n iu m S u ch a co mb i n a tio n a t first i n cr e a s e s th e am oun t O f e xp e ctor a tio n but r e n d e rs it l e s s v i s cid a n d t e n a cious T h e iodid e o f p ot a ssium h as b e e n e x t e n si ve l y e m plo y e d in th e tr e at m e n t o f ac ti n omycos is an d with e v id e n t suc I odi n e

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VE TE RIN A R Y

2 98

T H ERA P E

UTI CS

thos e c h ar act e ri ze d b y difficult y in d e glutitio n P r o f e s sor D ie ckerh o an d oth e r Ge r m an a uth o riti e s r e c o m m en d t h e i n tr a tr a ch eal i n j e ctio n o f a solutio n o f iodi n e an d iodid e o f p ot a ssium pr e p a r e d with on e p a rt o f iodi n e fi ve p a rts of i o did e of pot a ssium an d on e hun dr e d p arts of w a t e r t h e dos e b e i n g i n ordi n ar y c a s e s thr e e to n i n e flu id dra ch m s of this sol u tio n slowl y i nj e ct e d in to t h e lu m e n o f the tr ach e a twic e a day with an ordi n ar y h y pod e r m ic s y rin ge In s e ve re c as e s this qu an tit y m a y be gr e a tl y i n cr e as e d without p roduci n g an y u n fav our a bl e loc a l effe cts A s a n a n tido te i n chr o n ic c a s e s O f l e a d or m e rcur y poison in g th e i odide of pot a ssiu m is e m plo y e d ; i t dis e n ga ge s th e s e a ge n ts f ro m th e tissu e s an d r e n d e rs th e m c ap ab l e of b e in g e xcr e te d f rom th e s y st e m I n pr e scribi n g iodi n e it should if possibl e be gi ve n a fe w ho u rs af t e r fee di n g s o as to di m i nish th e ch a n c e s o f a portio n of it b e i n g co n ve rt e d i n t o th e i n solubl e iodid e of st a rch as st ar c h for m s such a l arg e proportio n o f t h e f ood o f h e rbi v or a E x terna lly iodin e is appli e d to gl an dul a r e n l a rge m en ts burs al di ste n sion s e t c as a s tim u lan t a n d a bs or ben t As a p a r as i ti ci de it is e m plo y e d i n c ert ai n ski n dis e a s e s such a s ri n gwor m a nd fo r such purpos e s m ay be c o m b i ne d in th e for m o f o in t m en t with wo o d t ar oils sulph u r cr e oli n e tc A s a s timu la n t an ti sep ti c an d pr om ot e r of a dh e sio n a dilut e s ol u tio n of iodi n e is i n j e ct e d i n to c y sts e t c f ro m which th e fluid h a s b e en withdra w n In b u rs a l an d s y n o v ia l e n l a rge m e n ts such a s c a pp e d h ook s i n hors e s a us e f ul applic a tio n co n sists o f e qu a l p arts o f ti n ctur e of iodin e spirits of tar and sof t so a p w e ll m i xe d toge t h e r an d a ppli e d with a b rus h o n c e d ail y b e i n g disc on tin ue d wh e n th e p arts ge t t e n d e r an d r e appli e d w h e n n e c e ss a r y in

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B R O MI NE

A N D I T S P R E P A RA TI O N S

2 99

Th e

O i n tm e n t O f iodi ne i s b e st pr e p a r e d with on e ou n c e o f i o di n e h a l f an ou n c e o f iodid e o f pot a ssiu m an d e ight o u n c e s o f Ia n oli n e h e a ti n g th e c o n stitu e n ts tog e th e r ,

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BROM UM — BROMIN E

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bro m i n e e m plo y e d ar e — br omi de of p o ta ss iu m bromide of a mm on iu m br omide of s odiu m B ro m i n e a liqui d e l e m e n t i s O bt a i n e d f ro m s e a w at e r an d f ro m so m e s a li n e S pri n gs b y h e a ti n g th e n atur al m ag n e siu m c o m poun d with o x id e o f m an g a n e s e an d su l T h e s alt in g e n e r a l use is : ph ur ic acid Th e

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P otas s ii Br o midum— B R O M I D E

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P r ep ared f ro m bro m i n e , liquor p o tas s ae D oses — H ors e s a n d c attl e , 3s s t o 5i .

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( 1 ) I M ME D I AT E L O CAL AC T I ON E x ter n a lly pur e bro m i n e a cts as a topic a l irrit an t t o th e ski n but t h e bro m id e s poss e ss n o loc a l irrit an t actio n u n l e ss i n highl y co n c e n tr at e d solutio n s a n d a r e n ot a bsorb e d f ro m t h e u n brok e n ski n I n ter n a lly th e bro m id e s h a ve li ttle e ffe c t of an irrit an t Gi ve n i n fu ll dos e s n a tur e o n th e sto m a ch o r i n t e sti n e s th e y ar e s a id to di m i n ish th e s e n sibilit y of th e fa uc e s so th at r e fl e x m o ve m e n ts su c h a s sw allowi n g cough e tc a r e n ot e a sil y e x cit e d .

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(2 ) ACT I ON O N T H E B L OO D T h e bro m id e s ar e r a pidl y a b sor be d an d th e bro m id e o f pot a ssi u m i s b e li e v e d t o e n t e r t h e blood u n ch an ge d an d t o b e th e n co n ve rt e d i n t o th e sodiu m s a lt b y t h e pr e s e n c e of chlorid e of sodiu m It m ay be t e m por a ril y s e t f r e e i n t h e blood but w e ar e n o t a w a r e O f a n y sp e ci a l a ctio n which it e xe rts th e r e on .

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VE TER IN A R Y

300

(3)

T H E RA PE UTI CS

ON I t s e e m s p r ob abl e t h at th e bro m id e s p a ss th r oug h th e o rg an s an d tissu e s as th e bro m id e O f sodiu m an d t h e sp e cific acti on ge n e r all y sp e aki n g i s on e of dep r essi on 0 n the n ervou s sys tem th e y produc e m ost i m port an t e ffe cts T h e y r e duc e th e a cti vit y o f th e n e r v ous c e n tr e s in th e br ai n an d spin a l cord a n d a lso d e pr e ss th e p e ri p h e r al ( s e n sor y) n e rv ous fil a m e n ts t h e r e sult b e i n g th a t af t e r th e a d m i n istr a tio n o f f u ll dos e s th e r e is a loss of r e ex exci ta bili t co ctio n w i th t h e s e n ti e n t sur fa c e s n i n n e y o f t h e bod y 0 h the cer ebrum th e y l e ss e n a ctiv it y an d di m i n ish c e r e br al e xcit eme n t b y r e ducin g th e a ctivit y of th e r e fl e x portion s of this r e gio n T h e y a r e thus i n dir ect hyp n o ti cs produci n g a co n ditio n of t h e br a i n f av our abl e t o sl e e p an d as ye t w e c an n ot d e t e r m i n e wh e th e r this e ffe ct is due to a sp e ci al actio n o n th e n e r ve c e lls or on th e c er e br al blood ve ss e ls On the vi ta l cen tr es of the m edu lla th e y act a s de pr e ss an ts 0n the sp i na l cen tr es sp i n a l n erv es a n d muscles t h e y c aus e d e pr e ssio n an d so ac t a s ph y siologic al an t ago nists t o str y ch n ine in this r e sp e ct 0 n the hear t th e y c a u s e slow n e ss o f its a ctio n an d w ea k n e ss chi e fl y b y d e pr e ssi n g its n e r v o m uscul a r subst an c e p artl y b y d e pr e ssin g th e c a rdi a c c e n tr e i n th e m e dull a 0u resp i ra ti on th e y w e a k e n an d slow th e r e spir ator y m o v em en ts b y d epr e ss in g th e r e spir ator y c e n tr e in t h e m e dull a 0n the blood vesse ls th e dir e ct e ffe ct is n ot k n ow n in a d efi n it e m ann e r ; prob abl y t h e t e n sio n i n th e ve ss e ls is re duc e d T oxic E ff ect s —Gi ven i n co n ti n u e d l arge dos e s th e bro mid e s c aus e a co n di t io n t e r m e d bromism co n sisti n g S P E C I F I C A CT I

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VE TE RINA R Y

302

T H E RA P E UT I CS

S UB GR O U P II -

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—Crude sulphur is chi e fl y Obt ain e d f ro m

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P r ep ar ed f ro m crud e in l arge ch am be rs D oses —As a laxa ti ve : H ors e s , 3i to 3i v c attl e , iii to 3vi s e e p an d pigs , 5iv t o 3i dog s , 5i t o 5 ii As an alt e r a tive , o n e-f ourth o f th e se dose s is pr e scrib e d .

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S UL P H UR A N D I T S P RE P A RA T I ON S

303

ACT IO N S O F S U L P H UR AND IT S P RE P ARATI ON S

(1 ) I M ME D IAT E L O CAL A CT I ON E x te rn a lly sulphur a ppli e d to th e ski n in its dry f orm h as littl e or n o loc a l a ction Applie d in th e f or m of o in tme n t it b e co m e s parti a ll y con ve r te d b y con t act wit h th e a cid pr o ducts o f th e ski n i n to sulphu re tt e d h y dr o ge n an d sulphid e s whic h e x e rt sp e ci a l loc al a ctio n s I t a cts a s a va scu la r s ti mu la n t an d ner vo u s se da ti ve and an alt e r a t ive t o t h e sup e rfici a l l a y e rs O f th e ski n b y s timu l atin g e pith eli al c e lls an d i n cr e a sin g m o v e men ts of cili a I n tern a lly it u n d e rgo e s n o ch an g e i n th e s toma ch an d poss e ss e s n o appr e ci abl e a ctio n on th e o rgan It is c arri e d to th e i n t e sti ne s a n d is in p art c on ve rt e d i n t o su lp hi des b y t h e a ctio n o f t h e bil e produci n g m ild purg ati on wh en gi ve n i n f ull dos e s b y sti mul ati ng t h e gl an dular st r uctur e s an d a lso prob abl y by i n cr ea sin g p e rist alsis A c o n sid e r abl e a m ou n t o f sulphur e tt e d h y droge n b e c om e s ge n e r a t e d i n t h e i n t e sti n e s an d por ti on of th e sulph ur e sc ap e s un absorb e d in th e fae c e s e ith e r u n ch an g e d or as sulphide s of h y dr o ge n or com bi ne d wit h alk a li e s m e t wit h i n t h e bow e l .

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( 2 ) ACT I ON O N T H E B L OO D A c er ta in pr o p o rtio n o f sulphur en te rs the bl o od i n th e f o rm of sulp h id e s o f h y dr oge n an d th e alk ali e s We are n o t a w are o f an y actio n which it poss e ss e s on th e p h y sic a l o r c h e m ic al con stitution o f th e blood I t is b e lie ve d t hat por ti on b ec o me s ox idi ze d app e ari n g in th e uri ne as a sulph at e S ulphur e tt e d h y drog e n if i n h a l e d by an an i mal a cts a s a pow e rf ul blo o d poiso n r e duci ng th e o xyh aemoglobi n .

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VE TERINA R Y

304

T H E RA P E U TI CS

corpuscl e s an d con v e rti ng th e c arbo n a t e s an d phosph at e s of th e w h i te corpu s cl e s i n to sulphid e s sul phi te s an d sulph at e s of

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(8 )

S P E C IFI C A CT I

S ulphur in th e f or m

ON

.

h y drog en an d alka li n e sul p h i de s e n t e rs th e tissu e s f ro m th e blood a n d i n e x c e s si ve dos e s acts upo n th e c e n tr al n e rv o us Sy st e m c ausi n g d e pr e ssion an d fi n all y p ar al y sis of th e c en tr e s o f r e spir a tion an d circul atio n b e sid e s giv i n g ris e to i n fl a m m atio n of th e sto m a ch an d i n t e sti n e s as pro v e d b y th e e xp e r i m en ts o f M oir ou d an d H e rtwig In m e dici n al do se s w e b e li e ve th at sulphur poss e ss e s th e e ff e ct o f m odify i n g n utritio n a n d thus a ctin g as a n of

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(4 ) RE M O T E L O C AL ACT ION S ulph u r is e x cr e t e d b y th e kid n e y s b y th e ski n th e lun gs an d th e br on ch ii an d by t h e i n t e stin e s By the ki dn eys it is e x cr e t e d i n th e for m of sulph a t e s an d if i n e x c e ss a s sulphid e s a l s o ; t h e co n stitu e n ts o f th e uri n e a r e n o t alt e r e d with th e e x c e ptio n of t h e i h cre a s e o f th e sulphur co m po u n ds B y the s ki n it is excr e t e d i n t h e f or m of sulphid e s a n d sulphur e tt e d h ydroge n givi n g a ch a r act e ristic odour to th e p e rspir a tio n in cr e asi n g slightl y th e am oun t o f th e l att e r an d a cti n g as a mi ld cu taneous s timu la n t an d di aphor e tic B y the lungs and bronc hi i it is e x cr e te d i n th e f or m o f sulphid e s a n d is b e li e ve d to ac t as a mild exp ectora n t B y the i n tes tines it a cts a s a p ur ga tive a ltera ti ve M e di cin al Us e s — I n ter n a lly — A s an a lter a ti ve sul p hu r is e x t e n sive l y pr e scrib e d i n affe ctio n s of th e skin such as also i n dr y scurf y co n ditio n s o f t h e ac n e e c ze m a e tc ski n a n d ge n e r a l w a nt of co n ditio n It is give n e ith e r .

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VETE RINA R Y

306

i n te n

p a rts

T II E RA P E UTI CS

w a t e r un til th e su l p h u r an d li m e c o m sol u tio n s t a n d an d pour O ff th e cl e ar

Of

bi n e le t t h e portio n A su ffi cie n t am o u n t ca n be pr e p a r e d i n si m il ar propor tio n s to th e abo ve AS a cu ta n eous s tim u la n t a n d a ltera tive s u lphur i n v arious f or m s of co m bi n atio n s is e m p lo y e d a s an a pplic a tio n to affe ctio n s o f t h e ski n such as chro n ic e c ze m a psori asis e tc sti m ul a ti n g e pith e li al c e lls h a ste n i n g d e squ am atio n an d thus pro m oti n g a h e althi e r a ctio n i n th e p arts Th e oi n t m e n t co m p os e d o f subli m e d s u lphur a n d c a rbo n a t e O f pot a sh alr e a d y m e n tio n e d i s v e r y u s e f ul fo r such purpos e s T h e iodid e o f sul p hur i n th e f or m o f O i n t m e n t ( 1 to 8 ) a cts v e r y b e n e fici a ll y i n so m e f or m s o f chro n ic sc al y ski n a ffe ctio n s a n d also i n c a s e s o f ri n gwor m S u lp hu r o us a ci d is e m p lo y e d a s a disi n fe ct an t f o r st abl e s an d pr e m is e s th e ga s b e i n g e volv e d b y bur n i n g sulphur m i x e d with on e f orti e th p art of fi n e ly—divid e d ch a rco al It is so m e ti m e s us e d a s an i n h al atio n for d e stro y i n g bro n chi al fi la ri ae i n c al ve s an d l am b s ,

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S U B -GR O U P II I

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CA RBO — CARBON

T wo f or m s

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Gar b o A n i mali s Garb o L i gn i

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— AN I MAL CH 1 G ar b o A n i m a l i S ) (

O AL P rep a r ed b y e x posi n g bo n e s to a r e d h e a t e x cl udi n g ai r a nd powd e ri n g th e r e sidu e T h e p u rifi e d a n i m a l ch a rco al is pr e p a re d b y dig e st i n g t h e age n t i n dil u t e d h y drochloric acid an d thus r e m o vi n g th e s alts th e r e fro m AR C

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A R B ON A ND I TS P RE P A R A 1 I O N S '

Car b o Li gn i —

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O AL P r ep ar e d f ro m w o od ch a rr e d b y e x posur e to a re d h e at an d e x cludi n g ai r CH

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ch a rc oal a cts a s a des ic ca n t di si n ec ta n t a n d deodor a n t I t p o ss e ss e s th e p ro f p e rt y o f abs orbi n g an d co n d e n si n g m an y g as e ous bodi e s a n d v apours it absorbs but littl e h y drog e n a lthough it will t ak e up a c on sid e r abl e am oun t o f o x y ge n a n d l arge qu a n titi e s O f sulphur e tt e d h y droge n an d am m o n i a I t s a cti o n o n n o x i o us g a s e s is b e li e ve d t o d e p e n d on t h e O x y g e n whic h it r e t a i n s d e co m posin g a n d d e odori zi n g th e m S o m e authoriti e s st at e th at it h as th e pow e r of a bsorbi n g an d co n d e n si n g th e n o x ious g a s e s i n its por e s I n tern a lly ch a rco a l gi v e n i n su ffi cie n t am ou n t h as t h e p o w e r o f ch e cki n g f e r m e n t ati ve ch an g e s whil e p a ssi n g through th e ali m e n t a r y c an al a n d b y v irtue of this a ctio n it will pr e v e n t th e occurr e n c e of fl at u l e n c e It posse ss e s t h e p o w e r O f a ttr ac ti n g alk aloids f ro m th e ir solutio n s i n t h e sto m a ch a n d r e n d e ri n g th e m i n e rt ; h e n c e a n i m a l G a rrod as a n c h a rco al h a s b ee n r e co m m e n d e d b y D r i n c a s e s o f pois on i n g b y m orphi a a co n it e a n tidot e str y ch n i a e tc Ch a rco al is r e m o ve d fro m t h e s y st e m e n tir e l y b y th e i n t e sti n e s an d n o t b e i n g absorb e d it do e s n ot e x e rt an y S p e cific a ctio n o n t h e bod y M e di ci nal U s e s — As an ag en t to ch ec k th e f or m a tio n o f g a s e s du e t o f e r m e n ta ti v e ch a n g e s i n th e a li m e n t ar y ch arco a l is so m e ti m e s pr e scrib e d in c a s e s o f ca n a l fl a tul e n c e in dos e s of gs s t o 3ii fo r hors e s an d c attle an d grs x x t o 5 i f or dogs E x ter n a lly — It is occ a sio n all y e m pl oy e d as a deodora n t an d di s inf ec ta n t t o u n h e a lth y ulc e rs o r f oul wou n ds b e i n g appli e d dir e ctl y in th e dry f orm but as it poss e ss e s n o a ctio n as a n a n tis e ptic o th e r a g e n ts ar e to be pr e fe rr e d Ge n e ra l A ction s — E ,

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VE TERINA R Y

308

CH AP T E R V

M A T E RI A ME

IN ORGA NIC

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T H E R A P E U I I CS '

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DICA — Con tin ued

GRO U P IV — ACI D S .

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c on ve n i e n ce o f d e scriptio n w e m ay ar r ange o ffi ci a l a cids in co mm on use un d e r two he adi n gs

FO R

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1

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IN ORGA N I C A CI DS

th e

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S ulp huric ; Ni tric ; H y dr ochl oric ; N i tro h y drochl or ic ; Bor i c ; Ch ro mic -

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2

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ORGA NIC A CID S

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A c etic ; Citric ; Tart ar i c ; H y dro cy an ic ; Carb olic Ga llic an d T a nni c S a l i c y lic .

organ ic a cids o n l y th e first thr e e will be n otic e d in t his ch a pt e r as t h e a ctio n s an d us e s of t he r e m ai n de r are but slightl y co nn e ct e d wi t h th e ir pr ope rti e s as a cids W e sh all first bri e fl y n otic e th e gen e ra l a ction s of acids b e f or e proc e e din g to a co n side r a tio n o f th e a ctio n s an d us e s of e ac h a cid s e p a r at e l y O f th e

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( 1 ) I MME D IAT E na lly — Th e stron g

O C AL A CT I ON a cids — such sulphuric as

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h y drochloric an d n itric —are ca us tic a n d i r r i ta n t an d in co n c e ntrat e d f orm ar e powe rf ul corrosi ve s T h e y pro duc e th e s e e ffe cts b y th e ir affin it y f or t h e b as e s an d w at er of th e tissu e s a n d i n a l e ss e r d e gr e e for th e organ ic subst an c e s th e r e in P ro p e rl y dil u t e d th e y act as a stri n g e n ts w h e n a ppli e d to t h e s k i n m ucous m e m ,

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VETER INA R Y

31 0

T H E R AP E UT I CS

cids e x e rt o n t h e s ali va r y an d dige stiv e s e cr e tio n s a n d of th e s e w e sh a ll n o w gi v e a bri e f n otic e On the sa li va r y s ecr e ti on th e y a c t as pow e r ful s i al a gogu e s t h e i m pr e ssio n f ro m th e a cid is co n duct e d t o t h e n e rv e c e n tr e s an d is th e n r e fl e ct e d through t h e c e re bro spi n al n e r v e s sup p l y i n g t h e s ali var y gl an ds On di ges ti on— dilut e a cids t a k e n i n to t h e sto m a ch ch e ck or l e ss e n th e s e cr e tio n o f g a stric juic e ; th e y a lso c a us e an i n cr e a s e d flow o f bil e prob a bl y b y r en d e rin g th e co n t e n ts o f t h e duo den u m o f a n a cid r e a ctio n a n d i n cr e a s e th e activ it y o f t h e i n t e sti n a l gl an ds an d m uscl e s All th e s e e e c ts m ust b e a ttribut e d t o a law which is pro ve d both b y e xp e ri m e n t a n d a lso b y th e e m plo ym e n t o f a cids i n th e r a p e utics — vi z th at a cids c h e ck a cid but i n cr e a s e alk alin e s e cr e tion s w hil e dilut e alk ali e s s tim u l at e a cid s e cr e tio n s T h e s e f a cts ar e e xp l a i n e d i n a n a d m ir a bl e m a nn e r b y ’ D r Rin ge r i n his work o n T h e r ap e utics an d th e y ar e m ost i m port a n t i n th e tr e a t m en t O f t h e disord e rs o f th e dige sti ve s y st e m as i n d i c ati n g wh e th e r a cids or a lka li e s sho u ld b e pr e scrib e d D r Rin g e r supports th e s e vi e ws by illustr atio n s o f th e th e r a p e utic e m plo y m e n t of acids o r alk ali e s as f ollo w s 1 Acid s a ll a y thirst b y pro m oti n g th e s e cr e tio n O f th e a lk a li n e s a li va 2 Acids g iv e n shortl y b e f or e f e e din g ge n e r a ll y ch e ck a cidit y 3 Alk a li e s giv e n shortl y b e f or e f e e di n g i n cr e a s e th e s e cr e tio n o f t h e acid ga s tr i c ju ice a n d so p r omo te a

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ch e ck fe r m e n t atio n an d th e f or m atio n O f g a s e s an d irrit a ti n g org an ic a cids i n t h e i n te sti n e s a n d thus a ct an t i s e ptic all y i n this r e sp e ct ,

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S ULP H URI C A O’ ID

In t ox ic d os e s ,

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31 1

in

co n c e n t r at e d f or m a cids are cor r osive i r r i ta n t p oi so n s n itric an d sulphuric a cids p o ss e s si n g th e s e acti o n s i n a m ost m ark e d d e gre e Th e suit ab l e an ti dot e s ar e alk alin e bic a rbo n a t e s c alciu m an d m a gn e siu m c arb o n a t e s gi ven with d e m ulc e n ts an d dilue n ts — su c h as O ils m ilk lin s e e d te a— th e addition o f an a n o d y n e suc h as O piu m— b e i n g o f t e n re quir e d ,

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(4 ) RE MO T E L O CAL ACT I ON A cids h a vin g e n t e r e d i n to co mbi n a tion a s n e utr a l s alt s o r h av i n g b e e n d e co m pos e d i n t h e blood ar e re m o v e d f ro m th e s y st e m a n d duri n g this proc e ss th e y e x e rt v e r y littl e loc al a ctio n T h e y are chi e fl y e x cr e t e d b y th e kid n e y s sti m ul a ti n g th e s e o rg an s b y i n c r e asi n g t h e total am ou n t o f s alts e x cr e t e d ; but th e y do n o t to an y e xt e n t i n cr e a s e th e f r e e a cidit y of t h e uri n e Ac e tic citric an d t a rt a ri c a cids n e v e r r e a ch th e tissu e s u n l e ss gi ve n in l arg e dos e s ; th e y ar e d e co m pos e d i n th e blo o d a n d e x cr e t e d a s c arbo n a t e s Gi v e n i n e x c e ss t h e y e sc a p e u n ch an ge d b y t h e kidn e y s .

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IN ORGA NI C A CIDS

— l l u i u m S U LP H S u h r c id u m A c p ( ) ~

VI T R I O L

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UR IC ACID O IL ,

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co m b u stio n of sulp h ur an d the o x id atio n an d h y dr a tio n o f th e r e s ulti n g sulphurous Co n a cid b y m e an s of n itrous a n d aqu e ous v ap o urs t ai n s 98 p e r c e n t of r e al a cid P r ep ar ed

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ci u ulph uri cum Dil ut um — D il ut e sulphuric d m S A ( ) a ci d — 1 t o about 1 1 o f distill e d w a t e r c a ttl e , D cses — O f t h e dilut e a cid H o rs e s , 5i to 5 ii — T T u t o a d m i n ist e r e d , f r e e l y i v dogs v x ii o t , ; L 5 g dilut e d , t w ic e d a il y , a n d com bi n e d with ar o m ati cs an d a

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VE TERINA R Y

31 2

T H E RA P E UTI CS

— P re p ar e d b y ci u ro ticu b m a m l ur i c u m A A d m S u h p ( ) spirit , 1 8 ; spirit o f c m m i x i n g sulphuric a cid , 1 % C o n t ai n s n a m on , 1 ; stro n g tin ct u re o f gi n ge r , 1 1 2 -5 p e r c en t of r eal acid D oses — S i m il ar to thos e o f th e dilut e a cid .

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A ct ion s — E

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— S tron g sulphuric

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w a t e r with avidit y f ro m th e tissue s an d h as a n d to a l e ss d e gr e e f or t h e affi n it y f or th e i r b as e s O rg a n ic s u bst an c e s the m s e lve s For th e s e r e a so n s wh e n a ppli e d loc all y it d e stro y s t h e tissu e s to a co n sid e r abl e e x t e n t produci n g a br ow n o r bla ck e sch ar a n d a pow e r f ul corrosi ve actio n I n ter na lly — T h e dil ut e a n d a ro m a tic pr e p a r a tion s o n l y ar e e m plo y e d i n t e rn all y T he s e act as toni cs a n d a s tr i n gen ts th e ton ic a ctio n p rob a bl y d e p e n di n g on a s ti mu l ati n g effe ct upo n th e gastric and bili ar y fun ctio n s t h e a stri n g en t a ctio n prob a bl y o n an a strin g e n t effe ct o n ,

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r em ark e d howe ve r th at th e acid is soon n e utr a li z e d i n t h e upp e r p art O f t h e s m all i n t e sti n e s b e in g con ve rte d i n to a sulpha te thus losi n g its as trin ge n e y It is e xcr e t e d chie fl y b y th e kidn e y s i n cr e a si n g to a slight e xt e n t th e am o un t of sulph at e s i n th e uri n e i t is prob abl e th a t p art e sc a p e s b y th e bow e ls as sulph a t e s of sodiu m an d m ag n e siu m an d a c e rt a i n p o rtio n possibl y b y t h e ski n T ox i c E ffe ct s — S ulphuric a cid acts as a corrosive irrit an t poison produci n g in co n c e n tr at e d f or m p atch e s o f e rosio n of a brow n or bl ack colou r on th e m outh f a uc e s oe soph agus an d m ucous m e m br an e of th e sto m a ch with p e rf or atio n of th e l att e r i n s om e i n st an c e s Th e thr o a t b e c o m e s a cute l y i n fl a m e d e xt en si ve swe llin g r e su lti ng with r apid de ath f ro m suffoc a tion In dogs it c aus e s i mm e di a t e l y r e tchin g an d e m e sis I t m ust be

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VETER INA R Y

314

TH E RA P E UT I CS

pr e cipit at e d album i n is n ot so p en e tr a ti n g as sul p h u r i c a cid an d h en c e wh e n loc all y a ppli e d d e stro y s t h e tissu e s l e ss e x t e n siv e l y I t st a i n s th e ski n a ch a r a ct e ristic ye llow colour du e to T his colo u r is d e e p e n e d b y th e f or ma tio n of p icric a ci d alk ali e s a n d r e m o v e d o n l y b y d e squ am atio n o f th e cuticl e T h e a c tio n o f n itric a cid o n t h e S k i n an d tis s u e s i s co m p ar ativ e l y sp e aki n g slow bu t is usu all y ve r y d e e p s e at e d e sp e ci all y if clo s e t o t h e e xur e of a j oi n t an e x t e n si ve slough O ft e n r e s u lti n g I n ter na lly t h e dilut e n itric a cid a ct s as a cho la gogu e pro bab l y in p a rt b y its a ctio n o n th e m u co u s m e m br an e O f t h e duod e n u m c a usi n g an i n cr e a s e d flow o f b il e b y co n s e qu en t co n tr actio n of th e g all bl a dd e r an d bil e ducts ; a lso prob abl y b y th e con t e n ts of th e duode n u m b e i n g r e n de r e d a cid t h e s e cr e tio n of th e al k a li n e bil e is sti m ul a t e d N itric a cid poss e ss e s si m il a r a ctio n s to oth e r a cids o n t h e a li m e n t a r y c a n a l an d o n dig e stio n It is b e li e ve d to be p a rtl y d e co m pos e d i n t h e s y st e m i n to am m o n i a a n d du ri n g its e x cr e tio n b y th e kid n e y s to di m i n ish slightl y t h e acidit y o f th e u ri n e T ox ic E ffe ct s — N itric a cid is a corrosi ve irrit a n t poiso n e sp e ci all y wh e n i n co n c e n tr at e d f or m It c au s e s y e llow or brown s tai n s in t h e m outh ph a r yn x a n d oe soph a gus but i n th e m u cous m e m br an e o f th e sto m ach th e s e ar e u su all y r e n d e r e d o b s cur e b y t h e a cut e in am m a to r y ch an g e s o f t e n a cco m p a n i e d b y e x tr a v a s a tio n o f blood T h e an ti dot e s a r e sim il a r t o thos e e m plo y e d f or t h e oth e r m in e r al a cids M e di ci na l Us es — As a hep a ti c s ti m u lan t dil u t e n itric a cid is pr e scrib e d af t e r f e e di n g in c a s e s o f tor p idit y o f It i s t h e li v e r a cco m p an i e d with i n t e stin a l d y sp e psi a ,

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II YD R O CH L OR I C A CID

31 5

lso us e fu l in lo n g— st an di n g affe ctio n s of th e li ve r s u ch as chr on ic c o n g e sti o n an d cirrhosis In c a s e s O f di arrh oe a e sp e cia ll y i n y o u n g an i m a ls wh e r e t he m o ti o n s ar e gr e e n ish i n colour curdl e d an d m i xe d wit h m u c us s m a ll d o s e s o f dilut e n itric a cid a r e o f t e n o f gr e a t b e n e fit N itric a cid sh o uld be gi ve n l arg e l y dilut e d with w a t e r an d is usu a ll y co m bi ne d with a r om a tic bitt e rs E x ter n a lly n itric a cid is e m plo y e d f or t h e r e m o v a l o f w arts f u n gous growths e tc It sh o uld b e c a r e f ull y appli e d with a gl a ss r o d pr e c a utio n s b e in g t ak e n to pr e ve n t th e surrou n di n g tissu e s b e i n g i n j ur e d an d also to gu a rd a g a i n st its a ctio n e x t e n di n g too de e pl y a

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H y d r och lor i c um —H M U R I AT I C ACI D S P IRIT

A c i d um

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P r ep a r ed b y t h e a ctio n O f chlori de o f sodi u m an d solutio n C o n t a i n s 32 p e r c e n t b y w e ight .

AC I D ,

YDR O CH L O RI C S AL T

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sulp h u ric acid upo n of t h e f u m e s i n w a t e r o f t h e gas dissol v e d i n .

w ater A c i d um H y droch lor i cu m Dilut um— D ilut e h y drochloric acid — 1 t o 2 % distill e d w a t e r c a ttl e D oses — O f t h e dilut e a cid hors e s 5s s t o 3ii to lTLx x ; dogs ULV t o “1 x sh e e p “ v 5ii t o 5iv pr o pe rl y dilut e d .

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y drochloric a cid is an a ctiv e c a usi n g th e f orm a tio n o f a w hi te fi lm on t h e ca u s ti c tissu e s wh e n appli e d i n co n c e n tr a t e d f or m It is l e ss itric or sulphuric a cid c orr o siv e i n its a ctio n th an n I n ter n a lly — In th e m o uth it is a s timu lan t an d i n cr ea si n g t he flow of s ali va an d thus s i a la gogu e i n dir e ctl y as w e ll as re e xly of th e ga stric j uic e In th e sto m ac h it i n cr e a s e s th e acidit y of th e ga stric j u ic e an d It e n t e rs t h e tissu e s in a cts a s a di ges ti ve a dju v a n t th e f or m of chlorid e s p oss e ssin g n o appr e ci abl e sp e cific .

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VETERINA R Y

316

T IIE RA P E UTI CS

c tio n th e r e o n It is e x cr e t e d chi e fl y b y the kid n e y s but d o e s n o t i n cr e as e t o an y e x t e n t th e fr e e acidit y of th e uri n e T h e s e r e s e m bl e th o s e of th e oth e r T oxic E ff ects — mi n e r al a cids but i n d e p e n d e n t of its irrit an t o r corrosi ve e ffe cts it is b e li e v e d to d e stro y li fe b y c ausi n g a f a t a l di m in ution of th e a lk ali in t h e blo o d r e sultin g i n p ar al y sis of th e re spir a tor y c e n tr e Medicinal Us es — As a si a la ogue h y droc h loric acid l arge l y dilut e d with w a t e r is so m e ti me s pr e scribe d in c as e s of f e ve r a cco m pan i e d with e xc e ssive thirst an d a parch e d co n ditio n of th e m outh I t r e li e ve s the thro at b y sti m ul atin g th e s e cr e tion o f s ali va an d b e sid e s i ncr e a s e s th e appe tit e an d fav ours dige stio n b y stim ulat i ng in dir e ctl y as w e ll as r e e xly th e g a stric s e cr e tio n As a diges tiv e a dju van t it is e x t e n siv e l y e mplo y e d in c on s e qu en c e of its sp e ci a l a ctio n i n dige stin g an d ren der ing solubl e th e albu m i n ous co n stitu e n ts O f th e f ood It i s i mport an t h o w e v e r to r e m e m ber th e i nflu en c e of th e tim e of a d m in istr atio n as r e gards pr e scribin g th e acid b e for e or af t e r fee di n g T hus in c as e s wh e r e t h e s e cr e tio n of t h e g a stric j uic e is sc an t y and n ot suffici e n t to p e rf orm the f un ction of dige stio n i n a n or m a l m an n e r th e acid should be a dm i n ist e r e d af ter fe e din g W h e n th e g astric s e cre tio n is co m ple te d th e a cid th e n m a ke s up for th e d e ficie n c y of th at which S hould be s e cr e t e d n a tur all y O n th e oth e r h an d wh e n th e re is a n e x c e ss of a cid s e cr e t e d in th e stom a ch giv i n g ris e to a con ditio n of u n du e a cidit y o f t h e g a stric co n t e n ts t h e a d m i n istr atio n of dilut e h y drochloric acid bef or e fe e di ng will o ve rco me this con ditio n T h e r atio n al e of t h is d e p e n ds o n th e rul e t h a t a cids ch e ck th e productio n of a cid s e cr e tio n s fro m th e gl an ds a

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VE TERINA R Y

31 8

TH E R A P E UTI CS

plo y e d as a caus ti c in th e r e m o val of w art y growths e t c a n d a lso i n co m bi n a tio n with oth e r a g en ts a s an a p p lic a tio n to f oot rot i n sh e e p In s up erfi ci a l n ecr os is of bone it is us e f ul prop e rl y dilut e d r e m o vi n g t h e dis e a s e d portio n a n d l e av i ng a h e a lth y sur f a c e to h e a l .

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(4)

A c id um Nitr o -h y dr o ch lor i c u m— N IT R O CH L

OR I C

ACI D , N I T R O

by m ixin g h y drochloric a cid P r ep ar e d

on e

p art

-

MU RIAT I C AC I D of n

itric acid

H

YD R O

.

an d

thr ee

of

.

A ci dum

N i tro -H y drochlori cum Dil ut um— D il u t e H y drochloric Acid

N itro

.

P r ep ar ed b y m i x i n g 3 ou n c e s O f n itric a cid a n d 4 o u n c e s o f h ydrochloric a cid with 2 5 o u n c e s O f distill e d w at e r It co n t ai n s f r e e chlori n e , h y drochloric , n itric a n d n itrous a cid s , with oth e r co m p o u n ds , di ss olv e d i n w a t e r , a n d sho u ld b e p r e p a re d f o u rt ee n d ay s b ef or e u si n g D oses — T h e s am e a s thos e O f dil u t e n itric a cid , with si m il ar pr e c a u tio n s as to dil u tio n an d th e av oid an c e of t oo prolo n g e d u se .

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.

