WORSBROUGH Change and Continuity in the Society, Economy
October 30, 2017 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Weavers. 144. 6.7 Rockley Ironworks. 149. 6.8 Staincross. Wapentake Militia. List - Nailers. 154 ......
Description
WORSBROUGH Change and Continuity in the Society, Economy and Buildings of a South Yorkshire township 1600-1851.
Denis Ashurst
Thesis
submitted Doctor of
for the Degree Philosophy
Division Continuing of Adult University of Sheffield July
1994
of
Education
WORSBROUGH in the Change Society, and Continuity Yorkshire and Buildings of a South 1600 - 1851 Denis
Economv township
Ashurst
SUMMARY Changes in the Yorkshire South and continuities bringing in detail, township of Worsbrough are examined documentary, together environmental and archaeological in an analyis township evidence of the development of the from to one a rural, mainly agricultural, community dominated by heavy industry in the mid-nineteenth century. involvement is viewed This through the and progression of, the whole effects placing on, range of Worsbrough society, in a regional the changes context. and national A review township the of the natural resources within boundaries both for their considers exploitation potential in establishing of problems a successful and the settlement development. A brief communication affected which economic history the review of the early establishes of Worsbrough important manorial structure and the church, role of the influences in the development township. of the in Worsbrough, Surveys buildings of surviving early illustrate the Probate Inventories, many with related fortunes levels changing providing of different of society, for throughout a context of the demographic changes a review the period. is examined The structure with of the society statistical of analysis of the composition and variability the population. behaviour Aspects are of social and control investigated, including for the and sick, provision poor to the related officers. activities and manor of the church is examined, The economic structure of the, township interaction the emphasising of industry and agriculture, in the to the with particular reference stress generated developed into community as Worsbrough an industrialised in the township urban early nineteenth century.
ii
Worsbrough
Town Gate
19th century etching (Joseph Wilkimmn - History of Worghorough)
iii
CONTENTS Summary List Of Figures List of Tables List of Plates Acknowledgements Abbreviations
vi vii viii ix ix
1 6
1.0
Introduction Notes
2.0
Regional Notes
3.0
The Township Notes
39 51
4.0
Topography & Geology 4.1 Stone 4.2 Ironstone 4.3 Sand 4.4 soil 4.5 Water 4.6 Woods 4.7 Coal Notes
53 61 61 63 66 71 77 78
5.0
6.0
Context
Communications 5.1 Roads 5.2 Bridges 5.3 Canal & Railways Notes
80 103 110 113
Economy 6.1 Agriculture
116
6.2 Industry i) Leather ii) Paper iii) Weaving iv) Iron V) Coal vi) Glass Minor Occupations vii) Notes 7.0
8 35
Community 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Demography 7.3 Social Structure 7.4 Poverty 7.5 Sickness 7.6 Social Control 7.7 Nonconformity Notes iv
138 140 141 142 148 156 164 165 169 175 177 205 223 227 235 238 243
8.0
Landscape
9.0
Conclusion Notes
Appendix rile i) ii) iii)
iv) Notes
inTostscript
247
256 263
Buildings Introduction InventoriesBuilding Survey No. 1 Sod Hall No. 2 Hay Green No. 3 Elmhirst(Bank Top) No. 4 Houndhill 1 No. 5 Houndhill 11 No. 6' Genn House No. 7 Ouslethwaite Hall No. 8 Rockley Old Hall (Rockley Abbey) No. 9 Swaithe Hall No. 10 Swaithe House No. 11 Lewden No. 12 78 Kingwell (Smithy) No. 13 Bank End No. 14 White Cross No. 15 Balk Farm No. 16 Marrow House No. 17 Old Vicarage No. 18 Church No. 19 Worsbrough Hall No. 20 Blacker Hall No. 21 Besom, Cottage No. 22 School No. 23 Mill Discussion ***********
**
264 267 273 273 276 278 282 284 289 292 295 299 299 305 310 314 317 320 323 326 328 336 337 337 339 340 341 342 345
***
Bibliography Manuscript Sources Printed Sources: 1. Original in Print 2. Secondary Works: (a) Books (b) Articles (c) Unpublished
349 350
Theses
Index
350 353 355
356 ****
***
* **
**
V
****
* **
*
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures Frontispiece
- Worsbrough
Town Gate
-
19c.
2.1 Location Map Worsbrough 2.2 Wapentake Townships of Staincross 3.1 Landscape Worsbrough c. 1600 - Conjectural 4.1 Worsbrough Township 4.2 (1779) Common - Highstone Worsbrough 4.3 Stone Quarries/Ironstone/Sand 4.4 1838 Woods and Fields 5.1 Regional Roads Turnpiked 5.2 1750 Lanes & Causeys before 5.3 1750 Canal, Turnpike, Railways after 5.4 1823 Worsbrough Bridge 5.5 Canal & Edmunds Coalmine 19c early 6.1 1838 Worsbrough Fields 6.2 Wigfall Estate 6.3 Elmhirst Estate 6.4 Rockley Estate 6.5 Worsbrough 1838 Town Fields 6.6 Staincross Wapentake Militia Weavers 6.7 Rockley Ironworks 6.8 Staincross Nailers Wapentake Militia List 6.9 Barnsley 1719 Colliery 6.10 Worsbrough Coal Mines - 19c. 6.11 Summary - Main Industries to 1851 7.1 1651-1851 origin Marriage Spouse Pattern 7.2 Baptism/Burial Graph 7.3 Baptism Graph over Burial 7.4 Marriage Graph 7.5 Areas of Occupation Density c. 1850 7.6 1796 Church Seating plan 7.7 Church Seating Plan - 1836 8.1 Worsbrough Township c. 1980 8.2 Worsbrough Common 1800-1951 8.3 Rockley 1980 Valley 8.4 Worsbrough Lewden Valley A. 1 Worsbrough Buildings A-2 Sod Hall (19c. etching) A. 3 Hay Green plan A. 4 Elmhirst Bank Top - Cruck Frame A. 5 Elmhirst Bank Top - Plan A. 6 Houndhill Iplan Aý7 Houndhill II - plan A. 8 Genn House - plan A. 9 Ouslethwaite 18c. Hall plan A. 10 Rockley Old Hall - plan development A. 11 Swaithe Hall floor A. 12 Swaithe Hall ground plan first floor A. 13 Swaithe Hall plan -
vi
9 18 43 54 55 56 73 81 87 98 107 ill 117 118 121 124 127 144 149 154 159 161 168 188 191 192 196 204 218 219 248 250 252 254 266 274 277 280 281 283 287 290 293 296 300 301 302
Figures A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Continued: 306 307 307 311 313 315 318 321 324 327 329 331 335 336
House Swaithe - plan Swaithe House - section Swaithe House - cellars Lewden site plan Farm - plan Lewden 78 Kingwell (Smithy) - plan Bank End - plan Cross White Farm - plan Balk Farm - plan House Marrow - plan Old Vicarage - plan 1696) Old Vicarage (elevation Vicarage & wall studding section Church - plan ****
*************
***
Tables 2.1 2.2 5.1 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 A. 1 A. 2
Population Wapentake Changes Staincross Hearth Tax (1672) Number of Hearths Tonnages Materials of Road-making Farming Totals Elements Inventory Summary of Population Totals Spouse Worsbrough Marriages One not Comparison Age at First Marriage Worsbrough Age at First Marriage Percentage Child Deaths Illegitimacy Pregnant Bridesý by Area Summary -5 Baptism year Totals 1806 Occupations Worsbrough Militia Return by Area 1851 Census Selected Occupations Immigration & Emigration Number of Generations Resident Summary of Poor Payments 1780-1810 Worsbrough Citizens" "Senior Religious Census 1851 between Interval Burial Inventory & Taking between Interval Burial Date & Proving ****
***
***
**
vii
**
**
* **
*
22 31 102 131 184 189 195 197 197 198 199 201 202 203 212 214 225 225 241 272 272
Plates
4.1 A. 1 A. 2A. 3 A. 4 A. 5 A. 6 A. 7 A. 8 A. 9 A. 10 A. 11 A. 12 A. 13 A. 14 A. 15 A. 16 A. 17 A. 18 A. 19 A. 20 A. 21 A. 22 A. 23 A. 24 A. 25 A. 26 A. 27 A. 28 A. 29
Rockley Valley Hay Green (Bank Top) Elmhirst Houndhill 1 11 Houndhill Genn House (Front) Genn House (Stye) Genn House (Rear) Ouslethwaite Hall (East Rockley Old Hall Elevation) Rockley Old Hall (West c. 1910) Crosswing Swaithe Hall East & Swaithe Central Hall Hall Swaithe House - 17c. East End Swaithe House - 1720s Front 78 Kingwell Road (Smithy) Bank End (7 Rook Hill) Bank End - Smokehood Bank End - 17/18c Fireplaces White Cross Farm - Byre White Cross Farmhouse Balk Farm (Front) Marrow House Old Vicarage Present Vicarage Door Worsbrough Hall Blacker Hall Besom Cottage School House Mill *****
**
*****
viii
63 277 280 285 285 291 291 291 294 297 297 304 304 309 309 316 317 319 319 322 322 325 325 331 333 338 338 339 339 341
Acknowledqements David Hey, not I am particularly to Professor grateful knowledge for the-benefits and underonly of his extensive in the resolution problems standing of the research in such a study, but also for his personal encountered The widespread throughout. scatter support and encouragement has documentary Worsbrough of the fragmentary material involved in many archives searches are due to the and thanks but no less too numerous to mention patient archivists, in the search. to I am grateful appreciated, who helped in granting A. O. Elmhirst to the family archive me access in his private for still collection and to William'Morton kindly to draw upon his unpublished granting permission to acknowledge I am pleased pursuit of Worsbrough material. the advice Jones in the of David Crossley and Stanley help, of my understanding of the buildings and the invaluable in assisting the surveys. To the owners of the wife with in kindness for their properties go my especial appreciation freedom total to explore the innermost granting of corners homes and their friendly in the survey. their interest Abbreviations BLHA = Barnsley Local History Archive BIHR = Borthwick Research Institute of Historical EHR = Economic History Review EM = Elmhirst MunimentsFB = Fairbank Collection HAS = Hunter Society Archaeological Transactions MBC = Monk Bretton Chartulary Priory MCR = Manor Court Rolls NBC = Newman Bond Collection PMA = Post Medieval Archaeology Journal SA = Sheffield Archive SIR = Staveley Records Ironworks SMR = Sites & Monuments. Record SYCAS = South Yorkshire Archaeological Services SYCRO = South Yorkshire County Record Office VWM = Vernon Wentworth Muniments WhM = Wharncliffe Muniments WYRD = West Yorkshire Registry of Deeds WYAS = West Yorkshire Archive Service YAJ = Yorkshire Archaeological Society Journal YASRS = Yorkshire Series Archaeological Society Record * **
**
***
* **
**
ix
**
**
**
*
1.0
INTRODUCTION
may be readily South Yorkshire.
Worsbrough conurbations of names in politics,
by Victorian
attempts drawing the
commerce, to
attention Alexander
poet
to
antiquaries the birth
Pope,
at
achievement of Dr. Obadiah 1616, who became Master of
Turner, in
Worsbrough born
Walker, University
by
latter
the
rectify
Edith
of
no famous despite
produced literaturey
or
science
the
amongst
overlooked It has
1642,
the
and
in
Worsbrough
at
of
mother
Oxford,
College,
1670.
about
battle No major was fought by the Civil War other untouched
on its
estate
in
the
and better
a market by its once
Ages
Worsbrough's
Pontefract.
at
industries
prospered
to
market.
or
agriculture
being centre, insignificant
geographically placed which was better in medieval the through politics
connected Priory
on a skirmish a minor it as a country adopted
become
to
Middle
Barnsley,
neighbour Cluniac
failed
It
architecture. forestalled
being
even
than
Common; no great landowner improvements in to initiate
nearby
soil,
small
numerous
in supplying the needs of local mainly demand, until self-sufficiency and a limited regional transport in the nineteenth changes century access provided a wider In
1872
in
families levels
of of
compile
augment rather
the
area
to
mid-sixteenth
Historical
true
to
a primary
with, and
their
'polite
work,
is of
the social examine and in its setting regional century.
was inevitable
During but
the
in
genre of the day, interest in the gentry
not
into the
necessary economic from the early
Worsbrough,
1
and
the
Worsbrough,
though
Wilkinson Associations
extension It
society'. history a revised
Wilkinson's.
township
change
style
Joseph
its
"Worsborough, ' which, Attractions',
anecdotal
to
historian
Barnsley
his
published Rural
the
the
aim to
of
higher this
correct
on occasion, development time
modern
of
was
study and but of
the
changes
in
period,
as Professor
fundamentally was still in familiar, living almost a a community of small peasants in which timeless, there of hard work and was plenty world have leisure, in still could of and yet plenty which a man dignity P2 The sudden and comprehensive and Self_respeCt. Hoskins
could
in
claim
transformation century, when industrialisation,
the
close of this Worsbrough.
study,
old
to
the
set
offer in
early again
the
in
though forces
destroyed
feel
to
limits
those
be forever se,
nor
of
the
understanding bourhood immediate national
the that
sense
Worsbrough
of
with
the
community and beyond,
the the
community,
scale the
of
Although compound. to can be related and
social/economic history is one
even
more
reacting
2
has the its
to
with it
kinship
and
can bring history
a in
core
precede of
to
external
an
the
neigh-
county its
or
pays
to
precisely
neighbourhood, of
national
elements
an
whether
its
community,
per
community
hinterland,
town
wider
of
a wider identify,
could
a provincial
in events knowledge of
within
market
must
be a local history history, but rather
national
area, 7
historian
local
the
of which is not to
It
links
to
by
defined an area with people occupying in thought and action and so far united the range of together,, of belonging
grouping.
occupational
other
and seen
entity"
a-social
entity a social indigenous population
study
dominate
to
where,
structure.
of
The
Leicestershire5
of
a sense is something
occupational
or
set
the which be an administrative
reality
failed
established
conscious. a localisation
examination
in
Magna
on Tyneside4,
examine
limits
territorial as
'A
community, rural the devastation of
or
Whickham
at
the
to
seeking as,
of
strains
follow
to
Shropshire3,
seen
the
under
an agricultural
example of Wigston industry intruded, it
Finberg6
nineteenth
opportunities
continuities
the
early
a
by 1851, at the advanced scene for the modern urban
was sufficiently
at Myddle industrialisation
In
the
order'collapsed
studies
changes and for example,
in
Worsbrough
of
Similar
'It
Wigston,
its to
contribution events
and
pressures, Given
in
than
rather
initiation.
their
the
settlement every provision variety of natural be hasýto diversity development, the each of enjoyed and Comparing the growing number of and contrasting unique. understanding examples of local studies can lead to a better history. The choice of the processes and effects of national of
for
Worsbrough
such
geographical position, foothills Pennine merges Yorkshire,
retaining its history
and also
social/economic development of
population,
township,
the
and
two
Arthur
are the
Young
journey
Sheffield 8 This cultivated".
density
associated the
much of
earlier a
providing
Sheffield
the
rural
the
When
Barnsley.
to
he found,
"The
landscape
of
houses,
agricultural
great
and
small,
countxy well the
along fields
its,
amongst
of
choice
and
a rural
and a
economy
rural
of Worsbrough, in demonstrated
1771
the
of
areas
left
in
The
progressed.
is in general-good and Barnsley is the impression of Worsbrough
Ml motorway;
centuries-old
in
changes
ancient
from
township
its
undisturbed,
views
the
of South boundaries,
heart
within the
land,
graphically
made the
between
modern
both
of
reflects
which
conflicting
urban,,
through
route
elements
of evidence of the industrial setting.
urban
These
industrial
the
mainly on marginal landscape largely
agricultural juxtaposition modern
into
structure as urbanisation heavy industry, its with in discrete which occurred
of
by its
partly a study was influenced landscape of where the rural
and woodlands. Along
the
of
industry
scene
jaundiced Leeds
at
view
to
Though
of
Sheffield
the it
an unbiased he reflects time,
presents. have
road,
and urban
not
the
could
A61 trunk
in coal
it
is
1830 and
iron,
"All
the-way and
and
a constant Cobbett's
recalling
commentator,
Had he made the added
sprawl
area is
however,
iron
and
a bad
suffering
to
a glassworks
his
distaste
later of
he
industrial
spoliation. Joseph
Hunter
writing
in
3
1831
claimed,
cold
Worsbrough
the
opposing view that journey twenty years
from 9 coal".
along
"Nothing
can
destroy the in
beauty
the
gentle the
Worsbrough through which 10 Many have tried way". and,
vale winds its
Dove
river
following
century
(1851),
the
of
of
the
end of this industry though
almost
research period has now receded
succeeded, the beauty returns.
and much of Documentary
is sparse No preevidence and scattered. Conquest have survived, charters nor are any surveys of the area known until the time of the 1814 Enclosure Act and the 1837 Tithe Commutation Award which the earliest produced the
maps of
township.
Manorial
Court
the
Court for Rolls medieval located and four nineteenth is better third represented
the
nineteenth
early been
Nun Appleton at
the
but
century, Priory,
the
records the
one of
are three
seven manors have
for
Rolls
century from the
few;
a second;
to mid-seventeenth have survived from
no records
ecclesiastical
owners
Worsbrough
of
Dissolution.
Relatively
few
Wills
are
available
during
and,
a
in the Archbishop clearance Diocesan of, York's record in the last Worsbrough inventories century, all probate to 1690 were destroyed. prior Of the period were
long-stay
the
only
Almost
archive. to
with when deliberately
account
books
insight
into
of
the
the of the
community region
antiquaries,
the
credit
the
lacked
and
the
is
glamour
in as Stukeley into whose inquiries the splendid led them to a wider into enquiry such
4
was local
other
modern an who
lost material)
later
and
a number
officers conduct
seventeenth
evidence the
of
early
preserved Edmunds family,
township,
parish
composition
the
has
century
various
from
in
nineteenth century. become dispersed in, a variety the Parish Registers side, are
mid-sixteenth
Archaeological as the
of
has
survived On the
collections. from
part
the
of
an unknown quantity destroyed in the
which
complete
who emerged family Elmhirst
archive
greater
(together
of
the
all
own the
The little
landowners
major
office
less
remain of
than
might
eighteenth
sites man's
to
give
section
century.
to, attract the
a wide
the
of
be desired
early century,
England of southern impact on the
landscape.
Even
the
digger"
"barrow
is
ground documentary
for
asset
from is
community survival
within
associated
representing
all
to
related
their
social
the
early
ranks
structure
modern Despite the there
rebuild, buildings
rapid
and housing, the deficiency,
and
the
township
of
its local
in
community
various
few
are
century in
places
heartland the
Baroque
Spencer
-
to
they
periods,
has
England,
offer
and
something
the
changes
an of of
at
taken
the
mansion
Cawthorne;
the
and which is
Worsbrough houses
unlikely farms are
and
development
of
a
complex, low
a somewhat
priority. boast
eighteenth Strafford
of
where to
are-unable
age'--the
Earls
and
lack
which
an industrial
a past
of
demolish
structure
and villages,
from lesser
the
to
urge
social
of
towns
mansion
family
Silkstone
past
buildings
Stainborough;
of
modern, As many can be
way of life, during Worsbrough,
an earlier
region's
of
Yorkshire
range
medieval
the
twentieth
of
the
the
period.
the
preservation
a mainly for South
society.
at
follow
to
a wide
from
past
Although as meccas fortourists. its ever to be such a mecca, surviving in illustrating no less valuable the
century
-in
to
an agrarian
act
examples
from
evidence
seeking
unusual,
of
of
recalling
Few of
much remains in the changes
the
with
occupants illustrate
to
opportunity the
though
and,
historian
the
Worsbrough
of
unique, buildings
augment
the, region.
material.
A major progress industrial
to
growing
in
the
of
archaeologists interest
of
improving slowly in the face of modern industry
through
the
century
saw little
period
is The situation to be investigated landscape
nineteenth
by John
Carr
half-timbered
at for
the
Banks
in
Hall
parish.
None of the'neighbouring however, parishes, compare to Worsbrough its-mere five-square where, within over miles'l forty
houses,
identified range house
in to
many with associated before the mid as built
status an 18th
from
a seventeen
century
two
room
5
have
outbuildings, eighteenth'century.
room
16th
, labourer's
century cottage
been They
manor and
in
a fifteenth
from
style
seventeenth
century
of Probate limits the
Inventory,
century polite
and Manor
to that made of investigation compared but in Warwickshire", for example, at Stoneleigh to place the buildings remains and their
possible sufficient occupants
range
of development study, has been the
the
within
context
A major concern of this investigation and surveying buildings. Professor dilemma:
Haley
"Change They
concepts , take
this
of
eruditely
and
causation like apt,
are
Worsbrough.
of
systematic
the
are
difficult
two
Cheshire
As soon some bits
of
collection
remarkable
summarised
.... prolonged contemplation. it to pieces, one finds
under
to
The poor survival for the area records
architecture.
Estate
house
timber
vernacular
historian's
to
cats,
are
to
starts
as one
vanish that
missing,
instead
together one of working seem to work against is not easy to sort important another, and it out the really bits from the minor that they are ones. Above all, one finds others
not
really
such
pieces
cannot
which
all
of
machinery
be measured observers
agree".
The challenge variety of in recreating modern century, industrial
at fragmentary the
township, which
or
to
produced
the
tests
scientific
on
seek
the
important
bits
landscape
of
the
early
of
the
nineteenth
to
the present their
and review
as
the
evidences
examine
and
together
was to
and
people,
bring
Worsbrough
community
but
all,
subjected 12
then
aspect,
at
changes
dichotomy effect
of on its
rural
and
people.
NOTES: 1.0 -INTRODUCTION.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Wilkinson, J., worsborough: Associations#, Its Historical (1872) Barnsley. Hoskins, W. G., The Midland 246. London, (1957) Peasant Hey. D. An the English Rural Under Community: Myddle , Tudors (1974) Leicester and Stuarts, Levine, D & WrightsonK,, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560-1765, (1991) Oxford.
6
5. 6.
Hoskins, W. G., op. cit. in Finberg Finberg, H. P. R., 'Local History' and Skipp 33 V. H. T, Local (1967) Objective Histoxy: and Pursuit, 7. The inherent problem of the limitation of a 'provincial horizon' is succinctly assessed a wide-ranging within review of a new understanding of of the relationship history in Phythian-Adams, C., 'national, and 'local' Rethinking English Paper 1, Local Histoxy, Occasional Department Local History (1991) Leicester. of English 8. Young, A, A Tour through Vol. 1, the North of England, (1771) 131. London, 9. Cobbett, W., Rural Rides, Vol. 2 (Everyman Ed. 1912) 217. 10. Hunter J., South Yorkshire, 281 (1831) ý 11. Alcock N. W., in People Home Living Warwickshire at , Village 1500-1800, (1993) Chichester. 12. Haley, K. H. D., The Study of the Past, lecture Inaugural 30 January 1963, Sheffield University.
7
2.0
CONTEXT
REGIONAL
Worsbrough Barnsley
township
Metropolitan
fragmented
Barnsley,
into
Doncaster,
four
of
the
Metropolitan
Rotherham
"South
called
boundary
southern
of the north-west in had been created The county following of a revision entity, identity, its 1986 lost separate
(and postal) a geographic its inhabitants which can region
in
Borough
county of South Yorkshire. 1974 as an administrative boundaries, but in county becoming
the
adjoins
Sheffield,
and
retaining
yet as a discrete
recognition identify still
on
centred
areas
area
to
of
a
as residents
Yorkshire".
This
apparently anomalous recognition of an English is not as illogical county which has no practical existence be seen that Though it will the variations as first appears. in landscape do little to the region and occupations across homogeneity,
suggest
has
there
long
which may have its roots ist perhaps, not without
in
Age hillf
orts
central
limit
the
of Centuries
later
a similar
kingdom
Danish
was agreed Ecgbert
to
Sheffield
and which
long
frontier.
The Meers
Brook
a Celtic
of
word
The political medieval Deanery of
establishment of
South
Joseph area
Doncaster
Yorkshire Hunter
in
1828
Topography
of
Yorkshire, into Viking
'Ridings,
Wessex
at
of
forming
to
830 the
Northumbrians
Dore
the
to
administration,
southern derives
line
2
was similarly the diocese of
in
reflected York
became
a congruence
which no doubt for his major
what
the
the
where
to
excluding
of
south
this
of
a title selecting "South Yorkshire: as being
(from
Northumbrian
the
approximated
Deanexy
southern
2.1).
(Fig.
limit
part
in
the
the
Iron
of
group
indicate
Yorkshire's
remained
boundary
the
Brigantia
of
boundary.
for
that areal
southern when in
submitted
from
ancient
kingdom
Celtic
a sense of unity divisions. It regional
significance
the
across
been
the
county
influenced on the
work
The Histoxy
and
Doncaster".
of the
city
ON thrithiungr, namely
8
North,
of
York, three East
had
been
parts) and West.
divided
under These
Istorne Grit Mll Millsto
Wake fi e ld
Coal Mieasure Sa dstone Sand, Barnsley
Slaincross
poncastet Worsbio
E----]
Magnesian Limestone
igh
StrafforthN
"
-11' heffield
ý Bunter -: Sandstone 41
AN ......
Keuper Mad
a
A
County Boundary
,,ý4
Wapenlake
Boundary
Hernsworth Q.
1
Ihorne
Royston
ý
b) Darta',
,
Silkslone
4,
GrImelhotPe
-'-)
5.
I ill ce irl-lon
Darfield --X Bollo
;,Doncastef
Wornbweil
Wo sWoucih' Tankersley
Penistone
f
.0 GoldlhorPe
r
Imp
Stainborough w
c'-.
Hooton Pagnell
Fmtpýxhorouqll
oylarýd
Eliecar
Wadley Slockqbridge
WentwoFth
. *j2ýý
.,..
;
",
*41 ,
(, F
9broug I,
FlossIngton
eltown 0
Baa
0, Fcclesho-1-1ý"
...
0"thham
Tickhill Maltby
ý\
IV
,----%, 10-A-I
10,
...
I
et
Sheffield ek Dinninglon c')
5
ýz -5
mtlýs
* ..... District Boundary
County Boundary Old Wapentake Boundary
Fig.
2.1
SOUTH YORKSHIRE
9
-River 7-ý m Hill Fall
Km
then
were
into
subdivided
the
of
armies.
administrative 1974 Wapentakes
waving became the In
to
weapons
administering
police,
management
the
of
at show agreement for raising areas
West
Riding
of South Yorkshire, in its evident composition Wapentakes and Strafforth the
the
within
as an amalgam minor into
and
as units overall
as-
such
changes
new
were again Staincross
the
of
the
of
and,
with boundary
southern
taxes
on creation divisions the'ancient
county
extending
etc.
education
which
assemblies)
functioned
still
takr
ON vapnan
(from
Wapentakes
to
Derbyshire
housing the expanding accommodate needs of Sheffield-and loss of a northern Hemsworth to the new West area around Yorkshire county. The concept perhaps
of South demonstrated
again
the
administrative
the
area
central
centre had was a part,
parts
the
of
of
Huddersfield
the
of
the
south
of grimy urban sprawl deprivations resulting industries the
its
odds
with
type
of
settlement
to
merge
county, (Fig. are
the
from
mere the
was settled
Coal
the
coal
rather
Yorkshire
the to
as an area of
twentieth
early
reserves
of in
the
century its
onýwhich
of river
and
heavy
the
changing
with
land
use
and
geology
of
the
at
width. Gritsýand
have
created
Don to
join
the
early
the
wild,
sandstone
-often form the Pennines the streams where the across system draining eastward the
bogs and is
in
contrasts
35 miles
Measures
largely-untamed late
which
, woollen than looking
a consequence
the
Millstone
culminatingin 2.1)3. The treeless
still
of
the
South
view-of is largely
variety
'heights into
with
particularly
evident
its
To the'west strata of forbidding,
relationship
Riding
though
together a sweeping portrayal, boundary, an ancient suggests a unity
actual
region-across,
Wakefield,
Such
of
the
the
a closer
vast
thrived.
persistence
for
way that old West
and Leeds,
modern
of
the
is
region
region.
The popular
exploitation
in
Riding,
districts
as a distinct
Yorkshire
and heathers given
characterised
10
the
Humber of
the
uplands
The area over to sheep. by the scattered
-
farmsteads
in the and tiny hamlets seeking protection into its lower developing Penistone valleys, with on slopes its social focus. The stark of the and commercial gritstone buildings the fields and miles of dry stone walls enclosing for livestock wrested from the moor to create green pasture have crept and which, over the intervening centuries landscape the distinctive piecemeal up the heights, create of the Pennine foothills. Further east in the central area, of the county the landscape is one of pleasant of the Coal Measure sandstones by steep escarpments. rolling Here scenery punctuated "well-wooded, deeply cut by often sequestered valleys The ravages of industrial have development streams... the subtlety means destroyed of geomorphic expression
are, busy by no in
areas
vs4The mixed patterns which are arable of and pastural. 'town fields, ancient of established and the closes villages farmsteads of scattered though amongst once thick woodlands, during later greatly altered of the rich coal exploitation bear witness this to a seams underlying central area, still thriving mixed farming economy, pastoral and arable. Two exceptions to the general changes affecting in this settlements central area are Barnsley and Sheffield. The former was not only to be recognised point as the focal the
but, particularly in the early coalfield became the major market centre for the north modern period, by of the county and a magnet for immigration, as suggested its population from about 800 in 1700 to over 3600 at rise the first national census in 1801, when surrounding settleof
Yorkshire
ments could barely reach 1000, and exerted a considerable 5 influence Sheffieldýgrew over a widening geographical area. developing even more rapidly as the nation's steel capital, from its medieval industry in what was once called cutlery Hallamshire, and eventually outstripping all other towns in South Yorkshire; for the population township, of its central example, grew from 31314 in 1801 to 83447 in 1851, trebling 6 doubling compared to the national of population. Worsbrough
lies
where
the
11
two differing
environments
of
Gritstone of
and Coal
both
the
effects for the
untypically environment. being greater
in the entry "Ralphe Morton
is
true
and worst has
Worsbrough
that
it
industrialisation,
of
best
the
giving
merge,
it
Whilst
worlds.
suffered
Measures
has
perhaps
earlier much of its Evidence to the local once points contrast than is now visible, an when, for example, for 31 October Parish 1624 tells Register of region
retained
near
by a Tankersley of the moore towards Hall In the 1720s Defoe visited Tankersley of a horse". boundary the parish towards Barnsley and set off
over
vast
moors,,
to
account
fall
trying
hurt
I had
almost
for
the
said
waste
" and,
moors...
in
'Black epithet Barnsley', hue or colour black 11... consideredlit heath, of the moors, which being as or heather covered with Itis in that look all black" Clearly the called countxy, .7 two miles from Tankersley to Worsbrough"were not then the legacy from the attractive grazing pastures of today's eighteenth Arthur
century
Young's later
area, from
in
advances in
experience
Travelling the
prevailing due to the
from
east
nineteenth
Worsbrough, the
along
Barnsley
has
through
Wath
by
anticipated
8
1771.
century
particularly
agriculture
transformed
the
the
of
valleys
industry
heavy
the
and Mexborough
of
central
Dove (Fig.
and Dearne 2.1), where
the
became mellow sandstone of the houses and field walls blackened and the expanding population was increasingly housed in monotonous terraces. Few early rows of brick by the expanding industries settlements were unaffected and the
majority
now a sprawl town
a small
wide
of
but
east,
ridge
of
lacking
of
stone
cottages
When the
by
up the
village
is
bordering
beneath
of housing
a town's its
Limestone untouched the
was rebuilt
12
wall
of
size
until
a, mile only the five-mile
the crosses by industry,
estate in the
example,
the
and,
where
mining
for
approaching However,
escarpment
a later
Goldthorpe,
amenities
colliery.
minor
Magnesian
Hickleton
village
settlement
red-brick
dominated
recently, further
lost
now virtually
The Domesday
village. is
are
the county, its mellow
Hickleton
mid-nineteenth
Hall. century
of
in
their
Hall
and village
charm
by housing
at
Goldthorpe.
colliery levezy
single
Manor'
an estate
acre
agricultural local squire decades
village
the
continues
as Conisbrough,
Maltby
half
created effect
a mile
later
The of
and,
coal
consequence the
reach beds,
rich following in
mining
seams the
the
east of and larger
west
as the
such
to
west of
the
area
Edlington. destructive
more
was a direct
region
to
necessary
mines
Barnsley
and
the
of
Silkstone
the
Coal
strata. in
Barnsley
around
was
a new village
decline
east
of-industrial
pattern
the
the
deeper
the
strong later
Villages such region. have been transformed
the
and Dinnington
in
mining
of
the
as the name implies, away from the original for the old villages,
New Edlington,
and at
as an or where no lord in the expanded
century, across
the
near
sight
retained
preserved
as industry
eastward
and
where at Hooton Pagnell belongs to the Lord of the
village has been
nineteenth
of
out
10 However,
community. dominated
of
change
the
Francis
unspoilt
were
the miners 9 Similarly
of
by Sir
style
seventeenth-century
a vernacular Wood, he ensured
villages
grew from an and Dodworth industry ancient on a small carried units on by family to the east were a late those scale, nineteenth whereas demands beyond the century phenomenon which made labour capacity great of the indigenous population and attracted as Worsbrough,
such
numbers
of
under
this
rural the
immigrants
of
period
Silkstone
population scene
Coal
of
village
Sandstones
provided
The Magnesian forms above, landscape of Settlements rather stretches century,
Limestone
few
close
effect to be realised in this eastern
1770s band, to
of the on the landscape
the
differed
still
by Jeffreys,
an introduction fertile the rich are
than
had yet and hamlet
growth
Measure
impression
(1851)
review
work. the full
At
seeking
noted
a further
and
little map of
the
area
of
from
the
Yorkshire. Hickleton
as at change
flat
as the
Permian
emerges. plain form, open fields with
and
of compact, farmstead holdings,
scattered drained of fenland since following initial efforts
13
the
set
in
long
empty
seventeenth in the by Vermuyden'l early
of of the peat levels open landscape Thorne to the flat expanse of the Lincolnshire district of Lindsey beyond Bawtry. in this history A major feature eastern of the early is the navigable limit end of the region of the South for the industrial Yorkshire Imports/exports river system. 1620s,
to produce and leading
areas in the Idle
the
the
Bawtry on south of the county passed through be as the nearest could river access port, where for example, Hides were imported, gained to the Trent. and Spanish steel for the Sheffield from here their cutlers; together products were exported, and lead with millstones 12 Alternatively, from north Derbyshire. the north of the limit by Doncaster, county was well-served the at navigation of the Don, which has been a market centre since the Middle Ages and a vital since the crossing at least of, the river Romans established their transport Road. It was the area's major link despite the long haul sea traffic, Pennine
foothills
across
the
the
system up the Great North world of with the outside to its wharves from the
wetlands to change
beyond
the
limestone
the nineteenth until industries the local century offered its importance has retained Though Doncaster an alternative. as a market town and river crossing on the Don, it has also been affected by the deep mining of-the later nineteenth
ridge;
situation was not when the canal network
in the Bentley century, especially area, and its prevailing image now is of a mining and industrial centre, rather'than in the somewhat empty rural landscape a focal point still evident
at
the
close
The geological Yorkshire, from the
of
the
eighteenth century. in the county of South contrast harsh moorland grits unresponsive
West to the is dramatic
of the 35-milest
English
fertile rich plains of the east within in its variety the settlement and, to understand it is necessary to which has emerged in the region,, briefly Christopher the sequence of occupation. in'a to Professor Hoskins's postscript study of the landscape, to an earlier comments that contrary
vision,
"By the
pattern consider Taylor,
end of
the prehistoric
14
period
England
was
crowded,
overcrowded, or lesser a great
with
perhaps to
exploited of
paucity Yorkshire
present
of its'land 13 Despite
the
doubt
that
extent". is little there
evidence
was not
most
the
and
exceptional
body
growing
of
knowledge
conformity.
Recent
Archaeology
the general of the period confirms investigations by the South Yorkshire
Service
the
South
in
photography aerial by the compel view from the evidence 14 field of pattern and settlement cropmarks. have been excavated but the assembly Few sites of flint 15 found the work the Worsbrough township, artefacts within of
and particularly late Dr. Riley
Radley
and Mellars
Common16 together , noted, suggest-a
the
of
series
widespread occupation (Fig. 2.1). Of the period
prehistoric Worsbrough
area,
Harborough
(in
antiquarian
Stainborough,
wher
Staynber call1d in 1774 during Strafford
and Staincross hill-forts previously of the hill-forts (in
Highstone
area in
in
the
the
Worsbrough)
first received 17 11 North Dodsworth noted, when fortification haith beene an ancient
Barnsley),
attention,
Stainber,
of
Stocksbridge
at
with
research a fresh
ther
the
only
law. " The enclosure the
creation though
and
was considerably for a folly castle
of
of
altered the
Earl
excavations were in the 1960s and 1988,, convincing dating permitted and 18 Hill At' Harborough structural evidence are still wanting. during in-1990 the fragmentary ditch and bank were destroyed and,
small-scale
ditch The massive construction complex. and bank of a sports defences fort of the Highstone at Worsbrough, were totally destroyed levelled for Borough the site when Barnsley 19 fields. two acres Each enclosed playing an area of about and
can
late
topographically
Iron
Age.
The
village, hill-fort,
overlooking
evidence
is
the
may suggest Archaeology
Common in
the
east settlement
field'near
Hill"
towards
valley
Service of
the
at
region
on the
15
Iron
the reveal
arable
to
Worsbrough the
Stainborough for,
earthwork investigations
a similar Current
uncertain.
Yorkshire
prehistoric
"Castle
be ascribed
typologically
and
Age
ground
which by the site
South
on Sutton
an extensive
Permian
plain.
20
has long been in the region The main Roman influence 21 legionary fort to the and the restricted at Templeborough fort settlement, at Doncaster, civil with its associated 22 defending the river Chance finds of coins such crossing. 23 24 has in Darfield Worsbrough as at and where Wilkinson noted coins altar miles
11... finely worked pieces stone,, some Roman of ashlar 25 human to a Roman 11 and the reference and remains... associated with a marching camp at Kexbrough three tantalising north-west glimpses of Barnsley26 provide
an extensive occupation even though yet to be explored, any lasting effect of Roman occupation on the local landscape to be negligible. appears on present evidence The Romano-British is equally represented period poorly
of
though
West Bretton
the and Monk Bretton may perpetuate Sites have been memory of Romano/British occupation. identified in the county at Wharncliffe in the Grenoside and in the 1940s south, and an archaeological excavation, confirmed near Marr. a settlement one mile east of Hickleton Chance has preserved which a site at Worsbrough on Dovecliff investigation but which appears likely awaits archaeological to be a significant for the period. source of information Butcher's 1960s survey of the site 27 shows an extensive established conforms to, the colony which typologically Romano-British The reasons for its abandonment are pattern. to not known but it owes its present preservation degeneration headland into heath of the Dovecliff for the demands of later unsuitable agriculture. Though it
will
be seen that prehistoric boundaries, some local
the scrub
occupation
may
have affected the main events in the the modern settlement which created pattern occurred Dark Ages when the region by Anglo/Saxon-and was colonised Scandinavian The period opportunists. saw the establishment townships of settlements, and parishes which has persisted day. A more detailed virtually unchanged to the present well
examination Staincross
of
this
wapentake,
process
will
representative
16
here
be restricted of
events
across
to
the the
to
the
a context county, encompass area which provides development the administrative, of and economic social in the period Worsbrough (Fig. 2.2) under review. lack
The a total
and the
thus
established, eve
of
the
The Dark from
wapentake takes
in
Age migrants
from
of
and noting
the
appears
first
the provide It is cleart in the area,
been
the
burh"
the
wapentake
dominant sight
Anglo/Saxon justify
to
taken
by the
the
fortified Mapping
'Weorcl.
or in or
the
Domesday
Scandinavian
earlier invaders
had
as the
better
Anglo/Saxons
already
of the advantage Worsbrough area. the
as given
through
entered
continent
after
'Wircl
were firmly "On that,
had
ages
taking no doubt into the progress
Danish ninth/tenth century a less agreeable environment
already
middle
east,
an Anglo/Saxon
of
at
the
places
region
conclusion local divisions
the
wasýgoverned 28 " outline. the
settlements
to
Conguest
and the Don to its name from "Wircls
settlement
the
the
Stenton's
supporting
Norman
which England been drawn in
Humber
for
charters
to reliance on the 1086 Domesday survey information on its settlement pattern. by then all that the major settlements townships to which their name devolved,
earliest however,
the
An4lo/Saxon
of
for
(Fig.
survey
element that
conclusions to
the
move westward land had
2.2).
Such
a
tenable. The extent to which simplistic view is no longer later that migrant group took over an existing settlement then acquired but likely to be a new name is unknown, widespread. 'Thurulf,
Thuristone, with
A/S
for
'tun',
example, suggesting
combines an earlier
OD pn. farmstead
a
re-
in From over 1800 place-names named by a new Danish owner. Yorkshire Domesday, " ... Scandinavian or some 37% are either hybrid Scandinavian to indicate taken and they are usually the scale 866 or 867, of the Scandinavian settlement after though
whether
it
necessarily
entailed a mass settlement peasant soldiers, or only a displacement at the landowner 29 level, is a matter dispute. " of from its Apart being those that unlikely all in the west of the wapentake settlements were new Danish
17
of
cl C:
IrA 0 u
0 41 0E
o
¬
CIS
0=
I
01
Ll 2
0
0
0.
0
3: 0
c 00
0
ro
0
3: 0
09
c
W
ol
Z,
09
0
c 0
.*
>
OE
co
0 qs/ly
I=
cC
0)
I.
ct
o-. %, V) Ln
C Ic: -00
Z
a
V)
cw Pr
v3
Ep4 wý
18
u
> 0
assarts,
examination of (particularly of hamlets A new detailed
elements.
study Names Society
of the Place incorporate could
work
perhaps volume
place-names and fields)
the
results despite
but, overdue has no rival still
in
the
all
within reveals
townships as the
of
such place-names, by A. H. Smith, edited
of
recent
both
of
a mix
which is
scholarship,
Smith's errors, An illustrative
occasional its scope.
is to be found in Worsbrough example of such errors where the house and estate known as the 'Yews House', called in the nineteenth 'Views' from century, was derived 'Glewhouse, in the middle it Smith considers ages. from "the house where glue was made" 30 but is originating derived
actually Wirkesburgh" Appleton being
from
the
first
whose
and Monk Bretton held
at
Accepting to possible Saxon settlers
Darley
Cliff.
medieval assart dated renewal of is at 31
of
however,
such reservations, see the interaction
from
copyhold
Martinmas,
Glu
"Henry
1386,
the
it
still Anglo/
is
of Nun
court
of the indigenous Inter-marriage and the new Danish arrivals. and the creation of new assarts amongst the existing farmsteads produced a mingling of names which suggests colonisation,
than the cultures, rather conquering The majority clearance once envisaged. of field/ farmstead but names in Worsbrough are of Anglo/Saxon origin Swaithe (ON Islippexy Hay Green (Haga Green place'), hedged enclosure), Grymewell, Kyrkbutts, Ouslethwaite (blackbird Scandinavian of Denby in Scandinavian
or even a merging
clearing) origin. the west, origin
and others Similarly,
of
can be ascribed
to
a township
examination of the despite both its elements proclaiming (homestead of the Danes) shows it
contains field a preponderance of OE for its names. The roots of Scandinavian languages and Anglo/Saxon were sufficiently to allow comprehension similar and a widespread As a mutual borrowing of words and structures. consequence, the giving a Danish name to a field after Norman conquest within what appears to be an Anglo/Saxon settlement
would
not
be unreasonable
19
as the
languages
became
common. the
area
the
of
example,
still
ancestry
ancient used in
Danelaw;
the
elsewhere
equivalent
The whole place-name difficulties. did
with
a Danish
Many words
question
evidence
they
to
land
the
clear
turning
alone-is Danes did
"The settlement
conclusions any firm fraught however,
basing
of
an Anglo/Saxon
32
"play".
of
for
"lake"j, has
dialect,
local
the
persist
Danish
in
today
still,
an empty inhabitants
not enter indigenous
of themselves.
Theirs
on with
land,
nor before on
was settlement
in 1133The suffix Denby, generally as accepted -by indicating Danish, origin, may say less on the timescale direction than once thought, of invasion considering terms.
Roesdahl's being
suggestion. somewhat later
split
up into
Smaller
their
private
property.
Perhaps of
"..
when
the
units
in
and
came into
settlements [English]
were
estates individuals
given-to
can
be concluded
the
Staincross
dominance
Scandinavian
of
such large
and
as
v934
that
all
the, place-names
drift
that
as
from
survey a general is an overall wapentake
westward
the
to
prior
fixing
Of the Domesday survey. of settlement names when compiling its timing is known and, other than the emergence of nothing based on the wapentake an administrative whose structure boundaries (like those settlements) may well of individual have impact
will
been
already at
village
in or
territorial
as Anglo/Saxon existence is yet to be defined. level
township
The problem long remain.
settlement
in
of
the
"The
record Book
Domesday
even
meaning
a hamlet
name for
in
shows
of the from even
and
as Finn discrepancies
of does
of in
errors
in
a, place-name
the
name of
his
prove
the
Domesday
a present-day
that
it
was a have been a could 05 dispersed settlement.
not 1086: it
an area
Furthermore,
of
Hundreds,
comprehensive in
the
Yorkshire
examination Domesday,
"The a general understanding of its composition, for have been'an impossible the villýwould unit as a basis 36 All from In guest". in the site Domesday, entries recorded the township which were derived shown names in the wapentake in Figure 2.2, have survived to the present as towns or
20
Chevet
excepting
villages,
century. development
Their
from
point
be considered
must
to
attempting identifiable
acquired
of
to
turbary.
villagers
under
The majority survey
to
as
"waste"
just
of
(27%).
satisfactory. evidence
rights
entries Edward
of
of
on which
to
evaluate the
the
in
the
"fearful
genocide", Orderic
and
grazing
is
less
clear.
show a reduced but the Yorkshire III from
somewhat startling revelation listed, 480 are returned over 1800 places have been less Attempts to explain this 38 Palliser summary of presents a concise
universal of picture in 1070, as seen north, cleric
land"
"common
thatt
almost
the
the
the
provides
total
that
during
wapentake
"waste"
had
"Waste"
their
Domesday
the
namely
uncultivated
Domesday
of
compared
the
of
the
vills
actual
to
equating
The meaning
valuation
in
meaning
period,
to
entries
and towns, the valuations.
as villages in "waste"
a specific
available
in
Domesday
equate today
modern
shows wide record but one further of causes, in inherent the problems
a multiplicity
interpretation
the
the
1086
the
since
variations
than
which
37
sixteenth
early
in
was depopulated
Vitalis.
the
term,
effects for Muir
was based
which
of
the
questioning 1harxying
the
example on the
of of
writing reports
of
39 "
That
population on the northern a savage attack but the degree of occurred around 1070 is not in dispute, its effect, both short and long term, has yet to be determined. Whatever happened north of our accurately that Professor "Can we believe Hey rightly region, asks, no less than 480 settlements folios of the Domesday Book,
recorded ... were deserted
in for
the at
Yorkshire least
all of them were subsequently yet nearly former place-names resettled and boundaries with their intact? oiQ Although Domesday Book is the region's earliest documentary "It source, cannot be used straightforwardly lying a simple index of land still waste seventeen years seventeen
after that
years
a recorded devastation.,,
devastation and lying 41 Interpretation of
21
waste 'waste'
as
of as a result in Domesday
Population (East Y. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9., 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.
2.1 Table Wapentake Staincross Changes: to West - see Fig. 2.2)
(b)1672 (')137 9 Township 318 (4) 149 (1) Hemsworth 47 (18) 81 (35) Wintersett 24 (32) 138 (29) Ryhill 81 (7) 171 (21) South Hiendley 57 (11) 195 (16) Brierley 43 (38) 25 (30) Havercroft 49 (16) Shafton 105 (33) 5 (40) Chevet 15 (38) Notton 53 (13) 143 (28) 33 (25) 157 (25) Royston Cudworth 98 (6) 200 (13) .43 (22) Carlton 157 (25) 68 (10). 204 (12) Monk Bretton 52 (15) 252 (9) Woollev Darton 47 (18) 309 (6) 144 (2) Barnsley 599 (1) 71 (9) 195 (16) Ardsley ' 27 (28) 166 (22) Kexbrough 28 (27) 166 (22) Barugh 190 (18) 72 (8) Dodworth Stainborough 105 (33) 19 (33) 466 (2) Worsbrough 117 (3) 181 (20) Tankersley 53 (13) , '(26) 52 (37) West Bretton -32 133 (30) High Hoyland 19 (33) 166 (22) Clayton 18 (35) West 318 (4) Cawthorne 115 (5) 214 (11) Silkstone 49 (16). 233 (10) Thurgoland 39 (23) 409 ' (3) Wortley 116 (4) Cumberworth 157 (25) 25 (30) 257 (8) Denby 39 (23) 29 (39) Gunthwaite 15 (38) 190 (18) Hoyland 26 (29) Swaine 109 (32) Oxspring 18 (35) 200 (13) Hunshelf 44 -(21) 57 (36) Ingbirchworth 13 (40)ý Penistone 124 (31) 18 (35) 309 (6) Thurlstone 56 (12)
Total Note: Strafforth Darfield Wombwell
7703
(0)1801 803 (8) 133 (38) 142 (37) 265 (30) 415 (20) 180 (34) 174 (35) 75 (40) 323 (27) (25) ý360 396 (22) 291 (28) 480 (18) 565 (13) 936 (5) 3606 (1) 461 (19) 601 (12) 362 (24) 403 (21) 227 (31) 879 (6) 382 (23) 491 (17) 270 (29) 668 (10) 1055 (4) 542 (15) 643 (11) 846 (7) 751 (9) 1061 (3) Ill (39) 562 (14) 219 (32) 327 (26) 170 (36) 493 (16) 1096 (2) 21968
18'5 1 997 (16) 168 (36) 163 (37) 321 (30) 467 (26) 112 (38 248 (34) 63 (40) 269 (33) 587 (21) 529 (23) 337 (29) 1810 (5) 450 (2 1603 (7) 14913 (1) 1528 (10) 577 (22) 1385 (12) 1494 (11) ' 479 (25) 4277 (2)833 (17) 492 (24) 240 (35) 1566 (8) 1254 (13) 1037 (15) 1548 (9) 1095 (14) 2384 (3) 1709 (6) 77 (39) 690 (20) (32) _278 729 (19) 393 (28) 802 (18) 2018 (4) 50218
Wapentake: 323 328
Wentworth
499
447 614 978
(a) Raw data - number of persons named In 1379 Poll Tax roll. (b) Hearth Tax; occupied houses x 4.75 (Approximate population uncorrected for missing poor) (c) National Census Return. Note: Number In brackets - Rank Order,
22
591 1627 1556
" remains an enigma. to As William's the north is understood route through be east of our area, along the line of the Great North Road, into the, Staincross a diversion such creating wapentake, destruction, The Domesday apparent remains inexplicable. in general to a terms, the value attached survey assesses, locality and, in
for the
its
revenue potential Staincross Wapentake,
to the
land
reflect manorial
values holdings with
which the identified
Domesday surveyors were concerned can be 29 being township with 33 of the present areas, given a value at both TRE and TRW for comparison. The in value of the wapentake is 37.6% but 14 overall reduction in Domesday as "now waste". It is are recorded in relation that, to Table 2.1, Barnsley was not individually-but listed recorded unvalued with Keresforth, insignificant holding, an adjacent now a suburb of Barnsley. In'relating Table 2.1 to the topographical changes
settlements to be noted
boundary approaches across the wapentake, where-its eastern the rich soils 2.1, p. 9), (Fig. of the Magnesian Limestone the group of townships 1-14 on Figure 2.2, p. 18, lie on the levels easily Coal Measure worked, well-drained of the later These townships in sandstones. show the average reduction TRE/TRW value of 30% but only one, Monk Bretton, is returned as 'waste',
with both Hemsworth and Shafton areas highly valued at TRE E4 respectively. The central group, which became the industrial belt, occupy the Coal Measure landscape of wooded valleys and low hills which is valued in TRE in the 20/- range with Worsbrough highest-in the group at TRE E4 (reduced to TRW 30/-) and-only one settlement, Darton, listed as 'waste'. However, the picture in the changes dramatically western townships (25-40, in the area dominated Table 2.1), by the Pennine foothills, with the change from Coal Measure to Millstone
Grit.
Of the
13 townships
11 are returned can be evaluated, the commissioners whatever valued income was lacking.
23
in
this
as 'waste'
group
which that suggesting
as a potential-source
of
Unfortunately,
comparative in time forwards
basis
on this
values
cannot
(or progress the background to the townships a provide and of otherwise) be development Recourse Worsbrough. made to changes must of the in population to reflect assuming prosperity, relative immigration for incentives land, availability of and work as
be projected
to
the
measure
however, Estimates present and procreation., of population, for four their the own difficulties selected and years in Table intended 2.1 are primarily to provide comparison to highlight approximate rankings changes, not definitive totals.
population
is
This for
which
are
excluded,
the
Poll
true
particularly
1379
the
of
Tax
Poll
42
return,
to are given raw data of the head count in view of the difficulties provide of its a ranking, to a population total a conversion only records when it the In addition, than land. measure of property other wealth 14 under number too poor to pay is totally unknown and all the
only
as are
Tax
clerics
scheme itself its novelty"
"lost phrase,, inhabitants escaped The series of
perhaps
areas,
those
too
in
and
with
omission
of
proportion
the
most
for
complete
but, evasion deficient seriously
from
thus
pay, is
It
making
generally
Tax
Hearth
century
in
the
44
returns,
wapentake,
with comparison in its of record any
suspect
derived
that
recognised inhabitants
30%-40% 45 untaxed
only
proportion-of in the 3.3% noted
wapentake
overall
and many
such
as Thurlstone
Cawthorne
showing
none
townships the
1379
Beresford's
Professor
an unknown
be a reasonable
would
all,
to
total.
population
is
appears
poor
had,
seventeenth
less
suffers
other
but,
1672
all
by
Moreover,
assessment43.
of
the
which
of
hues.
deficiency
is
and
virtually
to. be consistent a common multiplier of 4.75, appears
However,
confirmed. across
the
region
at
the and,
of change some indication is provided and the of the early modern period 46 resulting rank order confidence. reasonable accorded 2.1 in The Census Returns Table 1801 1851 & of used
using in population
present
fewer
problems.
The enumerators
24
appear
to
have
despite duties complaints conscientiously carried out their "How then can a correct that, return of being so underpaid be expected? "47 Though minor of errors of the population transcription are not and confusion of relationships base for a ranking the totals"provide unknown, a firm by Wrigley The caution exercise. recommended different when directly comparing nineteenth by varying dates returns, which are affected and under-registration but the minor corrections to
materially
order
of It
population is unfortunate
documentary figure from
for the
source the
wapentake 1851, for
example,
reflected as Brierley,
view
lost that,
population nineteenth
its
major case
when,
sixteenth
in
it
fact,
in
varied
townships. leading
agriculture in
the
its
to
had
stagnation
in
accord
the
are
Population
grown areas
but such
Hemsworth,
and particularly
position,
and
centres
urban
less
being
holdings,
peasant
virtual
with
the
national
by the
16% of the mid-eighteenth century, lived in towns of about 5000+, but by mid50 60% century and rising. was exceeding these
were
'open'
and enclosures were landowner having-overall
at
of
Worsbrough wapentake, with however, it misleads averages,
Hiendley
leading
by a factor
the
all
and
South
However, mations
in
1801-
Between
rate.
population-grew
a decline
proportionately
a comparable is clear that, in the '
of it
growth
national
to phenomenon of a drift in the eastern townships.
national
which
the
England's
in
labour-intensive,
not
population
an even expansion in the different
Improvements
night
census
of
a suitable but
century,
the
2.33
of
the'provision
matched
As with
x2.3.
considerably
to
lack
the
precludes
than
more
suggesting
that
total,
2.02 49 compared growing
size
mid-eighteenth
overall
Census
century
is acknowledged, young children, here involved are not, considered in rank overall of changes picture 48 data and the raw are quoted.
of
the
affect
& Schofield
Chevet century
as a prime
settlements
concentrating
depopulation
of
25
where, the
amalgawith
no
was not the following the
Such
control.
example
where holdings,
village',
it
became
a
single
estate Gunthwaite,
Bretton,
dominated been
in
depopulated
under
successors,
Marquis Wentworth
beginning
to
recover
the
early
similar
(18th
control
feature
be
Cutler
he
operated an
a closed estate their
under
village, where
village control.
1153
of
industry
Expansion
restricted
under
such
township,
as seen
in
borough which
(1720 was only
enterprising expansion modern weaving,
and period, lies
acres)
been
larger miners
the
was
(1917
minor
what,
act
were
between
acres),
Stain-
The rapid in the late
changes industries
of
size
of Dodworth, but open to
until industries, cottage
extraordinary
of
severely
village
and weavers.
of
spare
of
progress
adjoining
workers
Stainborough
irrespective
its
the
livelihood
and
commerce
and
mid-
Cutlers
maintaining
and
in
a deliberate
tightly residence
Gervase
provide
therefore
differing
been
to
holding
their
for
respect
the
localisation behind
have
will statement
example,
housing
in
examined
general
towards
failure
conditions,
slightly immigrant had
no
"This
this
his
of
findings
his
for
Earls kept
been
Stainborough
at
has
title)
the
of
but
hall
at
mansion
and
has
When,
must
In
management.
new
of
many
permitted
that,
capacity
his
(1728),
Stainborough
owners
others.
a new
comments
accommodation
-
estate
century,
Sykes
as
major
building
was
estate
Worsbrough,
to
Malton
Itsýhistory
to
applicable
seventeenth and
of
of
of
then
the
century)
creation
Sykes 52 and
demolition
the
at
(17th
-2nd
by
relation
attitude
would
Cutlers
estate.
depth in
the
the
to
moved
his
and
when
Earl
development
The the
Elland
century
(1746),
century,
of
considerable
of
eighteenth
had
effectually
until
Watson-Wentworth,
where
Strafford
de
not
Woodhouse.
and
century Hugh
Rockingham
of
firm
fourteenth
were land
the
Tankersley
of
Thomas
resident
51 At
lord.
the
Stainborough
and
control
in
Hall
been
Tankersley
West
Wortley,
Similarly
Hall.
by a resident
emparked
the
the
around
in
early
such as fortune of
be These townships. some of the western will discussed in more detail the Worsbrough when considering 6), but Thurlstone, Clayton economy (Chapter Thurgoland,
26
the demographic illustrate the Cumberworth effect and insignificant'settlements industries had on these relatively The ranking to the farming of the east. compared communities
West
positions lands to
South
of the
east
the
of
on the Pennine the development
acres),
(1291
Hiendley
to
the
in
industry
latter's
the
arable
rich
(1392 and Cumberworth have reversed west,
wapentake,
moors
on the
acres),
after of weaving decades the early The 1806 of the nineteenth century. 54 Militia the 18-45 years age return shows that, amongst its 39 militia South Hiendley had one weaver group, amongst had 91 weavers Cumberworth 144 men. men, whilst amongst The outstanding attributed de Caprecuria, St
John half
town market day,
in
in
its
the
change
settlement
to
the
monks
who then
was,
approved
the and
Yorkshire, recession
of
along
position
it
reference,
not
thirteenth
of
the
which fifteenth
had
the
Information
it
in
had
when markets
failed century.
during
from
return an
settlement
'innkeeper'
enjoying
identified
Tax
only
an
that
alone
Hey has
is
include
century
Professor
ten of
course,
a new
of a Wednesday from St Michael's Fair
its routes, ensured success. is sparse but the 1379 Poll growth in addition to its rise population
wapentake at the time to taxpayers, amongst its suggesting for commerce. a focalýpoint of
built
and
The grant
east.
the
period
planned
and four-day its strategic with
Domesday
Priory
Cluniac
the
of
trade
insignificant
It
must be the in fortune can be by Ralph being granted 2.1
Table
1249
conjunction
that,
shows
to
a mile
charter in
1156,
PontefraCt55
at
established on its early
in
of
rise of Barnsley; directly to the
meteoric
of
feature
the-boom were
fourteen the
Some are
become
already
freely in
South
economic known from
Hooton Wath, Wortley and e. g. Campsall, in the Pagnell. is preserved In the latter case the charter Hall in the street. and the butter stands cross still in The Worsbrough buried spoil colliery cross, under the 1940s, 56 may be mentioned in this of a possible context
existing
lost
charters,
market.
It
has
been
described
27
as an eighteen-inch-
high, feet five stone set on a square pillar, square stone in the been had post a guide as adapted plinth57 which judging by the script of-its style century eighteenth London 11 inscription: 3 miles Sheffield "Barnsley miles 58 Recorded O. S. map (1850) 172 miles". at on the 1st edition on an expansive area at the top of a open flat bank, fromýthe town gate on Hellewell two hundred metres is somewhat obscure. its Hill (Holy Well Hills), purpose Stone mileposts and were not uncommon in South Yorkshire SE/35350295
North
but-surviving
Derbyshire59 in
examples
blocks
simple
are
directional face markings with , by Quarter Sessions adjacent settlements as ordered 1730s. had been erected The Worsbrough 'stump, prior stuck
the
order,
for
Item:
that
the
Manor
George
their
the
before
& scour Stumpcross invest
to
Court
parish
than
travellers.
to
Anglo/Saxon
the
states:
their
plash
Townend
the
at
this
to
upto
appears
an extra-
erecting
a way-
cottages
nearby
the
of
from
dates
church
village
the
Fig. A27, Buildings, p336) and is unlikely to be a precursor. a simple cross has been celebrated Furthermore, 'Fair' the Worsbrough
such
at
Lane
the
and the village to London appears a luxury'rather is a possible A, preaching cross
outer
the
the
in
1688
October
next. " It and labour
money
172 miles
but
alternative,
in
Christmas
the
11th
of
& Thomas Heeson
ditches
marker amongst information of an aid
Roll
Archdale
hedges
vagance
towards
ground
least
period
the
since
Sunday
nearest
by one week.
(Appendix
15th
shows
period to
August, for
A search
but the unsuccessful, local importance even register
modern
early
medieval
parish
records
to
the
extent
a tendency
to
avoid busy, it
August
in
the the
precede references
emphasise that, the
whilst harvest
week
beginning Fair
Barnsley been
has the
fair's
the month
Baptism of
is notable that when all when were too do occur that they congregate entries around particular Sunday. In 1751 the clerk this a marginal explained with baptisms four "Worsbrough Sunday" Feast note after recording on the l1th jollification
August. for
The all
festival
the
was marked by general inhabitants, as in 1807, when
28
the
Overseer
of
in
poor
Poor
the
the
at
meat
he
E1: 14: 0 which
claimed
to
"gave
the
60 11
Feast.
to Barnsley as a market significant challenge its to revive came in 1698 when Penistone sought Leading to hold weekly Tuesday markets. of citizens
The only centre charter
Huddersfield
and Barnsley
a Penistone
school61 drew This the application master up a petition supporting . in Penistone being which resulted market a Thursday granted Wednesday to the centuries-old would be less of a threat by Strangely, the petition market of Barnsley. was signed the
all
surrounding for which,
omission
in
reaching were few
the
identifies century
supplying 77 different
Barnsley
compared
Dodworth.
John
area,
e. g. who bought
1648
John 1725-1735 travelled Feast"
Edlington
at
Doncaster.
on the
morne
and
tarr
from
White's
William
continued 16 at
growth, in located
Worsbrough
augmented dealers Hall 65
by
and
8
three
from
a wide
Doncaster
near
two at Hazlehead his diary on 25 October
in 5s
sent
in
moors
records I
"there
mid-eighteenth
goods;
example,
of
who lived
"This
pitch
seed
Penistone,
of
that,
the
and professions
for
with,
Wasteney
Adam Eyre,
meate,
trades
sainfoin.
west
in
was
miles,
square
eighteenth
The weekly markets were 64 which fairs, attracted
'great
miles
a hundred
it
that
calculates
a wide variety of for 1822 emphasises
Directory63
listing
-
Elliott
70 stallholders
nearly
annual
an
century when tastes that or fancies could not be provided 62 its inns He " via shops, and market place.
Barnsley
at
Worsbrough,
excepting
wapentake and a hinterland of up to a point even by late
serving
Trade
villages
and
no explanation can be found. however, became the centre of commercial
Barnsley, activity
objected
Jo. Mills " 66
to
Barnsley.
to
bring
Hobson,
tanner covering a Dodworth whose diary is an invaluable for local colour, source in the region, "At Woosborough widely even being
on 14th
August
however,
were
to
Barnsly.
sent
3 turkeys
1726.
Barnsley,
His
most
as on the to
London"
29
frequent 22nd
and,
journeys,
November
on 20th
1734:
May 1730,
"At his
visit, from to
Saw a cow "At Barnsly. enlivened when: 67 6 leggs. The majority 11 of his trips with than on to have been less appear on business and picking as on 12th up the latest gossip,
was perhaps Switzerland
Barnsley
socialising 1726,
July,
"Mr
when
Woodhouse
was at
Goodwin,,
a copy days",
Queen Elizabeth's
of
of part implying
made the journey as a social 1727 he joined. the celebrations proclamation in
cockades
King
of
The Probate End in
Worsbrough,
involved and ten
with loads
proved
compare
suitable
South
the
with
119 & 270 and
Worsbrough 11 & 4,
of
could
and
only
Barnsley".
the
and economic
centre
serving
for
stabling
Barnsley, stripped involvement of the
9 beds then
development
but
109 may,
towns other major but as 206 & 453),
Doncaster,
none,
a rapidly
and
8 stabling,
of
growing
Barnsley,
with-its become clearly
lacking
in population diary evidence,
Worsbrough
twelve only in the
part
As a market
Worsbrough.
population is
evidence
Dodworth
it
had
for
any
this
out-
market,
from for'social either as merchants or, intercourse. The Worsbrough Parish Registers, reliably informative between further illustrate 1712-1812, the of
attraction
recorded, only
5 in
towards
1686
accommodation
had seven or eight ale-houses, in-the wapentake. have been expected It might that"Sheffield, to the south, an important would play
social
of wheat 68 of by
needs hostelries
additional dominant
miles
yeoman of Bank he too was that
Yorkshire's
muster
Stainborough
of
"
loads
at
for
cater
June
the
at ribbon.
"Chambers
poorly
(Sheffield,
orange
to
also
The gentlemen
of
War Office compiled a list 69 Its 66 guest-beds and
facilities.
Barnsley
by having-fifty
market blendcorn in
had
28th
On Wednesday
and
me there taken in
Goodwin
Mr.
Barnsley
was well able in-the provision
when the
that
of David Cawthorn, in May 1731, shows
The town travellers
booke,
Second.
red
Inventory
Doomsday
of
"at the
of
told
call.
George
hatts
their
Tanckersley,,
lack
when, of the 404 marriages in Barnsley a husband against
Sheffield
21 females
found
Sheffield,
yet
32 came from
30
over
fifteen
miles
distant. (Economy),
addition, will iron-working that
Worsbrough
and Sheffield,
industries
was minimal.
the
northern
little
industry
The nail-makers of Worsbrough Stancer, nail-maker,
the
two
the
on had
have
to
appear
those
with
both
of
Ecclesfield,
of
Sheffield,
of
6
Chapter
was a staple between but contact
outskirts
contact
in
be seen
it
In
perhaps, in Birdwell
excepting,
to migration of John the late The Worsbrough eighteenth century. nail-making industry itself that concerned of the wapentaker more with following its-rapid in the Darton particularly area. growth It
be found
will
faced
antly and to
towards
which,
it
the
as its
wapentake
changes
be treated
must
Worsbrough
that
area
constinfluence
of
contributed.
The population Barnsley
theme
a recurring
in
noted
Table in
as exceptional
2.1
(p. 22)
the
Staincross
show
and its exclusion shows Worsbrough maintaining high position the remaining townships, relatively amongst increase in the nineteenth with a somewhat, spectacular
wapentake
the
have
century. has been
All
townships
pastoral industries,
areas of the region but a first hint
the
made of
can be seen
in
& closed
open
Tax
1672
12
the the
uniqueness
at
the
1672
Number 3-5 6-9
4411
Tankersley
18
11
8-1
Hemsworth
21
22
18
Dodworth
20
848
Thurlstone
44
9.11
Barnsley
26
32
55
17
Worsbrouah
43
23
27
43
2.2
compares
with
examples Tankersley), (Dodworth),
of open west
emergence
of
12
the
and note the
villages,
Stainborough
Table
histories
arable
of
craft
of
Worsbrough
Tax
Hearth
and
return.
2.2
Table Hearth
and
look
a, closer
unique
a
of
Hearths 9
over
[11
hearths]
[33
hearths]
6-
1-
detailed
1 [10 ril,
composition
hearths] 11,13 of
hearthsl
Worsbrough
(Stainborough and villages in the east (Hemsworth), villages
closed
(Thurlstone)
and
31
a town
(Barnsley).
central
The dominance
in
landowner
the
of
it
though
and, than
has it
Barnsley,
any
township.
other
but
tradesmen,
and
villages,
closed
the with compares be expected could
housing,
show a lack of middle-range wider range in the open villages. to have a wide range to reflect
which
keepers
the
Barnsley
the'preponderance
Worsbrough
shop-
of
of
range a similar houses smaller
of
large
shows
a larger proportion has a greater number The development of
houses
than
in
Worsbrough
this
be examined in detail to establish early modern period will dramatic to compare its rise a base from which proportionate in population, 2.1, from 879 in 1801 to 4277 seen in Table in
1851.
in
the
At
this
x4.87,
region,
than
was greater
exceeding
the
even
Barnsley
of
x4.14
township
other
any
the
over
same period. **
**********
Attention throughout Yorkshire geographical
west
Staincross
of
Lower,
portions
Cumberworth
variously
considered
Staincross
as a result The irregularity
take,
following
include
Wortley
wapentake.
was detached relationship
and
Tankersley, and
has
parishes
Scandinavian Christianity minster
been
cited
had period, in the
been
a single Staincross
that
evidence
seen
in
the
the
Darfield,
unusual latter
detriment
of
Worsbrough.
formed
in
later
Anglo/
following region,
church
as evidence
once
were
as at
the which
the firm were
Ecclesfield
32
establishment based often to
wapen-
to
the
to
and or
the
of
Strafforth
is
the
holdings.
into
Strafforth
a larger wapentake between Worsbrough and ipg
Agbrigg
boundary
loops
positive
more
be in
manorial
from
benefit
regularly
earlier
extensive
Staincross 70 Perhaps
suggesting
Large
two
arises into Upper
divided
the'southern
of
in
confusion
confused
of
Parts
to
recognised
the comprised of the bound-
example,
and
with
to
general,
Don.
and
The
century.
in for
anomalous development
its
this
early
artificial
*
affected
which
Dearne
rivers however,
****
Worsbrough's
to
Staincross,
the
were,
***
corresponded,
areas;
of
**
briefly
turn
must
wapentakes
valleys
* *********
Darfield, with its history until
relationship
aries
**
the
of
on an 71 In south.
the
north for church
of
the
of
an extensive by the Norman
what,
The situation
wapentake. Cawthorne
church
incorporates
the
settlement-was landowner conquest to
than
in
in
seat the
not
Domesday
thirteenth
and not only fabric, in its
crossheads Swein, the
of
largest
but
prehas
Cawthorne
suggesting
region,
whole
as
clear
entirely
The absence of any in Silkstone century
precedence.
the
the virtually had become Staincross
conquest, here is
tenth-century
the
claim
parish
'mother'
the
in
taking
was recorded
two
became
Silkstone
county,
earlier
structure is
church
the
from Domesday result of extensive and its absence rebuilding is unremarkable, following the commissioners no uniform in recording Kent is a prime where example pattern churches. 365 pre-conquest in the recorded
Domesday
however,
remains, chapels
of
that for
ease,
but only known, 72 The situation survey.
Silkstone
was the
church
a number of chapels of ease including townships, Worsbrough.
parish
church is
Worsbrough retains
is
in
in
Staincross.
the
east
dated
as pre-conquest
typical
Anglo/Saxon
its
the
consequence chapel and its
wapentake Darfield that
chancel heavy
their
with 'long
& short'
can
walls
ease
of
The medieval church fragments-but, cross
and north
parish,
surrounding
However,
Strafforth,
large
another,
the
with
Anglo/Saxon
re-used
Worsbrough,
two,
of
in
with
the
and
Worsbrough.
of neighbours - all Darfield was the mother
divides
with
church mother Stainborough Dodworth,
at
example,
Barnsley
boundary
147 are in practice
are
churches
at
also
binding
pattern,
Darfield
at
quoins,
corner
at
be set rough
73 18) The No. Buildings, (Appendix church rubble walling. . history, has been embellished its throughout and extended though of always of the inhabitants at the sole expense Worsbrough, the size and accompand it never rival could lishments
of
prestige.
All
Worsbrough with priest,
Trinity and
the
medieval
tithes,
to
Darfield
the
great Rector
College, Darfield
of
and
its greater with church were due from small,
Darfield,
Cambridge,
who were the
maintain
33
to
chancel.
be equally to
provide
Both
shared the
repeatedly
in
were as in 1716 when Trinity obligations, the its half towards of maintenance pay share Curate 74 and, though elsewhere a common complaint
in
failed
their
to
ordered
Worsbrough in
the
sixteenth
between
Protestantism
informed
76 Apparently
decay.
in
Visitation,
Darfield
1615,
that,
"the
decay
and readie
the
and Catholicism, in 1575 that
a Visitation
at
following
century
to
was was in
chancel as the
no action both Darfield
next
and Trinity is in vexy Chappell default. "77 ther
of Worsbrough fall downe in
chancell
the
took
informed
upheavals
religious 75 Darf ield
great
The continuing role of Worsbrough church may even have been called into immediately following the question in the Reformation. had been established A Grammar School in in the fifteenth is it a village early noted century and report
the
of
made in
Schools", is
a chaple
of
1548,
therefore
and
service
and administration
the
Friction
parish
in
to that
but
manor later
also centred belonged
Worsbrough
of
bee
had
between
and
used
fact,
records
with
of
who was granted
the
period,
baptism,
burial
a full
range
and of
the
problems
this
is unlikely problem See are deficient on the
the
may lie
answer
during
the
of
explanation
the
It records. church independent parish
a separate tithes,
Darfield
considering
of
appointment beginning of
of its incumbent.
a partial
Chetelber,
manors,
in
the
rights
the
the
in
A satisfactory be found, as the
matter,
had
loss
the
for
created
to
from
itself,
for
except
to
sacraments
78 11
addition
officers
considered
chaple of Woursbrough ... distant from the parish 2 miles for divine to continue necessaxy of
as Worsbrough
particularly
Grammar
of
"the
a measure of resentment would not be unexpected, in a community the church
of
marriage
Continuance
and
and Worsbrough importance
vexy
there.
people
that
being
ease,
church, to
for
"Commissioners
one
in of
the the
Domesday
record
Worsbrough
A moiety a Darfield of this manor. in Ardsley, Worsbrough, on New Hall adjoining lands demesne to the Bosville family had who
received
with
free
warren
34
in
1381.
In
1441,
John
Bosville
granted
Countess
of
College
to
in
mediety
whom it passed to the Hospitallers in 1362. At the Dissolution, Newlands
considerable connections throughout
in
ecclesiastical
the
area with this
invariably
Wapentake,
King
to
Trinity
of
the
this 80 Hunter
College.
link in arguing a further that the Domesday the C4etelburn he shows to be great-grand_ known Rockley, earliest a family until which,
the
decline
almost
by the
was given
would establish is Ketelbiorn its
Matilda,
from
of
father-of
to
Worsbrough
to Trinity and this moiety was given to King Henry's Valor. 79 The advowson had family, Fleming it to Archbishop who granted
the
1229,
Preceptory
in
appurtenances
Cambridge
according
belonged Gray
his
rather
eighteenth of
century, presided 81 Despite Worsbrough. the
Darfield,
however,
that study directed than
to
it
will
over clear
a early
be seen
Worsbrough's to
its
Strafforth,
allegiance was in Staincross neighbours the
seat
of
its
superior.
NOTES. 2.0 1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
REGIONAL CONTEXT. Summarised in Preston, F. L., in South-west 'Hill-Forts Yorkshire', H. A. S, (1974) 3,84-94. Vol. 6, Part Ekwall, E., English Place-Names, 320. (1960) Oxford, A general description in of the geology of the region Mitchell, G. H. et al. Geology of the Countzy around Barnsley, H. M. S. O., (1974) in with additional comment Neves, R & Downie, C, Geological in Excursions the Sheffield Region, (1967) Sheffield. Neves & Downie, Introduction op. cit., xiii. The role is town of Barnsley as a growing market in Elliott, examined B., Barnsley: The Anatomy of a Yorkshire Market Town 1660-1760,, (1990). Unpublished M. Phil., Sheffield Univ. An introduction to the Sheffield in trades cutlery Hey-D., 'The Origins and early growth of the Hallamshire in Chartes, J & trades', cutlers and allied Hey, D, English Rural Society 1500-1800, (1990) Cambridge. Professor Hey explores depth in considerable the theme in The Fiexy Blades (1991) Leicester. of Hallamshire, Defoe, D., A Tour through England (1928 and Wales, Everyman) Vol. 2,185. Young, A., A Tour through the North (1771) of England, London, Vol. 1,131. Hey, D., Yorkshire from AD1000,, (1986) Harlow, -275.
35
(1934)
London, 15. Ashbourner 128-9.
10.
Ruston,
11.
HeyD.,,
12. 13.
59-60 Ibid. C., in Hoskins Taylor. W. G., The Making of the English 17. Landscape (1935) London (1988 Edition), (1988) Riley, D. N., Yorkshire's Past from the Air, Sheffield Sheffield Riley, D. N., Early from the Air (1980) Landscape Riley, D. N. r'Air in Central Reconnaissance and Southern in 1976, Yorkshire 49,19-33 Y. J. (1977) Vol. A. , by an amateur Collected in the 1970's who enthusiast to identify find Examples omitted are precise sites. deposited in Sheffield City Museum. Radley, J. & Mellars, P., 'A Mesolithic Structure at Deepcar, Yorkshire', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, (1964), Vol. 30,1-24. Radley, J; Tallis, J. H.; Switsur, V. R., 'Excavation of Three 'Narrow in the Southern Blade' Mesolithic Sites Pennines', Proceedings Society, of the Prehistoric (1977), Vol. 40,1-19. Jeffrey Radley Common the Staincross was investigating flint-working immediately to his untimely site prior death. His general to the conclusion of its similarity Pennine Mesolithic other sites personally was conveyed but the report location was not published and the exact on the Common not revealed. Dodsworth, R., 'Yorkshire Church Notes', YASRS Vol. 34,15. Ashurst, D., 'Stainborough Lowe', Vol. 16, H. A. S.,, (1991) 33-38. Interpretation ditch of the extensive and bank system joint by Professor G. D. Lewis during was confirmed to prepare Permission examination excavation proposal. by the local to excavate was declined authority. Interim Sydes, B. & Symonds, J., 11987 report; Investigations Common'. South Yorkshire at Sutton Archaeology 'Re(unpublished) Unit and Sydes, B., Work Sutton Common' (1992) (unpublished). examination during 1994. continues May, T., (1922) HMSO. The Roman Fort at Templeborough, Current by the South Yorkshire (1994) excavations Archaeology Service the Roman wharf on seek to locate the river Don. 'The Diary Society, Surtees of Abraham de la Prymel, (1869), for 30 July Vol. 54. Entry 1696. Three further hoards for 1947,1948 & 1950 reported SMR. SYCAS. entered on county See also Numismatic Chronicle, Sixth Ser. Vol. 10, 315-7. (1950), Occasional in Rockley finds SMR. County coin recorded Wilkinson, j., Worsborough, Its Attractions, Historical (1872), Barnsley, 77 and 255. Jackson, R., The Town and Township (1858) of Barnsley, 233. London,
14.
15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20.
21. 22.
23.
24. 25. 26.
A. G.
& Witney,
The Making
D., of
Hooton
South
36
Pagnellf
Yorkshire,
(1979)
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
45. 46. 47. 48.
49. 50. 51.
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.
Butcher, in L. H., 'Survey Settlements of Early and Fields the Southern Pennines', 25 H. A. S. Vol. 12, (1983) ; Stenton, F. M., Anglo 02. Saxon England (1971) Oxford, Palliser, D. M.,, The Yorkshire Domesday - Introduction, Alecto Historical Editions 18. (1992) Smith, A. H. (ed) 'Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire', English Place-Names Society, Vol. 30, Part 1,296 MBCr 19-140, No. 440. Trudgill, P., The Dialects (1990) Oxford, 111. of England, Loyn, H. R., The Vikings in Britain 122. (1977) London, Roesdahl, E., The Vikings (1991) 247. London, Palliser, 18-19. op. cit., Finn. R. W., 'The Making and Limitations of the Yorkshire Domesday', Borthwick Papers, No. 41, BIHR, 7. Beresford, M. W., 'The Lost Villages Y. A. J. of Yorkshire', Vol. 38 (1953) 238, Paliser, D. M., 'Domesday Book and the "Harrying of the North, ", Northern Histoxy, Vol. 29 (1993) 1-24.. Muir. R., The Lost Villages 80. (1982) London, of Britain Hey, D., from AD1000 (1986) Yorkshire 28. London, Palliser, 21. op. cit., Y. A. J. Vol. 5 (1887-8). New transcription and analysis forthcoming, Sheffield University. Beresford, M. W., Lay Subsidies Taxes (1963) and Poll Phillimore, 24. Two copies in PRO E179/262/15, survive, a copy of held at the West Yorkshire original Archive Service in Hey, D., (ed) The Hearth which has been published Tax Returns for South Yorkshire 1672 (1991) Ladyday Sheffield University, 75-91. Hey, D., Family Histoxy in England Histoxy (1987) & Local Harlow, 68. Ibid, 72. Quoted in Lumas. S., 'Making Use of the Census', PRO Guide No. 1 (1992) 6. Wrigley E. A. & Schofield R. S., The Population Histoxy of England 1541-1871 (1989) Cambridge, 6, Appendix 588-596. Ibid, 588. Deane, P., The First Industrial Revolution, (1979) Cambridge, 278. For a detailed history early of the families associated these with South estate villages see Hunter, J., Yorkshire, Vol. 2 (1831). Tankersley (300-305); Wortley (307-329); Stainborough (262-268); Gunthwaite (343350); Chevet (392-395); West Bretton (239-250. Sykes, P. S., In the Shadow of the Hill (1989), Unpublished M. A. thesis Sheffield University. Ibid., 7.8. John Goodchild Collection, Wakefield. Jackson, R., Histoxy of the Town & Township of Barnsley, (1858) London, '49. Extension Colliery by National of Barrow Coal Board. An appeal has been launched locally for photographs to
37
58.1 59. 60. 61. 62.
63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
74. 75. 76. 77. 78.
79. 80. 81.
by its following detail the offer generous confirm Coal to provide British recent after a replica failed the original. to find excavations to Mr Littledyke am grateful of Park Cottages, information. for this Worsbrough, for A comprehensive survey of regional evidence in Hey,, D.,, Packmen, Carriers and Packhorse guideposts Roads (1980) Leicester. SA/PR3/13/Bk/I. Hey. D., (1980), op-cit., 164-6. Elliott, B., op. cit. 297. The study a detailed provides town account of the development as a market of Barnsley in the early of modern period, examples citing numerous in the town. the range of trade and commercial activity Barnsley library. Local History in Owen, W., Book of Pairs, A. Chartres, J. (1756) and see Thirsk, J. (ed), Agrarian Histoxy & Wales of England (1985) 423. Cambridge, Hey, D., (1980) 173. op. cit. Adam Eyre, 'A Dyurnal and or Catalogue of all my Accions from the lst Expences 16461, Society, January Surtees (1875) Vol. 65.113. 'The Journal Surtees Societyl of Mr John Hobson', Vol. 65 (1875). BIRR, Doncaster Deanery. PRO. WO. 3.48. Palliser, 54. op. cit., 28. Hey, D., (1979) 24. Bettey, (1987) J. H., Church and Parish, London, in South Yorkshire, Ryder, P. F., South Saxon Churches Yorkshire Service, No. 2 Archaeological Monograph (1982). See also Taylor, Saxon H. M', & Taylor, J., Anglo for extensive Architecture, Vols. I&, 11, (1965) investigation into features church of pre-Conquest architecture. Hunter, 294. op. cit., Bettey, 78, op. cit., BIRRI - V/1575/CB1, fol 91. BIRR, - V/1615/CB, fol. 155v. Leach, A. F., Schools', 'Early Yorkshire YASRS, Vol-33 (1903). For a thorough historical review of the Grammar School , Wallis, YAJ, P. J., 'Worsbrough Grammar School', see, Vol-39 (1956) 147-163. Hunter, 115 op. cit. YASRS, Vol. 61, (1920) 12 Hunter, 283 op-cit.
38
3.0-THE
TOWNSHIP
The limits study
of
Act'
known the earliest provide Commissioner the Enclosure the
township
this
throughout
used
1816 in the formally those recognised on 2 Award Commutation which and 1838 Tithe
are-based
Enclosure
Worsbrough
that,,
schedule3
be sufficient, shall for insufficiencies or located. An incomplete
in
produced no map, commenting drawn up by R. Birks about survey
"The
1804
Unfortunately
survey.
complete
be made except 1804 map has not been to
no new survey disputes. " This
Worsbrough and plan of the combined in the Fairbank Stainborough townships as recorded archive, is-also based on the 1814 but including later amendments, 4 Commutation The 1838 Tithe map survives earlier survey. identical, in, other provides respects although information which additional sub-divisions on the further had taken place subsequently. ,
which,
An in,
times boundary
to
the
recognised
as
1861
on the boundaries,
and
parts
community
to
working
civil
Spooner 3300
as an ecclesiastical
acres.
It
6
parish
the
not
Worsbrough the
under
with
Poor
1837
the
area a total independence
with
achieve
following
1930s
the
was
of
rating
the
until
itself"
"know
coincident in 1871,
did
township
the
of
bounds
for
area
various
at
environment
chapelry
-survey, parish as a civil
approximately
ritual
and
ancient
the
detected
regarding
the
5 The
boundazy'.
laws
past for
be
can
vagueness
yet,
limit
parish
of
of
Worsbrough's and
logical
were
element
a
boundary
area
to
transferring of the northern part adjustment inhabited the Barnsley This included (Fig. 3.1). all
part
of
Worsbrough
major
towards
what
Common,
may have
Iron
Age settlements Common noted earlier. inherent been
inertia
gathered
Neolithic
been
the the
Warren
against
nationwide boundaries to
change
Hill
to
once and
between
the
and Worsbrough established,
sufficient
show the potential in the modern survive
39
Oaks
Pindar
boundary
ancient
on Harborough Boundaries,
and
have evidence for even
landscape.
an has 7
may have
hill-forts between demarcation A similar between Stainborough andýWotsbrough survived
Green.
Round
at
"dark meaning a'Celtic name survival 8 boundary, though'the have formed the of may part water". junction have been one that was 'understood', could well Joseph living the otherls, area. respecting each community Dove,
The river
is Dove is the "It that of name comments, ý remarkable but the stream, is called not found in early charters; in error here -as a series Dearne. " He is unusually of 13th
Hunter
century
charters, to
rights
the
A further
in
Worsbrough
boundary,
series
of
grants
assarted,
problem
Rievaulx
and woodland on the smithies
mining their
located
are
two
confirm described
'juxta
as
of
acres
land
Abbey as I super ripam 10 Duval. The possibility rivula qui vocatur of such the boundary continued may provide recognition of an ancient in basis features the for a township dispute regularly which between Round Stainborough record regarding and Worsbrough Green,
to
iron for
Rievaulx
monks'of Stainborough/Worsbrough Duval.
land,
granting
in
the from
originated
middle the
Sykes
ages. break-up
of in
(Falthwaite
lands and Rockley), with leasehold freehold, clear and part with " Stainborough However,, the connection. books
consistently
refer The dispute
Worsbrough. Enclosure arisen
Commissioner
Township
both
manors
medieval townships,
evidence
of
Worsbrough
part a
parish
of as part by the resolved
was finally Boundazy
two
Green
Round
in
who notes
the
concerning
to
the
considers
of
the that
"Doubt
preamble, part
of
the
Manor
has and
Township at of Stainbrough 12 Green. " His solution Round a place was an commonly called the farm in Stainborough and unhappy compromise as it placed the fields, labourers' in Worsbrough. with cottages, Confusion boundary at the also arises on the eastern hamlet
Smithley.
of
geographically commonly attending example,
the
adjoining
within
Manor
and
Although
always
Wombwell
officially its township,
recognised inhabitants
as -
themselves regarded society, as part of Worsbrough for its family, Manor Court. The Rayney church and had originated, in its from took Ranah and name,
40
Penistone
but
parish,
were
Rayney
John
century.
seventeenth
draper
a wealthy merchant of Worsbrough's most for
better
the
and,
in
Smithley to
migrated in his Will
the
London
early becoming
1632,
was one
of
benefactors,
generous
provision 13 (p. 239).
making Lecturer
of the church the inhabitants
endowment for concern
A major
in
living
Worsbrough
of
was
boundary preservation of the northern adjoining Barnsley. The exceptional in the latter's population rise during the eighteenth has been noted, and Elliott century has shown that industrial much of the increasing activity
of
Barnsley
at
of
the
outcrops
the
coal
the
Worsbrough
time in
with
the
area,
Keresforth 14 Houndhill.
towards
The Worsbrough
bounds
perambulation and directions. The report precise informative, details giving of markers) extensively feature, the across
natural
Barnsley
separating
of, friction
source them
to 'In
when, been
the
corner
-removed ditch. ' During
from
of
bank
the
this
Oxley
ordered it
took
The in
1777,
him
to
but
did
His
upwards between
of
in
wall
any
and waste
a stone
.. across
side
it
Which
the
Intack
Barnsley
against I
see
from
had
saw John
Mr Elmhirst
continued
commissioned
"attend
as
survey
a mile Kingstoneý
bY the
Intacks
surface a little down again in the
he had
the
taken
fence,
I
where
same place
he
sketch
to
Fairbank,
the
and,
Sheffield
to
Worsbrough/ Barnsley 16 His survey and Highstone. of
deteriorate
boundaries of settle for which he was paid a guinea. lacks dimensions but covers
referee
Common and Barnsley", note-book
commons
of
were a constant inhabitants frequently moved on the common, as in 1771
apparently
Worsbrough to
absence
I
not.
situation
surveyor, their
it
set
stones
15 They
Parsons
Stone
the
of
give
particularly Imearl
numerous in used,
perambulation, 'cutting a ditch
of Barnsley had a Mear which ditch lay upon the up for it
is
the
at
records
1771
of
and Worsbrough.
the
beaten'
surviving
expanses
as Barnsley intakes their
enlarge
exploitation into expanding
regularly
were
Rogationtide
(boundary
the
was associated
the
boundary ploy
was
41
UNIVERSITY OF
but the Barnsley and would appease Worsbrough, into is unknown; line he drew a curving the reaction Barnsley area from a mear-stone agreed at each end (Nos. & 19) to take in a "stone of set by the Inhabitants simple
Worsbrough" line
this
were
placed Unfortunately,
boundary.
by
"fixed
and one
nine
Earl
the
as the new have survived. in maintaining
new mear-stones none
to
appear
No doubt
some problems experienced boundaries were due to their
physical ephemeral
Prayers
read of
as when,
were about
In than
bounds
our
the
the
(c. 1600)
must
assarts royd,
are flatt,
areas
of
the
selions often
in
as Wills is statement the
of present
the
occurrence Worsbrough village, sites Aerial
"burh"
study if the
retaining
early elements
the
and
Monk Bretton if
possible,
existing
and
clearances, from noted
are
ground
these
are
evidence
of
is evidence can indicate
in the a possible reconstruction landscape A feature early evidence. of, this divided, field near of a circular,
suggests
with of the
others
at
Lewden and Swaithe, assarts of the first
original settlers. survey of the village ovoid crop mark of a ditched enclosure In this it one half. exposed position, as the
the
of
suggesting
such
with
Worsbrough
the
However,
names etc.
earlier
site.
3.1
the
of
Further corroborative shapes. by the dates of buildings which
an established
suggest
township
period
and woodland
sources
conjunction and field
the
of
conjectural. field
we went
w[he]n
13s.,
main
syke,
a general
Figure
the
of
provision
'charges
re-creation
of from
1707
survey
be somewhat
provided
light
start
stubbing, fields ancient
Chartulary, in
any
liberal
the
week
century,
assumed
references taken
as in
of
nineteenth at
is
through
in'Rogation
absence
landscape
rather
often
1Xr Dixon, curate, a fence, forward a cross on the Hill on the side 17 Perhaps to Woodhead Estate., they
made more memorable by the Churchwardens
ale
being
the
approaching
and cut belonging
fence
the
Along
Strafford".
of
18
of Wirc,
the
original
42
which
field
the revealed in 1.8 acres covering cannot be considered
burh
probably
being
lost
>1
E c 0 10
P-
EE
lull, 00 , cr ,-C C.
A
f, a,
C:
3:
-,
2ý
auP C%
0
u
C)
ei Mw
kL L)
CIL o
to
E 0 C)
'S
oE
Al 0
c.
' C) c
1) IL
ooo ooo......
ooo
nn
,"ý,
on c
ýg0,11 o
rl
1,,,
),
c"
CD
C
V 0
0.
CQ
0
00,:
r a)
ý
.)C.
C)
X,
,I-,..
c0r, :3
rn
co c
CO
00 ooE oo0a
E
c
4
en D
C,
0 c
T)
1111 0 , 101 oo O= Mo
CO. co CO
Q.ý
?--". OtD 00
II100
it
0o00
zi
0
0 EJ
cI, 4)
Olt
" 1 QC: (-: I M. LL
M;,
E
.4., c
LL
4-1 tIL
" Z, ,,
('N,c-, - "i
43
1:1 , Iý-
i ý-) I
cl
(u ýT
0
t2 E c
(a
disbe to yet site or a nearby present village under Two similar are known in South Yorkshire enclosures covered-. they lacking Darfield Marr. Though proof, conclusive and at livestock, for likely be to compounds are medieval night the
as Richard
such
to
referring piece
to
persons In
watch immediate
this
was composed Domesday,,
wherein
three
of
"Histozy "In
houses,, fenced
and
kept 18 them. 11 they
their
two
manors,
The proximity pretation
of
the
of
the
its
archaeology
can
the
provide
evidence
They
suggest has since
system, where it
in
its
to
determine
inter-
and
church
Worsbrough
approximately village stands foundation, though much modified
pre-
existed
of Ilbert. and I mill".
early common field
associated
township
the
it
the
mill,
nightr
every
cattell
have and Ketilbiorn 2 ploughs and 4 bordars,
have
a
was moated ditch strong a
"Now Gamel
themselves
town,
evezy
period, had which
of
when
which
with
post-Reformation
Xyddle"
of
tradition;
their
ground adjoining ditch, with a large and pale,
his
Shropshire
an old
of
about fence with
in
Gough notes
layout.
Only the
extent
buildings but existing out the rule modifications, future. in the foreseeable There is clear need possibility for such evidence Street the-High suggest along as the plots but random peripheral suggest a medieval plots planning,
of
such
otherwise,
with up to
running
Beresford considerably extensive evidence individual
selions the
of
edge
and Hurst and become
excavations of
of
at
a succession houses within
one
of
the
the
village
have
shown
medieval that
of
Percy
provide
pond.
could
move
The
time.
layouts,
habitation
ducking
villages
over
re-orientated Wharram
the
near
fields
town
conclusive even to have
and
were found plot been rebuilt "A regular periodically axis. on a different layout as around a central green was in the 1950s regarded the Since then types. one of the classic on views village development have of villages and settlement generally changed that
the
fundamentally. situation
The Domesday
a single
Wharram
and
was much more estate,
of
Gamel
44
other
complex. devolved
sites
have
shown
1119 through
Adam
(founder
FitzSwein Magdalene married Clementia to
the
six
on de Malherb's
death in
priory of Nun Appleton from Tadcaster. miles There
to
of Stainborough, Eudo de Longvilliers.
married
Clementia
1153)
of St. Mary Maud. his daughter
de Malherb
John
to
in
Monk Bretton
at
Priory
Cluniac
the
of
it
remained
to
build
descended
Worsbrough
and, the
daughter
whose in
1249,
gave it Percy,
she Bolton
of
parish
She
dissolution
the
but,
ýregrettably,
in
Priory
of 1539 when it passed to the King, to Robert who then leased Darkenhall, from whom it came to a member of the household; family in 1541. Lord Thomas Fairfax demolished the Fairfax the
Priory
the
records
Bretton
mansion2o
Priory
the survived involvement
its
to
references be-found
his
the
of
until
medieval in the, occasionally
itself
and upheaval in Worsbrough fragmentary,
the
only to
are
Monk
Chartulary. its
Throughout regarded
It
Hay Green
include
to
manor
the
No. 19),
and mill.
Worsbrough
the
be
could
they
though
within
the
village,
not
a shop
other
than
town
planners
and
tradition
butcher The Domesday remainder
and
having
and
survey, the
river into
to a
township,
even to the extent for a butcher. -Their
in
modern has still
of
times,
maintained no shop,, even the
closed.
development belonging
Buildings, -
manor lands# development controlled
strictly
village
recently
subsequent
of
the
river
Worsbrough
the
acquired
lordship,
successors,
the
the
developed
(Appendix
Hall
not the and immigration permitting
of
especially modern period, Edmunds family, about, 1612.
the
rapidly
over
and
autonomy
early
the
of building
to
the
extending
arrival
Subsequent
considerable land south
Dove Cliff, in
village
tenants
comprised
bridge
the
'closed'
the
allowing
self-regulation.
after
this
its system own field a village with fields town, waste and can be identified), landlord at as a consequence of its absentee
Nun Appletoni from
history,
medieval
as comprising
(of, which'three commons but,
the
of
none
to
of
Ketelbiorn
was very
45
the
other and
different.
estate covering This
of, the the name has
been
long of
assumed to family Rockley
the
the
link
by Rockley name Ketelbiorn in the early thirteenth adoption
during
the
in
grants
the
Richard Robert Lauedi
Rode
essart
and
Ketelbiorn
by
a grant of
the
essart
had
also
of surname period but numerous names and his brother
de Nevil
'Hugh
to Adam son
called an essart that abuts on the wall, between 22 The Saxon Henxy Ketilbarne'.
of held
land
in
Darfield
the
the
surname may not'have survived further references can be traced
in
Black
either
Death,
holding
lands
Swaithe
at
the
with
the after fieldmedieval but the pattern of
as part
Henry de Blom granted example, to his son with the proviso of on the land at the mill of the 23 twentieth measure,. Although have
begun
from
A charter
site.
by John
formation
the
Malherb
dated of
lord
between
two
of
'in
their
Old
Hall
the
Abbey
later
through
than
written show the
3.1).
Farm the
survey chief
In
fourteenth
the
marriage
and
century the
Swaithe growing
corn
the
at
to
appears
manor
de Wirkesburg
territorie
domos eorum quas ripam Duve contra 24 The exact de Stainburg., torie location it probably lies in the area between Old (Fig.
in
on the Old Hall centred a grant and 1181 confirms
super
Farm
For
Rockeley
Rockley
1172
acres
originally
manor.
'grinding
became
what
he tenanted
of the became
it
Swaithe,
their
of land
into
family
Rockley
as no
area
Few of the early century. into the modern period, names continued from the east settlement shows progression township,
but
and Ardsley,
mid-fourteenth
Worsbrough
of
[between]
an essart one head
whereof
the
de Rockley
Henry
example,
witnessed de Swathe
manor
century, Chartulary show both
Monk Bretton
For
persisting.
later)
(and
medieval
"high Hunter a gives although and, the families a vital related, are directly 21 He implies is missing. of a replacement
that
probability" documentary
to
refer
in
habent is
but
uncertain,
Hall the
manorial
terre-
and
the
Abbey lost
Rockleys
centre
moved
to
have survived, Few court site. none rolls fourteenth but, together a century,. with dating from late they seventeenth century, estate
comprised
46
the
triangular
area
approx-
imately
the
of
west
the
Worsbrough
loverfield'.
remained
a discrete and few
personal
separating estate focal
Dove and the Dodworth including of Birdwell part
township,
settlement independent agricultural
other
family
the Balk
the
to
The Rockley
manor
holding,
no
with its
developing
residents, industrial
and
in
beck
by the
described
own
pursuits.
However,
the manor, township, the entire and perhaps in the had a move by the Rockleys may have become larger been successful. twelfth The adjoining township of century in Strafforth had three landHoyland divided wapentake holdings,
part
honour
Tickhill.
of further
and disputing
of
this
Rockley
"out
horn
holding
accounts
the
of
paid
the
custom
did
purchased
unknown, not
Hoyland
Rockley
the
rate, not
Middle
Hall
of
at
Bank
Swaithe However, Darley,
Ages
Roll Rockley
Top27 and
lands
have
to
1703,
was
7s
1340
of
his
in
this
obscure
created,
it
that
The Constable
Robert
part
comprising
(Fig-3.1), north of the river, in the western triangle and
47
of
horn
de
the
the
his
manor.
the
copyhold parts 28
a third of
whole the
a
Elmhirst
period,
excepting part
out
added
4d 26 money.
detached
of
medieval
in
keepeth
Milner
with
suggests
were
included
was a Rockley
connection
survey
the
of
contribution
states
Court
a later
beginning
the
who had
Milner,
'Mr accounts: liable to pay
Lewden
had been
in
and,
new estate.
around
during
known
is
It
George
at
his
marginal note in his 1722 fo. r yt he saith he is not the
Constable.
-questioned on the grounds
part
A Rockley
of payment in the recorded
annual
El
Old
century,
attended
was the honour,
Tickhill
early
when the A legacy of
century
Fitzwilliams.
go unchallenged.
eighteenth parish liability,
Rockleys.
the
the
with
to the Newmarches 25 They were still
sixteenth
to
family
3s Od when payments ended in 1813. from the family to the to pay had devolved but the slavish to ancient adherence
liability is
the
the
to
'growing
parish
the
Worsbrough
since
annually, How the
to
in
to
money"
de Busli
the
was sub-infeuded
in claim had passed
area
been
This
sub-infeuded their
Tickhill
came to
which
the
Rockley
Lewden
valley
of
manor, area demesne
including
Lewden
mill,
which
in remained would become
Rockley
the
manor;
The of Darley. part above-Robert's copyhold few, surviving at Darley manor's court rolls were signed Hall has the manor house as Darley Cliffl though Hunter at 29 Darley's Bank End (now demolished). are unclear origins but the mutual deeds in the Monk Bretton signing of'various the
Chartulary
show the
acquainted,
Rockley
with a strong in Darfield
contemporary
The Chartulary formerly
Ardsley,
the extending in Darfield
acquisition
wellbeing
were families
both
possibility of in the 14th/15th
shows
Swaithe,
families
Darley
and
centuries. from lands
of holding,
around
into Darley a Ketelbiorn/Rockley deed of Hugh de Nevile manor, such as a fourteenth century is "in that, the land of Jordan Ketilbarn the). stating 30 territoxy land granted to Derlay.,, The manor included of John Glew in 1413, at the limit of the township adjoining Billingley
They
centuries. Renewal
of
1471
Lady
8d,
to
Joan
The manor Manor it
Court
occurred the
Ryther,
Frankyshe,
Prioress, retained
of 14th deeds.
other's
in
surrendering
by the
the
occupying of
areas end-of
fine
6s
of
land
commons
William Swaithe
and
manor,
Bank
Ownership
End had
been
land
of
on the
and
death
suggests 32 sold.
the
township, had
Shrinkage
and waste. Ages
scattered
than'the
point-other
poorest
Middle
the
of
collection
no focal
with
1714 made about Adams a local attorney,
of
and
with an entry in its an interest
as a loose
developed
and, large
included
13th
the
witnessed'each
by Robert
farmsteads,
separate
Frankyshe
31
Darley.
within
all-regularly
copyhold
by John
during
parish
Nun Appleton
shows
held
area
survey
a written the
of
owner, at
areas
copyhold
after manors becomes confused the Dissolution to the Earl of when John Booth,, a secretary Shrewsbury, Worsbrough and Darley in 1590; Robert acquired Rockley had Worsbrough and Rockley in 1642; Sir Sidney Wortley Gayner
held held
Worsbrough
of
the
Worsbrough Worsbrough and Rockley
three
from 1630-1701; courts Dale (Rockley ?) in the manors,
48
with
part
of
Christiana, 1720s.