A ction s— E

—T h e

stro ng a cid is c orrosi ve a n d irrit an t I t is b e li e v e d t o produ c e a chol agogue e ffe ct loc all y a s w e ll as sp e cific all y w h e n appli e d as a co m pr e ss wrun g o ut of a solutio n O f t h e a cid o ve r th e h e p atic r e gio n in th e c a s e of li ve r affe ctio n s i n dogs I n ter n a lly — I t a cts as a di r e c t c ho la gogu e as d e m o n s tr at e d b y t h e e x p e ri m e n ts b y D r Ruth e r f ord ; thi s a ctio n is a l s o pro v e d b y t h e r e sults O f cli n ic a l e x p e ri e n c e It r e s e m bl e s th e oth e r a cids i n its a ctio n o n th e sto m a ch a n d i n t e sti n e s M e di ci na l U s es — As a c ho lagogu e it is pr e scrib e d i n torpidit y of th e live r i n c a t a rrh a l j au n dic e a n d in t h e e arl y st a g e s o f cirrhosis also i n i n t e s ti n a l d y s e si a It p p x ter na lly

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Micros oft®

B ORI C A CI D

31 9

is co n tr a i n dic a t e d i n c a s e s o f j au n dic e d e p e n di n g o n o bstructio n i n th e bil e duct a lso i n s e ve r e org an ic affe c ti on s o f t h e li v e r a n d i n a cut e h e p a titi s I n th a t affe ctio n o f hors e s t e r m e d oxa lur i a ch ar a c t e r iz e d b y d e bilit y loss o f fl e sh stiffn e ss i n t h e loin s a dr y scur fy co n ditio n o f th e ski n th e fr e qu e n t p a ss age o f p al e colour e d uri n e a cid o r n e utr a l i n r e a ctio n an d co n t ai n i n g ox a l a t e o f li m e th e n itro h y drochloric a c id i n co m bi n a tio n with ti n ctur e O f n u x v o m ic a a n d g e n ti an gi ve s ve r y b e n e fici al r e sults T his affe ctio n d e p e n din g o n i m p air e d dig e stio n due to di e t e tic e rrors it is n e c e ss ar y th a t di e t e tic an d h ygi e n ic pr e c au ti on s b e a dopt e d i n a dditio n to m e dici n al tr e at me n t T h e a cid is n o t e m plo y e d e x t e r n a ll y e x c e p t o c c a sio n all y a s a loc al a pplic atio n i n dil u t e solutio n i n so m e h e p a tic a ffe ctio n s as alr e a d y m e n tio n e d -

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— B O RIC AC ID B O RA CI C A CI D 5 i B i u m or A c d c , ( )

P r ep a r ed b y th e a ctio n o f s u l p huric a cid on b y th e purifica tio n O f n a ti v e boric acid dogs , D os es — H ors e s a n d c a ttl e , 3ii to 5iv

.

bor ax

,

or

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.

gr s

.

xx

grs v to

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.

P r ep ar a ti on s

.

— B oric u tu m c i i or i c 1 n e n A d B i U g ( ) h a rd a n d sof t pa r affi n

oi n t m e n t

-

1 to 6

of

.

Borogl y c e ri d e (n o t O ffi ci al ) is pr e p ar e d b y 9 2 p a rts o f gl y c e ri n e with 6 2 p a rts o f b oric a cid

(2)

h eati n g

.

Bor ax

-

B IB O R A T E

S OD IU M

OF

P r ep a r ed b y boili n g tog e th e r b oric I t is also f oun d n a tiv e o f sod a

a

cid

.

an d

c arb o n at e

.

.

P r ep ara ti on s

.

1 ) Glycer i num Boraci s— B or ax , 1 ; gl y c e ri n e , 4 ; e ri n e , 1 ; gl y c B l ora ci s — B o r a x , 2 ; 2 M e ( ) ho n e y , 1 6 .

Digitize d by

Micros oft®

w at e r 2 cl a rifi e d ,

.

VE TER INA R Y

32 0

A ction s

—E

di si nf ec ta n t

x ter n a lly

.

T H E RA P E UT I CS

— B oric

a

cid is

a n t is ep

an d

ti c

solutio n of 1 i n 8 00 i t is c ap abl e of d e stro y i n g lo w organ ism s bu t is n o t how ev e r d e struo tive to a ll growths of this n a ture I t h a s litt le or n o irrit ati n g e ffe ct on t h e tissu e s in this r e sp e c t di ffe ri n g f ro m c arbolic a cid a n d oth e r disi n fe ct an ts I n ter n a lly it ch e cks f e r m e n t a tio n i n t h e a li m e n t ar y c an al it i s e x cr e t e d i n th e uri n e e x e rti n g a n an tis e ptic e ffe ct on th e uri n o g e n it a l c an a l In t ox ic d os e s it a c t s as a g a stro i n t e sti n a l irrit an t B or a x poss e ss e s si m il ar a ctio n s t o thos e o f boric a cid Me di ci na l U s e s — B oric a cid a n d b or ax a r e occ a sio n a ll y e m plo y e d i n t e r n a ll y i n c a s e s o f f e r m e n t a ti v e dia r r h ma i n f o a l s c a lv e s an d dogs a lso i n so m e c a s e s o f c y stic c a t arrh b y r e a so n of its r e m ot e loc al an tis e p tic a ctio n o n this r e gio n I n ap h thous co n ditio n s of th e m ou th i n ulc e r a tio n s O f t h e m o u th to n g u e a n d f a u c e s a n d i n glossitis it is e m ploy e d i n t h e f or m o f a m out h w a sh i n co mbi n atio n with t h e chlor a t e o f pot a s h ho n e y or gl y c e ri n e A s a n a n ti s ep ti c dr essi n g f o r wou n d s boric acid is l a rg e l y e m plo y e d i n t h e f or m o f lotio n i n t h e proportio n of a I t is a lso ve r y u s e fu l i n th e f or m o f 5 p e r c en t solutio n dr y powd e r co mbi n e d with a c e rt a in pro p ortio n o f cr e oli n I n di ffe r en t f or m s it is i n fr e qu e n t u se as an applic a tion to bur n s a n d ulc e r a t e d sur fac e s In e r y th e m a i n irrit abl e co n ditio n s o f t h e ski n a n d i n t h e e m p lo y m e n t O f boric a cid in th e e c z e m a i n dogs f or m of oi n t m e n t as f ollows O f t e n gi ve s m ost s a ti sfa ctor y r e sults : boric a cid 5 parts ; l an olin e 5 p arts va s e li n e 1 p art I n ca n ker of the ear i n dogs boric a cid is succ e s s full y e m p lo y e d e ith e r i n th e f or m o f lotio n or O f t h e O i n t me n t j ust m e n tio n e d co m bi n e d with o x ide o f z i n c For a In

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’

VE T E R I N A a r TH E RA P E UT ICS

32 2

A c et um

a

cid

-

Vi n e g a r —

co n t ai n s

of

5 -41 p e r

c e nt

m alt

u n m a lt e d gr a i n

.

c ti c

a e

.

P r ep a r ed f ro m a m i x tu r e b y t h e a c e tous fe r m e n t a t i o n

A ct i on s — S tro n g

Of

an d

.

c tic a cid is corrosiv e a n d irrit an t wh e n appli e d t o t h e ski n ; th e m e dici n al a cid a cts as a vesi can t a n d s ti mu la n t wh e n appli e d i n su ffici e n t a m ou n t P rop e rl y dilut e d or i n th e f or m o f v i n e g a r it is s ti m u l a n t a stri n g e n t a n d r ef rige r an t W h e n a d m i n ist er e d i n t e r n all y it r e ach e s t h e blood an d b e co m e s d e co m pose d p a ssi n g ou t O f th e s y st e m as c a rbon a t e s but wh e n gi ve n i n e x c e ss it e sc ap e s u n ch an g e d b y th e kid n e y s M e di ci na l U s es — Ac e tic a cid i s n o t e m p lo y e d i n t er n all y I t m a y b e us e d as a n an tidot e i n c a s e s O f poiso n i n g b y a lk a li e s a n d a lk a li n e c a rbo n a t e s a n d a lso wh e n prop e rl y dil u t e d as an app lic atio n to sur fa c e s irrit a t e d b y stro n g alk ali e s T h e stro n g a cid is f r e qu e n tl y e m plo y e d as a c a ustic i n th e d e str u ctio n of w arts In th e f or m of v i n e ga r it is us e d as a cooli n g a n d a stri n ge n t a pplic atio n t o s tr a i n s an d co n tusio n s e ith e r a lo n e or co m bi n e d with oth e r ag e n ts In ph ar m a c y it is e mplo y e d as a sol ve n t f o r v a rious dr ugs as it is c a p a bl e o f dissolv i n g th e ir a ctiv e pri n cip l e s s u ch co m bi na tio n s b e i n g t e r m e d ace ta E xa mp le— Ac e tu m c an t h a ridi s .

a e

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A ci dum Cit r i cum— CI T RI C ACI D

.

Aci d um T ar tar i c um— T ART A R I C ACID B oth

.

th e se a cids ar e de v oid of irrit an t an d poiso n ous prop e rti e s an d ar e occ a sio n all y pr e scrib e d as c ooli n g a n ti p y r e tics th e y r e li e ve thirst an d lik e oth e r organ ic bodi e s ar e e x cr e t e d as c arbo n at e s pro babl y sti m ul a ti n g t h e kid n e y s a n d ski n i n dir e ctl y b y i n cr ea si n g th e tot a l a m ou n t o f s a lts e x cr e t e d ,

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Micros oft®

WA TE

R

32 3

GRO U P V — WATE R— A Q UA .

A q ua Dest illat a— P ur e

.

W at e r O bt a i n e d b y

D is till a tio n

.

( l ) I MM E D IAT E L O CAL A CT I ON E x ter n a lly w at e r a cts chi e fl y as a m ean s o f a ppl y i n g c old or h ea t to t h e sur f a c e O f t h e bod y d e p e n di n g o n th e t e m p e r a tur e which is e m plo y e d wh e th e r cold t e m p e r a t e t e pid w ar m h o t e tc th e e ffe cts o f which h ave a lr e a d y b e e n n otic e d i n P a rt II p 203 I n ter n a lly it r e li e v e s thirst i m pro v e s dige stio n a n d i n t e sti n al a ctio n wh e n a llow e d at prope r ti me s In th e do g hot w at e r a cts as a ga s tr i c seda ti ve an d w ar m w at e r .

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a s a n eme ti c

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(2 ) A CT I ON O N T H E B L OO D W at e r r ea dil y p a ss e s i n t o th e blo od but this proc e ss In c a s e s wh e r e a v a ri e s a c c ordi n g to circu m st an c e s l arg e am oun t of fluid is r e m o ve d fro m th e s y st e m w a t er is quickl y a bs orb e d whil e if th e r e is a sufficie n t am ou n t o f this a g e n t i n t h e blo o d a lr e ad y t h e a bsorptio n o f a f urt h e r qu an tit y fro m th e ali m e n t ar y c an al is di m i n ishe d .

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(3) R E M O T E L O CAL A C T I ON E x c e ss o f w a t e r is e li m i n at e d b y th e kid n e y s ski n lun gs bowe ls but chi e fl y b y th e kid n e y s a cti n g as a A d m i n ist e r e d w a r m an d co m bi n e d with e x diu r e ti c t e r nal h e a t it a cts as a di ap hor e ti c .

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( 4) U SE S As a di luen t an d f e br if uge cold w at e r is lib e r all y allow e d i n c a s e s o f f e bril e affe ctio n s th e v e ss e l co n t ai n in g it b e i n g l eft within r e ach of th e an i m al so th at i t can b e p art ak e n of a t pl e a sur e an d s ali n e f e bri fug e s diss o l v e d i n it gi ve .

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VETER IN A R Y TH ERA PE UT]

324

CS

be n e fici al r e sults Cold w a t e r is con tr a i n dic at e d di r e ctl y af t e r f e e din g a lso wh e n a n i m a ls are i n a h e a t e d co n ditio n af t e r exe rtion Aft e r t h e a d m ini str atio n O f a c ath a rtic dos e an d u n til t h e p h ys io h a s c e a s e d to op e r at e cold w at e r s hould b e st u diousl y av oi d e d as it is li ke l y to in duc e sup erpurg a ti on or Sp a s m of th e i n te sti n e s E x ter n a lly w a t er is e x t en siv e l y e m plo y e d e ith e r hot i n t h e f or m of f o m e n t a tio n s o r cold a s a r ef rig e r a n t Th e e m plo y m e n t o f h o t o r cold app lic a tio n s is o f t e n a m att er o f choic e wi th th e pr a ctitio n er W e m us t how e v e r dr a w a tt e n tio n t o t h e b e n e fic i a l e ffe c ts o f co n ti n uo u s i rrigatio n i n s e ve r e c a s es brok e n k n e e s O pe n j oin ts (se e p -

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VE TERINA R Y TH

32 6

E

RA P E

UTI CS

— — ce n ev a 6 a n d Gi n H o ll s ( )

.

t o 50 p er c e n t o f alcoh o l an d ar e p r ep ared f ro m fe r m en t e d m a lt with a sm all qu an tit y o f j u n ip e r b err i e s Co n t ai n f ro m 40

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(7) C o n t ai n fr o m

P ort and

Made i r a Wines

1 4 to 1 8 p e r

c en t

.

of a

lc o hol

( 8) Ale s and P or te r Co n t ai n fr om 4 to 8 p e r c en t o f a lc o h o l p ared f ro m m a lt wit h h ops an d y e a st

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an d a r e

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p re

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,

(9 ) Meth y late d S p i rit A m i x tur e of 9 0 p arts o f r e ctifi e d spiri t with 1 0 p a rt s I t i s chi e fl y o f wood spirit o r i mpur e m e th y lic alcohol us e d for ph ar mac e utic al purpos e s T h e m e th y l at e d spirit f o r r e t a il u se h as th e a dditio n of 3 pi n ts o f p etr o l e um o il to 1 00 g allo n s of th e ab o v e .

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TH E

ACTI O N S O F AL CO H O L AN D IT S P RE P ARATI O N S .

(1)

I M M E D I AT E

L

O CAL

ACT I

ON

.

lco h ol is a pow erf ul r ef riger an t ; it withdr a ws h e at f ro m th e sur fac e b y its e v apor atio n l e ss e n s th e loc al cut an e ous circul a tio n b y vascul ar co n strictio n an d produc e s a s e n s atio n of cold If th e vapour b e co n fi n e d a n d allow e d t o a ct o n t h e tissu e s b en e a th o r if th e a ge n t be rubb e d in to th e p art it a cts as a s timu la n t an d r u bef aci en t b y p e n e tr ati n g t h e e pith e liu m an d ir ri t a tin g t h e n e r ve s an d ve ss e l s o f th e cut an e o u s struct u r e s th e r e s u lts b e i n g r e d ne ss h e a t a n d p ai n f ollow e d b y loc al an ae st h e si a It is a n ti sep tic an d disinf ec tan t wh e n E

x ter na lly

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32 7

A L COB OL

emplo y ed as a constituent of lotions for wound s and ulcers an d possesses the power of hardening the epi dermis It c a n be absorbed b y the unbroken skin I n tern a lly it ha s the propert y o f coagulating albu m i n an d co n stringing t o a small extent the mucous membranes o f the mouth if it be retained i n contact with them It stimulates the o w o f saliva and giv e s an increased relish for food I n the s tom a ch alcohol in a moderate dose produce s the following important effects (a ) It mixes with the con ten ts of the s toma ch an d i s partl y decomposed into aldeh y de a n d acetic acid It precipitates a portion o f the pepsin as w ell a s of the peptones and proteids ; thus t o a certain extent it

fl

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fl r e ta r ds

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di ges ti on

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fl

( b) It stimulates the gastric mucous m embrane dila t ,

ing the ve ssels and increasing the blood suppl y and the the appetite is sharpened , an d the o w of gastric j uice movem ents of the stomach become more energetic the total effect of a moderate do s e thus being t o fa vour -

,

,

fl

ga s tric diges ti on ( 0) Alcohol produces .

important effects of a r e ex nature from its action on the gastric walls T he heart i s stimulated and the general blood pressure raised the acti v e organs are filled with blood and their activ it y thu s increased the agent producing the characteristic e ffects o f a di a si ble s ti mu lan t .

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(2 ) AC TI O N O N T H E BL OO D O wing to its high di ffusion power alcohol passes readil y into the blood It enters either unchanged or as an aldeh y de and is distributed to the tissues and organ s T he precise action of alcohol o n the corpuscles of t h e blood is n ot y et accuratel y determined it is supposed to .

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Digiti

VE T E

32 8

RI N A R Y

TH E

RA P E

U TI CS

e ffect of bi ndi n g the oxyge n mor e fi r m ly to th e h aem oglo bin with the result that ox y genation of the tissues occurs less freel y and less extensivel y ha ve

t he

,

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.

( 3) S PE C I F I C A C TI ON O n the tissues and organs alcohol exerts several important actions which we shall refer to u nder the following headin gs — Given i n moderate quantit y a lco ol as a oo A h F d ( ) alcohol beco m es oxidi ze d in th e tissues carbonic acid and water being produced so that it resembles other car bo h ydrates bein g a source of energy and thus acting as a food Given i n large amounts it ma y pass out of the s ystem b y the lungs kidne y s etc before oxidation has had time to take place Alcohol does not become an integral part of the living cells ; it remains in the plasm a surrounding the cells where being oxidi z ed it supplies an amount of energy to the active elements ; thus it can temporaril y s u stain life when from some cause a suff i cient amount o f food cannot be taken or assimilated ( b) A lcoh ol as a N utriti v e Dep ressant — It has been demon strated b y experiments that alcohol i n terfer e s w i th the m e ta bo li sm or ox i da ti on of the tissue proteids o r formed protoplasm of the cells or i n other words it spares the wear a n d tear of th e tissues I n experiments m oderate doses o f alcohol were given to animals and th e following deductio n s were arrived at : Firstly less oxygen w a s a bsor be d ; this is supposed to depend on the power of interference which alcohol possesses over the ox ygenati n g function of the red cor S econdl y the temp er a tu r e fe ll and the albu p u s c le s minous tissues while not wasting tended to degenerate into fat so that the whole s y stem inclined to grow gross .

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Digiti

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VE TE

330

R IN A R Y

TH E RA PE UT " 8

' '

alcohol in ful l doses has the effect of disturbing motor functions rather than intellectual In large amounts the primar y stimulant eff ects quickl y give wa y to dep r essio n of all the ner v e centres finall y terminating in complete arrest of their f unction T he muscles become first ataxic and then paral y z ed so that the standing posture becomes di fficult or impossible ; the respirator y and circulator y centres may be depressed t o such an extent as to cause s tertorous breathing failure of the circulation and death T he eff ects of alcohol o n the ner ve centres are partl y due to — (a) D i la ta ti on of the bloodves se ls of the brai n a nd cor d ( b) partl y to a di r ect a cti on of the dr ug up on the ,

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n erve -ce lls

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On Re p iration — Alcohol

s acts partl y through it s () influence on the respirator y centre and par tl y through the respirator y muscles and the circulation T he respira tions are first accelerated then slowed and weakened death occurring b y asph y xia after excessiv e doses — A lco h ol as the result u o e eratur o t h e B d T m e y p (f) of the followi n g actions has the e ffect of loweri ng tem p era ture when administered in full doses ( 1 ) B y increasing the circulation through the dilated peripheral v essels (2 ) B y diminishi ng metabolism (3) By increasing perspiration Ver y large doses lower the temperature to a great extent b y causing ge n e r al vital depression v aso motor paresis a nd rapid refrigeration especi all y i n a low state of the external temperature M oderate do s e s of alcohol in a temperate atmosphere cause a sensation of warmth b y div erting the blood to the skin T oxic E ff ect s — I n excessive doses alcohol acts as a narcotic poison causing paralysis of the v ital nerv e centres T he higher centres are firs t affe cted causing a c

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b rief stage of excitement soon terminating in profou n d ,

narco s i s death re sul ting from para l y s is of either the respirator y or cardiac centres in the m e dulla or from both ( 4 ) RE M O TE L O CAL A C TI O N In m edicinal do ses alcohol is almost entirel y oxidi z ed i n the sy stem o nl y about 3 per cent passing o u t un changed the ma j or portion b y the lungs th e remainder b y the kidne y s and skin T his portion howev er inc l ude s etherea l an d other complex bo dies which are a ss ociated w ith alcohol in spirits and wines T he m aj or portio n o f the alcohol proper is excret ed a s carbonic acid and water D uring excretion i t act s as a diuretic an d fluid s such as beer and gin po s sess thi s action in a marked degree It has also a remote loca l action a s a di ap hor eti c ,

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M e dicinal Use s — It is well known that alcohol i s often

prescribed indiscriminatel y in the treatment of diseases o f the respirator y s y stem and much di fference of opinion exist s among authorities as t o its beneficia l effect s or otherwi s e In j udging of the v alu e o f stimulant s j u s t a s of fast rule c an b e laid n o hard a n d c o unter i r ritants down ; c linica l experience al one ca n direct the prac tition er when a l cohol is i ndicated and whe n its use c a n b e dispensed w ith T he s tate of the pulse and heart the general s trength of the patient his appetite and powers of assimilation s hould be the chief guides i n the emplo y ment of thi s agent W e are assured o f the full eff ects of alcoho l in our patient s whic h diff e r from human beings in whom habit a s regard s this drug has a v er y decided influence on its ,

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R IN A R Y

TH E RA P E UTI CS

actions B u t we must not forget that i n some instance s when alcohol is prescribed for animal s in a palatable form more of the agent finds its w ay into the s y stem of the attendant than into the patient and that this c an be effectuall y guarded against b y mixing some harmless drug with the alcoholic liquor W e shal l notice the uses of alcohol under the following heading s — a A s i m u l a n I n threatening death fro m cardiac a S t t ( ) failure as in cases of h aemorrhage shock etc alcohol i s especiall y indicated bein g usuall y available convenient and rapid in its action For su ch purpose either whisk y or brand y should be administered to horses a n d cattle in full doses v ar y ing fro m half a pint to a pint slightl y diluted with hot water and combined with a rapidl y acting diffus ible stimulant such as a preparation of ammo nia or sulph uric ether Fo r dogs from a quarter to hal f a wineglassful will be required according to the si z e of the animal ( b) In fever s an d a cu te di s eases characteri z ed b y ex h au sti on alcohol j udiciousl y emplo y ed is an agent o f great therapeutic value T h e indications i n s uch cases are to prev ent or m ake good the great waste of tissue to sustain the heart and nerv ous s y stem which threaten t o fail to reduce the abnormal temperatur e to aid digestion and to s uppl y a temporar y food T hese indications are Well summed up b y D r H C ’ W ood ( T herapeutics a n d M ateri a M edica ) as follows : Alcohol enables the s y stem to stand the drain upon its v ital powers and at the same time to check s uch drain ’ From o ur knowled ge o f the actions o f alcohol we see clearl y that it fulfils all these indications but we also inf er that it s indiscriminate use should b e carefull y av oided It should be understood that alcohol is b y no ,

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RIN A R Y

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oxidation of the drug in the s y stem From t w o to three glasses of whisky ever y three hours m ay be required and i n cases characteri zed by extreme debilit y and ex h austion the administration shoul d be continued at intervals during the night as much harm is often done by leaving a patient all night without stimulants or necessar y n ourishment when the demands of the s ystem require both T he amount of alcohol should b e steadily decreased as there are signs of improvement in the patient and during the period of convalescence we find it of advantage t o change the stimulant to one containing a smaller per centage of alcohol such as strong ale T his also acts as a valuable tonic and ma y be administered i n doses o f a pint twice dail y combined with either v egetable or mineral tonics In cani n e p ra cti ce we also fi n d alcoholic stimulants of great service In cases of di s temp er characteri z ed b y weakness loss o f appetite etc small doses of brand y sherr y or port are in dicated In cases of di ar r hoea dysen tery etc especiall y i n you n g dogs port wine is a valuable remedy possessing both stimulant and astringent properties (0) When a dep r essi ng a gen t exi s ts i n the sys tem such as certain poisons — fo r example aconite etc — alcohol is indicated as an arterial and nervous stimulant t o over come the effects of the depressing agent ( d) I n chroni c diseases attended b y great debilit y and want o f appetite alcohol in small regular doses is indi also in chronic disease of the heart when natural c at e d h ypertrophy fails and dilatation ensues (e) In some forms of a ton i c dysp ep si a with a tendenc y to flatulence alcohol is prescribed in different prepara tions ; it increases gastric secretion and also acts as a carminative a n d antispasmodic .

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e xci te ment with hi gh a rte ri a l ,

b r ai n

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sti mulan ts

t en si on such as

s h o uld be wi thheld

ph reni tis

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ti o n of alcohol is appl ied as a pop ular r emed y to brui ses and strains It is largely emplo y ed as a solve n t i n phar m a s y also in the pr e parat io n of tinctur es '

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336

CH

T II E RA P E UTI CS

APT E R VI I

.

CA RBON CO M P O U N D S — Con ti n u e d

TH E

GE N E RAL RE MARK S O N T H E AN ZE S T H E T I CS

.

ACT I O N O F

.

B EF

O RE proceeding to a description

of

the actions O f chloroform and ether on the diff ere n t portions o f the s y s tem it will be of advantage to giv e a brief notice to the condition of gen er a l a n aes thesi a T his i s a state characteriz ed b y loss of con s ciousness accompanied b y loss o f sensibilit y and of voluntar y m uscular action T he v apour Of various volatile substances when in haled has the power of producing general an aesthesia ; but in v eterinar y practice our knowle dge is confin ed to the use of two drugs possessing this action vi z ch loro E ther has been termed the s ister a n aes f orm an d et h er thetic to chloroform because it poss e sses so m an y action s in common with the latter ; w e shall find howe v er man y important points o f di stinction with reference to the actions and uses of each as regards the production o f an ae s thesia M an y theories have been advanced to expl ain the p r o duction of an aesthesia but th e onl y o n e compatible with o ur present knowledge is that which ascribes the eff ects to a direct action of the agents o n the central ner v ous s y stem and on the various organs and tissues concerned O n e agent however — namel y nit rous oxi de gas wh e n inhaled acts as a n an aesthetic b y p r oduci ng p a rti a l as well as b y a specific actio n apparentl y b y a sp hyx ia diminishing the amount o f ox ygen i n combinatio n with ,

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Tinctura Chlorof ormi

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TH E

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Morp h ines — Chlorod y ne

.

T his is prepared from di fferent formul ae and i s exten sive ly presc ribed as an a nodyn e a n tisp a smodic s eda ti ve and in tes tin a l a s tr in gen t T he followin g is a convenient formula T ake 4 drachms of h yd rochlorate of morphia 1 ounce o f h ydroc y anic acid 2 ounces of powder e d gu m acacia 2 % drachms of powdered capsicum 4 ounces O f rectified spirit 5 ounces of ether 1 5 ounces o f chloro form 1 drach m O f O il O f peppermint and 2 5 ounces of boiling water ; add s yrup or treacle su fficient to make 8 0 ounces D issolve the morphia in boiling water mix with the gu m acacia digest the capsicum in the rectified spirit and filter into a bottle mix the other ingredients and shake well for fifteen minutes D ose s — H orses a n d cattle 3s s t o git ; dogs nt v to Tl x according to requirements ,

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( 1 ) I MM E D I AT E L O C AL A C TI ON E x ter na lly if applied and allowe d to evaporate chloroform acts as a r efr iger a n t It also acts as a loca l a ne s th e ti c b y depressing the terminations of the se n sor y nerves of the part and thus reducing sensibilit y If the vapour be confined or the drug rubb ed into th e ski n it acts as an irritant and ma y cause vesication I n tern a lly if undilute d it acts as a severe ir ritant to the mouth and neighbourin g par ts In small doses properl y diluted it causes reflex sali v ation and possesses a ca r m in a tive effect o n the stomach and also acts a s an a n ti sp a s modic and a n odyn e .

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( 2 ) A C TI ON O N T HE BL OO D Chloroform enters the blood rapidl y from th e respira tor y organs when inhaled but m ay also reach it fro m the stomach and from the unbroken skin as well a s .

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I

subcuta n eousl y It mixes with the blood chiefl y un changed partl y in the form of various pro ducts but we are not aware of a n y definite actions which it exerts thereon although certain changes have been noticed to occur in blood drawn from the bod y to which chlorofo rm h as been added .

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( 3) SPE C I FI C A C TI ON T he most important action of ch loroform is exerted o n the cen tr a l n er vous sys tem resulting in the occurrence o f what we term the p hen omen a of a n aes thesi a T he se should be carefull y noted b y the student as on them depends the safe administration of the drug as an an ae sth etic W hen administered in the form O f vapour chloroform reaches the central nervous s y stem ver y rapidl y an d its e ffects thereon ma y be con v enie n tl y divided into three stages i r s t S tage — T his is characteri zed b y powerful a F ( ) s ti mu la ti on O f the cerebrum due t o a direct action o f the drug on the convolutions and probabl y t o a certain extent b y causing vascular disturbance T hi s stimulation is accompanied b y a cer tain amount o f disorder a n d excitement not howe v er equall y marked i n all horses I n som e temperaments loud neighi n g results with obstinate struggling ; i n others the stage o f excitemen t i s not well marked T he same phenomena occur i n the ca se o f dogs bu t as we sh all see further on this stage i n these animals O ften passe s imperceptibl y into that of an aesthesia Accompan y i n g the primar y stimulation or immediatel y afterwards the mu scu lar cen tr es are roused causing stil l greater struggling mo v em ents .

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34 0

TH E

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W e have to consider that in horses and dogs the cere brum is not developed to the same extent as in man consequentl y the exciting effects O f chloroform o n the higher centres are not so well marked As horses are cast and secured prior to administration it is clear that this process will tend to cause struggli n g independent of the action of the an aesthetic so that it i s difficult to j udge O f the exact amount of excessive m us c ular action which should be ascribed to the latter I n some horses we observe ver y little preliminary struggling but i n ever y instance the respirations be come accelerated due also i n part to th e animal being cast and secured After the stimulation of the cerebrum the m edu lla T he centres of circulati o n o blon ga ta is next affect e d and respiration are s timu la te d causing frequenc y of the pulse and respirations ; the blood pressure is raise d and there is commencing dilatation of the pupils O ther pheno m ena accompan yi n g this sta ge in the horse are the occurrence of a distinct j u gular pulsatio n and fr e quent movements of the j aw s also constant m ovements of the e yes the sclerotic coat being freel y exposed and the pupils dilated — T his is the stage o f a n x s thesi a b e c n d S t a e S o g ( ) that in which consciousness and sensibilit y are removed and muscular action lost T he period of time w h ich is required to bring about this con dition in h o r s r s varies greatl y in different individuals I t also depends on the method of administration and whether t h e vapour of the dr u g is properl y diluted with air or other W i se In th e former case the average time m a y be stat e d as from ten to fifteen minutes ; i n the latter a far shorter period will su i ce ,

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342

T he res ul t s of the H yderabad Commission on C h loro form certainl y indicate that death usuall y occurs from asph y xia S till there are man y instanc e s in dogs where during the administration for surgical purposes as well a s for experiment death occurs with such rapidit y as to lead to the conclusion that it depends on s y ncope It is highl y probable however that in such cases some cardiac affection was present and th e means o f restraint O ften adopted to overcome the primar y struggling is a potent factor ih hastening the fatal result In the horse however it is certain that except in the c ase O f advanced cardiac disease asph y xia is the cause of death as a result of the toxic e ffects of chloroform I have m ade numerous experiments on this anim al with chloroform and in ever y instance found that death was due to asph yxia slowl y induced and th at large amounts O f the drug were required to bri n g about this result a nd a considerable space O f time was in v ol v ed In o n e case of a ver y old pon y which was destro y ed b y the inhalation of chloroform twelve ounces of the drug were administered b y means O f the Carlisle inhaler which does not admit much air to enter and after a period of half an hour of administratio n the respirator y movements became very shallow and irregular A long inspiration would then occur followed b y an interval and a series O f quick sh allo w Inspirations and a short time prior to death convulsive movem ents of both forelegs were noticed A long interval elapsed between each shallow respirator y movement until respiration finall y ceased the pulse beating in a feeble and irregular manner for a short time afterwards In some instances I have observed the oc currence of oral breathin g wi t h great ster tor where excessive amounts of the drug had been ad m inistered .

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CH L OR OF OR M

34 3

It m ay safel y b e stated that the horse is capable O f resisting t o a remarkable extent the toxic e ffect s o f chloroform as compared with the dog an d with man S till thi s should n o t m ake u s l e s s carefu l during its administration a s dea t hs have occa s ionall y been r e corded during its emplo y m ent i n surgical operations a n d a l arming s y mptom s will sometime s manife s t them sel v e s T he dog i s v er y susceptible to the toxic e e ct s of ch l oroform s o th at great care i s necessary during its administratio n i n thi s animal and as a rul e ether i s t o b e preferre d for producing an aesthesia A n al y s i s of Ch lorof or m A n aest h esi a — As the result of knowledge gained b y experiments an d b y experience i n the administration of chlorofor m we are enabled to O btain a fair idea o f th e anal y sis of the phenomena of an aesthesia a s produced b y it As alread y stated the primar y effect s are due to the s ti mu la ting action of the drug o n the cerebral centre s the functions o f which are then depressed and finall y re mo v ed lo ss of c onsciousness bei n g the result T he lower cer ebr a l an d sp i n a l centres become affected l ater o n and as the spinal centres are n o longer controlled b y ove t h e cerebral we h ave the occurrence of irregular m ments of the limb s ; as t hese centres become i n turn depres s ed the muscles b ecome paral y z ed It i s e vident that the loss o f sensibilit y i n general an ae s thesia is due to a ce n tr a l and n ot a peripheral e ff ect as the peripheral nerves are the last to b e come affected In the third s tage the v ital centres in the medulla becom e s erio usl y depressed ; but this does n ot occ ur unti l the higher centres completel y l o s e t h eir func tion hence the s e l ection o f chloroform as on e of the agents .

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VETER INA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

for th e safe productio n of general an aesthesia (see section ’ on Consci ousn e ss p It is probable that the muscles are affected directl y as T he parturient well as through the nervous s y stem uterus contracts freel y in complete an ae sthesia but with a cer t ain loss of vigour a n d regularit y 0u the hea r t chloroform exerts a stead y po w erf ul depressing influe nce after primar y stimulation T he increase of pulse occurring in th e first stage is believed to b e partl y due to depression of the inhi bitor y centres A ccordin g to some authorities there is a p r ogr essi ve low er i ng of ar ter i a l p res s u r e from the commencem ent It has been demons trated b y experiments that there is a r edu cti on of temp er a tu r e duri n g an ae sthesia this prob abl y depends on the power o f the drug to check tissue metamorphosis and thus lessen the production o f animal heat in a similar manner to alcohol T h e dila ta ti on of the p up i l i n the first stage is probabl y due to stimulation O f the s y mpathetic and i n the second and third stages to paral y sis of the third ner v e o r its cerebral centre .

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(4 ) SPE C I F I C U SE S O F C HL O RO F O RM T hese ma y be considered under the following headin gs .

(a ) (b)

As

Gen er a l A n x s the ti c A s a n An ti sp a smodi c a

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(a ) As a gen er a l a n x s the ti c chloroform i s the agent adopted f or this purpose in horses T h e use O f an ae sthetics in veterinar y surger y is rapidl y o n the increase as pre judice and ignorance on the subject are bei n g overcome Various O bj ections have been raised fro m time t o time by those who hold that the e m plo yment of an ae sthe t ics i s not necessar y some asserting that there is danger of fatal .