Darley,
The were
by the
purchased
Darley
of
part 1816
staying
Enclosure
in
of Strafford in separate
Earl
172333,
the
remaining in the seen
as ownershipt (minor) Parkin of
when William held it, being 1/16 of Common. The Doncaster awarded last held its Worsbrough Rockley) court manor (including in 1858.34 1857 and Darley indicated divisions The manorial the township within 3.1
Figure holding
do not,
of
each Jury in
a Court the
Award
Mannor
of
course,
on
land-
total
the
represent
in
For
the Memorandum summoning example, for 1701 is headed "The Inhabitants
manor. October
Worsbrough
Rockley, Dale, and Worsbrough 35 Falthwaite Ardsley". The mention and of Falthwaite The area, presents an enigma which has defied solution. identified is in StainGrange, currently as Falthwaite borough boundary township on the Worsbrough at Rockley. Surface
of
evidence the
perhaps,
in
the
with
Ages
Sykes
and
history in
Wirkesburgh from
Round
into
the
in
Green
for
sale
of
Robert
Rockley)
Rockley
called Earl
of described otherwise inclusion
Worsbrough
Westcomb in
and
and
and
in
tenements
Priesteroides';
that
the Ardsley
1704
the
Mannor 40
. record jurors
his
Catherine
Falthwaitel.
purchased
lal
courts.
March
alias
Falthwaitel
of
to
Keresforth,
it an areaý suggest encompassed '8 3 The confusion Birdwell. even remained in an Indenture century as, for example,
Hall
Similarly,
Asspeker
his illustrated
are
lands
of
Middle
the in
of
son
names
Strafford as
in
early
de Wolthwaite
Staynburgh,
to
eighteenth by LeWiB
Farm
her
became
'Falthwaitel
possibilities various 37 The complexities
oselthwayt,
called field
surviving
Abbey
by Robert
grant,
de Falthwayt
John
the
considers
Stainborough.
of
a 1382
Rockley
called to
quitclaimed
name
is,
and
Wirkesburg
of
de Rockley the
site
village
territory
36 However, .
1258
confused
the
Juliana
which
William
in
lbovate
Falthwaitel
a deserted
suggests
'a
Rockley
at
A connection
49
deficient
too the is
late likely
when in
manor of
(daughter
messuage
capital 39 Again,
and Lordship is
wife
the
1723,
it
Rockley
to
the
explain
seventeenth through
century the
,
is
Micklethwaite 16th/17th adjacent in Darfield,
in the Hall Swaithe at resident the Ardsley manor centuries, who had bought to Worsbrough. The family moved to Middlewood family,
during
will
be seen throughout in the development
this
review
into
partition unusually
three
nineteenth distinction
and Hooton development it
with
of
a family
than
be an area
fragmentation
lacking influence
Darley,
to
township have
likely
been
occurred
further
Darfield,
and
change.
between
the
clearly
holdings, to the process closely manorial,, similar -, in the by Professor Phythian-Adams at Claybrooke, 41 That the township into developed a unified and the in
such
church the
over
ensure reasonably leadership within
in
of
whole
any
township.
efficient the
differing
was due
occur,
Manorial but
areas, of the
to
50
control and
organisation
separate focus
geography,
not
to
the
focus, otherwise an early landowner lord with or great
providing
absence the
did
separation
provided an over-riding bounds of temporal fealty. The distinction between their
to
of the Wentworth in contrast, continued
extension
more susceptible access had already fission which
the
might
community, of
in
changes
affecting
comparable perhaps finally incursions, becoming
estate.
Worsbrough
Midlands.
settlement
of
'open'
of
Considering
examined
township
its neighbours, amongst of industrialisation.
pressures
a private
Stainborough
disparate
The
estate,
no immigrant
more
between
still
were
superiority
the
to
succumbed
family's
types
greater
Worsbrough
and aura
Chevet, little
which
has
early
much of manor retained in the Stainborough as a 'closed village, its Pagnell on immigrant mould, with restrictions
remained
role
administrative distinct three
century.
Rockley
to
mere
and
changes its that
of
above, interest.
outlined
is
and Ardsley
Worsbrough
of
manors,
evolved with its boundaries,
within
until
seventeenth
court
than
significance
its
after
the
continuities
the
record
century, 1701.
from
excluded It
the
Hall,
the
allegiance, manors
which
was
Worsbrough
could
secular church beyond
the
emphasised
by
owes much
for
despite
independent
its
economic viability, dependency. The successful
iastical development summation earning
of
exploitation
of
as Taylor
saysi,
studies Rogers' features
encouraged NOTES. 3.0 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6-.
7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
a with
Although, are available. resources has dogged all determinism "Geographical
whatever
the settlement since true comment is equally of the locality greatly
graphical inheritance
and is
continuity
settlement
of
original
eccles-
over the centuries faced by individuals choices made implies and security, or ensuring
any
of the a living,
the
late that,,
nineteenth "The
influenced
century"t
geographical both the
later topositing of the settlement and its development. o,43 The range of geographical the differing manorial structures, within their
disparity,
must
42
which
now be considered.
THE TOWNSHIP. SA/NBC63 deposit loan Sheffield Archives Parish Chest Worsbrough Collection. SA/EM1885 belongs to SA/DAR7S. "This The map is annotated,, J Fairbank It Birdwell & son". and Worsbrough shows in addition but, to minor Commons partially enclosed the Blacker errors, omits area. for Conference Phythian-Adams, to Standing C., Address 19 Local History (1975) in 1861) Bound personal (Wiliiam Elmhirst, copy family The surveyor Elmhirst at Houndhill. archive it is based on an 1804 survey notes on the map that to have which appears survived. not field introduction General to recognition of early in the modern boundaries and possible preservation landscape in Muir, R. & Muir, London. (1989) Fields N., 4th Ekwall, Ed. (1960) E., English Place-Names Oxford, 149 281. Hunter, J., South (1831) Yorkshire Farrer,, Vol. 2 (1916) W., Charters, Early Yorkshire Edinburgh 334. SykesjS-j MA thesis Shadow of the Hill, unpublished 10.5. Sheffield 10.1 (1989) University, SA/NBC63 Will in Parish 1632 - copy Book Rayney of John SA/PR3/12.272-275. Elliott, Market B., Barnsley: the Anatomy of a Yorkshire Town c. 1660-c. 1760, M. Phil. thesis,, unpublished Sheffield 223-232. University (1990)
51
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.
Many mear SA/EM771 (1771) and see also SA/NBC92 (1801). O. S. to be recorded stones edition survived on the lst 611 map (1855). 83 in Fairbank Survey SA/FB49; Collection, p. note-book in Account Bill 9 March 1777. Book SA/AB4(p. iv) SA/EM771. SYCAS/SMR Air photograph Worsbrough. Gough, R., The Histoxy (ed. HeyrD. ) (1981) of hyddle, 54 Penguin, Beresford M. & Hurst, J., (1990) Book of Wharram Percy English Heritage, 79 and passim. Clay. J. W. (ed) 'Yorkshire Papers' Monastic Supression YASRS. Vol. 48 (1912) 140-1. Hunter 283. op. cit. MBC 137-8, No. 433 MBC 120, No. 370 Farrer Vol. 3,329. op. cit. 100 op. cit. -Hunter SA/PR3/12 Bk. I and SA/PR3/13 Bks. I& II. PRO S. C. 2. (Court 211.112 Rolls) Wakefield Land Registry A540/878. Hunter 293 op. cit. MBC 138, No. 434 MBC 135, No. 428 SA/MD2850 Wilkinson 8. op. cit. SA/NBC 499/15 Worsbrough Court 1636-1670 in SA/WhM39 Rolls Worsbrough Dale Court 1679-1685 Rolls and Worsbrough Court 1709-1857 in private Rolls collection. Darley Court Rolls SA/NBC499/15 SA/WhM 40/3 Hunter 283 op. cit. Sykes op. cit. 3.6 - 3.7 Yorkshire Deeds, YASRS. Vol. 3,43,14. WYRD A/61/104 (1704) (1707) and A/148/214 WYRD Y14/21 Phythian-Adams C., Continuity, The Fields and Fission: Making 3rd Ser. Parish, Occasional Paper, of a Midland No-4 (Leicester 1978. University) Taylor, C., 12 Village (1983) London, and Farmstead, Rogers, A.,, Approaches to Local (1977) Histoxy, (2nd-ed. ) London, 5.
52
4.0
TOPOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
4.1
Stone.
forming the dip of the strata The overall easterly landscape local to considerable modification was subjected -about during 10,000 the last years period of glaciation, to the erosion to the retreat ago, in addition subsequent for the successive the ice. ' Evidence and retreats advances from the north-east but of the ice sheet are sparse, scattered
erratics
show the deposits arc
area of
through-Barnsley, between
visible in the
pause
Dove reaches as indications of stage has
the
of been
form
the the 4 of
having
narrow
draining
from
gap
the
'Commons,
on Figure
latter
still
is
Worsbrough
of
towers
with Strafford
and
be viewed (Fig. 4.2)5 in
the
above local
right Kingwell curiosities
in
Lake,
Lake' would the
through
below
Cliff,
Dove
and
300ft
denuded
to
the
the
west.
over
plateaux in the
regenerated
scrubland stripped
outcrop
at
doors with
on the at
emptiness of the foreground. The Highstone
after
today,
survive
enclosing
53
the
the
of rock.
sandstone
Stainborough,
'
for the and windows of a mock facade
Common,
Stainborough.
the
quarry
parts
facing
Highstone,
built
mansion
bare
to
representations of in 1768, together wall
and
the
are seen the final
valley
outfall
a
where
'Barnsley
Swaithe
an
and Wentworth 2 suggest Birdwell),
indicated as over most of the areas 4.1 and in the areas of Dove Cliff,
curtain from his shows
forming
contourr
Worsbrough
completely has soil
Common remain
was carved Earl
the
uncultivated
The exposed
earlier
slopes,
a thin
millenia
3 An
between
ice
succeeding
'York
eventual
gentler
though
and,
the
of
which its
The retreating 500ft
edge
and
Small
of sand and gravel, limit to the east,
township
retreat.
postulated
relatively
deposits
glacial
a branch,
Worsbrough
Worsbrough
retreat;
River
300ft
Worsbrough
of
mile radius ice-covered.
was once completely boulder the along clay
passing
(still
a ten
within
of
as a folly The
Common with and having
to
1779
etching
the
stone
the
embattlements been retained as
Commons in
1816.6
...
.......... ......... .... ... .........
..............
BnrnsleyCommon Wor%b, ýuqh (; Or 1::.,
01
............. P110.11 Oaks ..........
fy
......... . .........
-S
...........
..........
..............
Bank
Ind
lloundhill
swaithe ..............
....... ...............
4f,.. ..........
.............
.......... ................. ... ... .................
: ..........
I. Wof!, bi ough Dale
Wombficitiq
........ .......... ...
ýot
..........
Hrmqe
Smllhley
Canal
.....
nd:.:
I ewden
-Green ....... ...........
mvoir
River
...... .... ...............
............... .......
.......,. .......... ............ ...........kley
, ..:. . .....
.,.::
....... ::.......
.............. ........ ....
Mve
...
..
le t)ove (1'll
.............. ............ ........ ... .........
........... .... ... :.ý... ...
.
Village
....
......
wombW. 11 wood
............... .................
LI ......
......... I flacker Commm
........
Fl. low 2oo It
....
ifildwell
300 40011
2M 300 It
LJ
IM1,11
El
400
r, 00 It
Boundary
r -71
rm
It
LI 1881
BoundarV C or ...... m
Doel
wesent
sleep t1ank 405
mlles I thin
Fig. 4.1
WoRSBRoLJ(;
54
11'1'()WNSI IIP
44,
ý, i ; 4"? ý" -,P,"W ;, -'4. ý- -ý-- ý_r.ý-. ,. ý,
-rI ý,
iq
The Woolley Worsbrough
'- ..--?, .-..
-.
4.2
Fig.
ilk
Worsbrough
Edge Rock,
Cliff
and
Common and is Blacker,
north
and
south
Bank
gradient around rock face up to formed precipitous
100ft
End,
and
the
as steep the township,
of
scree erosion, high in places.
barriers
on
at Dove south faces along cliff *at best with a
to
exposed
margins 20% of
(1779)
Common - Highstone to the north visible
at
worst
7 These
the
a vertical have cliffs
for
travel and, even north/south have subsequently the softened ýillage itself where Worsbrough hazard. a not inconsiderable
where
erosion and vegetation harshness, as on the outlier developed, they still present In
however, the rock has provided compensation, a virtually inexhaustible stone supply and road material. of building Mitchell the "Woolley Edge Rock is one of considers most important Measures: 18 It extremely grits
in of sandstone a bedded sandstone,
is
variable, fine
a quarry
stone
the
Grit
Millstone
for
much-prized this
was re-opened
120ft
up to
at
building to
but
thick,
with
series,
century,
Coal
Middle
coarse-grained
sometimes the
resembling
a smooth, that
beds
the.
quartz
other to
the
provide
levels extent stone
9 levels, Cathedral. Wakefield The upper renovations at however, are coarse gravel, and friable, compact resembling below which bedded layers are strongly readily split which the bedding along Such variability a plane. provided to suit resource the needs of a mason. virtually all for
The parish problems
of
the
church local
of
St.
sandstone
55
Mary's
illustrates
as a building
the material.
This
E c:
09 GOR 1,0
0000 *0
0 000 ,cf, 000
a 0
V U5
0
0
of 0,
E E ý404) *Vlduin. L
91
c
E
m
CL
X
E-4 0 Z 0ý C)
lb I ..
0 ýc 1 tn r4
Iro V,
I
z
0 E-4
5
A4
56
was the
only
building
stone
within but its pre-conquest levels higher of
sixteenth century, early builders were quarrying-the They also tended to set the horizontal,, face. is
causing
severe
The pre-conquest
particularly
century quality deeper
part
the
of
Later
p-336).
as a picturesque for
The quarry has extensions
the
plane outer
the
church fifteenth doubtful
of
from
stone
used
century its
mid-seventeenth better illustrate
brown
pre-Norman
been
not
series.
stone
masons
mellow
the
of
parts a building
suggesting
of
wall
as are
from the quarries so that, buildings in the township onwards, quality
east
the
on the
erosion
stone.
church and identified,
positively
the
and medieval
bedding
the
with
weather
weathered,
south wall, (Fig. A. 27,
stone
before
township
the
later but
the
face
below the present of the escarpment, village has clearly been worked site near the bridge, on a small to use such a scale, and it would have been logical face development (Fig. 4.3) Later convenient source. of this
exposed
into
during a major quarry, throughout in the township
have
been
when
Major Birdwell*
Numerous
township
evidence quarried pd John If
seventeenth
such
End,
Lewden, minor
Dove Cliff,
quarries
Houndhill
methods
pouring also
and, water
little
offer
suggest
that
the
the it
rock
rock
scattered
by way of
records
the
main
river
nineteenth Bank
Top,
and throughout
suggest
dating the
stone was as in 1801:
and sledgehammer, for a Mall & Wedges
[blacksmith]
when over
in
would
and Hay Green.
and the post-medieval by traditional wedge Beardshall
were,
in blocks stone was not required building, for example when used as road drastic by building method was employed face
near
Blacker
the
rock
century,
ownership of the Curate. at Highstone, were developed
as at
Quarrying
rebuilding
the
quarries Bank
the
a position briefly was worked
under
Kingwell, the
in
it
though
crossing, century
inadvisable
intensive
the
was
to
shatter was heaped
57
suitable
for
a more material, the against a fire
sufficiently the face. onto
El-5-8
heated, Highways
a fire,
then
Accounts quenched
it
to
reduce even 1812 pd Richard Bellamy burning
Houndhill
attacking leading Coals
for
for
stone
lacked
seems and a pump was installed: 1819 pd Wm Burns a pump for
hammers:
with
& Slack
for
Lane
E16-5-0.
Ings
Half
repairing to have
quarry
it
before
further,
supply
water
a nearby
El-10-0 at Houndhill a qwuarxy The technique to have occasionally appears got out of hand: 1811 Rev. Dixon for stone Indictment after got in his quarry loads & sixty at was discharged viz 304 yds burnt 3d per ld E4-1-0 His
tenant
Rd.
Carzying Many of in the
early timber
the
earnest.
in
the
of
Court
Marrow
family
this
quarry
date
are
reference
Court
for
Worsbrough
road
its
of
a Quarxy remaining
common Nuisance Candlemas
the
substantial split
for
the
1671
and
earlier
buildings.
dated
Highways
unfenced
on the
The Manor
Inhabitants
"The
states
North
North
side east/west
main
of
Bankend
at
side
Inhabitants
the
on the
is
However,
be precisely
can
the
Quarzy
of begun
a quarry in listed
before
where-an
amerced
opened
as many Court
than
rather
been
Marrow.
significant
1803
is
Worsbrough
The township's
next".
the passed along had been erected the
the
to
one
by Robert in
therefore
.. fenced
they
stone
have
&
Burning
replacement be seen to have
where
one quarry
23 December
opened
by reason
strung
1735
settled made less
of'only
to
reference
held
lands is
for
was
However,
specific for
Geting
the
when
between 1685-1735, missing may have occurred.
Roll
unless
be assumed
had
The opening and that
can
Roll
copyhold
the Rolls
quarries
in
E1-8-0
same stones
The earliest
Manor
renewal
Damages
seventeenth century for buildings-will stone
with
in
away
for
Bellamy
which .. 20s
a
before road
rim of the quarry and some form of fencing in time for in 1804. the next court
a until remained part-fenced, part-open, in 1989 to replace wall wirewas built a slight birch It is remarkable that paling. no major quarry
accident
ever
pitmen's
cottages
occurred. were
The quarry built
below
58
closed the
in
face.
the
1850s
and
A similar 1798 for
posts
the
Road
been
in
1819
"T.
including 1798
Earl
owned,
Elmhirst
removed
stone
he
to
the
states
it
raised
was
best by late
seventeenth
one
on
28 July
the
for
Dove
later
being
1765,
in
opening, together suggesting
for
trend When two
the
site
numerous
a parallel
making
grindstones,
cutlery
industry.
the
parish
was
fragments industry perhaps
1.29M
According
to
59
this
for and
and
century in of this 14 quarry Sheffield
tradition,
early re-
1.24M
inýthe
expanding
local'oral
in
scale
discovered,
were
the
Dick".
conservation
developed for
register,
a large
cleared
grindstones
of
matching'stone
provide
being
distinction
early
and
parish though
even
burial
on
opened
to
but
Snivelling
-
the
century.
esteem,
doubtful
renovation
unfinished
with
1960s
from
survive,
the
closing
century, the
some
Guest was
quarry
nineteenth
current
in
"Richard
Cliff
re-opened
buildings.
achieved
posterity as
in
held
were
worked
and
owned
generations,
records
the
provided
late-nineteenth
business
1849
southern
Cliff,
was
many
into-the
member
recorded
I The
the
they
suggest
the
on
quarry for
masons
family
no
unfortunate
being
of century
Unfortunately records
Blacker
The
in
as
13
Dove
and
survey
crude
Highways,
exposed
Common
being
to
took,
shillings.
sandstone
quarry
clearly 12 money Township".
the
the
of
five
Blacker
family
to
the
he
much
below
William
villagers. and
a by
built
opposed
as
1842
how
Overseer him
stone.
Guest
in
belonging
the
along
it
Overseers
paid
contrast,
comment
to
though
ruins on, the
quarry,
from
the
Shaw
building the
to
no
Bank,
Highstone,
castle
available
"quarry
paid
escarpment,
so
and
a
was
William In
showing
had
This the
along
a mile
the
a
allowed
Quarxyll.
towards
'township'
a
was
show
Top
makes
privately
made,
Bank
Strafford',
of
half
near
eventually
was
Overseer
Kingwell
at
extending
and " survey,
Kingwell
them.
when
Wall
Kingwell
Fairbank
the
for
quarry
It
Highways
the
when
Brameld
precipices
and
E9.8.0.1110
in
quarry
"John
paid,
Quarry
the
Hill
Taylor
a major
Highways
against
set
Kingwell
the
at
arisen
ofthe
Banktop
upon
to
guinea
Overseer
& Rails
off
walled
problem
the
when
had
diameter
were
millstones (Penistone)
mills feed, the
animal averaging
OAM diameter
twenty
Worsbrough
smaller,
hole,
Bullhouse
the
grinding for
friable
too
the
across stones to have come
as stepping are thought
used farmýand
of
corn
grindstonest many lacking
unfinished 15cm thick,
and have been
and
for
century
being
sandstone
Over
shaft
the
this
earlier
grinding. central
to
supplied
Green garden of Kendal been largely has recently from Dove Cliff. The quarry following waste tip. obscured use as a municipal found have been local for Minor the such as stone uses ball, found at the variation stone quern, with of a saddle
the
for
Houndhill,
dye
grinding
16th
the
at
weaving 10cm diameter
century
cannon balls about dredged from the farm pond. recently demands for These various stone growing (p. 142),
works
and
stone
seventeenth
and eighteenth
requirements
the
house
of
building,
Equally
centuries,
made the
the the
particularly
emerging for
need desire
obvious was the to improve their
citizens
and
gentry
in
middle-class
major
for
for
the
obvious.
quarries less-well
endowed building,
own lot
a stone with though means. However, such quality stone, was beyond their Commons heights the the of with virtually on no soil cover hole would digging soon produce and Dove Cliff, any large sufficient
stone
for
quality nor neatly has long disappeared Dove
millenium, which the dangerous
Manor to
trimmed.
Cliff Court
relatively their
were frequently high fines living
Much of the evidence of been left having unfarmed
still
shows
the
hard
to
sought
of
results
the
best delving this delves
as being
prevent
travellers.
The hard-pressed records
but,
not
albeit
wall,
a cottage
the
conditions.
inferior called suggests
persons' to book strong
The Court
of and
the the
motivation
regularly
Court risk to
of improve
made a general was set for all
as in 1685 when a fine of tenpence lapidus]. " [fodiendo who delved on the Commons for stone Individuals were regularly summoned, such as Mr. John Naylor Manor who, in 1788 "got this stone upon the Wastes within order,
60
had then the fine no right so to do" and for which his break increased own to to five For trying out shillings. twenty Common II[J] Russel on'Birdwell quarry was amerced
having
in
shillings" 4.2
1811.
Ironstone. beds
The sandstone the
Tankersley
in
the
band,
Ironstone
the
west of largely
township
composed
of
contain carbonate
and Birdwell 15 Commons, through beyond Figure Rockley to Dodworth and . 4.3 shows the line in use during the of iron-ore pits but it has been eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the the twelfth mined from at least and into century Tankersley
on the
nodules,
which
twentieth.
The scale of exploitation due'to the low quality partly
however, through
the
various
phases
examined
4.3
in
outcrops
problems of
more
of
has of in
communications
the
growth
of
detail
in
Chapter
local
the
been the
restrictedr ore
and
partly
The area. industry iron are
the
6.
Sand.
In addition to the glacial previously sand and gravel, there are pockets the lower noted, and banks throughout levels of the township as a result of the climatic degradation being the debris of the sandstone cliffs, banks. It is known that many of carried along the river these pockets have been exploited but their exact locations have largely During the 1960s excavations gone unrecorded. for example, at the seventeenth Rockley Smithies, a century bank was investigated if it was evidence raised to ascertain of an access road to the site. 16 It proved to be a natural sand/gravel
bank left
by a change
in
the
course; river by down the valley left banks exploration similar showed from the'seventeenth ancient Documentary meanders. evidence century shows sand was proving a valuable asset to the villagers, the heavy clay no doubt as a means of improving and for show that the
soils
use on the inhabitants
highways. retained 61
The Manor Court rights
of
Rolls
commons to
into the personal use well nineteenth century, as no local person was ever brought before it. he was selling the Court In 1804 "James unless had taken sand from the Waste Common Russel Birdwell on .. into five the Township shillings"t of Stainbrough amerced .. being but he obviously his to build continued enterprise, up before in 1814 for what appears the Court to be again sand
extract
for
and gravel
stockpiling:
he was amerced
twenty
of
Loads
Timothy
in
6d in
Worsbrough the
inhabitants
loads
John
Stocks
which
they
fines
of
fined
the
the 25s
Barnsley, for
rank Od in
A major
discussed quantities which for
each
for
relate
to
fined
1791
each
but,
in
particular
it
cannot
be
to
half
Chapter
sand
The
the
of 6.
iron
was
furnaces
were
John
Smith level in
the to of
thieves, had
been
into
gravel
was
of
influence
the
Barnsley
and
and
certainty
with
Ownsworth
gentleman,
Totty for
and,
the
the
to
1797,
pattern
or
had
fined
2s
only
1796.
for
second
Thomas
varying
Thomas sand
manor
1796,
quantity
taking
this
in
known
of
Barnsley
The
offence.
thief.
in
blast
casting.
gravel
no
Perkins
of
molten
and
It
is
in
the
Rockley
seventeenth noted
required
to
was
cast,
new
few
surviving
62
following
created
the valley,
century
-
here
that
large
make
the
moulds
moulds accounts
in
town
of
Mr.
sand
same
for
of
own
the
of
Roper
6d".
7s
Barnsley's
north
waste
Barnsley
Highstone/
sand,
the
incursions the
of
sand
John
related
demand
in
"Mr. the
the
at
to
6d
the
offence
of the
2s
'John
establishment the
fined
repeated
same
during
also
.. stolen
fine
but
the
and
entries
amerced
follow
the
at
even
Waste
the
being
away
from
Sand
quantities,
extent
spleen
6d to
appear
what
or
were 10s
absence
"
same",
Worsbrough
1800
In of
had
fined
was
herbage.
selling
township
steal
Barnsley
of
the
distance
valley.
two
Township
to
some
Dearne
taken
into
boundary being
frequent
most
coming
Kingstone
the
the
1805.
However,
source
and
laid
"having
from
Sand
"leading
Dale
for
shillings waste injuring
the
upon
had been
Humphries
Highways 10s
Sand
five
being of
into
required the
6d
consortium Rockley Dove
the
Cliff
1691
smelting
taken
from
brought
4.4
the
show
17th/18th
the
operating
being
sand
brought
Wombwell
and
Wood
for
campaign,
in
1140 load
sand
from
valleys
from
Worsbrough
4.3).
(Fig.
1700,
Wombwell
heathland
the
62
example,
17 Wood and
Wombwell
from areas
furnaces
blast
century
loads
E4"
Wood
.
of the
During were
sand
of
George
at
Archdale 18
Soil. The
Rockley
retained
thick
woodland,
shown
in
main
4.1
Plate
valley
floors
middle
distance
and
Birdwell
Throughout
the
course
to
where
of
the
it
leaves floor,
valley
hundreds
Plate
of
the
of
yards,
4.1.
400-500
the
Common the
of
in
varying has
Rockley
width
been
always
valley
63
the
east
the
in
wooded the
from
Dove,
from
show
horizon.
the
subject
from
the
becks
river in
township
on
above
crops
contour,
Rockley
and
view
(from rape
and
support
On the
the
foot
to
able
valley,
4.1),
Fig.
Dodworth
Dodworth
farming.
Rockley
see the
at
towards
alluvium
arable
the
south,
fields
cereal
and
across
looking
Houndhill
fertile
a richly pasture
Dale
at
Lewden,
a few to
north.
Rockley
feet
annual
part to
flooding
from
flourishing
and
At
hay
Lewden osier
provide
Pennine
the
snow melt,
flood
creating
meadows
fields.
an almost permanent wetland beds, recorded on the first
was created O. S. edition
to
(1855)
in origin map, which were possibly and were medieval in use through the post-medieval to the certainly period They provided for thatching present century. and cane rushes for basket-making. Occupations from the parish are omitted registers beds after
1714,
to
prior
but
families
two
date
this
family
the Ogden whose house and workshop survives Buildings No. 21), and the Parkin family
The Parkin
makers.
these exploited of besom makers,
(Appendix at Birdwell family of basket and tems
were
sixteenth century migrant being the burial arrivals, of John Parkin on 29 recorded 1574, but it has not been possible July to determine when family
the
first
The soil 500ft
became higher
contour,
content
makes
up the
consists it
involved valley
improving
flocculation.
by
the
alluvium;
300-
the
around
clay
in work but rich liming became common locally
when
texture
trades.
to
soil
production, particularly in the eighteenth century, the
these sides,
a heavy
of
a heavy
in
reducing
the
acidity
and
The source of the lime is obscure as Worsbrough A kiln (now lost) contains no limestone strata. site was known at Rockley Hall Ing at Blacker1g. A late and a Kiln 20 Strafford eighteenth Estate Field Map century shows a Kiln and Kiln
Close
at
Rockley
Abbey
and Lime
Kilns
Worsbrough
at
21 Many to be of ancient of these are likely foundation O. S. and, as none appear on the first edition by the 1850s. maps, must be presumed The site closed near the Worsbrough later in the nineteenth Bridge was revived by the Jessop century family the middle and operated until Bridge.
of
the
present kilns
earlier have been mid-18th brought
century. is unclear,
brought century22.
as back
by cart
The
source
but from
The jessop carriage,
of
limestone
the
64
the
is
Kilnhurst
accountS23
via
lime
Conisbrough
for
canal show loads
Worsbrough
link
the' known basin being of
the
to in
Conisbrough
from canal, and Knottingley.
the
lime-burners.
& Dove
Dearne
earlier
the
Magnesian This
Limestone
ridge
likely
source
was the
at for
the that can be assumed with certainty reasonable kiln latter brick, the early references are to lime, as not before the nineteenth was little used in the township demands of the population Where any brick century expansion. It
kilns
are
noted,
specifically with
kilns
pottery
excellent seams, within period local
there
despite
as,
the
survey,
are
for,
Park,
be no confusion
can
wide
they
of
availability the local
ganister clay associated coal with is no evidence there to suggest production pottery be seen that, the township. the It will throughout a comprehensive picture emerges of the in documentary with no hint of potters in the field names at any-period
under review, industries but
sources,
nor
Worsbrough's in
O. S. edition in Worsbrough
recorded as such, the 1840s. Similarly
in
example,
1st
as on, the
amongst history.
The surviving land use until
Court the
Rolls
a degree
suggest
of
stability
when of the eighteenth century is a surge of cases involving there of commons encroachment brought before in an attempt to the Court and waste being preserve
the
increasing clearly
status
end
guo.
pressure'for sensing
The rising cultivable
an unwelcome
brought population land and the township
change
in
the
order established had long and pasture became this No doubt
the naturally as all available arable been part balance. of the agricultural factor in the demands by the an important for
a legal
Enclosure
apportioning which
of
land
the in
was effected
was
major
through
landowners
an Act
of
1816.
Of equal concern of the fertility was the preservation from had benefited of the land, which over the centuries had made the fullest mixed farming, where controlled grazing dung in the natural farming It use of animal cycle. annual is perhaps in waste and those that taking understandable commons, increase
as part of its fertility.
a cottage
plot, would wish was no better way than to
vegetable
There
65
to
dung
remove
the
grazing of the
manorial detriment the
from
eighteenth
commons,
As this
rights.
caught
taking
the
those
involved,
is
used under have been to the
would
end of
fining
began
anyone
of on the poverty the Court was forced
a reflection in 1803 that
however,
the
towards
as a whole, Manor Court
villagers
century dung. It
being
still
for last Court 5s the record,, Persons amerced at Dung from the Waste of this Manor appeared at this gathering from be Court to and prayed excused on account of poverty "Several
to
paying
such
offence this
amercements the
again,
Manor It
not
proved
promising
Jurors
the
claim a difficult
Court.
children
the
heights
ently
of
Lord
of
the
face
of
11
amercement.
in
keep
to
Common, were
Blacker
from
Dung
gathering There
may also
have
the
which was part of thinner on the higher, years
of
continuous
from
and all)
respected
and
was brought Quantity
of
and
Ward Green
4.5
Water.
went
so far
...
Earth
to Court from
ýamerced
grew from
as to
the
charged
the
Waste
fifty
in
water
a
at
Round
Green
"
'
66
'.
both
for
supplies# its to meet able
use, which were the tiny pre-Conquest
industrial-township. a nineteenth century The river Dove and its Dodworth
he
"taking
shillings.
had adequate
Highly
many ways,
with ...
soil
fields,
1816.
in
township
and
the
remove their
Elmhirst
as William the
of
producing perhaps greater were facing
improve
Commons to
the
Worsbrough always domestic and industrial needs as it
when
were farmers
a benefactor
before
11
the fertility with farms, particularly hundred three after
which,
cultivation,
a personageýsuch
ls.
amerced
..
been
soils
yieldsýat a time Some inhabitants
smaller demand.
Waste
the
on
frequ-
"for
presented,
and
problems long-established
land
great
the
before to be brought cases continued family) in, 1814 Mary Wroe (a nailer example, lived (labourer), Fisher of William who all
For
the
even
requested
promise
the, same
commit
and hunger;
poverty
(dung
therefore
to
to
not
tributary
settlement (Fig.
into' 4.1-)
divide
effectively the evidence
ancient modern drainage
former of-its had sufficient
before
sufficient Domesday,
Lewden
since
Manor
Middle
the
Ages
mill,
a its
at mills latter converted
the -
driving
a shadow to have flow
since Rockley and
the During century. from Birdwell, tributary
a small
the
the
of
then
It
to
a
postaugmented
three
to
in ruling, had arisen
1685, which
community.
into
the
River
cadevera
vel
conscious
of
the
1682,
In
ullas fishing
of
fish,
fresh
but
the
took steps common good, imposed it for instance,; a
who on all sum of ten shillings May. In namos in acquam] before without permission was 3s 4d.
hand seem some villagers needed the strong look after their as a court own interests
would
court
supply
enormous
ponent fine for
the
a free
stocks.
[qui
1685
of
was capable
ever
conserve
fished
the
to
river
seventeenth
offering Court,
fine
the
valley,
corn
is
it
water wheels furnaces the Rockley for two blast Smithie S24 and wheels 25 the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . It was also a valuable to the source of protein
villagers to
the
reduced
work Worsbrough two further corn
and
medieval period, by a pond system, at in
has
from
and,
parts
the
along
to
the in
mill
banks
dry
three
it would appear Although self. never depth it was always to be navigable, in north/south However, travel. element
restrictive has been
paper
into
township
of
that
clear
the
suggests
an extremely
of
practice
anti-social
to the value of the river would threaten Any inhabitant stinking carrion who threw jacebunt drank, [qui or any pond where-cattle
fetida,
in
flumen
vocat
Dove
stagna),
vel
alique but now lost
3s 4d. A Roll was to be fined quoted of 1688, 26 suggests by Wilkinson the the and practice continued , had to be further ruling proclaimed. The village had two ponds, one at each end of the the chief being the church village, on the green opposite tower.
This
additionally
not the
only site
served of
the
the
needs of ducking-stool
but
livestock which
had
the late use until Presumablythe eighteenth century. ducking was considered sufficient punishment without
67
was regular the
hazards
dead
of
additional submergence rotting with The numerous wells throughout the township by the contorted of possible and dipping strata
animals. made
were
ganister by bands
the coal of with seams, separated in thickness from a few centimetres to sandstone varying the Water percolating through over a hundred metres. is trapped sandstone as hillside above the clay, emerging
clay
associated
springs
forming
or
throughout
the
its
township,
by wells.
tapped
aquifiers,
date. The majority an early O. S. map, including many
settlement at the Ist edition Ages
(though
Well
Others
have
been
current
mainly
at
the
mid-18th
enjoyed
a private Genn House has the
a well
Lewden
of
well following
courtyard
which
sole
found
was
by a resistivity
a chance
houses
now be cannot local of example surviving but 6), the No. Buildings -
well
(Appendix
superstructure,
the
research, before built
houses substantial is likely that such all
it
and
on
now lost).
are
the
of
century,
originally located.
site
sites
in
originating
Middle
some such as Agnes discovered during the
occur
for suitable was can be located
area
whole
As these
of survey farmer. At
the
comment'by
the
a well and pump in the cellar of the 18th century had long been known, but a second well extension was discovered during in an outhouse attached recent excavations 27. to the curtain fortification Other War wall of the Civil
Houndhill,
no doubt
wells
await
A number of Green, had a well spring
and,
sites,
though
as Swaithe
such
tapping the
the
have
wells
water
(now
spring
is
by
ruined
long
today;
springs run still had a traditional Hall
Swaithe
run-off)
by allotment
of
some wells
far
habitation
site,
such
as those
shown
woods
of
The
origin Possibly
west for
Rockley,
which they
answers
were
for
must
been the
currently location
raise
cannot, watering
68
and
Pantry
as an adjacent
reputation
fertiliser used
Hall
same source
the
sealed,
discoveries.
chance
similar
disused
and
Cork
Lane
spring
for
sweet
soft
and
the
at
Pantry
gardeners. from
any
on the
questions as yet, cattle,
known O. S.
survey
as to their be hazarded.
but
are
relatively
in
the need. Although near a stream which would seem to obviate 28 forward "the Hoskins that, green puts a generalisation invariably the Worsbrough almost contains a well", .. from any 'green' far to numerous and evidence points wells three 'greens' Cross and Ward (Rockley, White at least having
Green)
no known
implying
well,
, greens'
lacked
which
a settlement. However, had
township its
took
name,
latter
Birdwell,
as at
area
was of particular domestic general use,
one for healing
the
each minor settlement area throughout it from which at least one well nearby Hollin
Well
interest
in
the
other iron
often
The and Kingwell. having two wells, as a
esteemed
from its well, presumably content, of a type by Celia Fiennes The Enclosure much loved on her travels2g. in 1816 decreed: Commissioner "I award for the use of the Public
a certain
on Ward Green William
Common near
Parkin
the
"within
the
bounds
Wellehouses", Well
present
Close.
"
Croft
opposite
the
Hall.
under
a modern
building,
well
in
the
Lane.
However,
during
(Appendix
between
the
street.
It
became to
available glebe 1826,
kitchen
exchange
for
the
villagers document,
wall
vicarage before the
31 for
a certain with
The as the
is
the
of
site the
investigation
No. 17)
Buildings door and the
solely
1318
possibly'identifies
which
now lost
Vicarage
in
Wirkesburg
of
Street.
High
in
a grant
is
the
the
along
well
Back
situate water belonging to
Inclosure
had--two wells village Chartulary3o records
The Monk Bretton
place'called
Chalybeate
of
an Ancient
Owler
called
Worsbrough including,
Spring
or
well
second of located
a well was the now bounding use wall
a graveyard
but
main
was originally
interposed. extension
A in
shows a pump had been erected villagers nearby so that had access despite still to-the the wall. The accounts water in 1826 include,; Jonas of the Constable, George Green, "Paid Jowett
for
mending Protection of
important Constable
Town pump the
well
the as protecting had responsibility
15s
Od".
water
was
purity
of
for
69
the
considered'equally the safety
river
and
of
wells.
the The
devastating in
of effects demographic
later
the
Common after Part
two
1707
the
They were provided with village. by iron bands in a wooden (later stone), doors, repair. all constant of which required
within lids held with
structure For
had been lifted. control to Town Rate was used by the Constable Green, Birdwell Pantry wells at Kingwell,
the
of
lockable
the
example, for
Doors
Constable's
John
for
South
3s
1725
Green
(The 1722
Martin
other
Guest (But
1723
Pd Jno and
During
the Swift lead
for
for
bands,
on ye following
Lid
were
mending
8d.
year): 2s 4d
making equally
ye
repair was for Oliver
Green
5s 1d.
2s ld
well
Well
ye doors 3d
making
lidd
wells
ls
South
Tho.
for
Swift
Green
for
to
& pd
the
again for
making Jn South for
in
well
1717 A lid
record:
7d.
to ye
had broken
(It
accounts
Town Wells
the
& nails crooks For lead & boards 1716
will at Worsbrough
supply 1830s
water of the
survey
be seen
parochial
onlyýthe
oversee and the
an impure
vulnerable):
Oliver
[Hollin]
Well
3s Od
short-lived); Well
ls
mending
-
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Copyholders for a Close containing at Hay Green did fealty the oddly named "Pittle Well",, a term associated with the local dialect It may refer to urine word for urine. the
32
for use in tanning collection cloth or scouring woollen but is more likely to be a mis-pronunciation of "pightel", form of the locally an alternative meaning common "pingle", to Victorian a small enclosure near a house33. In deference name was changed at the 1850 Court to a Well". Another well at Kingwell, more ambiguous "Pickle recorded, as 'Bottle Well, O. S. map, may on the 1st Edition have a connection glass with the local nineteenth century industryP4 House,, on Worsbrough Common, WhilSt Windmill the
sensitivities
possibly
recalls
numerous
wells
nineteenth
an earlier the serving
supply,, growing
century.
70
prior
to
population
sinking of the
the early
Dating
of
by appearance
wells
of a significant is unrealistic. material, is probably the Vicarage excavation
17th well the Vicarage.
stone-lined building latter,
19th
the
A pair
these
into
turned
still
nineteenth
century
Constable's Savile
some wells for 1808,
account
for
& Wm Butterfield
Mr Porter's
4s 6d.
gates
pump at
the
adjacent date of
the
to the similar town field running medieval to point near the pond,
of the
wells,
It close. draw water
a pasture in use to
brick-lined and
century befitting
century,
possible dating obtain
and total
not
to
number, However,
among the selions of the south end of the village having been amalgamated strips
up to
well
is
by-the
disuse;
the
includes
for
example, one each filling
one
with
By the
stock., into
fallen
and
century
as pasture
remains for the had
17th
James
-
up the
by
well
_
4.6 Woods. in
The spread of settlement . by the ready access perhaps woodland
Contrary
pattern.
research,
that
the for
a search
and
Iron
culture aerial
in
even
the
erated finally
even economy, the
to
with in
from
example,
the
to
had
South
England,
the
of
felling the
population during
developed
Yorkshire
Ice-age,
Roman
to
Dr. Riley's
agri-
exhaustive field
systems36
of
the
pattern
of
of
the
earlier
woodlands
Roman occupation. boundaries planned the
be
into
hostile
now considered
show little
changes
arrived
shows will
time
systems
of the interpretation
and Fleming's Dartmoor, 37 which of
areas
for
as seen, investigation
surviving
decades,
woodland the last after farmers Neolithic
by the
exceed two million 5. field Extensive conquest, time,
archaeological
expanding more rapidly improved and the as tools
Ages
the
affected
clearly belief,
process
to
this
encouraged
primeval
regenerated by the cleared
was systematically the and burning,
grew
popular last two
New woodland'.
abortive.
Bronze
water,
to
in
particularly
conclusively
to
township,
the
landscape they
71
Roman organisation accel-
of-estates,
so that thus
on
reeves
"When
came, - not
to
the
Saxons
an empty
land
forests,
of
a few
of
remains totally
marshes
and moorland
thousand
primitive
exploited country, and farmsteads,
villages of landholding
all
a crowdedt towns, roads,,
into
organised fixed but
system 38. antiquity"
a complex
great into
not only farmed areas
of
Roman organisation,
with
... these
but
people, in fields,,
covered
insubstantial
the
with
the Middle survived in Ages,, ".. that much of the wooded land was farmed had passed cultiout of prehistoric and Roman times ... 39 but any during decline the vation of the Dark Ages .. st, timber the later areas and replanting surviving assarting than the remnants to be older of the are most unlikely Not
all
inheritance
from
originating
since
not development,
of
minor
in
settlements became
woodland management
was certainly
be left
as wild
probably term it
asset,
Taylor
comments, for
meadowland 40 it pasture.
than
be viewed
to
being
woods
looked
or
woodland landowners larger
the
only
for
suitable
was usually
as arable
and
assarts,
medieval
has
retained
cleared
a commodity
Woodland
carefully
national scattered
township
blocks
valuable
care
the
the
As Christopher
too
much more
However,
in
crop.
as much
the
creating
waste...
the
majority
of
where
of
north
concentrated
as a cash
almost
particularly
in
"Timber
with
escape
the
forests
regenerated
changes. the impact
medieval
did
Worsbrough pattern
the
the
after
and as a long
to exploit able due many income,
that the with any confidence fortunes. later, the family generations would enhance Valuable though oak may be to the builder a full-grown the time of cutting, it had been a liability and dead for over a hundred to the landowner capital and fifty and replant
However, nineteenth steep
for
replanting
continued
century, ploughing
domestic
outlets cash fuel,
the
owner
to
bark
for
the
Bank
at
years.
the was too
which
crop. a timber in Worsbrough woodland
yield
of income
generate for brushwood return oak
into
Worsbrough
along
especially but could
Fortunately, numerous immediate
at
to
the
72
local
from and
his
holding
thinnings
tanners,
had -
for great
timbers
0
ýý
x
T
-ý
0 ý
-QE
00 -0 C-I.
c
0 Cm
0
f
OD (Y) 00
.......
....
44 r
...........
80
.............
Bu
ý1'-E
73
U;
16)
r24
for
building,
fodder.
willow
Modern
was the supply for the smithies
Period
from
charcoal, furnaces
managed coppices, to be discussed as part of 6. Though it is inadvisable
Chapter projections
of
of the often have probably
of
willows,
The Domesday information "wood fails
to
ment,
but
dimensions
under
review,
to
during
cover
conditions
soil including
be equated
cannot
league'
The
measures.
these
early environment; medieval woodland 41 league" league by half It only not a a . its location in relation to the settle-
indicate its
view
a range wet-loving with birch oaks. clay-soil and the heavier in its is somewhat unhelpful survey
scrubland on the half pasture
in
change,
woodland
by
Worsbrough
providing
make simple back in time
of climatic in the period
The variety change. has, been determined
millenium
to
of
and blast in industry
iron
the
landscape
a vegetation
unknown variables been too brief,
lasting
this
for winter and even holly timber part of the local
basketry important
A particularly in the Early
economy
cause
for
was the
to
modern in
used
common measurement
by the Domesday surveyors north woodland when estimating but as to 12 furlongs, and is usually regarded as equal is occasionally 'mile' league, used where would be more the
the origin and doubt surrounds of both measure42 dimension the be treated ments, cannot confidence. with Occasional in the Monk Bretton Priory references appropriate,
Chartulary expanses
of
refers
township
which inference
any
items
than
Cross,
which
the
contrary,
had
little
the value
income
for
donor,
arable
mentioned
Middle scattered
the
of
as the the
to
overall
name of
being
more
are
included
to
prayers
profitable.
held
at
Priory
in
providing
for
the
soul
woods with
White wood.
Spring
woodland
Where
not
topography,
Monk
as an appendage
74
the
indicate
of the
the
and does
concern,
medieval wood it
spring
mentions
offer
43 Ages . However, holdings within
had'any
modern
as a grant
considerable
retained
Priory
sparse
a priest they
the
such
retains
the to
only
with
permit
township
in
woodland
Chartulary
other
the
suggest,
of
it
the
are vague
on
location Boseville of
for
land
with in
[Swaithe]
heights
The raw thin
wood
expanse No indications
scale of
the
when
sides
have
for
wooded
areas,
pattern;
a pattern and Witney
Ruston
a steady
Where porary began
typical
to
been
the
west.
found
of
to
period,, from
assarts
being
the 1301
occurred Pindar
in in
the
Oaks
woodland
in
for
A Court assarted keeping
the
township
the
many contemWoodland early
Swaithe,
the
but
village,
main
through in
by
noted
expansion. from the
from
outward
made certainly Monk Bretton
north the
his
where following
century
of
the
fourteenth
house
and
in
Priory
between
township century fields at
1154.
Jordan
taken
as his
son
Richard
from
his
father
now largely
manor in being Wigfall
was under age. back two further recorded
Glu
cleared
the records into the lord's Chart-
The Priory generations to
passing
tenements,
Simon 49. Wigfall taken over by
75
End and
Yews. 1340
of
Bank
Henry
when
Rol 148 Of Rockley
lands
valley,
settlement
from
pasture
takes this ulary assarting in 1330 Jordan de Wiggefall is, his son, "a messuage, buildings, inherited
Yorkshire
differed
into
pasture
the changes 46 Pagnell.
and
only
and
in A grant in Swaithe, Brom to his son Henry of an assart bought the latter of Adam Blaber, suggests 47. the previous Similar expansioncentury
Blaberoxgang, it
arable
polyfocal
plough
to
any form of large township the Shropshire 45, but the evidence is
in
Hooton
Ardsley
of
by Henry
cleared
South
not
particularly were foundation
of the illustrated
was its
submit
medieval
of
Worsbrough
perhaps
settlements to
expansion
at
would was first
Age vill
in such as occurred and at Cuxham near Oxford
Myddle
have
Dove Cliff
and
clearance
rather
of
bovate and a messuage in Sunathe adjoining ..
woodland would undoubtedly in addition of the valley
Rockley
of
de
by Robert
1321
"..
Dark
mature
both
over
rich
Highstone
of
scrub cover but thick
established, have extended the
in
the grant example, de Boseville Philip the meadows and woods 44 Wirkisburg. 11
as, to
when
Richard,
meadows" the heart
woods, is the
at
reservoir,
but
the
is
reservoir All the
to
woodlands,
albeit in mainly
in
occasional
shrinkage need for
the
manor,
and
the
thus
basic
the
outlines
1837 Tithe the on recorded and new planting woodland in be the to position conjectured compared which may 43). 3.1, in (page Figure previously outlined Great the
the
end of
1595,
William
friend
Henry
building.,,
Micklethwaite
of
my timber which is had intended this
"all
Riley,
situation
-In
the
branches, ironworks
de-barked
than
more
(Appendix consortium for
Derbyshire timber
Buildings had to pay
Chappell for
charcoal
The closure of the in mid-eighteenth smithies the maintain deforestation
to
estate
William
Elmhirst
of Larchoo52 from
was
the had
posts
for
was obliged
Horncastle
3 and
by
76
South,
order Of
were Rockley
bought
mill"
even
in thoughý*
51
the
cycle,
and incentive
to
resulting
in
the example, fencing. provide
for
1813
timber
the
purlins
trees
removed
a half
(Lincs).
the
furnaces
coppicing
to
a new
however,
plentiful.
charcoal-fuelled
where, point insufficient
and
"two
century
his
toward
thick trimmed roughly in 1692 the No. 12);
still
and
to
for
John
& Slitting
wheele
spring-woods
Elmhirst 72 dozens
and
in
(Appendix-
stone,
blacksmith,
of
towards
felled
century, seventeenth in the century, early
was changing; building the house
in
in
built
he actually
No. 9).
Buildings
left
Hall,
Swaithe
map c. 1600,
available instance,
still when, for
were
century
sixteenth
which
small
building
-50Micklethwaite
kitchen
used little
for
timbers
in
charcoal
and
supply
4.4
Rockley
necessitated
which the
to maintain management Figure of the landowner.
careful income
to
such Much
settlements farmsteads.
particularly
response iron industry,
local
expanding
with
end of
established,
well
satellite the outlying
of
assarts
endure,
replanting, the
the
the
of
the
around
pattern. by the
were complete being fields
town
fields
the
with
and as Swaithe, of the remaining were
the
period,
field
modern
clearances
major
medieval
the
boundary
lane,
'green
in
preserved
the
together
of
curve
northern
its
to
11180 dozens dozens the
of
3568
of railst ledges gate
acres
recorded
of
as the
township
for
accounted
woodland
in
area
1838
the
8.2
only
of which a tenth it was no longer selfto the local economy woodland
was new plantation,
suggesting The importance of
supporting. declined even
further
only
replaced
as stone but, material an advanced 4.7
more
during
cent,
timber
not century, nineteenth building as the essential a result of the change from based
energy
economy.
Coal. The coal
extend over high quality, faces south
reserves, the
entire
thick the
of
area of beds which
it
where course,
township
outcrop
The Barnsley
valley. sought
after
the
along
and,
expansion
the
opening rail
of of
the
the
network
in
Worsbrough
industry
its
effects
coal demographic
in the
coal 1804, followed
1840s.
was
to
a stage
This,
of
for main impetus had to await industry
Worsbrough
canal
and
north
as technology deeper mining
make a national contribution. was dependent on transport andthe
of
Silkstone
the
and
could
the
the
the
energy, mineral in a sequence
century, eighteenth industry developed the local
so that
possible
the
provided
which
seams were especially improved during the
of
per
the
particularly, to a mineral
organic
Survey,
Commutation
Tithe
53
by
the
The development
in be examined in Chapter considered will
extension of
Chapter
the 6 and
7.
The township
encompassed an area offering all the for successful habitation, potential with a good water supply, to satisfy ample timber and a variety of soils in by stone and minerals needs, supplemented essential later during the post-medieval stages of-development
basic the
The sequence of exploitation expansion. of these resources is examined in later Chapters on Worsbrough's economic fortunes, but no community can survive long', in isolation, however well-endowed, and Worsbrough's problems particular in
regard to communications with and beyond must now be considered.
77
its
immediate
hinterland
NOTES 4.0 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
33.
TOPOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY in description General the the region of of geology Geology Mitchell, G. H. et al, (1974) of the Count Barnsley HMSO. around 131 & 134. Ibid, 136. Ibid, 131. Xbid, 227. (1872) Wilkinson, J., Histoxy of Worsborough, 3. (1833) Twigg, C., Stainborough and Rockley the Earl This with obsessed second appears of Strafford iron-age invention history an and also modified of hillfort to erect the a of Stainborough within grounds to impress visitors. complete mock castle miniature See Ashurst, H. A. S. D., (1991) Lowe', 'Stainborough Vol. 16,33-39. 61-63; 71-73. Mitchell, op. cit. 71 Ibid, 71 Probably Ibid, Dove Cliff the quarry. SA/ PR3/14(l). Highways. ' Accounts of the of Overseer SA/ FB83. pp 46/7 SA/ EM1238 SA/ PR3/14(l) dia. 1.29M SYCAS SMR, registered D. One stone Ashurst, hole, 0.5M. Second 7.6cm and 20cm thick offset with hole. 7.6cm 1.2M dia. 17cm thick stone central with x 47 and 142. Mitchell, op. cit. Crossley, D. & Ashurst, D., (1968) 'Excavations at Rockley Smithies', PXA, Vol. 2.11. SA/SIRl. Staveley Ironworks Records. p. 119. SA/SIR2. p. 91. SA/Worsbrough Commutation Tithe Award. Muniments, SA/EM1088, Estate, Survey c. 1791. of Strafford of Earl Tithe Commutation. SA EM1005-6 Jessop ledgers, Author's collection. account Crossley & Ashurst, op. cit. forthcoming. Crossley, D. - report Wilkinson, 441. op. cit. forthcoming. Ashurst. D, excavation report Hoskins, W. G., The Making of the English Landscape, 2nd. 57. (1988) Ed. London, Morris, London, C. (ed) Fiennes, The Journeys of Celia (1947), 80 Walker, J. W. The Chartularies of Monk Bretton, YASRS., (1924) Vol. 66,127. BIHR - Glebe G58. Exchange Stead, J. Old West Riding, "The Uses of Urine", (1982) is mainly Vol. 2, No. 1,1-3. The article for but indicates textiles the concerned with problems in a process. manufacturers requiring urine MawerrA, (ed). in English PlaceElements The Chief Names, (1930) 48. Cambridge,
78
34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
Glass,, D. Histozy Ashurst, of South Yorkshire (1992) Sheffield. C. in Hoskins, W. G. (1988) Taylor, p. 16-17. op. cit. from the Air,, Early Riley,, D. N. Landscape (1980) Sheffield. Current Fleming,, A. "The Dartmoor, Reeves",, (1977) Archaeology, Vol. 55.250-252. 17. (1988), Taylor, op. cit. 82. (1989) London, Muir. R. & Muir, N., Fields, 53. Taylor,, op. cit. (1987), Great Domesday Book, Alecto Editions, Historical fol. 317. 82. Grierson, (as Note 41), P. "Weights & Measures" Walker, J. W. (ed) "Chartularies of Monk Bretton". YASRS.,, (1924) Vol. 66. 121. ibid, (1974), Hey, D. G. An English Community, Myddle. Rural 33 Leicester, Village Harvey, P. D. A., A Medieval Oxfordshire 3 Cuxham 1240-1400, (1965) Oxford, London, (1934), Ruston, A. G & Witney, D, Hooton Pagnell, 63-64. MBCF 120 211.112. PRO SC2 (Court Rolls). MBC. 129. 30 July 1595. BIHRI WILLS, William Micklethwaite SA/SIRl p. 110 SA/EM672 Commutation Tithe Survey, Chest. Parish
79
5.0
COMMUNICATIONS
5.1
Roads. The position
Worsbrough
of
the
within
part
communications a vital network played development. By the mid-sixteenth of its course had become a thriving able to rural community
national
marketable
However,
surplus. it
century,
encountered both markets,
suitable heavy industries the
of
transport
wider
in
it
century, a
produce
the
eighteenth
in
reaching and the developing surplus lack iron, through of access problems
serious for this
coal
late
until
and in the
regional
and
town
The growing market it but reaching
network.
to
of and beyond
to was clearly a target, difficulty. degree any great was fraught with in Worsbrough developed The internal road system which but any major to its inhabitants served contribution well,
Barnsley
the
regional
and national
and rail
links
of
brought
which
the
of
the
early
modern
Worsbrough's it
when
In prosperity. the democratic
addition,
the
way the
township
the
any
absence
of
The modern strictly of
each
it
"Human needs restrictions "
unaltered. Worsbrough east/west lesser,
though
demand might is inescapable
population travel,
controlling
and,
the offers
conducted faction.
in
the
later
national some insight its own affairs
complex
of
of
the
prevailing
the
more
growing
needs
of and
comprehensive
that,
the
through
highways
the-limitations
region
introduction
progress
shared record
countrywide
within
canal
The present of Worsbrough. documentary provide evidence
to
period
the
await
the century, to be seen changes
major life
follow
to
to
nineteenth
social and commercial landscape and surviving opportunities
had
prosperity
has
into in
evolved
geography the easier
Hey states:
as Professor
have
but the from time to time, changed imposed have remained by the landscape
Such where
along but not
restrictions the the
almost
northern insignificant,
are vertical margin bank
80
apparent
particularly escarpment
at
running
of
the
township
to
the
south
and present
the
Richmond
Leeds
Wakefield
Huddersfield 0
. *Joan,
i3arnsley Darfield lop
Worsbrough Cheshire
c oS Saftersbrook
nothetham
v Sheffield
Nottingham
Leeds/London 175618 Saftersbrook/Doncaster 1732 Saltersbrook/Doncaster 1741 Richmond/London 1759 Grange Moor 1732
18c.
Regional Fig.
Turnpiked
Chestettield
Roads
5.1
m
81
Doncaster
difficulties
is
The
for
situation route. any north/south the by the river Dove which divides then compounded in has be the valley. to some point crossed at and The Romans had established route a north/south to
London
York,
by-passed
which
east,
the
plain
and no doubt
region Its
sweep
Don on a crucial the difficulties of
Despite
regional
north/south
Leeds,
major
Bank,
a
established
Sheffield
Barnsley,
avoid
2
Worsbrough became
an
as the
route.
the
route
Wakefield,
to
north-west
trade
the
to
exploited
Doncaster
established
from
further
Road,
North
the
of
medieval linking
Great
trackway.
even more ancient flood the eastern crossing
later
the
township
and,
London, the edge of the Pennines ultimately, which skirted to the moors to the west and flood and, in avoiding plain had to traverse the east, 5.1). the township (Fig. This was never
an easy failed
turnpike of
the
passage in
region
find
to
the
early
and eighteenth
textile
Sheffield
inevitable. 1700
to
to
over
10,000
16,000
over
by
London
passing
veered
economy the
particularly
period,
Wakefield Barnsley Another
from
Sheffield
had
Halifax
and
Barnsley
highway towards
1672
become
as an
was recognised ancient
in
3000
from
Richmond by-
Rotherham
Worsbrough.
Doncaster
and
migration
routes
established
to
a possible
branch
abandoned
by the
eighteenth
route
was also to
particularly
Although as ports. have been identified,
roads
crossing
land
over
Slack
the
Pennines,
and Manchester
passing north f if th century3.
century
turnpiked
82
Blackstone
Barnsley,
wheeled roads;
until
of
west/east Romans later
and the from Doncaster
No reasonably for
was available
advantage
Neolithic
via of
for
essential take
Bawtry
Castleford
the
1771;
from
east
A west to east development, regional
Pennine
by
1736;
original
century of the West Riding growth industries, made the link 10,000 of Leeds grew from about
steel
textile major markets; important town. market to
modern
The population
in
be seen that the but the growing
will
a solution,
seventeenth and
it
and
these
and Edge, were
practical before traffic then
the
with
held
packhorse in placed Manchester
as when James Harrop charge of 20 packhorses carrying to Barnsley and Pontefract. sway,
Silkstone
of
was
from
goods
high products, relatively cost to bulk by packhorse was such as textiles and leather or cart goods, industry, leather from its However, economic. apart early its in the nineteenth demise somewhat static until century, industry in decline an iron already weaving and a cottage The movement
industry
of
to
West Riding match the major production had mainly Worsbrough the eighteenth coal to offer for The township's expansion of trade. potential its the coal reserves could not be realised until unable
centres, century exploiting
broke
canals
and railways Worsbrough to join In
more of
the
reviewing detail, it
is
Christopher
toric,
complete
1600
to
perhaps
Dark
[by
road
monopoly,
commercial development
Taylor,
Roman or
ally
the
the
expansion the
of
our
region. in network in
note,
its
origin,
present
road
"Whatever
the
of road
to
pertinent
Age,
enabling
the
prehis-
whether system
the
words
was virtufrom the
century] eleventh and apart in particular modern motorways areas, and a few new roads 4 is it 900 the same as our pattern of roads ago". years was Changes in the road network from the township within ments
the
mid-nineteenth
of
an existing Worsbrough are based exception Blacker Accounts had been Sheffield
was the
surveyor,
Many entries suggest However,
as with foot or century use
the
whereby
completely in
detail
in
roads
tracks.
One
from
new road
the
of
as refine-
present Dove
Highways
in
Cliff
over
Overseer
1808.5
An additional southern by Fairbank, the and was surveyed 6 but never completed. Overseer
the
of
Highways
new roads were being constructed, in Genn Lane & breaking stones
other road
greater
be seen
can
on well-established
in
"Forming path for /nineteenth
system,
Common recorded for Michaelmas proposed
century
the
majority
packhorse
of traffic
records
wheeled
the
are
traffic.
lanes,
and of
might
accounts as in
1803:
5 days-12s this
had
6d".
been
the
eighteenth improvement to permit
-A considerable
83
route
increase
in
a
is
horse'-teams
Probate
earlier
in
noticeable Inventories
indicate
in
vehicles and, wheeled lanes. of its state
later
these
Tudor
of
a shortage
Worsbrough,
whereas horses
accounts,
the
reflecting
perhaps
the
highways
the
of
concern regarding condition in travel to "being tedious now both vexy noisome and dangerous to all and which passengers and carriages",, led, to-the First development, constricting commercial Statute
officers
wardens, to
the
call
in
Highways,
of
Wednesday
1555.
the
of
civil
townspeople
of
Easter
The constable
together to
week
annually
"elect
two
and orderers of the works in their leading to parish
surveyors highways
and
cart
with
owner
each oxen
substitute
later
and
surviving
Highways
Overseers
were
township
provided in 1798,
of
or the, 7 The
for
commutation in 1555 practice
elected all ino
1800
from
at
for
Brammah
Jonas
for
Firth
A pickaxe
and
the
for
provided-a
to
a money
is
unknown,
1798-1854
rate. but
for
labour, Body
a New Shovel
3s
Jos
the
and
Wheelbarrow for
the
show the
day-work
shovel
a
sending
(notýEaster)
Michaelmas
tools
a team
or
eight
own
was made for
Provision
accounts
their
be
to
of
amendment
using
a ploughland
horses.
or
The Worsbrough
example
were
on Tuesday honest persons
for
to were themselves days set aside on four annually,
tools,
Worsbrough,
town". any market for the labour provide
inhabitants, hours
was
church-
and
as at
parish
and
Garnet from
'5s; 6d 5s
6d. local
for tools A number of payments purchased blacksmith in appear price. variable somewhat 6d in 1801,1802,1803 new hammer shaft cost
but,
exampler in 1819
"pd
This
might
to
R.
Wordsworth
suggest a sudden but a new shovel in 1853. Similarly
Hammer
chafting inflationary cost
4s, 2d".
For
the
a
leap,
3s 6d in
early'stability, after 1800;, 3s 6d in 1826 and
3s Od
5s 6d in 1803 was only costing a mattock 4s ld in 1806. Clearly it would be unwise to base any Judgement of general on such data as economic conditions prices size,
of
craft
quality
products or
even
may contain down,
trading
84
hidden to
obtain
factors
such
custom.
as
The Michaelmas Supervisor,
& Nether
Upper taxi
for
one
Dale.
authorised-and
and one the collected
The Supervisor the
organised
Worsbrough,
almost
chaotic For
what.
was an element
times,
at
as to
concern bridges,
highway is
This
and
not
particularly
surprising
the
personnel
though
various
officials jurors etc.
Court society positions
(Poor, ) are
switched
one
Poor
In 1729 already It ,
Gervas
Shepherd
Nathaniel
the
the
had two in
1723 and again
occasional to is
it
seen the
centuries,
Manor
same level
of
the
various two one man held year:
Cawood
-
posts
-
Constable Gervas
Shepherd
Gervas
Shepherd
Shepherd
Wm Tottinaton all
to
Churchwardens,
following
Shaw held
of
repair
when
over
Commonly
& Gervas
show the
attended
moving-around
the
doing
for
accounts9
also
drawn-from
Anthony
& John Turton 1709
of
Churchwarden
Wm. Becket
early flexibility,
encroachments.
Highways,
the same people with from year to year.
simply
1708
change
all
1652-1854. in
creation and in addition
obstructions
that,
from
century
but not roads, and-paths, the Manor Court over bridges;
causeys
when
year,,
who was responsible
the eighteenth example, had responsibility for
Constable
then
there
Highways
and presented
work,
year's following
to a town meeting the an account handing over to his successor. The names of the Overseers 8 are known As in other areas of the civic administration modern
one as each for
Overseerst
three meeting elected the 'Town' [village]
three
positions two in 1732.
having
to ask the would be a relatively simple matter Constable to ensure the Highways Overseer dealt with a Certainly problem when they were one and the same person. work done was the result of simple personal contact, Joseph Rhodes, paid as in 1734 when the Constable, John Guest (stone mason) 15s Od for causeying on the order Shaw, Highways Overseer'O. of Nathaniel By the early nine-
much of
the
85
teenth extent interest
in
Overseer, eg.
the
century in that
the
1817
only
for
Pd Geo Bramal is
It
to rationalised have no further
become
to appears it leaving to the and highways, in the road interest occasional
causeys
with
had
situation Constable
new gate wisdom that
gates, E1: 19: 0-
these
posts were accepted civic reluctance, perhaps as an inescapable with merely duty, for their In 1804 they were paid even though efforts. E6: 6: 0 for Mr. Bowns, for example, six days at York received assizes
to Haverlands a trial regarding repairs All and. 2s Od for making up his accounts. include for free provision amount additional an
attending (Fig. 5.2)
Lane the
received
Highways
Lane
Stampers
some
accounts the
of ale at indication
The Worsbrough
signing.
records
to of an overseer's attitude the same few people taking the positions despite its involving meetings numerous large
relatively satisfaction, socially
sums of
particularly
had meeting and be signed
A town Overseers
included
the
accounts
was then
occasion not
Overseer
retiring
when handing
over
itself.
as Highway remaining However, Publick school
1822 for
Swaithe
as credit
for
the
1823
meeting day
this
the
Township
amounting
of
that
resolved
Tho Tottie
Township
failed
account
the to
eventually the
his
successor
error had
Thomas and,,
A
would account E15: 19: 0
Tottie. "At
a
at the assembled to Hague be requested
Worsbro
of
E15-19-0.11
86
on no was it
and,
his
Dale,
overseer, to balance
Mr Jos
amount
any
agreed
arithmetic.
presenting
and
next
Peace
to
allowance
with
century 11 This
shakey
Hague,
Joseph
Overseer the
PaY to Rr the
In
which
accounts,
some occasionally
the
all
acquainted
the
of
roles.
attending,
eighteenth
Worsbrough
passed unspent his books and
of
of
excepted.
a Justice
surviving
despite
approved,
reveal
the
amongst
those
the
I' errors
year,
a degree
who were
side,
to
after handling
accounts
of
Overseers
passed
and
the
by a group
previous
year
with
and competent in these appear
never
approve
To be on the safe included the rider,
work.
account
to
the
suggests
equally
when inhabitants
acceptable
usually
it
money,
no
provide work but,
the
balance
due by him
to
M;
indebtedness
occasionally
the
went ended his
in 1841 as way, for E367: 16: 6 with:
other
Wigfield account when William due to me from Township "Balance E17-8-011. be natural for an incumbent It would, of course, benefit by ensuring from his position to derive overseer
his
to cause This appeared area was well served. particular he had gone little felt the town meeting comment unless in bounds, beyond reasonable did Elmhirst Mr William as he authorised Ruts 112 days hacking when, as Overseer, 11 5s. 0d" in the road near his house at-Houndhill. Ten inhabitants the
That
charge
out struck inhabitants
of the
of
the
at
meeting
shillings
above
Accounts
"Memorandum,,
signed: for
Five
1802
Hacking
Ruts by
to
was objected
and the
its to consented ... being be allow'd it that struck out, upon condition should him by some succeeding if the of theýHighways surveyor ... be hereafter to be a Highway said road should established for liable to be repaired carriages at the and maintained Worsbrough
of
public
expence.
added:
"It
" To cover that
struck
shall
or
hereafter
attempt
to
mentioned road to be repaired five
account
of
which
they
tance
to
in
out,
the
is
accept
litigation
said
of
any person
the
at
for
to
meeting so entered
evidence
who may the
Law
at
aboveliable
Carriages Expence.
public
a total
of was part illustrates only but
scrutinised, lane every
being in
no effect
to prove on any trial or is not a Highway
and maintained item shilling
the
charge
have
the* prejudice
E94: 11: 2 and not were
future
any
was.. agreed
afterwards in favour
This
Mr Elmhirst
"
annual
the
care
with
the
communal relucliability. Many roads
also
as a public
Worsbrough
by the local lunadopted, remain authority. The highways fund was raised by lays maintenance in the nineteenth on size of land holdings, augmented by payments from century land absorbed in building income
included
miscellaneous Trough
sold
leasing
sums such from Pantry
the
Dove
the
& Dearne
reservoir
the
township's
as
E2: 3: 6 in
Well".
88
In
Canal
and
canal.
Kingwell 1827
1811
for
Messrs
based
Company
for
Other 12 and quarry
a 11 Pipe Darwin
& & Co.
(ironmasters) Rockley
E13: 13: 0 for,
"two
years Comon" when leading and Birdwell for the Overseers, such charges paid
Lane
Unfortunately
by claims offset were often by their John road workers; 1804 for "Damages done to his
their
E4: 1: 6 in
ironstone. to
damage
for
for
them
against
roads damage done
in
done
damage
Hammond claimed 13 corn".
left the north giving of the township main routes but only to Barnsley, Wakefield one access and Doncaster, in the Sheffield. towards The inclusion south of 'Lane' hamlets linking names of internal and farmsteads, routes, Four
suggests the
an early
medieval
Monk Bretton
fails source,, form, 11croft
Chartulary, to
east imprecise, Enclosure described
in
ancient
the
Lane)
indicate
and Ardsley
Lane.
centres
Lane
of the
and
intense
the
Houndhill foresight, and tanning
'line
in
of feature
a particular
Lane)
next
settlement
Lewden in
Lane.
as
and
the
the
for
The only
route
include given built
"Sheffield a lane's
(Fig.
the
John works
where, Cawood had in
the
Pantry
to
Rockley modern name from the 1759, but
through
Road". status
5.2)
Lane
Dark
End Lane
countryside
the
the
within
example
Bank
in
remained
even
Lane
as Pilley
such
have
the
near
and,
in new turnpike section, leaving is "London'Road" Barnsley,
which, Worsbrough the Change
(Smithy
development,
examples
was the
to
refer
lanes ancient as mere, bridle-ways,,
Swaithe
north
lanes
the
village'to
other
'road'
in
are
included,
the
number of landscape
Green;
entries
invariably
industry
or
boundaries,
from
Its
(Genn Lane), topographical assarter landmark Cross Lane), (White agriculture
as the-original (Shortwood Lane),
such
modern
sole
lanes.
schedule
Names of
road'.
,A
the
name any
unfortunately, documentary medieval
although,
lane on Sekkerroyde and a certain abutting ... 14 lanes The junction of medieval was side" . 1816 in the of common waste which resulting areas but the. -lane Act transferred to private ownershipl-
the
(Balk
origin
with built
is
seen
an apparent himself
seventeenth
89
at
Rob Royd, lack
opposite of
a substantial century, - but had
house no
lane.
access
Robert
field,
adjacent 11across
Copley him
gave
Doncaster,
of
a 'way right, Cow Close" at
the
who owned to take his five
carts
shillings
a year,
be renewed annually. Cawood-was to provide all Bartholomew Hattersley posts. of Houndhill allowed
and gates him to
my close
called
to
pass
by his
land,
but
not
15 The restriction
shillings. family,
present
that,
'This
owners
Cawood has
no right
Houndhill.
1 This
still Houndhill,
of
be carefully
to
paper
it,
over
track
original
to
to
link
was the
Lane,
Although
this
reflected
in
Local
from
route
Cork
along
in
Stairfoot
the
in its
the
behind
present
Houndhill
footpath.
5.2).
(Fig.
and Ardsley its
it
has
as
'Calker
own hazards Lane'.
look
to
the
boat
the
banks
of
the
19th
i. e
caulking'
along
Bridge,
Worsbrough
near
at
name Calker
established
However, planks. known throughout Worsbrough
lane
the Bank, route avoids its designation earlier
canal
a memorandum appears as it hereby
and early modern network bridge, Swaithe -,through
Worsbrough
for
Elmhirst
the
and
retain
a mere
medieval
towards
yards,
century
the
the
explanations
building
stands
grounds way throughthe Cow Close became across
of
the whereas is reduced Green,
A vital
five
another
kept
Houndhill-Lane, Kendal
for
the
the
century, previous length from entire
Stairfoot
been
had
Lane
to
Calker, spellings as Cawker, various Cowker, A corrupted ed. O. S. map to Cork Lane. on the lst topographical its for explanation unusual name is possible. Bridge
Passing and descends more
through
Lewden.
Smith16
slippery
place,.
Doncaster difficulty,
to
Bank
slippery
could
bank,
another
'Swaithel
suggests
Stairfoot
clay
End before
As part Sheffield,
but
from
Swaithe
a steep, to
gently
under
is
then
steep derived
of
a main
medieval
this
would
present by fitting
be overcome
the
climbs
route
again
climbs descent from
route
to ON 'a
from
considerable a horse
with
iron shoe having (projecting a 'calk, piece) or by turning down the end of a shoe, known in the fifteenth as century Icalkin'. It would be well-known the packhorse amongst leaders for as a place to fit 'calks' advisable safety17.
90
a
for
The need
such aids along route demonstrated in the transporting
particularly
being
were
which
seventeenth were taken
produced
the
at
iron
plates
in
the
a ton
They
and eighteenth centuries. by cart from Rockley to
into
Lysle
would
of furnaces
Rockley
be
weighed for Doncaster,
and
shipping
Autumn In'the alum works near Whitby. 18 1692, for 13 tons were moved at 8s Od a ton. of example, has proved'unsuitable The Swaithe Hall to develop section to
Henry
this
the
at
causey. road and remains as a sunken lane with from Swaithe Journeying through Ardsley a was often Richard Micklethwaite, cause for concern. yeoman of Swaithe left Hall, in his Will I give "Item, unto provision of 1638: a modern
amending of the. hyhe Wombwell forty shillings". Quarter Sessions ordered,
waye in Ardesley 19 In 1669 the
the
between
the
certaine
Townes
market
place
"wheeras
called
the
West
Riding, Leading
in-a
& Doncaster
was formerly
Towne Street
Ardsley
to
highway
Kings
Barnsley
of
leading
Lane
to bee in much Ruine the Inhab& Decay & that presented itants the same. 1120 to repair of Ardsley aforesaid ought landscape A feature of the Worsbrough was the widespread traffic,
which
network.
Locally
for
Icauseys'
provision
of no doubt
formed
packhorse
basis
the
for
or
uneven
had anciently
groundýon been used,
Somerset
LevelS21
low
being
and,
contrast, have been
stone
the , buried,
particularly
foot as
horse
or
in
seen
survival
the
rate
locating
causeys
have
of
them been
consisting
91
still
From
the
of
shown
by
French
causeys of
timber the
of
excavations timber
the
negotiating
though
and,
a matter
periods and, being on the surface, has been due more to human deprivations destruction. a free than natural quarry throughout network the South Yorkshire lengths,
is
is
chance.
Professor
In
Hey to
throughout
widespread
later
Short
as
and written it sophistication,
as an attempt at local name for the normal roadside pavement. Icauciel, implying it was a means treading,
foot
lane
the
'corsyl
pronounced
'causeway'
boggy
and
of
and medieval disappearance their
the stones as using He has shown a vast region22.
a series
of
sandstone
a half-metre
slabs line,
about have survived
Lane,
Houndhill latter
The
10-15cm
square and the township within
another
climb a hill -'the 15cm higher to about
probably causey had to
township days
eroded,
on one
side
for
the
seventeenth
owned the Blacker leading masons of eighteenth
repairing
of Repairs
Accounts,
were
"For
8d. " The
repair
causeys,
1808
Highways
was occasionally
leading
Guelder,,
old
"leading
Laine
which
gave
gravel
the
the During
records
parish
laying
the
for
and
Guest's
quarry.
246 yards
employment Causeway
shows
example, for
" Wm Guest
E4.12.8.11
to
were
as in the 1716 Constable in ye causway below Wid.
Account,
&-new
the
from
necessary,
Blacker
of
minor holes
stoping
causewaying'in bed, dressing the
often
(who
many generations.
for
stone
using
family
family,
centuries
monopoly
one
ground.
Leach
for
involved
Guest
the
community
a virtual
level
more the
and
and nineteenth
had
show they
to
a cart
it
met,
century
quarry), the
causey
traffic
Hall
Swaithe
width,, higher up to a metre for a Too narrow
traffic.
packhorse
turn,
From the
-
a stone
extended,
even The
century. barely
nineteenth a sunken lane,
from
network
and
was maintained,
and with
evidence
by a causey
was served
when opposing half reversing a mile
string
an
name of Stairfootr in the Swaithe
only
not
the
middle of has remained
section deeply
the
climb,
which
the
to
reflected
Such
steps.
of
into Ardsley, also as a 'stair'. but the to date, are impossible
the suggests its earliest
horse
a series in the
but
Causeys
until
in
progress
is
where the direction,
(Fig.
Kingwell
to
arrangement
placed 5.2) at Genn
Hall. Road and near Swaithe had distinctive feature when a causey but each was set level, slabs remained
Lane,
has
in
thick
takeing
Hinchs a major
work up,
makeing
The bed was of gravel,. like John to carters 151-11
Some causeys, from Kingwell, down the Dale, such as that heavy traffic carried and received constant with attentiont bad year in 1726 when Michael a particularly Martin Leach, and John
Guest
and October,
E7.2.2 were paid including mending
92
for the
May,
repairsýin sewers.
(All
August
causeys
and
lanes
were
provided
along
each
side
to
Decisions to
the
carry
repair Overseers,
inhabitants
of surface
or create but the
water). left
causeys were usually frequently Constables
then
work,
undertake Joseph
Rhodes,
causeying
by
the
Order
of
15s".
Shaw
taken were being hedge & ditch stones
Causeys Causeway
ditches
the
sewers",
of yeoman rank to For example, a Bill. 11 Jn Guest for paid
send the Overseer 1733/4 Constable,, Nath
off
to
Highway
allowed
"pairs
with
up by
1803,
Jo
Wood removing
but
E1.15.8.
last
the
new
1815 when John Guest was paid causey was not set down until laying in school-house-lane " for The E2.9.10". causeway last is 1851 when the Overseer to causeys reference received from "Messrs Hi &i spencers Portion of repairing as Their in
Causway
the
Causeys horse
Brough
clearly
traffic,
but,
for
record, rate
of
will little
found must
mobility
of
show the
1662
halt
this
business
the
or
Act
modern
into
passed
population albeit
the
period.
Journey
Horror
of
Denby
an irate
of
Settlement
periods
diarist's The high that horse,
The Worsbrough seems
the
region
of was part diarist local
over
then
Wakefield
lanes
was
record
have
to
Adam Eyre
to
and life,
everyday
the saddle. nothing of a dayin by horse from home to Bullhouse
Cawthorne,
merely
suggest on foot or
thought to
not
period,
would
the
he went
road
by uneventfully.
through
eyes
the
around
done
mobility.
around pleasure,
way
country,
throughout
Travelling
movement
early
its
have
the
around
to
the
may have
and left
of reconsideration. worthy journeys in all can be found
hundreds
commonplace
However,
lanes
the
of
foot
for
role
perhaps
that
each
travelling
state
during
disastrous
of
E1.19.10".
an important
the
be desired.
network generally in Worsbrough, is stories
Lane
played
though
to
something
Green
For
of
on
causeys, as
seen
Hazlehead
example,
in
the
morning,
stay
the
night
in
who 1647 on
-a
thirty miles on the 25th of January, much of it over moorland 23 The following in day "Wee gott up earley . the morning.. " and, crossing by ferry the Aire at Methley, of
over
93
to he "Thence had to York where a committee meeting, went on Boynton, Capt. Thence to Andrew with whom we supped... Corney'; Hat. Allured to Coll. of men to about election back to our London to get us our arreres wee went .. lodgings3s 6d .. I rid to Xr Fairwetherl on Ed. s and spent mitchell's. covering mare to York and home again. " A busyýday 24 in upwards of eighty miles midwinter . John Hobson, the Dodworth tanner, was an, equally intrepid him continually traveller on the whose diary-shows the-17th In 1726, between of May and move around-the region. Holm25th June, he visited Halifax, Wakefield, Worsbrough, firth, Sheffield, Kimberworth, Wharncliffe, Wortley, , 25 journeys from 5 to 40 Barnsley Ripon and ; round varying including
miles,,
long from
Once away
stretches of open a firmly established
travel
was not, of course, home, disaster when almost 1731,
April, falling his
farm
(Appendix
could
to
ten
only
"to
pay,
open
lost
moorland
and
Derbyshire
were
in
neither
the less
that
it,
hedge
nor 28 In
tree
but
more
thickly
some ground". a wayside no doubt
marker
Swaithe
and
church
tower
the
would
The situation Justices ordered inscribed -
Dale,
stone
helped
South
pillars
or
dxy
those-who
of
regarding
walls
areas
the
the the
round
of
sight
way.
which
arms
A Riding
West
in, remote with
see
between
brow
missed
you
cross
stump
on the
posts
She
..
stone
guide'posts
wooden
having
Yorkshire.
painted
Green,
94
in
widespread
tedious
lowe
white
erection
us,
the
on
be equally effective. improved 1733, when after the
from
2doo27.
Fiennes
populated
Cross
on White
stood
Celia
of
only
as the
End died
1647,
..
"makes'travelling
such
17th
tells
9th,
hazard
applicable'to
1697
even
a mile
Hobson
home on January
comments
and,
much concern'd was-, 'very lost-in found himself the
a particular
was
no
Common only
as wee came homewards
a guide
Becoming
noted
from
miles
solo
Bank
of
yeoman
No. 13).
Buildings
such
as on the
strike
Cawthorne that somewhat tersely, drink" at the time 126. Adam Eyre dark
route hazards
without-its
when David Cawthorne, his horse on Barnsley
from
moor.
areas
showing
destination
and,
after -'09In 1733 the mid-century, mileages. Worsbrough Constable 'To Joseph 2 Guide Watson for paid 4s. Od' 30 and, in 1810, the Overseer3l Stoops I John paid, for six guide posts Bramal E3.0.01 Fletcher and Matthew , for painting and riteing E1.7.11. six guide posts Recent research by travel shows that wide ranging wheeled vehicle was. also more commonplace, even in the Middle Ages, than previously, thought Harrison32 reasonable. in his study of bridges being makes a sound case for their no part that of the country could not be reached feet by 1500. Having and wheels once sited, a bridge, the route to change and the over it was unlikely became fixed road network So familiar that, and familiar. the seventeenth long -journeys became almost century,
virtually dry with
though
routine,
apprehension 1647: This
Adam Eyre
suggests
before
tackling
doubts
appear
a slight
air
by
of,
to London - 1122 March a trip is, God willing, for Darby, morning my purpose and so for London, I pray God direct whither mee, and bring " He goes on to make provision mee safe again.. for his debts just in case33. ý and gif ts, No such
families
Edmunds teenth which horse
or
Civil
War trying
used
Chartres
to
from
services The
national
network
though
traveller, could
1787
repair.,, 1692-1731,
the
road, and 37 The West
by Defoe
the
at
the
road
in
Worsbrough34
the
.
by Professor
grew
Directory36 to
the-eighteenth and
Quarter
95
capital, by
century, considshows
the
that
a
region
to the cause for concern from Bawtry, to Doncaster,
give
charges
and
seven-
regularly living there
seventeenth
was available
in
the
county
drawn
provinces
good, ground, Riding
caught
British
might the
the
and visited
end of
Elmhirst
who in
York,
conclusions
the
the
of
problems
highways
some roads like others,
setting
the
Universal of
in
even
the
throughout
be described
pleasant
were
avoid
towards
erably15.
and,
They
clear
that,
carrier
minds however,
homes
as second
carriage. is
It
the
of. Worsbrough, both had houses
century, they
in
for
century
neverýwants
Sessions wagons
any
records and
carts,
as ," between show
11 a
transport
that
business. the
over
Charges
West
Riding
distances
great from London
to
had become any
from 2d a stone; 2d a stone. 38
20 miles within was The high volume of road traffic indicates, and proportionately evidence disaster, that travel would suggest
not as bleak was perhaps In accordance with improvement, travelling in
as is the
and
claimed.
often
conditions
towards
trend
Worsbrough
within
changed the
when into transformed
nineteenth
causeys
of
England
modern
early
in
any
available instances
small in
to
York
the
which
national
early
lanes
muddy
ancient
the
of
towns
market
ls
averaged
place
significantly
the
big
very
century
were
in had The accounts occurred suggest a shift for roads during the eighteenth as century responsibility for example, in dealing trees which grew over the seen, with , roads'.
highway.
Manor
landowner
had placed the highway
custom to
adjacent
on the by the with
the
responsibilty and was dealt
he that Irish upon Willm fell or cause to be felled yewtree such a bough of a certain in the oald being the highway tree growing close adjoining forfeit the Comon thereto to & dangerous to travellers ... iiijd. Lord of this Leet By 1800 responthe sume of iis had passed to the Highways he paid El to Overseer; sibility
Manor
1701
Court3g:
Wm & John
for
Walker
An Act
Maintenance
" The Return
Highways
book,
highways
other
in
1815
sought
III
from
the
Highway
kind
and
E57: 7: 6 money
charging
the
This
maintain. Rate,
traffic
at to
3m 2f
and the
costing
also
in
paid
the
a bar,
proceed.
lieu Highway the
Details
96
of
township
of
of
to
the
the streets
paved lch
lOyd
of
E387: 9: 7
E170: 18: 1 raised in performed
labour. Rate
turn
and
into
13m 4f
total
existing
relative
copied lch 14yd
carriages
of
Expence
comprised E159: 4: 0 from labour
to
additional
a, toll
had:
details
the
and
Worsbrough,
were
to
halting
England
wheeled
annually
Income
in
it
which
to
relative
for
shows for
and turnpikes
trees.
Poor
Highways.
40
Ash
Returns the
of
a paine
Stubbing
George
of
"Procuring
roads,
Wee lay
was obtained
pikelor Worsbrough
'gate', tolls
by and have
but bars are known to have been erected at not survived Worsbrough Bridge, Birdwell, Bank Top, Lewden and Genn Lane. 1723 Richard Bar maintenance was charged to the Constable: 4s 4d. South [blacksmith] for work done at ye turn pikes Bird well Gates 9s 6d. reparing Turnpiking improved travelling conditions certainly but, as turnpike for profit, trusts not were organised they almost certainly altruism, picture a blacker painted the forward a case to obtain than reality when putting their Even when seeking to increase necessary sanction. income, trustees their own were not averse to criticising 1812, Pd Martin
for
Guest
for in May 1754 to repair roads as when an Act was applied because the east, side of the Barnsley/Grange Moor turnpike it has, deep and ruinous, that in Winter and wet _11become Seasons,, the same is almost impassable to Wheel Carriages, dangerous for Travellers to pass through". Figure 5.3 shows the Worsbrough section of the Leeds to Sheffield
turnpike
5.1).
(Fig.
Built
[modern in
from Barnsley
lane
However,
the
for
coaches
led
to the
A61]
1758,
it
the
over
within took the
regional route of the
Bank Top through
drop
precipitate and led to
the
down the
network
original Ward Green.
Bank proved
too
steep
a succession as vehicles of accidents then approached at speed to climb the slope from Barnsley, suddenly met the drop over the Bank. A particularly serious in December 1824 when the Leeds/Sheffield occurred accident highly injuring killing the occupants coach overturned a and 41 dancing Sheffield It respected Mr George Gordon. master, ground, cutting
turnpike
half
a mile through the
On the
other, bank into the
being to
re-routed
the
rock south,
in
east, after of the Bank at
1860s over new blasting a deep
the
Darley
Cliff.
the route up of the valley the better. village was little A coach in 1833, wagons frequently on overturned went out of control the hill, and coaches negotiating the sharp narrow bends in the village hazard: created a traffic 1793 Martha daughter by a of George Gelder labourer killed Post Chaise running over her - aged 5 and a half years. 42 side
97
ra
tu
I
ilt
30
m
Fm
C)
Ln t-
44
cc lbr"
F3
tiodumIS
P4
E-4
3,
rL
98
influential
The most
in
voice
Justice of village came from W. B. Martin, lived'in the Hall at the edge of the village. inherited having greater part of the township,
Act
to
private
the
the
accustomed
to
(see
village
He obtained road to its
Frontispiece)
an
created
and
the
changes, which was immediately case
Highways
development'of to
new park,
Worsbrough
a
through
whereby, to
the
open park.
the
gates,
All
others, in
the
to
reach
the
from
Birdwell
to
This
must
residents turnpike
elsewhere and,
population at both historian isolated, industrial
have the
time
of with
village
free
use
Its
present
the
of
an were
road or
take
the
along
new Colt
inconvenience an unwitting in
the
to
to
proper
come back
considerable
in
led
travellers had
township,
but-provided
urbanised
expansion.
the
whether
and environmentalist
was not
meant
The move by his through,
challenge
village, it'. reach
caused
a
of
suspicion, viewed with in has been seen previously as misuse of his position in the theme recurrent centuries. up the bank,
residents
lack
who attempted
the
over
were
usually
inhabitant
the village close road is a further The example.
arrangement permitted
-This
of accused and becomes-a
overseer,
the
and with common voice landowner or dominant
challenged.
Elmhirst,
of
Worsbrough
of
villagers
Any prevailed. inhabitants other
common custom
Martin
the
centuries
speaking lord manorial
resident
its
the
re-route
passing
park. Over
Lane
to
He owned the from the
turnpike
door.
who
to the village round the hillside skirting built 5.3). He promptly at the bottom a lodge the gates across near the bridge, placed
bank
entrance
the
1840
the
change
position, (Fig.
the
that
in
Parliament
of
present Birdwell of
distance
a short
only
and disliked from his front
family,
Edmunds
in
Peace,
the
the
dominant
for
demand
the
that
the
bonus
to for
now
village,
century nineteenth layout at reflects
form and probably century much older. The introduction in the township of tolls was by a marked change in'road accompanied construction.
least
seventeenth
99
the
The
along the old lanes were Manorial and remove ruts. custom made lane responsible to of land adjacent ,a ditch, failure in appearance resulting
main concerns
to avoid waterlogging the owner or occupier its for maintaining at the
Manor Court: his dicht at
1637 'We present William Plates not scouring longe Howe xid'. The last such Manor Court entry was 1798 Wood was amerced 10s 6d for and when William not cleansing Road'. the Ditch adjoining the Turnpike scowering Subsequently the Highways overseer accepted responsiblity, 2 days letting as in 1800 when he paid 'James Tunnicliffe 5s. Ditches water & scouring Ruts caused by cart and carriage eventually wheels, digging down to axle level, had been a permanent feature the old lane system, seen in numerous payments such as: 1800 John Winder 6 days hacking ruts = 8s Od. 43 off
of
Dissatisfaction returned
yeoman, was common as when John Nicholson, in 1810. He to his farm at Bank End after a journey from the Highways overseer, for my Man Hacking "Bill
claimed Ruts after
Journey
to Wortley
Us
From 1799 an into back ground
6d".
the approach to hacking the by filling them with stone: Joseph Smith ruts was tried breaking stones in the Ruts 3 days 3s 6d. Crowning then drainage. 82 roods of 1803: Jonas Firth encouraged surface Road Crowning on Lewlin Bank E4 2s Od.
alternative
There
are
The end of
the
no specific
payments
for
hacking
1810. after beginnings of
had seen the eighteenth century by the widea major change in local technique roadmaking spread use of stone to rebuild the lanes, a more providing influenced by the turnpikes. resiliant surface, possibly Hay The local Kingwell, quarries, particularly those at Lewden and Bank End, were exploited of stone which, quantities after carting broken up on the road surface and further
Green,
In
1808,
for to
vast the lanes,
compacted
was
with
for
example: James Savile up & throwing the Road & Breaking days at 46 in stones Dovecliff 3s Od = E6 18s Od. The accounts show roadwork was not an
gravel. forming
exclusive
male
occupation,
Grace
100
Kenworthy
was also
leading
in
stone
1808.
All
the
a given roads of the township were similarly during the early s tone surface years of the nineteenth is though century, no particular sequence of priorities discernible for the Overseers than a natural tendency other landowners
and major
is
This
early. first
to
have
nearby demonstration
not the landowners, as these
appear
for
example, also owned infrastructure transport and economic
could benefit
Roads
ls
El
it
of self-interest the Elmhirsts and
the
being The quantities of stone 1804 Getting 'loads': 56 loads of the
improved
roads
may
Edmunds
coal mines and an improved improve only profitability
extensive
to
growth
access
community.
whole moved
by are quoted in Lewden Quarzy
stone from the
Od. Calculations
for
would
accounts
that
to a ton, of a 'load' approximated and the rate breaking is somewhat short road stone of generous for the period. A typical payment was, 1798, Josh Fox
suggest pay for
even pd breaking surface of
130 lds
would, into
the for
attention, out
near
In
1812 Messrs
Darwin
the
Worsbrough
Bridge,
A waste
p155).
the
a hard
to
sets
accounts
roadmaking the
and
similar
way to
However, slag
producing blast of
This
mass.
was
a dramatic for roads,
stones
a blast
furnace
in
6,
(Chapter the
iron,
material, immediately
fall
These
getting
is
molten
passage
constant
iron
cast
furnaces the
the
stones.
operating
road
stone
basic and which
referred
to for
exploited
the
particularly
in
quantities
of
important
for
building as an extensive programme the increasing accommodate population. from indicated in Table 5.1 are obtained
resources
The quantities for slag payments roads.
to
consumed
township's
was under
led
began
The and
required Joshua Fox for
dross',
'blue
dislodge
to
surface
amorphous as
being
stone
the
off
hard
which
from
product
tapped
slag,
tended ditches
side
E1: 1: 8.
be rammed
not
1799 example: ditch 2s6d.
Lewdin
of
2d load
at
course,
and horses
vehicles
washed
of
stone
broken they
was being
from
out
understate purchased
101
the
the
furnace
total
from
the
to
quantities Milton
use
on the used
ironworks
as ,
is quoted by the Elsecar, which at nearby by canal, been brought and the true-tonnage In
calculated. and Milton)
to
used to
native
produce
the
approaching
Stone
top
gravel-previously
which
used
after centuries of 5.1 Table ý Materials of Road-making 1810-1819
6216
(tons)
Dross
1820-1829
5967
3814
3406
4168
to Cinders
as an altermust have been,
surface
exhaustion
1800-1809
Bridge
two
a smoother
Tonnages
be
cannot
(Worsbrough works during the-1840s cinders from the local bleachers.
were supplying being bought those
augment were
the
addition,
exploitation.
1840-1849
1830-1839
-
having
load,
'boat
1983
97
5302
3745
Cinders
2437
Unfortunately
for
Overseers,
the
iron
the
using
to
slag
made'roadworks more expensive as, being the bedding amorphous and lacking stone planes along which be fractured, it was more difficult to reduce could readily
conserve
to
the
stone
required
paid 2d (occasionally 10d to Is breaking term,
the
weather
road
or
nineteenth to
use
traditional road
easily under wheels it have been could
new material during
works
inhabitants
modern
days
a year. "common day work" doubt it improved the
seed
century tax
of it
had
funds
providing
As so often
at
carts
As a means
and hooves. a difficult
In
to
middecision
the
then in
encountered
was not
on the
previous
Towards
or
system,
the
end
away
the
overseer
Worsbrough,
the
102
the'
road
work
highways
this
an unqualified
faded for
that
for
teams
to-improve'the
system
largely
not
excavations). 1555 had decreed
of
labour,
failure.
in
services
legislation
provide
now cost the long
did
as an alternative is still hard layer
(This
stone.
it
stone,
By way of consolation longer as the dross
last
would
break
to
been
had
a labourer
previously
a ton
dross.
shatter
The Tudor four
4d)
century
this
Where
size.
to
change
of
success;
but the
resentment
pay
no was
seventeenth,
be-replaced to
on
day
came slowly
by a local labourers. and,
even
into
the
nineteenth
that
the
Overseer
performed
road
classed
had been
It
work was being "common day work".
century, as
"common day"
the
to
workprovide 1845 include force free the accounts until with ale and all listed an clearly payments as "Ale for Common day work", for income: 1735 Drink essential part of any road-worker's 3s 4d. labour to Brough Green wn they lead Causeway stones custom
The accounts note the payments made by the Overseer local keepers, had ten in the (Worsbrough ale-house eighteenth Bill",
century)
a number
and,
give
sufficient 1804
The consumed. for Ale allow'd
quantities Wildsmith
listed
usually detail to
although
indicate
the
and driver of a Team El 14s Od. be estimated, for instance, that the 1811 costing 367 yards
provided E4 17s 3d. of
on the
used
of
This
particularly
causeway
was-a
ale
each it this
repaired
and
Bridges
(1531)
gave
1387
can
(Wm.
overseer 134 labour busy
were
the
for
From
for
190 quarts
per
To Eliz
states: Town 1 Quart
labourer
Elmhirst)
"as
account
by
the
to
days when
year
tons
stone
of
roads.
5.2, Bridaes The Statute Peace,
"..
determine the
to
make
to
be
The
such
for
them
the
process
the
the
upon
pains the
making
or
parish
Constable
was "have
evexy
inhabitant
traffic
had
to
of
take
power in
such
on
and any
such this
and
people
afore
presentment
against
amending
broken
liege
evezy
same,
and
bridges
of
King's
the
of
the
of
hear,
enquire,
anoyances
of
or
Justices
as
ought
bridges..
"
responto
authority
tax
such
city,
town
or
the
river
Dove
at
44 v,
parish..
North-south the
and
town
of
damage
refox7nation
[assess]
set
manner the
for
to
authority
all to
Wapentake, and
and
of
charged
sibility and
power
... highways
in
of
major
crossing
Though
fording
point,
it
winter
snow-melt
would
point
may
have
have from
to the
near been
been the
negotiate
in
possible
bridged moors
103
below
mill,
at would
an
high early
make
the
village. at
summer date
fording
as
the
this
impossible.
The minor limit
equally
movement
their
daily
Celia
Fiennes
travels
the
throughout
streams
bridged,
until
would
locals
about
although
have
may simply
township in
crossed
the
manner
11The common Esk where, their take off people,, shooes and men women and children, 45 holding the rivers" up their cloathes wade through to the have been found relating No medieval records the bridges Worsbrough but they are assumed to be wood until saw them
the
cross
Constable eighteenth century. bridge over the Dove was still Oct
20
To Luke
Oct
27
To Mr Oates
show that
the
structure for the
in
a wooden
for
Outram
sawing rails Wood for Worsbrough
for
men for
To Mr Oates
accounts
4s. 8d
Bridge
El-0-0
Bridge
and felling
marking
main 1736/7:
Money
and 3s. 8d
charges To Joseph
bringing
6d.
Bridge
the
1736 was a major repair and, in the absence it may be assumed the bridge subsequent entries,
remained century
serviceable when it
piked, anomaly
over
of
the
history
in
the
County
to
the
as comprehensive
be the
County's
individual
private the
County ibility. bridges
some bridges
to
the
the
West
been
not
doubt
to
to
the
care of
a mixture
had become so situation Quarter in Wakefield, Sessions of
for
care,
Yorkshire
be under
were
the
the
a survey "Book
remainder
of
may
which
accepted. had been
Riding
others
March
The resulting in the Riding's
1753)
legislation
Tudor
The
those
in
as generally
By 1753
ordered ascertain
has
of
responsibility,
at
an
reveals
replacement it which
(compiled
in
Wapentakes.
that,
Justices
the
of
and parish.
confused
was necessitated the road was turn-
after
stone
bridges
not
of
bridge.
must cast an element based on the Quarter Sessions
County's
,A adoption
nineteenth
The case
review
consequence
of
bridge
administration
assumptions
of the have been
the
of
years
durable
attracted of
resolve.
previous
early
by a stone
a more
traffic
but
possible
the
until
was replaced
The provision by the increased
of
Wood to
in
The work any
for
Rhodes
all
which of
the
Bridges"
with
104
the
plans
bridges
in
the
had responsCounty 46 identif ied 129 and
descriptions.
Worsbrough
was not
A complementary in those specifying also
not
immediate
survey47 the
paid
care
bridges
of
vicinity
Worsbrough
in
Worsbrough,
of
at Burton 1677; liability
responsibility
the
of
Wapentakes
and Osgoldcross
Although
were Grange,
survey, the bridge
County
or
township
"Bridge was paying bridges of other at
upkeep
lists,
Wapentake
seventeenth
century. fixed
pound
rating
total
was typical at It is apparent
where for the Darton
cost
of
eighteenth
with
this
rise,
agricultural
economic
disaster
standard
of
This
would
Worsbrough financed situation Tudor strain
the
The amount
varied
at
that
national the
for
by Dean as
living
unless little
1705
the
time higher
of
lifetime.
be the
those
mass
the
of
the that with
105
"..
9v48
prevailing
and large-scale local taxes, by
the
cope
to close lucky they were unusually or prospect a higher of enjoying
their
undoubtedly
pockets
the
population was rising economy in general could in improvements through
situation
the
was exacerbated poor laws, particularly the
to
own was its to resources would be unequal bridge. Throughout the later
local
within
through
the
bridge
Worsbrough's
a stone
had
the
of
according but Sessions
Quarter
each
and,
living
show the
accounts end
though
they
the
of
the
summarised
hardworking,
on any
from
practice, is
it.
least
particularly
population
Tickhill,
for
the
and,
a joint
County
Money"
on
E2: 2: 10.
building
continuously
taken
bridge
near
Constable's
bridge,
the
its
century
but
Strafford,
of
the
the
to
at
but
responsibility, the
was
on the the County
conjoined which does not appear
Worsbrough
in
the
in 1682 north-west of Barnsley, was questioned into County care by 1701. From 1638 the Darfield the Saltersbrook/Doncaster turnpike was deemed Staincross
bridges
308 other
Wapentakes.
of
included
side of Barnsley in E5 for repair
north
identified
these.
amongst
Examples
them.
amongst
view
building would
continuing
in
works,
be resisted. effects
The of
the
began to of 1601, which funds as the demands of the
poor
increased Harrison
that
over
major
by mid-sixteenth
stone
growth.
shown
bridges
of
majority
population
with 49 has
the
throughout
were rivers and middling in towns on major rivers bridges at Doncaster stone
century;
were no exception, region with (13c. ), Sheffield (15c. ) and Rotherham had no pretensions to possessing either under
a burgeoning strain and, in
these
would
look
to
status
made to
elsewhere
the
Quarter
its
town;
of
the
country
the
or
river
a major
but
were adequate the inhabitants
resources
in
Sessions
)50, Worsbrough
(15c.
circumstances, finance a stone
the
bridge.
A submission
for
1808
a new stone from lane leading
the on a minor by the Justices, Dale to the village, possibly was approved 51 it bridge formal County No can unaware was not a adoption . 52 in be traced 1712 for the Aldham Bridge near such as that in Wombwell township, Stairfoot, the 1711 Quarter which "Worsbrough
Session
Dale
Bridge",
accepted
In
"useful
as
by default,
perhaps
a stone
main crossing by a larger bridge
replaced associated with
approach road decorative buttressing
modern bridges
appear
manorial
the
of in
Lewden, 1728
accounts (Fig.