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34 6

TH E

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UT I CS

Pa r tur i ti on —In certain cases and con ditions chloroform is emplo y ed the primar y stage of an aesthesia being O ften su fficient for the purpose required M et h o d of A dministrat ion an d P recaut i ons to b e oh serv e d i n Ch l or of or m A n ae st h esi a — From o u r knowledge of the ph ysiological action of chloroform we are enabled to emplo y the agent i n a safe and effectual manner Clearl y o ur O bj ect s h ould be to temporaril y remove consciousness and the per ception o f pain without inter fe r i n g mat e riall y with the vital func tio n s of the medulla T h e change from dep r essi on o f the vital centres to paral y si s O f the same is a gradual o n e i n the horse hence careful watchin g is necessar y during th e pro duction of an aesthesia to avoid co n t i nui n g t h e a dm in i s also to avoid large t r at io n longer than necessar y amounts of the drug an d to ensure a proper admixture of air E xperiments have proved that the horse is n o t ver y susceptible to the action of chloroform ; indeed the same remark holds good with reference to the action of all narcotics in this animal H o w ever this should not make us less careful durin g the admini s tration as inde pendent O f the ris k of a fatal result we have to consider the effects of a n overdose o n the s y stem j ust as we should when emplo y ing a n y n arcotic Chloroform m ay be administered to the horse b y different methods T hus i n the case of an emergenc y we make use o f a spon ge o n which the c h loroform is poured this being placed in a towel and fixed over the nostrils D ifferent forms of apparatus are emplo y ed for the administration O f chloroform their obj ect bei n g to avoid waste of the drug and to j ud ge accuratel y of the a m ount give n (3) I n

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34 7

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It

was a t on e tim e believed t h at in order to produce an ae sthesia in the horse in an e e ct u a l m anner it was necessar y to administer the chloroform in a concentrated form b y the use of an apparatus w hich admitted but li t tle air T his m etho d is still practised b y m an y in the presen t da y ; those w h o uphold it stating that the preliminar y stage o f excitement i s shortened and the quantit y of the drug require d is greatl y lessened while an aesthesia is more rapidl y induced We mus t admit the more rapid induction of an aesthesia b y this m ethod but feel convinced that it is at the ri sk o f safet y to the animal because a certain amount O f asph y xia is pro duced as the result of a n insu ffi cient suppl y O f air From o u r kno w ledge O f the ph ysiological actio n of chloroform we clearl y see that such a co n dition should be carefull y avoided and that a proper suppl y O f air S hould b e allowed throu ghout the whole period O f administration It is obvious that i n order to produce an aesthesia it is necessar y to have a certain amount O f chloroform vapour i n the blood circulating through the central nervous s y stem and it is n o w conclusivel y proved th at such a condition can be induced i n h orses b y a proper dilution o f t h e chloroform vapour with air j ust as i n the case O f dogs a n d human beings T he m ost reliable a n d the safest apparatus for thi s purpose i s m ade b y M essrs Kr o h n e and S e s em an n D uke It i s made on S treet M anchester S quare L ondon the sa m e plan as the chloroform inhalers for human beings which have been in v ented b y this firm the prin con sisting in diluting the chloroform v apou r by cip le means o f passing a current of air through a graduated bottle containing the drug the diluted v apour then passing thro ugh a r ubber tube to the face portion ,

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TH E RA P E UTI CS

Fo r dogs

an apparatus similar to that emplo y ed for hum an beings ans wers ver y satisfactoril y the face piece being changed for a muz zle made either of leather or can v as with air ho l es beneath T h e air i s passed through the chloroform b y m eans o f a han d b ellows of india rubber with tubing to connect with the muz zle and b y m eans o f a stop cock also b y working the bellows slowl y we ca n regulate the amount of th e v apour inh aled For horses a far more powerful apparatus is necessar y consisting of a foot bellows a large graduated bottle to hold the chloroform a rubber tube connectin g these and another tube connecting w ith the mu z zle T he muz zle is v er y capacious and o n its lower surface the rubber tube enters ; o n this surface also the air regulator i s i nserted B y this method we c an j u d ge accuratel y of the amount of the drug admi ni stered and ensure a proper dilution with air beside s av oiding an y waste During the course of an O peration it i s not necessar y to remove th e mu zz le as plent y of air is allowed an d the administration can be continued when required b y simpl y working the bellows an d c an be immediatel y discontinued when requisite T his i s far di ff erent fro m the other method i n which when the an aesthesia has t o be continued the chloroform is poured on the sponge and the pure v apour inhaled the contro l of the latter being ver y inadequate It is necessar y t o cast the horse prior to administra tion although some authorities state to the contrar y H o w ever as we cannot j udge of t h e exci t ing eff ect of the drug o n some temperaments it is far s afer to adopt the former co ur s e T he proper amount o f chlorofor m being in the gra ’ duat e d bo ttle the muz z le is fi xed to the horse s head -

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VET E R INA R Y

35 0

RA P E

TH E

UT I CS

f chlor ofor m necessar y also varies in di ff erent animals the avera ge being from o n e ounce to two ounces I n short O perations it is not necessar y to induce full an ae sthesia indeed such a condition i s b e st avoided as i t is of advantage to have the anim al return to consciousness as quickl y as possible B u t in severe O perations it is necessar y to have a proper stage o f an aesthesia and we usuall y find that i n operations on the feet full an aesthesia is required T he r e cogn i ti on of the con di tion of an aes thesi a is a matter of great importance It is best determined b y catching hold of the limbs O f the anim al or striki n g it o n the quarters If the muscular tone is lost and the muscles are relaxed and there are no moveme n ts excited by the above procedure we m a y conclude that a proper stage o f an aesthesia is induced For the Operation of castration we can al w a y s decide b y grasping the testicles which under a n ms th e s i a have lost the power of r e tr ac tio n and are flaccid to the touch In this O peration we O ften find that an involuntar y struggle m ay occur when t h e non vascular por tion of the spermatic cord is bei n g divided this however does not call for a further suppl y o f the drug D uring long and severe O perations it i s alwa y s u s ees sar y to keep up the proper stage O f an ms t h e sia and this is accomplished by working the bellows for the required time when there are an y signs o f returning conscious Abo v e all thi n gs it is necessar y to avoid the ness administration o f an excessive amount at an y tim e T he respirator y movements should be carefully watched especiall y if intermittent is a an d sh allow breathing condition o f gravit y demanding immediate attention S tertorous breathing is also a si gn of danger especiall y if it be oral O n the appearance of these s y mptom s the T he

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CH L OR OF O R M

35 1

to n gu e should at once b e drawn forw ard and plent y O f f r esh air allowe d S hould the respirator y movements becom e S hallow an d intermittent artificial respiration s ho u ld b e immediatel y resorted to also moderate a ge l latio n with w et towels and cold affusions to the head T he administration O f sti m ulant drenches is dangerous as the y are apt to enter th e trachea an d cause greater interference with respiratio n T he h y podermic i n j ection O f ether has been recomm ended a n d we have often found this O f b enefit but w e m us t r ega r d a r tifi ci a l ,

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r esp i r a ti on a s

r esu sci ta ti on

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W e frequentl y observe after long operations that a ,

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second period of an ae sthesia occurs even some time after the admini stratio n O f the drug has been discontinued and when we are anxiousl y watching for a return to con sciousness T he respirations m a y become shallo w a n d intermittent to a n alarming extent with stertor and oral breathing ; we can o n l y account for this b y sup posing that there is a n excessive amount O f the drug circulati n g i n the blood and still exerting its action on the nerve centres I n such a con dition it m a y be n e ce s sar y t o perform ar tificial respiration and to adopt ever y m ean s to assist respiration to return to the normal H ere we m a y remark that o u r e ff orts at r e suscitation s h ould not be relaxed even though a case m a y seem hopeless as it is surprising to O bserve the e ff ects of energe tic e fforts in this direction where we would imagine that respiration had almost ceased T he p erio d O f the return t o consciousness v arie s according to the individual animal and to the a m ount the drug which has been inhaled In favourable of c a ses the a v erage time is fifteen minutes before which it i s ne v er safe to remove the hobbles as the animal m a y attempt to rise a n d being in a semi unconscious ,

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VE T E RI N A R Y TH E

35 2

RA P E

UTI CS

M an y cases S how state is liable to i n j ure itself a tendenc y to sleep for a long period b efore a n attempt is made to rise and it is probable that after severe opera tions if i t were practicable to allow the patients to sleep without bein g disturbed much good would result T he animal should never be forced to rise before it regains consciousness as it is liable to fall again and cause itself inj ur y N o solid food should be given for two hours after the O peration as some practi t ioners have O bserved that ’ there is a danger O f choking after a prolo n ged period of an aesthesia Fluid foods should be allowed an d if n e ce s sar y af t er a severe O peration a di ffusible stimulan t should b e administ e red T he after e ffects of the drug m ay be noticed i n some cases but except after a long period of an ae sthesia we have not O bserved an y interference with appetite or digestion in the horse It is important to note that an ae sthesi a is more rapidl y induced when the stomach is as empt y as possible hence no solid food should be allowed for t w elve hours previous to administra t ion the be st time for O peration being earl y in the morning S ome practitioners recommend the h y podermic i n je c tion of morphine and atropine fifteen minutes prior to the admini stration of chloroform statin g that it dimin ishes preliminar y excitement and intensifies the an ae s t h e s i a ; having never tried this we cannot speak O f its advantages or otherwise Chloroform ma y be administered to cattle with S imilar precautions as in horses Dogs are ver y susceptible to the action of chloroform and great care is necessar y during administration T he safest apparatus is that made b y M essrs Kr o h n e and S e s e m an n alread y referred to and plent y of time should .

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VE T E R I IVA R Y

35 4

E th e r — E

T HER

TH ER A PEUTICS

S U L P HU RI C E

,

T HER

.

Pr ep ar ed b y distillin g rectified S pirit and sulphuric acid agitating with sl a ked lime and chloride o f calc 1 u m in water and redisti lling cattle gii D oses — As a stimulant H orses 3i to 3ii to 3iii ; dogs Inxx to 3i —administered properl y di lut e d and repeat e d when necessar y W here immediate results are r equir d as in c a ses O f collapse it is administered h y podermicall y ,

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(l ) E

I MME D IAT E L O CA L A C TI ON

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ether applied to the s ki n and allowed to evaporate acts as a powerful refr iger a n t and loca l e u x s the tic b y its rapid evaporation and consequent ab s trae tion o f heat also b y depressing the nerves of the part Applied in the form o f a spra y the part becomes fro z en and sensation i s annulled If the vapour be confined a ru befa ci en t or o r the ether be rubbed into the skin ves i can t e ff ect is produced I n tern a lly ether causes local irritation in the mouth and reflex salivation I n th e stomach it acts as a s ti mu la n t to the b lo o d ve s s e ls nerves and muscular coat and also acts in a reflex manner from the gastric mucou s m embrane on the heart and respirator y o rgans as a powerful sys temi c s ti mu la n t O n the intestines it pro duces a n tisp as modi c e ffects B y whatever method ad m inistered its O dour c a n be quickl y de te c te d i n the ’ patient s breath x ter na lly

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( 2 ) AC TI ON ON

T HE BL O O D

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E

the r is ver y rapidl y absorbed into th e bloo d either when inhaled o r when given b y the mouth W e are n o t aware of an y action which i t possesses on the blood ,

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E TH E R

355

( 3) SP E C I F I C A C TI O N T he s pecific action O f ether resemble s that of chloro form t o a certain extent with however important point s of di e r e n ce B oth d rugs act first o n the central nervous s y stem a s stimulants then as depre s sant s T he i m port ant distinctions are : (a ) E ther depresses the heart the v e ss els an d the re s pirator y centre far less than chloroform ( b) W ith ether the sta e o f stimulation is more pr o tracted excitement is more marked and struggling more v iolent ; the stage of a n ae sthesia is shorter and le ss p ro fo u nd and there is a quicker return t o consciousness (c) I n order to produce an aesthesia with ether it m us t b e administered nearl y pure about 70 per cent of the v apour being required i n the air inhaled T he more concentrated the v apour the more rapidl y will an aes the s ia b e produced E ther cause s a profuse secretion o f rop y mucu s fro m the mo uth and excites the respirator y mucous membrane ; it m a y e v en induce catarrh T he respirator y mo v ements are great l y accelerated and according to some authori tie s there is no material diminution o f arteria l pressure during ether narcosi s until m anifest failure O f re s piration h as taken place T he experiments O f S an som hav e demon s trated that th e v essels of the foot o f the frog c an be seen to contract during the inhalation o f ether and this authorit y s tate s that thi s contraction o f the vessels is v e r y permanent and doe s n o t y ield t o passive di latation until a fata l stage e s the s ia ha s been produced o f an a W e thu s obser v e that of the t w o agents ether i s b y far the s afe s t a s a general an aesthetic ; but as regard s it s use f or thi s purpo s e i n hor s es there are great d raw b ack s which we s hall presen tl y notice .

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VE TER I NA I?Y

35 6

TH ERA P E

(4 ) S P E C I F I C US E S

UT I CS

ET HE R

OF

.

T hese ma y be arran ged as follow s

(a) ( b) ( c)

a General A n aest h et i c A s a Local A n aest h et i c A s a Difi usible S timu lan t

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(a ) Asa genera l a n aes the ti c ether i s n ot often emplo y ed in horse s in con s equence of the excessive amount of struggling induced i n the primar y stages i n man y indi viduals and also because of the large quantit y of the agent requisite to produce an aesthesia and the short duration of the l atter In th e Veter ina ri a n of 1 8 4 7 there are recorded some interesting experiments made b y Messr s Cherr y H e n de r s on an d Ma y hew of the action of ether on horse s and other animals T he drug wa s administered b y means of different forms o f inhalers with the ani m als i n the standing po s ition and from six to eight ounces were required to produce an aesthesia ; i n man y cases ver y vi olent exciting eff ects were induced i n the pri mar y stages the re s ults at the time n ot b eing considere d satisfactor y I hav e onl y emplo y ed the dru g once the subj ect being an aged gelding ; ten ounces was the amount required to produce an msth esia and a period of fifteen minutes the v apour being administered i n a concentrated form T here was intense preli m inar y excitement with laboured respir a tor y movements ; but the period of an aesthesia was of short dur ation In the dog it i s generall y admitted that ether is a far safer an aesthetic than chloroform although it produces far more preliminar y excitement A period of time from five t o ten minute s i s usuall y required the amount O f the ,

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VETE RINA R Y

358

TH E R A P E UT I CS

APT E R VIII

CH

.

CARB ON CO MP O U N D S — Con ti n u e d

TH E

.

Ch lor al

H y dr a s — H

O F C H L O R AL

Y D R AT E

.

Pr ep a r ed b y adding water to chloral Chloral is m ade by saturating anh y drous alcohol with c h lorine gas and purify ing I n comp a tible s — All alkalies which deco m pose it D oses — H orses and cattle 3i to 3ii dogs grs v to grs xx rep eated ever y two or three hours as required and administered in mucilage o r s yrup to av oid its irri tating e e c ts .

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(1 ) I MM E D IAT E L O CAL A C TI ON E x ter n a lly in weak solution chloral h y drate is a n ti s ep ti c experiments demonstrating that i t has the power of destro ying micro organisms In concentrated solution it acts as a top ica l i r r i tan t I n ter n a lly i n concentrated form it acts as an irritant to the mouth and stomach It h as no speciall y sedative e ffect o n the stomach o r intestines like O pium .

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( 2 ) A C TI ON I N T HE BL OO D Chloral quickl y enters the blood and its composition is not altered therein such as was at on e time belie v ed W e are n o t aware o f an y appreciable changes in the blood as the result of the agent .

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SPE C I F I C

A

C TI O N

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T he chief action of chloral is o n the n er vous sys te m rese mbling that of chloroform I n moderate doses af t er a brief period of excitement which is seldom noticed in ,

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11 YD R A T E

R

0F CH L O A L

35 9

the horse it acts as a powerful hyp n oti c cau sing sleep b y a direct action o n the nervous structure o f the brain a n d also according t o some authorities b y i n fluencing the cerebral circulation producing a condition of an aemia o f the organ I n la r ge doses it depresses the lower nerve centres diminishing reflex excitabilit y a n d causing relaxation of the muscles I t depresses the three gre at m edullar y centres — viz the respirator y the cardiac and the vaso motor — the results bei n g slow irregular and shallow respiration weake ni ng o f the action of the heart a n d general dilatation o f the bloo dve s s e ls O n the hea r t it first accelerates and th en slows the action both b y a direct action on the intrinsic ner v ous gangli a as well as b y its e ffect o n the cardiac centre I n toxi c doses chloral is an intrinsic cardiac poison diminishin g the irritabilit y of th e cardiac ganglia and finall y arresting the heart in ventricular diastole According t o L iebreich str y chnine is a n antidote to chloral O n the bloo dvesse ls it acts through the vaso motor centre causing dilatation o f the vessels and a lowering pressure the latter effect being also due t o o f t h e blood — peripheral paral y sis o f the walls of the v essels and weakened cardiac action On m e ta bo li sm its exact eff ects are n o t clearl y known It redu ces temp era tur e chiefl y b y increased loss o f heat through dilatation o f the cutaneou s v essels a n d i n a lesser degree probabl y b y diminishing heat formation I n large doses it acts as a n a nae s the ti c and is emplo y ed fo r this purpose b y Continental practitioner s ,

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VETERINA R Y TH ERA PE UTICS

360

( 4) RE M O T E L O C AL A C TI O N Chloral i s excreted b y the kidne y s partl y unchang ed but chiefl y i n the for m o f ur ochlo r al acid causing a slight amount O f diuresis It is probable that portion of the drug escapes b y the skin also Me dicinal Use s — As a hyp n oti c it is rapid i n its action and is prescribed to quiet irritabilit y and cause s leep i n cases characteriz ed b y the presence of pain As its action is chiefl y on the central nervous s y stem chlora l onl y gi ves temporar y relief i n cases o f pain depending on certain abdominal affections for if sleep be induced b y a powerful dose the patient wakes to suffering as before It is thus inferior to other drugs such as morphine an d Indian hemp as an anodyne ; but when combined with morphine it produces beneficial effects b y o v ercoming the exciting action which this drug often exer ts on hor s es an d the co m bination is ver y v aluable In tetanus chloral has been e m plo y ed with a v ar y ing degree O f success like m an y other medicinal agent s I n chor ea and ep ilep sy in dogs it is prescribed i n com binatio n with the bromide o f potassium It h as also proved su ccessful i n cases of equine .

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hys ter ia

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It i s stated b y some authori t ies that when chloral is dissol v ed i n a large amount of water it produce s more sati s factor y results As an an tido te to s trychn i n e it h a s pro v ed of gr eat v alue b y antagoni zing the severe convulsion s produced b y this poi s on Chloral is also antagonistic to ph yso .

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st igmi ne

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In p ar tur i en t ap op lexy or mi lk fever in cow s chloral ha s been much emplo y ed o f late years and ha s giv e n v er y s ati s factor y re s ults M r M cConn ell ,

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VETER INA R Y TH ER A PE UTICS

362

YD RATE O F C R O T ON C HL O RAL

Buty l Chlor al H y dr a s — H

B UT Y L

C H L O RAL

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Pr ep a r ed from dr y chlorine and ace tic aldeh yd e ; resem bles i n its actions chloral h y drate bu t is less powerful as a h y pnotic and less depressant t o t h e h eart It has a special power of paral y zing the trigeminus or fifth nerve a n d the parts supplied b y it but we are not aware o f its emplo y ment in veterinar y practice ,

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Ch lor alami d

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A

compound of chloral anh ydride and formamide ; also acts as a h y pno tic I t is said to be less e e c tu al than chloral h y drate and to produce less cardiac depression '

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P araldeh y d um— P A RAL D E H Y DE

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A

pol y meric modification O f aldeh y de ; is a pure hyp n o ti c like chloral but is belie v ed to cause less depression o f the heart Its action is uncertain i n animals an d the results of experi ments do n o t j ustify i t s emplo y ment i n therapeutics ,

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S

ulp h on al

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complex solid of the m ethane serie s ; acts as a hyp n o ti c i n dogs ; but this e ff ect is n o t observed in horses or cattle A

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Amy l Nitr iS —

NIT RIT E

0F

AM Y L

.

Prep a re d b y distilling nitric acid with am y lic alcoh ol sulphuric acid an d copper purifying with caustic soda an d carbonate of potassium D oses — H orses "Lxx to a x x given h ypodermicall y or dissolved in rectified spir i t ; dogs "Li i to TT LV as a n in h alation "Les to "Lii intern all y ,

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N I T RI T E

0F A rll YL

36 3

( 1 ) I MM E D I AT E L O C AL A C T I ON If applied di r ectl y to peripheral nerves it depr esses paral y zes th em .

or

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(2 )

ACT I

ON ON

TH E

B

L O OD

.

Whe n ad ministered b y inhalation the vapour o f the drug instantl y enters the circulation through t he lungs it convert s a ce r tain a m ount o f h ae m oglobin into m e t h ae m oglobin changes both arterial and venous blood t o a chocolate colou r a nd thus lessens the ozonizing propert y o f the blood and t h e o xidation o f the tissue s ,

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(3)

S P E CIFI C A C T I

ON

.

Th e

specific action of nitrite of am y l i s chiefl y on the ci r cu la tory sys tem the other organs being secondaril y I t a cce lera tes the heart involv e d with but little increase of its force prob abl y b y depression of the c ardiac centre or of the vagu s , it di la tes the peri pheral ve ssels ei ther b y relaxation o f their m uscular coat or influencing the vaso m otor nerve s or vaso m otor centre T h e re sult is that the blo od p ressur e fa lls i n a m arked degree s o that the lef t ventricle h as less work to acco m plish an d i s thus relieved It reduces the reflex t abi li ty o f the spinal cord prob abl y b y dep r essi ng the m o tor tr ac ts but has n o e ff ect on the sensor y tracts and does not produce unconsciousness It or centres low ers the bod y te mperature b y checking o xidation I n toxi c doses it ca u ses labour e d r espiration m uscular w e akness un stead y gait dilatation of the pupils loss of reflex irritabilit y i n so m e cases convulsions and finall y E xperi m e nts prove that the death fro m asph y x ia drug causes an increased am ount of urine contai ning sugar ,

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VE TE RIN A R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

36 4

M edi cinal U se s — Ih

affectio n rarel y m e t with in veterinar y practice the nitrite o f a m y l is a ver y valuable agent a n d m ay be ad m inistered as an inhalation o n cotton wool or h y poder m icall y I n te ta n u s it h as been e m plo y ed i n so m e cases with success ad m inistered h y poderm icall y twice dail y i n graduall y increasing doses co mm encing at "Lxxx (vi de Ve ter i n ar y Journ a l M arch As a n an ti do te to poisoning b y str ychnine its value has been proved experi m entall y b y D r Richardson I t has a l so been e m plo y ed w ith a certain a m ount of success as an antidote to carbolic acid poisoning I n case s o f threatening death during chloro for m an ae sthesia in dogs we have seen good results f ro m the inhalation o f a m y l nitrite a ngina

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S o di um Nit r it e

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si m ilar actions o n the blood the heart and the vessels t o a m yl n itrite but its depressan t action o n the centr al nervous s y ste m is m ore m arked T h e eff ects are n o t so rap idl y produced but persi s t longer P ossesses

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Nitr ogly ce r i n um— N

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IT R O GL YC ERI N E

T R I N I T RI N A

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rese m bles in its actions a m yl nitrite it i s m ore powerful and its e ffects are less rapidly produced , but are m ore persistent Closel y ,

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S p i ri t us [E th er is Ni tr os i— S P

I RIT

OF

N I T R O US E

T H E R,

O F N I T RE A spirituous solution contai ning nitrous co m pounds aldeh y de and other substances P r ep a re d by disti lling a m ixture of rectified spirit nitric ac i d sulphuric acid and copper a n d dissolving the distillate in spirit D ose s — H orses 3i to 3iii cattle 3ii to giv sheep dogs 5 33 to 5 i T hese d oses m a y be varied 5 ii to giv S WE

E T

S P I RIT

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VE T E R IN A R Y

36 6

T H E R A P E U T I CS

A c id um H y d roc ya n i c um Dilut um— D I L U T E H YD R O CYA N I C ACI D , P R U S S I C AC I D ~

.

H y droc yanic ac i d (H O N ) dissolved in w ater , and con st it u ti ng 2 per cent b y we i ght o f the so ution P r ep a r e d b y distill ing aqueous solutions O f f erro c yanide o f potass i u m an d sulp huric acid , and diluting

l

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the product S c hee le

acid

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w i th w ater a ci d

to the definite strength contains 4 per cent of the anh y drous .

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D oses — O f the R P acid horses and cattle , ULx x to — T l “ L dogs ii to u repeated three o r f our tim es 3 ; , L L d a i y accord i ng to the require m ents o f the case ; O f ’ S che e le s a ci d hal f these doses are prescribed .

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( 1 ) I MM E D IAT E L O CA L A CT I ON E x ter n a lly applied to m ucous o r skin surf aces it di m i nishes or destro ys sensation b y depressing the I t i s readil y absorbed f ro m abrad e d sensor y nerves sur f aces I n ter na lly in m edicinal doses it acts as a s eda tive to the nerves of the sto m ach .

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( 2 ) ACT I ON ON T H E B L OO D H y droc y anic ac i d enters the blood rapidl y fro m all parts of the bod y but esp eciall y fro m the lungs I n m ed i ci nal doses w e are not a w are o f an y s ecial p e ffects o n the vital fluid wh i le i n large a m ounts authorities d i ffer as to the prec i se action of the drug thereon E xperi m ents have de m onstrated that it converts the blood o f the ve ins first into a bright ar teri al colour and then into a deep black the resu l ts being a n arrest of the ox ygenating f unction o f the corpuscles a nd finall y destruction of the m .

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H YD It O C’ YA N 1 0 A CI D

D IL UT E

36 7

ON H y droc y anic acid enters the tissues rapidl y and acts as a di r ec t dep r essa n t o n t h e central nervous s y ste m I t acts first and chiefl y o n the r esp i r a to ry cen tr e which i s briefl y e x cite d and the n depressed resulting in weak irregular respirations dyS p n ma convulsions an d finall y I t also depresses the afferent death b y asph y x ia branches O f the respirator y nerves and arrests r efle x respir ator y actions T he vase mo to r an d ca r di a c centres are first t e mp or arily sti m ulated and then depressed resulting i n a fall o f blo od p re ss ur e and weaken ed action o f the heart the nervo— m uscular structures o f th e latter b eing depressed at the sam e ti m e T h e convolu ti on s are depressed and the sp i n a l co rd is lowe re d i n activit y ; the mo tor nerves and muscles are also depressed while the peripheral sensor y nerves are but slightl y afi e c te d H y droc y anic acid is o n e of the quickes t and m ost fatal poisons with which we are acquainted If given in a la rge dose to the dog it m ay kill al m ost instantaneousl y b y both cardiac and respirator y arrest U suall y asph y xia is readil y produced the hear t con tin n i n g t o b eat in a n irr egular m anner f or seve r al minutes after respiration has ceased T h e drug being ver y difi us ible and volatile is quickl y absorbed and cause s the ani m al t o gasp once or t w ice a n d fall i n conv ulsions giving a f e w suppressed cries asph yx ia b eing rapi dl y produced In s m aller a m ounts death occurs less quickl y stagger ing m ove m ents b eing first induced with irregular followed b y convulsions depending o n r espi r ation s paral y sis o f the cerebro spinal a xis and ter minating i n par alysis of the cardiac or respi ra t o r y c e nt res ( 3)

S P E CIFI C A C T I

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S VE TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U TI C’

368

orses are less rapid l y affected by toxic doses and i n so m e ex p eri m ents large a m ounts were ad m inistered without causing death T h e m edicinal acid in consequence of i ts volatilit y is apt to lose its strength and thi s will probabl y account fo r the large a m ounts tolera ted i n so m e instances A nt idotes — H y droc y anic acid is usuall y s o rapidl y f atal that antidotes are o f little avail Artificial respi ration should be i mm ediatel y resorted t o a n d i nhalations o f am m onia w ith alternate aff usions of cold and w ar m water to t h e head and neck persevered in Th e h y po der m ic inj ection of atropine is reco m m ended in order t o sti m ulate the respirator y and cardiac centres Th e chem ica l an ti do te consists of a m i xture o f a ferrous and ferric salt ad m in i stered with m agnesia or carbonate this form s the insoluble P russian blue i n o f potassiu m co m bining with the poison but is seldo m of value in consequence o f the rap idit y O f absorption of the latter M e di ci na l U se s — (a ) T o alla y irritation o f the gastric nerves to relieve gastric pain and arrest vo m iting the dilute h y droc y anic acid is ver y use f ul i n cases O f ga s tr i tis p a i nfu l dysp ep si a and reflex o r other nervous disorders O f the sto m ach occurring in canine practice I t is pre scribed i n s m all doses repeated at intervals in co m bina tion with bis m uth and o ften succeeds in relieving obst i nate vo m iting w hen other agents have f ai led ( 6 ) In cases of irri table chronic cough both i n horses and dogs it is occasionall y prescribed with benefit ( 0) In te ta nu s it has been e m plo yed in doses of o n e drach m given three ti m es a da y with f our drach m s of brom ide of potassiu m given i n the patient ’s drinking water ; but its beneficial effects in this disease are n ot superior to those of the m an y other m edi cinal agent s reco mm ended from ti m e to tim e H

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VE TE RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

370

P rep a ra tion s

.

( 1 ) A c idum Carb oli cum Li que f act um Carbolic acid liquefied b y the addition o f 1 0 per cent of water y to sheep D oses — H orses and cattle 5 i to 5 i ss lTLx dogs “Li to lTLiv I t should be ad m ini stered properl y diluted so as to avo i d local irritation and the addi tion O f gl y cerine i s usef ul i n this respect — ci ar o l i c i l t o 4 b y m easure 2 b di C Gl c r i n u m A e y ( ) — 1 of sof t and l ue tu ci i ar o l i c i to 8 b 3 m d C U n n A g ) ( h ard paraffin .

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Z

NC P r ep ar ed b y heating a m ixture o f carbolic and sulphuric acids saturating th e product w ith o xide of zinc e vap o rating and cr y stallizing Z i n c i S ulp h ocar b olas

;

S ULP H

O CARB O L AT E

OF

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S odi i S ulph ocar b olas — S U L PH O C ARB OLAT E

ACTION S O F CARB O LI C ACID

0F

S O DA

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O C AL ACT I ON E x tern a lly — Applied in a su fficientl y concentrated for m carbolic acid acts as a local i rr i tan t to the skin or m ucous surfaces ; it causes loca l a nesthesi a of the part coagulates album in and fina ll y h as a ca us ti c e ff ect with the form ation of a hard white eschar afterwards be co m ing brown T hi s agent possesses i m portant influences on fe r m e n t a tion an d deco m pos i ti on apart fro m its action o n ani m al tissues S olutions o f carbolic ac id deprive m ost of the Orga n i zed fer men ts of their character i sti c powers T hese fer m ents are represented b y y easts m ou l ds and bacteria O n c hemi ca l fer men ts ( en z y m es ) i t does n o t act so read i l y I ts effect on the sp or es O f vegetable organis m s is f a r less energetic than that o f other agents such as corrosive sublim ate a 5 per cent so l uti on o f c arbolic acid bei ng

(1)

IMME D IAT E

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’ A R B L I C O C A CI D

371

equired t o destro y them while 1 part in o f the m ercur y salt will su ffice for this purpose O n f ull y d eveloped microzym es however carbolic acid acts energeticall y as 1 per cent aqueous solution d estro y s the anthrax b acillus and 1 part in is su ffi cient to prevent its grow th We thus ter m the drug against an” a fer m ent ) a n a n ti zymo ti c I t is also an a n ti sep ti c both as r egards its action in septic diseases as well as on wounds It destro ys the p rodu c ts of decomp osi tio n which are usuall y infective and is thus a di si nfecta n t an d a n d o f a foul odour r

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deodor a n t

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exact m ethod b y which carbolic acid exerts its e ff ects o n ferm entative processes and organis m s is n o t y et f ull y understood but w e are aware of the b eneficial results o f the agent as an anti septic an d disinfectant I n ter n a lly — Inhaled in the for m of vapour it is s ti mu la n t and di si nfec ta n t to the nasal passages throat and lungs In m oderate dos e s it arrests e xcessive fer m e n t a ti ve changes in the g astric contents an d in large am ounts acts ou the sto m ach and intestines as a powerful Th e

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i rr i ta n t p oison

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( 2 ) ACT I ON O N T H E B L OO D Carbolic acid i s ra p id1y absorbed fro m the unbroken skin m ucous surfaces woun ds subcutaneous tissues respirator y passages an d sto m ach It can be found for a considerable ti m e i h the blood unc h anged but steadi l y disappears b y conversion into co m pounds probabl y c o m bining with the sulphates f or m ing sulph oph en at e s and is P ortion of it is lost i n the eli m inated i n the urine s y stem being probabl y converted into o xalate s an d car bo na te s and according to so m e autho rities a certai n a m ount undergo es o xidation .

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VE

372

TE RINA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

( 3) S P E CIFIC A CT I ON I n large doses carbolic acid acts as an i r r i ta n t poi son besides producing special e ffects in the n e rvous s y ste m enteriti s and vo m iti ng in dogs I t causes salivation gastro — 0 n the N ervous S ys te m — I t first s ti mu la tes and sub sequentl y p ara lyzes the m edu lla a n d sp i na l cor d but produces these effects in a less m arked degree on the cerebru m Convulsions m ay occ ur depending according to s o m e authorities on the action O f the poison on the spinal cord while others ascribe the m to an e ff ect o n the central basal ganglia T h e voluntar y m uscles an d sensor y nerves are n o t seri ousl y i mplicated ou the Ci rcu la ti on — It acts as a ca r di ac dep r es sa n t a fter pri m ar y sti m ulation T h e blood pressure rises at first and then falls 0u Resp ir a tio n — T h e respiration s are increased i n frequenc y in the pri m ar y stages afterwards beco m i n g shal low and gaspi n g T h e temp era ture fa l ls slightl y after m edicinal doses but m ay rise i n cases o f ab sorption of excessive am ounts from surgical dressi n gs D eath generall y occurs f ro m asph y xia co m bined w ith col l apse All ani m als are susceptib l e to the actions of this drug when incautiousl y em plo y ed as a surgical dressi ng over large surfaces but dogs are especiall y so T h e s y m pto m s i n such cases are dulness tre m bling loss of appetite a peculiar olive green brown o r gra y discoloration of the urine while e x cessive absorption m ay occasion fatal col l ap se P rinciples a n d P ractices O f P rofessor Willia m s ’ Veterinar y S urger y ) records cases where a so l uti on o f .

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374

fl

T E R INA R Y T H E RA P E C TI C’ S

VE

'

in cases o f p y ae m ia sept i c ae m ia pul m onar y gangrene etc I ts po isonous nature ho w ever m ust not be l o st sight o f and other antiseptics are pre f erred b y m an y p ract i t i oners In a tu len t co li c in the horse and obst i nate cases O f t y m paniti s in cattle it acts beneficia l l y being directl y introduced into the colon O i the horse and the ru m en ’ O f the c o w b y m eans o f T oop e s trocar and cannula in doses of 1 to 2 drach m s co m bined with 2 to 4 ounces of gl y cerine an d a pint o f tepid water As a n i n ter tr a chea l i njec tion i t is prescribed in cases o f parasi tic bronchitis in calves co m bined with tr op ii or chloro for m as f ollows : Ac carboli c mx x tr O p ii o l oliv ae 3ii ; o r 5 ss o f chloro f or m m a y b e sub et i 5i t u te d f or the tr O p ii As an i n ha la ti on it is largel y e mp lo y ed in the f orm O f vapour i n cases of respirator y affections with unhealth y discharges acting as a dis infecta n t inhalation o n the respirator y passages T h e drug should not be ad m inistered t o dogs for reasons alread y m entioned E x ter n a lly — Carbolic aci d is extensivel y used as an a nti s ep ti c in the treat m ent of wounds etc in the f or m o f a 2 % p er cent water y solution Creolin being non poisonous is pre f erred b y m any practitioners i n the present da y and is largel y gaining i n f avour At o n e t i m e the f a m i l i ar carbo lic o i l was a favourite dressing for wounds but as i t s influence on ger m s is be l i eved to be slight if an y and as dr y antisep tic dress ings give better results the oi l y co m p ound is now b eing discar ded excep t as a p opu l ar applicat i on A s a loca l a n ae s the ti c i n the f or m o f a strong solution carbolic ac i d does not give satisf actor y results in co n s e qu e n ce o f its a f ter e ffects on the part .

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CR E OL IN

Ca rbolic acid is e m plo y e d in genera l disi nfecta n t

375

sh eep dip s and also as a -

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S ul ph ocarb ol at e

z i nc in the proportion of fro m 2 to 3 grain s to the ounce o f water is reco m mended in cases and foul discharges fro m the vagina o f lei tcor rhcea o r uterus a n d as a urethral inj ection ( 4 g r ains to the ounce ) in gonor rh oea in b ull s of

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Re s or c i n

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derivative Of carbolic acid b y variou s processes ; is a n a n tis ep tic and di s i nfecta n t externall y and internall y i t reduces the te m perature a n d pulse te mporaril y i n febrile conditions A

,

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Nap h th al i n , Nap h th ol— B N A P H

TH

OL

,

I SO -NAP H

OL

TH

.

are products O f the distillation of coal gas and are powerful an ti s ep ti cs and di si nfectan ts T hese

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has been used as an i n tes tina l an ti sep ti c in c ases of diarrh oea and d y sen ter y i n doses of 5i to sii fo r ho r ses and grs ii to grs viii for dogs ad ministered i n m ucilage B N apht h ol is applied in the for m of oint me nt or solution ( 5 t o 1 5 per cent ) in so m e diseases of the skin it r e sem bles tar in its actions an d is antis eptic and anti pa r asitic N aphthalin

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Cr e oli n

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coal tar p r oduct obtained fro m the cr eosote con taining fractions of certain kinds O f coal ; it is freed fro m poisonous constituents and speciall y treated to render it soluble and suitable fo r us e In contains onl y the highe r hom ologues of phenol in the form o f soluble salts A

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A ctions — E an d

x ter n a lly — .

disinfectant As an an ti s ep ti c it

Creolin

is antiseptic deodo rant ,

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been proved b y e xper im en t

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to

VE

376

TE RINA R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

be far m ore active i n the destruction o f m icro organism s than carbolic acid as well as in arrestin g their gro w th a 2 per cent sol ution bei n g stronger than a 5 per cent solution of carbo li c ac i d f or such purposes I n a 5 p e r cent solution it destro y s all pathogenic m icro organis m s P roperl y d iluted i t is devoid o f i rritati n g action o n the sk i n and i s an e ffe c tu al deodorant in the case o f foul u nheal t h y wounds A s a gen er a l disi nfec ta n t it is e m plo y ed i n the less ’ refined f or m k nown as Je y es fluid I t s value in t h is respect has been am ptly proved b y experience and being non p oisonous i t possesses great advantages over carbol ic acid bes ides be i ng cheaper and capable o f m ore d ilution than the l atter M e d ic i na l U ses — I n ter na lly — Creol i n is ad m in i stered as a ga s tri c di si nfecta n t in cases characteri z ed b y ex c es sive f er m entation It is also use fu l i n checking undue ferm entat i on in the intestines and in lessening the fmt or a n d acridit y o f the excret i ons A s a n i n ter n a l a n ti sep ti c it is an agent O f grea t value a n d is pre ferred to carbolic ac i d b ei n g non i rritati n g and n o n poisonous It m ay be ad m i n istered to horses and cattle i n doses o f 5ii to 3vi properl y diluted or given i n m ucilage repeated two or three ti m es dai l y according to the requ i re m ents of th e case ; a n d f or dogs f ro m ll to 38 s m ay be ad m i nistered m ost convenient l y in the f or m o f capsules E x ter n a lly —Creol i n is extensive l y e m plo y ed as an antisept i c surgical dressing i n cases of w ound s etc I t f or m s a re l i able antisept i c so l ution in the proportion O f 1 to 8 0 o f water 5 ii to and in this f or m m ay be ( used f o r rendering the hands instru m ents and field o f O peration asep tic A s a u ter i ne i nje c tion it i s ver y valuab l e i n cases O f -

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378

TE RINA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

hi therto known antiseptics an d t o be n on poisonous and n o n irritating I t is used i n the for m o f solution o f 1 to or in powder containing 1 or 2 per cent o r i n the for m of s m all cray ons It is very di ff us ib l e p enetra t ing livi ng te xt ures rapidl y and is quickl y el i m inated there fro m it causes even i n weak solutions a n intense vio l et coloratio n O f the tissues and for this reason m ay be obj ected to as an antiseptic in operations and w ounds I n wounds alread y i n f ected th i s agent i s highl y r e co m m ended as a n anti sep t i c dressing In cases of suppurating ulcers it is advised to sprinkle p yo k tan in in substance o n the par ts or to appl y it in the for m o f cra y on I n the form o f inj ection ( 1 to 300) it is reco mm ended in the treat ment O f m a m m ar y tu m ours i n the dog and m elanotic tu m ours in the horse inj ected deepl y into the bases and substan ce of the gro w ths In diseases o f the e y e it i s e m plo y ed b y Ger m an practitioners In conj unctivitis ( si mple and purulent ) it is app lied in the strength of 1 to In ulceration o f the cornea i n iritis and panophthal m ia it is also r ecom m ended -

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Ph e naz on um— P HE N AZ A cr y stalline

D oses — H

ON E

‘ ,

AN T IP YR I N

’ .

substance Obtained fro m phen y l h y drazine

.

orses 5ii to 5 iv ; dogs grs x to grs xx ; m ay be repeated ever y one o r two hours i n acu t e cases unt i l resul t s are ob tained It is soluble i n w ater .

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A cti ons

and

Uses

.

.

— P henaz one i s a

p o we r ful an tip yre ti c, a nod ne I t has little y

and a genera l n ervous s e da ti ve and e ffect on the te m perature O f hea l th y ani m als but in febrile cases is said to reduce the ab nor m al te m perature usuall y within hal f an hour the e ffects continuing for .