Martin
5.3), Guest
11 Cramps The Constable
for paid
Dove.
river which
the
show
106
as the these
of
lists. the
as the
streams
in
bridge
stone
by the
township:
Lewlin
Bridge
in
the
supply
at
and
El-18-1
1799
a double to
wide,
remains
causewaying 2s. 3d Bridge
in 1817, providing extension the by-pass made in the river
the
owner of adjacent confused. was becoming
maintained & Mich Leach for
a widening
was
the
situation such
This
None
over
being
Lewlin
It
Wapentake
of
some,
wooden
40 feet
river.
bridges
the
extended
5.4)53.
(Fig.
custom,
for
of
and was made over
were the responsibility but, by the 1720s, the
Constable
was approved
work
1823
township land
application,
replacement
of the A61 over in the County or
crossing
Under
bridge
Riding".
the
and
Worsbrough
subsequent
including
unquestioned, bridge at the
Public
initial
the
accepting
to
and
arch the
to
a further accommodate
paper
mill.
Ell,
I'
':
'f:
4ý4
1.
'I
I
TIN
I
%. co
'I
.j
ý)
....,.
00 0 Ln rJ4
ý4j" 1 cum 10 7
in
However, Pilley
1729,
and Rockley)
Posts
& Rails
Cock bridge
the
was completely for Cock bridge
between
(midway in
rebuilt 2s. 6d
timber:
10d Is of Lead for sodering ye cramps Od 3s Robt Watson for setting Cock Bridge Rails at ye Jn Guest [carpenter] for making Cock Bridge -El-16-10 11 Pounds
Rich
South
for
[blacksmith]
ye Cock Bridge Mr Hall his [lawyer] Mr Staniland
making
& mending Bill about for
[Curate]
3s Ild
Lanes
of a pair Coc*ýBridge
E9-17-4
Sessions
to ye
going
for
& Cotters
Cramps
6s 8d
Bridge The entry Justices not
the
suggests following
Dove at kept in
the
seventeenth
century, a hundred yards
Rockley,
by the
repair
1692 they paid 6d". 54 By 1723 the
In
for
and paid
have
papers
relevant
Rockley
"Jo
Leech
lls.
withall
bridge
is
shows
A few
feet
blast
furnace
Chapter
responsibility
over
: for
Guest
a load
illustrates
the
for
must 6,
included
is
away
Another
of
the
site
which
be that
Economy,
lime
a bridge
building for
building
at bridge
ye
Old
Pd Xr
Milner
account
were of
using
17th
their
a furnace.
from
stone
century
the
remains;
provided
of
examination
and
a demolished
no structure this
at
problems
eighteenth early 1713 include: Pd for
the
clear (See
stone.
p. 150).
bridge the
in
masons
the
Milner
14s
Bridge
Rockley
Od.
No stone
inference
: for
wood for
bridge
& Martin
E2-12-0
of Abbey Farmt was iron furnaces. the local
had taken
township
the
over
west of
for
Tyas
bridge
a wooden
operators
a new stone
pd Michael
Hall
the
survived. In
the
but
a complaint,
by-the
directed
had been
rebuilding
Cock
about
Rockley, of
for
was a prosperous and a Memorandum
Bridge
Is.
mending
farmer to
108
mending
accounts55
for
2d it
and-landowner the
in
encountered
The Constable's
Wood for
added
further
Hall,
responsibility
century.
Hall
Old
near
account
2s.
6d
living shows
at dissent
old at
the
town
meeting:
is
Bridge, lives
"Memorandum it
a Mistake,, Old Hall".
at
three
later
years
the
Hall
old
wh was allowd to be done & repaired
yt
ought
Twenty
for
by Who position
had changed and claims dissent: were passed without 8d 1736 To a Rail for ye Bridge at ye Old Hall 3s. Od 1737 To in Ellot bridge for mending ye Old Hall In contrast, the bridge regarded at Brough Green was still as the responsibility before was brought Thomas Eaton
of
wooden Bridge Field,
the
Manor
Round
for
Green
the
over
in 1791. He adjacent-landowner Court: 11 The Homage presented
the
of
from
Brook
into
Green
Broo
amending
and
repairing
not
a
Fisher
by him
to be repaired ought and amended ... before Twelfth-Day unless repaired of next Month amerced 5s. " It required attention again in-1798 when the Court fined him a further 21s. 56 which
Similarly for
in
"not
putting Common Way from he put,
Unless amerced
30s.
Justice
of
manorial
Od".
the
bridge
good
order
Roll
for
1800
confirmed
and a "Bow Bridge", for in
valley
1730,
1804
The Court
maintained (Fig. 5.2), 1841
Benj
create
the
Rolls
and entries
show that,
Bridge
to
are
in
though Leach
costs as per
township
in
rank. This
theýConstablels flooding
no further
bridge
the
of
century, even
appear Bill
above
who
completed.
work
following
accounts
by mid-eighteenth by the township,
labourer, a
and
to
tanner,
of
the
reservoir.
contain the
included
innkeeper,
-
the
referred
now lost
of
The jurors
the
of
chief township's
the
husbandman
mason,
... landowner,
inhabitant
mortals
the
accounts
1805
lesser
consider
the
May next
the
be denied.
to
was not
placed
The Court
first
Edmunds being
Despite
gardener,
clearly
a Bridge
in
Common-
Green
Round
and most powerful democratic conduct of
custom
surveyor,
-to before
Peace
he might
those
Bridge
Court
the
Francis
Worsbrough up such
the
Worsbrough,
Edmunds was before up a Wooden Bridge over the River 1798,
to for
E21: 18: 21
109
Highways all
the
bridges
Brough
have
charges,
Green
overseer were bridge
risen:
repairing
Brow
Green
after
from
The track (Fig.
Wood,
5.3)
to
the
eighteenth
Short
through
village,
developed
was never
primitive
narrow,
Birdwell
as a road and the partially stone bridge hollow and was simply
century a deep
The stream runs in large using wide stone slabs parapet, with a small It was last enough for foot or horse but not carts. repaired in 1839 and illustrates the local agreement when a bridge 57: benefit was also considered*to parish a neighbouring survives. bridged
1839
Expenses
Township 5.3
of
repairing Hoyland the
Wood Bridge
other
half
one half
the
E9-6-3.
Canal
and Railways. The improvements to
the
in
the
when the
canal
in
& Dove "At
the
consideration the
Barnsley.. Barnsley
a marginal
opened in
for
7,
instance,
being
the moved around the increasing numbers
to
but
improvements
such
economy. on the overall fortunes began in 1804
effect
Worsbrough's
canal
was
Barnsley
.. merchants
proposed
River
"58 The
and Swinton
internal
Chapter
were
loutpay',
landowners,
from
in and bridges of the inhab-
roads the lot
was completed.
on 26 October: gentlemen,
coal
their
of
change
A Dearne
canal
of
in
century
as part having only
The dramatic
be seen
will
eighteenth
poor,
were
township's
century
It communications. large that quantities township
the
no doubt eased life by facilitating everyday
eighteenth in their itants
of
Short
in
phase
1799,
proposed
there
was a meeting
and to
scheme
Dun at,
first
first
or
near,
of
the
being
in
1792
of take into
others
to
making
a navigable
Swinton from
canal
extended
when
to
and
above
Wakefield
to
to
the
Aire
& Calder
of
the
1804
const-
1804.
The Worsbrough
section
formed
part
in is perhaps ironic as a feeder that, canal and it view of its the fortunes subsequent of effect on Worsbrough, the township in the minds of the were probably not uppermost in level, A fall canal shareholders. 130 feet on exceeding the main Barnsley to Swinton canal, necessitated provision ruction
of
eight
locks
at
Stairfoot
and
110
the
Canal
Company
was denied
to
permission in except of
site lock
flood.
from
water
extract
The Worsbrough to
a reservoir
provide
and wharves system, Bridge. Worsbrough
Dearne
the
Dove rivers
was chosen
valley
supply the basin
a permanent in provided
were
or
as the for the at
initially The canal proposal aroused considerable , but appeasement from many local landowners, opposition in inclusion the through the of a clause mainly gained landowner
any which allowed he may have within The benefits
of
Worsbrough
access
exports limestone;
gained from its
1000 the
to
of
yards
the
canal. immediately
were
to
entire industries
the
of
any
Act mine
59
canal
coal and iron a cost differential
from
make a railway
was
region
felt for
as
bulk
of and imports 200: 1 in favour of water 60 The barges at the time.
road transport was estimated by horses the canal at stages along were hauled provided but, 5.5) (Figure shows, many were network as the engraving over
equipped
alsb the
straight
- 9"0.
with sections
a simple when
square favourable.
-
_e -,
_-e.
;-C"
to
sail
take
advantage
of
61
-1 ---;
"
Fig.
5.5
WORSBROUGH CANAL
& EDMUNDS COLLIERY
Courtesy Mr.K.Hawkins, Sheffield. (Private collection).
ill
-
EARLY
19C.
Records available, to 1804
of the actual but examination
construction of for
shows no entries families. known Worsbrough Ilabourers, that
the
the
of
Of these,
were probably local population
than
other the
agricultural
from previously
few
as recorded labourers, suggesting
played
the
through
route
Dale
and
Swaithe,
by-, Fairbank, in Wombwell, Bridge was surveyed 62 but sections further Sheffield, attention required 1815 when the Highways "James Green Accounts note,
Aldham
Rich.
Birks
[surveyor]
concerning
canal.
Worsbrough
Bridge had
Fairbank, to
the
lane
bridge
necessary.
1799
in its construction no part have to Company the appear of canal group who left no mark in the local
and the navigators, been an independent The initial record.
Mr.
not
are
canal
registers
parish
persons
the
" Even
when surveyed as late as 1840,
Lewden the
to of
as in attneding
Common
basin
at
by the set as wharf, was causing Lane and interfered access cut the Calker with for the and turnpike, a new alignment making 63 concern,
***
**
****
**
**
On completion of the canal, mines in the Stainborough, had for Rockley and Worsbrough Dale valleys, centuries which supplied only local needs, were enabled to expand and rail in tracks to bring the coal to the canal basin, were built in the canal to landowners accordance with the concession horse drawn trucks Act. These railways 5.3) carried (Fig. track, or, in the case of the Stainborough-Rockley were' inclined trucks so that full moving towards Worsbrough Bridge hauled the empty trucks back to the mine. This from
had to north-west cross the early eighteenth century coach road by which the from Earl's Castle was approached mansion at Stainborough Birdwell-64 The road was carried over a tunnel, which in a ruinous in Broom Royd Wood. The survives condition,
railway
the
Stafford
trucks
mines
could pass through unseen from the house. Transport was further
for improved
the in
it,
coal, the
in
the
and its iron 1840s
112
and when
associated limestone a steam
cutting, industries engine
railway,
originally
extended
through
Yorkshire
main of
output
railway
brought
created disuse
this
for
to
built
Pit
perhaps, demise of all & Coal
Iron
the
of
the-national
the
Haematite
their
Edmunds
South
years
rail ironic
network
the
Company which
review), the
new steam had which it fell into sidings, and
that
this
mines
but
mine
the
the
own railway
family,
the
the
shareholders, of the canal a few
is,
It
wider market. brought about
canal demise
was
major until was delayed
township
Within
prosperity.
access
Barrow
the the
about
as mineowners
gaining
the
However,
(after the period under century, from the numerous mines exceeded initial network.
of this capacity Unfortunately
Park
in
from
Silkstone
to
Dale
Branchr
Silkstone
Stairfoot.
at
railways
provision late nineteenth when coal
Worsbrough line
Old
the
called
a stillin turn
one,
developed
the from all
out-performed
the the
however, is now complete The cycle, the canal is infilled, (excepting the basin) mining and iron all has ceased and the railways now being production are closed,
others.
footpaths.
to
reduced
in
Changes centuries the
after
to
unlike
first
in
of
economic
the
natural
The
century
situation was totally
superseded as industry improving transport resources.
of
structure
over the from a rural
community.
before
gone the
Worsbrough
nineteenth
advantage
exploiting
changes in the be considered.
the
of had
which taking
agriculture, technology
of progress industrial an urban decades
anything
network
communications
the
mirror
agricultural
the
the
township
These must
now
NOTES 5.0
1. 2. 3.
COMMUNICATIONS
Hey, D.,
Packmen,
(1980) Packhorse Roads, 15 Leicester, PearsonlF. R., Roman Yorkshire 65. (1936) London, A comprehensive in review of the Roman road network South Yorkshire is long overdue but coin evidence towards suggests Darfield a spur passing and Barnsley Huddersfield. SYAS/SMR database. Carriers
and
113
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
110. Taylor, C., Roads and Tracks (1979), of Britain,, SA/PR3/141 SA/FB55 1485-1603 Tanner. S. R., Tudor Constitutional', Documents; (1940) 498. Cambridge SA/PR3/12/Bk. I SA/PR3/12/Bks. I& II. SA/PR3/12/Bk. I SA/PR3/14(l) SA/PR3/14(l) SA/PR3/12 Bk. I (1804) MBC 139 SDA/EM296 - EM297 and Elmhirst private papers. Smith, A. H., Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire 293 Vol. 30, Pt. I (1961) Cambridge Shorter Oxford Dictionary SA/SIRl 1692. BIHR Probate 21 1638 Richard Micklethwaite Feb. records WYAS Quarter Sessions, 1669 January Somerset Levels 1&3 Papers, (1976) Cambridge. Vols. Hey, D., (1980) 64-70. op. cit. Adam Eyre, 'A Dyurnal or Catalogue of all my Accions and from the 1st of January'16461, Expences Surtees Society, (1875) Vol. 65,6. 7. Ibid, 'The Journal Surtees Society, (1875) Hobson', of MrýJohn Vol. 65,252-4. 304 Ibid, Eyre, 2. op. cit. Fiennes, C., The Journeys Fiennes, of Celia Morris. 96-7. C., (ed) (1947), London,; Hey, op. cit. 31-47 for a comprehensive review of guide in South Yorkshire/North Derbyshire. post provision SA. PR3/12 - Bk. I. Constable Accounts. SA. PR3/14(l). Harrison, development 1300D. F., 'Bridges and economic 1800', E. H. R, 2nd Ser. (1992), Vol. 45,240-261. Eyre, 22 op. cit., 'Yorkshire Royalist Composition Papers'. YASRS. (1983) Vol. 1,224 19. and Vol. II, Chartres. in England J., in the Seventeeth 'Road carrying Century,, E. H. R, 2nd Ser. (1977) Vol. 30,73-94. A Directoxy 1787. (Gales & Martin), of Sheffield Defoe, D., A Tour through England and Wales, (Everyman 1928) Vol. 2,181. Robinson, L., 'Carriers Old West Riding, Rates', Vol. 1 No. 1 (1981), 15 MCR SA/PR3/14(l) Wilkinson, j. its Worsborough, Historical Associations (1872) 269. Parish registers SA/PR3/14(l) Tanner, 495-6 op-cit.
114
45. 46.
Morris, op. cit. WYAS QD3/6
206
47. WYAS. QD3/5-375. A list in the quoted from a 1752 "Book of Bridges" Bacon Frank Collection, by Leeds City Library Hopkinson,, G. G. "A List of Non-County Bridges in Eighteenth Century Yorkshire",, H. A. S., Vol 8, Part 2 (1960) 99-100 includes I'Luden Nether, Luden Upper and Wosper" as Worsbrough's responsibility. 48. Dean,,P., The First Industrial (1988) Revolution, 2nd Ed., Cambridge, 18. 49. Harrison, D. F., 'Bridges and economic development 1300-18001, E. H. R. Vol. 45 (1992) 240-261 50. Hey, D., The Making of South Yorkshire, (1979) 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61. 62. 63. 64.
ASnnourne, 56,64. WYAS QD3/366 WYAS QD1/707 WAS QD3/366 Staveley Ironworks
Records
SA/PR3/12 Bk. Constable I MCR SA/PR3/14(l) Eli Hoyle, Barnsley Chronicle, Wilkinson, 262 op. cit. 263. Ibid,
SA/SIRI,
2nd fol.
18 November
p. 110.
1905.
costs tor transporting coal from the Tyneside mines to London in 1675 suggest 300 miles to equating over water about 3 miles See Levine, D. & Wrightson, K., over land. The Making of an Industrial Society; Whickham 1560-1765 Uxtord 9. Courtesy of Mr. Series of short SA/EM1795 SA/VWM R63
K. Hawkins - private by Fairbank surveys
115
collection. in SA/FB75-
6.0
ECONOMY
6.1
AGRICULTURE The
economy of
a system which,
as
modern
period
based
into
the
to
populated
by
from
assarts
such fields
His
noted. or
were
walled',
At
some
point
shared
had
their
references
the
area
of
and
ditch'
99
acres.
of
the
farmsteads
the
Dale
have
may the
called
documents
of the but
landscape
with
previously
of
possibility occasional can
evidence
the
suggest
pattern. The
& 6.2)
original
was
century
assart
when,
the
at
it
the
3 Etymology
clerk.
assart,
as
stead)
was
Smith
4.
cleared
a relatively
1330,
when
his
son
Richard,
Simon.
The
clearly
Thomas
name
(a
horse)
with
de
is
name
a
single
to de
Jordan which
founding successful, Wigfalgh,
its
family
had
bought
an
inherited took
its
seen
in
1342
land
at
Blacker
116
in
distri-
surname
farmstead
the
his
name when
to
father from
Henry,
from
5
Worsbrough
inherited
from
where
examples
of
a national
granted
which as
as
had
trees
where
origin
use
(a
ON 'Wigg'
either
with
Simon
to
a pre-Conquest
a number
Wiggefall he
been
locative
Nun
a grant
'fall,
surname,
thirteenth to
given
in
from
of
one
modern
reference
is
had
the
The
was
it
the
of
6.1
(Figs.
example,
middle
a farm
derives
from
first
The
locate
suggests
common arises
the
Worsbrough
to
used
OE IwicgI
or
bution,
by time
for
Wigfall,
at
well-established
Appleton,
was
history
developments,
early
combined
general
been
in
Yews,
a holding
(Fig.
these
detailing
forming
land,
developed
a fence
by
the
manor
had
at
6 1)2 The paucity . . farmsteads precludes
Field"
concerning
Glu
enclosed
manor's
field
a common
I'Darley
been
the
Darley which
Henry
from
township
largely
of
eventually in
early
organisation
of
the
of
farmsteads
that
the
divisions.
boundary,
as
by
groups
area
separate
husbandry),
animal
evolved
distinct
northern
Barnsley
was
and
by
dominated
been
always
had
manorial
The
the
3,
three
ancient
Darley.
a)
(arable
Chapter
in
noted
on
river
farming
mixed
has
Worsbrough
of
the
Wigfall son manor
of
ý 4!
>4
E CC 0 u
JJ, C)
w0 t-I cc
41'
LL 00
ý:
C4 CQ I V)
C 0
U) Cc
r-A ko
1
cn .r14 1-4
i 117
LU
U
t#
0 4
1>Ö3 C4
r4
Z)
V u En
PN U
4k
Q-
ij
(D
U::,) c o
.9
.n
E E 4 C,
ý-' -11-4
44
0 'a
(D
(n m
Ia
,(
C 0) (_9 CP
ED
118
In
Lord.
1379, Lay
the
de Wigfall
Alicia
Agnes,
de Wigfall,
Henry
the
Johannes and his the
of
6d.
Matilda
paid landscape
wife in the
survives
boundary curving Iroyds' (woodland
and his wife 4d whilst paid
Wigfall
de Wigfall
Ibota
and
a webster, field plan
The ancient showing including
Subsidy,
assart
clearance),
field names with ings (meadows) and
(oats). The mixed nature crop use as in 1havrel of the farming is seen further in the alternative name at Wigfall 319 & 320), for Close', Close' 'Little (field of 'Line indicating
lax
af
through
Kendal
Green
and Wigfall Survey7 of 1816 as an field network where it
Enclosure dates
shown on the map passing in the is described
The road
crop6.
the
but
road'
ancient
, fields
through
cuts
postas
such
395/316
and 397/312. illustrates The fate of Wigfall also in land ownership of changes encountered investigation frequently of Worsbrough, lack
of
In 1467 evidence. which can be identified
surviving
'Broderoyd', (Fig.
6.2),
Cawood after 6.1).
to
1709,
when
again
as a unit8.
Doncaster
all
Thomas
the
family,
was part Rayney of
of the
descended
It
held
last had
it
local left
called
as Dusting
Royd,
Priory
by Robert left
presumably Farm
Rockley for
Doncaster
the
Wigfall
Worsbrough
in
were
family
and shown
of
1851. of
in
lands
E100,,
Wigfall
Pashley in
their
Highstone
near
the
of
complete male
through
Wigfall
of
original
to
this
frustrated
part
Dayhouse
at
fields
the
who still
Henry, medieval
settle
By 1701 Wigfall
was mortgaged
had
family
Wigfall
home to
ancestral (Fig.
the
complexities
thoughout
Monk Bretton
to
was granted
the
the
original
the
eighteenth early and soap boiler'
in London a prosperous He died century. the female line had married into family, the wealthy Hall Worsbrough lawyers through Farm of Swaithe, whom Dayhouse descended to the Elmhirsts in 1731.9 The name of modern
Wigfield
the
farmstead
during
the
changed
from
Wigfall
to
the
though an seventeenth century, date cannot be determined in exact as neither name appears the available list seventeenth owners, century records which
119
not
in
A twist in
Jeffrey's
sites. the
the
Wigfields
registers
between
connection Wigfields
are
& truss,
a genealogical
Wigfalls
elusive.
modern, frame
entirely
replacing
area
earlier
structure the
rebuilding. the
of
Elmhirst
noted township,
the
of
at
timber, an earlier destroyed, was totally
which
a trend,
of
northern
but
proved
The development illustration
Wigfalls
Hoyland,
the
during
unrecorded,
Wigfield.
gives
and the modern farm buildings The present
has
Wigfield post
of
are recorded from neighbouring
family
the
1778,
occurs and Wigfields from 1692, numerous incoming where, including as farmers and nailers, a
pursuit
parish
Yorkshire,
map of
estate
at
other as a family
provides farms in the
an
to
sought
amass building
a
to facilitate of soils mixed farming, when from an early up a holding The family assart. name derives from the orignal field 826 on Figure. 6.3, medieval assart, in OE 'Elm Hyrst, called (wooded height)10 at the site, now known alternatively the as Elmhirst or Bank Top, overlooking Worsbrough (Appendix; Buildings, valley. No. 3) variety
The family Roll
first
30 acres
in
assarted
from
the
town
(822),
Wood Royd
Lands
(824).
However,
ancestral
site
settle
at
it
towards
been
even
Elmhirst
in
in
roaming
Bank
more
(825)
Field
the
noted
that left
Nos.
4&
continuing the
this the
to
century
Buildings in
Long
and
family
the
fifteenth
soils
West
I previously
Top estate,
productive
the
comprising
though
the
(Appendix
copyhold
the
Top, Laith
has
and,
Houndhill, the
retained
at
(823), it
soil
Bank
at
Field
quality
horses
two
Court
Rockley
was already well-established, with fields in addition land to the copyhold
woodland
was poor
1379
the
farm
The
meadow.
in
recorded fined 4d for
is
Robert
where
Lord's
is
5), to
they
extend By 1536
valley.
had acquired the Dawcroft lands (458,459,460,461, 462) and, in 1637, taken lush meadow to include a strip Osmond Croft along (465)f Dawcroft Ing (528) and Dyke Ings (529). The acquisition of Ward Green Common, in the 1820s, they
completed which
the
the family
run
from retained
marginal
arable
as copyhold
120
to
watery
meadow
and
leased
to
. tenants.
E3asedon 1838 Tithe Commutation Survey - Parish Chest
(BANK Fiq -
TOP)
ESTATE
The fields total
listed
are
in
the
Court
Roll
1737f
of
a
46 acres, for which William Elmhirst paid an entry fine 4s. In 1608, however, of 4s and annual the fine rent and rent had been nineteen shillings and ten pence but of
Robert
Elmhirst
Booth,
as lord
his
persuaded the
of
new brother-in-law, it to reduce to two
manor,
This
John shillings.
by a later
was challenged, unsuccessfully, manor, Gervase Hanson, who sold the 11 Wortley in despair.
Sir
to
estate
owner
the
of
Francis
is
It
from the Manor Rolls evident that tenure copyhold in Worsbrough be as safe as freehold could and considerably than term rents. cheaper 4s Whilst the Elmhirsts were paying " year for Bank Top, Henry Hattersley John Woody was paying " Leeds holding
merchant, Bank
at
tenant
customary
on inheritance, "surrender
after
with following
centuries
of
virtually freeholders,
the
hold
(Bank
ask
if
would
manor.
"
In
1790 William (Appendix
Top)
twenty-one he had done the
by three
the
Court
bailiff,
Elmhirst,
"according and
court
and
He was brought "in
so,
and
contempt
contraxy
to
Greenwood, were
third
the
Court
the
copyhold
It
of
may,
of the
course,
the
None
the at
Lord
came
be pertinent
122
old
to
Court
to
and the
of
Licence The *
three
it
claim
He land
the
returned fine
as
himself.
Elmhirst
Steward
the
and
forward
for
Porter,
Manor".
the
estate
Elmhirst
the
without
of
ousle-
of
Manor
the
William
except and
the
custom
seized
issued.
notice,
before
to
claim
builder
years.
to apologised him, renewing each.
lawyer
by the
seizure
proclamations come to
as
Court's
the
estate
John
the
many behaved
No. 7) had leased - Buildings to the Curate, Revd. William
proclamations after
copyholders
free-holders,
as
"any
after
gave
land without renting breaches led to immediate
of
thwaite,
which
followed to
custom"
a custom
to
Such
bailiff,
Lord's
Unfortunately,
a straw".
same rights even
permission. to
E28 a year for an equivalent 45 acre End 12. The only imposed condition on the fine was to do fealty and pay a small entry the manor Lord then confirming the copyhold
rent
case
of that
4s
to
William
happened
Elmhirst and friend
time
Earl
of, the
acquiring Buildings
No. 6),
(Buildings to
No.
-to
area.
7)
one of Rockley. the
the
Ouslethwaite
become b)
of
on to
The Elmhirsts
went Genn House in
be the
to
and Round the largest the
west
Strafford, increase
Green
Steward
at
Lord
the
Manor.
estates, (Appendix century
the
in
the
landowners
-
century
eighteenth
century nineteenth in the township.
development
of
followed
township,
of
the
their
seventeenth in Hall
Agricultural of
Manor
Rockley
the
a contrasting
on an assart The early manor was centred medieval 13, family from the by frequented 'clearing which rooks, a losing the original derived. Despite Rockley surname of
course.
in
disputed 1280 through marriage a seat at 14 built they Everinghams a substantial to the up settlement , known demesne centred Farm, Abbey Rockley alternatively on barn 6.4). A (Fig. an Falthwaite, Rockley Hall with as or family
Old
ecclesiastically had
long
However,
in
Hall
architectural
been
an Earl
considered
The monks
of
Rievaulx
of
demolished, 15. folly
recently
gable,
Strafford
had worked field-names
iron
in
the
area
Ing Grange as such century and 1534 in Inquisition (203), together of a statement an with in from Rievaulx that the manor was held by the Rockleys the by the suggest of one penny per annum'16 socage service
in
the
thirteenth
displaced
Rockley
family
may,
in
fact,
have
acquired
a
monastic grange. The manor formed but a small part of the family wealth, farms such as Balk through the township not only within the No-20), (Appendix - Buildings 15), No. Blacker (Buildings in Darley fields the mill), of Lewden (including and holdings the south of throughout manor, but also widespread a In the seventeenth was the county. Rockley Robert century, the friend 1st the Earl of Straffordt personal of overseeing latter's Tankersley estate, and the association was outlier
He was in 1644. inherited continued son, who estates a staunch Royalist whose loyalty cost him the family in the Civil War. by his
Along
with
Francis,
the
majority
of
123
Royalist
landowners
he
of I
If
'
x
ý: -Eb
91
0 JI
I
,
14 0
ci
D
kf%
L.
V)
0
tin 00
Wo
11
th
;3
"o 0
Xl
I
0
a u
In
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ri
V2
0
Ici th C:
ci
V
. t
q t
ri
.t>-
II
;lD
01
luo,
.4
Ef
tn m :4 to
10
1
1%1% to I %%
0
r.
Ir
'@)
(1
,Z
-3
93 0.
0 04
a3ý
14 .a
>1
rl u 114
1., 1
61
tz
0
"0
18 1
b
h h 11
C)
=
0
u 04
IL
1:
0
1,
CY
ý
t,
ri
E
ii
"
L4 4 9 ;
in :ý
In
d
(I
L4
-
ýH
Cf)
r4
c o:3
u1E 0E 8
to L. 0 j "0 0
.0
0
ci
-
cl
04-% cl
o
0
124
C, 0
cl
:i 94 (13
o 0
ý9 t 0
.2
0
tt
P
rT4
U)
17 E390 a regained of sequestered estates , on payment blow to the fine" but the family The final never recovered. family fortunes by Hayford, their was-a case of embezzlement dying in a Steward,, 19 which resulted in Francis Rockley the
debtor's
prison
Lewis
Westcombe
land
in
1679.
in
Somerset.
passed to his deeds show the
The estate Later
son-in-law demesne
in 1707 and 1723 when it was as a unit by the Earl purchased of Strafford of Stainborough2o. The major run as a consequence of the manor being private creating of
intact
still
the
estate pressure was the absence of population demands for land clearance. It was the prime dam, river, fish township meadow, arable, with
and woodland. It has been
seen in had been largely
township
in
ages
spring
wood had
Monk Spring the
totalling
whole in
profit
the
Elmhirst out
At
this
and
coppiced
burners
serving
13th
the
It
to
18th
can be agreed
the
building
in
sold
timber.
crop,
ironworks
in
Dr.
(see
but
'21 land.
1707,
the
Redmonds
scrub a
Rockley
- of still
were
wood,
spring
was
supplying
charcoal valley
Ironworking, that,
of
emerged
there
this
later,
Dale,
the
was grubbed
balance
Much of
as a cash
in
the
was producing 1829, Robert
in
when,
a different
land
century, with
Spring
21 trees
for
century
standing
for
that
24 acres
and a further
century
E77-6-1
76)
Spring
The Jarratt
demesne
of
and Jarratt
however,
Rockley,
227 acres farmed
Cross
nineteenth
650 acres
the
during the of timber land. Small of pockets for example, the fields,
67 acres
received
earlier
stripped for farm amongst
on Dove Cliff.
woodland
4 (page
survived White
at
mill
Chapter
drive
the
middle
land
perhaps
from
the
p-151). contrary
to
'One result popular conception, of the importance of the iron industry in parts Yorkshire] [of was of the West Riding the preservation of woodland areas, not their destruction. ' 22 Further profit came from the felling of larger timbers, keep "from time permitted to to time ... in good repai rot 23 and oak bark buildings local to the sold tanners. In 1696 Sir Gervase Cutler was also of Stainborough
125
selling
spring
E6-15s
an acre
wood to in Ivas
the
Rockley
Wood,
burners,
charcoal
Rockley
the
adjoining
charging 24 woods.
Large
areas of these woods in the Rockley and Stainborough during have been removed in recent extensive estates years by by opencast coalmining plantations and replaced conifer the Forestry Commission. occasional of pollarding evidence can
be found
still
particularly
where the the river,
remains, woodland by opencast working. untouched the The Worsbrough all comprising manor,
near Worsbrough.
c) township
south
contrast
in
the
of
land
ancient
Dove,
river
The siting
usage.
a further
provides the
of
Anglo/Saxon
in the area of the present settlement perhaps could village be confirmed by archaeological but, a prewith evidence Conquest is a reasonable Its church, early assumption. layout, however, is completely totally unknown and probably been to the modern village. It has frequently unrelated shown that villages
not were
Christopher
have
only
dwellings in
repositioned
Taylor
quotes
but
moved
the
early
numerous
period.
medieval of
examples
entire
often
villages
25 from the Evidence expanding, contracting and moving . was extended excavations at Wharam, Percy shows impermanence the keynote, in one plot as exemplified changed use which from
house
manor
houses
to
on different
structure
period
villages was imposed, of
the
impossible
to
date,
owners
in
the
sought
to
maximise
what
had probably
1560
green.
the
influence
main
as the
on the
street,
referred site
been to of
is
as the
an early 'waste'
the
new Grammar
126
change
as the
new
as they
likely
planning
plots side
is
here
new acquisition
of
green. at
the
their
regular south
a planned in resulted
when
perhaps
of Evidence
the
the
Nun Appleton
of
efficiency in
in
growth
Though
century
the
centuries
changes
population
village
may be seen
the
green,
and
development.
from
three
peasant 26
of
as Worsbrough,
such
thirteenth
planned
Worsbrough
in
saw major
of
occupation
through
a succession
alignments
The medieval development
to
quarry,
at
extending the
church,
A further
area
of
time, School.
was
taken
back over of over
in
I
vý
Ul
.................
127
impossible
Equally field
system
in Overfield, selions from which can be identified in the Middlefield hoodholel
and Netherfield
Middlefield
mentions
field-name.
the
of a common adoption landscape in the still visible 27 1650 Indenture An of sources.
of agriculture, in documentary
and confirmed
is
date
to
furlong which
later
The
This
was, clearly
less
so today
opencast
visible following
coal mining. has now been
It
strips long
longer
hedges
removal-of
the
possible argue fully"fledged Germany-a common-field development, though early medieval is
progress and furrow
and the
Indenture
above,
common-field,. furrow runs
to
pond,
field
working
close
of
century
it
work, harvest.
impossible
own individual three
town
perceived It tradesmen
the
such
the
arrangements
as control
"fully-fledged
the
&
ridge
near
green, However,
common
by the
least
at
seventeeth
earliest Court
necessary
of
IS'
clearance.
Manor
ridge
surviving in the strips
village
as the the
was an of its
of
discontinued
century,
from
281 but
reversed
was the
"no
brought
mechanism
areas
early
particularly to
system"
with
what
been
sixteenth
no references
after
have
must
the
of
suggesting
records,
system
edge
is,
it
adjacent did have-a show Worsbrough
the
recent
and
of
One field
maps,
AnglolSaxons
Small
location
system".
ducking
the
debateable.
still
(Fig.
that
conclusively
that
to
narrow 6.5).
twentieth-century
on early
shown
as a by
retained
of accumulation has produced the classic exchange and purchase in the modern fields blocks shapes of furlong
modern
'Priest-
as
such
names, has been
Rolls, to
make
grazing
communal
contain the rights
Loss
also makes records of the Nun Appleton their to know whether strip owners operated the cropping or if and grazing sequences,
fields
rotated
traditional
in
unison,
following
the
modern
period
commonly
pattern.
uncommon in own farm stock
was not
the
early
to
and
a small,
against
dearth;
even
grazing
rights.
The-1762
landless
cottagers
Probate
128
Inventory
croft-as had their of
for insurance
John
common South,
No-12)r Buildings at Ward Green (Appendix E2.2.0; 'one old Cow and Calf a shows he had a fold with of Hay of unthrashed oats E1.10.0 quantity and a parcel left E1.1.01. In the same year, George Burgain, a slater, blacksmith
the
'two
E1.6.0.129
calves
young
The
Hulls,
near the river at Lewden, common for geese. be seen as 'farms', Such homes cannot sense of buildings assembled specifically Examination
use.
the
of
Goose
called swampy ground 6.1) (Fig. was held
surviving discussion
in in
however, for farm
early
agricultural buildings
the in
of each in Appendix in the Early suggests a pattern of development. farmhouse the medieval, two-bay century cruck, in line, by adding (Bank Top) was extended, a
Worsbrough,
(detailed
Buildings), seventeenth
at Elmhirst house and byre,
in the old style of a passage building No. 3). The cruck was A further extension a barn and store.
with (Buildings
long-house.
cross
to probably relegated in the eighteenth beyond the byre, century added a longer building, byre becoming the original cruck and the a store building to a dwelling. The result cruck reverting was a farm
house and ancillary buildings in with farm, The fifteenth timber-framed century, (Buildings of
this
No. 4), early
pattern,
farmstead
at
sixteenth
century
eighteenth
White
bays,
five
as may also
Cross
(Buildings
farmhouse
example was a further have been the original here the No. 14) although
was totally
the
Cross the
shows
another
stage
in
where,
barn,
(Buildings
complex
had
No. 6) where, been designed
wall
but
the
round
stye
retained
the
This as
courtyard
129
setting.
re--
seen
the
the
at
Genn
century, house, with
sides'leaving in
the
along
rebuilt
a courtyard
and
17th/18th
the
in-mid-seventeeth
different sheds along The house was rebuilt open courtyard. from eighteenth century and separated stables,
in
replaced
stye and cart shed were leaving sides of a square an open courtyard. farm setting arrangement produced a planned House,
Houndhill
at
century.
White century,
its
with
line.
an extended
an
early
courtyard A similar
by a low sequence
was followed
at
the
where century A different
century
seventeenth
William standard. Ouslethwaite rebuilding of
was retained.
stable
Elmhirst
privacy followed
(Buildings
No. 7)
by placing
make a statement
eighteenth
emerged Houndhill
social
century
the
the gentry/yeomen, amongst in the sixteenth century from the house is detached
pattern
at an early example with (Buildings No. 5), where the farm buildings to provide working
eighteenth
in
No. 15)
(Buildings
Balk
house
the class,
social
a new and reflect this when pattern in the late to
well
farm
the
with
the
fore,
to
buildings
to
This approach was and rear, out of view. partly built by Thomas Hall, taken to its at Worsbrough ultimate the No. 19), Edmunds in the 1620s (Buildings where only The farm buildings were placed stables are near the house.
the
side
and village, west of the church, house, built from the on the even the walled away garden was isolation family total the the south side of church, giving farm. from the smellsýand activities of the working
on the
opposite
side
in
Valuations
the
of
eightof Worsbrough's in the farmers indicate individual eenth century preferences judging from the percentages to mixed farming, of approach stock to
compared
permit
to
but
When Arthur
ridge,
and
Yorkshire]
Young
"Grassland sowing furrow. has
they
"As
to
this
farmers
in
measure the
seeds
whole
rising
the only
had
1771i
a vexy
of
deserves
Saltonstall
in
way,
manage
sheep
that
Inventories
survive
picture.
a general passed
few
too
though
a scanty
nothing
number kept by 30 However, thirty".
the
Inventories
arable,
anything
complained, husbandxyll,
the
he
defective on unlevelled
country
[South
name of
a flock,
from
45 sheep
ten
to
and
12 lambs
in
1690 valued E6 at Houndhill E45F and also a flock worth in 1730t Similarly, about 360 sheep, on land near Wakefield. farms Thomas Knutton had 85 sheep on two separate of Balk, and the
Pennine
moors
were
close
enough
to
being brought the flock use as summer pasture, off in winter. Perhaps Young was only the sheep seeing home farms.
130
for
Worsbrough the
moor
on the
6.1
Table
Farming
in
Elements
Totals
Inventory
(Figuresin f and % roundedto nearestwhole) Stock
Total Inv.
Arable
I%
f%1
1690Saltonstall,Houndhill,gent
72 39
35 20
181
1693Carrington,BlackerHall, gent
119 43
85 29
279
1717Marrow,Marrow House,gent
9'
1746Milner, Old Hall, gent
110 28
118 30
390
1746Hall, SwaitheHouse,gent
75 12
198 33
605
1719Ellis, Yews,yeoman
32 38
38 44
86
1730Knutton,Balk,yeoman
136 49
76 28
272'
1731Cawthorne,BankEnd,yeoman
85 32
136 50
270
1717Becket,Highstone,husbandman
31 21
75 49
150
1722Ounsworth,husbandman/tailor
13 28
15 32
47
1753Sykes,Robt,White Cross,husbandman
65 26
128 51,250
1765Sykes,Ricd, White Cross,husbandman
48 21
104 47
223
1772Wilkinson,husbandman
25 47
11 20
52
1692Allott, Lewdin,farmer
70 17
216 54
401
The Inventory
information,
for
suggest
the
poor,
farmers
produced
Wheat
: Oats
11 Flax,
provoked
cattle
and,
Enderbyr
the
Darfield sheep
ld,
ls
a litter,
to
a total
turnips.
lambs
2d (up
geese of
suggests
rape
12s
to
1802,
level
5 then
(breeding), 5d. 32 bank,
an ancient
but
feed
131
to
of
Bag
was
sent
fold
turnip,
s farming
to,
appear
notes
a
tray" is
to es being paid for In 1783 he paid for 10), pigs cow lhd,
tith
of ls
foal
Hollingwell, source
o fa
occas-
them
present
a Mr . Stainsby William Elmhirst
farmers.
6d
the
featured
also
with
"A model or draft 31 Amongst Elmhirst'
of,
The name of Hulls,
in
to the reference by the Worsbrough
sole
: Hay 3
and
correspondence
drawing
hold
the
in
corn
ratio:
were grown as a winter discussion to on how best
Lincolnshire,
working to
:53: beans, potatoes
Turnips
have
Peas
of
Worsbrough
century
an approximate
: Barley
60
doles
by the
eighteenth
10
:
clover,
ionally.
in
15
9
augmented the
crops
15
of
ld
bees
ld
swarm
running above holly as a winter
Goose
and
feed
from the dating possibly Its value settlement. earliest as a browsing crop is wellknown but'recent in particular areas evidence shows that, feed it was used as a winter Pennines, such as the southern for sheep. 33 At the 1614 Manor Court, James Micklethwaite the
supplement,
was fined
3s 4d after
described
he
lopped
'had
unspecified
source
of
this
market,
for
profit
and an acre
of
a parcel 9d).
(3s
clover
of
the
to
as
seen
and
David
Cawthorne
10 loads
price.
Regrouping
before
the
to
arrange for
However,
wealthier
township's
a piece Edmunds
adjoining-an by the
croft of
glebe farm. 35
end of the land-owners commons.
of
such
as the
cost
the
in
exchanges
of
pressure by the
on any incoming his
preserve
132
and rose,
approaching band the small the
common land
was
population housing prevented
as Edmunds
living
exchange
were
onto
Birdwell
to
the
to use as a church, land in a town field,
expansion
to
Cooke,
1826,
sought
to
nineteenth
Reverend-Henry
and
exerted simultaneously demanding house-plots and, in the village expansion of incomers gravitated
a achieved without begun town fields,
century
Further
of
warehouse.
eighteenth
being
addition,
the
the
50 loads
into
Archbishop,
near
limits
the
old
continued
the
in
Barnsley not
the
persuaded
with
his
bulk
the
Barnsley
End with,
were
century,
Edmunds
Bank in
in
selions
sixteenth
an Edmunds
graveyard,
of
of blendcorn in efficiency of
as when Francis of
No doubt
farmer. at
of
Curate,
improving
the
production sale went for feed its growing population,
Improvements
even
180 apple
(10s),
trees
is
modern
excess
Inventory
part
6d)
(2s
Fir
of
of ' 34
from the various the that evident sources of food being produced exceeded what was necessary being the excess self-sufficiency a of Worsbrough,
the
wheat
growing upon Roome Greene. of 1755, John Tattershall
a 'parcel'
plants
branches
off
is
-It quantity for
cut
fore-runner gardener', of the He had 200 holly (E1.13.4), trees
(18s. 0d),
trees
or
as a
nurseryman.
of
'Hollin'
holly green trees called In his Probate Inventory
the
of
OE name
park, the
the
the
Dale. landless
majority In labourers
'gardens' to grow some of their own food and also wanted little house plots. began to extend their have figures detail Precise these changes offering of for Worsbrough, the pressures though on the not survived peasant
economy
situation
at
little probably in Leicestershire.
were
Wigston,
from
different
the Hoskins
Professor
land area was show there, not only how its but, to fewer owners, through at a an agreement in 1707, the area of common ground was fixed, meeting to
was able devolving town
new'stints on its use by setting limiting The intention a grazing numbers. was to preserve the-small to arable, to help new balance of commons pasture farmers but with a only peasant class who were the largest
together
small the
with
regulations
proportion mid-eighteenth
representing fifths. three had
one
similarities
eight
probably
in
landless
majority
their
the
range to to
occasional
could
for
nineteenth the
Act It
is
differing 'rights
of
noted
in
terminologies of
commons';
to
and
the
the
commons,
was
indicates
have
role
survived,
in
addition
some
form
Court in
a
documentary
Although
Manor
(of over
a vital
played
Court,
turn,
to of
that
any
enforced
active
until
the
effect
after
implementation
mid-
1816.
Worsbrough are
it
to
taxed time
the
Rolls,
the
less
in
were
Land
a
land
taxable
at
suggest
was
to
Enclosure
six
Court
remained
but
century
only
not
disputes,
Court
held
wages.
in
example,
41
appears
redress
Worsbrough,
households,
their
it
for
commons
Manor
still 36 commons.
on the for
held
however,
all,
population
the
out
and
The
agreements.
110-120
of
existed
appeal
of
the
evidence,
agreement
the
'rights' in
entries
As
whom
eke
their
of
various
of
E10.
survival
evidence
but
non-resident)
under
at
as, shows
which
whereas
figures
precise
24 acres, a dozen
than
them
beýdetected
1715
of
were 23
and
of
can
statement37
whom E30
lack
the
less
parish, no land
with 220 sheep between
and
Despite
Tax
the
Cottagers
35 cows
some
70 had
century, fifth of
in
landowners
99 Wigston
Of the
of-land.
defined greens
133
Court'records under and
the waste.
that ancient The
three , commons
in
6.1)
Common (Fig.
could of be considered the traditional spaces for rough grazing fifteen least by In there allocated were at stint. addition designated in view of their sites as 'greens' which, location, and were used grazing would provide good quality Some despite the proximity communally, of many to a farm. 'greens' to as 'commons'. at were alternatively referred Birdwell,
Green,
Kendal also
Blacker
and Worsbrough
for
field
of
even
called The development
to
relate
Worsbrough,
where
Green
for
many greens,
is
6.2)
(Fig.
greenside f icult to
prehistoric, Suf f olk38 is dif
ancient, in East
investigated
settlements
378
example, where Common. Kendal
Wigfall
example
to
and Round Green, are habitation, a single which
close areas small uncultivated had remained the so since other cases a green can be identified from the need possibly resulting
In assarting. a junction of tracks,
original at for
for
a wide
turning
circle
and Brough
Green.
A further
in
seen
the
church, where the land described as 'waste,. The importance of is
instance,
Mr. Edmunds,
bigger
was fervently
against
a plan to
grounds"
to
"pretending disregarded
Townshipp
who are
toward
their
erous
farmer
at
doubt
recognising
those
affected)
for
I'manny cheafly
Interest
Necessitous by
to4o Thomas
Ouslethwaite,
endorsed
and
added
Relief E30 to
134
of
the
the in
Archdale, the
would the
keeping
villagers'
was Church"t the of
A few
a prosp(no
petition
have
Wast
and
which
families
supported
Poor
protested
comons
income,
clothing. that
the
of
the
a further
1718
In
75 inhabitants
when
Staniland's
zeale
signed
Strafford,
of
11severall
Curate
the
sheep
in
-for
cottagers
and
Earl
general
enclosure
1700,
In
and Mr-Wombwell3g.
take
a mighty
to
reaction
was
the
to
the
of
and west
commons
landowners.
resisted
augment
a school-house
copyholders
Mr. Elmhirst
attempt
for
the
a move by the
against
south
various in
53 freeholders,
petition
but
the
is
nomenclature
of
the
provided
illustrated
made by the
attempts
to
Green
Cross
White
as at
complication
'green',
village
population
carts,
to
support E50,
which
a
they that the
in
lieu
He also of the enclosure. by a sufficient the move was not initiated freeholders, lands. offered
Thomas Wentworth, freeholder,
keen
1718
the
on the
He wrote
enclosure.
letter
in
Edmunds
a hand
took
of
majority
as principal from London
in
Thomas Cawthorne, with the plan, owner of Bank End estate and if he who opposed Rector of Darfield, was to would not sign then Mr Greenwood, he rents 11turne him out of the Tyths of us". A further July
telling
Earl,
out
pointed
to
speak
December
suggests an Act had been prepared but its conclusion Control of the commons by the Oxspring In 1701 Robert regardless. fined
ten
for
shillings
to
the enclosure complete is unknown. 41 Court
Manor
continued
Wood were and Anthony horses" on the Birdwell
"infectiond
found Common. The same Court farmer Edward Saville 11hath An horse infected the Crabb" the "continuans of with and during infection he Doe not at any time turn that these horses upon any part
Comon within infringements of the
of
Minor Benjamin
Ruddleston's
promptly
quashed
eighteenth
pig
by the
century,
following
the
Worsbrough
Court
of
Strafford
in
1799.
part keep
of it
the
at
Broo
Tunnicliffe the
Dale.
Woodhead
A new element erected
Manor.
Three
1811 when landowners
it
knowledge. enclosures, the
or is
township
Green,
as were Yates
was added
the
of
be detected to
the
and
last,
Wentworth third,
1801,
Fearn but
labourer
1806
when
Common,
"inclosed to
was allowed James waste
who enclosed in
as
were
can
Charles in
Green"
end
the
of
such
commons,
policy
a cottageýon-Birdwell
but
permission,
of
Clothier
John
and gardener
and the
until
2d rent,
of
"
on Brough
death
the
Earl
on payment
waste
FTW Vernon
of
after
Liberty.
a change
succession
Waste
the
stye
when
estate
this
in
Benjamin without
it 2s to the Lord of the retained on paying four such cases occurred each year until by the major the initiative that evident
to
totally
In
that
referred
the
enclose year to
as extensions
the as
commons
became
general
Court
ten unauthorised approved in various gardens', of parts
to
cottages
135
at
2d rent
each.
This
was followed six in 1815,
by six in including
part
last
the
within the
of
in
six
1813,
1814
in
nine
a new cottage. in 1816 when the Enclosure was halted be given Royal Assent on 23 May 1817.
The process was drawn up, to enclosures
1812,
occupants
20 years
were to
entitlement
manors Darley
Commissioner,
Thomas Gee of
of
rights
Ackworth,
Act42 All
be accepted
to
as at
common', for the
to Vernon Wentworth charge, and allocated Dale (Rockley), of Worsbrough and Worsbrough Parkin. William to the then owner, granted
a rent
and
with The
no Enclosure
produced
map but included and road sketches of roadside greens Junctions, fields, to which to adjacent showing allocation he added, in Cattle "No person or shall or graze pasture to "impound upon any of the Roads or Ways" and gave orders evexy
horse
ass The impact
would,
of
and sell
found
beasts
other
all
" grazing. individual
the
of
enclosure on any affected be serious but, the effect on the
course,
township's
total
allocated.
The apportionment
Unlike economy was minimal. for example, in a total Wigston, of where over 2887 acres 43 2994 about acres were allocated, of a mere 384 acres be 3300 acres Worsbrough's land had remained to as common defray
agricultural
Francis
expenses,
receive
116 acres,
William
Parkin lots It
The remaining 33 inhabitants. be seen
will
in
86 acres
following
the
to 48,
Stainborough)
21 and William
19.
by
(of
to
sold Hall)
(Worsbrough
Wentworth
(Doncaster)
(Ouslethwaite) small
Edmunds
Vernon
94-acres
provided
Elmhirst were
shared that
chapter
the
in
major
from for housing pressure to not only was come, but also Worsbrough, from Barnsley, industry linen the where the in the south was expanding rapidly of the town adjoining population
boundary
Worsbrough Vernon rocky
area
recognised releasing builders
(Weaving,
Wentworth
strips
noted
housing
rows
for
He immediately
Common allocation of
Common,
Worsbrough
as unsuitable
potential.
of-this
who erected
the
received
previously its
p-146).
cheap
136
housing
farming,
a and
began
to
speculative
to
accommodate
became
the
an overspill of be discussed in detail
what will
in
lost
their
three
1861
faced
clearly sold
to
to
prone
enclave,
but had awards, minor including and greens independance their maintain
rights, to unable
out
society,
Barnsley,
towards
detached
who received
common grazing
waysides, were and increasingly
the
life
yet whose social and working becoming a densely populated, 44 disorder disease and The thirty
The effects but he
weavers.
next chapter, dependent on Worsbrough
an area
created
effectively
Barnsley
the
landowners.
major
When the
was made for the Poor Law Union, families: in the hands of three the whole township virtually WB Martin (inheritor of the Edmunds estate) = 51.3% Spooner
Survey45
FTW Vernon William
had
Wentworth,
though
not
evidence,
near Birdwell, by enclosure;
it
The drive consequence
Another
towards
which,
loss
of
For
to
warren
under
the
additional
paupers income
the
centuries
to
the
population township,
control. enclosure
and
labourers,
Church
surviving
and unaffected
and in
in
the
estate
Rockley
engrossing
Vernon
within
Rockley
the
of
remained
to
lost
which
warren,
noted
be assumed
theý
of
'coney'
specifically
must
was part
area
loss
by
whether
granted
enclosure
new housing.
the
diet,
Worsbrough
the
within and,
documentary
survival.
the
of
process
The north-westerly Common formed an extensive
was absorbed
serious
enclosure
= 1.7% would be the
legally.
or
Worsbrough
under
the
of
as part
poaching
Charities
passed to Religious/Education Dove & Dearne Canal reservoir
One effect rabbit
= 24.3%
estate)
= 13.8%
Elmhirst
The remainder 8.9% and the
of
(Strafford
Wentworth
the
had
a
meant for
struggle
Wardens
a minor
had-paid
regular
fields sums towards the town's pest and control amongst flocks. In 1727, for example, blacksmith John South was paid 2d for a weasle's head; labourer 4d for a Adam Birkinshaw fulmert (polecat); labourer had 2s for two John Harrison otter badger.
heads
with
Particularly
a further at
6s for risk
in
137
five the
fox
heads
countryside
and were
a the
harmless-urchins
(hedgehogs),
are claimed where 38 urchins from the country no doubt arose cows dry
drinking
in
as seen in at 2d each.
in the a human agency as recorded was takn milken where "Dobson wife have beene whipt. 11 shee should All to
sion
"kill
White'to
and in
Agriculture
6.2
and
Roll that
and
the
concesonly in 1824 of Michael 46 the township a new era.
entered
INDUSTRY its
Throughout both
support rated
as
an
history
"were
agriculture,,
47 and
such
and
little
farmer
Roger
'ploughlands
E10-15-10
in
different
from
described
in
baptism
of
the
old
in
became
pastures',
corn-mill, the
history
has
towards
the
been
after end
nineteenth further
No. 23).
Two
eighteenth
century
at
local
markets
small-scale and
there
Rockley
be
inn-keeper 1803
.
the
throughout of
production flour
the
51
market
(Appendix operated
until
the
Lewden.
workers numerous
138
the
at
considered
to
reduced
corn-mills
craft were
burial
century.
and
wasý
in
operation
captured
the
Buildings,
Several
was
roller-milling of
may
the
as
his
at
continuous
but
of
little
stock,
but
1800,
bridge
in
total
a button-maker
industries
minor,
their
50; Michael'Leach as
and
the
Worsbrough,
of
feed
1795
near
these
of
whose
Inventory
farming
registers in
Lion
his
simple weaver/
for
sheep
husbandmen
parish
daughters Red
E4-13-0
local
some
which
animal
had
its
century,
raising in
be
to
had
sixteenth
South,
John
the
the
to.
subordinate
tended
crafts
integ-
most
with
common
48 o, Worsbrough
Elmhirst
1672,
Amongst
"rural
to
able
economy
industries
domestic
capital.
W00149 ; blacksmith
In
whole.
there
require
industrial
and
interdependent
an
been
has
Worsbrough
agricultural
settlements
of
had
Worsbrough
Court
Kyne
Mr Kays
was the appointment in distroy the moles"
control
pest
Their
1636 Manor
1800
ceasedýby
payments
such
account
vulnerability them of lore accused which likely It was more at night.
field
the
1727
the
found
a niche
opportunities
in for
the
a living
earning
which,
accepted
concept
economy.
These
chapter. However,
though
strictly
lindustryl,,
of
within
overall end of this
the
at base
industrial
township's
its
of
part
were briefly
an be considered
will the
not
the
deeper
went
developing to the point where, craft activities, having by 1851, it had become an industrial community urban from medievterms the "economic made what Wilson exit 52 " The pace of change was initially slow and uneven alism. it must be 1804 but, if a crucial date is to be identified, than
such
following
the opening with of the canal improvements. Many industries throughout the well disappeared, others depended on the key to
facilitate
the
Hartwell devoted
the
virtually underwoods the
sole
adaptation, the
principal
production, to
which
of
the
raw
in reached where, from and industrial, development
if
exploitation diminishing
under
fuel
a strictly
the
lacking.
is
leads
economy
returns; a mineral-based economy, dependence "freed for raw materials. on the land industry be discussed later, as a distinct will availability of industries It expanded
is,
of
coal, affecting all found in Worsbrough,
perhaps,
dual-Occupation,
difficult
to such
139
of
aspects cannot define
as the
will
challenge industrial
supply
organic
domestic
supplies,
strangle
fuel
an alternative
the
argument a limit economy,
organic,
thus
was not
pursues
resources, and
land
was also virtually industrial in used
Wrigley
existing
its
It
materials
for
had
and much of
but
period of, food.
medieval the demand
production
timber
land
less
meant
great
the
land
"more
that,
point
fuel.
is
food
period
or wool of Worsbrough , 53 However,
source
under
be won by
community
coal.
timber
particularly
show that,
the
modern
namely,
essential
production
source
served
All and new ones emerged. in had Worsbrough geology provided
food. to produce lost its reserves of by the early modern
available
the
and early
turnpike
prospered
makes
to
simply
medieval
had
which
on the
in
Land to
contrast, 1154Mining but
the
the
easy
variety
be underestimated. at
what
weaver/farmer,
point
an becomes
industry',
an
as distinct investment
initial
required furnace.
It
excess
from
an iron build the
creating
to capital be argued that
could possibly local needs'suggests
necessary far in production
basis
the
for
of of an industry; can be confirmed
such a case may be the in Worsbrough.
first
i)
1379
Tax)
Leather.
The
occupation of
the
none
Isouterl
of
region
Barnsley, in
Penistone,
remainder, for the
excepting
each
record
such
The occupation
himself
the
the
Worsbrough
is
shoemakers
and
a regional five
three,
centre
cordwainers. four,
possibly
Lewden
John
of
and
of
is
Green
recorded is
confirmation
The Cawood Hobson,
in
souters
Havercroft
and
with
has which deficiencies
a wide
regional but, recorded
eight. the
of
market. unless the
along the
perhaps
records
Allotts
at Swaithe
three
Worsbrough
township,
regarding when it is
century,
operating
townships
sixteen
was established
sparse
deficient
are
seventeenth
the
Ardsley
the
records
the are
that
'industry'
an pack-
Isouterl
was
tanner.
Regrettably centuries
leather
through
routes
there
serving is not
tanner'
of in
trade
extensive horse
a contrast was
In
definition
the
and, known has to be significant,
vagaries
Worsbrough
suggesting
(Poll
Worsbrough in
one
Even allowing
Subsidy
(shoemaker).
around
the
Subsidy
Lay
which
works
tanner
with Cawoods
occupations again for
were
tanners
six
Joseph
in 1790 tanner' 56 (Fig. lacking. 6.11, friendly
as the
such as dyer55,
Elmhirst
but page with
ten
with
tanneries
Rob Royd.
were
that
leather-work
There
the
until
apparent
as
family
intervening
the
of
the
Green
Oxleys
of
Round
additional 168). the
diarist
John
Dodworth,
to a daughter, who was godfather Mary Cawood. She died of smallpox in 1726 aged six months and Hobson records loss for that another the Cawoods year 57 when son Anthony 2ý "drowned aged years at the tan-yard"* No evidence has survived than
the
of
of what in the
possible
would have been extensive tanning landscape near any of these works
re-use
of
the
140
Lewden
pits
by a late
pits other
century nineteenth The Worsbrough industry
which
Barnsley
and the
chemical
works.
tanneries
were
during
thrived
the
of
part
eighteenth
a regional in century in the Early
townships58. surrounding had but two at Cawthorne however, all nineteenth century, in the the Cawood tannery Worsbrough closing closed at decade. first The ten shoemakers of cordwainers and five had been reduced to four Worsbrough century eighteenth shoemakers
by
'repairers'
1843
and these were than makers'.
rather
perhaps
better
considered
industry leather in this The causes of decline regional in the greater to hides and leather may lie accessibility from cheaper the growing Midlands products along sources from Hobson's is clear but it search communication network, hides,
for
farmers
were
had
centuries
It
for is
buying
to
even
probably
in
South
moving
away
adequately that
recognised
the
statistical
is sample but it and few even have
ii)
that
local
rearing which stock the leather workers.
century eighteenth be seen as a viable cannot that a notable none include
surviving farmers
of
herd
from
supplied
Inventories
cattle
Worsbrough
Shields,
milk
cows.
industry A slightly unexpected was paper-making on the site of the mill as a corn recorded at Lewden, last in 1690.59 (Fig. 6.11). Lacking mill a, pond, it is assumed to have used an undershot by an wheel fed directly Paper.
artificial throughout branch
of
loop
in
the
Dove. -It was owned and operated its life by the Rhodes familyr, a as a paper-mill family a Worsbrough long-stay of farmers who were to
river
Rhodes of Monk Bretton, paper makers has link though the genealogical century, yet to be conf irmed6o. The Register entry of a baptism, William son of Joseph Rhodes paperman in 1713 is the first
probably related in mid-seventeenth
the
lived to the industry certain reference at although-Rhodes Lewden at the end of the seventeenth During the century. by the Pashleys they were joined eighteenth century and in what was clearly Harrisons The a successful enterprise.
141
1852
"General
Directory
by William
Sheffield"
of
White
shows
in production works still under John & George Rhodes. family the products In the absence of surviving papers from the but, apart of the works must remain conjecture it was almost mainly certainly possibility of writing paper,
the
devoted
to
paper
wrapping Specialist
the
satisfying paper,
growing
by the
created
demand
of
market.
bagging
for
coarse,
forms
all
Barnsley
expanding
but
strong
for
small
such as sugar and quantities of a wide variety of produce, flour, As this paper was made from was increasingly used. it is. significant Moses Jackson that earned rag material, his living in Worsbrough in the 1750s as a rag gatherer. in the midThe closure paper mill of the Worsbrough hastened by the opening of a century was no doubt in the 1850s the Star Paper Mill, rival works in Barnsley, 61 to a more In addition which also produced grocery papers. location, it had the advantage convenient of improved
nineteenth
methods
of
production.
for the Worsbrough No evidence mill landscape, head-race feeding the looped on 19th century maps, depression the across iii)
Weaving.
has
meadow,
wheel, detectable
no trace
with
de Wigfall
Henricus
the
in-filled,
been
in
survives
webster,
the
of
Thomas
the
recorded as a building.
Genne
tailor
Tax Dikkonson tailor and Robertus of the 1379 Poll industries. were forg-runners of one of the township's major Local forward took a major weaving step when Roger Elmhirst increased his sheep flock to concentrate on wool production and established
a weaving Green 62 (Fig. 6.11).
Kendal the
sixteenth
the
demolition
the
contemporary
looms, John
in
suggest would
century Priory
and other
1594
and Kendal
the
enterprise be hawked around
mill
Excavations
building of
weaving
shears
Icomplex
date,
at in from
Houndhill 1979
and
confirmed at
purchased but no information Monk Bretton, Roger lef t his two process63. equipment
weaving Green
to
his
stone
to
eldest
his son,
was already
in
decline.
the
by
Ichapmen,
markets
142
second which
on
son would
The products one
of
whom
described was a younger son, William, living in Ireland in 1634 64 . The much it
origin
cloth
dye a particular 65 However, Cumbria.
of
Worsbrough with
and
the
fourteenth
the
Wrengate
obstructed
de Wigfall,
Henry
Kendale"
who gave
webster,
his
name to
(weights)
eighteenth longer in papers
Elmhirst
are
finds
was a part of during rapidly
of
45 years,
68 The
not
was a family to
elderly
Worsbrough
weavers
the
1851
(30.0%) were
However, part
of
the
at
Wakefield
de
Kendale
1314,
John
166
neighbour
of
have
been
a 11de
of
Kendal
Green.
.A
the
tangible only the form of
in
date
These
Houndhill a period
from
the
was no the family
when
the
weaving
the
regional
the
eighteenth
mill
was
industry
weaving
in
clothiers
by the
Staincross
the
1806 Militia
The .
century67 Return,
15
with
list
shows,
in
In
addition,
female. 45 years
over
Barnsley the West
and industry
Riding
the
that
extent
Census
were
involving
concern
that could suggest 50% too low, emphasising around
working
brocades.
and
This
seen
connection
in
includes 15 and only males between in but the varying all weavers, concentrations (Fig. 6.6). However, offer. a comparison,
townships
weaving
fancy
weavers indicated
a medieval
produced industry
suggest
Worsbrough expanded
Kendal
in
"common"
and
heavy
is wapentake in Worsbrough.
115
The
the
unfortunately,
possession
silent.
distribution
the
the
producing
which
the
when,
Satchell
well
weaving reed fragments.
and
century
could
Houndhill
at
Worsbrough's
of
in
dunghil
the
The excavations evidence lingoes
his
Dr.
Common
Kendal,
where,
with
which
associate
a customary
is
origin
Cumbrian
century
is
of
source to
used
'green'
the
chapman'
seeking
name,
combination
likely
a more
from
weavers
that
of
is
Green,
family
Elmhirst
to
area
then
Kendal
name,
the
Cumbrian
the
traces
in
in
speculation
with
the
of
decayed
as a
total
(9.4%)
the
384 weavers,
(18.6%) under
in
data
of
male
18 years.
the
two
may be about dense areas
west of industry,
the
wapentake
further
1806
of
and
children
detailed
72
the
perhaps even
more
the
36
and
females,
totals
Cumberworth. in
the
woollen
143
whereas
the
was group
I
w U C) 5c
0 &
41 0 .......... o, =E ..........
a)
c0 cl
1ý .
rr
le
go
44 0
iE
0 0 -el . 41 0: x ..
$:
U2T
ft
s.
cIg, z
a
.1
4J tO . ýj in
wool
0
.......... ............
#
*. q ' I. ---. %,
it 0
"
Dl-
it
No
malo"
014
N
lu
al
,u
2.2 .u
vs
tj ;.
oe
144
ILD
tý .t; ri P4
was linen
Barnsley
around
in
noted
the
Worsbrough
When occupations
weaving. parish
registers,
are 1776,
after flax
dressers are weaver is often specified and five bleaching Linen to recorded. cloth required gave rise which two bleach works in the township and fields specifically for the Itenters' the linen allocated on which was stretched 'linen'
"erecting
Court
in
for
Cloth
tenters
his'cottage.
6.11).
(Fig.
when sun-bleaching before the Manor
George
Fearne,
1801
ten shillings and amerced on the Waste, at Broo Green"
' However,
a wool comber and a worsted in 1791, indicate recorded variety was maintained. Even if the 1806 total of 15 for Worsbrough 25,
for those allowing unaffected the rise to 385 at the 1851 Census in the'local industry. rapid growth
to
this
the rise with of knitters as the frame-work of 69 Both were similarly example. compare
loom was hired
from
by the
is
comparison
ends,
In Wigston
the
had been distribution
of the
originally, fact,
little The
Birdwell
to
industries
textile Midlands
organised
was growing seeking however,
frame
the
where
alternative
throughout weavers
the in
do with
township.
Worsbrough
from
rise
work.
15 in
the can
1806
Worsbrough
be located
(2),
Kendal
upper In both
to
century
also
385 at industry
living Green
and
The growth the distribution.
Although had
or
supplied,
in-comers
through
such for
Wigston,
at
when considering from its seventeenth
1806 weavers (5), Houndhill
Highstone
limits,
Militia
a master
increase
spread
inflated
suggests an exceptionally It is tempting to
other the
near
weaver,
and working materials houses and shops were built suitable with well-lit basements for linen rooms for knitters, weavers. areas the population landless labourers
was for
weaver,
at (2),
origins the
been
spread
1851
had,
per
se.
in
(3),
Blacker Bank, End
(1)
(1)',
and Ward Green (1) with none on the Common where the only house was the Sod Hall (Appendix Buildings No. 1). The distribution in 1851, had changed to the Dale (3), Bank End (1), Swaithe (1), Kendal Green (1), (2) Houndhill and 376 are These
listed were
on Highstone Barnsley
weavers
145
and Worsbrough who could
Common.
no longer
be
in
accommodated them, in the from
terraced
south
rows,
the
of
town,
built
specifically
the
Worsbrough
and
for industry
is
better perhaps of the regarded as an extension linen industry, began its in the late which rise 70 The reasons century. expanded why the industry
then
Barnsley eighteenth at
the
Barnsley
to it
century,
the
point
in
where,
was recognised
later
the
as a principal
nineteenth linen
of
centre
Improved awaits a satisfactory explanation. links, flax force transport grown locally and a town labour but for example, seeking employment, play a part, would all its none adequately explains meteoric rise.
manufacture
1750s
The organisers
of
had
the
seen
a weaving
to
brothers
Wilson
in
workforce
as
established
Barnsley
which
when other entrepreneurs, such as Joseph Beckett in the later Wood, set up in business and Foljambe The Militia by 1806 about 28% of Return century. shows that Barnsley's 18-45 were involved male population aged between
continued
grow
in
Although hand
weavers,
using
materials
south
of
available
1000
employed and
the
town
space
Worsbrough
looms
in
the
Common was,
1838,
is
'where by
occupied
town, perhaps, of
Dumfries
Vernon
of weavers created housing. The overall 1851 was
1.3
per
main concentration 30 houses per acre giving
magnates,
With
no
encroachment inevitable.
onto
the
on the
land
was the under demand
with
a population
housing
developed
an average density
1822
146
when
in
the
Act
for
cheap,
into
and
the
the
noted the influx
previously
occupation of
the
Common was noted I cottages,, other
density population of acre but in the Worsbrough of
to
were
boundary.
and many and built since
an instant
stints
completing
Row,
Wentworth
two
world-wide. factories, centre
town
the
weaving
linen
to
their
up to
were
exported
Worsbrough
weavers,, 71 This common was enclosed.
as granted
goods in the
there
mid-century
producing
provided
the
near
In
as outworkers
looms
The concentration
house
1831.
power pounds, worth of linen the power looms were
million the
44% by
to
weaving, rising 4000 handlooms and
high
density in
township
Common area dense of
148 inhabitants
the
rows at 4.93 each an
Its
acre.
total
adults
(over
eleven
of
population
had been
born
in
794 working
whom 47.3% were weaverst on the factory power looms in the 259 heads of household, only
11 years
old)
whom worked However, of
Barnsley.
included
1063
of
only
of
Worsbrough.
In
1840
17.3%
were 518 looms 4 looms. 72
there
64 houses with containing local in close The houses were built rows using living room and kitchen sandstone and generally contained be level, bedrooms below two may what ground with above and, 162 of
houses,
in
the
a half-cellar. in who worked
considered weavers
Unlike
examples of which the linen weavers below, half was half
which insanitary Health
1849
on the "The
in remain had their
by
Riding long
wool
multi-light for
Thurlstone
nearby looms
in
the
cellar
level. The above, ground houses is graphically these
condition in a report
described
West
lit
rooms
upper
windows, instance,
the
of by the cholera
Barnsley
General
Board
of
(p. 193):
outbreak,
the weaving shops arises with evil connected from the surface drainage The ceiling of the of the streets. 2 feet of shop is generally weaving about above the surface the ground and is provided a window, which does notwith being level the sill 1n the, the street open, outside. with chief
is
there
window
generally
immediately
of
air.
to
carry
the
off
this
under liquid
refuse
that so that evezy breath of air is poisoned in its passage over In
gutter. them out the
wet
two
weaving
or
weather
the
three
times
population
are
for
aperture
a small
aperture the
of
admission
an open channel houses, neighbouring runs
comes into the filthy
occupants
the
are
the and
obliged
shop weaving half stagnant to
bale
a day living
proportion and a large in and breathing the situation was not helped
atmosphere tt73 The of a cesspool. being there to twenty-eight an average of only one privy houses and, in parts, only six. one to ninety No weavers' houses Common after remain on Worsbrough total clearance of the area in the-inter-war when years, they 8).
by a municipal replaced The last terrace surviving of were
147
housing weaver
by
(Chapter
estate houses
of
in
Barnsley,
a
of
in
Row, was demolished
Taylor
such
iv)
Iron.
the
west
The bed the
of
construction
the only known photographic scheme; houses by Edward Tasker 74
a new road
made of
during
1960s,
the
of
iron
Tankersley has
township,
long
was
record
in
outcroppping ore, been exploited. Rievaulx
involved in the early medieval was almost certainly 75 In the seventeenth ore period. centuries, and eighteenth in the woods of the was mined by bell-pits, particularly Leys Moor Rockley Old Grange Ing, Friar Tale, Park, estate -
Abbey
together 6.7).
(Fig.
in
Royd
Stainborough
the
estate. bell-pits,
The upcast of a group of such industry, is clearly across visible
later
the
Broom
with
Tankersley
the
Ml motorway, when west of the northbound Worsbrough. Composed of iron approaching carbonate nodules, for low quality the ore only proved suitable products and little industry, in the vast Sheffield played shown by part
golf
to
of
part
course,
Professor Swedish
the
have
Hey to iron
for
is
The earliest the 1522 Will
to
his
11smith's
depended
its
on imported
supremaCy76. confirmation of iron-working on any scale includes a bequest of Roger Rockley which 77 to be working on the workmen" and presumed
6.7). 'Cinder (Fig. Hill' marked included in an Indenture of 1723 when 78 the despite purchased estate, a note in 1646 that they were then not valued was to
This
area,
be destroyed
in
known
locally the
archaeological
investigation
which
extensive
revealed
are early
unknown,
though
eighteenth
The superstructure
Earl
by
the
"by
sequestrators
Its
products
and
may have of a blast
148
with
and
no profit
reason
Smithies,
as Rockley
century, bellows,
their
unrecorded furnace,
a full-scale 1960s, 80
the dating
two
chafery,
nail-making
are
Strafford
of
was undertaken remains of a bloomery
a Worsbrough
century
the
in
16th to the mid-17th early blown by two water-wheel-driven hammer.
ironworks
These
MI construction
the
a water-powered
and
world
field
was made"79.
Spanish
from
hearths finery
and
destination industry antecedents. Low Furnace,
in
the
Ivas & Lowe Wood (Charcoal)
MoorLoysWpqd(Charcoal)
Broom Royd fV,, arcoall
Ironstone
UPPOF
Dam
Low Dam OWer
s Hills
SmIthies Friar Tall wood (Charcoal)
kley Abb y_
A Low Furnace
14
Cinder Hill
Pondarea
Ironstone
r
Ironslono Old Park (Charcoal
6.7 _Fig.
ROCKýEY IRONWORKS
i flý Am
__149
survives
to
assumed
Recent
Rotherhamel. the
true
estate
century have now been
located
becomes
that
clear
doubts and raises considerable An to be resolved satisfactorily. in seventeenth field names noted
research has yet
situation 82 map of c. 1726 leases initiated
and
doubts.
these during
another Hills' 'Furnace
near valley identified by reference to for Francis (agent Heyford, debt),
is
present
Rockley,
archaeological the
bridge
adjacent
has
'Little
built
between
run
to
the
is
to
charcoal Late Ironworks, ortium blast
included forges,
furnaces,
running of the 86 A further furnace. ironworks from
the
a family consortia, Staveley
'Rockley
estate,
evidence
of
occasionally record.
Furnace',
In
the
Staveley
of kept
westerly
that
the
85
a consand
and
Rockley
information
on
blast for
John
of
ofentries overlap
Spencer
record being despite
furnace,
and may contain
150
in
a number duplicate
contain brief period
however, the
the
in
nationally
the
hearth.
within
Rockley
accounts,
in
noted
Sheffield
source
(earlier)
westerly
present
the
Chapeltown
to
a new
other
partners
Wadsley,
an invaluable
group involved
of
records for the
addition
is clear, about 1700,87 it does not refer to solely entitled
the
'furnaces'
have may which from having changed
century
Wortley, in
are
the
Spencer,
Rockley
seventeenth century kept by John Fell
the
is the which latter furnace,
the
from
to
refers furnace,
eighteenth
fuel
coke
which
Attercliffe
the
the
end of
1704
1698-1704
It standing structure. 1723 Indenture listing
108).
on page
noted
Copley
Copley
was the
no structural and it must await in building of its stone
site
of
for prison indicCarr'.
in
then
(Use
been
However, an Indenture 84 one being [plural], the furnace
the
now visible at investigation.
names
it research, higher furnace up the existed is (Fig. 6.7). The site 83 by Dennis lease granted a the
on a meadow called ated by a symbol on the 1726 map. This furnace. disturbance, Excepting ground evidence
field
As the
a furnace
of
been
long has field Smithies the adjacent and a in 1652 by Lionel Copley have been built of
in
data
concerning
both
furnace.
Chapeltown
by John
seizure of
in
both
1704,
of
Rockley's 88 furnace.
run
both
of
to different refer for furnace repairs is probable and it
general, Expenses furnaces
of
from
Friar
from
in
Tail
in
papers,
those
Staveley.
of
different
concern
appear-to
from
obtained near Monk
Spencer
the
is
it
accounts
occasionally Lund Wood,
sites
then
son-in-law,
sets
that noticeable raw materials are from the same sites, eg.. charcoal in Barnsley, Bretton and ironstone Rockley. It is equally that clear
the
the explain could which the ironworking stock
Francis
the westerly running Throughout the
for extracts the Spencer
to addition implies turn,
furnaces
in
Spencer,
Westcombe,
Lewis
in
This,
had holdings
family
in
furnaces,
Rockley
the
that,
understanding on present furnaces the two Rockley of the evidence, were operating the turn of the seventeenth century under different having the Spencers a share partnership agreements, with each,
and whose
accounts
furnace producing papers show the upper from 290 tons in 1691 to 441 tons in 1695,
The Staveley iron
in
a range
averaging iron,
lallom'
works.
could
October
went
to
the
to
cast such
the
Friar
mend finexy
'to
was obtained
and Stainborough Tail,
Broom Royd Monk Spring, clearly in from
-
Moor (Fig.
and
6-7)
with
Swaithe,
insufficient a wide
area
of
and,
if
produced
furnace
to
1700
12 brayes
possibly for Bragges
Stainborough
Dale large
and Lund quantities
region,
151
Old
particularly
occasiona1small
the
furnace
the
despite
the
at
convert allude finexy
chimney and morris'. from the managed woodlands the
the and
from
for
estates,
Leys
sold
a finery
Entries
furnace
This
were iron of
iron.
a secondary
and Charcoal
Rockley
existence
wrought
Chimney'
earlier
and bars been cast
have
not
from
running
'pig' was mainly forges, and and Attercliffe for the east alum coast
June.
to
Wortley
noted nails
implies
works, the
or
plates
a blast
during
May,
-However,
which
to
to
which
the
300 tons,
around
November
reference
contain
in
furnaces.
both
to
at
of
the
Park,
Lowe woods beyond from amounts 89 Wood. This had the
to
was be brought
expense
of
on though usually radius, a five-mile within from Sprotbrough, twelve miles east of occasion was brought from a total In 1691, for example, Worsbrough. of 1230 loads area, the of charcoal, only 337 came from the township including being from further Hoyland and afield remainder carriage
and,
Grenoside
(near Sheffield). however, the ironstone,
was mined in the immediate Tail, Broom Royd, Old Park and Grange vicinity at Friar Ing, 90 excepting one new mine opened at Dodworth in 1692 The need for this mine is unclear which cannot be located. Rockley mines were still as the existing productive. Opencast mining and the M1 motorway have destroyed the All
landscape
evidence of the Rockley forward', Moneys 'carried to
iron
mines. and from books not extant, but appears to be regularly obscure the true annual turnover in the range E2000-E3000, from which the partners would derive income and also provide a wide range a satisfactory The knowledge and control the township. of employment within furnace of the actual operation appears to have been invested, however, in one man - the founder. In the late being paid this was Robert Froggat, seventeenth century In but who was not averse to a shady deal. about E30 a year, 1692 he charged produced and in
more than he actually 1699 claimed Chapeltown El; 11; 6 against furnace for a backstone which was broken and not used. He by John to be replaced was removed, becoming a carter, brought Allen, from Chapeltown furnace who, in 1702, pleased for
three
tons
the partners and was, I Given per Xr Heyford' s order above his wages because he Blew Easily E2. ' and made a good Blast Each year contains details to of the various repairs furnace and water-ways in which local tradesmen were John South, and carpenter, employed such as blacksmith, Michael Wilkinson. The accounts show the main income for the inhabitants the ironstone, came from digging and cutting timber leading in charcoaling to the furnace and their to delivery addition The parish of the products. registers of the
period
are
deficient
regarding
152
occupations
and only
Robert
Froggatt,
furnace'
the
iron
with
however,
that,
deriving
income
28
12
often iron
a single
incomes
from
the
men.
Where
annual
in
7s-10s
in
following
different
family seven
in
and in
the
continued emerging
their
which
probable
the
were
to
these
still
in
the
by
the
Furnace,
being
after
destinations that
arise
association
works area
Their
must
being
as
prior
57
furnace,
upper
certainty
century.
possibility
trade
iron
moving
to
these
men
newly
industries. is
Little
four
mid-eighteenth
but
unknown
Worsbrough
only
any
with
detail the
of
the
with
than
more
that,
noted
as 91
other in
report
suggest
would
considered is
1769
a week.
was
connected
identified
resident
established,
it
but
surnames be
can
be
will
chapter
3s-4s
ironworking
with
a
such
suggest
12s-14s
families
these
of
by
they
paid
boys
ascertain
employed
quotes
were
and
Migration
casual.
of
foundrymen
involvement
merely
closure
workers
examination
their
families
iron
earned to
isolated
Wilkinson
paid
burner
Tompson,
gangs
amounts
extraordinary
possible
be
can
E20-E30.
which
a charcoal
the
of
men
example,
the
Turner,
not
these
E31; 13; 4 to
some
is
wages
of
Further
the
size
for
suggest
Edward
it
as,
statements
another,
individual
forgemen,
only
Nicholas
of
others
families;
10
Some
received
other
which
the
accounts
of
included
They
from
families.
1701,
all
Unfortunately,
lost)
that
In
1691,
earnings
(now
in
miner
E279; 3; 8 and
E172; 6; 10.
27
persons
20 different
burners)
employers
person,
in
as,
received
are
from
(carters)
any
108
were
from
at
show,
accounts
alone.
miners)
having
as
there
furnace
(charcoal
I, & partns".
to
are
1702,
and
upper
'colliers,
Tingle,
include
the
recorded Staveley
died
who
a stranger
are
The
1690
from
themselves
Ralph
1657
(ironstone
'leaders,
were
and
working.
between
Istonegetters'
families; 30
21 January
on
connection
founder',
the
known
remains origin
of
as
an
about
the
mid-eighteenth
are
unknown.
Local
industrial 1700,
century. lore
Low
the
monument,
main other
structure than
as noted above, and a closure 92 The products furnace of the
claims
153
the
numerous
three-legged
its in
191
5
u
0 m r- 0
wl 0 r 0
6
-0
0
u-
+- 4- 4-
'ü
3:
+ ý+ +ý
.11
r_ c»
4
00000 0
>ý
5 o, >ooo
''
94
r. >
«
00000
000000 m
-0 14
+- +OD
.... . ..
't 0
zu
10
tý
0CL
1
00
c)000 00
00 015 0
ö*
4-
t; . rj P4
CO
Z
m
02.0
11.1
fF (I
cm
0
F$4 Q
rd
a) Lm $4 p (0-14 0u
)4 -t!
iron
farms and of pots found languishing on local that, interest is the claim recorded by Wilkinson particular furnace "Francis Rockley to this manufacture made of use ... 93 implements " His source is unknown but excavations of war. in 1978 provided credence when a gun-casting pit was discovered furnace the standing alongside structure. However, typology after would suggest a date a century cast
it in a postulated late-eighteenth Francis, placing century 94 firing fuel. using coke The Staveley records suggest there was a group of in the township during the seventeenth nailmakers century, though the parish records are then silent on occupations. Certainly a group of eleven nailers producing was still during
the
Birdwell
first
three
decades
1806 Militia groups in the
and the
of
the
return
century at nineteenth shows them as one of the wapentake which can 6.8). The family (Fig.
the scattered south of be associated forge, with the Wortley in in this of Stancer, once prominent group, of nailers had moved up-market-following Birdwell, involvement their
as
The and leaders chapel. of the new Birdwell name changed to Stancell and they appear in the parish Registers 1837 as 'Jeweller,. after The 1851 Census records three nail-makers still working at Birdwell. parish
officers
A convincing for explanation has yet to be found as it appears 96 ironworks nearby. The Worsbrough
iron
industry
the
large
isolated,
group with
at
Darton
no known
had a brief
resurgence for the canal opened in 1804 providing after transport cheap heavy bulk materials in and iron goods out such as limestone from Worsbrough. blast Darwin & Co. of Chapeltown a erected furnace, near the Worsbrough Bridge in 1812 which the White "General
Directory
been had then 1851 of shows taken over by the wealthy local families, Fields of Marrow House with Faulds and Cooper of Mount Vernon (Bank TOP). The in ore was mined from deeper seams in the Rockley valley, Old Park for example, necessitating a, pumping engine to the tower of which remains near the Rockley extract water, of
Sheffield"
155
Abbey
Farm. in
was provided
Ore was brought along a tramway built Strafford's mines at bridge.
An early
furnace iron
ore
mines No housing
split industry
12
from
miners, but all for
were workers
for Rockley the even estate, on valley than the iron-founder's seventeenth other
employees, house at Low Furnace house near the upper
the
23 ironstone
1851 there
were families, these working new housing at Birdwell.
different living
In
estate century
woodman's century and an eighteenth dam? both of which are now demolished. furnace down the valley to the Bridge to
bring
Stainborough twentieth
from
coal to
the
the canal
Earl
of basin
photograph century beyond repair, and the vertically, 97' finally closed.
near
shows
the
Worsbrough
The lime kilns since near the Bridge which had existed the eighteenth at least use of also expanded through century from the canal importing limestone for the furnaces Pontefract in addition to supplying and Knottingley increasing lime to satisfy the growing quantities of burnt 98 demands of local fields. farmers improving their v) Coal. Underlying the entire township are a sequence of high quality 99 coal seams, at the surface many outcropping locations or can be reached within a few feet at various 100 In earlier it along the sides of the valley. centuries be possible to collect surface coal and, though the doubt is silent it medieval a the record no was subject, on fuel common domestic When coal begins as the woods declined. to receive it is In the 17th and 18th centuries mention
would
usually
being
the miner following a seam mined by day-holes, into outcrop the hillside, in a scar often still resulting visible, as at Kendal Green, Lewden and Stampers Hill (Rockley). These were small-scale family severely operations by Worsbrough's restricted the until problem communication canal became available information can be traced and little to ascertain quantities modern and costs, even for the early 101 period, to estimate the size and output of these mines. The general its prosperity of Worsbroughl particularly
156
in
growth the
the
early
modern
easy availability
of
was directly
period,
coal.
to
related landowners
Even the
small timber preserve
for fuel were relieved to of the necessity feature as "the central energy economy of the mineral-based from dependence was its ability to free production on the 102 land. the The paupers and labourers of would dire straits level to maintain the barest of without and the coal for cooking and heating,
productivity have been in existence parish
records the early
until ittent#
list
nineteenth
presumably The Overseer
"Pulls"
or
regular then of
coal when they
century being supplied
the
"loads"
but#
supplies
which to a "pull"
of
the
to
poor become interm-
as need arose.
Poor
the reckoned cannot be equated
to modern weights hauled up the mine, in For exampler
be the basket assuming would be approximately a hundredweight. 1730, he supplied a 'dozen pulls' each to eighteen and two loads to Widow Crosland, paying the Collier The main supplier at the time was Edward Rock from on land at Keresforth Hill, near 1693, at E5, from Thomas Rhodes, gott in Coale the houses of iately
highlights
pitt the
in
quantities
Genn House. was
for
such delivered
103 Rock also close'. poor and his claim on the Worsbrough's
problem
His
where
paupers E4-10-6. his
lease
coales the
Overseer the
mine of as I
coal to immed-
transport
Costs affected In industry. to expand its mining any attempt 1732 Rock charged E2.7.6 for the coal but E2.3.0 to deliver it. Irregular deliveries but, to Barnsley as even made were local transport its hopes of a wider almost doubled cost, market were in vain when pack-horses, 2-3 perhaps carrying Cwt, or ungainly wains hauling at most two tons over the existing
tracks,
were
the
only
means available. The London market would have been to most attractive the Worsbrough but land transport mine-owners of coal was uneconomic its compared to Whickham, for example, with access to the Tyne. Carriage rates were set by the West Riding Quarter Sessions in 1731 for wagons between Barnsley and London at 14d-16d a stone, 104 A depending on season. horse could pull at best two tons and the additional cost Of
157
E10-Ell
a ton There
were,
than
other
doubled
than
more of
few
course,
Barnsley,
the
the
canal
Dodworth
the
situation came into use
regional
changed in 1804 providing
possible.
5.5, p. 111).
their can be consulted, success as mineindirectly. land and Both bought can only be measured in the eighteenth extensively, century, particularly from the proceeds of their collieries and the one
owners houses mainly
Elmhirst
surviving 1843,
of
to
which borough,
Probate
they
(William
Inventory
illustrates the 106 The Wentworth
Ouslethwaite) aspired.
two
and in
profitability leave
to,
entries
"lease
given fifty
years
seams
of
... coal", under
particularly
profitable
Thick
at
and was,
liberty
to
as in
mining, to
indeed,
make roads,
her
1852
they
think
closes
at
seam of nine
feet
and machinery, to erect She leased coal into coke.
to
a yearly
rent
158
copyhold
was of Bower
Elizabeth for
... fit
the
term
all
mines
This the
called
ovens
three
of
and
and
was'a
also houses,
engine
was
Worsbrough
The deed
burn
gave
part
of
miners who were to 35 years on an area fine to the and rent
of E300 per acre for 37 acres. of approximately The copyhold Lord of the Manor for this land had been
pay
rights,
glimpse
erect coke
Stain-
coal.
mine
when
thick.
waterways,
engines
to
... Hay Green.,
coal
life-style
mineral
when
any person
a Rent
the
a brief
offer
Elmhirst,
expensive f amily at
as Lords of the Manor, owned leases seem to have freely granted The Manor Court involved was only
'inherited'
the
where
rights,
mining
but
sixty by a waterways
for accounts no financial largest of land and owners
as virtually & Edmunds families,
Elmhirst
up to
105
Unfortunately, the
to
access has been
It
canal
(Figure
parishes
rival were all dramatically when
network and beyond. for barges, as not unusual recorded containing being hauled tons, the South Yorkshire along horse, single with occasional sail assistance whole
markets,
as Worsbrough's neighbouring Silkstone, own coal deposits;
However,,
service
pit-head.
at'the local
alternative
their were exploiting Hoyland, Stainborough, Darfield, suppliers.
price
19s
10d at
the
turn
7,
V'Z. ,...ri! '.,. 11 .. Iý-i
, -4 . ---,
a
fi, %., )?.
*
i -1
C ýLy Ox
2V 4-f-17 .".
ýff4
A,;d AW
I
% -*-. ý . "-. 4--, 0 ... 0. WC rntvct
:..
Fi-
i
A*44;4-,
MAI
...
V.,
#ýVl-
&K
-
-
*4C zj.
0
(7.0
All.
-150A JAI 10
0
EA
xh
mat
.01
Z4
-0-0.
U4 02
kid [/Id
V
1.-0-0
IA
4.
In
,
a4W
go%*AýW;411i
tU441 a,
:4..
Xt7
60 (aOPW 0.0
6
I J!" '7ýdfuL M'"ýIt anvil"
/",
vik
4M. Z4144AY' 4"
f"^(' ,
14
W7N
r7q
ý fi, Au, 4,14
h AAdeN 1ihit
OM
44
Ir
ýO
foe
Vel
C6,
6
OX,J4 Cal
yd,,ý z/ 'k
4ý
VO
4.4,:,
'r /ý-1444 t, 4,WV14;
I pjeýý
5hu-
40
4K
440
411 A ..
Y,.'
10'
.0,
AID (/ V.
Ugi.
/If gock Vý-
01.
ha 44
hr. A, Fig.
6.9
Barnsley
Colliery
1719
Elmhlrstfamily papers- "Evidencesof EdwardElmhirst".
159
(iA
'VillI.I
of
the
century
a considerable Elmhirst
likely
and not
for
profit
increased,
inherited
the
Elmhirst
1791 he was granted "all and evezy Mine lying the said Copyhold", or found within to Strafford and rent was 4s each. With
such
proliferation spread at
of the
along
Highstone
Kendal
in
for by
exploit
Ouslethwaite,
to
coal which his of
made by John
A survey, showed
from
and
seventeen
Green
pits but,
the
Elmhirst
to
Sidney
Hon. between
small 6.9107,
a
pits boundary
Round for
Carr
fine
sub-lease, Elmhirst
be expected and from the Barnsley outcrop
northern
1719,
to
Beds
or
in
estate
was to
mines
Farm
Green.
Wortley
freedom
manorial
suggesting
When William
family.
Bower
the
Ouslethwaite
of
have
to
Genne
Farm, Figure and Highstone as deeper became necessary in the early mining century, nineteenth they were reduced to the Highstone pits, and Ouslethwaite family A with one pit owned by the Copley of Houndhill. House
nineteenth the
shows of
century Ouslethwaite
house,
the
stall",
the
whereby
grid
of
mine
Bridge
to
which,
originally
to
Barrow
the
particularly became
Lewden, the
the
and
Europe.
During
other local
Park
Pit,
Haematite
such
the
Steel
seam of
productive incorporated
now landscaped Even
with
concentrated a large mine
most
century,
ground
1980s
the the
entire
area
"pillar
were left and house in
the
South
Yorkshire
early
site
oven
was totally
from
valley
Hills
Hellewell
near
coke
a
above.
this
largest
and
along
Bed coal,
Edmunds a mine this in
plant
and
cleared
is
low
hills. grassy fragmentary documentation
as
papers
was sold by Francis Co. in 1872. Exploiting
Silkstone in
family
by
extracted
pillars
the
support
the
under
been
square
collieries
rich
extended
having
coal to
The Edmunds the
mine
six-feet
roadways
in
survey
families
is
lacking
for
the
who owned small of the pits and the extent industry, in the early surge of the industrial , be gauged at the time'of revolution, can only the first Ordnance Survey of 1850. The mines recorded on the survey are indicated 6.10, including on Figure known from others diverse but, in the absence sources, of comprehensive
160
IL 0
0
13 w
E
E 0"W 041duin
AI-
R
ýG
QT
2
CL
91
i 'o
I.
c
0c
Cc Vol
O's ES E
iB13 a
0 0 ov. to
z 73 c
s
20 .1 CL
'1 a,
0)
...
Ol
r-4
0
0
CC
u t3l 0 4%
ED
P4
la 0 OCsc
FE
161
they
records,
cannot
indication
Some small in
be said
to
the
of
a total
present rate
of
108
picture.
be seen
can
growth
in the Parish There Registers. number of miners noted between 1750-1800 are 14 known miners working and 24 between 1800-1812. However, the 1851 Census shows 288, a twelve-fold increase 40 years. Such an expanded within could workforce the
not have 37.5% of
been the
locally
recruited 1851 miners
and the Census shows been born in Worsbrough
had
22.9%
only whereas
came from the less as Darfield and Silkstone
productive adjoining villages such 39.6% being distant migrants. with
Many of these lead industry
from
the
accompanying industry in throughout 1855,
the
early
producing The human cost were
'general'
accidents,
falling
this
of frequent
as roof the
pit shaft-at must have gone
1851,
the
of
in
the
by
Barnsley
as
was considerable Many other
and violent.
down the
in
probably
century was widespread been calculated that,
expansion
such
as the
perhaps
81 coal mines concentrated 2.8 million tons a year'09.
accidents
Pit
nineteenth and it has
region
were
Derbyshire,
Lancashire, and*from immigrants. Expansion
weaver
the
there
area,
originated declined,
falls
the
three
men
Worsbrough
Park
or
Edmunds
Worsbrough
unrecorded.
of
examples
was
fortunate
to that not to witness an accident similar at in 1838 when a flash Silkstone drowned flood 26 children 110 however, one of the Clarke The Worsbrough mines. mines, appear
particularly
perhaps
reflects
working
conditions.
example,
society's In
burials
all
where
the
to pieces. " In 1755 to have been "slain"; in
the
pit Bishop's
in
Pit
three
their
and
attitude
to
parson's
register
in
explosion men at
John
1765
explosions
the
reporting
miner's
miserable for entries,
except simply recorded as "died" in a pit in accident as where, the burial of a man and two youths
are killed
miners were 1836, he adds a note to "Burnt to death at Park
Elmhirst's
to
prone
in
the
Tattershall the
church
of
fire
Genn Lane is
damp. pit
register,
Dashed are
said
"killed"
noted
but
-
at
"slain"
Transcript.
The explosions
were
primarily
162
caused
through
the
use
of
candles
naked thus
as the
setting
sole
the
off
than
were more unstable in Worsbrough, Dale,
mines Main,
the
others,
being
coal Some
which damp) explosion.
(fire
methane
dust,
ignited
lighting,
Darley
Edmund's
particularly
vulnerable. 1843 killed
in, minelll show an explosion in 1847 killing two further more. eight explosions one, with in 1851. This in 1849 killed died 75 and three An explosion the perfection of a of fire-damp explosions sequence after lamp by Davy in 1815 must be a comment on the safety for
Records
this
prevailing
attitude
continuing
to
first
use
1847
The
local
of
explosion
example to
A group
production. Greenwich,
trading
near
the
This
particular
result
Darley
of
remove of
gunpowder
Bridge,
coke
nineteenth basin, for
century
at
survey of
being
rear wall involved
in
described
built
The actual
reduced of
the
number
century returned to
early
supply
Tonbridge
the
the
was recorded
as, the
for
particin works
demand as at the were built
Hellewell
coke,
Darwin
in
early
to
the
and near
pit
evidence
a
1861
Spooner's
of
canal
However,
survives.
copy
the
No other record ovens on Goose Hulls. but part the remains, of the structure banking. into The numbers the canal
John
perhaps burner' at of
as the
Barrow
industry
and
set up a works 112. local-mines
cannot, be calculated as the instance, fail to make a specific
as a 'cinder
Elmhirsts
& Wright,
Elmhirst's
excepting
nineteenth
from
coking for
registers, identification,
the
on the
coke can be found
these
ovens
no landscape
note indicates
the
misuse.
Worsbrough
handwritten
was the
through mining and increase
makers
Darley
at
an increasing blast furnaces
which
in
rock
waste
to
the
in
safety
however,
Main,
a new danger
of
explosion
gunpowder
from
ularly
Darley
at
as Shortbridge Main in 1846 to
Responding
towards
owners
candles.
gunpowder
use of
mine
Main,
his
seams the
which
uneconomic.
163
who is in baptism
son's declined during
mines higher
farming;
Frost,
parish
were
Edmunds' rapidly one
the
mines
The
were
made what
new mine,
later out.
worked
1812.
at
remained Swaithe,
had opened of beehive
in
incorporated which furnaces. It initiated 1840s
the
coking
banks
extensive the first
major row of brick 1875 following
including expansion of the hamlet, a terrace houses for the miners. in December It closed the entire explosion a major which killed work-force it from which the hamlet, men and decimated an event All
recovered. of and the
trace
the
has
mine
been
after use as a municipal houses have been demolished.
never than
other
removed,
tip,
a waste terrace
part
of
140
of
site
refuse
Glass.
vi)
Excepting
the
new industry
major
manufacture, whose but brief demographic (Usherwood,
gunpowder
which had introduction
no antecedents
Barron,
glassworks attractions its (with
were
Why four
the
ample,
associated
Worcester
& Perkes)
in
is
1832
not
supplies
of
clay
for
ganister
the,
sole
was glass had an instant Worsbrough
to
effect. Cartwright
Worsbrough
at
factory,,
small-scale
glassmakers to
chose known, cheap the
set
but coal
up a
obvious available and
crucibles)
The latter transport canal. provided not merely economic for bulk limestone supplies of the Knottingley and King's Lynn sand, but offered fragile than safer glass movement for 13. jolting inadequate the, along road network' the
However, suitably
when-they labour
skilled
demands
level a high of had last been and glass at
Silkstone.
they
It
brought
brothers later
their
John
as Wood Brothers, success. had always constantly analysis
of
draw.
developed
of
Glassmaking many years, before a century
over
made in the be a locally
region lost skill. and were joined
Of necessity in 1834 by
Wood from Eugene
crystal, totalled of the
moving
round
the
Worsbrough
glassworks a Wordsley Wood in 1851. It then
in
specialising
a group
was no core
to
which
skill,
brother
and cut-glass The workforce been
upon
own workforce
and James
by another
tableware
would
there
arrived
high
achieving 33 in 1851
itinerant nation's glassmakers
164
flint
quality
and traded glass
considerable but glassworkers
skilled
craftsmen, an 40% came from
glasshouses, shows
and
the
Midlands
the
remainder
and 25% from being local
the
industries,
glass
role. men with a less-skilled in glassmaking difficulty at
A particular technical was the unpredictable
time
Manchester
of
nature
the
the
process, melting to have prepared
founder whereby the glass was expected fresh molten in the crucibles ready glass over a weekend, for the glassmen on arrival at 3. OAM on Monday morning. home he failed, be had Frequently the to until sent and men it was corrected. The owners must then seek out the men at home to
for
It was clearly work. men lived and the nearby
report the
advantage
cottages alongside in existing workmen lived was to
create
around
the
of
the
an almost
parish
renew
the
canal
at
inheritor lease
it. with industry
and an entire
in
trace The South
prosperity along
the
to
nineteenth
link,
it
had
as a whole, from
valley
only
century to
await
when to
refused
estate,
near
a new site the
the of
group
entire
and industry
that
development
achieved
Of Worsbrough's
was unable
prosperity the
eastward base a provided
particularly
Barnsley,
Dodworth
increasing
brought
network
canal
the later on which was built mining dominance in national coal production. early
1874
any
years.
region
perhaps
in
in
demolished works was created and disappeared
had been
forty
the
remaining
The effect
Dale.
was closed
a
The Worsbrough
Yorkshire
Dearne
neighbours,
the
and the firm moved to in Barnsley Mill taking
Hoyle
the
whilst
Edmunds
the
of
built
enclave of glassworkers have played little part
The works
affairs.
glassworkers
without
closed
who seem to
works
W. B. Martin,
wharf, in cottages
owner's
Wood brothers
their
row of
the
to
to
lacking
as, of
the
enjoy
this
a canal rail
network.
Minor Occupations 36 In addition to the major industries described above, have been noted in which the Worsbrough other occupations inhabitants the in were involved, all of which played a part
vii.
overall economy of the township. They ranged from servants to nineteenth the century boat builders of and included many 165
from
crafts ancient surviving makers and beer sellers. during these occupations thinly
were period, For example, in
the
However,
Parkin
part
few
with
the
of
early'modern
each in families
of
Ibbot
the
and
the
latter
the
spread
such besom periods in 235 workers noted
earlier
one area. were hatters any
and respectively, early and late eighteenth century three the Ogden family generations were besom makers through in in the eighteenth house and workshop (Their century. the
21). tems Buildings No. Parkin William a was (sieve) Crawshaw the local maker in the 1720s and William in the 1730-40s. In 1760 Joseph Broadhead, a clock-maker
Appendix
stick-maker, accolade register, alias
Parson
stick
maker the
Overseer in
the
2s6d
in
the
25 August
humble
status. on the
work
eighteenth early 1788/9,
roadwork
some kind.
Wardens
paying
been
previously
noted
for
iron
for
Carters
and
to
as contributing income
of
of
were
employed
for
88 days
Guest
(at
14d a day),
labourers
who were
providing
a total fellers
addition, for the repaired, dropt in
Guests and the
paid
in
Guest
the
early
summer
together
amounts
varying
economy.
for
cost
of
and
the
have
the
was'completely
was also a source as in 1710 when it E89.1.2. Four members
coal
extermination
vermin
maintenance labourers,
William
Highways
The parish accounts nineteenth century. for example, 120 around of a total in 44 had some member engaged township,
the
of
to
10d to earning between 1s4d and
to
rising
century,
& turned
he fails
under the labourers
roads
Broadhead,
Cambridge
176811,, though
available,
show that families in
Church
his
was regularly
1s9d
records, from degree
buried
I Occasional
"Joseph
Dixon
Broadhead,
the with burial
register in the clear
becomes
Reverend
where
baptism
the
"Mr. " which
of
explain
in
appears
Church
tradesmen
and
re-roofed
at
family
of
masons
mason master local eleven
under
with from
4d to
1s, '
in 269 man-days There of work. were, jobs Among the more unusual and leaders. in 1719, when the clock occurred was being of
they
received
7s Od "For
church".