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A N TI FE

B R IN

379

hours T h e antip y retic action is believed to depend on di m inished production O f heat less ox y gen bei n g taken in while le ss urea and carbonic acid are e xcreted S o m e authorities do n o t agree w i th this but ascribe i ts action to increas ed radia t ion b y dilatat ion o f the cutaneous vessels L arge do ses in dogs caused pri m ar y excite m ent followed b y paral y sis O f the central nervous s y ste m m uscu lar weakness serious lowering O f te m pera ture and general paral y sis in so m e cases Antip y rin has been e m plo y ed in cases O f i n u en za characterized b y ver y hig h te m perature It i s not extensivel y used and in o u r experience quinin e gives far m ore reliable results I n acute rheu m atis m it has b een reco m m ended but is greatl y in f erior t o the salic y late of soda in the treat m ent o f this a ff ec tion as it onl y te m por aril y lowers the t e m p e rat u re a n d o n discontinuing it the p y rexia returns I t s u se i s contra indicated in cases where cardiac c o m plications are present tw o

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A ce t an ili dum— AC E T AN I L I DE

AN T IFE

,

BRI N

’ .

cr y stalline sub stance O btained b y the action of glacial acetic acid o n aniline a n d subsequent p uri fi c a tion dogs grs iii to grs x D oses — H orses 5 i t o 5 ii repeated ever y second hour in critical cases B eing ver y insoluble i n water it m ay be dissolved in alcohol for ad m inistration A

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is an a n tip yre ti c and also a n ervous s eda ti ve It is said t o be m ore powerful than antip y rin a n d m ore lasting i n its e ffects It m ay b e e m plo y ed i n f ebrile affections characterized b y a ver y hi gh te m perature and its use is said t o be unacco m panied b y an y detri m ental a f ter effects It sho uld be avoided A ct i o n s

Uses

an d

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Acetanilide

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VE

380

T E R I NA R Y TH E RA P E U T I CS ’

in c a s e s whe r e there i s w eakness O f the hear t s actio n as it tends to cause depress ion of th i s organ ,

.

Ph e n ac e ti n u m — P HE N A C E T

IN

.

cry stall ine substance produced b y the act i on O f glac i a l acetic ac i d o n p ara p h e n e ti di n a bod y obta ined f ro m p heno l A

,

.

U s es —P he n acetin

is a n tip yr e ti c anod y ne and hypnot i c I t resem b l es ant ip yrin a n d anti f ebrin in i ts act i ons w hich are l ess rapi d but m ore prolonged I t m a y be e m pl o ye d i n si m i l ar cases i n doses o f 5ii to 5iv f o r hors e s a n d grs v to grs x f o r dogs , d issol ved in alcoho l as i t is Sp ar in gl y so l uble i n water A c ti on s

a nd

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Ch in ol i ne

or

Q uin ole ine

.

o il y liquid O btained f ro m aniline and al l i ed sub stances An

.

Ka i r i n A

.

cr y stalline substance derived fro m ch i no line T h a l li n

A

.

.

cr y stalline substance also derived fro m chinoline

.

agents rese m b l e each other in their actions as antipyretics T he y belong to a large group o f al l ied substances and are not as ye t in general use in veterin ar y practice T hall i n i s regarded b y so m e authori ties as a re l i ab l e ant ipyretic and i ts value in this respect has been dem onstrated on veterinar y pat i ents by K auf m ann a n d Fr i edberger I t is used in the f or m o f a su l phate a n d is stated to cause n either d i g e st ive n or n ervous di sturbance and to reduce te m perature qu i ckl y t hi s e ff ect appear ing to depend o n di m i n i shed oxidation It is given to horses i n doses o f 3ii to 5 ii i and t o dogs i n doses o f grs i i to grs iv T hese

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38 2

TE RI NA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

fi ect ions of jo i nts and m uscles a 50 per cent O int m ent applied w ith friction is said to p roduce f avourable results I n acu te r heu m a ti sm a 30 per cent lotion is applied to the infla med j oints which are then covered with cotton wool and oiled silk I n p a ra s i ti c s ki n afi ec ti ons ichth y ol is e m p lo y ed b y French and Ger m an practitioners i n the for m O f oin t m ent T h e drug i s also given internall y i n doses o f grs i ss to grs iii in the for m of pills f or cases of the above affections i n canine practice I n burn s a n d s ca lds an O int m ent of f ro m 2 to 1 0 per cent is reco m m ended for reduci ng the s m arting effects an d alla y ing irritation D r Klein advises a 50 per cent oint m ent o f ichth y ol i n cases o f e r ys ip e la s which should be rubbed into the sk i n of the affected part two or three ti m es a da y In

c hr oni c r heuma ti c a .

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Cr eas ot um— CRE A S O T E

A

product

D ose — or m ilk

.

the d i stillation o f wood tar Fo r dogs nLi to llLiii ad m inistered i n m ucilage of

.

.

,

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,

.

Creasote

rese mbles carbolic acid i n its actions T h e m ost i m portant use o f creasote internall y depends on i ts power of arresting f er m enta tion w h i l e not inter f ering wi t h t h e action of pepsin or the digestive processes ; hence it is prescribed in cases of obs ti n a te vomi ti n g i n d ogs due to in digestion and excessive f er m entation of to dilatation of the sto m ach In cases o f p a r asi tic br on c h i ti s it is so m eti m es s ubs ti tu te d for carbolic acid in the f orm o f inter tracheal i n j ection ( S e e p A ct i ons

and

U ses

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Micros oft®

fl I OD O F O RM

E

x te r na ll

38 3

c r easote i s h ighl y reco mm ended i n the treat m ent O f fo lli cu la r ma n ge i n dogs b y Mr H unting L ondon Af ter shaving the a e c te d parts the following dressing i s applied t wice a week and when the skin gets sof t and tender longer intervals are allowed y,

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B:

Cre aso ti Orv Liq p o tas s ae , El 0 1 oliv as 3vii .

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Ft

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lin

.

Iodof or mum— I O D O F O RM

.

P r ep ar ed

b y heating iodine with carbonate of po tas siu m alcohol and w ater and a l lo w ing the cr y stal li n e deposit to settle I t contains about 90 per cent O f iod i ne ,

,

,

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.

Use s — I odo f or m

a n a n ti sep

ti c

and di s Applied locall y it i nfec ta n t also a powerful deodor a n t produces little or n o irritation but acts as a loca l In veterinar y patients it is no t likel y to a n ws th e ti c b eco m e absorbed as in hum an b eings in who m it produces constitution al s y m pto ms dogs however m ay b y licki ng the dressed surfaces be affected b y the drug which causes gastric derange m ent vo m itin g etc and som e ti m es nervous s y mpto m s I odof orm is seldo m prescribed internall y ; its e e ct s rese m ble to a certain e xtent those Its chief use i s as an antiseptic dressi n g f or o f i odine wound s ulcerated surfaces etc I t appears t o have little influence on bacteria outside the bod y and according to B ehring it produces bene fi c i a l e ffects n ot b y acti n g directl y upon the bacteri a but b y inducing che m ical chan ges in their to xic products which render the latter harm less I odofor m m ay b e applied i n the dry fo rm o r as A ct i ons

and

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VE T E R INA R Y T H E R A P E U T ICS

38 4

iodo for m w ool and gauze contain in g 1 0 per cent of the agent In th e case of f resh w oun d s i t sho u l d be j ud i c iou s l as i t ten d s to induce excessive y e m p l o y ed granulations I t m ay be ap plied to unhealth y wounds i n the f or m of a n oint m ent as f ollo w s : I odo for m si ; O l eucal y ptus Mi x 3L ; vasel i n e 3v I n ca n ker of the ea r i n the dog it acts ver y beneficiall y bei n g app l i ed d irectl y i n the for m o f dry p o w der In cases o f thr us h equal parts o f iodo for m and ca lo m el for m a n e ffi cient app lication which should be introduced careful l y into the cle ft of the f rog unt i l the discharge therefro m ceases I n cases O f ozean a chr o n ic n asa l ca ta r r h etc iodo for m i s introduced d i rectl y i n to the nasa l cav i ti es b y m e a n s o f an insu fflator once a da y and o ften gives satisf actor y results .

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l o dol

.

pow der Obtained b y precipitating a m oderatel y pu re T h i s rese m bles p yrr h o l w ith i odo iodide o f p otassiu m i odo for m in i t s acti ons and uses but i s dev oid o f odour and non tox i c wh en appl i ed to wounds A

-

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-

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A r i s t ol

.

co m pound of iodine and th ym ol rese m bles iodo for m in i ts act ions but is said to be non toxic A

,

-

,

P ar af f i n um

.

Mo l l e

l

.

— S O F T P A RA FF

A se m i so i d m i xture m e m bers o f the p a ra ffin o btai ned by p urifying petroleu m -

Of

IN

,

VA S E

NE m ore fl u id LI

.

the so fter o r series O f h ydro ca rbo n s u s ually the less vo l at ile portions o f '

,

.

U se s — Vaseline

is n ot oxidi z able and hence cannot b eco m e ranci d or irritan t to the skin I t i s extensivel y e m plo y ed a s a ba si s f or oint m ents i n stead O f lard and is also use ful as a lubricant and e m oll i e n t appl i cation ,

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VE

38 6

T E RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

A con iti n a— AC ON

IT IN E

.

I t i s not alk a l oid O btai ned f ro m acon i te root given i nternall y but externa ll y i s so m eti m es e m p loy ed i n the f or m of unguentu m ac on i ti n m— l to 55 o f benzoated lard An

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,

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P ulv i s Acon it i ( Foli a) — P O W D E D ose — H

orses ai to 5ii .

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ACON IT E

RE D

.

.

ACT I O N S O F ACO N ITE

.

( 1 ) I MM E D I AT E L O CA L A C T I ON E x tern a lly aconite appli ed to the skin or exposed m ucous m em branes depresses the peripheral endings of sensor y nerves and subsequentl y paral y zes them It can be ab sorbed b y the S k i n I n tern a lly f ull doses have a topical irritant e ffect on the stom ach causing slight pain an d nausea f ollowed b y vo m ition in dogs It subsequentl y depresses the gastric nerves (2 ) S P E CIFI C ACT I ON A conite is rapidl y absorbed f ro m the sto m ach and enteri ng the blood it passes quickl y into the tissues Medicinal doses given i n close succession have a spec i al action on the heart the circulation respiration and te m perature T he y reduce th e fr e qu en cy force and tensi on of the p u lse b y act i ng on the nerves and a l so by a direct action on the nervo m uscu l ar structure o f the heart itsel f T h e blood p r e ssu r e i s l o w ered part l y f ro m cardiac and part l y f ro m vase m otor d ep ressi on R esp i r a ti on i s s low e d b oth f ro m reduced circulator y f orce as w e ll as di rect d e p ress i on o f the resp i rator centre y T h e s kin is st i m u l ate d persp i rati on i s s l i ghtl y in creased and temp era tur e i s low er ed steadi l y .

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A CON I TE

38 7

are sti m ulated and the fluids and solids of the urine are increased in a m ount 0n the nervous s ys tem the specific action of aconite i s that of a dep r essa n t Authorities do not agree as to the e xact m anner in which the different portions of the nervous s y stem are affected b y this drug S o m e state that it first depresses then paral y zes the sensory centres the peri pheral nerve endings being of th e spinal cord n e x t a ff ected and finall y the nerve trunks O thers believe that the sensor y nerves are a ff ected fr o m the peripher y inw ard s the spinal cord being T h e m otor nerve endings an d secondaril y acted o n nerv e trunks also becom e depressed but the influence o n these is l ess than o n the sensor y nerves The brain i s not directl y affected a n d even large doses do not re move consciousness but m ay disturb it T o x ic E ff ect s — Aconite i n tox i c doses causes great disturbance o f respiration m uscular weakness an d vascula r depression ; the card iac action beco mes fre quent irregu lar and graduall y f eebler tending to cease D eath m ay occur f ro m asph y xia depending i n dias tole on paral y sis of the respirator y centre ; but a ver y large do se m ay kill b y s y ncope due to sudden paral y si s of the heart m uscle Convulsions m ay precede death in so m e instances I n the hor se large doses cause frothing fro m the m outh nausea atte m pts at s w allowi n g f ollo w ed in a variable period b y atte m pts at vo m ition accelerated respirations and feeble pulse , P rofessor F S mith in e xperi m enting with thi s dr ug gave a pon y 4 ounces o f the tincture O f aconite undiluted I n t e n m inutes there w as slight frothing fro m the m outh a gulp ing soun d fro m the t h roat as if m aking atte mpts to swal low pulse w eak and ver y co m pr essible , an d, Th e ki dneys

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VE TE RIN A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

38 8

j udging fro m the sound proceeding fro m the ab do m en there were increased peristaltic m ove m ents O f the in t e s ti n e s I n f o rt y m inutes t h e ani m al was pa w i ng w ith o n e f ore leg and in o n e and a quarter hours f ro m th e com m ence m ent there w e re distinct atte mpts at vo mi t ion w hich were continued f o r three an d a h al f hours a f ter receivin g the dose T h e ani m al co mm enced to recove r and w as i n a n or m al condi tion i n five and a hal f hours A con i t i ne i s a ver y active poison even 1 1% grain i n je c t e d hypoder micall y producing serious s ym pto m s i n the horse I n horses destro y ed b y this alkaloid the pro m i n ent s ym pto m s noted were excessive salivation grinding o f the teeth indications of pain and violent tetanic convu l s i ons N o a l teration of te m perature n or an y increased secre tion f rom the skin bowels or kidne y s was no t ed I n dogs large doses o f aconite generall y cause in fi ve m inutes painful vo m iti n g a n d continuous retching m uscular exhaustion and paral y sis of the hind e x In so m e instances death occurs w ith great t re m i t ie s rap i dit y A nt i dot e s — In the dog if seen i m m ediatel y a fter th e poison has been taken e m etics should be ad m inistered Alcoholic o r a mm oniacal sti m ulants should be f re el y given and ether used h ypoderm icall y ever y m eans being a dopted to assist i n m aintai ning cardiac and respirator y actio n ( 3) RE M O T E L O CAL A CT I ON Aconite is e x creted b y the kidne y s increasing t h e soli d an d fluid portions O f the urine I t pro bab l y al so leaves the s y ste m b y th e skin M e di ci nal U ses — I n a cu te fe br ile afi ectio n s i n sthenic patients aconite judi c i ousl y prescribed is a valuable agent acting as a vaso m otor seda tive reducing cardio ,

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VE TE RIN A R

39 0

Y

T H E RA P E UTI CS

chloro f or m T h e oi nt m e n t of a co n iti n e m ay b e si m il a rl y e m plo ye d Th e e x t e r n a l u s e o f a co n it e d e m an ds sp e ci al c ar e in c o n s e qu e n c e of t h e d an ge r o f ab sorptio n .

.

.

Ver atr i na— VE

NE An alk aloid or m i x tur e o f a lk a loids obt a i n e d fro m th e dri e d ri p e s ee ds of Ce va di ll a or S ab a dill a — a Me xic a n pl an t It is also pre s e n t i n s m all a m oun ts i n Ve r a tru m a lbu m pop ul arl y k n own a s whit e h e ll e bor e an d in Ve r atrum v irid e or gr e e n h e ll e bor e b oth o f which ar e a lli e d to ve r a tri n e i n th e ir ph y s iologic a l a ctio n s D oses — H ors e s grs i ss to grs ii ; c a ttl e grs ii to grs i v B y h y pod e rm ic i n j e ctio n RA T R I

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A ct i ons — E

r tri n e appli e d to th e ski n or a pow e rf u l irrit an t an d th e n v e ss e ls t e r m i n a ti n g i n loss of

x ter n a lly, ve a

m ucous

s ur fa ce s acts as d e pr e ss e s t h e n e r ve s a n d s e n sibilit y an d v e sic atio n I n tern a lly f ull dos e s c a us e s aliva tio n an d p a i n f ul v o m it i n g i n dogs v iol e n t purgi n g gr e a t m usc u l a r prostr atio n slow fe e b le or irr e gu l a r puls e sh allow r e spir atio n a low e ri n g of t em p e r at ur e sp a s m odic twitchi n g o f m uscl e s an d fi n a ll y coll aps e d e a th occ u rri n g f ro m a sph y x i a In hors e s 5 o r 6 gr ai n s a d m i n iste r e d c a us e d s aliva tio n prof u s e sw e a ti n g m u scul a r tr e m bli n g an d viol e n t con tr a ctio n s o f th e ga stro i n t e sti n a l m u s cl e s with e fforts a t v o m itio n ( Ka u fm an n ) On the n er vou s sys tem ve r a tri n e e x e rts a slight de pr e ssi n g i n flu e n c e but h as n o m a rk e d a ctio n on th e brain or spin al cord T h e mu scles ar e th e structur e s chi e fl y a ct e d o n b y th e drug It p roduc e s a r e m ark abl e l e n gth e n i n g o f th e ir co n tractio n a n d i n cr e as e s th e ir f orc e so t h a t t h e m uscl e s a pp ea r to b e i n a st a t e of t e t an us ; b u t this co n ditio n r eall y d ep en ds on a si n gl e co n tr a ctio n an d n ot o n a ,

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VE RA TRI N E

39 1

i s of si mpl e sp as m s In l arge r am ounts it caus e s w eak n e ss of th e m uscl e s an d fi n all y p aral y sis 0 u the hear t i t produc e s si m il a r effe cts as on th e v o lun t ar y m uscl e s ; it l e n gth e n s th e co n tracti on s of th e org an thus r educi ng i ts f r equency l arg er d o se s c ausin g i r r e gul arit y f eebl e n e ss an d fin all y p a r al y sis T he blood p r essu r e is first r a is e d a n d th en f alls R esp ira tion is first a cc e l e r a t e d a n d th e n sl o we d be in g fi n all y arr e st e d through th e c e n tr e th e m uscl e s and th e va gus T he temp er a tu re is low e r e d prob abl y d e p e n din g on c ircul a to r y d e pr e ssio n M edicin al U s e s — Ve r a trin e h as b e e n r ecomm en d e d as an an tip yr e ti c fo r th e s am e co n diti on s as a c o n it e vi z a cut e f e b r il e affe ctio n s i n sth e n ic subj e cts ; but its de p re ssin g i n flu en c e o n th e s y st e m do e s n ot ren der its use e ith e r s afe or a d v a n t age ous P r é cis de Th é r ap e utiqu e Acc o rdin g to M Ca g n y t h is drug h a s th e pow e r of sti m ul atin g th e Vé t é ri n a ir e f u n cti o n s o f th e sto m a ch i n c a ttl e an d is an ag en t o f g re at v alu e i n c a s e s of i m p actio n b y c a usin g th e remo val I t is ad of a l arg e portio n o f t h e g a stric co n t e n ts m i n ist e r e d i n dos e s o f 2 t o 3 gr a in s hy pod erm ic all y an d m ay b e r e p e a t e d if n e c e ss a r y T his a uthorit y also st a t e s th a t v e ra trin e r e s e m bl e s to a c er t ai n e xt e n t ese r e n e but th a t it h as l e ss actio n on th e i n t e st in al s e cr e tio n s as c o m p a r ed wit h its i n flue n c e a n d h e r e co mm e n ds a o n th e p e rist altic m o v e m e n ts c o m bin a tio n o f ve r atri n e e s er e n e an d piloc arpin e i n the tre a t me n t of i mp a ctio n of t h e colon in t h e h ors e

se r e

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S taph is agr i a s e min a —S T AVE

S A CRE

SE

E DS

.

rip e s e e ds of D e lphi n ium st aphis agri a or l arkspur Co n t ai n s s e v e ral alk aloids t h e m ost i m port an t b e in g de lp h in in e an d st aph is agri n e Th e

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Digitize d by Micros oft®

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VE TE R IN A R

392

Y

T II E RA P E U TI CS -

U s e s — D e lphin i n e

r e s e m bl e s a co n iti n e in its a ctio n s but is eve n m or e d e p r e ss a n t to th e ve s s e ls S t ave s a cr e is o n l y us e d as a p a r asi ti cide f o r t h e d e structio n of p e dic u li a n d a c ari Fo r such p u rpos e s on e p art of th e bruis e d s e e ds is boil e d fo r t w o ho u r s with t we n t y to thirt y pa rts o f w at e r m a k i n g u p t h e l att e r to th e origi n a l qu a n tit y S tro n g pr e p ar a tio n s t oo f r e e l y a ppli e d o r a b s orb e d fro m abr a d e d sur fa c e s o r lick e d by dogs ar e li abl e to prod u c e n a us e a an d prostratio n As a n ap p lic a tio n f o r m an g e i n th e hors e P rof e ssor W illi a m s r e co m m e n ds th e f ollowi n g f or m ul a A ction s

an d

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R

P ul v

d e lph i n i s ta phis agriaa 3ii Adip i s v e l o i p al m ee gviii O l oli ves dige st at 1 00 in a s an d bath an d str ain ,

.

.

and

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Mix

.

°

-

,

For th e

.

d e structio n o f lic e a de coctio n o f st ave s a cr e is v e r y e ffici e n t co m pos e d of o n e oun c e of t h e powd e r e d seeds to a p i n t o f w a t e r c ar e be i n g t a k e n th a t th e an i m als do n o t lick th e m s e l ve s fo r so m e ti m e aft e r th e r e me d y is a ppli e d ,

,

,

.

Co l ch i c i Cor mus — CO L CH

U M CO R M a u tu m n al e o r th e a ut u m n

Th e f r e sh

IC

.

cor m of C olchic u m croc u s dri e d an d powd e r e d fo r u s e D oses — H ors e s 3s e to 5i ; c a ttl e 5 i to 5 ii ; dogs Re p e a t e d twic e d ail y i n co m bi n atio n gr s 1 1 to grs Vl l l With s ali n e s ,

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Col ch i ci S e mi na— CO L C H P r ep a ra ti on Ti nctur a Colch i ci — T in ctur e

spirit

of

IC

UM

SE

E DS

.

.

colchicu m—

l

to

8

proof

.

D oses — H .

TY Lxxx

ors e s 5i ,

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to

gi s s

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c attl e 3ii ,

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Digitize d by

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;

dogs ll ,

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to

VE TE R I NA RY

39 4

TH

E RA P E UTI CS

CH AP T E R X

.

K I NG DO M — Continu ed

T H E VE G E T A B LE

.

Op i um

.

T H E j uic e obt ai ne d b y i n cisio n f ro m t h e u nripe c apsu le s o f P a p av e r so m n i fe r u m , t h e whit e popp y (grow n i n As xa

M in or ) i n s piss a t e d b y spon t an e ous e va por a tio n ,

th e S m y r n a , T urk e y ,

b e s t v ari et y o f opiu m is L e van t ; this yie lds 1 0 to 1 2 p er Th e

cen t

P rep ar a tio ns

.

morp hi ne

f

o

or

.

.

( 1 ) P ul v is Opi i— P owd e r e d O piu m D oses —H ors e s 5 i to 5 ii ; c attl e 3ii t o 5 iii .

grs

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,

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.

to grs xxx dogs grs ss T h e s e dos e s m ust b e m odifi e d r e quir e m e n ts .

x

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;

s h ee p

grs iii a ccordi n g to si ze s to

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,

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an d

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r act um

( 2) t

D oses — H

lf

a

Opi i — Aqu e ous— 2 i n 1

th e

a

bo ve

.

.

’ — D a n m i t 3 P ul v is I e c a cu h a e C o os u s o v e r s P owde r p p ( ) ipe c acu a n h a , 1 sulph a te o f pot a ssium , 8 O piu m 1 ( 1 in ,

— H orse s

Doses

grs

an d

c attl e 5ii to 3i v

X V.

.

.

,

fl

dogs grs v to

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,

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— T i n cture o f O piu m Laud an u m 4 i n ct u r ii T a O p , ( ) proo f S p irit , 2 0 Co n t a i n s 1 gr ai n in 1 4 g O piu m , m i n i m s , o r n e a rl y 33 gr ai n s to t h e o un c e .

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b e n zo ic a cid 4 0 gr ai n s ; c am phor 30 gr a in s ; oil a n is e 5 fluid dr a chm pr oof spirit 2 0 fluid ou n c e s ( 1 2 4 0) D oses — S i m il ar to th o s e of th e ti n ctur e o f opium ,

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co n t ai n s a l arge n u m b e r o f co n stitu e n ts a m o n g which ar e m a n y alk aloid s an d t w o organ ic a cids T h e m ost i m portan t a lka loi ds ar e morp hi n e codei n e the O piu m

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VE TE R IN A R Y TH E RA P E UT I CS

396

firs t t h e age n t b e i n g r e n d e r e d in a sol ubl e f orm a s f ollow s : gr ai ns i n Li quor M orp h i nae H y drochl ora t i s ( E P A 1 fl u id o u n c e o f a m i x t u r e o f s p irit w a t e r a n d d i l u t e h y drochloric a cid ( 1 in D o s e f o r dogs mv t o ll h y p od e r m ic all y F or hor ses a n d ca ttle a s tro n ge r s ol u tio n is m or e co n v e n i n t a n d m ay b e p r e p a r e d o f t h e s tr e n gth o f 2 gr am s o f m or p hi n e h drochlor a t e to e a ch 2 5 m i n i m s o f s ol u t i o n y ,

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(3) S P E CIFIC ACT ION T h e pri n c i p a l a ction of m orphi n e is e xe rt e d on th e n ervou s s s tem a ltho u gh it h a s a ph y siologic a l e ffe ct o n y a ll org an s On the cer e br um its effe cts va r y gr e a tl y i n i n di vi d ua l s o f t h e s a m e sp e ci e s as w e ll as i n those o f di ffe re n t spe ci e s I n m a n wh e r e t h e c e r e brum is highl y de ve lop e d O p iu m usu all y c aus e s bri e f e x cit e m e n t o f t h e co n v olutio n s f ollow e d b y d e pr e ssio n an d th e occurr e n c e o f sl e e p I n the hor se w h e r e th e r e is l e ss d e ve lop m e n t o f th e high e r br ai n c e n tre s bu t r e l a tiv el y m or e de ve lop m e n t of th e loco m otor c e n tr e s a n d o f t h e r e fl e x c e n tr e s of t h e spi n a l cord opiu m e x e rts its pri m a r y s ti m u l a n t e ffe cts o n th e s e low e r c e n tr e s a n d i n m a n y i n st a n c e s i n st e a d O f prod uci n g sl e e p it c a us e s r e stl e ss n e ss i n vol un t ar y m o ve m e n ts p a wi n g with o n e f oot p e rsist e n tl y an d con ti n u ous w alkin g roun d i n on e dire ctio n ; i n l a rge dos e s it m ay c aus e d e liriu m a cco m pa n i e d with fr e que n t n e ighi n g e t c I n such i n st an c e s e ve n l a rge a m ou n ts o f t h e dr u g will f a il to produc e S l e e p bu t r a th e r t e n d to i n cr e a s e t h e e x cit e m e n t I n so m e c a s e s opiu m in m e dicin a l dos e s will e x e rt a n od yn e an d h yp n otic e ffe cts th e s e diffe r e n c e s prob a bl y d e p e n di n g on th e s u sc e ptibiliti e s o f i n di vid u a l a n i m a ls Accordi n g to D r H C W ood th e r e stl e ssn e ss i n d u c e d i n so m e hors e s b y O p iu m a n d m orphi n e is due t o de li ri um a n d n o t to spi n a l e x cit e m e n t R u mi n a n ts a r e usu all y affe ct e d b y O pium in a sim il a r m an n e r to horse s D ogs m ay S how a pr e lim i n ar y p e riod o f e x cit e m e n t but d e pr e ssio n usuall y f ollows an d sl e e p occ u rs n o t how eve r pro fo u n d but m a y b e a cco m p an i e d b y muscul ar t witchin gs and e vide n c e s of disturb e d dr e am s .

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39 9

opiu m on th e c e r e bru m ar e prob abl y d ue t o a di rec t ac ti on of morp hi n e o n the n er ve— ce lls an d n o t on t h e c e r e br a l v e ss e ls I n thos e i n st a n c e s i n whic h it e x e rts h y pn otic e ffe cts t he p e rc e pti ve an d s e n sor y c e n tr e s b e co m e d e pr e ss e d earli e r a n d m or e pro f oun dl y th an t h e v ita l ce n tr e s in th e m e dull a this b e i n g a m a tt e r O f gr e a t th e r a p e utic a l i m port a n c e with r e fe r e n c e to th e s afe t y of th e drug T he m o tor cen tr es in th e br a i n an d spi n a l cord a r e sti m ul at e d b y m orphin e an d r e fl e x e x cit abilit y is i n cr e a s e d ; th e s e e ffe c ts are w e ll m ark e d i n t h e hors e i n thos e i n st a n c e s whe r e th e e x citi n g a ctio n of th e drug pr e d o m i n a t e s W h e n c e r e b r al d e pr e ssio n occurs m usc ul ar w e a k n e ss O f c e n tr a l origi n sets i n t h e m o tor n er ves b e co m e p ar al y ze d f ro m th e c e n tre s outw a rds but m uscul a r irrit a bilit y is n e ve r co m pl e t e l y lost T h e s en s or y n erv es o f a ll org an s o f th e bod y a r e de pr e ss e d b y O pium Th e s e n sor y n er ve ter mi na ti on s h a ve th e ir f u n ctio n s low e r e d o r arr e st e d so th a t co m m o n s e n sibil i t y is r e duc e d an d p ai n c ann ot be origi n a te d T his p e riph e r a l an od y n e e ffe ct how e ve r is s e co n d ar y both i n ti m e a n d d e gr e e to th e a ctio n of th e drug on t h e s e n sor y c e n tr e s T he sen sory n er ve tr u n ks h a ve th e ir pow e r o f co n du c ti vi ty di m i n ish e d this e ff e ct still f urth e r pr e ve n ti n g p a i n ful i m pr e ssio n s b e i n g co n ve y e d i n w a rds T h e h y pod e r m ic i n j e ctio n of m orphi ne poss e ss e s a loc al an od yn e e ffe ct o n t h e p eriph e r a l s e n sor y n e r ve s a n d th e n e r v e tru n ks a s w e ll a s a c e n tr a l e ffe ct O n the v i ta l ce n tres of the m edu lla o piu m acts a s a e ff e

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VE TE R IN A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

4 00

Ci r cu la ti on — T h e

h e art is temp orar i ly a cce ler a ted b y opiu m p a rtl y thro u gh th e c ardi a c c e n tr e a n d p a rtl y thro ugh a n e ff e ct o n its i n tri n s ic g a n gli a I n full e r dos e s its a ctio n is slow e d by sti m u l atio n o f t h e vagu s i n th e m e d ull a an d i n t h e h e a rt its e l f Th e car di a c va gus is n e x t d e pr e ss e d or p a r a l y z e d b u t i n co n s e q ue n c e o f t h e i n tri n sic c a rdi a c g a n gli a b e i n g si m ult an e o usl y d e p r e s s e d a cc e l r a t io n O f t h e h e a rt is i m p o s s i bl e so its a ction b e co m e s i n fr e q ue n t an d fe e bl D e a th r a r e l y occ urs f ro m sudd e n c a rdi a c f a il u r e T h e ve sse ls b e co m e dil a t e d through t h e v a so m otor c en tr e b ut th e y ar e n o t dir e ctl y i n fl u e n c e d b y t h e d rug e ith e r i n th e ir m u sc u l a r co a ts o r th e ir p e ri p h e r al n e rve s O n R esp i r a tion — O p i u m is a p owerf u l dep ress a n t ; t h e r e s p ir ator y c e n tr e is d e pr e ss e d a n d th e r e s pir a tor y m o v e m e n t s b e co m e sup r fi ci a l a n d irr e g u l a r t h e afi e r e n t t h e pul m o n ar y br a n ch e s o f th e n e r ve s O f b r e a thi n g v ag u s — ar e al s o d e pr e ss e d so th a t r e fl e ctio n is d ull e d a t its origi n a n d cough sp a s m an d oth e r r e fl e x r e spir a tor y o r ma a cts a re r e n d e r e d l e ss li abl e t o occur y b e a lto ge th e r arr e st e d T h e b ro n chi al s e cr e tio n s a r e di m i n ish e d b y th e a ctio n of t h e dru g on t h e gl a n ds I n to x ic dos e s th e r e s pir a tor y c e n tr e b e co m e s p ar a lyze d a n d d e a th occurs f ro m as ph y x i a O n the L iv er — O pi u m i n t e r fe r e s with t h e b ili a r y a n d gl y cog e n i c f u n ction s an d i n th at affe c t io n t e r m e d di a be tes m e lli tu s it di m i n ish e s t h e a m ou n t o f s u g a r i n I t r e d u c e s t h e a cti vit y th e u ri n e to a m a r k e d e x te n t o f h e p a tic a n d g e n e r a l m e t a b olis m an d di m i n ish e s t h e a m ou n t of ur e a a n d prob a bl y o f c a rbo n ic a cid e x cr e t e d T h e temp era tur e t e m por aril y ris e s a n d th e n f a lls a pp a r e n tl y va r y i n g with t h e blood pr e ssur e T h e p up i l of the eye is di la ted i n th e hors e prob abl y O n the H

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co n stip atin g e ffe cts a re l e s s m a rk e d th an in th e c a s e of opium M orphi n e h as a m or e s e d a ti v e i n flu e n c e th a n th e c ( ) e n tir e drug a s s e ve r al o f t h e co n stit u e n ts o f th e l a tt e r poss e ss m or e or l e ss co n v ul s an t a ctio n such as th eb ain e cod e i n e n arcoti n e As a rul e m orphi n e is p r e f e rr e d t o O pium e x c e p t i n c as e s of i n t e st in al aff e ctio n s s u ch as di arrh oe a d y s e n t e r y e tc w h e r e t h e l a tte r r e a ch e s th e bow e l dir e ctl y an d e xe rt s its i mm e di a t e loc a l a ctio n th e r e o n 2 Co de ine is ge n e r a ll y b e li ev e d t o e x cit e the S pi n al cord m ore th an m orphin e a n d t o d e pre ss t h e c on v olu tio n s l e ss It r e d uc e s t h e a m o u n t of sug ar i n di a be tes A ccordi n g to M Ca g n y ( P r é cis t o a m a rk e d d e gr e e de T h é r a p e utiqu e Vé t é ri n a ir e ) cod e i n e is an an od yn e l e ss n arcotic t h an m orphi n e a n d do e s n o t c aus e so m ark e d a p e riod of e x cit a tio n i n its a ctio n o n n e r vous hors e s H e pr ef e rs cod e in e to m orphin e for th e v arious purpos e s of an an od yn e 3 Theb ai ne or P a r a m or p hi ne pr e s e n t to th e e x t en t of o n e h al f p e r c e n t i n opiu m sti m u l a t e s t h e m otor tr a ct producin g o f t h e spi n al cord a n d a cts lik e str y ch n i n e m uscul a r rigidit y a n d co nv u lsion s W e are n ot a w ar e of its e m plo yme n t f or th e r a pe utic al purpos e s a nd

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E ff e ct s of Op ium and M orp h in e — H orses r e sist t h e to x ic eff e cts o f opiu m a n d m orphin e to a gr e at e xte n t In t h e m aj orit y o f i n st a n c e s l a rg e dos e s produce e x c it e m e n t r e stl e ss n e ss m uscul a r tr e m ors dil at atio n of th e pupils co n ti n u ous w al k i n g i n a circul a r dir e ctio n de liriu m ; t h e s e S h akin g o f th e h e a d , pro fu s e s w e a tin g e ffe cts m a y co n ti n u e f o r a lo n g p e riod an d ar e usu a ll y succ e e d e d b y pro foun d d e pr e s s io n an d n aus ea T ox ic

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Mat e ri a Me dic a an d T h e r ap e utics 1 00 gra i n s o f a c e t at e of m orp h i n e kill e d a ho r s e with c o n v ulsio n s i n thr e e hours In the dog l a rg e dos e s of opiu m or m o rphi n e g en e r all y c a us e n a us e a st agge ri n g u n st e ad y g ait m uscul ar twitc h in g clo n ic sp a s m s s te rtorous br e a thi n g stupor an d d e a t h fr o m a sph y x i a due to p ar al y sis of th e r e spir ator y c e n tr e A n ti do t es — In th e do g e m e tics should b e r e sort e d to a n d pr e p a r a tio n s o f amm o n i a pr e scrib e d to p r o m o t e c a r d i a c an d r e spir a tor y a ctio n I n all a n i m al s t h e occurr e n c e of co ma should be p re ve n t e d b y a r tifici a l r e spir a tio n an d k e e pi n g th e p a ti e n t m o v i n g about S m all dos e s of a tropin e a d m i n ist e r e d b y h ypod e r m ic i n j e ctio n i n a j udicious m ann e r ar e r e co mm e n d e d t o m a i n t ain t h e c a rdi a c an d r e spir a tor y f u n ction s Comp ar i s on of t h e A ct i on s of Opi um an d Be ll adonna As m o rphi n e an d a tropi n e are fr equ e n tl y co m bi n e d as it will an od y n e s i n t h e f or m o f h y pode r m ic i n j e ctio n s In so m e b e n e c e ss ar y t o bri e y c o mp ar e th e ir a ctio n s r e sp e ct s th e a ctio n of m orph in e is opp o s e d to th a t of T h u s a tropin e i n m e dici n a l dos e s h as a a tropi ne s e d a ti v e e ff e ct on th e c e r ebr al c on v olutio n s I t sti m ul a t e s th e r e spir a tor y c e n tr e an d b y d e pr e ssi n g th e i n hibitor y bran ch e s of th e sp lan chni cs c aus e s r e l axa tio n of th e i n t e sti ne s B y c o m bi n i n g t h e tw o a g e n t s w e fi n d th at o n e m a y pr e ve n t or r e li e ve c e rt ain e ff e cts o f t h e oth er wh e n e mplo y e d as an o d y n e s Thus at r opin e pre ve n ts d e pr e ssio n d y spe psi a an d co n stip atio n th e n a us e a whi ch are apt t o o ccur af t e r the a dmini strati on of m orph in e Me dici na l Us es — As an anodyne o piu m and its alk aloid Acco r di n g

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VE TE RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI 08

4 04

plo y e d in c a s e s wh e r e th e r e li e f of p ain is th e pri mar y i n dic atio n of tr e at m e n t S uch c a s e s ar e v e r y n um e rous an d d ep e n d o n various p athologic al co n ditio n s In t h e hors e as w e h av e alr e a d y n otic e d O pium an d m orphi n e act as e x cit an ts to t h e n e rv ous s y st e m in m an y i n st an c e s an d h en c e do n o t produc e a n od y n e e ffe cts i n as s atisf actor y a m ann e r as i n dogs or hu m a n b e i n gs As a rul e i f th e first dos e o f opiu m o r m orphin e fa ils t o give r e li e f f urth e r dos e s will o n l y t e n d to c a us e Th e co m bin a tio n with a tropi n e a ccordi n g e x cit e m e n t to our e xp erie n c e do e s n o t t e n d t o o ve rco m e this e x citi n g e ffe ct a n d t h e m ost r e li abl e a g e n t to co m bi n e f or this purpos e is chlor al h y dra t e in dos e s o f on e oun c e r e p e a t e d u n til h y pn otic effe cts ar e p roduc e d I n m an y c a s e s o f v iol e n t abdo m i n a l p ai n such a s occurs in v olv ulus a cut e e n t e ritis ga stritis e tc O pium an d w e n o w a n d m orphi n e f a il e n tir e l y to gi ve r e li e f e m plo y c an n abis i n dic a a s a n e ffe ctu al an od y n e an d h ypn otic i n th e s e co n ditio n s ( see p M a n y of s u ch c a s e s a r e of a f at a l n atur e f ro m th e co mm en c e m e n t but this should n ot d e t e r us from givi n g t h e p a ti en ts r e li e f fro m t h e a go n i z i n g p a in which is p r e s e n t As a rul e th e h y pode r m ic i n j e ctio n of m orphin e giv e s m or e r e li abl e e ffe cts th an opiu m a d mi n ist e r e d by th e m ou th f or r ea so n s a lr e a d y st a t e d P owd e r e d opium gi v e n i n t h e f or m O f bolus t a k e s a lo n g ti m e t o a ct in th e hors e an d an i m port an t poi n t to r e m e m b e r i s th at in affe ctio n s o f t h e a li m e n t a r y can al ab s orptio n is r e t ard e d an d p a i n aff ords gr e a t r e sist an t pow e r to th e actio n of th e drug which app e a rs t o e x p en d itse l f o n th e m orbid proc e ss Fro m th e l att e r fa ct w e l e ar n th a t t h e dos e s of O piu m or m orphi n e m us t be morphi n e

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S VE T E R IN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI C’

4 06

i n dic at e d an d m ay be gi ve n with b e n e fit in t h e f or m of th e ti n ctur a c a m ph o r ae co m p osit a I n te ta n u s th e h y p od e r m ic i n j e ctio n o f m orphi n e c o m bi n e d with a tropin e h as b e e n e m p l o y e d with a v a ri abl e d e gr ee o f s u cc e ss ,

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In p r ema tu r e la bou r p a i n s , i n p os t p a r tum he morr hage an d s tr ai n i n g, a n d i n c a s e s o f ever si on o f the u ter u s , -

bla dder ,

O pi u m or m orphi n e ar e a d m i n ist e r e d with b e n e fit as s e d a ti ve s a n d a n tisp a s m odics In c a s e s o f i n tes tin a l hwmorr h age opiu m is O f gr e a t valu e as it arr e sts th e m o ve m e n ts of th e bow e l an d h as a s e d a ti ve e fi e c t o n th e circ u l a tio n I n such c a s e s it should be co m bi n e d with ac e t at e o f l e a d or p r e p ar atio n s co n t a i n i n g t a n n ic acid I n di seases of the hea r t i n which p ai n an d distr e ss pro m i n e n t s y m pto m s O piu m j u diciou s l y a d m i n ar e i ste r e d is b e n e fici a l ; but a s it i s a d a n g e rous c ardi a c d e p r e ss an t oth e r an od y n e s s u ch as b e ll a do n n a are pr e fe rr e d I n di a be tes me lli tu s occ a sio n a ll y m e t with i n dogs but r a r e l y i n hor se s opiu m o r cod e i n e a d m i n ist e r e d twic e d ail y giv e s f av o u r abl e r e sults A s a n a n ti do te to str y ch n i n e poiso n i n g m orp h in e h as th e pow e r o f a n t a go n i z i n g th e m uscul a r sp a s m s ; a n d P ro fe s sor F S m ith r e cords a n i n st an c e o f a dog poiso n e d with str y ch n i n e a n d s o co n v uls e d th at r e co ve r y s e e m e d i m possibl e but af t e r fi ve gr ai n s o f m orp hi n e h a d b e e n in j e ct e d h y pod e r m ic a ll y th e m uscul a r spa s m s c e a s e d t h e an i m al sl e pt fo r tw e n t y f our hours a n d r e co ve r e d Con tr a In di c a t i on s of O p i um an d M or p h in e — In c on In ge s tiv e a n d i n fl a mm a tor y affe ctio n s o f th e b r a i n dis e as e s O f th e r e sp ir a tor y org an s with sh allow e m b arr asse d br e athin g a n d a t e n d e n c y to d e a th f ro m o r vagi n a ,

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0 P 1 UM

4 07

sph y xi a o piu m o r m orphi n e is ap t t o still f urth e r d e pr e ss r e spir a tor y f un ctio n In cough a n d r e spir a tor y di s tr e ss with a bu n d an t s ec r e tio n a s i n t h e bro n chitis of we a k or d e bili ta t e d subj e cts opiu m l e ads to r e t e n ti on an d i n spiss atio n o f th e products a ggr av atio n of t h e c aus e an d a t e n d e n c y to a sph y x i a In r e n a l disord e r or dis e a s e i f t h e a ctio n o f t h e kid n e y s be d e fici e n t O piu m t e n ds t o i n cr e a s e this co n ditio n a n d th e r e is a prob abilit y of th e r e t e n tio n a n d accu m ul at io n O f m or p hi n e i n t h e s y st e m E x tern a lly O piu m is e m plo y e d as a topic a l a n od y n e i n t h e f or m O f li n i m e n t pr e p a r e d b y m i x i n g e q u a l p a rts o f t h e ti n ctur e o f O piu m an d so a p li n i m e n t I n c a s e s o f e v e rsio n o f t h e ut e r u s v a gi n a or bl a dd e r t h e p a rts a r e w a sh e d with a sol u tio n o f opiu m an d b e ll a do n n a b e f or e b e i n g r e turn e d to th e ir n or m al positio n s In h ae mo rrhoid s O piu m is us e f ul appli e d i n th e f or m of t h e u n gu e n tu m gallae c um O pio

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Ap omor p h i n ae H y dr och lor as — H AP O M O RP H I N E

YD E O C H L O R AT E

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b y h e a ti n g m orphi n e tub e s with h y drochlori c a cid P r ep ar ed

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s H yp ode rmi ca— 2 gr a i n s Inj e ct i o A p om orp hi n e i n 1 00 m i n i m s O f c a m phor -w a t e r v D ose —S ubcut an e ousl y f or dogs , nLii to .

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is t h e quick e st an d m ost r e li abl e o f a ll e m e tics ; i t a cts upo n t h e v o m iti n g c e n tr e a n d but slightl y on t h e sto m a ch b e i n g m a i n l y a n i n di r ec t e m e tic A ction s

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VE T E RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UT I CS

4 08

is e mplo y e d i n c an i n e pra ctic e i n dos e s of gr g1? t o 1 1 r n g T 3 h y pod er mic all y a d gr T 5 t o gr l, b y th e m out h I ts e ffe cts are p r oduc e d in f ro m 5 to 20 m i n ut e s co n sisti ng of m o de r at e n au s e a r e p e at e d v o miti n g an d th e disturb an c e s Of th e r e spir a tor y a n d circul ator y org an s usu all y c aus e d b y e m e tic s I t is st at e d n ot to c aus e loc al irrit atio n of the sto ma ch an d to l e ave littl e or n o af t e r e fi ect s S m all dos e s (gr 715 ) a r e e xp e ctor an t Apo morphi n e a dm i n ist e r e d to th e hors e pr o duc e s n o att e m pts at v o m itio n but c a us e s a l a r m i n g s y m pt o m s of c erebral excit e m e n t It

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Cannabis lndi ca —I N D I AN H

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MP

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dri e d flow e ri n g o r f ruiti n g tops of th e f e m al e p l an ts o f Cann abis s ati v a gro w n i n I n di a an d f ro m whic h t he r e si n h a s n o t b e e n r e m o ve d I t c o n t ai n s a glucosid e ca nn a bi n ; an a cti ve pri n cipl e ca nn a bin on ; a vol ati l e alk aloid can n a bi n i n e ; an oth e r alk aloid tetan o an d a v ol atil e o il ca n n a bene can na bi n e The

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P r ep a r a tio n s

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o h olic — 6 in 1 d ogs 3s s to 3i

E xt r ac t um Cann ab is In d ic a — Alc

D oses — H

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gr i Tinct ura Cann abis In di c a — 1 D ose for dogs mv to n1 xx .

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ph y siologic a l e ff e cts of the active pri n cipl e an d alk aloids o f c a n n abis i n dic a h ave no t b ee n f ull y d e t e r m i ne d T e t an o c ann abi ne is s a id t o be a c o nv uls an t T h e e xtr a ct is th e pr e p a r a tio n co n c e r n i n g whic h w e h ave s om e d efin it e kn owl e dge a n d whic h is gene r all y e mplo y e d i n pr a ctic e .

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VE TE RIN A R Y TH E RA P E UTI CS

4 10 of

f roth y

s ali va issu e s f ro m th e m outh th e p e n is m a y be p e n d u lous E ve n i n this co n ditio n th e a n i m al m ay att e m pt to f e e d o n a br a n m a sh but t h e lips ar e us u all y w ork e d i n a s e m i un con scious m a nn e r a n d littl e or n othi n g is sw allowe d T his st a t e of n a rcosis m ay co n ti n u e for a n i n d e fi n it e p e riod b u t a ft e r t h e a d m in i s tr a tio n o f di ffusibl e sti m ul a n ts it gra du all y p a s s e s o ff with but littl e d e gre e of n aus e a or loss of app e tit e a n d n o i n t e r f e r e n c e with t h e a ctio n o f t h e bow e ls o r kid n e y s E ve n m e dici n a l dos e s will i n so m e hors e s p rod u c e an ap p a r e n t loss of co n trol o v e r th e hi n d e x tre m iti e s bu t thi s gr a du a ll y p a s s e s O ff witho u t a n y u n to w a rd e ffe cts I n man t h e drug is st a t e d to p roduc e a si m il a r e ffe ct a n d i n a dditio n a p arti a l a n aesth e si a of t h e li m bs occurs af t e r f ull dos e s W e h av e n o e vid e n c e of t h e to xic e ffe cts of c an n abis i n dic a an d accordi n g t o P ro f e ssor F S m ith e ve n l a rge dos e s will n ot c a us e d e a th i n th e hors e although a ve r y pro f ou n d st a t e o f n a rcosis i s i n du c e d M e di ci na l U s e s I n co n s e q u e n c e o f its m a rk e d h y pn otic e ffe cts in a dditio n to its an od y n e a ctio n c ann abis in dic a is an a g e n t of ve r y gr e a t v alu e f or th e r e li e f of ac u t e p ai n in hors e s irr e spe cti ve of its origi n A s w e h ave a lr e a d y st a t e d opi u m or m orphi n e will f a il to gi ve r e lie f i n m a n y c a s e s o f v iol e n t a bdo m i n al p a i n in co n s e q ue n c e o f acti n g as c e r e b ro spi n a l e xcit an ts e ve n wh e n l arg e dos e s h ave b ee n a d m i n ist e r e d I n such i n st a n c e s c an n abis in dic a will give r e li e f ; its e ffe cts a r e r e li a bl e a n d it do e s n ot produc e t h e e x tr e m e n au s e a which occ u rs a f t e r opiu m or m orp hi n e E v e n i n c a s e s o f a f a t a l n a t u r e f ro m th e co m m e n c e m e n t it giv e s t h e p a ti en t e a s e f ro m t h e u n co n troll abl e a go n y which h e is suffe ri n g flow

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I N D IAN H E

MP

411

P ro fe ssor F S mith

fir s t dire ct e d t h e a tt e n tio n o f th e pro fe ssio n t o th e va lu e o f this drug a s a n a n od y n e an d h ypn otic f o r th e hors e a n d cli n ic al e xp e ri e n c e am pl y j usti fi e s th e high o pi n io n which h e h e ld o f it I t is n e c e ss a r y t o O bt a i n a r e li a bl e pr e p a r atio n a n d a prop e r dos e should als o be ad m i n ist e r e d th e a m ou n t usu a ll y r e co m m e n d e d in t e x t books b e i n g i n ou r e xp eri e n c e us e l e ss It is b e st a d m in ist e r e d in th e f or m o f bolus t h e a v e r a g e do s e b e i n g h al f a n o u n c e but i n so me i n st an c e s o ne oun c e m ay b e n e c e ss a r y S hould th e r e b e a n y i n dic a tio n s of a r e curr e n c e of p ai n th e dr ug should be r e p e a t e d u n til h y p n o tic e ffe c ts ar e produc e d In c a s e s wh e r e pr o f ou n d n a rcosis occurs f or a l e n gth e n e d p e ri od e i th e r fro m i n di vidu al susc e ptibiliti e s or fro m e x c e ssi ve dos e s of t h e drug it can be o ve rco m e b y th e a d m i n istr a tio n of diffusibl e sti m ul an ts or th e h y pode r m ic i n j e ctio n o f e th e r I n te ta n us c an n abis i n dic a h as b ee n e m pl o y e d with va ri abl e succ e ss a n d m ay be ad m i n ist e r e d i n th e fo r m O f e l e ctu a r y pl a c e d b e tw e e n th e m ol a r t e e th I n cho rea i n dogs it is highl y r ec o m m e n d e d b y so m e pr actitio n e rs f o r tr an quilli z i n g th e i n v olu n t ar y spas m s which occur i n this affe ctio n I t is prob abl e th a t a s th e a ctio n s o f c an n a bis i n dic a ar e m or e p e r f e ctl y u n d e rstood its m e dici n a l us e s will b e m or e e x t e n si v e O n e di ffi cult y at pr e s e n t co n sists i n o bt ai n i n g pr e p a r a tio n s o f a d e fi n it e d e gr e e o f str e n gth .

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Co c a — CO CA

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dri e d l e ave s o f E r y thro x y lo n coc a a shrub fro m Coc a l e a v e s co n t a i n abo u t 02 p e r c e n t S outh Am e ric a o f an a lk a loid coca i ne Th e

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VE T E R IN A R

4 12

Y

TH E RA P E UT I CS

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Cocain ae H ydrochloras — H y drochlor a t e o f Coc a in e P r ep ared by a co m pl e x proc e ss f ro m t h e crud e drug .

.

U s es — A

solutio n Of th e h y drochlor at e o f coc ain e wh e n applie d to an e x pos e d m ucous surf ac e or i n j e ct e d h ypod e r m ic all y p ar al y z e s t h e s e n sor y n e r ve s a n d co n tr acts t h e v e ss e ls o f a p a rt T his I t thus prod u c e s loca l a n e s the si a a n d a n aemi a co n ditio n m ay l ast f or fi ft ee n m i n ut e s or lo n ge r accord i n g to th e str e n gth o f t h e solutio n e m plo y e d I n ter n a lly coc a a cts as a s ti mu la n t ton i c a n d r es tor a tive wh e n gi ve n i n s m a ll dos e s I n f ull dos e s it c a us e s gr eat m usc u l a r r e stl e ss n e ss an d e x cit e m e n t th e br a i n m e dull a a n d cord a r e pow e r f ull y sti m ul at e d fro m abo ve down w ards an d c o n v ulsio n s of c e r e br a l origi n occur T o x ic dos e s p a r a l y ze th e post e rior colu mn s o f th e spi n a l cord a n d th e p e riphe r al s e n sor y n e r ve s ; an d fin a ll y p a r al yz e th e c e n tr a l n e rve — c e n tre s c a usi n g de ath f ro m a sph y xi a I n hors e s dos e s of 6 0 to 8 0 gr a i n s i n j e ct e d subcu e x cit e men t s a livatio n tan e ously c a us e r e stl e ss n e ss dilat atio n of th e pupil effe cts w hich dis a pp e ar in about t w o hours D ogs a r e v e r y susc e ptibl e to th e actio n of coc ai n e an d h e n c e gr e a t c a r e is n e c e ss a r y to a v oid stro n g solu tio n s i n e m plo y i n g this a ge n t as a loc al a n ae sth e tic If an e x c e ssi v e a m oun t be absorb e d it quickl y p r o duc e s m uscul a r sp a s m s e pil e ptic fits t h e an i m al rolli n g abou t a n d ch a m pi n g th e j a ws with gr e a t s ali va tio n ; clo n ic sp a s m s occur a n d d e ath i n a short ti m e fro m a sph y x i a The chi ef u se o f coc a in e is as a loca l a n ws the ti c i n A ctions

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VE TE RIN A R Y T H E RA P E U T ICS

414

CH AP TE R X I

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’ — K I N G DO M Co n ti nued

T H E VE GE T A B LE

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Folia — B E

ONN A L E AVE S T H E f r e sh l ea ve s w ith th e br a n ch e s to which th e y ar e a tt a ch e d o f Atrop a b e ll a do n n a ( d e a dl y n ightsh a d e ) a lso t h e l e ave s s e p a r a t e d f ro m t h e br a n ch e s a n d c a r e f ull y dri e d ga th e r e d wh e n t h e f r u it h as b e gun to f o r m fro m wild or culti vat e d B ritish pl an ts D oses —H ors e s an d c a ttl e ges to 3i dogs grs v to gr s x Be lladonna:

L L AD

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Be lladonn a Ra di x— B E Th e

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ONN A ROO T c ar ef ull y dri e d

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t ctum Belladonna — a gr een e xtr a ct — 4 fr o m 1 00 of f resh l eav e s D os es — H ors e s 5 i to c a ttl e an to 3iii ; sh e e p grs x to grs xx dogs gs s s to grs iii E xt ractum Be l la donna A lcoh oli cum — A spirituous an d a qu e ous e x tr a ct this is a b out f o u r ti m e s th e str e n gth of th e gr e e n e x tr act an d is pr e scrib e d i n on e qu art er o f th e dos e s of t h e l att e r T inct ura Be ll adonn a — 1 of dri ed l e av e s i n 2 0 of pr oo f S pirit D oses — H ors e s 3s s to gi ss c a ttl e 3ii sh ee p 3i dogs ULv t o lu x Glycerinum Be ll a donn a — E qu a l p arts o f e x tr a ct of b e ll ado nn a an d gl y c e ri n e D oses —D oubl e thos e O f t h e gr e e n e x tr a ct Unguen tum Belladonn ae — l o f th e alcoholic e x tr a ct t o 9 of b e n z o a t e d l ard Li ni ment um Bell adonna — 1 ou n c e to o un c e s of spirit with of c amphor E

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B E L L A D ON N A

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lk al o id o bt a i n e d f r om b e ll a do n n a r oot

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co n tr acts th e bloodve sse ls a n d th e n r el axe s th e m an d r e duc e s t h e a cti v it y o f m oto r n e r v e fi lame n t s t o u n d e rl yi n g m uscl e s It a lso de pr e ss e s an y spe ci a l n e r ve e n din gs with which it m ay co m e in co n t act such as t h e n e rve s of th e sudorip arous an d m a mm ar y gl a n ds Applie d to th e e ye it c a us e s dil at atio n of t h e pupil as w e ll as w h en gi ven in t e rn all y I n tern a lly it c a us e s dr y n e ss o f the m out h an d thro a t In t h e which a ctio n is h ow ev e r a sp e cific on e stom a ch it h as a slight an ody n e e e ct whil e its actio n o n t h e i n t e sti n e s is a lso a sp e c ific on e t o be pr e s e n tl y de scrib e d ( 2 ) ACT I ON O N T H E B L OOD It

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c h e s th e diffe r en t tissue s quickl y pro du cin g m ark e d e ffe cts o n di ffe r en t po rtio n s o f t h e s y ste m A m oderate dos e c aus e s dry n e ss i n t h e m o uth wit h slight difficult y i n sw allowi n g ; th e an d thro at pu pils are dil at e d th e bow e ls m ay b e come rel axe d an d t h e puls e is re duc e d i n fr e qu e n c y L a rg e r dose s c aus e a f re qu e n t puls e r e stl e ssn e ss a cc e l e r at e d r e spir atio n s disorder of visi on irr e gul a r m o ve m en ts wit h d e liriu m an d fi n all y c o m a We S h a ll n ow pr o c e e d t o an al y z e th e s e ph e n o me n a On the Convo lu ti on s of the Cerebrum —B e ll a don n a a cts a s a dep r essan t i n m e dici n al d o s e s ; i n l arg e dos e s it m ay produc e deliri um On the Sp i na l Cor d — I t first S ligh tl y in cr e a se s an d then dim inis h e s re fle x irrit abilit y but it do e s n ot posse ss a p o w e r f ul acti on on this r e gi on Atr o pi n e

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a c ti o n s T h e acti on of the hear t i s s lowed t em por a r ily b y s tim ul at i o n o f th e c a rdi a c c ent r e a s a lr ea dy m en ti o ned an d a lso b y s tim u l a tio n o f th e t e r mina l en ds o f th e v agus i n th e h ear t T h e p uls e next ri ses i n fr equency due t o p a r alys i s of th e t e r mina l en ds of th e v agu s b u t th e forc e of th e sys tol e is no t r e d u c e d a ft e r m od e r at e dos e s To x i c dose s d e pr e ss th e i n tr a c a rd i a c g an gl i a an d fi na lly p a r alyz e t h e h eart m uscl e d eat h occ urri n g fro m c a rd i a c fail ur e wi th t h e v ent ricl e in d i a st ol e A ccord i ng t o so me a u thor i t i e s d ea t h r e s u l t s fro m a sphyx i a d u e to p a r a lys i s o f th e r e sp ir a tory c en tr e 0n the circu la tion b ell a do nna produc e s effe c t s by i ts a c tio n o n th e v a so m ot or c ent r e T h e pr i ma ry effe c t of th e drug viz t h e s ti m ul atio n of t hi s c en tr e c au s e s co n tr a c ti o n of th e syst emi c a rt e r i e s an d a t empor a ry ri s e of th e blood pr e ssur e 3t h i s co i n c i d e s wi th t h e c a rd i a c a cc e l er a t io n T h e s e co n d a ry e fi e ct of f u ll dos e s i s to dep r ess th e v a so m o tor c en tr e ; th i s c au s e s r e la xa ti on of th e p erip h e r al v e ss els an d a low eri ng of the blood p ressure an d i f t hi s b e ext r eme i t co in c i d e s wit h th e p ar alys i s o f th e c ard i a c g an gl i a an d m u scl e an d co n t ri b u t e s to th e fi na l a rr e s t o f th e c i rc u l a ti o n 0n R esp ira ti on — O win g t o i ts po w e rfu l s ti m u l a ti n g .

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e ffe ct o n th e r e spi r a t ory c en t r e alr ea dy men tio ne d th e r e sp i r a t ory m o v emen t s b e co me m or e fr e q u en t an d d ee p e r ; t o x i c dos e s p a r alyz e t hi s c ent r e T h e tensi on o f t h e mu scul a r co at of t h e bro n ch i i s dim i ni sh e d an d th e air c u rr en t f a ci li t a t e d due to p ar alysi s of t h e t e r min a t i o n s of t h e v a gu s in t h e bro n ch i a l w a lls S ensi bi li ty an d r e ex a c ti on in t h e s ame p a r t s a r e d im i ni sh e d i e dyspn oea an d co ug h t hi s effe c t d e p en d in g on p ar a lys i s of th e a ffe r en t br an c h e s of t h e v agu s T h e bo dy temp era ture i s t em por a rily r a i s e d by m od e r a t e dos e s bu t i t f alls wi t h th e fai l u r e of t h e ci rcul ati o n af t e r l a rge dos e s '‘ — — In the H orse T oxi c E ff e ct s I h e e xp e ri men t s of H e rt wi g d em o n s t r a t e t h a t l a rg e dos e s of b ell a do nna c a u s e d u l ne ss unea sine ss dil at e d p upils loss of appe t it e t y m p ani ti s of t h e sto ma ch an d in t e s tine s p uls e q uick s mall an d g r a d u a lly i mp e rc ep tibl e r e sp ir atio n s shor t q ui ck an d a cco m p an i e d by fl appin g of th e n os trils N o hyp n o ti c effe c t s w e r e prod u c e d ; so me of th e c a s e s exhi b it e d i m p e r fe c t po we r of m o vi n g t h e h in d ex t r em i ti e s o th e rs sho w e d sym p t o m s of a bdo m ina l p ain S o me c a s e s t e r m ina t e d i n thir ty to fi fty ho urs afte r t h e firs t dos e , but in o th e rs th e sym p to m s gr a du a ll y ab a t e d Si x o un c e s of t h e dr ie d roo t us ua lly pro v e d f at al A nt i dot e s —T h e a d m in i s t r a t i o n of d iff us ibl e s tim u l an t s a lcohol a mm o ni a e t c ; a r tifi c ia l r e spi r a tio n if ne c e ss a ry I n t h e dog eme ti cs shoul d b e ea rly r e sor t e d to L i me w a t e r i s b e l i e v e d to b e d e s t ru c ti v e to at rop i ne an d h a s b een r e co mmen d e d a s an an ti do t e As atr Opin e i s r ap i dly e l i m ina t e d by t h e kid ne ys t h e c a th e t e r sho uld b e em ploy e d to r em o v e t h e urine w hi c h ,

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( 4 ) RE M O T E L O CA L AC T I O N Atrop i ne i s r a p i dly e x cr e te d in t h e u rine i n an nu ch an g e d co n ditio n It a c t s a s a di ure ti c i n cr ea sin g the u r ea phosph at e s s ulph a t e s an d w at er of th e u rine In i ts p a ss ag e t h ro ugh th e u r e t e rs bl a dd e r an d u r ethr a i t e x e r t s remote loca l an odyn e e ec ts I n affec tion s of the r esp i r a tory organ s M e di cin a l U s e s — b ell a do nna i s fr e quen tly em ploy e d i n co n s e q u en c e of its soo th in g effe c t s o n t h e a e r e n t an d eff e r en t nerve s o f t he bro n ch i i ts s ti mul a tin g a c t i o n o n th e r e spir at ory c en tr e an d i ts po w e r of a b a ti n g e x c e ss iv e m uco u s s e cret ion In p ha ryngi ti s la ryngi ti s a n d bron chi ti s i t r e l i ev e s sp a s m an d irrit abl e co ugh r en d ers d e gl utitio n ea s i e r an d ma y b e a dmini s t er e d i n th e for m of e l e c tua ry i n s u ch c a s e s In a s thma i t h a s b een em ploy e d wit h s ucc e ss i n bo th hors e s an d do g s I n so me form s of ca r diac afi ecti on b e ll a do nna i s b el i eve d t o r el i ev e c a rd i a c p a i n an d p a lpit at i o n b e in g a l w a ys pr eferre d t o op iu m for s uch c a s e s It s eff e ct i s prob ably an in dir e c t on e r efe r abl e t o fr e q u en t em p ty in g lo w e ri n g of th e v a sc ul a r t en s i o n an d o f t h e v en tri cl e s pr ev ent i o n of d is ten si o n of t h e h ea r t wit ho ut d i m in i sh in g c a rd i a c forc e In gas tri tis in all p a ti en t s b e ll a do nna i s a v e ry v al u abl e ag en t In c attl e i t m a y b e co m b in e d with sod ae bi c a rb an d 0 1 l i n i an d gi ves benefi ci a l resu lts i n ca ses of i n a mnm tio n .

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f the eye a t rop ine sulph at e i s em ploy e d loc ally a s a sol ut i o n co n t ai n in g fro m 2 t o 4 gr ai n s to th e o un c e o f d i s ti ll e d w at e r It pr ev en t s or br eaks do w n a dh e si o n s i n i r i ti s an d ma y b e a l t er na t e d with m yo t ics s u ch a s physostigm i ne In ker a ti ti s an d conju n cti vi ti s it r e d u c e s in a mma t ory a c tio n an d r eli ev e s p ai n I n lesi on s of the cornea an d i n p erfora ting u lcer a trop ine lo tio n giv e s s a ti sf a ct ory r e sul t s an d ma y b e co m b i ne d wit h coc aine In w ou n ds a n d i njur i es to th e e y e b e ll a do nna sho uld b e appl i e d a roun d th e r egio n a s w ell a s th e solutio n of a t rop i ne appl i e d t o th e organ i t s elf I n sp ecifi c op h tha lmi a th e sol ut i o n of a t rop i ne i s v e ry u s e f u l d u ri ng a ll s t a g e s of t h e a ffe c tio n w h en em ploy e d i n co n j u n c t i o n with co n s titu ti o nal t r ea t men t In e x am ina ti o n s of th e e y e wi th th e oph th al m oscop e at rop ine is em ploy e d to d i l a te th e pup i l an d so a ssi st in th e d e t e c ti o n o f c at a r a c t I n w oun ds a cco m p an i e d by e xt r eme p a i n su ch a s p un c tu r e d w o un ds of th e feet th e appli c a ti o n of th e e xt r a c t of b ell a do nna w it h glyc e ri ne giv e s ma rk e d r el i e f alo n g wi th t h e j u d i c i o u s em ploymen t of po u l ti c e s In deep fi ssu res of the h ee l s een a s a s e q u e l t o gr ea s e i n t h e hors e a cco m p an i e d by e x c e ss iv e l amene ss an d p ai n t h e appl i c a t i o n o f th e glyc erin um b e ll a do nna to th e p a r t giv e s b ene fic i a l r e s u l t s In

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H y os cy ami FUlla— HYO S C YAM U S ,

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T h e fr e sh l eave s an d flo w ers wi th th e br an ch e s t o w h i ch t h e y a r e a tt ach e d o f H yosc yam u s n i ge r a lso t h e l eav e s s e p a r a t e d fro m th e br an ch e s an d fl o w e ri n g t ops c ar e fu lly dri ed ,

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H YOS CYA M US

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P r ep ar a ti on s E xt r ac t u m H yoscyami — A gr een e x tr a c pl an t— 2 0 i n 1 D oses —H ors e s an d c att l e , 5i s s to 5iii to g rs x .

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H y oscy ami ne — A

crys t a ll i ne alk a lo i d ob t a i ne d fro m hyo scy am u s u s u ally pr e scr ib e d a s a ne ut r a l s u lph a t e D os es — H ors e s an d c a tt l e gr i to gr s iii ; do g s g r 3% t o gr 5 115 H y osc i ne — A syr u py a lk a lo i d for m in g s a l t s s uch a s th e hydrobro m a te an d th e h ydri od i d e A ct i o n s an d U s e s — H yoscy am u s clos e ly a gr ee s wi th t h e a c t i o n s an d u s e s of b e ll a do nna ; th e follo w ing dis t in c ti on s ho w e ve r me r i t a t t en t i o n (a ) T h e ph a r m a c e ut i c a l pr ep a r ati o n s of th e dr ug a r e w ea k e r t h an thos e of b ell a do nna an d h en c e m u s t b e giv en i n l a r g e r dos e s ( b) T h e s e co n d a ry o r c a l ma t iv e effe c ts o n th e con volu ti o n s a r e m or e r ap i d an d pro n o u n c e d wi t h hyoscy am u s th e s e d ativ e a c ti o n prob a bly d e p en d i n g o n th e hyosc ine ( c) H yoscy am u s poss e ss e s m or e mark e d l ax at iv e an d c a r m i na t iv e effe c t s on th e i n t e s ti ne (d) It poss e ss e s a m or e d e c i d e d r em o t e loc a l an odyne a c ti o n on th e urin a ry organ s ( e) It do e s n o t d i l a t e th e p u pil so c e r t a i n ly or fully a s b e ll a do nn a H yoscy amu s is pr e scr i b e d a s an an ody ne i n i rri ta ble con di ti on s of the ki dneys a n d bla dder an d i s co m b i ne d w i th a lk a l i e s s uch a s th e c a rbo nat e of po ta sh T h e e x tr a c t of hyoscy am u s i s oft en co m b i ne d with p urga tiv e s t o pr e v en t t h e i r g ri pin g an d t o a ss i s t th ei r a c ti o n I t h a s b een occ a s i o na lly pr e scr ib e d in c a s e s of ch or e a a n d e p i l e psy i n do g s .

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T E RINA R Y TH E RA PE U TI CS

S t ra mon ii Fol ia— S t r a mon ii S

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T h e dr i e d l ea ve s an d s ee ds of D a tu r a s tr am o n ium or th e t hor n ap pl e T h e pr ep a r a ti o n s i n u se a r e t h e ext r a c t an d t he ti n c t u r e T h e alk alo id i s da tu r i n e w h i ch i s e i t h e r i d en ti c a l wi th h yoscyam i ne or i s a v ar i a bl e m ixt u r e of a trop i ne an d hyoscy am i ne ,

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T h e dr i e d l eav e s of N ico ti ana t a b a c u m T ob a cco co n t a i n s fro m 2 t o 8 p e r c en t of a po w erfu l T oba cco sm oke co n ta i n s o n l y t h e alk a lo i d n ico tin e s ma ll e s t t r a c e o f n i co ti ne or n o ne but a n u m b e r of v ol atil e bodi e s ch i efl y pyri di ne co mp o u nds .

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effe c t o n the co n v ol ut io n s of t h e c e r ebr u m u n til a sphyxi a s up erv ene s L a r g e dos e s c a u s e w eak ne ss of t h e extr em iti e s droopin g an d s woll en e y eli ds dil a t a tio n o f t h e p up i ls an d fi na lly g ene r a l p a r a lys i s C o n iu m i s s eldo m em ploy e d a s a th e r ap euti c ag en t C o ni ne in th e for m of th e hydrobro m at e h a s b een pr e scrib e d in t h e t r ea t men t of te tanus giv en hypod e r m i c ally i n do s e s o f t hr ee t o fi v e gr ai n s but h a s n ot y i e ld e d s ati s f a c tory r e s u l t s I n sp a smodi c cough co n i u m is r e co mmen d e d by so me aut horit i e s a lso in t h e t r eat men t of chorea i n do g s It h a s n o e ffe c t o n t h e m u sc ul a r sp a s m s prod u c e d by s t rych n i ne Ourar a — C U RARE An e x tr a c t fro m one or m or e sp e ci e s of S trych n os o win g i ts a c t i vi t y t o an alk alo i d c u r a rina ( S o u th A me ri c an a rro w poi so n ) C u r a r e r e s embl e s co ni u m in i ts a c ti o n vi z p ara lyzi ng It i s s ai d mo tor n erves wi tho u t r em o vin g co n sc i o u s ne ss n ot t o e x e r t t o x i c e ff e c t s w h en gi v en by t h e m o u t h bu t a c t s a s a po w e rf u l po i so n w h en i nj e c te d in t r a v en o u sly I t h a s b een e m hypod e r m i c a lly or i n t r a t r a ch eally ploy e d in t et anu s i n dos e s of g r i t o g rs ii of th e a lk a lo i d wi tho ut prod u cin g an y b ene fici a l r e s ult s

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(2 ) S P E CI F IC AC T I O N C al ab a r b ean poss e ss e s s im i l a r a c ti o n s to i ts alk alo i d physost igm i ne th e for me r ho w ev e r co n t a i n s ca la ba r i n e w h i ch a cco un t s for t h e co nvuls i o n s so me ti me s n o te d i n exp e ri men t s wi th t h i s dr ug P hysos t igm i ne i n cr ea s e s m os t s e cr e t i o n s s u ch a s th e s a l iv a ry l a chrym al c ut ane o u s an d th e s e cr et i o n fro m m u co u s mem br ane s a ffe c tin g prob ably th e gl an d ul a r s e cr et i ng c e lls On the N er vous S ys tem — P hysos t igm i ne h a s n o e fi e c t o n t h e co n v ol u t i o n s O f th e c e r e br u m an d con sci ousn ess i s n o t los t tho ugh i t i s i m p a i r e d by l a r e dos e s g T h e sp i n a l cor d i s th e r egi o n pr i n c ip ally affe ct e d by t h i s dr u g I t c a u s e s dep r essi on an d fi na lly p a r a lys i s o f th e a n ter ior cor n u a of t h e gr a y ma tt e r w h i ch co n d u c t i mp u ls e s fro m th e br a in to t h e p eri ph e ry It a c t s i n a s i m i l a r manne r o n th e p os ter i or cor nu a ( s e n so ry por ti o n s ) o f t h e cord th e r e s u l t b e i n g t h e prod u c t i o n o f a co m pl e te .