166
a
pointing
where
it
The Church annual keeping
accounts
details
contain
-if year bell-ringing
5s 6d" (1706); and Mending washing for cleaning is Ann Archdale, payments up 2 load of sand & cleaning ye church
Linnen
"Church
annual
"carrying
regular
of
for Clock "Wm Hawkesworth such as; 1710, 13s 4d"; Tim Wildsmith, the parish clerk, (1730) at E1.6.8 a year to his income
payments
added the
Wardens,
and
amongst in 1710, 8d".
The
was invariably either such as Dan a pauper, Oates in 1703, or an elderly labourer to no family with him as William in 1807; the annual Butterfield support pay Dog Whipper
was 5s Od in
Amongst
a uniform.
to
addition the
the
wide
to villagers offered were, 6d and window poynting ls6d, For
parish
relief
of variety for example; (1704)
free
and
occasional (1703)
coal work
Bells
Colouring
the
wedging 4d; church
3s; (1705) Pd for bier cloth mending mending door bolt 2d. (The last For North mending was an almost for blacksmith task John South). In 1703 an annual pulpit
enterprising of
villager
a Barre
of
Ale
was in
modern
Iron,
the
charged 4d.
demand,
constant before the
period wider 114 The middling farmers Milner Old at Rockley
coffee. William
self-sufficient
with
1 hop
tunnel, However,
seive,
the
Wardens,
the
acceptance
of
tea
and
early
and yeomen of Worsbrough, for example, Hall, could 3 large
containing: 1 Brewing
piggin,
9d;
loane
For
in
particularly
a Brewhouse lading
Church
and
be tubs,
copper.
the villagers century, by eleven keepers, were supplied ale-house such as widow Mary Wildsmith, home and an unknown number of unlicensed brewers. No doubt the curate, Jeremiah Dixon, Reverend who died
in
'church with
his
Moorhouse
at
end of
the
eighteenth
1774,
augmented
his
ales',
as his
Probate
brewing (1767)
equipment, who held
E40 per
annum by
Inventory three
the
more
township's
167
the supplying includes 13 barrels
than
that
largest
of Abraham inn.
I
k
0 m ad E E2 U2
EIc
le
c
!. a. 31mica 11111 IIIII10011,1 [L39 "-5*`8 LL0 1ýmý
2-w -ý'
"-i
Ln 02 r-1 0
ii' ý3102 E-4 u2
Ll
440 >4 1
ul
u ......................
IS/
1"
J'
/
/I
168
6.11
Figure industries
Worsbrough
of
and into
the
summarises
through
decades early of be traced regarding
the
location
general the
early industrial
the
the
of
main
period,
modern
No revolution. Works' noted
the 'Chemical can O. S. map, beside the canal near Lewden, on the 1st edition to have left name or and appears no local memory of its
records
115 The
products. 'town
old during
(Fig.
early
growth
this
Throughout between the
of
rich
by
this
review
nineteenth
the
of
p. 127),
the
of
were
spoil
heaps
of
the
general
to
reference has been
century, of living
in
the
detail the
of to
main,
the
explore
worked the less
care of disintegration.
untouched
virtually the
expanding
economy
of
gulf
widening
inevitable.
decades The early had seen the
particular,
earlier gradations standard became wealthy and the many were left earn a living as craftsman or labouring structure
largely
but
the
once
village,
were
industry,
of
8.1)
and poor
south
6.5,
(Fig.
incidental
Worsbrough,
the
century
Colliery.
Barrow
to
fields,
the
destroyed
area
eroded to
seek
as the
few
a means
to
The wage-earner. in be more community now examined must the changes as it moved from one which, together fortunate,
despite to
social
disparity,
an urban
community
in
taking verging
on
********
NOTES
6.0
ECONOMY.
(a)
Agriculture
1. MBC 137 & 139. 2. The main map, Fig. 6.1 and subsequent of enlargements landholdings Award separate are based on the 1838 Tithe Map (Parish Chest) field from this with names derived 1861, Spooner Survey. award and the later, 3. MBC 122. 4. Smith, A. H. Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Part 1. (1961) 293. Cambridge, 5. The area is now called derivative Wigfield, of a simple Wigfall, and the two variants are from the same source.
169
6.1
7. B. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28 29. 30. 31.
his for to Mr William Morton am grateful of sight investigations to correlate the two sources preliminary Award and 1861 Spooner of field names, i. e. 1838 Tithe Survey. The Tithe in the Parish map is preserved chest in the and a private copy of the Spooner map is held family Elmhirst The Spooner archive at Houndhill. book is extant report and provides much additional information, but field numbers do not correlate with the Tithe Map and many field names are changed. Comparing it areas, ownership and survey sequence etc. has been possible to complete Mr Morton's work and all field from the Tithe Award, numbers used here are those the information is fields although regarding particular frequently an amalgam of the two surveys. SA/NBC 63 WYRD E/269/396 dated 9 January 1711. Elmhirst genealogy in "Peculiar Inheritance", 125-132. family Elmhirst papers and WYRD S/693/934 Mawer, A., Chief-Elements Place-Names, used in English English Place-Names Society (1930) 40-41. Cambridge, The case is outlined in, Elmhirst, E., Peculiar Inheritance, 35-44 and full from PRO records extracts in his "Evidences", family Elmhirst archives. WYRD Indenture 0/136/211 of 2 May 1719. Smith, 293. op. cit. Wilkinson, j.,, Histozy 59. (1872) of Worsborough, The families in 1381 when they were still quarrelling fought inside Worsbrough church and Everingham was excommunicated. Wilkinson, ibid., 76, Wilkinson, ibid., 97. The effects discussed in Thirsk, J., of sequestration "The Civil War and Interregnum", Agrarian Histozy of England Agrarian Change) and Wales, Vol. 5 (II (1985) ClayJ. W., "Yorkshire Royalist Composition Papers", YASRS. 15 (1893) 146. SA/WM765 WYRDr A/148/214 (1707) (1723) and Y14/21 SA/EM812 General article on the origin and maintenance of spring woods in Redmonds, G., "Spring Woods 1500-1800", Old West Riding, Vol. 3, No. 1, (1983) 4-9. SA/WM319 - Indenture Cocke. of 1630, Nicholas SA/WM277. Taylor, C., Village 125-174. (1983) London, and Farmstead, Beresford, M & Hurst, J., Wharam Percy, English Heritage (1990) 48. SA/WM332. , Thirsk, J., "The Common Fields", The Rural Economy of England, (1984) Hambledon, 43. BIHR Probate Records, Doncaster Deanery. John South Dec. 1762; George Burgain Dec. 1762. Arthur Young, A Six Month Tour through the North of England, BLHA Y942.704,305. SA/EM673
170
1769-177311 and Elmhirst SA/EM888,. "Ledger of William in "Evidences additional of Edward Elmhirst" notes family (1954) papers. in England",, 33. Spray,, M.,, "Holly Agricultural as Fodder 97-110. Histoxy 11, (1981) Review,, Vol. 29 Part 34. Walter Hall, T., Descriptive Catalogue of the Edmunds 41 Collection (1924) 35. BIHR - Glebe Exchange/Worsbrough G58. 36. Hoskins, W. G., The Midland (1957) London, Peasant, 238-242 37. SA/PR3/12. Bk. I 38. Warner, P., Greens, Colonisation, Commons and Clayland (1987) 29-43. Leicester, 39. SA/PR3/17(4). 40. SA/PR3/17(l). 41. SA/PR3/17(2a). 42. SA/NBC 63 43. Hoskins,, op. cit.,, 250. in the 1930s, becoming 44. It was detached from Worsbrough Borough. part of Barnsley 45. SA/NBC 94 46. SA/PR3/13
32.
(b) 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.
Industry (1979) Deane, P., The First Revolution Industrial Cambridge 15. from AD1000, Hey,, D.,, Yorkshire (1986) London 138. 29. Elmhirst, (1951) E., Peculiar Inheritance, BIHR Probate Inventory, John South December 1761. The present inn replaced Leach Red Lion that of Michael on the other side of the turnpike when the approach this road was widened earlier century. (1965) Wilson, C., England's 1603-1673, ApprenticeshiP London 236. in Wrigley, E. A., the Materials 'The Supply Raw of Industrial in Revolution' R. M., The Causes of Hartwell, the Industrial London 98. in England, (1967) Revolution Wrigley, E. A., (1988) Continuity, Chance and Change, Cambridge, 18 & 29. 39/17. BIHR Wills 1625-fol. John Allott, Lewlin tanner dyer 1625 - fol. 38/534 John Elmhirst, Lewlin Parish Registers. "The Journal Vol. 65 Surtees Society, of Mr John Hobson", (1875) 250. Elliott B., Barnsley: Town Anatomy Market of a Yorkshire 1660-1760. Univ. Unpublished Sheffield M. Phil. thesis, (1990) 246-265. SA/VWM 369 Schmoller, 53 T., Sheffield Papermakers (1992) Sheffield, 9. Ibid. Elmhirst, E., op. cit, 29. Ashurst, D., 'Excavations P. M. A. vol. 13 at Houndhill', (1979) 227-238.
171
36. op. cit. Kendal (1984) J., Kendal on Tenterhooks 23. J., Weaver (1986) Kendal The Kendal
64. 65. 66.
Elmhirst, Satchell, Satchell,
67. 68.
from HeyD., Yorkshire Collection, John Goodchild Archive.
69.
225-273. London, Hoskins,, W. G.,, The Midland (1957) Peasant detail in publications Additional of the Oadby & Wigston Buildings Trust, Preservation eg. restoration in framework knitting the Bushloe End and complex of Varey, I. R., Notes on Frame-knitting. industry linen history A comprehensive of the Barnsley in is industry is long overdue. An early the on comment (1858) Jackson,, R.,, The Town and Township of Barnsley in, by Goodchild John London 167-8 and a brief account (1983) Vol. 3(2), 'Golden Threads', History, Textile includes 249-269. Wakefield A recent survey, which identification and their of groups of weavers by Harold Weavers of The Handloom Taylor, workshops, in the 19th Century Barnsley (1991) unpublished typescript, Barnsley Local History Archive. White, History Gazetteer William of and Directory 171. Yorkshire,, Vol. 2, (1838) Goodchild, 257 op. cit. BLHA B614 his donated Edward Tasker, a professional photographer, Barnsley extensive of early collection of photographs to the Barnsley Many are Archive. Local History (1974) in, Streets Tasker, E, G., Barnsley published Chesterfield. Included and mills are the weaving Row. for example, No. 4, page 58 shows Taylor cottages, Wilkinson, 74, suggests Roman exploitation and, op. cit. lightly is not to be dismissed though lore Worsbrough the too often as it conceals more than a germ of truth, is at present claim unproven. Hey, D., "The origin of the Hallamshire and early growth Society Rural English trades", Early cutlery and iron 1500-1800, 343-367. (1990) Cambridge, BIHR - Will fol. 11/124. Roger Rockley WYRD Y14/21 YASRS, Vol. 18 (1895) 146-7. Crossley, D & AshurstD, "Excavations at Rockley Smithies" 10-54. PXJ Vol. 2 (1968) Still introduction the most-comprehensive to the history in Schubert, H. R., History Of of the industry the British Iron Industry and Steel c. 45OBC to 1775AD, (1957) London. (Comparison and blast of bloomery furnace, 157-161). findings More recent and new history in Crossley, understanding D., Postof its Archaeology in Britain, (1990) Leicester, medieval bibliography. which includes comprehensive Wilkinson 75-76 op-cit. SA/VWM 63. SA/VWM 369 WYRD A/61/104.
70.
71. 72. 73. 74.
75.
76.
77. 78. 79. 80.
81. 82. 83. 84.
(1986) AD1000, Wakefield
172
22-23
230. London History Local
85.
86. 87. 88. 89.
90.
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.
97. 98. 99. 100.
101.
102. 103. 104.
The complexities of the of the inter-relationships by investigated being further furnaces Rockley are for later I am grateful David Crossley publication. for his exchange understanding. of views on current SA/SIR 1-2 Journals (1690-3 and Ledgers and 1699-1702) (1693-1698). SA/SIR 12-16 to Mr David 1 am indebted for drawing Crossley to these records. my attention 1699; 1701-1706. SA/Sp. St. 60469(1-11); SA/Wsb. 987 f. 1r; BL Add Mss 22243 f. 6sq. Following subsequent changes of name, some woods cannot and 'Lady now be identified such as 'Mr. Virigneys' from estimates they Wood' but, costs, of transport to lie, near the township. appear have been Old Park, All these woodland areas, excepting largely destroyed by open-cast A small coal mining. area of Broom Royd Wood survives near the upper dam a run of coal bell-pits. which retains 243. Wilkinson, op. cit. for 16 years. Lease of 1726 to Cotton-Shore partnership Rentals BL Add Mss 22242. to 1741 in Strafford papers; 76. Wilkinson op. cit. by David Crossley, Interim Rockley Furnace report 1978, Dept. Excavations History, Economic & Social Sheffield University. in history A general complex of the Wortley Andrews, C. R., The History Ironworks, of Wortley (1950) Mexborough. is being by local historian, The problem Mr researched in Harold Taylor, the findings to be deposited Barnsley Local History Archive. Barnsley Library Archive. Photographic lime kilns Jessop accounts collection. - author's in Mitchell, Detailed G. H. et al, geological survey Geology (1972) HMSO. Around Barnsley, of the Country in the became the centre Barnsley of production Yorkshire but the rate this coalfield of extraction has led to exhaustion century ceased and deep mining in Worsbrough in the 1960s. heaps are returned Spoil to grass by open-cast working and the last extraction is currently in progress near the village. The majority devolved to the Elmhirst of mining rights in the eighteenth and Edmunds families century. Relevant business have not for the former accounts been made available been have latter to the appear and lost. An archive to the NCB of unknown content passed have but requests for information on nationalisation been disappointingly A history unproductive. of the Yorkshire industry is much to be desired. coal Wrigley, E. A., 32. op. cit. Brotherton Library, Leeds University, MS Dep. 1949/170/217. Robinson, L., "Carriers' Vol-1, Rates", Old West Riding No. 1 (1981) 15. Levine, D & Wrightson, The Making K., of an industrial Society; Whickham 1560-1765, (1991) 9. Oxford,
173
105. 106. 107.
108. 109. 110. 111.
112. 113. 114. 115.
21. Clark,, A. Glass Clearly (1980) London, Through a , SA/EM1873 Copy of survey, the Elmhirst made to emphasise (1955)j, in "Evidences connection,, of Edward Elmhirst",, in SA/WhM family from original (Elmhirst papers), 114.7. Few mines were recorded maps and on contemporary in the region constantly cause surprise when ground into suddenly collapses old workings. 1881-1926". NevillejR. G., "The Yorkshire Miners Unpublished PH. D. thesis, Leeds University, undated. Monument in Silkstone churchyard. in the south An incomplete summary of accidents by D. H. Rogerson Yorkshire coalfield of the compiled National Coal Board from British Coal records for Elmhirst family papers 220 and 1651 Census return. Wilkinson op. cit. An account of the works in its regional in Ashurst. D., History context of South Yorkshire Glass, (1992) Sheffield University. in For a comprehensive ale played, of the part review The English Alehouse; A Social society see, Clark, P., Histoxy 1200-1830, (1983) London. in 1974 When the county of South Yorkshire was created to a new county archive which passed was established the Sheffield Archive the county after was dissolved few However, at the 1986 reorganisation of boundaries. Worsbrough Urban District then, of the records of the, Council, the various to have survived appear moves and be traced. cannot
174
7.0
COMMUNITY
7.1
Introduction is open to of 'community' depending on the viewpoint here to be examined community
The concept interpretations The sense
of
geographically which functioned
defined
the
within
of a variety of the observer. is that
township
Worsbrough
of
a high degree group with as an autonomous that It has been suggested such a closed of self-governance. better be defined social as a 'local organisation might in contrast forms to other system" the inhabitants could see themselves landowner The rich simultaneously. in, Worsbrough,
Edmunds
hierarchy
county
residences
in
associated
with
for to
even the
county
tanners
of
families
which
Elmhirst
of
and the
with were associated second of having
example, the
to
community as belonging
extent
York; capital, in neighbouring
the
tanners
village
no doubt
villages;
as a poor felt common cause to see themselves to wherever community allegiance of disadvantaged, switching happened to be their temporary of residence. present place It is the community social a local of the township,
the
mobile
system,
which
now be examined building The basic
must
and continuities. of
such
ties
close unit
has
a community of
affection
together.
It
might family
relations'between network
would,
assumes
a static
of
and
groups create
changes
structure, in
block
the
family, nuclear dependence economic
commonly
community
-
be the
to
itself,
its
creation where hold
the
interbe supposed that kinship in a spreading such
and the
a community;
weight
of from
this
evidence
now
that It will shows clearly populations static. were far be seen that'Worsbrough was no exception. This is not to say the family but was unimportant families limited kin; to close Dr. Wrightson nuclear appear confines brother, rarely
it
to
sister, included
father, uncle other
mother, and than
aunt
grandfather, adding
husband,
175
wife
grandmother, that and
household 2 In children.
the
seventeenth relatives
century
other knit, but
closer
the
householders;
half
than
be explored
to
existing
within
and other
to
the
assess to
communities,
associations patriarchal
occurred vertical
may have
is
impression
general
in
the
of
extent
across kinship,
was only
the
within
or
rank Assoc-
community
communities links marriage
rank barriers. in a genealogical
importance to those particular inheritance, to be concerned sufficiently with wealthy fortunate looked the less to their preservation whereas horizontally family Marriage stability confines. across itself as an institution relationships and the expanding sense,
been
the
one where interests of blood ties.
degree
what
homes had
the
Myddle
structure
occupation iation of
Perhaps
the
less
from mutual evolved as much as, if not more than, family these others units with
community
needs
than
Terling
of
new social
unit
it
created
are
basic
to
and
the
community. The integration
of
the
and
units
factions
within
the
has to local community to form a viable society and vibrant be seen through the sparse surviving record of adminidocuments, help, from. contemporaries. stratiVe with little Valuable though the diaries of Adam Eyre and John Hobson may be, they tell little how the community grew or maintained itself
economically.
Even the
briefest
glance
at
the
population changes (Table 7.1. p. 184) reveals a major transformation in the later period which demands attention. Trying to understand these changes in and explain Worsbrough, yet be conscious of the many continuities, strains
the
available
of the
to
the
limit
and cannot
be
I picture. the sentimental one may dismiss of George Pturt3 f or the supposed contented way of the disappearing intrusion peasant and the resented
expected to present However briskly yearning life of
evidence a complete
to masses, perhaps he was merely trying by such as felt articulate an echo of the emotional response the core community of the Worsbrough when it was old' into a totally transformed different the community during new civilised
176
two
life-times
this
that,
section
contrast itself which
period, eighteenth
nineteenth
be seen
will
brief
the
early
change to the end decades of the improved following ownership.
reactions to
is
society
between
revolution in land changes
communications and the Contemporary emotional by nature and not available
throughout
Worsbrough
shows steady and the first
century, industrial
century
It
aspect of is evident
whatever
' a sharp
considered, modern of the
1851.
to
prior
the
are
through
us except
elusive
most an
were making and Wrightson industry to the coal of the specific reference when writing knowledge industrial lost transformations of social which from historical "expunged coal and growth consciousness";
occasional
much else historical
Levine
glimpse.
in
contributed consciousness
Worsbrough to
and,
to
their
coin
this
chapter seeks to "contribute 4 historical that of amnesia". 7.2 Demoaravhv.
phrase,
is
It
at
risk
trends
given
the
most
difficult
evidence before
Even these
have
exquisite to
to
be a conscription figures and for
provide
total
County
origin,
adults
over
note 15 years.
ages
tally.
The in
1841,
rounded
The Census
to of in
being
not
uncommon.
They
177
with
the
and
almost
the
enumerator
in
the
1801-1831
nearest 1851 is the
however,
returns
giving for five
the
do,
early
to
addition
to the historian particular value providing of household relationships, places of origin accurate age despite transcription omissions, evasions
on the
Census
limitations
serious
a
from 1801. surveys local for a detailed
decennial
the
is
bordering
often
establish,
page summary totals can be at variance babies have been missed numbers listed, could certainly some families not at home, to were in the hope of avoiding what many considered, to
overcoming
this
study;
censuses,
the
historian,
to-the
available
figure
impossible
of
to establish the size of the necessity before of the on any analysis embarking in a community. Unfortunately, exhibited
a prime
population demographic
loss
this
first
of
information and
a more
errors form
and a base
line
incomparable
to
anything fortunate in
England-is from
system
1538
marriage, derived
is
Worsbrough survival
from
its
of
mid-16th
short-term seasonal "both
size
of
the
reliable
at
events
risk"
now possible and increasing
ection' answers
for,
it
is
form
view
the
events
the
latter
invaluable,
not
though it
has
advanced
a necessary
been
the
latter
The
" There
Township,,
is " it
to
necessary
more
back and
attempt
proj-
receive tables
limited
Seniors
William less
than
family
and
in
recon-
the
firmly.
in
view
Registers
When the Baptisms
labourers
encouraging
proba-
hoped
than
1784
of
for
and
residing the
families to connect to events. attempting Any derived totals can, at best, represent an instant 'snap-shot, target of a moving population at, a particular date which, immigrants, even then, cannot recognise who before emigrants documentary evidence.
leaving
178
a mark
on the
adds in
modern
researcher
become
to
which
analysis
on statistical
surveys
more
were
two is
derive
to
ask,
paucity
a note, the
statistical
Their questions. background against
information of additional inhabitants which would identify more himself Curate became confused in his of
on a macro
township. Unfortunately, a small itself to such sophistreadily has even here proved theýcomputer
population relying based on, fragmentary
structions.
to
and
of lend
Worsbrough's bilities
type
computing capacity by the method of reasonable demographic
of
and conclusions
and,
the
completeness
that,
shown
using
totals
a range
does
relative
of a particular known. 6
are have
Schofield
population from which
ication
of
is
micro
in
both
5 These
number
and
techniques
which
fortunate,
more
be
can
a community.
populate
their
and
from
illuminate alone can usefully as isolating and noting crisis years is essential it To do more, -however,
Population it
scale,
Registers
century. trends such
Wrigley
the
amongst
variations.
that
of information
a range of framework to
a skeletal
available.
registration parish baptism, burial and
details
giving
offering
previously having the
surviving
been
has
It
how clearance
seen
progressed
in
mid-sixteenth
century when However, the 14th
exploited. might be thought have
imprecise
Various for
the 7 value.
be of types
to
to
Worsbrough
was fully Subsidies,
which situation, 24) as too
medieval (page review
head offer
been
have
count
in
position
the
present
of population from 1546 which
the
to
area Lay
century
pointers
useful discounted in
been
after its land
rapidly
settlement
Domesday
township
the
and
found
on population
a guide
but all their and problems own particular present growth, in chronological be considered sequence. will The first was at Worsbrough a) post-Reformation count for the Chantry Survev the 1546 Chantrv of Our Lady noting 8 These represented the number of commun'1300 houselings". icants
usually
used in the is questioned 15th
by Wrigley 1571
the
forecast
would
Worsbrough
Canons
the
stating 10.
give
to
point
Schofield,
and
common law
century
whilst
be over 14 years old, to define children.
to considered following analysis
600 persons presumably figure of 300 is suspiciously The Worsbrough
decision
the
until Constable for
survives
had
consists
of
presumably
at
covering
present,
is
and insertion, with headed by a date. In
a variety lmortl
shorthand
of
notes
(deceased), symbol
'Cl
and
of
names,
the
sheets
the
columns
symbols,
representing
179
document-"
headed and
two
"Resiants "Court
much amended by into then ruled opposite
some being
(lessoign'
lesson'
a
be consulted, which Such a Roll to bring. 1631between courts
four
Worsbrough"
a list
defers
a be a unique
folios,
six
left
eleven to
crossing
as
an
frequently
could forgotten
To the
are
a
setting
Hunter proposes 10 However, the
providing
Roll"
Baron".
columns
7 years91
as
10 years
under
Court
Manor
parchment Constabularie of
the
within
the
back-projection
Their
'round',
"Resiant
Worsbrough
1636 and appears, It
age
base.
uncertain b)
the
to
age
375 iný1546. of about doubling. by a simple
population
This
who point minimum
being
24.9%
an age
each obvious
a, = excused), (= present) 1comparuitl
name such
however, distrained. A and number of other comments, = 00,1, have-defied interpretation including labytl, lagrot', Id,
occasional It is
sums of
money and unintelligible that the Manor Court unfortunate be traced
cannot
years
to
but
the
column notes, by the Constable
they
and not by him for his
maintained column is
permit
for
of
events
a rough
record
comparison
are clearly intended for
these with kept
being preservation, The 'Resiants'
own guidance. of the tithing
list
a complete
marks. Rolls
members
the
of the
lists Manor the 'Court Baron' community, only whereas 12 be a dual purpose document tenants It to acting appears . from which as a register of attendance and for keeping notes he afterwards Giles Jacob in his Record. wrote up the Court to
guidance
Court
Stewards
"Rescians
announcing,
they
advises the
of
Tything
of
begin
Court
the
W draw
near
and
juzy then call them over, your Names etc.. select thrice, mark them that appear and ap. Call over Defaulters 13 fine 6s 8d them is not appearing, each. in document is but investigation The further of worthy , answer
the
present
it
context
is
a useful
guide
to
Worsbrough
the
population of the 1630s in providing of the inhaba list itants. The 96 names cover manors residents of the three (see Chapter 3) as the Constable for the was responsible in the Parish A check against whole township. events between
Registers those
in
the
of-4.75,
Resiant from
14 years
, In
this,
size
the in
reveals
no names
Using
columns.
a population
extraction under
1620-1640
of
the
456 is
multipier
standard
indicated
included
Registers,
145
than
other
by
which, (31.8%)
children
1631.
as in
the
following
attempts
to
estimate
the
by extracting number of children names from the Registers, it is recognised that will an unknown percentage of Baptisms have gone unrecorded. be it Against this, can equally that Burials anticipated are also under-recorded and, on the basis
that
none
of
will
not
the
the
exercise documents
be attempted.
is can
to offer
ý
180
obtain precise
comparable numbers,
figures
as
corrections
Introducing figures
to
aim
fixed
reference
error
than
trying
the
there
Moreover,
applying known and
"cannot for
registers 15 but Schofield,
of
general
and
is
To estimate
be gained from factors particularly
the
of
the
provide
were
interval,
any
totals
obtained
be seen
to
surnames
wapentake
the
...
gap
complete and is
who might the
quest
might
in
1660
to
obtain
suggest figures
(tax
demanded
date.
that during
Also
the the
estimate
children in be recorded
not
documentation exact
a spurious to identify
answers.
a "Certificate
The but
a population
purpose for
which were in mind. the
and
Staincross true
the
was
precision,
documents
assessment)
181
burials
immigrant
available
to
delete
at
disappeared
to a common approach different with a completely An Estreat7
then
survive
otherwise
the
attempts be as will 16 factor.
in method adopted baptised within
children
identify
to
by
elaborate where,
afterward,
was run though
the
date,
to
expected
using C)
areas
close
the
all
survey
returned
as comparative
compiled
all
a significant
of
names
whose
period interval,
equal
population,
number
the
rarely
child
particular
A check
14 year
is
list
and not
emigrants.
migration the
was to
study
deleted
of
may be completely 14 Some migration".
to
apply correction seen in Worsbrough,
trend,
to
rate
level
the
little
14 years
for
and
may even
in a fairly can be considered is further by Wrigley explored
to
during
events factors
rate
of sophistication required here to be a luxury of precision not required in trendýbeing They conclude that, sought.
considered
to
all
under-
although
and a national be a single local
correction
if the mistaken degree of correction
this
that,
estimated population] due to gap is in fact
general,
a in
at
population
factors correction (Baptism +15% and Burial
apply
be disputed
cannot applicable
[between
the
of
reasonable, Cambridge Group concluded
correction
the
to
thought
registration be determined,
set
picture
'raw'
of
a set
in a 'correction' more point may result In summarising the difficulties raw data.
when
previously
to
corrections
a 'true'
at
the
encountered +10%),
arithmetical
returne
must
degrees and qualityes to their persons according the sd Constabluarie within of Worsbrough and alsoe the Names and yearly value of the Lands of such as are not is a complete Ressedent within roll, call us. " The list leaves including Extracting those 'not ressedentl wives. of all
names of which giving a family (widows,
72 are wives, (x4.75) total
200
included
simply as let uxl, of 342. The 128 singles, it can be determined, elderly),
servants and, where Parish Register are assumed not to have young children. 14 years and under, extraction shows 198 (42.0%) children, living in Worsbrough in 1660 giving probably still a total population of 470. ý d) The Worsbrough Hearth Tax return of 1672 has been discussed (pp. 24 & 31), noting previously under-recording 18 the The list of poor. gives 5 poor, marked CED, in a but seven core families total of 103 entries, not recorded in two before the tax, are known to be resident and after later two centuries cases being present with no observable break,
plus one family recording a baptism and a burial within a few months each side of Lady Day 1672. These could inflate by a further the total The standard multipier eight. gives a total population of 527 and the Parish Register 202 (38.3%) children in this total. calculation suggests A Suit Roll19 of 1701 is headed "The Inhabitants e) for the Manna of Worsbrough & Worsbrough Dale Rockley Falthwaite for the Juxy of the Manner" summoned in & Ardsley October. The inclusion the calculof Ardsley complicates ,
for the Worsbrough township ation population and appears in the Roll-, merely because the Ardsley linked become had manor for jury purposes, with Worsbrough, ownerunder the joint family. (Ardsley ship of the Wortley separated again in the 1720s when the Earl of Strafford Worsbrough purchased the known Ardsley manor). Extracting a residents provides total of 32 males for Jury service. The Roll continues headed "The rest of the with a-list Inhabitants for the said Manner" which, again extracting, Ardsley 109 for Worsbrough residents, gives a further
182
11 widows and 2 spinsters (one of whom is the Unfortunately recorded as "Mrs Martha Wood spinster"). list fails to note the number of wives but, using the simple 4.75 multiple for the 128 male, adults, gives an approximate (26.8%) 167 children population of 621'which would include including
the registers calculated-from as above. Appeals against "Enclosing parts-of ýf) in 1700 and 1718 were signed by the inhabitants headings of, freeholders, tenants and cottagers.
the
Commons"
under 20 Although list can
neither and 75 the latter, to the debate on total contribute at the time as populations the to sign. ýGeorge Staniland, an unknown number failed is absent as he joined for example, parson, with the Guest family the-extensive enclosers, of masons are also is for other purposes, Valuable though the'document absent. 53 signed
the
it
little
offers
former
discussion. present 1743 for Archbishop
towards
g) Visitation
The return is equally
His other
answers
the made in
Herring's
George value. ý'The Curate, Staniland, answered question one: "in the Township of Worsbrough We haveýabout In question a Hundred Families". 21 have ten he states: hundred "We Communicants". above two return small that,
of
display
as quickly
small
an, equal
as possible,
to attention "about forty
accuracy. are taught
tendency
giving He further in
to
round,
despatch figures
the with
for example, states,, in the Grammar and thirty
the English
school", which conflicts with the villagers' in the above Enclosure view expressed say, appeal where'they "The school being now vezy Much Dwindled [as a] consequence has to be regarded The return of want of diligence". a too base for population glib and unreliable statistics; h) ,
A return by Archbishop was required 1764 when the parish had no Curate, officially Jeremiah Dixon as Lecturer (p. 238) was acting the consequence, Darfield-himself
Drummond22 in although as Curate.
by the Rector of was submitted in his answers, inspires and, -though brief in its accuracy. greater No doubt the information confidence by Dixon, perhaps partly was supplied to please anxious return
183
In
being accepted of ambition conscientiousness involvement but also in his greater with the as Curate, Staniland. than his predecessor parishioners The common 162 families He records and no Dissenters. from 769 indicate total and of a population multiple would in
through
the register
his
266 (34.6%)
include
this
extraction
would A check was run on the accuracy of his family children. by noting Burial total and Marriage all surnames in Baptism, from 1754-1764 giving registers a total of 174. After Ifoundlings', those such as incoming who died excluding interval in known died families have the to out young, and (14),
the
total
revised in view
160 compares
of
well
to
Rector's
the
162 and, the registers, of the vagaries of parish latter may be accepted as more accurate. i) from 1801, despite Census returns The decennial , failings discussed their total population provide earlier, figures survey. which are a reliable guide for the present The totals
for
decades
the
7.1 to illustrate
1801-1851
are
in
included
23
Table
the 1851 Census population growth, being preferred in the present for fuller research analysis providing, as it does, a final statement of the population structure at the close of the period under review. Table
7.1
the
Worsbrough
-
Summary
of
Population
Totals.
1379 1546 1631 1660 1672 1701 1764 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 Total
243 375 456 471 527
Historians
are
617 769 879 1070 1392 2677 3800 4274
that,
on a national the scale, a period of steady population growth during by followed sixteenth a and early seventeenth centuries was for six or seven decades period of stagnation and decline 1650, succeeded by an accelerating increase after which generally
agreed
The view is reinforced by the collected 24 totals Schofield. of Wrigley The worsbrough and
continues
today.
evidences appear to
conflict
with
this
trend,
184
continuing
to
increase
the
turn
into
the
century of seventeenth around The effects patterns migration of exceptional eighteenth. at size in the period are evident a local population high degree of population Whickham, 25 with a "perennially steadily
the on
Worsbrough was similarly with wideaffected development. ranging effects on its social-economic between the link form the essential Parish Registers fixed points to illuminate any changes, and the Worsbrough but soundly-based, registers generally meet the arbitrary, criteria suggested by the Cambridge Group as a guide to Baptism rates to exceed 30/1000 and register reliability.
mobility".
death
the rates of not less than 15/1000 are suggested for Worsbrough rates during the late seventeenth century burial 24.3/1000 34.3/1000, and for example are baptisms 29.8/1000 respectnineteenth century and 16.5/1000 births For the same two periods the number of live per marriage are 2.8 and 4.2 per family which are close to the suggested range of 3-5.
early ively.
The marriage concern. rate however causes some slight When compiling the family to view the reconstructions it frequently that a chain extended families, occurred halted lack of a marriage link. through Thetotal absence of in 1647/8 was no doubt a consequence of the marriage entries Civil six
in 12 the 1670-75 only recording such as the institeasy to explain; certainly difference to in 1653 made little marriage level of marriage rates at the time.
War; periods years are less
ution of civil the background
The Cambridge 8/1000
marriages Worsbrough fails the figures investigation.
Group somewhat hesitantly propose the periods which, at 5.3 and 6.1in to achieve. Though not disastrously
suggest Part
a level of the
of
under-recording answer lay in the
the Worsbrough
about abover low,
requiring of
relationship discussed
and church with Darfield previously a search of the Darfield register produced some of the The reason for choice of church cannot be missing marriages. known but the lack of a priest at Worsbrough on occasion, particularly
during
the
Interregnum,
185
would
be a factor
and
there
may also
being
the
of
problem belonging
to
examples missing
a wider
The phenomenon
parish
neighbouring though
which,
solving
not
to a sense points than the home parish. community the "missing of the late marryers"
the
all
of
of
Darfield
prestige,
of
some element A search
mother-church. found further
registers the
been
have
of
marriages,
is, not of course, early eighteenth, centuries to Worsbrough of the examination and a detailed lines by Sharpe has offered of various at Colyton 26 As with in neighWorsbrough, some were found but insufficent the gap between to close parishes
seventeenth, confined problem inquiry. bouring
prevailing
and forecast marriage numbers, baptism Her and burial rates.
unrecorded
nonconformist
the
actual
in
this
but
chapter as local
family
increasing
the
justices
upholders of the established it may have been unwise suggest
the
and has
township.
register
of
led
Perhaps
by married such irregular Recent
what such
unrelated
"lawless
people"
the
the
she considers families as
to them refer identification
parish family
record
can
is
reconstruction
long
sta y,
is
Put
how such
be explained
and
into extended ' She describes here
to
the
though
She concludes that similar. beyond to be found are "more likely extending 28 into parish The effects a neighbouring area". tabular summary showing the marriage patterns
186
to'be
ought
area., is preferred families,
the
had
people
shown
often
in
in
complaint various
has
such dissent
of
a "stop
and
Worsbrought
to
admit
record
that
a "neighbourhood but it 'dynastic,
as the
to
Staniland's
marriages". by. Dr. Ann Mitson27
in when
Reverend
a later
who were in
church
an inadequate
not
work
deficiencies resolved
is
1716
been to
to
and
Edmunds
power of the landowners, leading
and
otherwise
offers one which be considered will
committed could leanings
a significant
is
Non-conformity
the
of
to who continued even to baptising
of the Colyton population, in the community, play a full part burying in the established church, solution.
with
conclusion
amongst
marriages
number
realistic
consonant
such
families
the
single seen in her
in
parish
and
'9 lead areas2
neighbouring
may have
parishes
neighbourhood differences In
their
areas of
individual that conclusion but features, own distinctive distinct to reveal also be expected to
can
the
their affect for example,
character
which Worsbrough,
the
case of for closer tendency ties clear four miles Silkstone, away, in Dodworth
two
miles
the
with
association. is there
a
of
village
than a spouse, must be passed on the
seeking
nearer
and which to a single way. Too close attention parish may distort conclusions and any analysis must be seen in the context the wider 7.1 shows the immediate Figure neighbourhood. range in inhabitant,
'regional, Worsbrough choosing at
the
Whilst inside
of
by a of marriage partner biased females towards
choice though
husbands
as many Worsbrough men would be marrying parish of the bride and become "missing marryers". it shows a long-standing association with places the slightly a five-mile radius, more distant
connections from
the
many
Ecclesfield
with
common interest
the
a Sheffield
example,
and another prominent Sheffield
Worsbrough
long-stay
Worsbrough
grinder,
Ardsley
in
iron
cutler, John
cutler,
Sheffield
and
Hall
Sarah
married in 1731;
family)
Elizabeth
married family,
in
and Tankersley
Owen,
Joseph
works.
married
develop
would
in
Beckett
for 1725
Martha
Lindley
(of
James
Crawshaw,
a
Tottington,
also
a
a
1736.
are
contiguous
Worsbrough
with
Darfield, and their association would be natural, as with but no pattern is readily discernible to explain the close ties Silkstone in preference with to the many and Royston local in which similar villages no record of a Worsbrough spouse
has
connections particularly tailor,
been to
found. the
Leeds
etc. of can be identified
south
In
the
of
region,
and Wakefield,
a more from
to
contrast
exalted beyond
were status. South
the
craftsman
those minor
to
gentry,
However, Yorkshire
the
only during
north, mercer, five this
book-keeper; Edinburgh stixwold - Manchester squire; (Lincs. ) gent; Thomas South blacksmith to returned Worsbrough from Broughton from (Lincs); an unknown suitor period
187
York.
Is,
0
25
U,
>. C, U, C,
CL
E
E
-it -0 0)
9
E0 .2 X0
IL
0I
CL
c 0 ul
0 0 X
r-q Ln co
e
0
Ln %D
ati pý
"0 CD ;r_
1-4
4D
E 0
E w
cc
0
z
E-4
0
0@
nýR ,3 T--
X
LIz in
0 CL
00 6 D
iv c@
w
Ga
I.,
0
>, (DoG)C:. M0
C: D
(D
(Do 2) .
U, C
W
En 0 0 P4 r4 tn m tn 0
a, Q.
j2
.X
t; .P4 r4
0)
G'
0)
V I
188
When plotted
location
than rather the influence
time
over
of spouse origin suggests than migration and business contacts. Table 7.2 Marriages
Worsbrough
= 14.8%
1726-1750
27
in
90
= 30.0%
1751-1775
39
in
79
= 49.4%
1776-1800
52
in
106
= 49.0%
1801-1825
56
in
161
= 34.8%
1826-1851
75
in
453
= 16.6%
peaking
travel
conditions
appear
to
of
this of
Common and period,
were
both in
and
parish
Dale
born
as
a survey
of
Despite
absence
analysis
medieval only
established units,
those it
has
(parents,
19.6%
one
The
spouse
pattern the
of
remainder
of
such
where been
an
a wider much
children,
189
be
the
all
on
context on
the
industrial
baptism
possible
only
investigation.
emerging
the
examin-
Ineighbourhood'
based
extended
illuminate to
perhaps
Yorkshire
research an
detailed
the
can
South
in
can
community
the
Common
I
Mitson's
the
in
attempting
its
region
majority During
locally.
population
the
the
to
Worsbrough
at
a
before. in
of
Dr.
of
in
would
a spouse,
choose
inter-marrying.
born
was
turn,
offering
leading
Worsbrough,
families
much
to
which
marriages
neither
in
immigration
search,
in
improved
1826-1851-period.
the
immigrants
Worsbrough
by
Worsbrough
from
encountered
the
in
perc-
the
which,
intense
of
7.8%
only
be
possibly
drop
extended area
long-stay
registers
Selecting
an
partners
lines
the
family
families
the
resolved
be
new
cases
of
the
a time
increasing
the
discussed
sudden
was
remained
ation
on
the
in
Problems
would
previously
72.6%
amongst
for
familiar
the
1700-1725.
to
similar
responsible 1800
but
fragmentary
too a figure
suggest
for
need
is
1700
around
belie
this
origin
88 marriages
entage
without
Worsbrouqh
not in
factor
range
other
13
names
However,
spouse
factors
of
pattern
1700-1725
A major
wide
-
before
Information
One
the
of to
the
reconstruct
grandparent(s))
the of
collapse society.
could
mother
over for
150
be linked to give an extended analysis, could many of which for family Others genealogy. as a basic were compiled interest baptism where the mother's was unknown. Reconstructions to 1713 were severely restricted prior by the almost lack of distinguishing features, total such as occupation individuals.
for
tendency
strong
For
name.
to residence, 1713 difficulty
and place of Even after the
example,
township
today
families
with
eighteenth
families 1566,
since
are
not
favourite
their
brothers
the
century,
in the resident long-stay other
still unlike During
names.
William,
it
proved
relationship, were
impossible
Johns
end
of
(and
Martin
William;
John
also
a William Jonathan & William; with
living
in
Birdwell
the
of
scheme
sort a satisfactory century when in mid-18th
by the
and,
early
to
particularly
three
the John,
Jonathan) possibly each had sons baptised had a son John. This generation continued having had Martin William Martin & John; had a William. As all were stone-masons hamlet
the
to
fore-
a particular
family,
Guest
of
due
persisted
favour
to
identification
aid
there three
century,
died aged 84, The three Williams all contemporary. 71 & 64 having William their produced share of John, and 30 The choice for girls Martin. showed the Guests, preference for Martha, further Ann and Elizabeth created which difficulties in establishing links. marriage
Williams,
The summary in
reflected 7.2, Fig. the
the
of
population
combined
which mirrors dramatic increase
growth,
graph the
of
national
7.1,
Table
Baptism/Burial scene
in
is events
general
in
century points mid-19th highlighted in Fig. 7.3. The
to
in
until a local
further latter phenomenon, indicates in late 16th, possible crises and early mid-17th 18th centuries, but only 1849 is an obvious event. crisis in The dearth years of. the later sixteenth century are seen the failure burials; to maintain of baptisms parity with 1576 was particularly average
was
Increasing be seriously
dire
with
21 burials
when
the
decadal
8 and was 19 in 1592 against of 10. an average births to the balance restored only of population in mid-17th Overall affected again century.
190
Fig
7.2
WO RSBROUGH
Bap tisms ......
PARISH
REGIS TERS
Burials
%
998 :p§
1191
Co
e-
g
0 It)
S 91
*5
3009 &
IOGLt
__x-
V)
i
rrr--
cýf C=-
-
-
ow -
ca
Wol
N C.'
---
-IIII
gg9g0
figures
increase hide years such as general population 1642 when 24 deaths contrast and, although with 13 baptisms the the probable exaggerated under-recording of the-latter the mid-17th effect, century period-as a whole suggests many inhabitants faced serious problems which the available documentary fails The accelerated to explain. evidence of rebuilding programme noted amongst the upper levels in the seventeenth (Appendix Worsbrough society century difficulties Buildings) would suggest-the greater were being of
by the smallholders experienced and labouring poor., but full Few causes of death are recorded, monthly from the registers, totals, calculated no firm provide 31 for deaths indicating evidence of seasonal plague periods, example, rather suggesting weakness from under-nourishment is leading diseases to vulnerability to an array of epidemic more likely. burial totals
higher This is perhaps seen in the marginally in February and March over the whole period. The fluctuating follows trends pattern observed by Wrigley to that experienced and Schofield32 at and is not dissimilar in 1585/6, Sheffield though the problems and Myddle, where both Myddle and Worpbrough suffered high death rates, are exaggerated at Myddle by a low baptisms and disguised record 33 by Worsbrough increase in baptisms. The mechanisms at an far from clear. fluctuations of such population are still The major crisis at at Worsbrough which appears obvious first is 1848-1849 with 101 and 147 burials sight respectively. However, the two are unrelated. In 1848 a high incidence deaths burials (54% of total of child were under diseases to which years) suggests one of the infectious
5
children are prone (diphtheria, measles etc). In 1849 two events inflated On 22 November a the total. 34 boatman, Thomas living in Worsbrough Dale, Dolphin. canal died of cholera, in Hull on his last which he contracted journey.
He had visited relatives on Worsbrough Common where the disease took hold and was quickly to transmitted Barnsley "I whose Officer M. T. Sadler, of Health, reportedi, was called
to attend
on a girl
193
on Barebones-15 ...
who had
Common where one of the a house on Worsbrough 33 had died of cholera. inmates "36 The Coroner certified deaths in Worsbrough at the Common. of whom 18 lived cholera the further inflated by the at The 1849 figure explosion was in the deaths of (page 163). Darley Main colliery, resulting into
been
75 miners. However, in
population
previously
which-conflicts From calculated.
calculated
increase
suggested increase allowing
by the
emigration
nineteenth
Worsbrough the
Baptisms
in-built
too
adopted in the lies the
throughout
when
as younger
an
even in the
great
degree
of
Until
period.
the
show
sons
population, land or obtain
returns census its absorbing growing
century, such
is
explanation
township
indicates
Burials
over
approximations
likely
increase
the
whereas
a discrepancy
Such
was virtually
excess,
270,
about
excess
The most from the
estimates. the
is
of 760. for the
increase a rate of constant totals the population with for example, 1701-1801, the
indicates
7.3
Fig.
to
unable
towns for a living. to the growing would be looking locals London had attracted the more adventurous such as few 1600 as a draper John Rayney about William Allott a and
work,
years
later
contained
to
gifts
Wrightson
population
21800
the
of
parish
The destination must
be sought
Elliott
1610
nearer
has
of
later
A population settlement. somewhat 3606 by 1810 despite a high ratio
over
it in
was absorbing four marriages
during
as least involved
The Worsbrough
registers
in
a 37
1690s.
the
emigrants
focus
of centre.
market
urban
the
that
shown
had
Worsbrough
obvious
as a growing
London
Whitechapel 59000
to
growing
contem-
of
magnet
with
of the majority home where the
was Barnsley
attraction
the
Stepney
of
Wills
whose
Worsbrough
illustrates
in
of
less-fortunate
their
Dr. poraries. when he notes
both
tailor,
as a merchant
century seventeenth twenty a year and one new families from a neighbouring a spouse
bear
of
burials
out
regular migration of the younger sons the Cudworth family between 1578-1796
194
1000
the as,
in
1750
to
grew
baptisms.
supposition for example,
where,
from
of in
17 male
to 38
and
15 female
children, only stay in Worsbrough.
to
married having
one male
between
surviving buried in
the
1677-1795
township.
South
Yorkshire
local
records
pattern
Similarities Terling
in
of middling between
century
(though
the in
7.3
shows
comparison
post-medieval
Worsbrough intricate
The
by Wrightson
presented but Table
study of illuminate a
well
migration. invite settlement
events
attention).
of
analyses
age
Terling and neither nor Worsbrough 7.3 Table Aae at First Marriaqe Comparison Worsbrough: Terling -
Worsbrough
mid-18th demand here
be emulated
cannot
marriage
No.
to
detailed
and
variation
with
period 1800
after
and Levine39 minimal
Men
appears
of
of during
Essex
could
be
or
Two of those again. 1794 aged 80 and 83. family where the
of in
died
two
13 males to marry
in almost repeated every to burial of the baptism register it would Again that suggest a detailed
reliable.
separate
heard
recorded
only
none stayed family Even an important 27 male children baptised
is
relationship the all distinct
but
but
had Tattershall, rank, 1655-1810 of whom 19 are never both called William, remaining, The pattern
is
family
The Gelder
23 surviving 1727-1810 males between in Worsbrough. had The Mossforth's
married
females
three
and
first
at
conflict
with
Women
. Mean
No.
Mean
66
26.6
71
24.5
112
2593
178
24.6
1560-1751 Terling 1550-1724 the
overall in
changes local
conclusions population
niceties
Worsbrough,
structure variation by
provided blocks
century mean
age
have
been
dividing
of
at
(Table first
blocks
7.4),
into
Wrigley
on
a national
family
the
to
by
inevitable.
are
marriage
instructive these
reached
have
a slight
women. repeated
social
195
The
(It the
divisions,
lowering
the of
the
perhaps, sub-
analysis but
for
figures in
would,
on
but
scale
reconstructions
suggest for
Schofield
and
it
was
felt
30
Fig
7.4
WORSBROUGH MARRIAGES
20
10
v ju
196
v
hn W
V_
A
yy
InI
NO um
Hý
in
that,
view it
groups, only
of
some numbers produced and the data beyond its credibility
small
comments
a closer
in
this
stretch
would
general
However,
the
be offered
could
examination
the
of
on this
aspect). century it increased
nineteenth
figures
show that, at the start of the century depression to 25.0 in tune with the general slightly it fell but from the 1830's to 22.0. sharply period, 7.4 Table Worsbrough First Marriage Age at 1551-1651
1652-1751
1752-1851
1837-1851
Men
27.0
26.2
25.0
25.1
Women
24.8
24.3
24.5
22.0
Consideration (Fig.
the
of
graph
the
showing
the
of
trends
Marriage
7.4)
the nineteenth which expansion, underlines century family is too great for by increasing to be accounted size lower from the longer through age atchild-bearing period, and must be due to an influx Common the lower age led to a, population
marriage,
a density
children, at the inference two
increased
the
Obviously 7.5
Table
people
must be that work to 1851, encouraging
decades
turn,
4.6
of
all
summarises Table
Percentage
in
where the last which,
earlier marriage level further.
children
to
survived
half-century
the
household,
percentages.
7.5
Child
to
Deaths
Total
Baptisms
1560
1600
1652
1700
1752
1800
1826
-1651 6.72
-1699 8.68
-1751 8.54
-1799 5.61
-1825 12.6
-1851 16.6
Under
lyr
Under
5yr
7.62
11.1
14.4
14.7
9.68
15.9
31.3
8.9
13.4
18.5
17.8
11.2
16.5
33.9.
Causes
levels to the higher related lie in the re-organisation probably changes
in
unction
with
the
"haves"
and
"have
land
(eg.
studies, in
ownership
and
accelerating
in
the
century
of
the
township
century
in
farming
practice
sharper
stratification
the community. nots" within Terling the growing & Myddle),
seventeenth
in
and
adulthood
-1599 4.23
UnderlOvr
wealth
per
On the
population. 41.0% with
was plentiful
population
not
of
Worsbrough
197
1652-1751 after conjof
As in
the
other
polarisation
created
a widening
of
between
gulf
the
reasonably To the
craftsmen/labourers.
prosperous latteri-can
the
and
poorer the
be ascribed
often
at
The poverty and overcrowding of survival. inflate Common again the figures Worsbrough and, if is for 5 township the the mortality rate excluded, under 'village Sharpe's to 18.6. the term reduced questioning chance
reduced
has
community,
"two cultures" where 40 Worsbrough.
validity
in post-medieval emerging little Human nature changes born within bond. the marriage
Wrightson
drawn
pattern
to
attention the
over Terling
early
the
complex period,
modern to
conforms
and
not
Oosterveen
a peak at the. turn century. of the sixteenth it decreases Thereafter to-become after more rare has proved declines but Worsbrough reason elusive trend
suggested
as
7.6
Table
Worsbrough
No.
Base
No.
Table
Baptisms
5.54
1602-1651
23
821
2.8
1652-1701
6
803
0.75
1702-1751
34
903
3.77
1752-1801
78
1151
6.78
1802-1826
73
1075
6.79
1827-1851
157
2785
5.64
frown
some form for intimacy.
indicates-that was a signal of
seeking
gratification
gentry
where
lower
ranks,
gun"
marriages
number
intent
expressed
of
family
restricted cannot
women were
well the
Some bastards being
not
pre-
church
might
clearly evidence to marry, or intent
betrothal,
of
follow
to
if
be higher
Much as the
intercourse,
on pre-marital
result
could
rate were included.
conception
The
% Base
469
marital
1630.