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p hysos t igm i ne , v e r a tr i ne , an d p i loc a rp i ne t h e i n t e s t i na l co n tr a c ti o n s an d s e cr e ti o n s , but ,

a ll exc it e with th e follo win g d iffe r en c e s : ver a tr i n e i n cr ea s e s th e co n tr a c ti o n s m or e th an t h e s e cr e ti o n s ; p i loca rp in e ih cr ea s e s ch i efly th e s e cr eti o n s o i th e an t e ri or por ti o n O f th e d i ge s tiv e t ub e w h i l e physos tigm i ne i n cr ea s e s th e s e cr eti o n s of th e post e ri or porti o n H en c e h e co n cl u d e s t h a t i t i s of a dv an t age t o co m b i ne th e s e t hr ee ag en t s i n th e tr ea t men t o f i nt e s t i na l obs tr u c ti o n M K a ufmann s t at e s th at o n op en i n g th e abdo men of a hors e w hich h ad r e c eive d a f ull dos e of physos t igm i ne ene rg et i c co n tr a c ti o n s of th e i n t e s ti ne s w e r e ob s er v e d P os t m or t em e x am i nat i o n s of an i ma ls po i so ne d by t h i s dr ug sho w p allor co n tr a c ti o n an d h a rd ne ss of t h e l a rg e in te sti ne t h e bl a dd e r em p t y an d co n t r a c t e d an d t h e ut e r u s a lso co n t r a c t e d W e a r e i n d eb t e d to P rof e ssor F S m i th for r el i abl e i n for ma ti o n o n th e a c ti o n an d u s e s of physost igm i ne i n T h i s a u thor i t y pr e fe rs th e s al i cyl a t e O f phy t h e hors e s o s tigm i n e to th e s u lph a t e a s th e for me r prod u c e s l e ss col icky p a i n s t h an th e l atte r T h e co m b ina t io n wi th p i loc a rp i ne w a s fo u n d m or e effi c i ent a s ma ll e r dos e b ein g a lso r e q uir e d It ma y b e a d min i s t er e d by hypod e rm i c or i n tr at r a ch ea l i n j e c t i o n ; by t h e l att e r met hod i t a c t s q ui ck e r T h e av er a ge me d i c i na l dos e vi z 1 % g r ain s ad m i n i s ter e d by hypod er m i c i n j e c ti o n a c t s in fro m t w en ty t o s i x ty m i n u t e s b ut m ay r ema i n an ho u r an d a h a lf b efor e an y sym p tom s ar e prod u c e d Ad m i n i s t e r e d by th e tr a ch ea i ts a c ti o n ma y co m men c e i n fro m t w en t y to t w en ty fi ve m i n u te s but r a r e ly b e yo n d an ho u r T h e earl i e st i n di c at i o n s a r e lo u d in t e s tina l m ur m urs th e p a ss age of atus wi t h sl igh t col i cky p ain ; th i s i s shor tly follo w e d by ev a c ua tio n o f th e co n t en t s of t he ,

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r e c t u m an d th e m o ti o n s t h en p a ss at i n t e r va ls o f a f e w m in ut e s ea ch b e co m i n g gr a d u ally sof te r m or e w a te ry l e ss for me d i n b a lls u n t il th e s t a g e i s r ea ch e d wh en t h e ’ ev a c u a ti o n s a r e m o i st an d fl uid r e s em bl in g co w s tee c e s All t h i s t i m e t h e a b do m i na l di s turb an c e h a s be co me gr ea te r ; t h e an i ma l l i e s do w n bu t s e ldo m rolls t h e i h t e st i n a l m u r m u rs ar e lo u d e r t h e p a ss a g e o f at u s a l m os t co n tin u o u s s t r ai ni n g ma rk ed t h e f ee ce s v o i d e d with gr ea t r a p id i t y O ft en ej e c t e d wi th forc e an d s e ve r a l o u n c e s O f a bro w n colo u r e d fl ui d wi ll at th i s t i me a cco m p an y ea ch m o ti o n In a bo ut tw o t o t w o an d a h a lf ho urs fro m th e t i me o f i n j e c ti o n th e e ffe c t s co mmen c e t o p a ss o ff an d d ur in g t h i s t ime an a l m os t in cr e d ibl e am o un t O f f ae c e s ’ will h a v e b een e x cr et e d Ac ti o n of P hysos t ig m i ne o n ’ th e H ors e by P rof e ssor F S m i th S ee Veteri n a ry Jou r n a l Apr i l 1 8 8 8 T h e a dd i tio n of p i loc a rp ine in cr ea s e s th e a c tio n of th e physos t igm i ne T h e sy m p to m s i n a dditi o n t o t hos e d e scr i b e d a r e : S a l iv at i o n of m or e or l e ss i n t en si ty an d i n cr ea s e d p er i s t a l ti c a c t i o n wi tho ut i n cr ea s e of abdo m i na l p ai n T h e s a l iv a t i o n ma y he so me ti me s ex c e ssi ve an d u s u a lly co mmen c e s i n fro m t hr ee t o fi ve m i n u t e s a ft e r in j e c t i o n T h e s e cr e ti o n po u rs fro m t h e m o ut h ; t h e r e a r e co n st an t m o v emen t s of th e t o n gu e an d a l a rge am o u n t of s a l iv a is s w a llo w e d T h e q u an t it y of s al iv a s w a llo w e d an d a lso t h e i n cr ea s e d p an cr ea tic s e cr et i o n may a c t bo th ch em i c a lly an d me ch an i c a lly o n th e i n t e sti na l c anal At rop i ne i s a phys i olo gi c a l an t ag o n i s t of p h yso stig m i ne a s i t p a r a ly z e s mu scl e s s ti m ul at e s th e r e sp ira tory an d c a rdi a c c en tr e s an d d il at e s t h e p up ils M e di ci na l U s e s — I n imp a cti on of the colon acco m p an i e d by p a r a lys i s o f i ts w a lls physos ti g mi ne h a s gi v en e x c e ll en t r e s u l t s a d m i n i s te r e d by hypod e r mi c i nj e c ti o n ,

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r e co mmen ds t h e in te r tr ach e al i n je cti on of t h e dr ug i n t h e for m of sol u ti o n i n 6 t o 8 dra ch m s o f w ar m w a t er ; th i s m a y b e i n j e c t e d i n t o the t r a ch ea wi tho u t in co n ven i en c e th e a dd i tio n o f 2 o r 3 gr a i n s of p i loc a rp ine a s a lr ea dy men t i o ne d b ein g of a dv an t age P hysos tigmi ne i s con tr a i n di ca ted i n c a s e s O f v ol vu l u s an d in tu ss u sc ep ti o n an d i n in fl am m at ory co n di ti o n s O f h en c e i t i s ne c e ss a ry to a rr i ve a t a corr e c t t h e i n t e s ti ne d i agn osi s b e for e pr e scr ib i n g t hi s dr ug o t h e r wi s e a f a ta l t e r m i nat i o n ma y b e h a s tene d by i n cr ea s in g i n fl amma t ory a c ti o n or c a u sin g r up t u r e of t h e i nt e s tina l w a lls P hysos tig m i ne sho u ld n o t b e e m ploy e d i n th e c a s e of pr e gnan t an i mals i n co n s e q u en c e of its s t i m u l a t in g a c tio n o n th e m u sc u l a r fibr e s O f th e u t er u s I n te ta n u s C a l a b a r b ean an d p hysos ti gm i ne h av e b een em ploy e d bu t u s u a lly give o n ly t em por a ry r e l i e f I n di sea ses of the eye physos t i gm i ne i s appl i e d i n t h e for m of sol ut i o n ( 2 gr a i n s of t h e s ulph at e t o 1 o u n c e of w a t e r) to u lc er a ti o n s of th e cornea an d al t e rnat e d wi th a trop ine to pr even t an d r em o ve a dh e si o n s for me d by i ri ti s physos tig m ine co n t r a ct in g th e p up i l w h i l e a trop i ne d i l at e s i t Al tho ugh an t ago n i s ti c t o s trych n i ne i n i ts a c ti o n o n th e S p i nal cord physos tig m i ne i s of l i ttl e or n o u s e a s an an t i do t e neith e r i s it of m u ch r ea l s ervic e i n t h e tr eat men t of poi so n ing by a t rop ine P rof e ssor F S m i th .

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h a s l e ss eff e ct o n th e i n te s ti nal mu sc ul a r fibr e s t h an physos tigm i ne w hil e i t s ti m ul at e s i n te s tina l gl an d ul a r s e cr e t io n m or e po w erf ully t h an t h e l a tt e r In m o d e r at e dos e s i t i n cr ea s e s t h e s e cr et i o n O f urine an d i s b el i ev e d t o s ti m u l at e th e p an crea s T h e s e eff e c ts of th e dr ug d ep en d on i ts po w e r of s ti mu l a t in g th e p er iph er al t e r m i na t i o n s of effe r en t nerv e s in gl an ds an d i nv ol u n t a ry m u scl e s an d a lso t o a s t i mu l ating eff e c t on th e nerv e c en t r e s pr e s i d i n g o v er s e cr e ti on T h e a c ti o n of th e h ear t i s t em por a r ily a cc el er a t e d b u t a f t er w a rd s S lo w e d an d w ea k ened an d blood pr e ssur e is lo w er ed th e s e eff e c t s b ei n g p a r tly due t o t h e a c ti o n of t h e dr ug on th e v agu s i n t h e h ear t an d p a r tly o n th e c ard i a c gan g l i a T h e t em p e r a tu r e f a lls fro m on e h a lf to one d e g r e e T h e phys i olo gic a l an t ago n i st of piloc a rpine i s a t ropine w hi ch a rr e s ts g l an d ul a r s e cr e tio n an d p a r alyz e s th e n e r v e en d in g s of i n v ol u n t a ry m u scl e s Me di ci nal Us es — T h e ch i e f u s e of p i loc a rp i ne in v e ter i nar y pr ac tic e d ep ends o n i ts po w e r o f i n cr ea sin g i n te s tina l s e cr e ti o n an d p e ri s t a ls i s h en c e it i s co m b i ne d w i th physos tigm ine i n th e t r eat men t of i n te s ti na l i mp ac tion wi th p a r alys i s o f t h e i n t e s t i na l w alls ( s ee p I t i s r e co mmen d e d by K a u f mann a s an exp ec tor an t in bro n ch i al c at arrh a s th ma e tc It i s a lso r e co mmen d e d i n r ena l affe c ti o n s w ith a t en d en cy t o u raem i a ; bu t a s i t poss e ss e s l i t tl e or n o eff e c t on th e S k i n of an i mals i ts th e r ap eut i c v a l ue i n r em o ving u r ea an d w a t e r by t h i s ch annel i s do ubt f ul P i loc arp i ne h a s b een em ploy e d w i th s u cc e ss a s an an t i do te t o a t ropi ne but

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( 3) SPE C I F I C A C T I ON S trych n i ne en te rs t h e t i ss u e s q ui ckly i ts e ffe c t s b e in g e sp ec i a lly ex e r te d on th e n ervou s sys tem I t i s v e ry S lo w ly e x cr e te d th e r e fro m an d i f a d m i n i s t e r e d i n fr e q u en tly r ep ea t e d me d i c i nal dos e s i t I t e x e rt s a poss e ss e s a cumu la tiv e a ction ( s e e p ton i c i n fl u en c e o n th e ne r vo u s syst em s ti m u l a t e s t h e gr ay ma tt er of th e sp i na l cord i n cr ea s e s i ts r e fl e x e x c it a It bi lity an d also s t i m u l a t e s o th e r r e fl e x ne rv e c en t r e s pro m o t e s s e cr et io n of s al iva i mpro v e s app e ti t e an d i n cr ea s e s th e ga s tro — i n t e s ti na l m o v emen t s T h e r e sp ir a t ory c ard i a c an d v a so m o tor c en tr e s a r e s ti m ul at ed c a u s in g i n cr ea s e d fre q u en c y an d d ep th o f r e sp ir a ti o n s an d i n cr ea s e d n u m b er an d forc e o f th e h ea rt b eat s S o me i n d ivi d u als a r e v e ry s u sc ep tibl e t o t h e a c ti o n of n u x v o m i c a an d s trych n i ne L a rge r dos e s or s mall am o u n t s fr e q u en tly r ep eat e d ma y l ea d t o s u dd en twit ch in gs of th e m u scl e s o f th e l im bs h yp e r ee s th e si a an d S l igh t d iffic ul t y i n s w a llo wi n g T oxi c dos e s prod u c e vi o len t cloni c co n v uls i o n s an d d eath fro m e xh a u s ti o n an d a sp hyxi a t h e l att e r b ei n g d u e to sp a sm odi c a rr e s t of th e r e sp i r at ory m u scl e s T h e sym p to m s r e s e mbl e t hos e o f t et an u s to a c e r ta i n e xt en t but di er fro m t h e l att er in th e co m pl e t e r el a x a ti o n o f th e m u scl e s b e t w een th e co n v ulsi v e s e i z u r e s i n th ei r s u dd en d ev e lop men t an d i n th e r ap i d i t y O f th e i r co u rs e t h e m u scl e s of t he j a w s n ot b e in g primari ly affe ct e d T h e t emp e r at ur e i s r a i s e d d urin g th e co n v uls i o n s T h e convo lu ti ons o f th e c e r e br u m a r e u naff e c t e d by s trych n i ne T h e ch i e f a c ti o n i s e x e r t e d o n th e m o tor cen tr es o the f sp i n a l cor d ; th e s e a r e po w e rf u ll y s ti mu la ted an d th e i r r e ex exci ta bi li t y g r eatl y i n cr ea s ed Refl e x m u sc ul a r sp a s m s ar e or igi nat e d by th e sl igh t e s t .

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( 2 ) A C T I ON O N T H E B L OOD O il o f t u rp en t i ne i s fr eely absorb e d fro m a ll s urfa c e s an d en t e rs th e blood u n ch a n ge d E ven i n me d i c i na l dos e s i t i s b el i ev e d to b e p a r ti ally o xi d iz e d a t th e e x p en s e O f th e blood If i n j e ct e d i n t r av en o u sly it m a y prod u c e r ap idly f at a l eff e c t s wh i ch a r e p ar tly r e fe r abl e t o its co agul at in g i nfl u en c e o n t h e blood .

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( 3) SPE C I F I C A C T I ON In me d i c i na l dos e s O i l O f t u rp en t i ne a c t s a s a r e ex s ti mu la n t a s w e ll a s a gene r a l s ti m u l an t It i s r ap i dly absorb e d d i ffu s e d an d e x cr e t ed In fu ll dos e s i t c a u s e s at firs t s ti m u l at i o n an d t h en p ar alys i s O f th e v a so m o tor c en tr e s ; th e bloo d pr e ss ur e f alls an d t h e a ct i o n O f th e h eart i s d i s t urb e d T h e c er e br a l an d S p ina l c en t r e s a r e br i efl y st i m u l a te d an d t h en .

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VE TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

4 66

p ai n b e pr e s en t chlorodyne or t r op ii m a y b e in a dd i ti o n In tymp an i ti s o f th e r u men co mm o n ly k n o w n a s hoven i n c at tl e O il o f t u rp enti ne i s also a v e ry e ff e c tu a l a g en t an d may b e giv en i n f ull dos e s co m b i ne d wit h a prep a r a ti o n of amm o n i a an d an ol eagin o u s purg ativ e In c a s e s of i n d i ge s t i o n ch a r a c t e r i z e d by di s t en si o n of th e r umen an d gene r a l d ige s t iv e d i s t u rb an c e fr e qu en tly m e t wit h i n c alv e s o il of t u rp ent i ne co m b i ne d wi th S pi ri t u s amm o n a ro ma t an d C l l i n i gi v e s e x c e ll en t r e s ul t s pr e scrib e d i n th e follo win g form ul a : Be 0 1 t er eb 3s s ; Sp iri t us amm on aro mat 3i s s O l l in i F m T h i s m ay b e r ep ea t ed i n t hr ee ho u rs i f ne c e ss ary In p u rp ur a hx m or r hagica Oi l of t u rp en ti ne i s an a g e n t O f g r ea t v al u e prob ably prod u c in g it s effe c t s by so me sp e ci al a c ti o n o n th e bloodve s sels I t ma y b e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n o un c e dos e s co m b i ne d w i th a prep a r at i o n of i ro n twi c e or thr ee time s d ai ly an d m ixe d in a prop e r am o u nt of m ilk an d e gg s chlor a t e O f ’ a t t h pot a sh b eing given e s ame t i me i n th e p a ti en t s food or drin k in g w a t e r As a hcemos ta ti c o i l of t u rp en ti ne i s of u n q u e s ti o na bl e v alu e in c a s e s of in t er nal h x m o rrh ages su ch a s fro m th e l un g s s to ma ch in t e st i ne s an d u te r u s In s u ch i n s tan c e s it ma y b e given in l arge dos e s c a r e b e i n g t a k en th a t i t is prop erly d i lut e d wit h so me bl an d fl ui d As an a n the lmi n tic o i l of t urp en ti ne i s an eff e c t u al agent f or hors e s but sho u ld b e av oi d e d in do g s a s it i s l i k ely t o prod u c e i rrit a tin g eff e c t s For t h e hors e i n th e c a s e of t ap e w orm s th e follo wing i s a u s ef u l for m ul a : 0 1 t e r e b 3ii e x t fi li ci s l i q 3i O l li ni O i M To b e giv en f a s ti n g a fte r th e an i mal h a s b een k ep t for a f e w d ays on sof t food In p ar asi ti c br o nchi tis i n c a l v e s an d l am bs O il of t ur w h il e giv en

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p en t ine i s e xt en siv ely em ploye d an d m a y b e a d m in i ste r e d in dos e s O f h a lf an o u n c e t o c a lv e s an d o n e dr a ch m to l am bs m ix e d w it h m ilk an d r ep ea t e d a t i n t e rv als O f t w o or t hr ee d a ys For c a l v e s i n tr a— tr achea l i nj e c t i o n s a r e l a r g e ly em ploy e d co n si s tin g O f 0 1 t er eb 5 i to 5 ii a c c arbol i c ges ; chlorofor m an d g lyc e rine as 33S B y th i s mean s th e p a r a s it e s ar e d i r e c tly a c t e d o n an d d e s troy e d O i l O f t u rp enti ne i s v e ry u s ef u l in c a s e s O f p a r asi ti c di a r r hx a a n d a n aemi a i n c attl e d u e to th e pr e s en c e O f s tro n gyl i i n th e fo u rt h st o ma ch It ma y b e giv en i n m ilk o r m u c i l a g e an d co m b i ne d wi t h a pr e p a r at i o n O f i ro n As an a n tido te t o p hosp hor u s t u rp en t i ne i s em ploy e d in t h e for m o f t h e cr u d e Oi l w h i ch co n v e r t s th e po i so n i nt o a h a r m l e ss co m po u n d an d c au s e s i ts e limi na tio n by th e k i d ne ys ( s ee p Co nt r a In di c at i o n s — In co n g e s t i v e an d i n fl amma t ory co n d i ti o n s of t h e k i d ne ys an d i n ga st riti s en t e riti s e tc tu rp en ti ne sho u ld n o t b e pr e scr i b e d D o g s a r e p a r ti c ul a rly s u sc ep tibl e t o t h e a c t i o n O f th e dr ug h en c e i t S ho u ld b e a d m i ni s t e r e d i n s ma ll dos e s an d th e e e cts c a r e fully w at ch e d E x ter n a lly O il o f t u rp en t i ne i s l a r g e ly em ploy e d a s a co n stit uen t of s t i m ul a tin g l in i men t s em broc a tio n s e tc It s v e s i c a t i n g e ffe c t S ho u ld b e a v o i d e d a s i t i s l i k e ly to pro d u c e a bl em i sh b e si d e s c a u s in g e xc e ss ive irri tati o n r e s tl e ss ne ss an d ex c it emen t i n hors e s T h e l i n i men t O f t urp en ti ne i s e xt en siv ely u s e d a s a st i m u l at i n g appl i c atio n to rh e u ma ti c affe cti o n s O f j oi n t s an d m u scl e s It i s a lso appl i e d a s a m ild co un t e r i rr i t an t to th e w alls O f t h e ch e s t i n r e spir at ory affe c ti o n s an d em ploy e d to pr ev en t chill in g d ur in g th e proc e ss of k ee p i n g h ot appl i c a t io n s to th e tho ra ci c an d abdo m ina l r e gio n s ,

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TE RI NA R Y T H E RA PE UTI CS

T er e b e ne

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P rod u c e d by th e a c ti o n o f s u lph u ri c a ci d on Oil of t u rp en ti ne an d d i s t i ll at i o n ; r e s em bl e s h e l a tt e r in i ts a c ti o n s , but is l e ss a cr i d an d l e ss l i abl e t o c au s e ir ri a ti o n I t i s so met ime s pr e scr i b e d i n t e rnally in o f th e k i d ne ys c a s e s of chro n i c bro n ch it i s , an d m ay b e ad mi ni s er ed a s an em ulsio n E x t e rnally it is s t i mul an t , an i s ep t i c, an d a d eodorize r Res i n

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T h e r e si du e l e ft a f te r d i st ill at i o n O f Oil of t u rp en tine fro m th e cru d e C l eo r e si n i s a f avo u rit e in gre di ent of diur e tic ma ss e s an d po wd e rs T h e doses for hors e s an d c a t tl e a r e fro m ges t o 3i E x ter n a lly i t i s em ploy e d i n t h e for m O f Oin t men t a s a m ild loc a l s tim ul an t an d d i s in fe c t an t to ulc ers an d un h eal thy surfa c e s T h e Ungue nt um Resin ae co mm o n l y k n o w n a s d ig e s tive ’ O in tmen t i s pr ep ar e d by mel ti n g to geth e r— r e s in 4 ; y ello w w ax 2 ; si mpl e Oin t men t 8 ; a l m o n d Oi l 1 Re s i n i s co n tai ne d in man y for m s of p la s ters to im p ar t fir mne ss an d a dh e s iv ene ss -

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Pi x Li q ui da — T AR A b itu mi n o u s l i qui d ob t ai ne d fro m th e syl ve st ri s an d o th e r sp e c i e s o f P i n u s by tillati on P r ep a r a tion s .

w ood Of P in u s d e st ruc tiv e di s

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Un guent um P i c i s Li quid ae — Ta r ( by w e igh t ) , 5 ; yello w Wax, l a l m o n d oil, 1 mel t t oget h e r , an d s t i r t ill cold .

Tar W a t e r— S tir a p i n t o f t a r w ith h a l f a g allo n O f w at e r for fif teen m i n u te s an d de ce n t A ct i on and U s es — E x ter n a lly t ar a c t s a s a vascu la r s ti m u lan t an d ti ssu e a ltera tive an d for s u ch p u rpos e s i s A qu a P i c i s—

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4 70

T E RI NA R Y TH E RA P E U TI CS

t

It is b e l i ev e d to prod u c e di ure ti c e ffe c t s by s t i m ul a i n g th e r ena l c ells i n a sp e c i fic m anne r , i n cr ea s i n g bo t h sol i ds an d w at e r I t may b e em ploy e d a s a d iu r eti c in c a s e s of dropsy , n o t d ep en d in g o n a c u e r enal d i s ea s e T h e dos e f or hors e s i s 5i t o 3ii , an d do gs, llLii to TlLiv , giv en d i ssolv e d i n sp i r i t , an d co m b ine d wi th s a l i ne d iu r etics .

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T h e Oil d i s till e d fro m th e fr e sh l eave s o f E u c alyp tu s glob u l u s E u c al yp t u s a m ygd al i na an d prob ably o th e r sp e c i e s Of E u c a lypt u s t h e gu m t r ee fro m Au str a l i a D ose s — H ors e s an d c attl e 3i t o 5 ii do g s "LE t o ITLx ma y b e a d m i n i s t er e d d i ssolv e d i n sp i rit or i n m u c il age In c a s e s o f s ep ti c d i s ea s e s th e s e dos e s S ho uld b e i n cr ea s e d an d r ep ea te d at i n te r va ls ,

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Oil of e u c alyp t us i s a po w e rfu l an tisep ti c an d di sinfectan t an d i n t he for m of Oin tmen t ( 1 t o 5 ) i t for m s a v a l u abl e s u rgi c a l dr e ss in g As a n i n ha la ti on i t pro v e s o f gr eat s e rv i c e i n bro n ch i ti s a ll ayin g i rr i t ati o n an d pr ev en t i n g f oet or O f th e s e cr et i o n s I n ter n a lly i t a c t s a s an a n tip yr e ti c an d a n tip er i odi c r e s em bl in g q ui n ine t o a c e r t ain ex t ent W e h av e Obs e rv e d e x c ell en t r e s ul t s fro m it s employ men t i n c a s e s of in fl uen za i n hors e s co m pl i c a te d with bron ch it i s an d i n c a s e s O f d i s t em p e r i n dogs ae co m In s u ch p an i e d by prof u s e an d f oe t i d na s al d i sch ar ge i n s t an c e s fr e q u en t i n h a l a t i o n s O f t h e dru g w e r e em plo ye d a lo ng wi th i t s i n t er na l a d m i ni s tr a ti o n E u c alyp t u s i s ex cr e t e d by th e k i d ne ys an d l u ngs an d e xe rt s an t i s ep ti c a cti o n s on th e m u co u s s u rf a c e s of I t i s i n d i c at e d i n p ye li tis cys ti tis an d a s th e s e r egi o n s i t r e s em bl e s o th e r v ol ati l e o i ls i n i t s a c ti o n o n t h e ga s tro i n t e st ina l c ana l i t ma y b e employe d i n c e rt ai n a ff e cti o n s O f t h e s to m a ch a s a ga s tr ic disi nfec ta n t A ct i on s

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Camp h or a— C AM P H O R

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s tea rop t ene ob t aine d fro m th e w ood of C innam o m u m c amphor a r ea di ly p o w d e r e d i f m o i st ene d wit h r e c ti fi e d A

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C AMP H O R ( 1 ) I MM E D I AT E L O C AL AC T I ON E x ter n a lly c am phor r e s em bl e s to a c e r t a in e x t en t t h e a c t i o n s O f O il of t u rp en ti ne an d o t h e r v ol ati l e o i ls I t i s a fee ble a n ti sep ti c a s ti mu la n t t o t h e loca l ci r cu la tiv e t o th e ne rv e s afte r pri ma r y s ti mul a ti on an d a s ed a t ion I n tern a lly it a c t s v e ry m u ch li k e v ol a til e o i ls i n cr e as i n g t h e loc a l ci rc ul a t i o n t h e s a l iv a an d th e m u co u s flo w In t h e s t o m a ch i t a c t s a s a car min a ti ve i n t h e m o ut h an d e x e r t s r efl e x effe c t s s t i m ul a tin g t h e h eart an d ne r v o u s sys t em I t poss e ss e s sim il a r effe c t s i n th e in f e s ti ne s an d a c t s a s an an ti sp a s m odi c b e s id e s l e ss enin g irri t a bi l i t y of t h e m u co u s mem br ane OF

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( 2 ) SPE C I F I C AC T I ON A por ti o n of t h e c a m phor a d m i n i s t e r e d is fo u n d u n c h an g e d in t h e or g an s an d ti ss u e s th e r emain d e r app ea rs to co m b i ne w i t h g l u co s e .

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T E RI NA R Y T H E RA P E UTI CS

Th e chi e f a c tio n O f c amphor is e x e r t e d on th e n er vou s sys tem I n l ar g e dos e s i t a c t s a s a n arco ti c an d ma y i n d u c e co nvuls i o n s I n m od e r at e dos e s it s ti m ul at e s th e br a i n sp ina l cord r e sp ir atory f un c ti o n s an d th e h ea r t th e l a tt e r b e in g a lso a c te d o n i n a r efl e x manne r fro m th e s t o ma ch T h e d i aphor e ti c effe c t s d e scri b e d a s occ ur rin g in man a r e n ot Obs erv e d i n v ete rina ry p ati en t s ,

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( 3) RE M O T E L O C A L

C am phor

A

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ex cr et e d by th e r e sp i r at ory organ s nu ch ange d a c ti ng a s a n exp ectora n t i n a S i m il ar manner t o t u rp en t i ne It i s also e x cr e t e d by th e sk i n an d k i d ne ys Me di c ina l U s es — As a ca r mi n a ti ve c amphor i s em ploye d i n c a s e s of di ar r hoea in th e for m O f t h e t i n c tu r a c am p h oree co m p osi ta It i s r e co mmen d e d by so me a u thor i ti e s i n en ter i ti s i n co m b inat i o n wit h op iu m I n c a s e s O f br on chi ti s bo th a c u t e an d chro n i c i t e x er t s b enefic i a l e ffe c ts by it s exp e c tor an t a c ti o n an d may b e co m b i ne d with Sp i rit u s ee th er is n it ros i an d b ell a do nna w h en co ugh i s a pro m i nen t sym p to m W h en th e ad m i n i s tr a ti o n O f fl ui ds b e co me s d an gero u s i n co n s e qu en c e o f Vi ol en t fi t s of co u gh i n g c am phor m a y b e giv en i n th e for m of e lectu ar y b e in g co mb ine d with po t a ss chlor a s an d e xt r a c t O f b ell a do nna C amphor i s fr e qu en tly em ploy e d a s a co n s tit u ent O f v a r i o u s cough m i x t u r e s an d po w d e rs t h e follo wi n g b ein g a u s eful po wd er for r e c en t c a s e s : C am phor p ulv sss ; p ul v f ol b ell a do nn as 5 ii po ta ss chlor 5 ii p u l v an i si fr u c t 33s T h i s ma y b e giv en twi c e d a i ly i n th e food I n c a s e s of i rr i ta ble cough i n dogs O f t en a cco mp an y i n g d i st em p e r sm all dos e s o f c am phor i n co m b ina tio n with sq uills an d b ell a do nna giv e f avo u r abl e r e s ul t s E x ter n a lly — C am phor i s e x t en s iv e l y em ploy e d a s a co n s ti tu en t of v a ri o u s s ti m ul a t i n g l i n i men t s It ma y b e is

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VE T E

R IN A R Y

TH E

RA P E

U T I CS

In the stomach benz oic acid acts as a slight irritant ; its salts possess this effect in a less degree ,

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( 2 ) AC TI ON O N T HE BL OO D B enzoin and benzoic acid enter the blood in the form o f benzoate o f sodiu m the acid is partl y converted into hippuric acid b y co m bination with a molecule of gl y col] the same change occurring in the kidneys .

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8) B en zoic

acid

S PE C IF I C A C TI ON

.

its prep arat i ons are to a certain extent an tip yre ti c and are belie ved b y some authorities to increase metabolism an d ,

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(4 ) RE M O TE L O C A L A C TI ON B enzoic acid is excreted by th e kidne y s skin and salivar y glands and probabl y b y the respirator y organs It increases the flow of urine and is removed b y the kidn ey s partl y unchan ged an d partl y a s hippuric acid It also stimulates the bronchial secretio n s thus acting as an expectorant M edici nal U se s — B enzoic acid and its ammonium salt are recommended in cases of cys titi s with a lka li n i ty of the s ecre ti on a n d p hosp ha ti c dep osi ts ; it is believe d to p roduce beneficial e ffects b y acidulati n g the urine and stimulating and disinfecting the mucous surfaces As a n E xp e ctom n t — T he compound tincture o f benzoin is occasionall y emplo yed in cases of chronic bronchitis in doses of 3i to gi ss for horses and 5 ss to 5 i for dogs E x ter n a lly — T he compound tincture o f benzoin was at on e time extensivel y emplo y ed as a dressing fo r ’ ’ wounds under the familiar name of Friar s B alsam O ther more effective and less irritating antiseptic agents have now taken its place but it is still occasionall y used as a dressi n g for unhealth y wounds .

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P eru i s recommended b y Dr Fleming in the treatm ent of m ange in house dogs it destro y s the a ca r i an d relie v e s th e itching an d inflammation of the skin It ma y be applie d of the s trength of 1 to 4 of a l cohol B alsam

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My rr h

resembles the other o l eo resin s in it s actions I t is sti mula u t disinfe ctant expectorant an d s tomachic -

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Vale r i ana Rh i z oma—VA L E R IA N RH I Z O ME

.

T he dried rhi z om e an d rootlets of Valeri an a offi c in alis Contains a v olati l e oil an d v aler ianic acid .

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.

Pr ep a r a tion s T i n ct ura Val eri anae— l in 8 o f proof s pirit D oses — H or s es 3i to 3ii dogs 3ss to ai S o aji v aleriana s Compound s o f v a l erianic acid with Z i nci v al er iana s b ase s Q ui n in aa v aleria na s .

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A ction s

Uses — Valerian

acts i n a similar m anner to other s ubstances containing v olatile oil s but ha s a m ore m arked s timu lan t eff ect o n the central nervou s s y stem It i s a powerful ca r mi na tive ci r cu la tory s ti Valerianic acid does n o t mu lan t an d an ti sp asmo di c appear to pos s e s s the action of the v olatile oil j ust m en tio n e d s o that the vale rian a te s exhibit the actions of their base s Va l erian is said to hav e l ittle eff ect o n horses and cattle e v en i n large do s e s I n dogs it is o cca s i o n ally prescri b ed i n cases o f chorea an d epileps y but we have n ot o b s er v ed an y b enefici al re sult s fro m it s emplo y ment an d

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cros oft

VETER IN A R Y T H E

4 76

RA P E

UTI CS

As af e t ida— AS AFm T ID A A gum -resin obtained by o f Ferula narthex and other o i l, resin an d gum

.

incision f ro m th e li ving root species Contains a v olati le .

.

D oses —

H orses grs v to grs xx .

.

5 ii

.

cattle 3i

to 5 iv

,

.

Pr ep ar a ti on T inct ura A saf oe ti da — l in 8

D ose — H orses , gss to 38 8 .

3 sheep , 5i 3dogs , .

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to 3i ss

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;

cattle

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A cti ons

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U ses — Asaf oetida

dogs a ,

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x

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fl

resembles other v olatile oils and gum resins in its action o n the alimentar y canal but instead of possessing aromatic properties it is v er y disagreeable to the taste and smell It acts as a s timu lant t o the mouth and stomach and r e e xly as a ner vine stimulant It has a special action on the intestines stim ulating the muscular coat and being antispasmodic It i s partl y excreted b y the lungs acting as a s ti mulan t an d di si n fectan t expectorant T he chief use of asafoeti da i n veterinar ypractice is i n cases o f atule nt conditions o f the intestines It is some times emplo y ed in the treat m ent o f f la tu len t colic com bin od with oil of turpentine arom atic spirit of ammonia a n d raw linseed o il I t was recommen d ed b y the late Professor Robertson i n cases o f constipation and torpidit y o f the bowels i n horses in combination w ith al oe s and nux v omi ca and

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Ga l ban um

an d

A mmoni a cum

are gum re s ins acting i n a similar manner to asaf cntida a nd other oleo resins Ammoniacum is sometime s pre scribed as a di si nfe ctan t exp ec tor a n t in cases of chronic bronchitis with profuse discharge -

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Digiti

TH ERA P E UTI CS

VETE RIN A R Y

4 78

effects on distant organs are produced the heart blood pressure respiration an d nerve centres being sti m ulated b y the first application o f the agent soothed during the stage o f an ms th e si a and relief of pain while if v esication be severe depression will result ( see section on ’ Counter irritation p U se s — T he chief use o f m ustard is as a cou n ter ir r i ta n t in respirator y affe ctions — that is when the adoption of such m eans is indicated T he mustard should be m ade into a paste with water at a temperature o f and rubbed well into the skin and washed 0 E with tepid water after fifteen or twent y minutes In preparing the mustard too hot water should be avoided also agents such as v inegar spirits etc should not be added as the form ation of the essential oil is thus prevented H ere we m ust cautio n th e student against the indiscriminate o r excessive u s e o f mustard especiall y i n the case of well bred horses o r those with fine skins If applied too severel y it causes great irritation followed b y depression a n d may produce a blemished condition of the skin T he cases i n w hich counter irritation will prove o f service can onl y be ascertained b y clinical experience T here is no ad vantage gained by appl y ing the mustard in s o severe a manner that great disorganiz ation o f the skin results such an o ccurrence should be rigidl y avoided as besides the risk of blemish i t causes great depression of the sy stem As a general rule if the patient is progress ing favourabl y counte r irritants should not be emplo y ed T h e indications for their use wil l be found at p 2 01 I n certai n abdo m inal affectio ns the application o f mustard to the abdominal walls see m s to give relief As a p op u la r eme ti c mustard is given dissolved in warm water to dogs from one to three teaspoonfuls actin g promptl y as a local emetic Var i ous

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CR O TON

4 79

APT E R X IV

CH

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VE GE TABLE

TH E

OIL

KI N GD O M— Con ti n u e d

.

IN

this chapter those v egetable drugs acti n g as p urga ti ves will receive notice I n v eterinar y practice but few v egetable purgati v es are as y et in common use i n consequence either o f their em plo y ment not giv ing satisfactor y result s or because the y ha v e n ot received suffi cien t trial I n hum an medicine a large v ariet y of purgatives are emplo y ed a combination o f t w o o r more being foun d o f advantage .

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C R O T ON O IL T he 0 1 1 expres s ed fro m the seeds o f Croton tiglium T he active principle o f croton oil is obscure it is believed t o contain a v esicating and a purgati v e principle distinct from each other D oses — H orses TTLx to TTLxx cattle 3s s to 3i Ol e um Cr otoni S —

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Pr ep a r a ti on Li ni m en t um Cr ot oni s — Croton oi l spirit

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1

o il o f

ca j eput

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croto n oil is a p owerfu l ir r i ta n t t o the skin and if freel y used produces papules followed b y se v ere pustules which are slow to heal an d ma y leave a blemish I n ter n a lly croton o il i s a dr a s ti c ca thar ti c acting v er y rapidl y sometim es within o n e o r t w o hours producing frequent full and fluid de j ections It acts b y direct irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane and caus e s heightened peristal tic action increased watery tran suda tion a n d probabl y glandu l ar h y persecretion It h a s n o special cholagogue action T he muscular excitement and co nsequent griping induce d b y the drug are believ ed A ct i ons

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Digiti

VE TERI NA R Y

4 80

TH ERA PE UTICS

to commence before it has reached the duodenum and are referred partl y to a reflex action originating in irrita tion of the gastric nerves In large doses croton oil acts as an irritant poi son causing v iolent purgation and gastro enteritis in all animals T he antidotes are opiu m and demulcents M ed icinal U ses — I n consequence of its violent effects croton oil is but rarel y emplo y ed as a purgative for horses In cases where a speed y and complete ev acua tion of the bowels and a diminution o f arterial pressure are demanded such as in cases of phrenitis meningitis sto m ach staggers etc the drug m ay be given to the horse combined with belladonna or h y osc y amus In cases where the a dministration of a bolus o r a drench is impossible croton o il ma y be placed between the molar teeth m ixed with ext belladonna In dogs it should not be emplo y ed ; indeed generall y speaking in all patients the u s e of this drug should be avoided as much as possible and milder purgative agents with the use o f enemat a should be depended on to act on the bowels I n ca ttle croton oil i s a n effectual purgative an d will often produce e ffects whe n other agents fail At one ti m e it was freel y given in the treatment of th at affe c ’ tion known as fardel bound but ofte n with disastrous results as the disease has been proved to be due to a condition of inflammation o f the abomasum a state in Croton w hich violent purgatives are contra indicated oil or other drastic purgatives should n eve r be given i n cases of inaction of the bowels depending on i n a m m ato r y changes a paral y z ed condition o f the intestinal walls or intestinal obstruction E x ter n a lly croton oil is emplo y ed as a counter irritant for cattle i n the form of the li ni m e n tu m cr o ton is ,

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Digiti

VETE RI N A R Y

48 2

TH ER A P E

U TI CS

also act s as a p ow erfu l hep a ti c s ti mu lan t rendering th e bile more water y but increasing th e secretion of biliar y matter In large doses it is a gastro intestinal irritant Co l oc y nth i s alway s used in combination with milder purgati v es and carminatives It is seldom prescribed fo r horses but is a useful purgative for dogs in the form of the pilula colocyn th i di s e t h yo sc yam i Coloc y nthin or citrullin i s recommended b y B aum a s a purgativ e for the horse H e admi ni sters 1 0 to 1 5 grain s in the form of enem a combined with 6 ounce s of gl y cerine and alcoho l and states that it occasion s a pro mpt mov e ment of the bowels ; he has also observ ed satisfactor y results from the admi nistration of thi s agent to dogs and pigs Ga mb ogi a— GA MB O GE A gum resin obtained from Garcinia H an burii Con tai s about 73 per cent of a resinou s substance gambogi c ,

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D ose — For

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cattle 3s s to 3i given in combination with other purgati v e s ,

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s

Us es — Gamboge

is a p owerfu l hydragogue and dra s tic ca tha r ti c resemblin g coloc y nth b ut posse s se s n o cho l agogue action It is also diuretic being partl y excreted b y the kidne y s In consequence of it s ir ritant drastic e e cts it i s n ot prescribed for horses or dog s but is occasional l y emplo y ed i n combination with other pur gati ve s for cattle A cti on

an d

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J alap a— JA

LAP

.

T he dried tubercles of Ipom oea purga otherwise called E xogonium purga Contains 1 5 to 2 0 per cent of t he official re s in which is composed of t w o glucosides — con volvu li n and ja lap in D ose —D og s grs x to SI according to si z e ; pigs i 5 to 5iii ,

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Digiti

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JA

LA P

S CA MM ON Y— P OD OP H YLL IN

Pr ep ar a ti on s T i nct ura Jalap ae — l in 8 of proof spirit D ose —D ogs 5 ss t o 5 ii E xtr a ct um Jalap ae— Q in 1 D ose — D og s grs v to 533

4 83

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A ct i on s

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U se s — Jalap

and

i s a hydr agogue ca thar tic producing copious watery discharges According to Dr Rutherford it is a moderatel y powerful hepatic and a po werful inte s tinal stimulant Ja l ap ha s b ut little action on horse s or catt l e 2 to 4 o unce s h a vi ng but a slight effect on the b owe l s whi l e increasing the activit y o f th e kidne y s according t o Moi rou d For dogs and p igs it i s a usefu l purgati v e a nd m ay be ad v antageousl y c ombined with c alomel an d a c arminati v e .

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S cammony

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gum re sin obtained fro m the root of Conv ol v u l u s s cammonia ; resembles j alap in its action s but is more irritant and liable to gripe It is a p ow erfu l s ti mu lan t of the i n tes tin a l glan ds a n d to a less degree of the liv er It i s no t pre s cribed alone but is an important ingredie n t of the pilula colo c yn t hi dis e t h yos cyam i ( see p A

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PO D O PHYLL U M RH I Z O M E rootlet s o f P odoph y ll um pe l ta

P odop h y lli Rh i zoma—

T h e dried rhi z om e a n d tum American May apple ,

.

.

Pr ep a r a ti on s P odoph yl li Re sin a— R esin o f Podoph y l lin—contain s an acti v e principle p icr op odop hylli n dogs gr 4 to grs ii ; general l y D oses combin ed with h y o sc y amus and calomel T i nct ur a P o dop h y lli — l grai n i n 1 fl uid drach m of re cti fi e d s pirit dog s " v to ai D oses — H or s e s ges to 5i ss .

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VETERI N A R Y T H E

48 4

A ct i on s

RA P E

U TI CS

U se s — P odoph yllin ,

accordi n g to some authorities acts as a p urga ti ve and chola gogue in horse s and dogs while others state that its action is ver y u n certain when used alone O n dogs it is said t o act as a powerful hep a ti c s timu lan t and in large doses as a violent purgative T he purgative efi e ct appears t o b e due t o stimulation both of t h e muscular coat and the glands of the intestine as well as t o increase of the biliar y ow P odoph y llin ma y be emplo y ed in combination with calomel and h y osc yamus i n cases o f torp idi ty or con ges ti on of the liver an d

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Aloe Bar b ad e n s i s — B A R B AD

OE S

AL O E

S

.

T he j uice when inspissated which flows from the trans v e r s e ly cut bases of the leaves of Aloe vulgaris B arbadoes and Cura coa aloes D oses — H orses 3ii to 5 vii according to si z e and r e qul r em e n ts cattle 31 to 3n dogs grs xv to grs xxx ,

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Pr ep a r a ti on A l oi n — a cr y stalline su bstance extracted from aloes dogs grs iii to grs x D oses — H orses 3i to 5 ii .

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A ctions — Aloes

acts upon the stomach and intestines as a bi tter and p ur ga ti ve T he former effect resembles that of ca lum ba and other bitters ( s e e p T he purgative action o f aloes demands special atten tion as it is the dru g chiefl y emplo y ed as a cathartic for the horse It increases both the peristal t ic movements and intestinal secretions acts chiefl y on th e large intes tines and is a stimulant of the biliar y flow T h e action of aloes as a purgative i s ver y slow espe c i ally if the intestinal contents are not previousl y i n a T h e ordinar y dose in an ani m al not pre Soft condition pared generall y takes sixteen to twent y four hours t o .

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Digiti

’ I TH ER A PE U T CS

VETER IN A R Y

48 6

the ph ysic ball so as to avoid the tendenc y to griping Fe w veterinar y surgeons now go to the trouble o f pre paring their o w n aloetic masses as there are reliable wholesale che mists who make up the required formula i n a satisfactor y manner and send o ut the ph y sic b alls neatl y covered with gelatine B efore a purgative ball is administered it is necessar y to have the horse properl y prepared an d t o have pre cautions taken as to after treatment as stated at p 9 3 under the heading of purgatives above all things cold water should be prohibited and when the ph y sic has commenced t o act perfect rest in the stall is imperativel y necessar y and an y green foods roots etc should be rigidl y interdicted In cases where full purgative e ffects are required it is of advantage to combine calomel with the aloes in the proportion of half a drachm of the form er with four drachm s o f the latter this is especiall y recommended in cases where it is difficult to produce purgation with the ordinar y dose o f aloes T oo large a dose of aloes or neglect of the necessar y precautions alread y mentioned ma y induce a condition of s up erp u r ga ti on and i n some instances great co n s t i t u t i o n a l disturbance occurs with congestion of the intestinal mucous membrane and death from exhaustion laminitis so m eti m es occurring as a complication I n so m e cases even a moderate dose o f aloes will induce superpurgation and serious s ympto ms in spite of all necessar y precautions these effects probabl y depending on individual idios y ncrasies to the drug W e often obser ve that purgation continues for a longer period than usual but if no constitutional disturbance be present a n d if t h e pulse is reg ular no d anger is t o be a pp r e hended B ut if the pulse beco m es frequent an d feeble .

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A L OE

S

48 7

and the purging constant with s y mptom s o f uneasine s s with o r w ithout distension o f the abdomen then steps must be taken immediatel y to o v ercome the in j urious e ffects o f th e purgativ e In cases w here death occurred after the excessive action o f aloes Professor W illiams gives the following p os t m or tem appearances Congestion of the intestinal mucous membrane generall y concentrated i n m an y cases in that o f the c ee cu m caput coli ; a thick tarr y appear ance o f the blood a n d extreme blackness congestion or apoplex y of th e lungs the blood being as it were de p r iv e d of its w ater y elements altered i n its composition rendered t oo viscid to circulate through the pulmonar y capillaries and s o altered chemicall y as to render it unfit fo r perfect oxi dation ’ ( P rinciples an d Practice o f Vete r i n ar y M edicin e I n the treatm ent of superpurgation due to the e ffect s o f alo es great discrimination is necessar y t o avoid check i n g th e action of the intestines sud denl y as congestion o f the mucous membrane ma y be induced If the horse although purging freel y appears moder atel y livel y and the counte n ance natural without an y m arked change i n the p ulse then he should b e allowed well boiled thin ou r gruel a n d be warml y clothed a nd cold fluids o f all kinds avoided If the purgi n g still con tin n es it should be gr a du a lly overcome a n d Professor W illiam s recommends t w o ounces each of tr op ii an d creta preparata in a quar t of ou r gruel e v er y thre e or four hours until the purging is checked We hav e found this treatment o f great value in such cases If prostration be pre sent stimulants should be gi v en the best i n o ur experience being brand y and port wine three wineglassfuls o f each being combined with the o u r gruel ,

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VE TE RI N A R Y

4 88

TH

E

RA PE UTI CS

become s a matter of ver y great importance to the v eterinar y surgeon if serious or fatal resu l t s occur after he ha s prescribed the usual do s e of aloe s f or a hor s e H e shou l d be especiall y careful to ascertain that the anima l has b een properl y prepared and that the int estines are in a fit s tate before administering the purgati v e H e should also give clear instructions to the groo m or attend ant with reference to the care of the an imal as man y cases of il l effects after aloes are due to neglect of the ’ ordinar y precautions a nd the v eterinary s urgeon s repu tation snfi er s in consequence In prescribing aloes we must remember that a proper do s e i s neces s ar y as an insu fficient amount is apt to be l onger ret ained in the sy stem producing irregular effec ts and an exce ss iv e degree of nausea If the do s e does not take effect in twent y four hours moderate walking exercis e s hould b e ordered ; but when it commence s to act the hor s e should be kept at re s t and n ot worked until the ’ ph y s ic ha s s et In cases where the ordinar y dose o f aloe s fail s t o act it i s n ot s afe to administer another until fort y eight hour s hav e elapsed If immediate e ff ects are necessar y we prefer t o depend on the use of raw linseed oil and th e administration of enemata by means of the long rectum tube Aloes is recommended b y m an y practitioner s in th e treatment of sp asmodi c coli c depending on the presence o f irritating i n gesta i n the alimentar y canal T he di i culty of arriving at a correct diagnosis i n cases however make s us hesitate before o f abdominal pai n prescribing a drug which if the case happen s to be the commencement of a m ore serious condition will destro y the chances of a s uccessful termination and tend to a fatal result It

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VE TER IN A R Y

4 90

TH ERA PE U TI CS

is occasionall y prescribed as a bi t ter ton ic an d is giv en in small doses combined with other bitter s an d aromatics or with a mineral tonic such as sulphate of iron I n ca ttle p rac ti ce aloes is sometimes prescribed along with other purgatives usuall y i n the form of a solution W e have obser v ed favourable resul ts in some cases from its emplo yment where the ordinar y purgati v e s did n o t appear to produce an y eff ect I n ca n i ne p r actice aloes is n o t prescribe d a l one ; it enter s into the compositio n o f the compound coloc y nth a n d h y osc y amus pill whi ch is a n e ffectual purgati v e for the dog S oco tri ne an d Cap e Aloes are varieties not emplo y ed i n v eterinar y practice A loin i n doses of two drachms has been found to act as a reliable purgative i n horses b y some practitioners cau s ing less dulness nausea an d griping than a l oes O ther s ha v e n ot recorded such satisfactor y result s from its use Aloes

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{ S e nna T he dried leaflets of various S pecies o f emplo y ed in v eterinary practice It acts b y stimulating the muscular coat o f the babl y b y reflex action from the mucous bowel the colon being chi efl y acted on .

Cassia ; i s not as a purgativ e intestine p ro surface of the

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Rh e i Radi x— RH U B AR B ROO T

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T he dried root of Rheum palmatum a n d other species Contains 3 to 4 per cent of ca tha r tic acid the purgati v e constituent of senn a ; also r heo ta n ni c a ci d possessing astringenc y and a bitter colouring matter chrysop han .

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A ct i on s

dogs is a ,

a nd

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U se s — Ih

bi tter

small doses rhubarb gi v en

s toma c hi c a n d

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Digiti

a s tr i ngen t.

to

In

CA S T O R OIL

R H UB A 123

4 91

l arger do s e s it causes purgation b y stimulating the inte s t in a l mo v ements and the li v er the cathartic acid at fir s t ex erting i ts influence ; afterwards an astringent effect is produced According to M oi rou d even in l arge amount s rhubarb ha s no purgative effect o n hor s e s or cattle As a purgati v e and cholagogue fo r the do g it m a y b e giv en i n doses of grs x v t o grs xxx co m bined with either cal omel or j alap I n cases o f obstinate diarrh oea i n foa l s an d cal v es 2 drachm s each o f rhubarb and c arbonate of m agnesia with 1 0 t o 2 0 grains of opiu m given twice a da y i n well b oiled wheat our gruel often give fav ourable results acting a s s tom achics and astringents .

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C A ST O R O IL T he oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinu s comm uni s T he bulk consists of r i ci n olea te of glyceryl D oses — Cattle O i sheep a n d pigs 5ii to giv dog s 3ss to 3ii foals 3i to 3ii Ol e um Ri Cll l i— ‘

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A ct i o ns

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pure castor oil i s b l and in its nature resembli n g almond oil It act s a s a local seda t i v e and protective a nd is often applied to the con j uncti v a t o lessen irritatio n after th e remo v al of foreign bodies from th e e y e or after in j uries b y cau stic s ub s tance s to the cornea or con j uncti v a I n terna lly p ure castor o il is a simp le p urga ti ve mild and pain l e ss i n its e e c ts It is believ ed to act b y s t imul ating the muscular coat and intestina l gland s but It pro duces n o e ff ect o n the stomach b ut no t the l i v er if ga s tric irritation be present o r if the oil is n ot pure it will cause nausea and vomiting i n dogs O n reaching the duodenum ca s tor oil i s decompo sed b y th e pancreatic j uice a n d the ricinoleic aci d commence s to act It cau s e s p urgation al s o whe n ad ministered as an enem a an d

U s es

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E wter n a llz

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

VETE

4 92

R INA R Y

T H E RA P E UTI US

castor oil is an uncertain purgativ e pro ducin g much nausea and cases are recorded where full dose s cau s ed s erious s y mptom s of superpurgation For foals howe v er it often acts ver y effectuall y an d i s pre s cribed in ca s es of retention of the m econi um 3 it ma y also be administered in the form o f enema with adv antage i n such cases It should be combined with a dose of s weet S pirit s of nitre a n d a carminative s uch as oil of peppermint In cases of di ar r ha a due to the presence of i rri ta ti ng i nges ta both in foals and cal v es a dose o f castor oil s hould be the first step in treatment I n ca ttle it is an effectual purgati v e the chief draw b ack to it s emplo y ment being the loss of appetite and degree o f nausea induced It is of adv antage to c om bine castor oil and raw linseed oil in cases of arrested action of the bowels i n cattle enemas of the same being al s o of s erv ice I n dogs castor oil is indicated in ca s e s o f obstinate constipation and in intes tinal obstruction being gi v en in the form of ene ma as well as by the mouth I t is of adv antage to combine half doses of oliv e oil and castor oil an d to administer the e nemas b y means o f a long gum elastic rectum tube U nfortunatel y i n cases of th i s nature the stomach i s usually i n a ver y irritable condition an d an y oil y s ubstances gi v en by the m o nth are quickl y expelled b y v omiting It is necessar y to prepare a special mixture o f castor oil in such cases the B R mistura olei ricin i as follows often acting well : Castor oil 6 drachms ; oil of lemon 1 0 minims ; oil of c l oves 2 minims s y rup 1 % drach m s solution of potash 1 drachm orange o w e r water t o produce 2 ounces T he dose is from to 2 ounces repeated at inter val s until e ff ects are produced T he addition of a small dose of sweet S pirit of nitre F or the hor se ,

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-

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

.

VETER IN A R Y

4 94

E R A PE U TI CS

TH

linseed oil combined with belladonna and gl y cerine forms the m ost reliable treatment as the exhibition of strong purgatives seldom gives relief but tends t o increase the existing condition In hcemo a lbumi nur a or r ed w a ter linseed o il is indi c at e d if the saline purgative usuall y administered at the commencement of the affection fails to move th e bowels L inseed oil is also a convenient menstruum for the a d ministration oi irritant substances such as oil of turpen tine or croton oil It is also a useful agent as a demu lcen t in cases of irritant poisoning In dogs linseed oil is apt to cause nausea and vomiting L inseed o il is administered to horses in a bran mash as a di ges ti ble n u tr i en t in amounts of one o r t w o wineglassfuls ; some take it with avidit y others refuse it It is ver y useful i n cases where the bowels are inclined to be co n st ip a te d and the animal is in an unthrift y condition In cases o f br oken wi n d it is prescribed with limewater and is useful as a palliative remedy E x ter n a lly l i nseed o il forms a n effectual basis for lini ments for ma n ge i n horses Mixed with equal parts o f limewater it forms ca rr on oi l which is a valuable appli cation to burns and scalds of

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Cas c ara S agr a da

.

T he dried bark

of

Rhamnus

pur shiana

.

Prep ara ti on s E xtractum Cas car ae S agra das— Alcoholic and aqueous D os e — D ogs grs ii to grs x E xtractum Cascar ee S agra das Li q ui dum 1 in 1 D ose — D o gs as s to .

.

*

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-

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.

A ct i ons

acts as a

,

an d

ton i c

.

U se s —

Cascara sagrada i n small doses and s toma chic In large doses it is a n .

z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

S YR UP

0F B UCK T H O

R N — T A RA X A CUM

4 95

dogs i s ca thar ti c It i s usefu l in chroni c con s tip a ti on in dogs and m a y b e gi v en in a s ingle full do s e o r in div ided doses of te n to twent y minim s thr e e time s a da y

ap eri en t,

and if freel y giv en

to

.

,

,

.

S y r up us Rh a mni — S YRU P

on

B U C KT HO R N

Prep a red from the recentl y expressed j uice c a th ar t icu s co m m on buckthorn D ose — D ogs 31 t o gii ,

ca tha r ti c

Rhamnu s

.

,

A ct i on s

of

.

an d

.

.

U se s

— S y rup o f buckthorn act s a s a mi ld

fl

dogs an d is emplo y ed a s an adj u v ant t o p ur It i s also used t o disgui s e the ta s te o f gative mixtures bitter or nauseous drugs i n mixt ures to

,

.

.

T ar a x ac um

.

fl

from the root of T araxacu m o i cin ale dand e lion root ; is a s imp le bi tter and a mi ld laxa tive i n the case of dogs At o n e tim e it was belie v ed to act as a cholagogue but according to D r Rutherford it i s a v er y feeble stimulant of the liver It m a y be giv en t o dogs in doses o f to 3ii of the v l iquid e xtract O b tained

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E

O btained pur e us

u on y min

from the root bark

.

of

E

uon y m us

a tr op ur

.

A ct i on s

Use s — E

uon y min is a hep a ti c s timula n t a It ha s b een ad di r ect cholagogu e an d a mi ld cathartic mini s tered to the dog i n doses o f grs ii to grs i v of the dr y extract in cases of hepatic derangement s and j aundice an d seems lik el y to be a useful agent T he dose of the tinctura e u o n ym i i s from "Lx to "LX I f or s i m ilar ca s es an d

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

.

VE TER I NA R Y

4 96

TH ERA P E

U TI CS

{C H APTE R X V

.

TH E

VE GE T A B LE

K I NG D O M — Con ti nued

Mas — MA L E

Fi li x

FER N

.

.

T he rhi zome with the persistent ba s es o f Aspidium fi li x mas

of

,

the petioles

,

.

Prep ara tion

.

’

tractum Fili e is Li qui dum O i l of M ale Fern D oses — H orses and cattle gii to 3vi ; dogs ni x to TTLxxx Administered in milk o r i n emulsion E

x

.

.

,

,

.

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.

.

A ct i ons

an d

M ale fern is an

U se s —

mi n ti c ,

a c ti ve a n thel

being especiall y destructive to the tap eworm In large doses it acts as an irritant and ma y cause gastro enteritis i n dogs It ma y be given to the horse i n co m bination with half a dose of 0 1 terebinthin ae in raw linseed oil For the dog it m ay be combined with areca nut and giv en dissol v ed in milk It is of advantage to administer a purgative af t erwards i n order to assist in the remo v al o f the parasites .

,

-

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,

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fl

S ant oninum

.

S AN T O N I N

.

neutral cry stalline principle obtained from the dried unexpanded ow e r heads of A rtemisia maritima worm seed D oses — H orses 5 3s to 5 i ; dogs grs ii to grs v ; given with an oleaginous purgative A

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.

.

.

A ct i o ns

and

U ses — S anto n in

is an e ffectual

ver mi ci de ,

particularl y destructive to r oun d a n d thr ea d w orm s but having little effect o n the tapeworm I t is absorbed into the blood as sodium santonate and in full doses ma y ,

.

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

R AP E

VETER IN A R Y TH E

4 98

X Vl

C HAPT E R

.

K I N G D O M— Conti nued

VE G E T A BL E

TH E

U TI CS

.

A ci d um T a nn i cum— T A NN

IC

AC ID ,

T A NN I N

.

acid extracted from galls Galls are excrescences o n Q uercus lusitanica a shrubb y species o f oak caused b y the puncture and deposit of ova of C y nips gallae tinc toria dogs grs ii to gr s x D oses — H orses 5 s s to 3ii I n comp a ti bles — Gelatine mineral acids alkalies per salts o i iron Pr ep ar a ti on An

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Glyceri num A ci d i T a nn ic i

—1 to 4 , with the aid of heat

A ci dum Galli cum— GA LL

IC

A c rn

.

.

Pr ep ared by boiling 1 part of powdered galls w ith 4 par t s of dilute sulphuric acid for half a n hour strai n i n g and purify ing D os es — S ame as those o f tannic aci d I nc omp a ti bles — S pirit o f nitrous ether metallic salts including persalts of iron T annic acid is the glucoside to which oak bark galls logwood an d man y vegetable astringents owe their pro ,

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p e r ti e s

.

— T annic

a nd

gallic acids differ onl y i n the degree o f their action but gallic acid has no astringent taste does not precipitate solution s o f gelatine and hence possesses no local astringent properties T he ao tion of tannic acid and of the man y substances containing it depends chiefl y upon i ts propert y of precipitating albumin and gelatine A ction s

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

TA NNIC

A N D GA

L L IC A CID S

4 99

t he broken s kin or to expo s ed m ucou s s ur fa ce s i t condenses the albuminous an d connectiv e ti ss ue s co agu l ates the fluids reduces the sensibi li t y of the ner v es an d c ompre sse s the v essels b y constringing the connecti v e ti ss ues thus diminishing the circulation through them I t al so coagu late s blood if applied i n a concentrated form T annic acid thus acts as a po w erful i ndi rect s typ ti c an d con s tri ngen t It does n ot cause acti v e contraction of the v essels l ike lead an d other agents but dilates them an d b y an indirect constringen t infl uence thi s e ff ect i s the n m ore than neutrali z ed In the mou th tannic acid causes dr y nes s o f the tongu e an d throat with t hirst the par ts being constringed and partiall y an ae s theti z ed In the s toma ch tannic acid precipitate s the pepsin an d the albumin s o f the gastric juice in fu ll do s e s it con stringos the mucous membrane reduces the circulation an d diminishe s the secretion nnin i s con In the i n tes ti nes the astringent effect of t a tinu e d hence its emplo y men t o r that of substance s con taining it in case s o f diarrh oea etc During it s passage along the alimentar y canal portio n of the tannin i s conv erte d into gallic acid which enters the b lood the remainder being excrete d in the faeces T annin enter s the blood as gallic acid b ut we ha v e no definite kn owledge as t o an y further astringent e ect on the v es s els or coagulating influence on t h e blood If in j ected direct l y into the v eins tanni c acid causes clotting a nd em b oli s m fol l owed b y death T he s pecific action on the tissue s is beli e v ed t o depen d a l together on gallic acid the eff ects being as tri ngen t and Applied to -

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s typ

ti c

.

T annic and gal lic acids are excreted ch iefl y a s th e l atter part l y as p y rogallic acid in the urine which it ,

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z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

,

VETERI N A R Y TH E

5 00

RA P E

U TI CS

darkens in colour S o m e authorities b elieve that these agents have the power of arresting renal h ee morrh age but this action is doubtful M e di cinal Uses — In relaxed conditions of the ph ar y nx a n d throat tannic acid is applied locall y in the form o f glyce ri n u m acidi tannici and gives favourable results In hx mor r hage from the stomach full doses of the acid act as direct st y ptics I n di arr hoea dysen ter y ta n ni n o r its compounds are frequentl y prescribed the latter being preferred such as catechu or kino and ma y be combined with antacid s and opium A s a n a n ti do te to antimon y and alkaloids such as morphine str y chnine etc tannic aci d i s emplo y ed as it forms insoluble compounds a purgative being after w ards gi v en and an emetic i n the case of dogs E x tern a lly tannic acid combined wi t h gl y cerine and water is recommended i n the weeping stages o f ecz ema I t i s also emplo y ed as an applicatio n to ulcerated su r faces as it condenses the superficial la y er of cells coagulates the discharge and is believ ed to possess a disinfectant action besides G allic acid i n the form o f the unguentum gallse cum opio is emplo y ed i n the treat m ent of h ae morrhoids .

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P y r og a lli c Ac i d

.

A

bod y obtained from gallic or tannic acid b y carefull y heating ; possesses a powerful a ffinit y for ox y gen and thus acts as an an ti sep ti c and di si nfec ta n t in 1 to 2 % per cent solutions It also acts as a caustic and local stimulant It has been recommended i n cases of psoriasis and also in the removal of malignant growths In tox i c doses it causes v omiting purging and general nervous depression in dogs and possesses a destructive i nfluence on the red corpuscles of the blood which be comes o f a brownish appearance a n d rea dily coagulate s ,

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Digiti

TH ERA PE U TICS

VETER IN A R Y

5 02

succeeding when other agents have failed It i s fr e quentl y used a s an empir ical remed y in the treatment ’ red water in cattle some stock owner s attributing of remarkab l e s uccess to it s emplo y ment .

‘

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,

.

T he dried bark h a z el

HA MA M E L I S B AR K amamelis virginica the witch

Cor te x—

a mame li di s

H

of

H

.

,

.

H a mame lidi s Foli a

T he dried leav es

.

H amamelis virginica

of

Pr ep ar a ti on s of amame lidis —

a ma

H

.

meli s B ar k

.

of pro of spirit dog s “ U to 51 D oses — H or s e s and cattle 3ss to 3ii E x tractum H amameli di s Li q uidum H az eline — 1 in 1 H orses an d cattle ass t o 3ii ; dog s " U D oses T i nctura H

1 in 1 0

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.

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,

-

-

.

to TTLx

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.

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,

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,

.

A cti on s

an d

U se s

— H amameli s

hx mos ta ti c

is

an d

a s tr i ngen t

both locall y and remotel y It is prescribed inter n all y in cases of passive h aemorrhage such as epis t axis h ae mopt y sis h aematemesis It is al so recom mended i n the treatment o f diarrhoea d y s enter y etc and i n diseases dependent upon an unhealth y condition of the mucous membrane o f the vagina intestinal canal bladder an d urethra ; but clinical experience with the drug has n ot y et been su ffi cient t o j ustify these claim s E x terna lly it forms a useful n on irritating s typ ti c .

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lp e ca cuanh a— Ir n c xc uxnn n

.

T he dried root of Cepha elis ipecacuanha Contains from i t o 1 per cent o f eme ten e whi c h is it s acti v e principle dogs gr ss to gr s ii D oses —H orses 5 1 t o 5i ss As an eme ti c for dogs grs x to gr s x xx .

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Digiti

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.

I P E CA O UA N H A

Pr ep a r a ti ons

503

.

P ul v is Ip ecacuanh ae Comp osi t us D over ’s P owder ipecacuanha, 1 ; opium , 1 ; sulphate of potassium , 8 ( 1 in

D o ses — H orses , 5i to 5iii

dogs grs v to gr s xv Vi num Ip ecacuanh ae — An acetic extract drie d powdered dissol v ed i n sherr y and filtered ( 1 in D os e — D ogs as an exp ec tor an t ITLV to lTLx x x As an eme ti c 5 111 to 5 vi .

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U se s — E

ipecacuanha acts a s a n irritant t o the skin a n d exposed mucous membranes I n ter n a lly — I n the stomach in s m all do ses it i s a ga s tr i c s ti mu lan t increasing local circulation and secre tion I n the do g ipecacuanha i n doses of 1 5 to 30 grains acts as an em e ti c both b y its local e ffect o n the stomach as well as b y its action o n the vomiting centre in the medulla ; it is thus both a di r e ct and an i n dir ect eme ti c In the intestines ipecacuanha also exerts stimulating effects and increases the flow of mucus ; in large doses it ma y act as a n irritant In cases of dysen ter y it h as the power of arresting the inflammator y action i n the intestine and checking the liquid and blood stained evacuations and for such pur po ses is giv en in large doses frequentl y repeated Ipecacuanha is excreted b y the various mucous mem branes including those o f the bronchi the stomach the intestines also b y the liver O n the bronchi it causes increased s ecretion and stimulates the ner v es thus acting as an exp ectora n t It h as a remote action on th e liv er and act s a s a di r ect cholagogu e We do n ot observ e an y diaphoretic effect i n ou r patients from the emplo y ment o f ipecacuanh a such as is described as occurring in man T he chief pur pose f or which ipecacuanha is used in A ct ion s

an d

x ter n a lly,

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Digiti

VET E R IN A R Y TH E

5 04

RA P E

U TI CS

v eterinar y practice is as an exp ec tor a n t in the dr y stages of br on chi ti s It is prescribed in com bination with liq ammon acet and frequentl y repeated and is belie v ed to promote s ecretion of bronchi a l m ucus It may also be ’ emplo y ed with b enefit in the form of D over s Powder and this preparation has been recommended in cases o f dysen tery in all patients ,

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Buch u Foli a— B

T he dried leaves species

U C HU

L E A VE

S

.

B arosma be tuli n a

of

and other

.

Pr ep ar a tion s

.

Inf usum Buch u— l in 2 0

.

D os es — H

orses gviii to 3x ; dogs 5i to 3i i T inctura Buch u — l i n 8 o f proof spirit dogs 5 i to 511 D oses — 5n to giii .

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— B uchu is a mild

and di ur e ti c and exerts a s tr i ngen t effects o n the bladder an d urino genital mucous membrane I t s chief use is in cases of i r r i ta ti on of the bla dder and urethra also in cys ti ti s an d i n inflammator y a ffections o f t h e pelvis of the kidne y It relieves pain reduces irritabilit y and promotes healing and cessatio n of the muco purulent dischar ge It m a y be combined with hyosc yamus and bicarbonate o f p ot as sium or mixed with linseed tea or barley water A ctions

U ses

an d

.

ton i c

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«

-

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,

P areira,

-

and Collinsoni a Canad en sis are agents possessing similar actions an d uses to buchu Uv a

Ursi ,

.

z e d by Micros oft®

Digiti

VE TE RIN A R Y T H E

5 06

RA P E

UTI CS

H y drochlor as — H YD R O C H L O RATE O F Q U IN I N E Pr ep are d in a similar m anner to sulphate of quinine

Q uinin m

h y drochloric acid being substituted for sulphuric salt is more solubl e than the sul phate

.

.

,

T his

.

Pr ep ara ti on T inctura Q ui ninae— l grain i n 1 fl ui d drach m o f orange dogs 5se t o 5ii Doses —H orse s 3i to gii .

of

tincture

.

.

.

,

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,

AC T I O N S O F

CI N C H O N A AND Q UI N I N E T he actions a nd uses of cinchona re s emble those o f their most important active principle quinine s o that we shall describe them together .

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,

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( 1 ) I MM E D IA T E L O C AL A C TI O N E x ter n a lly quinine an d its salts possess an ti sep ti c an d di s infec ta n t properties and are capable of arresting som e forms of fermentation an d decomposition I n ter na lly — In the mouth stomach an d intestines quinine acts as a powerful bitter i n a s imilar manner to that descri bed under calumba (p T he s tomac hic e fi e ct is O btained from sm all doses an d is distinct from the sp ecific eff ect to be presentl y described I n small doses it i m p roves appetite and digestion stimulates the heart and circulation and its continued use produces gener a l ton ic e ects In large doses quinine tends to interfere with digestion I n the stomach quinine and its s alts are converted into the chloride which is soluble and diffusible and readil y enters the blood .

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( 2 ) A C TI ON I N T H E BL OO D Q uinine is found i n the blood v ery shortl y after its administration and exerts several important e ff ects t h erein when giv en in ful l doses .

,

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Digitiz e d

by Mi

®

cros oft

Q UI NINE 1

It ca us e s en l argement

.

p u s c le s 2

of

507

the indiv idual red cor

.

It binds the ox ygen more firml y to the h azm oglobi n s o that ox y genation is l e ss active 3 It dimin i s he s the number contra cti l it y and move ment s of the white corpuscles and thu s checks di apedesis If b l ood b e fre s h l y drawn from the v e ss el s it is a sc e r tain e d th at 4 Q uinine retard s the formation o f acid which nat urall y occurs i n blood remo v ed fro m the v e ss el s 5 It reduce s the o z oni z ing power of b l ood e g on guaiacum and t urpentine T he total effect s produced on the b l ood are : (a ) I n terfer en ce wi th oxygen a tion b y les s eni n g th e a mount o f ox y gen gi v en up b y the red corpu s cles t o o xi diz able bo die s ( b) I nterference with th e function s of the white cor .

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p u sc le s

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(3) S PE C I F I C A C TI O N Q ui nine quickl y enters the tissue s without deco m posi tion but i s n ot completel y excreted for a l ong period especiall y i n febrile condi tion s of the s y stem Th e maximum e fi ec t of full dose s i s produced i n about five hours s o that if the s pecific eff ect i s desired i t is nec c e sar y to administer a single large dose and to fo llow it up with smaller doses as small a m ounts giv en over a length o f tim e do n ot su fii ci e n tly accumulate W e do n ot ob ser ve th e ner v ous phenomena i n our patie nts w hi ch are produced i n m an b y a full dose of quinine Certain important specifi c e ffects howe v er occur t o which we shall briefl y refer 1 Q uinine in the health y sub j ect lower s the bo dy tem er atur e onl y v er y moderatel y but in a high febrile co n p dition the l owering of temperature is v er y marked .

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Digitiz e d

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cros oft

TERI N A R Y

VE

508

T H E RA P E UT1 08

Q uinine r educes the a moun t of n i tr ogen ou s excre tion s i e the urea and uric acid T he amount of carbonic acid is also b elieved to be reduced in amount both in health and in febrile case s 3 Q uinine therefore r educes the meta bolism of the bod y in a mar ked degree and exper iments hav e demon s tr at e d that it possesses some influence o v er li v ing cell u l ar protoplasm which renders the latter less liable t o incor p orate ox ygen and more resistant o f m eta b olic change It i s rational then t o conclude that th e e ff ect of quinine in the s y stem is to check metabolism b y inter tering with the Oxidation o f protoplasm generall y it also interferes with ox ygenation and with the associated action of ferments I n febrile cases the fa l l o f temperature produced b y qui nine is due to di mini s he d p r oduc ti on of hea t and n o t to increased loss o f heat This e ffect is produ ced through the tissues and not through the heat regulating centre It is probable that the fermentative processes produced b y certain organisms which ma y be the cause o f fev ers are controlled b y quinine this being another factor in it s power of reducing abnormal temperature In s m all dose s quinine accelerates the heart an d raises blood pressure but in full dose s it diminishes the force and frequenc y of s y stole strengthens diastole a n d lowers blood -pressure ; these e ffects depend o n a direct action o n the cardiac ganglia and muscle also on the v essel walls and v aso motor centre I n dogs toxic dose s cause death b y re spirator y and cardiac fai lure 2

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(4 ) RE MO TE L O CAL AC TI O N Q uinine i s chiefl y excreted i n the urine as the amor It i s al so p h ous alkaloid a n d a ct s as a slight di uretic .

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Digiti

TH ERA PE UTI CS

VETER IN A R Y

510

Cinchonine and other alkaloids and products of cin chona ma y be emplo y ed as sub stitutes for quinine their actions being similar Cinchonine is t to y as powerful as quinine Cinchona b ark contains onl y a small percentage of alkaloids and hence is a bulk y agent to administer It contains a quantit y of t annin and ma y be prescrib ed in combination with iron i n cases of relaxed conditions of the bowels as a bi tter s tom achi c and ton i c a s tr ingen t I n canine practice for similar purposes the compound tincture ma y be emplo y ed ,

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A c idum S ali cy li cum— S A L

I C YL I C

AC

ID

.

Pr ep ared b y passin g carbonic acid into a mixture of carbolic acid and caustic soda at a high temperature an d decomposing the salic ylate o f sodium with an acid and subsequent purification O r prepare d n a tu r a lly from natural salicy lates such as t h e oils of winter green sweet birch etc S alic ylic acid is ver y insoluble in water readil y i n alcohol an d in ammonium acetate I n comp a ti bles — S pirit o f nitrous ether iron salts sheep 5s s to 51 D oses — H orses and cattle 511 to 5 i v dogs grs iii to grs x v ,

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Prep ara ti on S odi i S ali cyla s — S alic ylate o f S odium Pr ep a r ed b y the action of salic ylic acid o n carbonate o f sodium or on caustic soda Readil y soluble i n water but slightl y in alcohol D oses — H orses an d cattle 511 to 31 sheep 5 s s to dogs grs x to grs xxx .

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S alicin

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glucoside ob tained from the bark of S alix alba and other species of S alix and of P opulus D oses — H orses 51 to 5 111 dogs grs iii to grs x v A

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Digiti

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S A L I CYL I C’A CI D

511

A C T I O N S O F S AL I C YL IC ACI D AN D S AL IC YL AT E O F S O D IUM .

( 1 ) I MM E D I ATE L O C A L A C TI ON E x ter n a lly salic y lic acid is an a n ti sep ti c and di s tn f ecta n t scarcel y inferior to carbolic acid 1 part in 6 0 d estro y ing dev eloped bacteria It also stimulates the local circulatio n S alic ylate o f sodium h as no antiseptic o r disinfectant power unless co mbined with a mineral acid t o liberate the salic y lic acid I n ter n a lly — In the stomach salic y lic acid unless in a moderate dose well diluted acts as a local ir ritant causing n ausea an d v omiting in the dog T he sodium salt is far less irritant and is preferred in canine practice .

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( 2 ) A C TI ON I N T HE BL OO D S alic y lic acid is rapidl y ab sorbed and exist s i n the blood as the salic y late of sodiu m It is believe d that the acid is again liberated but positive evidence on this point and also o n the changes which the drug undergoes i n the blood is wanting .

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( 3) S P E C I F I C A C TI O N T he action o f salic y lic acid and its sodium s alt on the tissues is identical as the former is converted into the latter Full doses cause in dogs n ausea an d v o m iting disturbed respiration depre s sion of the heart after primar y excitation relaxation of the v essels an d lower According t o D r Rutherford ing o f blood pressure s alic y late o f sodium is a powerful liv er s timulant but a v er y slight stimulant of the intestinal glands Moderate do se s act as cardiac stimula n ts a n d increase the cutaneous .

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VET E RI NA R Y TH E

5 12

RA P E

U TI CS

circulation the temperature ma y be slightl y lo w ered although nitrogenous waste is said to be increased H or ses withstand the e ffects o f large doses of salic y lic acid to a re m arkable extent the onl y s y mpto m s recorded being slight d y spepsia due to irritation of the alimentar y mucous membrane D ogs are more susceptible an d toxic doses o f 7 5 grain s administered hypodermicall y are reported to have pro duc e d d y spn ce a vomiting weakness of hind quarters and convulsions followed b y fatal paral y sis T he most important action o f salic ylates is the power which the y possess of r e du cin g hi gh temp er a tu re i n febrile cases T his e ffect is believed to d epend o n some i h u e n c e which the y exert o n the pathological cause of p yrexia probably b y acting o n micro organisms i n a manner not ye t understood ,

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(4) RE M O T E L O C A L A C TI ON S alic y lic acid is slowl y excreted in the u rine sweat bile and mucous secretions generall y chiefl y as sali c yla t e s or the free acid partl y as salic y luric acid O n the kidne ys and urinar y passages it acts as a s ti mu la n t a n d di s i nfecta n t a n d incre ases the acidi ty of In large doses it m ay irritate the kidne y s so the u r i n e as to cause albuminuria and even hematuria M e d ici nal U se s — In fe br i le con di tion s with excessi v e high temperature salic ylate of sodium is recommended such as i n cases of influenz a pneumonia etc It is stated to be more rapid i n i ts actions than quinine less lasting i n its effects and more depressant t o the circula tion ; but in our experience quinine gi v es far more reliable results In a cu te r heum a ti sm in all patients the salic y lat e o f sodium is regarded b y m an y practitioners as a specific in .

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Digiti

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R AP E

VETERI N A R Y T H E

5 14

UTI CS

following are the advantages which it possesse s o v er iodoform : ( 1 ) It ha s greater antiseptic strength ( 2 ) It is free from toxic properties and from o dour ( 3) It has a m arked desiccati v e action (4 ) It c an be finel y powdered and is n ot h y gro s copic and retains i ts extrem e fineness a n d consistence It h a s been emplo y ed with success i n the treatment of a e c tions of the stomach a n d intestines accompanie d with fermentation h aemorrhagic diarrh oea los s of appetite emaciation and gen eral debili t y I n o ne case o f chronic catarrh of the sto m ach a n d intestines i n a dog with a histor y of emaciation an d frequent stools mixed wi th blood reported at the Wiesbaden clinic th iof or m was administered in large doses ; at first 2 drachms dail y toge ther with milk diet O n the s econd da y the h aemorrhagic diarrhoea en t irel y ceased and the appetite returned so that more s olid food was soon giv en and in five weeks the animal had perfectl y reco v ered In this case opiate s and subsali cylat e o f bismuth had been pre v iousl y pre s cri b ed without an y succe ss As an a n ti sep ti c dr essi n g fo r wounds th iofor m i s an excellent agent ; it does n o t form a hard cov eri n g on the wound bene ath which the secretions are apt to collect but produces a supple protective lay er which ab s orbs the wound serum and allows it to pass awa y ; it has also a n on irritant desiccative action o n wounds a n d ulcers and compared with iodoform it far surpasses it in healing qualities Professor H offm an recommends to dust a thi n la y er of thiofor m on the wound pre v iousl y clean s ed and drie d I n woun ds of the eyes a nd eye lids also i n conju ncti vi tis th i of o r m acts as an excellent antiseptic an d kera ti ti s

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Digiti

_

O L I VE

O IL

51 5

dressing It can be applied b y means of a diff user and we ha v e s een the b est resu l ts from it s emplo y ment in such case s T he powder i s extremel y fi n e doe s n ot irritate an d tends t o promote rapid healing T he onl y drawback to the general emplo y ment of thiof orm in v eterina ry practice is its high pric e at pre s ent .

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C H APT E

R X VIII

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K I NGD O M — Contin ued

T H E VE GE T A BLE

.

— O L IVE O IL T he oil expre ss ed from the ripe fruit of O l ea E uropea A ct i on s and Uses — O live o il i s laxa ti ve and emo lli en t It is gi v en interna ll y i n cases of irritant poisoning ; it antagoni z e s the actio n o f alkalie s b y forming soaps and retard s s o l ution an d ab sorption of arsenic It form s a u s eful l axati v e enema f or inte s tina l ob s tr uction in the O l e um Oli v a

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dog

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o l iv e oil is exten s iv el y e mploye d a s a ba s i s M ade into an emulsion with carbonate of f o r liniment s potash and water it forms an exce ll ent application for softening the s ca l e s o n parts which hav e been fired or blistere d E

x terna lly

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S ap o Duru — H ard S oap , S odi um O l eate

s

olive

o il an d

soda S ap o M olli e— S oft o l i v e O il and potash

M ade with

.

.

S oap ,

Potassium O leate Made with .

.

Pr ep ara tion Lin i ment um S ap oni s — S oap L i n iment —S apo d u rus 1 6 camphor 8 ; oil of rosemar y 3 spi rit 1 2 8 ; water 32 .

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s

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Use s — S oap s

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are in familiar use for the purposes of Cl eansing the skin etc and for remov ing th e A c t i on

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cros oft

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VE TER IN A R Y T H E

516

RA P E

U T I CS

scales i n chronic skin di seases T hey also form service able additions to laxativ e enemas T he soap liniment is emplo yed as a stimulating appli cation and also as a basis for other liniments .

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Gly cer i n umflGL Y CE

R INE

.

sweet principle obtained by reaction o f fat s and fixed oils with aqueous fluids and containing a small percent age O f water A

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A ctio n s

an d

and

s ti mu la n t

U se s — E a n ti sep

ti c ,

gl y cerine is slightl y and diluted it is dem u lcen t a n d

x tern a lly

emollient It is largel y used as a constituent of lotions where a desiccant effect is desirable in addition to an emollient action G l y cerine possesses m arked po w ers as a solvent for fixed alkalies alkaloids and their salts It is readil y absorbed b y the unbroken skin an d will carr y into the s y stem a lkaloids or other active substances thus when combined with belladonna and applied to the skin the atropine will become abs orbed In pharmac y gl y cerine is combined with substances s uch as carbolic acid tannic acid boric acid etc forming a n exc e llent vehicle f o r these agents It is sometimes prescribed in mixtur es containing iron to disguise the taste of the latter As an astringent emollient application for cases o f mud fever cr a c ked hee ls an d gr ease in horses equal parts o f glycerine a n d liquor plum bi di ac e t are combined A s a laxa tive en ema gl ycerine h as been h i ghl y r e co m mended i n amounts of half an ounce to an ounce for horses either pure or diluted w i th o n e third part o f water Fo r dogs half a drachm to a drachm ma y be administered T h e metho d adopted is to inj ect the agent with a c o m mon wound s yrin ge having a bulbous extremit y .

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VETERIN A R Y

5 18

TH ER A PE U TI CS

hea vy powders such as bismuth also in the form of e mulsions to p re e n t the irritating effects o f certain drugs y such as chloral h y drate in the mouth and throat ,

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Ra di x— L I Q U O R I C E ROO T

Gl y cy r r h i za

T he root fresh ,

dried O f

an d

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G l y c y rrhi z a

Pr ep ara ti on Gly cyrrh i za — Aqueous

.

glabra

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E

xtract um

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i s a demu lcen t a nd i n creases the flow of saliva and mucus wh en placed bet w een the molar teeth I t is chiefl y used as a basis for pre paring e lect uar i e s and is belie v ed to alla y irritation of the respirator y passages A ct i on s

an d

U se s — L iquorice

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Li n i S e mina— L T he

dried ripe seeds

P ar ini

powder

Lin i

of

L inum

I N S EE D

.

usitatissimu m fl ax

Pr ep ar a ti on L inseed M eal

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linseed reduced

to

.

A ct ion s

Us e s

linseed meal is exten s i ve ly emplo y ed i n the form of poultices t o conve y heat and moisture to parts a n d thus affect the nerves circula tion and nutrition generall y I n ter n a lly i n the form of linseed tea (m ade with abou t on e part o f steeped seeds to fifteen o r twent y parts o f boiling water and infused for tw o hours ) it form s a useful demulcent drink for horses and cattle i n irritable condi tions o f the throat alimentar y canal kidne y s an d bladder and is believed to hav e a remote local effect o n the bronchi and urinar y passages In febrile cases it also acts as a va lua ble n u tri en t and patients should be encouraged to partake of it ; it m ay and

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E

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Digiti

IRE L4 ILL Ii A Ii L IBYL—IVI I E L4 7UE AI 17L1 2 07 1 —nS THAIICYI 5 1 9

b e al so allowed i n the form o f wel l boiled g ruel or mixed with b ran m ashes L inseed and l in s eed cake s are familiarl y known as v a lu ab le feeding s tuffs for catt l e and sheep and in r e s tri cte d amount f or horses -

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H

De cort icatum—PE ARL B ARL E Y

or de um

The

dried seed integum ents

.

H ordeu m di s tichon di v e s ted

of

of

its

.

Prep ar a ti on ordei — B arle y W ater —1 boiled in .

D ecoct um H

w ater

15

of

.

Us e s — B arle y

water is n u tr i ti ve and de mu lcen t and is chiefl y emplo y ed in cases of irritable conditions of the b l adder and urinar y passages the an imal being allowed t o drink it at pleasure A ct i ons

a nd

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fl

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.

W H E ATE N FL O U R T he grain of wheat (T riticum sat iv um ) gro un d and sifted Ch i e y u s ed in the form o f W heaten flour gruel in case s o f diarrh oea superpurgation etc Far i na T rit ic i—

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Amy lum— S T AR C E

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Procured from the grains of wheat mai z e and rice I s use d in the form of starch m u cilage in cases of diarrh oea d y senter y etc being demul cent an d emolli ent It i s a n anti dote f or excessiv e do s e s of iodine ,

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starch i s protectiv e and absorbent It is also emplo y ed i n the form o f pa s te to stiffen bandages fo r s urgical purposes E

x ter n a lly

.

.

Alth a a Radix—

T he ro ot A ctions amount of

of

Alth x a

an d

MAR S H MAL L ow

offi cin ali s

.

Us e s — M arsh m al l ow

m ucilage

.

Digitiz e d

.

contain s a large W hen dige s te d with boiling water

by Mi

®

cros oft

VE TE RIN A R

5 20

Y

T H E R A P E UTI CS

i s e xtr a ct e d a n d m a de i n to an oi n tm e n t w hi ch is a v a lu abl e em o lli en t a n d demu lcen t applic a tion T his oi n t me n t com i n c a s e s of mammi ti s or ga r ge t bin e d with b e ll a do n n a a n d gl y c e ri n e a nd appli e d to th e u dd e r with a m od e r a t e a m ou n t o f f rictio n is a n e x c e ll e n t a pplic atio n i n c a s e s wh e r e t h e udd e r is gr e a tl y i n fl a m e d a n d p ai n f ul t h e m ucil age

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Ch a ulmugr a Oil

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Co n O bt a in e d f ro m th e s ee ds o f G y n oc a rdia o d o r a t a t ain s about 1 2 p e r c e n t o f an a ctive prin cipl e , gynoca r d-ic .

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U s es — Ch au lm ugr a

b ee n e m plo ye d i n h u m an pr a ctic e i n c a s e s o f e c ze m a an d chron ic ski n It is also r e co m m e n d e d in th e tr ea t m e n t o f a ffe ctio n s rh e um atis m b e i n g gi ve n i n te r n all y as w e ll as appli e d loc all y We ar e n ot abl e to produc e an y e v id e n c e of i ts e m plo y me n t i n ve t e ri n a r y p r a ctic e It might pro ve u s e fu l i n c a s e s o f obsti n at e e c z e m a i n dogs i n t h e for m of oi n t m e n t co n t ai n i n g 1 5 to 2 5 gr a i n s o f g y n oc a rdic a cid to t h e ou n c e of v a s e li n e A ction s

an d

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oil

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h as

VE T E R I N A R Y T H E R A P E UTI CS

5 22

co n s e qu e n c e of its t e n de n c y to b e co m e r an cid va s e li n e is g e n e r all y pr e fe rre d T h e b e n zo a t e d l a rd is not affe ct e d b y k ee pi n g ,

.

.

Ce ta ce um— S P E

R M A CE T I

.

O bt ai n e d f rom th e h ea d o f th e sp e r m wh a l e an emo llie n t, a n d is also e m plo ye d i n ph ar m a c y

T h is

.

is

.

Ge lat inum— GE

NE O bta in e d f ro m ge l a tige n ous an i m a l tissu e s ; is chi e fl y e m plo y e d for co a ti n g b a lls pills e tc L AT I

.

,

,

Mor r h u a — CO D

Ol e um

.

-

L IVE R

O IL

.

oil obt ai n e d f ro m t h e f r e sh live r o f th e codfi sh Gadus m orrhu a Co n t ain s 5 p e r c e n t o f fr e e fa tt y acids c attl e 3v to 3x ; dogs D oses — H ors e s 3ii to 5i t o 5 i v T he

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Us e s — Co d

li ve r oil is nu tr i en t toni c and It is m or e e a sil y dig e st e d th an oth e r oils f ro m a lte ra ti ve th e am ou n t o f fr e e a cid co n t a i n e d i n it which f a cilit a t e s a n d a bsor p tio n s ap on ifi c ati on e m ulsio n I t i n cr e as e s t h e rich ne ss of t h e ch y l e i m p rov e s t h e qu alit y of th e bloo d e sp e ci all y as r e ga rds th e corpu s cl e s a n d i s thus a haem a ti ni c It is a n ut ritiv e o f t h e first im port an c e an d is n ot on l y o xidi ze d in th e tissue s but spar e s th e m e t a holism o f th e n itroge n o u s e l e m en ts I t m ay be pr e scrib e d with b e n e fit i n c a s e s o f gen er a l debi li ty in all a n im als an d should be gi ve n in th e m in im um dos e s a t first s o a s t o av oid in t e r fe ri n g with dige stion an d it is of a dv an t a ge to co m bi n e an aro m atic oil I n dogs it is a v ery us e f ul a g e n t i n con v al e s ce n c e fr o m dist em per an d in y oun g a n im a ls n o t thri vi n g also in th e vari ous c a s e s of n erv ous a ff e ctio n s I t is c on tr a i ndi ca t ed i n di a rrh oe a i n h ae m opt y sis an d A ction s

and

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H O N E Y— CA N T H A RI D E S

i n fe bril e

c

o n di ti on s

a

,

lso

in

5 23

irrit abl e co n ditio n s

th e

of

st o m ac h In c a s e s wh e r e th e oil do e s n o t a gr e e it is o f a d van t a ge t o pr e s crib e a lk ali n e st om a chi c s b ef or e f e e di n g an d th e o il aft er w ar ds Me l— H ON E Y A s ac c h a ri n e s e c r e tio n d e posit e d in t h e ho n e y c o m b b y Apis m e llifi ca th e hi ve be e .

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,

A ct ion s

an d

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U s es — H

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VE T E R IN A R Y TH E RA P E U T I CS

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prop e rl y pr epar e d oi n tmen t, it c a us e s g e ne r all y b e tw e e n thr e e an d tw e l ve ho urs t he f or m a tio n of l arg e v e sicl e s which af t er a v ari abl e t i me b urst an d disch arg e a y e llow s e rous fluid w h ich dri e s i n to scur fy cic atric e s If too fr e e l y us e d it m ay cause e x c e ssi ve i n fl amm a tio n o f th e d e e p e r l a y e rs o f th e ski n suppur atio n an d p e rh aps s loughi n g wi th i njury to th e h air bul bs and a p e rm an e n t ble m i sh as t h e resultl If an th aridi n m ay b e c o me ap pli e d to a l a rge s urf ace t h e c a bsorb e d an d produc e e ff e cts pr e s e n tl y to be d e sc rib e d ; I n tern a lly c an th a rid e s u n l e ss f r e e l y dilut e d a cts as thro a t an d stom ach an d i n a n irrit an t to th e m outh to xic dos e s c aus e s g astro e n t e riti s str an gur y an d h aem a turi a Canth aridi n en t e rs t h e blood b oth f ro m surface s too an d fi n ds e xt en siv e l y blist e r e d an d fro m t h e sto m a ch its w ay i n t o all th e org an s fro m which it is slowl y It di s t u r bs th e h e a rt r e spir a tio n an d e li m i n a t e d n e r v ous s y st e m c au si n g irrit abilit y quick ene d puls e an d i n j e ct e d m ucous m e m br a n e s Ca n th a ridi n is slowl y e x cr e t e d b y t h e kidn e y s a pp e ar i ng i n th e u rin e whi ch co n v e y s it to th e bl a dd e r a n d ge n it al orga n s I n sm all dos e s it c aus e s diure sis an d f r e qu e n t d e sir e f o r m ict u ritio n an d in so m e c a s e s i s b e lie ve d to ac t as a n a phrodisi a c sti mu l at e s th e se xual app e tit e In f ull dos e s c an th a rid e s produc e s n e phritis with sc an t y blood y uri n e or e ve n suppre ssion ; the p e n is b e co m e s swoll e n fr e qu e n t e r e ctio n s occur an d i n fe m al e s t h e ut e rus m ay b e co m e co n g e st e d A nt i dot es — In c a s e s wh e r e c an th aridi n h as b e e n a bsorb e d a n d produc e s irrit a tio n o f th e uri n a r y p ass a g e s an d str an gur y a f e w d os e s o f ti n ctur e o f opiu m with bic arbon ate o f sod a should b e a dm i n ist e re d in m uci Appli e d in th e for m

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VE T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

52 6

which would c aus e a bl e m ish an d al so blist e r th e m outh e tc S o m e pr a ctitio n e rs do n ot o bs e r ve th e s e pr e c a utio n s but l e ave th e an i m al loos e a n d th e y st at e th a t n o n u tow ard effe cts occur H ow e ve r t h e risk oi i nj ur y fro m t h e t e e th is t oo gr e a t an d t h e s af e st pl an is to a dop t pre c au tio n s to av oid it If th e blist e r e d p art is withi n r each o f th e t ail th e l att e r should be tie d up so as to pr e ve n t th e blist e r b e i n g c arr i e d t o th e sh e ath t hi ghs o r m am m ar y gl a n d We ak pr e p ar a tion s o f c an th aride s are b e li e ve d t o sti m ul a t e th e growth of h air an d h e n c e ar e r e co m m e n d e d as a loc a l applic ati o n i n c a s e s wh e r e t h e h a ir roots ar e w e ak Cont ra Indic a tion s — Can t h a rid e s should n o t be e m pl o y e d as a coun t e r irrita n t i n pa tie n ts suffe ri n g fro m affe ctio n s of t h e kid n e y s or i n irrit a bl e co n ditio n s of t h e g e n ito uri n ar y p a ss age s I t should a lso be avo id e d in c a s e s ch ar act e rize d b y de bilit y a n d i n we akl y e xh a ust e d subj e cts I n y ou n g an im a ls it m ust be us e d with gr e a t cauti o n an d in dogs o n l y m ild pr e p a r a tio n s should be e m plo y e d t aki n g c ar e th at the y do n o t lick th e p a rt Coun t e r irrit an ts o f a ll ki n ds should be av oid e d whe n a p a rt is i n a n a lr e a d y i n fl a m e d o r irrit a bl e st a t e a n d m e a sur e s should b e a dopt e d to r e duc e this co n diti o n be f or e a bli s t e r is a pplie d

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CA N T H A RI D E S

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52 7

pplie d ; but gre a t discr e tio n is n e c e ss ar y t o a v o id e x c e ssi v e actio n ( 3) T h e blist e re d p art should n ot b e k e pt in too so ft a c on ditio n a n d th e u se o f oi l e tc should be i n t e rdict e d ; th e b e st a pplic ation is an e m ulsi on of c a rbo n a t e of pot a sh o il an d w a t e r (se e p ( 4) In a ppl y i n g blist e rs to p arts w h ic h h ave b e e n fir e d discr e tio n is n e c e ss a r y ; an d if th e firi n g h as b e e n s e ve r e t h e blist er s h ould be m ild In w e ll b re d hors e s wit h fi n e skin s s e v e r e blist e rs shoul d n ot be us e d (5 ) In a ppl y in g blist e rs it is i mport an t t o avoi d the such a s t h e p o st e rior p o rti o n o f t h e ex m es o f j oi n ts k n e e th e a n t e r io r portio n of th e h o ok an d th e holl ow o f th e p a st e r n as fissur e s m ay b e produc e d i n th e s e p arts which are difficult t o h e a l ( 6 ) In ve r y hot w e a th e r e xt e n si ve a n d s e ve re bliste rs shoul d no t b e e m plo y e d a

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.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

m

t

G i ve t w o t e as p o on f u ls h r e e

S ig

.

.

D IU R E T ICS H

r

o se s

l

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

l

Gi ve

.

d ay

a

P o ta s s ace t , 5 ii T r digit a is, 5 x , S pt s a c t h ni t , 5 A qu a a d O i

Bi

in

t im e s

l

t w o w i n e g ass f u s a pi n t of w a e

l

e ve

tr

.

s

l

in ha f

.

T r co chici , 5v S pt s ae hi n it , 5 v Liq a m m o n a ce t , A qua ad Q

3

ry f our h our

.

t

.

.

.

.

.

S ci

.

.

.

.

l

l

Gi ve t w o w i ne g a ss f u s t h e k idn e ys a ct '

B

.

lm

a

v

i

S ig

.

Gi ve

.

P Q tass A

Syr

.

.

F

.

m

.

S ig

.

A

a ce

.

s cillae,

t

.

,

58 s

aet h , n i t

tab l

es

ce a

d a y i n t h e f oo d

.

.

.

.

,

.

til

.

.

SS S digita lis 5 i

Tr S pts

rs u n

.

t wi

on e

Dog-s

Ba

'

.

.

in p

i Sii

P ul v r e s i n ae, P o t ass n i t ,

i

ry f a ur ho u

e ve

.

,

po o n f u

ges

.

l th

Digitize d by Micros oft®

re e

tim e

s a

day

.

5 42

VE T E R IN A R Y TH E E /{ P E U TI CS Tall i es— co nti nued

R

T r f e r n-i pe r ch lo r id T r qu a é s iaa, Sii Glyce rin i , 5 8 3 A qu a a d 3vi

.

5 5s

,

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

Gi ve f ro m t wo t e asp oonf uls t o a t abl¢Spop n f u l t o si ze: o f d og ) tw i ce a da y

(a ccor di n g

.

3 Q u in in ae s u lp h

g rs s u lp h d il , q s a u m n t ii , 5 ii -

AG

.

.

S yr

.

.

,

.

.

.

xx i v

.

.

.

G i ve t wo te a sp o o n f uls t hre e t im es

A LT E RA T IV E S H

I}

or se s

d ay

.

.

.

Li q a r se n ical is , P B T r ge n t ian 5V A qu a a d O i .

.

.

a.

.

.

5 ii

.

,

.

'

.

.

twi ce

G ive t wo w i ne glass fu ls

Ba

Sti lp h u p

.

s ub

.

,

5 ii

Gi ve-o ne w ice

.

GA S T RTQ T O N I CS H

day af

ter f e e di ng

.

.

t

Sig

a.

a.

day in th e f o od

.

.

'

or se s

.

P n u ci s v om , 5 5 3 P u l v ge n t ia n , 5H S odii bi ca rb , S E P car ui se m , 5ii .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

t

.

G i ve on e wic e a day i n t h e i o od, i n a p i n o f al e .

Digiti ze d by

.

t

.

Micros oft®

or

di ssol ve d

543

A P P E ND I X

tri c Tomes— con ti nued

Gas

.

Dogs

.

T r nu ci s v om , Sss Liq a rse ni calis, P B T r ge n ia n co , 5i S yr a u r an-t i i , 3i A q ua ad 5 vi

35

.

.

.

.

.

t

.

.

.

.

.

S ig

.

te a

Gi ve t w o

r

Inc

,

5i

.

.

.

.

m

.

.

t

t

p oon f uls h r e e im e s a da y t h e dose f o r lar ge rs i ze d dogs

e a se

s

af te

r f e e di

n

g

.

.

C A T H A RT ICS

r

H

l

o se s

.

A oe s B arb , 5 v E xt b e a d onn a P z in gi b , 5ii

ll

.

.

.

,

5ss

.

‘

.

.

F t bo l i .

.

.

S ig

.

P hysic ball

.

.

H yd su hch A oe s Ba rb , 5 iv E xt be lla d onn ae, 58 8 P z in gi b , 5 i i .

l

.

.

.

B;

01 Ol

.

S ig

B

.

te re b rect

li

O

.

r t

pu ga i ve

a ct a s

.

ni.

l

O i .

.

.

.

3i

.

,

t

r t

pu ga i ve

P hysos igmin es P i ocar p in e n i A qu a , q s

l

l

an d c h o agogue

se .

e ag in o us

.

sali cylas ,

tra s

.

,

grs

.

gr s i iii .

.

ss

.

.

.

r c

l j t

t

T o be gi ven b y hypo de m i o r i n ra t ra ch e a i n e c i on ca ses o f i mp a cti on of the colon, wi th p ar a lysi s of i ts w a lls

S ig

( Used i n

.

.

To

.

.

t le

Ca t

l ph

Ma g

su

.

.

.

lb i .

,

P z in gib , 5 i T h e r iae ae, lb i A qu a f e v , O iii .

.

.

.

.

.

M

Sg '

.

.

Gi ve

r

.

a ll a t o n e

Digitize d by

.

.

dose ,

.

t ring slo wl y

a dm in is e

Micros oft®

.

.

.

)

5 44

VE T E R IN A R Y T H E RA P E UT I CS

t

ca h ar t i cs f or Ca

tt le— con ti nued

H yd s u bc h to ri di O l i n i, Q t i

5 ii

'

l

.

F m .

ca ses

wher e

R 01

.

‘

.

S ig

.

.

O ne d o s e

.

r i c in i ,

58 5

S pts 2 t h S yr r h a m n i ,

S ig

.

152 E

xt

E

Gi ve

B :

vi

r

.

e

.

11 1 .

.

.

fl

P c ate ch u, Cr e t e? pr ep .

Gi ve

.

ou r

Bi

grs

.

.

on e

5 vi Sii

)

.

h yos cya m u s , gr i o r t w o , acco r din g t o the

xt.

Si g

.

.

l

.

.

P u-rga t i v e m i xt u

.

n ece s sa r y

.

55 5 to 5i

c o o cyn t h

.

5i

ass

.

.

.

p ur ga ti ve i s

to

.

.

.

F m

-.

l

a ver y a cti ve

.

.

s i ze o f

t he d o g

.

.

,

.

o n e e ver

ru l

g

e

y tou ‘

r hours

in

a

p in

t of

.

Gh iom dyu i , Sss T r cam p h or e o Gre t a p r e p A q u a ad O s s .

.

.

.

.

,

5i

.

.

.

Si g

.

G i ve in

.

pin

a.

l

t

o

l r gr l

f f

ou

ue

fl

.

Foa s

Cr e t aa p re p '

Give in half .

a

pi n t

if

,

of

.

5s

ou

n e ce ss a r

rgu l r

y

.

Digitize d by Micros oft®

e

.

Repe at i n t w o h ou rs .

5 46

VE TE R IN A R Y T H E RA P E U TI CS

o

an d

An dyn es

y

Dog

.

.

.

.

.

d os e

.

.

.

e e at i

R p

.

.

.

a

.

O ne

s

T r op ii , mv t o mxx S pt s 33t h n i t , 5s s T r zingib w mxx Aq u , 55 8

39

cont inued .

An t i spa sni odi cs

t w o h ou

n

rs if ece ss ary n

A N T I -T Y M P A N IT I CS

H

re o

rse s

3;

re ammo aro m at Sii ss m S ig O d ose .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

r e o li 5 i t e r e b 5h S pt a m mo 0 1 li i O i ss n,

F

.

m

n

,

.

S ig

.

.

r

,

.

n

)

.

.

.

.

.

a tulen t coli c

a e

Sii

.

ne

C t tl

C

,

.

,

.

,

s

.

.

.

( Us ef u l in

34

.

.

.

F

.

fl o

l in , 5 8 3 C 0 1 t e b , 5i i n S pts e T r a s a foe t id a 0 1 lin i, O i ‘

.

.

.

at o m

.

Siv

.

.

d os e

O ne

.

,

.

( Usef ul i n haven ) .

GAS T RI C S E D A T I V E S H

R

or

ll o

r

.

O ne d

.

.

o

se .

5H

.

.

.

Re

( Us ef ul i n

p

e a t e ve

r

ga st i ti s

g z ed by Mi

Di iti

nn a},

.

.

m

ses .

Glyce r i n i be ad T r o pii, 3i S odii b ica b , 5 ss A qua ad O i .

.

.

ry th r

)

cros oft®

ee

h

o rs u

.

A P P E N D IX

54 7

r

Gast i c Se da t iv e s —con tim zed

fl .

F .

m

.

( Usef ul i n i n

O ne d

.

a

mm a ti

n ew

o

.

e on n a Glyce r in S od ii b ica r b , Sss

Ba

S ig

.

le i b ll ad

Ca t t

o

o

li nseed

oi l

f

o

F

.

m

S ig

.

Ac Bi smu t hi M u cila go

One d

.

( Usef ul i n

o

se

e a t e ve

om

s u bn it

p

.

f ter

.

mi

.

,

grs qs

in

e at

h

r

r

o ses

.

.

O ne d

S ig

.

.

o

se

Ft

.

pl

u v

.

i

u

n e ce ssa

ry

.

.

.

.

.

T o b e gi ve n fast in g

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

l

o

.

.

mi ti ng )

grs P u v are e a , gr s T o be gi ve n i n mi k t h is d s e m ay b e d ou b

l

xx

.

Dog s

Bi S a n t o n l m

.

.

.

.

.

F

ses

.

.

r

.

o

d

)

t o IrLiii t o g rs

o r if

0 1 t e e b , Sii E x t fili e is li q , 5ii L iq f er i dia lys at u s , Sss 01 li n i, O i .

f ew

a

n a te v o

C

Ba

.

.

.

A N T H E L M IN T I S H

v.

.

an

obsti

a nd

ga s tr i f is

h ou rs

ee

a ch , a

d il ,

a cac ia ;

Re

.

ry thr

.

a n i c,

c

.

a dmi ni ster e d

h a ve been

o h yd ro y

.

p

ur th st

D gs

Bo

Ss s

,

.

Re

.

the

f

n

.

se

.

xx .

.

For dog

s of

l

ed

l rg r iz a

e

s

.

E X P E CT O RA N TS A N D R E S P I R AT O RY S E D AT IVE S H

Bi

.

pl

u v

.

vi

.

'

se s

.

P u v ca mp h or ae , 5ii i i ss P t a ss ch , 5 P fu l b e a d nn a , 5i P u v an isi f a ct , Sii

o

.

D iv i n

l

or

.

.

.

l

lor ll o

r

.

S ig

.

.

Gi v e

on e

.

.

.

.

.

g z ed by Mi o oft®

Di iti

cr s

ss .

.

t w i ce

day i n th e f '

a

e

ood

.

.

'

VE TE RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

54 8 E

x pect ora nts an d Res pi ra t or y Se dativ es f or

o

.

.

r

.

.

.

u v . xi

.

S ig

.

Gi v e

.

( Usef u l in

ch r

B

o n e e ve

o

p r l

Gi ve t w o w i n e g

o

( Usef u l i n

c ughs

.

l

.

t w ic e

d ay

a

r

af te

rf

ee di n g

.

men ts )

a n ge

.

.

T r b e a n na , S yr sc a , 3s ' Jr ca A q u a a d Sv i .

)

ga s tr i c d e

on

o ll do i ll 5 m ph or

‘

.

.

D gs

.

ood

.

.

ass f u s

d ep en di ng

.

.

i n the f

.

.

.

n igh t

5i i i

.

.

.

S ig

o

ry

n i c c ugh

.

.

.

.

L i q ars e n ica l i s, P B , T r h u e is vo m , Si i i T r c a m h o c o Sii i A q ua a d O i

i

m

.

.

.

pl

.

.

l

.

.

o

e s— c n ti n u ed

o

P f o l ac n it i, 5 vi P d igit a is , 5iii A se n ic a lb , grs i v P a n i s i f ru c t , 58 9

B

Di v in

rs

H

5s s

.

.

Si

.

.

.

F

.

m

G i ve t w o t e a s

.

poo

n f uls

'

th

r

ee

C O U N T E R I RR IT AN TS

t i me s

a.

da y

.

-

l

Pu v 13 5 O I te A c id .

.

.

th

l

e

ec

.

a ce

Sxx

e s,

.

,

c

.

xi i .

.

or or pr p

.

,

Si x

.

f or t w en ty f u h u s , t h e n a dd 2 i 1b e ach of ° in e, m e te d a t a te m e a t ure o f 2 00 ah an d , K e e i n a n a ir -t i gh t ja r u gh y m i e d S ig : Ung C’ a n th a r id es 0 0 Fly b ’ i ster -

v as e

rid rbr t S f or t ti can th a

.

oro

l

l

x

.

.

F r

an

sti

r

ne

we

.

.

Bi

.

l oli

.

H yd b in io d , 5ii L an olin i , Sx ii V aseli u i , Si v .

.

.

.

.

.

Ft

.

un g

( Usef ul f o r the

.

S ig

.

Ung H yd B in i od

tr ea tment o

g z ed by Mi o oft®

Di iti

cr s

.

.

.

fi ections of jo in ts

a

,

etc

.

)

ll

an

ti

VE TE R INA It Y T H E R 4P E U T ] CS

550

.

Li n i men t s— continued

.

Glyce ri n i, 5i S pt s e ct , Q t i

r

.

Ft lin .

( Usef ul

.

.

.

o

r

ol

.

.

Liq Ol Ol

.

.

F t l in

pl ol i

ss .

.

a

.

c r a cked

A stri

Pl um bi

n

o o

a ce t

p

.

Z in ci s u l h A qu a a d O i .

S ig

.

:

ss

.

.

,

.

ce a

d ay

.

heels, gr ea s e, e tc ) .

gent

.

.

.

.

L OT I ON S

F t l ti

O

,

pply twi

A

.

,

.

.

S ig

.

.

mbi dia ce t e u ca l p t i , gli y vae , O ss

( For mud f e ve r

E

5i S vi

.

.

.

.

.

o

L ti o A lba

p

White lo tio n

.

A n t i se t i c

Bi

Cre ol i n

,

.

.

.

( Fo r dr essi n

3

H yd zin ci A qu a , O i .

‘

.

.

cr s

n

cy-an id i,

l t io o

g z ed by Mi o oft®

Di iti

.

un s

.

.

Ft

vi ii

o o A ti g wo d )

L ti

S ig

.

.

.

.

F l ot io

.

5i i

P yo k ta n in , grs A q ua , O i

t

bu

.

a pp lyi ng a

.

.

.

5ii

,

a nd

f ter bli ster s )

( For

R

.

.

gla nds

enla rged

f or

P tas s c a b i vae, O Ol A qu a, O ss .

.

Li ni mentum [0 li

S ig

.

a s a n a pp li ca tion

Bi

.

.

p ti c

se

.

.

grs :

x

.

.

r

sa

.

)

A P P E N D IX

o

Lot i on s— c .

.

l ot i o

( Usef u l in

c

ori

.

gr s i v au ce asi , 3 s d e st i , gs s

l otio

.

(A s

Ft

.

lo o

.

.

(A s

ppl

R

(As

.

u m.

l

lica ti

o

n

l

.

o

a n ap p li ca ti n

.

.

o o

.

v i.

.

l

r r

’s

ha i b

d

a lba go a n

.

l ph

.

5i

,

o

u sh

nebula .

.

.

.

l

dai y

nce

)

gr s i i t o grs i v

,

.

.

.

.

to ker a ti tis , Op htha lmi a , etc

.

O I NT M E N T S

Bi

.

L i q A tr op inaé S ulp h

S ig

.

l

ce

grs i v to grs i , 5

n es s u

A qu a d e st i

.

.

f or

rop i

I d i, 5 i P ta ss i o d , 5 s s L a n olin i, S vii i

)

.

.

.

.

.

.

Ft

.

.

.

B

o

Ung I di

S ig

un g.

p r r ol

.

S ul h u sub , P lu mb i ace t , C e in , g s 0 1 e uca y ti , V a se a i , gi v L an oli n i, 5 i v .

ll

.

.

a

l p

orb

en t oi n tment

A bs

3i Sss .

.

.

5ss

.

.

.

Ft

( In

.

S ig

un g

.

.

f

ca ses o

A

gr ea se,

pply t wi

ce

cr a cked

heels, etc

g z ed by Mi o oft®

Di iti

.

'

,

.

f

.

y w i th a ca me

At

l ot io

.

ulce a ted sur aces

da i y co ry uncti vi ti s )

in

r

a n app

Ft

ollyri

r

.

.

pply t wi

A I

A ge n t i n it A q u a des ti

A

S ig

.

.

a c

R ti

.

.

S ig

.

,

l ro r l

Aq u a

Ft

c

o

Yell w wa sh

.

Ac h A qu a

.

.

ydr a r ggri Fla va a nd sa ddle ga lls, a n d

ar

34

.

xxx vi

.

o oH

o ll

f

.

or

.

cases o

.

.

L ti

S ig

.

n ti n ued

H yd pe rchlo r id , grs L iqu ca l c is , O i

B Ft

55 1

cr s

l

da i y

.

.

)

.

.

)

VE T E RI N A R Y T H E RA P E U T I CS

55 4

Bora ci c acid 31 9 Bor x 319 Bori ac id 31 9 Boro glyce rid e 31 9 Bran dy 32 5 Brom id s 2 99 Bromu m 2 99 Bruci 4 39 Bu ch u 5 04 Bu ck t h or syru p of 4 9 5 Bu tt r f ti m n y 2 8 6 B utyl ch lora l h ydra t 36 2

A qua, 32 3 d es tillat a , 32 3 f t i s, 31 3 au ce a si , 36 9

,

or l ro r r gi 31 8 Ar t 49 7 A rg t i i tr 2 46 A rg t m lt f 24 6 A ri t ol 38 4 Ar i 4 61 A ro m t i bitt r 4 5 2 ol til oil 4 5 7 i m A l t f 2 77 Ar io id 2 77 f 283 t id o t ff t f 281 t ox i A r t ri 1 32 A f o t id 4 76 A pi di m fi li m 496 A t hm 152 A t ri g t 8 5 g t ri 6 7 i t ti l 8 5 l r 1 32 A t rop i 41 5 omp r d w i t h m orphi A r ti m 4 5 6 B ll dm i i tr ti o f 5 35 or bol 5 30 B l m F ri r 4 73 P 4 75 T ol 4 75 B rb do lo 4 8 4 B rl y w t r 5 1 9 e

a

c

en

s

e

as,

en u

sa

,

s o

n e,

,

,

n,

n ca ,

c

v

e s,

a

e

r se n cu

sa

us ac

se n

an

e

C d oil of 4 6 9 C ff i e 4 4 3 C l b rh a C l m i ne 2 4 9

e

x

s

a,

as

na

va sc u a

u an

a

u

a

n o

4 03

,

use s ,

a sa

a

,

'

s,

er u ,

u,

a a

B

es a

a

a e

e

es,

,

a th s ,

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C e reb ral d e pre ssants Ce t a ce u m 5 2 2 Ce a d ill 39 0 C h alk 2 35 Ch rc oa l 306 C h aul m ugra o il 5 2 0 Ch e rry la u rel 36 9 C h in olin 38 0

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