Illegitimacy.
26
bastardy
which 41
7.6.
1560-1601
The true
the
in
seen
were have
children
all
shows
the
visibly
and Levine frequency of bastard how showing
particularly by noted
a pattern
were
were
genuine
certainly
none
pressure,
'perhaps
the perhaps but merely found
were not
amongst
available
to
How many were "Shotsuch actions. be known but certainly a significant pregnant
at
198
the
altar
(Table-7.7).
It
family
that the completed to, be accepted forms are likely to be an unsatisfactory but the eratic of evidence, survival
has
in
summarised
7.7
Table
still
7.7
Total
Brides
for
food
thought:
Brides
Pregnant Brides Preqnant
% Preanant 44.4
16th
cent.
94
17th
cent.
38
14
36.8
18th
cent.
31
13
41.9
19th
cent
95
36
37.9
brides
No pregnant families.
The
leaves him
pounds-worth
with
any
by
the
the
some
of
hundred
in
1640.
Bastardy
as
Langdale
as
Table
out
of
7.6
male
of
but
relief
and
accounts 18th
in
church Jonathan
1758
Father had
1739
for
in
by
for
which
The
Lockwood
base
son
base
the
1747
Joshua
her
she
was William
effect
John was
Hayes
daughter was
are
receiving
"ran
parish 1737,
by
199
such
Separate
the
the
E15
gave
E10
she and
when
ls 13s
in man,
a married had a third
in
example.
extreme
unknown
early
penance
-
away" 43
them
pay
received
by
relief an
to
did
Mary
perhaps
to
he
transitory
who
Certain
in
and
Swan
excommunicated.
family
in
1800
Mary
seems
contributions.
payments,
fathers.
two
having
typical
child
one
endeared
payments
in
uncommon,
not
having
bastard
mothers
errant
Bingley;
another
as
the
for
father
Matthew
prostitution.
Poor,
the
her
to
having
be
marxy
not
bequeath
was
like might
of
for
but,
to
known
the
kept
not
money
look
to
to
owed
do
married
lapse,
He
money she
a woman
a wayward
the
out
... " She
I
whilstj
Overseer
of
if
prevent
1638.
of
sums "But
status
of-Richard
Wi1142
promiscuity
population
books
century
from
be
the
search
were
"Bastard"
of
begins
the
not
more..
and
could more
women
pounds
a result
intentional: members
Mansford
to
case
his
goods,
of
suggests,
the
Cawthorn
of
surname
wedlock
in
Hall Sarah
grandchild
ten
and
blackmail, in
high
the
amongst
parental
Swaithe
of
his
of
found
illustrated
is
Micklethwaite
be
can
strength
behaviour,
such
of
totals
Worsbrough
the
provide
must Worsbrough
Table
reconstitution sample because
his
father.
wife Her
Mary
daughter
Margaret
had bastard
promptly daughter
Thomas Jacques, the married bastard Sarah had her first
in
Elizabeth
but
1775,
father.
Her
second 1779, when
in child 1782,1788,1790,1794,1798
by others in She received were identified. and 1802; none of the fathers relief parish at ls 2d per child per week in the 1790s, increased 1800, with 5s 6d for coal, then to ls 6d after increased further 1820. In 1802 to 2s 8d weekly pay about followed
20,
aged
E2 for
she was paid Overseer
the
to
seek
the
out
in
the
of
during
shown
a substantial
that
due to
the
to
the
barren
employed
at
the
Highstone
improves
slightly,
occupant
on the the
opening
remaining
Commons.
of
small
craft
about
900,
the
foci, minor location of
of
canal
and
the
1806
in
its
old order, with industries, (Table
other
than
particular
the
topography
of
sudden
crafts
old
mix
200
the
'Sod
Hall',
be seen
of List
of
soil
single
Worsbrough
Militia
in
the
industry the
offer
agriculture
a last and
p. 202). the
village, such
the
must
enclosure
7.9.
was
The
was at
of
throughout the
must area is
where
Farm.
be
other
population
variations
the
was scattered
its or,
complexion
the
the
not
1821
to
These
noted
the
addition,
Highstone
Common prior
following
and
The Highstone
coalmine
changing
W. Dale
one and
Common and
at
Occupations
century
Common are so and Worsbrough to support and lack of soil of
enclosure.
of
In
immigration.
adjacent
context
nineteenth
in
1821.
growth
exceptional
a squatter's
the
rise
at W. Common after heights of Blacker in their exposure,
similar farming,
and El 10s for clothes; 6s for, Sarah "taking
for different parts registered in Table 7.8. The general summarised by Town, W. Bridge, Highstone and Birdwell
are
with
the
glimpse
claimed
community baptisms being
background
change
in"
her. " to to Wintworth with and going father. She died at Birdwell aged 80 years. the extent the immigrants to which were being
township
contrasts
Poor
the
the
surge,
, lying
Filliate
To test absorbed
the
of
Lockwood
her
The population, but with township
developing
as the
ironworkers
from
the
and
w
r-
r-
%M CD CD rq
r-
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201
crafts
wide-spread
as with other and the high
paper makers at Lewden and The weavers and the Dale. 7.91 were in Table noted
number
of
persisting
rural
as agricultural
nailers
in
settled
of groups bleachers,
Birdwell,
in
miners
Blacker
economy
and
the
labourers
represents labourers.
7.9
Table
Weaver
Occu pations Clerk .1 16 Skinner
Labourer
46
Miner
the
-
1806 Militia
Return
2
Tanner
1
Cordwainer
2
1
Butcher
1
Nailer
8
Tailor
1
Bleacher
9
Papermaker
I
Farmer
9
Husbandman
4
Gardener
2
Malster
1
Carpenter
2
Broom-maker
2
Esquire
1
Servants
19
Blacksmith
3
Mason
6
Flax
in
When the to
compared changes
of
previous
variations the distribution
the
early
chapter,
concentrations
of
Baptism
Dresser
2
rates,
Table the after discussed
trades,
of
century
nineteenth
a different
picture
population.
Worsbrough
emerges
of
industrial in
the
distinct and
village
is
7.8,
the
Lewden and Houndhill, Rockley, areas around in total Swaithe but the growth were largely unaffected, from from 1392 in 1821 to 4274 in 1851, was far population, distributed. in the social The imbalance evenly grouping,
agricultural
by the
caused
distribution
unprecendented of
summarised
for
miners,
weavers
35.5%
considered
immigration,
is
seen
in
the
in these industrial new families areas, industries in Table 7.10. The the major
onto and glassworkers were not only moving but land, the marginal foci, the earlier or expanding minor in specific industrial were concentrating groups. The immigrants radius counted as born within a ten mile be traced from adjoining the townships, can usually whereas as
'Distant'
range
nationwide.
The
great
Common, occupying the of weavers on Worsbrough cheap new houses built to the Earl of on the waste allocated Strafford the-Enclosure from Ireland under award, originated
majority
and the
depressed
areas
of
the
202
Lancashire
weaving
industry
D4
ý4 a)
01% (14
m
ko
1 C14 1 C14 1 C) "
-4 C'4 1 C-4 C-4 11q
z
Ln En r-A
-4 -,r ýý OC)
rJ4 CN 11
r-4 0M r-4
r-A z
Ln
m1
r-4
CN 111
0 .4J rA
"'T
4 r--4
Ln %D r-
Ln Lri
CN (Y) fl-
rn CN
Ln rn i Ln Ln C:) -4 0 -4
(n Iýj U) u r-4 Ln co r--l
ý-4 CYN D4 ýq C14 r-4
CA CN
v ko -, Z r--lm r-4
CN-:I- NImI
N rn
a)
44
r.
0 4J AZ
C) C)
II
CO CO ýq
1 ?--4 'IT
r--4
f'-
IIII
'IT
II
r-4
IN
r-4
I
r-4
U, . ý4 rl
Z
-4
1111
ItT
ON r-4 44 m
z
r4
r-4 M N
p-I 1) Cl)
kD P-4 MM -C*l M CN ý4
qT r-4
N
N
54
ýA N
0.
CNLn
m -4 en
P-4 r-4
kD 00 CN r--l r-4
ý4
r-I Ln r, -
M
U) :1
a) m-1I
r--l CN CN r-4
CN rn r-4
ul
ýA *9
CN CN
C11
Ln I rn -1
Ln rn r-4 N
4s
k.0
r-q
rmN -4
P-4
I
ý4 0
r--l r--4 CN CN 1.0
r-4
FJ4 'CT II
0
IIM
t"
C) CN C%4rlr-A
:T Ln r-4
r-A IIII11
CO NI fn r-I ý:: 1-4
CN rn
I
r-4
k.0
CN -4 CN CY)
-V
C> r--l
i.. .
2 z.
P4 N
0
CN rv) Z
E-i
CN
G-i
I
E-4 -2
Ln
Cq r-4
r-4
-I ý4
U)
'D
Lr)
,ýr rj
Z3
9
ý4
ý4 ý4
rn
00 r. .t311 Z$
ý4
Q) 4J
tn (Ij
0 U)
z 0
203
.8
is
X
r.
voL)
m
Al, -a
u
CD . '/
Ln OD
1"
Lr) 9
tý
. 14 rX4
4-) . 14 to
rZ 0 .4-J l4 (0 04 0 p4
44 0 Cl) (j
Q)
...............
.cc I. I:
S
204
Wigan.
around
100 listed
the
Even
first descendents mainly generation from the same areas. Similarly the areas
specific
Worsbrough-glassworks),
St.
As an overall it is these areas,
Helens
picture
of
were
families
immigrant
from came glassworkers (home of the founder of the
as Dudley
such
Worsbroughl
'born
as
the
of
and Leeds. degree of immigration
to
in the 63% of all the workers listed, had not been born in Worsbrough trades at the 1851 in Blacker being Census with 73.7%, the proportion on the Common 68.2% and in the Dale 65.7%. The areas of the townthat
noted
following the growth ship which became densly populated, industry in the early decades century, of the nineteenth illustrated is in these 7.5 and it that the on Figure
of are
for the breakdown The new emerges of the old order. had their by kinship arrivals own loyalties, and occupation, by living in what became virtually which were reinforced evidence
seperate
communities
clustered to
close
the
around the
Hellewell The core Worsbrough
became
7.3
Structure
Social is
It
Birdwell
centuries,
grouping
of
individuals
that
interact
Attempts is
Istatus,
classifying sees
study
the
the
demands
to
be agreed
the
constituent
yet
into in
that
making frequently
in
as exhibited a division
the
membership which
has
'class'
of
of
the
society
a person
at
mine
oxford
Highstone.
the
customs
the
new order.
not
will
be
an acceptable which
permits
orders
of
in
a circular 44 where dictionary
according as determined
to
status, by his
and
As Sharpe points some class'. conflict out, from there being two approaches, "one arises
of
society
as a hierarchyll
205
in
the
function.
society
end
the
of customs to be
of
any community individuals,, but
equal
at-definition
argument, 'class
exactly
Dale,
the
that
self-evident of
in
were-beginning immigrants, and
to
unequal
of
society
of
waves
composed definition
mines
and Victoria had maintained
which
by the
themselves
Edmunds
and
the
over
overwhelmed
glassworks
Darley
mine at families,
on the Common, 'glassworkers in the Dale, living miners
- weavers
which
people
existed
in
in
"an
ordering as a vertical
other trade,
parish,
model
highest
the
be
would
than
to
in
class
the
lowest",
the
to
loyalty
"..
where
region rather ... few saw themselves
that
concludes
from
ranks
of
to
He
a class". in
terms
early
"neither the class modern England and that model nor the deference hierarchy os45 one is fully applicable. fully The problems of classification explored are more by Wrightson 46 showing the limitations of views of the three social
order
perceptions, - contemporary based Any attempt relations. to accommodate rank must fail
or social inherited
as these
professional, Even were King's
the
comparing a gentleman
or like.
important
hide
a complex
the
of
society
was
viewed.
kinship
and
social are
perhaps
saw
Manor
Court the
classify attend
to
court
persons,.
groups:
"everie
iiijd. dodges
do
-
everie
... "
The the
The esquire yeoman
term
issue
and xid
"yeoman", to
include
those
medieval
206
to
made
two
other have
rolls
three
default
person
a vague in
to
only
all
inferior
not
though
failed have
that
is
the
trying
against
everie
those
when
other,
rolls
gentleman
all
how
who
century
... however,
lists
in
problems
seventeenth
the
responsibilty,
each
as
a
how
differing
to
gentlemen
into
occupations,
of
fining
the
and
order,
relation
When
fealty,
on
Worsbrough
similar
7.1,
Table
depending
'social at
experienced
in
time
offer
these,
vitally
over
people
one
of
problems
Worsbrough
of
provides
in
themselves
esquires
inferior
the
guide
population.
categories,
xiid
best
the
offers
inhabitants
Of
the
figures,
responsibility
sought.
the
at
experience
classifications Wealth
that
explored
of
"In
time
one
population
re-ordering
array
priorities
raw
a reasonable be suspect.
would
concludes
48 The
level.
as Gregory
such
thought
groups.
with or place we may not be comparing
of
another,, best
are
that
bewildering
of
" Dr. Wrightson
local
illustrates
a yeoman
a yeoman
identification
social
the
or
or
merchant homogeneous
or
a gentleman
with
the
tables,
social
Joseph Massie (1759), 47 the terminology comparison,
for
like
of
or
on wealth
distinct
not
construction
(1688)
base
are
social-distribution
the
term other
which two.
By the
end of the eighteenth had been abandoned and the in the freehold, "persons .. in
Rolls
... The upper
default
- ..
century
Worsbrough
pre-Reformation
been
always the
Rockleys,
11 define.
to
easy
classify
states and Resiant
merely tenants
customazy 2s 6d. 11 amerced
had
echelons
record
court
to
attempt
any
feudal
their
with
In
dominate the church, were a monuments family, only by the powerful gentry perhaps equalled Everinghams, them from their ancestral who had displaced home at Old Hall. 8). Everinghams (Appendix No. Buildings -
estate
and whose
cannot
be found
have
to
Occupiers affairs. of outlyer built in up the Yews estate themselves of a higher order Worsbrough
in part any signifcant farms'such as the Glews,
played
than
manor
which
formed
the
core
who
saw no doubt manor, the inhabitants of
Darley
control who, under the distant family Appleton, seem to have lacked a dominant during However, a middle group was emerging. century
local
the
of
of
Nun
at
the
17th
the
township's
time.
prosperity.
This
and, was the-expanding group of the court roll gentry its be though persona changed over time, -can usually in the record families They were mainly recognised as 'Mrl. come through
from
Francis
Hall
demonstrate
his
Swaithe of Lewden, who rebuilt improved (Appendix status -
Buildings
No. 10).
He added
designed,
frontage
whose names the lawyer, House
to
the
retained behind areas
the
There
seeking held by
land of
it.
York,
for
example,
seventeenth Doncaster in 1671. to
be, known
and purchased
estate.
However,
township
the
and-moved
vernacular from
the
the-release
other of
William
Dissolution.
yet house,
Turner
in homestead Godsacre, a called he sold to John Marrow century, which The latter the house in stone, rebuilt
as Marrow
No-16), the
since bought
architect
entrepreneurs following
as
such
of, prestige,
outmoded
addition,
estate,
Crown
early
of later
in
were,
century,
a statement
century,
a country the
an eighteenth
presenting
seventeenth
days,
pre-Reformation
Kendal family on in
House
(Appendix
Green, had the
207
Farm
little early
to
Buildings the extend
concern eighteenth
in
running century.
One family
in during the moving to have a considerable
century, seventeenth however, impact on Worsbrough. stayed to the Earl Thomas Edmundsýwas a secretary when of Strafford 49 his mansion Wentworth. the latter was building at nearby in Worsbrough in the 1620s and built Worsbrough He arrived dominates 19), the Buildings No. which The family clearly set out to build, up a large village. in the township dominant the to be socially after estate from Edmunds, of Strafford enforced retirement execution Hall
(Appendix
To achieve from the
affairs. public borrowed heavily were
demanding
their Sitwells
settlement
Thomas's
aim,
Renishaw
of
loan,
a E14000
of
successors who, in 1739,
which in 1741 to
the sale of part necessitated of the estate 50 discharge debts. They became the local outstanding justices late into the and leaders of the community but their nineteenth with century, role was not achieved local is often the affection and'it seen that, whatever Edmunds did for Worsbrough, shows it part of the equation was for
Edmunds, became
never larger
'lords
part
local
rule behaviour
gain the
of
township,
law
of
benefice.
as much as parochial by title of the manor,
was one
the owning by deed. The
to
appear of
but,
They
act such by norms backed held to society
consent,
of
levels men at all of tenaciously, be said that 'the and it can generally gentry like that, they, to the accepted were subject -the people, 51 law, is There to the Edmunds rule of evidence suggest no . family did anything than accept the rule other of law and themselves
apply duty
which
whilst,
However,
as with
as Hanson No-5),
at of
Rob Royd, ,proper by the
for
the
the
benfit
Excepting
same time, Cliff,
of one
justice
of
Beckett to
of
the
of
overstep community,
what
Milner and
such
(Buildings
Houndhill
Highstone
status.
group
middle,
No. 6),
(Buildings
local
their
this
of
Elmhirst
tried
as an honourable
enhancing
families
No. 8), they
of
role
Genn House
when
"Customs
the
other
Darley
Genn of (Buildings
Hall
in
of
Old
Cawood
was perceived
they
were
confined
the
manor". instance, no written
208
of
record
has
been-
as
found
these
of
"customs"
and
passed through generations. in 1618 when the widowed occurred Gervase Hanson, was in dispute with
communal
The
memory,
exception Elmhirst
to manor, on refusing late husband "according
take
the
all
to
been
may have
reliance
in
the
single
Elizabeth lord
of
the
copyhold
lands
of
her
custom".
She wished
ancient
to
take
third to present only the "widow's according custom", during War, and the Court the Civil which had been adopted Worsbrough's An appeal to the was reviving earlier custom. Earl of Northampton52 for a ruling the custom supported by the
applied
Court
"discontinuance
as
of the use of beinge duly proved
doth not abrogate the custome to customs have beene a custome". lawsuit in followed A lengthy but, Chancery in 1626, her son Richard came of age,, claimed the lands, have been recorded all and from then Elmhirsts as Igent'
than
rather
Worsbrough's the
until involving
'yeoman'. affairs
upheavals
were the
of
early
nineteenth
the big land-owners only middle group but also men such as John To retain the knowledge of the complex not
township
demands
almost them,
administer
Worsbrough
minority
church
status
the
by the
supported
operated
as an independent
a wide
long
played
strongly from
a core
over
with regard irrespective
township,
whole
existed
throughout
continuity
that
democratically
conducted,
customary families,
in
role
to
Darfield.
this despite
period,
As a focus boundaries
manorial families,
it
its for
the
and
effectively its
electing
was Churchwarden (1703-1736 & 1797-1826)
prestigious
post
books surviving parish filled by esquire (2 occasions), husbandman yeoman (3), (14) and
on 30 occasions,
two
from
by a full 19 different
only,
representing Overseer
to
able
officers
range.
The most
years
a footman. laws of the
periods.
modern
parish,
upper'
Wardrobe,
of
early
core
this
of
a vital
of
century,
of
the
Poor
range
gent
occupations became a position
209
lawyer in of
one
or
labourer,
township.
great
was
(35), for
to
the
it
show
farmer
(12),
the
and
trust
The and
during,
responsibilty
this
represented yeoman (1),
a similar mix husbandman (4)
represented handling of
on 12 occasions'.,
farmer
(4 times),
gent
holders
the
though
and,
period
(15),
10 other were occupations only deft The position required in addition high finance, to
what was ultimately delicate coping social and in 1818 "At a with problems, in the school it resolved public meeting was unanimously be appointed Salazy Overseer that a Perpetual at a shall ... for Journies of Twenty Pounds and paid as usual. "'-He was be assisted
to
also
The position
by the
normal
Overseer
of
the
of
Highways
Thomas)
1769 when the Savilles post, after held by John it to 1826, followed
William
Wigfield
permanent
followed
1847.
to
'deputies'.
voluntary
Joseph
also
became
(William Clark
to
then 1832
and William
Mitchel
a
and
Guest
to-the and Joseph Porter end of the was Overseer in 1854. It had previously been held by a gent (9 farmer (20), (9) and on 17 yeoman (5) husbandman
record times), occasions
11 trades.
representing,
had
The Overseer
normally
from a range of occupations. again had an unenviable but was still The Constable roll, being basis, appointed at the town meeting on a democratic
two
assistants,
held
by gent
(1),
farmer
husbandman
(8),
(4)
and miller,
tailor,
It was put once each. mason and clothier in 1816 when George Green, footing on a more permanent a lawyer, in 1825. to the end of records was Constable
papermaker,
In
these
electing
inhabitants
the
officers
gave
youth
, from 20 to 68, though, it is noticeable chance, ages, ranging 45% of the Churchwardens that 37-45 and 53% of were between Highways between overseers 35-47. The average age of the Constable was 43.8 and Overseer of the Poor 42. Some families these
posts;
years
as Churchwarden,
as Constable. the
Poor,
Nicholson considerable
the His
Brough
have
to
appear
Green
weaver
as Overseer had four son William
A note
in
the
210
when was
to elected Fearn had six
regularly
George
five
which ended unhappily in 1822his account sum.
been
of
the
Poor
and
one
of as Overseer years he handed over to John
E69 17s
account,
book
3d short, fails
a to
a
gone, but the town meeting to be recouped'at Fearn a loan, agreed to Mr. Edmunds making him off the remaining E10 a year for five years, -and let had a turn Lindley the posts E19 17s 3d. Robert at all
explain
where
between
1683
the
The post of Parish and 1730 on 24 occasions. in being job, but a family tradition a paid being ChurchWildsmith, after when Richard
differed
Clerk
here
emerged
in
warden death1n
1671,
Clerk.
was appointed by his son Timothy,
1721
followed
by his
The clear the
surnames
in
the
Factors two
involved
parish
taking
to century 800 different
the
period. but
known
are not The Ogden family
appointment
comparison.
up
good being by their
over
the
of
1772.
to
17th
being
their
their
out late
the
registers
affecting deserve
families
essential
from
despite
in
traditions
brought
in
he died
until
family
responsibilities, is township,
century,
He was succeeded at his in 1753, being who died
as, Clerk
for
tendency
governance of the only 158 families 19th
George
son
administrative
early
had
money
besom.
of
and the Sykes family are both first of husbandmen in Worsbrough by 1710, and remained recorded over five' houses are comparable Their Ogdens Besom, generations. at Cottage (Appendix; Cross Buildings No. 21) and Sykes at White
makers
(Buildings
No.
improvements
century life-style. between
1723
and
A core continuity
that
reconcile migration, were listed. excluded, register
the
knowledge
and,
status
and
parish
posts in
any
was essential in
an attempt
300 years, the apparent rate with documents in the available surnames
over
the
as many were
to
Wills
known
to to
scrutinised
a Quaker from The 1229 surnames and
eighteenth
church.
of
customary
of
served
families
(Witnesses
register)
with
ever
long-stay
Downing,
parish
of improving held various
no Ogden
whilst
signs
responsible,
all
entries
show
Sykes
association
need
of
Robert
1747,
their of
buildings
as a measure
However,
despite
role, for
both
14)
Silkstone, 1851
Census
211
were and
such as Elizabeth exclude baptised in 1735). between
occurring the
and Inventories be non-resident,
were
1559
(start
grouped
of to
show
to
it in the-year first the and appeared any record when name by disappeared. It cannot, exact precision offer of course, last for first Baptism, record, or as a years example, -a imply the family some years can still of that name resident before
or
Similarly
after.
a single
day
Samuel Almond, or many years in 1738 but, baptised with no other known exactly how long he represented in the context However, of revealing recognition
as a single
A more
serious
common name,
Smith,
Hill
Hampson when a long it was assumed that
of
acceptable.
is
error
7.11
his
pattern,
a general the
interval in
the
record
of
recurrence
two
or
more
suggested
the
of
60 years, to about generations, equating family had left earlier and the recurrence of the same name. Table
residence.
common such or even less is apparent. As a rule of
etc.
a gap
a family is
generation
source
a may represent record had a son for instance, it be cannot record,
as thumb
was a new family
& Emigration
Immigration Worsbrouqh
by Surname
Families
1559
1575
1600
1625
1650
1675
1700
-1574
-1599
-1624
-1649
-1674
-1699
-1724
88
112
80
-76
94
73
58
Families
13
68
65
57
84
64
51
Years
1725
1750
1775
1800
1825
-1749
-1774
-1799
-1824
-1851
60
78
64
110
380
68
45
64
49
Years
a
Immigrant Families Emigrant
Immigrant Families Emigrant Families Initial could
militate
long-stay The
analysis
figures
showed
against
families in
in Table
the which 7.11
a degree proposition the
draw
212
corporate attention
of
which
migration
that
the memory
to
the
township
had
resided. high
rate
of
mobility myth
the
of
a static place of birth. far from static. the
give
rural
popular days in the
on the
numbers
a record
of
of
to
Overseers
and
they
certificates
was
be approved to poor for whom migrating
had
movement
a parish would be responsible. The Worsbrough Churchwardens books.
the
population
though
rate,
some control
kept
discredit
out its seeing but The community may have been stable hardly Even the 1662 Act of Settlement
of
affected
further
to
population
in
granted
the
Poor
the
of
parish
For
they gave a certificate to John Teasdale example, in 1715 to move to Bolsterstone but assured the and his wife latter if hereafter that ".. they become chargeable to .. [that].. Town we promise the sd to receive them into town
Worsbrough
of
Occasionally by the
receiving
be provided
to the
movement
parish
and
for". of
a family
came to
the
resolution,
moved
1709.
as when Abraham Oates but the The latter objected
Magistrates
order
at
the
Doncaster
to
for in
Killamarsh
the
approved 1709.
on 18 January
Sessions
to
was objected Sessions Quarter
An
1710 when the Magistrates appeal was refused on 18 April instructed be discharged. "that the said "53 The order is not surprising reluctance of Killamarsh as Oates was a ls 6d a week in 1710. The Overseer pauper receiving 7s 6d taking
spent fetching
him
back
family
Worsbrough
Oates,
died
Common, in claims
to
him
was keen
aged longevity.
over
A single
nearest
complete
turf
house of
on Worsbrough the
few
verifiable
No. 1)
Edmunds or as Oates, from pauper to gentry,
periods. in
the
The number
records
represent
entry in new names appearing the
was one long-stay but a descendant, William
- one (Appendix-Buildings
long
4s 7d
this
99 years
such some families,
a further
and
lose
to
the
examples
834 surnames appeared divided by thirty to ations.
Clearly
again.
1833
showed that in Worsbrough
Barnburgh
Sod Hall,
at
Obvious
to
from
approximate
of
Elmhirst, remained years
1559 family
to
that
1821
were
gener-
as were was counted as a generation, 1821, and fractions to were rounded
thirty.
213
r-4
Ln 00
A
A
A
A
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214
Nine
one
whether marriage
A surname
a last
surviving
female;
cases,
the
majority-of
the
more
so
generations,
of
covering
the
equivalent
something
Stuart
period,
common
field
however,
of perhaps
stayed
one
There
23.0% In
ations.
in
copyhold
husbandmen four
The
to
major
of is,
remained only
who
craftsmen
ranging
and
cordwainer,
with
button-making
39.6%
mainly
buried over
in
various
a late-eighteenth with
inn-keeper
Bridge.,
215
gener-
more by
1851.
the
period families,
exceptionally from
progressed owning
ofthe
seven
and received a tenth 54, The Guests have
had in
on
relief
1735.
The
century of
1715
the
and
family
Leach
including
trades,
of
in
resident
still
husbandmen/farmers
a pauper
had
to
two
'long-stay,
farmers
also
or
throughout
other
Enclosure.
from
six
migr10.8%
township
present,
are
being
of
Elmhirsts,
1816
the
of
immigrants,
present with
List
Militia
picture
the
residences
a weaver,
were
left
the
and
Robert
1806
the
gentlemen
Lindleys,
Robert,
Worsbrough
to
throughout
fortunesi
combining
early
There
60% overall
recent
had
The
the
awarded-at
Worsbrough.
another
totals
the
land.
which
families
common
the'1300s
farms,
masons
mixed
the
demise
the
of
generation,
been
backgrounds. from
been
one
have
and,
varied
19.4%
19.8%
addition,
review
land
in
with
the
in
long-stay
were
resident
the
by The
Worsbrough
background
were for
families
Four
largest
despite
general
generations,
pedigree.
families
of
a general
Worsbrough
five-and
ten
aggregation
families
the
of
pattern.
have
inflow
some
generation.
suggests
in
the
and
over
corroborated
unconnected
generations,
Analysis perhaps
from
exodus
,
further
population
of is
the
present
offers
Elmhirst
the
not
farming
many
under
an
total
choice
in
over
Given
analysis,
in
a constant
through
ation
the
generations
suggest
been
in
period
The
stay.
through
noted,
was
7.12
Table
lost
be
remained,
the
of but
of
it
a continuity.
impossible length
evidence
confirmation
could
name
reconstruction
is
period
husband's
maintaining
full
evidence,
lacked
which
family.
or
of
discarded
were
names
mason
Michael Red
Lion
at
is
It those
to
families, middling group of long-stay 1650, who stayed the decades around that Worsbrough rebuilding owes its
the in
arriving
or more generations, the seventeenth stone during buildings survival of these are discussed formed a vital turbulent
in
core
century
was reaching ranks, mainly divergence in in
poor
all
influence
of
'contemporary
standards
of
Of Wrightson's
there
and
living
aspects
during
the
succeeding
process of "social Wealth was gravitating
a climax. land-owners, the
and examples These families
remarked
the
when
early
three
of
polarisation" to
the
was a growing between these and
upper the
Worsbrough.
modern
views
in
The exceptional
century. has been
Appendix-Buildings.
the
and five
social
perhaps
order
are the most significant, illustrated in a personal judgement at Worsbrough made by in the late Richard his living Townend. He earned sixteenth dying in 1608 a very An century as a poacher, rich chapman. he made in 1603 is recorded books55 in the parish Indenture making
perceptions'
for
provision
Worsbrough's
poor
The annually. the 15 families
40s
of
by 24 men from was to be administered to be worthy, All which he considered reliable citizens. families 16th century, names are prominent as long-stay, built can be seen in the 17th century as having up small Trust
estates
as copyholders
families in
were still 1672 Hearth
the
the
prominent
amongst
Five
of
these
49 families
the
who
shown
who had two or more hearths. be seen where 24 of the families can again are be found amongst to the 54 paying as freeholders
Continuity to
still
free-holders.
and
the
town's
Poor
Tax
return
in
Rate
the
decades
early
of
the
18th
century. The contributors inhabitants conducting
to
46 of
being
more
the of
centuries.
54 families
the
Parish The tax
and Schoolmaster previously
noted,
the
the
Officers payers (excused), Westcombe
Poor
affairs
Rate of
taxed,
held
in
late
the
who did
not
the
Marrows
was a gent
216
formed the
the
township,
a position 17th and serve and
were Oates
occupying
of
core
whereby as one or 18th early the
Curate
have Rockley
been Old
Hall
and of
the
their
period It has
of residence been previously
families
remaining
lists.
Rating
about
such
the
least
at
as Thomas
reflected
community
as much as prosperity. does not appear among the for
resident
in
standing
character/popularity however, a family exception
nothing than a generation. was less 158 different that noted
than
other
positions
positions of imply that relative
until
known,
officers at various as Parish but many never on the period, appear to Their election at the town meeting despite low estate, their must responsibility,
occupied during this
times
is
three
a generation,
In
generall Officers
Parish
an occasional
with
made Churchwarden
Hinch,
after
seven years. It is further
Worsbrough
that the 30 Appraisers of noted amongst between 1690 and 1719 known to be Inventories 27 also feature Officers. residents, as Parish
Occupation
of
the
Probate
these
be seen
can only
in
illustrate
to
posts
terms;
general
the Michael
to be considered was unlikely for example, but a gentleman, William in 1730, usually Constable considered The church provides an additional the
nuances
arrangements,
where
some of to
demonstrate
survive 1796 it
for
the
assess
arrangement
which family
proposed
had
new
pews,
to
eighteenth century key and it is panying the holds iority
the
the
in
of
It
its
the
over
occupier apparent
the
was
intended
Two seating
plans
that
plan
217
the
seating
of
a plan
and chaotic
of
centuries 1836
sets
priorities.
on the
plan,
out 57
but
indicated
on an accombeing the pulpit against houseThe prestigious
had created wall problems. would be expected to near the pulpit through the preacher. proximity with
south
in
Visitation
designated is
note
seating
priority
shows
56 A second
house
to
be re-pewed
church
adjusting
role.
opportunity
Archdeacon's
situation. developed
prominence.
Pews belonged the
that
the
was
a humble
importance.
of
At
the
order
mole
Churchwarden,
Elmhirst,
alignment
a strict
St Mary's.
was made to
the
social
orders
was ordered
changing
of
the
White,
for
catcher,
structure
social
indicate The
super-
Edmunds
i.. .fI
1ý
A LTA R
ly I J-d
-
I,
"i
(J; --
G. -. 1-- -L
I. -r
(Y....
ý- a I
Iýt
/: !1-. 7:
,I
rk .. 1
0
I
1
... -. - - ..
--Q--, I. I.. 111 -.. -.. -0 a-
Uj-
ri
rl
Fig.
7.6
%,r. NIAIZY'SCIIUIZCII, WORSBItOU(; II -SEATINGPLAN1796' ElmhIrstMuniments- SheffieldArchive(EM1017)
218
-.
)I
0.,
J.
t
. "'"":
:
__________________
"%
j:. ':: Y'. ".
'/ :
:
rkfr
/
/L4t
..:.
?
* " '"1"
11
a
."I
"
If "I..
V %
r.
.
:'' _____________
eel I.
Jz: "" ! 1
ds
.
""
1
42t.
I
-
I
.. l. _ .. I_
1 '-4
,.
-A
.. 1 "
\_'
'57
-I.,.:
b' 4,1
I'.. .L
A
-,
'I
:'
\..
f "". "I"
r..
'"" " ""'
JALTA7R
Fig.
7
.7
ST. MARY'SCHURCII,
WORSBROUGII
SEATING PLAN 1836 Elmhirst Mdniments - Sheffield Archive (EM1018)
219
0
family
pew was at, 5 (Fig.
directly
7.6)
the
opposite
pulpitr
the south excepting property aisle, pews occupying all (4) and the south Turner Hammond (4). excepting nave, Consigned to the west and north-west were the wealthy families Servants (7 & 11) and Cawood (6). of Elmhirst
with
occupied
the
all to
addition to boxes
the
south nave, with the north Three pier.
around Hammond & Wagstaff)
(Rhodes,
in
amongst the servants for pews best suited the
rituals
the
of
chancel
piers.
position
near to
the
Rockley
old
pulpit
the
(Fig.
current
aggregated Worsbrough
& Rockley
were
the
free
towards
the
gallery
was added
7.7)
social plan
few.
to
selection
points
to
(ii)
and businessmen lawyers); craftsmen South
(i)
(Cawood
(such
master
improve, middle.
and It
graduated
prevailing partners, in
farmers
farmers,
landowners
small
Stancey (iv) times,
significant
the
nailer,
proves or
Hall and
a group
latter
between
the
Edmunds,
Allott
The
where social in
prosperous
masons);
a
whilst
be identified
tanners,
can fluctuate is, however,
for
congregation.
the
of
paupers. fall on bad
220
west,
as Rockley,
the
of
were
limitation
'middle, a lower of (Wildsmith husbandman/clerk, Guest
separate in the
new position
marriage
group
due
giving
Darley;
of
growing
might
(iii)
labourers, poor husbandmen, a fluid group as families and lower
witness
by the
lord
was
for
of
'middle'
upper
the
the
the
'classes,
the'blacksmith,
fortunes
to
evidence
gentry
all
lord
an understood
general
order
near the freeholdings
accommodate
the
the
Wentworth
pews
is
links:
Elmhirst);
servant
of
Four
marriage
to
sited blocked
absorbed
Jeffcock
manors,
source
network
mobility.
Furthermore,
chapel.
corrected
structure, been having
the
of
and
One further
pattern
chancel
north
poorly being
view
Edmunds occupied pride of place Curate Remaining and Lecturer.
the
the
families
had a prime and labourers servants desk and the centre Reader's nave.
earlier holdings
social
influential
Sundry
the
of
the
the
in
were
chancel,
The new plan regard farms
in chancel pier, south farms relegated important
the
pews around
of to
their
official that
'poor, marriages
be
the
amongst
families
Worsbrough
normally
a
within
occur
but no links to an adjacent occasional group, with has been found where partners away; marriage were two groups but never a an Elmhirst marries an Allott a Wildsmith; group,
labouring
Tingle
a Cawood.
never
The
community some degree of bands.
tightly
classified and exhibits but within mobility, self-perceived diarist Lacking a local such little
evidence
range prone
to
Mitchell. wife
to
out
visit
" and a night out, downe to drink ale in
went
" Marital
began,
her
friends,,
"..
"..
supper,,
Swath..
to
and my wife
He was such as Worsbrough. his wife home but treated
areas away from
spend nights by taking occasionally went
is
there
as Adam Eyre,
the attachment within life his record However, of married in the middle marital relationships
marriages. the flavour of in rural of society
and I
social
emotional
of
Worsbrough offers,
was not
tiffs her
after
not
were old
after house
the
manner,
my
morne
and revile
treading mee .. and accused mee for on her sore foote.. day after, he , rested til within noone, and in the afternoone
I
peace
went bord-end
offering
"played
at
It
Wills.
and,,
the
for
soldiers
interpolate
to
Eyre
to
the
that
of
provision the
this
and
1158
atmosphere similar
of society out in the
borne perhaps is always made for
a supposition in
the
ale.
of
" The
stilted
phrases
of
a'
drafting
the
of affection and the seems clear "my deare and loveing phrase, appears wife", They invariably for the contain clear provision
frequent sincere. education trating
the
the
Careful
often
but
on the strength in the evening ale-house
with
Worsbrough,
albeit
lawyer,
to
by
portrayed
surviving
ls"
my wive
be fair
would
marriage level at wife,
gave
I
Edward
with
"This
uncommon, to braule
my wife
and the
John
spirit
care
tensions
Tattershall,
of
children, which
only
must
gardener
of his
illus-
examples
occasionally
in trust in 1756 to everything behaves himself well and does not the Rest of my Children but shall
221
two
Hollingwell,
have
arisen.
(Lewden)
left
he "provided son William, breed amongst any Contest be Content with what I
hereby
intend
for
him".
He receives
of the barn, middle and the farming equipment. John, who is to continue third
to
gardens
part
farm
the
house
the
of
The remainder to lease the rest John
a son-in-law,
Hall.
tenancy,
If
a chamber
one
with goes to
a grandson, the house and
of
William,
"is
not
the same ... the Trustees with shall only give Sum of one pound and one Shilling in lieu. 1159 When Robert Sykes of White Cross made his Will in
content him the he was,
perhaps,
anticipating
wife and son John leaving everything and keep my loving Meat
drink
him
he specifies that John Maxy his mother sufficiently
wife
1754 his
a problem which suggests have been on the best terms.
may not to
unto
In
"maintain with
Washing
Manner of Wearing and Lodging and all Apparel if But they Disagree and houseroom shall and ... Shee ... be willing herself to maintain and leave my said son [he] shall pay unto her the Sum of Six pounds yearly during her natural life [giving] the Bedstead Bed and also as it
Beding
in now standeth and her own Leather
hangings
The evidence period,
a wide
the
Trunk.
exclusion
of
community
and demonstrates
meanest
throughout
poor,
Striped
with
1160
Worsbrough's
of
Chamber
great
that,
suggests
range
the
the
modern
early
social
groups, with in running a part
played
a viable
system
of
the the
democratic
The constant to ancient referral custom suggests long-established democratic Hints approach. of prevailing by the occasional good neighbourliness Will are provided conduct.
such
as that
of
to
'my
who gave Rhodes pasture Other Ellis
Ellis,
yeoman
of
in
Highstone,,
1718,
Joseph good Friend and Faithful servant husbandman of Highstone all my Close of Meadow or known Old Moore and all as estate. my personal ...
Wills,
practice
Daniel
of
particularly lending small
was owed Why the
E14 in
system
1702
failed
of
widows,
sums to
illustrate
those
and Martha in
the
early despite
in Pool
the need; E55 in
industrial
common
Beatris 1723. period
be considered shortly and, examples of antibehaviour social before such as Mabel Tottington the Manor in 1641 for Court 'making Sele' & blood, of Jervas a fray
will
222
a
'
inferred. be a reasonably peaceful society may to disorder, frequently Major disruptions related and civil during the ever-present the poor, the period, problem of (fined
10s),,
appear
to
be absent how the
considered 7.4 Povertv Central
in
Worsbrough
the
affairs with 1563 Act instituting
to
made its
government
local
and
tried
community
Tudor
be now will inequality. cope with it
first
poor
laws,
into
intrusion
major
the
particularly
local a compulsory and the poor rate, 1598 Act, in 1601, which firm re-defined responplaced 61 features the Amongst other they distinsibilty on parish. between impotent guished and giving alms to I deserving poor' those
beggars
Isturdy
able
labourl;
to
direction
gave
on
the establishment apprentice children; of authorised houses 'convenient, of dwelling' poor where the impotent be provided might with work. poor
Worsbrough, but
the
surviving
indicate century doubt, worthy modify
a well-established
from
system
last
provision,
and
1797-1826,
least
at
the
17th
it worked tolerably the 19th suggest until There is no when it was swamped by sheer volume. however, indicate that comments in the accounts a level the effect of compassion, although was to the between , relations the mass of the poor and those them"
who employed left
the
period differentiate for
those
their
the
"administrative
most
Permanent
three
classes
on permanent
out-relief;
donations
relief;
Regular have
and
between
(occasional)
must
accounts,
was slow in the from 1705-1739
and
century,
pay
as often,
to
to pay varied the bare minimum
monthly
offered
innovations of 62 The accounts legacy".
of
payment:
2s 6d,
two
men 3s and
payments were one widow 2s, four men at 3s and one each
five at
223
2s.
monthly
accidental beggars
passes. with but inflation
reflect for survival.
labourers pauper widows, unmarried mothers, no longer capable of work and the disabled. recipients consisted of four widows receiving spinster
-
Thirty'years
It
and In
included
husbandmen 1703,
eight
3s a month, later
widows at 3s, one at 6s, 4s, 5s and 6s costing E2.9.0
a
to confirm why the possible Murfin differed, but it is known that Robert rate per person had later be Ralph Tingle, to relief, and who were receiving in 1700 when they the appeal some common rights signed 63 such against enclosure and the Overseers may have taken
to
the
into
rights loss
has
It
parish.
account
when
The missing account as the resumption,
interval,
had
there
allowances,
been
not
assessing need. book (1740-1796) in
been
reflecting
1797,
is that,
shows
in
increase
a considerable
a rising
an unfortunate during the
cost
living
of
and
the growing
in population beginning The rise to numbers. was already have an effect farms on the social structure of Worsbrough husbandmen, were engrossing and small able to live no longer tiny the old crafts off their were plots, were selling out; dying by the opportunities out, not yet replaced of the new industries Robert,
1820s.
the
of
To again quote freeholder, had been
as a small
Overseer
the
of in
clearly
in
Poor
some difficulty
and
He made his first application 1729, and from then received and clothes from
In
1800
ls
to
The last (including parish
7s,
at
costing
available
even
of
pay "Edward
for
1722
"Half
Elizabeth pound
supplied
at
variable
quantity
of
a usual of
South
the
numbers
having
E6.11.10
Overseer list
shoes,
rate
of
one
'pull'
lcwt.
The
Coal or later
payments the
costing
house
(blacksmith's
South's".
a week.
56 weekly
2s 5d a week
to
224
rent
2s 8d,
wool about
in
ls
varying
repairs,
5s"
windows glazing El 4s 6d" (1710).
2s"
for
amounts
Houseman a table and "William families were frequently supplied with spinning to help earn extra materials money, as in 1704 spindle
1728.
towards
payments
clothes, his
in
Edmunds
in
averaging
Hinch
to
weekly,
1825,
covered
was
new Overseer
the
the
accounts,
14 children) E6.13.6.
Accidental burial,
an average
and
afterwards
out
regular in 1737.
become
Churchwarden
shortly
sold to
death had
payment
49 paupers,
to
grown
his
until
but
1715,
family;
Murfin
the
(1723)
Poor and weaving a "wheel wife),
and and in
was regularly 'corfl 19th
a month, century
a
accounts
included
totalled
E79.10.0
a separate in 1825.
The summary of poor increasing cost reflects the
setting 7.13
Table
the
up of
Worsbrouqh
bastard'
for in
provision
in
Barnsley
Summarv of 1733
Poor
the
showing led which
situation
general Union in
which
pay
7.13
Table
the
Poor
1703 Month
entry
to
1837.
Pavments
1800
1825 54
Pay;
No.
8
13
49
Average.
2s ld
3s 9d
Ell.
Ranqe
1-4s
3-6s
ls-4s
Accidental
E8.3.9
E15.2.11
E165.2.5
E347.7.9
Total
E18.9.1
E47.16.11
E501.16.4
E723.6.3
cost
15.0
E12.6.7
6d
6d-8s
ls
(The Total Cost Includes a variety of payments not Included In the main headings).
The rates may seem meagre when it has been seen labourer in 1800 earned from ls-ls2d on the highways but
he had to
those
for
provide
on relief
needed
his
only
food.
income
for the basic provides impossible but the to define, their
allowance
for
occasional
for
women,
receiving family
if
support, shown
highways
for That
were able-64 higher must
Worsbrough
"Senior
80+
90+
Male
20
19
72
Female
10
31
5
in
a feather
her bed
my goods & personal daughter, -who now lives of
severall considered includes
years poor 42 of
have
men, the
are considered
possibilites or
sewing
numbers to
by past., received the
1780-1810
Citizens"
70+
leaving
these
the
mind
Aqe
Wildsmith,
as must
in
what
questionable
necessities, overseers
where
clothes,
and
100+
Will to
for of 1729, example, bequeaths 'All a friend,
estate
to
Sarah
a
a day,
bear some relation was not in view of the number of elderly in the 65 (Table in the Registers. 7.14).
7.14
Table
Mary
recipients
relief
community
as on the
is
It
bearing
sufficient, work
fuel
rent,
that
wildsmith,
after the
rest
my grand-
with me & has -,taken care of me 66 In addition, who were not all assistance
139 men marked
225
as
the 'poor',
Militia
list
although
only
1806
(including
three
The
one
Urtons
arrived
about
local
pauper
family.
in
1705.
1670
had
They
died
1710)
1705-1717
they
received
and
E1.18.7"for
repairs
and
4s
George
new
shoes
cost
7s
Son
shoes
E1.3.4
1729,
aged
had and
Urton
with
8s
1715
In parish
book
receipt
of
the
1738
poor
set
up
house,
was
El
10s
the
on
Haverlands
per
bolsters,
It
year
was
Lane
in
rent,
their
equipped
were as
were
four
regularly the
and
sugar,
'goods,
town
malt
and
coal
supplied
226
3
chamber
and frequent
plus
but
last
a
spoons,
The was
spinning entry
and
Food
pots.
comb
new
sheets 6
bacon.
and
been
Edmunds
6 trenchers,
with The
out-poor.
had
repair
beds
The
out-pay.
paid
and
in
and
workhouse,
farm,
full
chaff pan,
2 barrels
new to
roofing
frying
salt,
however, the
The to
IWI
and
sleeve.
into
1737.
in
all
(pauper)
Wigfall
addition
with
kit,
own
in
the
that
alternative
re-glazing,
kit,
vinegar,
an
the
into
Justices
decline,
moved
opposite
Edmunds
kneading
included
material
people
in
burial
copied
IPI
of
funeral.
the
right
to
seen
as
including
water
Occupants
six
Thomas
piggins,
brought
been
coal
celebrated
large
the
1721
5 pairs
His
Murfin,
a
of
inhabitants
maintenance locks.
shoulder
wear
6d,
in
clothes, 7d.
pay
7s
or
pay
at
the
6s rent
village
bread
and
from
the
of
the
Robert
to
have
one
by
2s
ld.
burial
monthly
times
when
12s
received
Mother's
three
ale
had
by
provided
in
cost
for
10d
pay
fortunes
he
2d
1717
E5.0.3
instructions
on
His
9s
no
9s
a parish
E2.2.3,
3d.
for
4s paid
as
of
Overseer,
the
(Worsbrough)
10s
total
mending
cost
clothes
received
a
34,
6d,
E6.14.10
Overseer
George
son
Between
plus
Marrow
in
and
repairs
George
but
allowance,
last
and
Mr
young,
rent,
shoes,
the
burial
9s
coal
E1.0.0 3d.
to
mother
loads
two
monthly,
of
1711
In
1694.
15s
coal,
pairs
indentured
1717-1721
From
in
6d
pay.
born
George
4d
US
died
& Mary
a
of
paying
(Ann
a son
George's
Father
apprentice.
Burnley,
Maudlin
girls,
eight
was
George
relief.
a small-holding,
29s
monthly
on
married
three and
clothes
son
and
67 pay.
poor
family
He had
Elizabeth
when
received
a typical
were
Urton
tax
insane)
poor provided.
and for
weaving repairs
6
in
the
by a series of 'lays' was raised based on the rating twice of land owned, usually a year, 33 lays 10d in the pound. In 1730, for example, produced
at
was in
1808
parish
book, Money
E38.14.9
and a copy shows for the
of
the
workhouse
poor
in
160 lays
and
1800
was added the income from Rayney bequest, originally El, 'dole' of 1603 giving and,
gift
E20.
of
E1.5.0
rising-to from interest
Allott's
remembered
his
in
came from
19th
Wilson's
Francis
bequests
occasional
such
1641
who, as a London merchant, in by leaving E60 to invest
home town
12d a week in bread for the 6s 8d and, in 1662, Thomas
providing left worth
Townend
and E2 in the
annually,
1631
the
of the
portion
both
addition, help Further
as William
Worsbrough
To this
E184.0.0.
to
amounted
the
in
century
questionaire, in 1812. unoccupied
a government
Hawks-
Jennet
poor.
Edmunds
land
20s
gave
to
left inhabitants. Elmhirst Richard each of the ten poorest donations instant E5 in 1673 and John Marrow E2 in 1701 for to needy persons Henry Edmunds chosen by their executors. left for poor men and six money in 1708 to buy six coats gowns led
for
68 women.
poor
The rising cost to the formation
increasing
and
Poor
the
of
burden administrative 1849, Law Union in December
local townships. composed of seventeen highest at E3071 and Worsbrough second
was levied based on the
Barnsley at
E948,
in 1850, were Barnsley at E33449 and which, Worsbrough E10050. built in the, Pogmoor The Union workhouse, district 300 who, if of Barnsley, ablecould accommodate bodied, were to work on gardening stones and breaking plots 69 to earn bed and breakfast. rateable
7.5
of
values
Sickness. The parish death before
rarely.
registers the
Occasional
statistical calculated background
middle crisis
evidence the
particularly by
rate.
provide
'harvest These
the
years
that
years
of all
no evidence 18th century can
was not-well, when
years',
was almost years
227
of
the
cause then but
from
as number double
national
the
and
be identified
1591-96
were
of
in
1576,
of
deaths,
and
the
dearth
where
similar death
evidence between rate
occurs
in mainly 23 deaths
of
the
70 The
increased provided as at Myddle. 1630-50 7.3 (p. 192) noted on Figure 12 1644 the winter when months, excepting recorded are in the summer/autumn plague
is
disastrous
Other
be years which can probably 1644to sequences attributed of bad weather are in 1641/2; 48; 1656; 1734; 1738. It is seen, for example, the that figures for 'harvest 1792-4 the background year' are twice totals is available in a local and corroborative evidence 71 newspaper confirming adverse weatherýconditions.
months.
A "constant
succession
corn
and
season
out
than
more
However,
of
"last
year's to
equal
two
the
accompanying in price Hay fails
feed.
farming
The mixed effective intake
cushion
economy
century
The variety cholera,
of
symptoms, distance registers suggesting
possible
only
1666,
to
year, be in
9 from endemic nationally, and cure
but the
low
than
cholera
calorific diseases
multiple to
what
the
disease
helpful
that with
as varied
in
crises,
the until has been noted.
epidemic influenza,
outbreaks,
the the
year,
register late
when
contemporary as they
were
was known
plague
township,
20 burials until
plague when
an
was probably
such as bubonic plague, make diagnosis in time, impossible. Statistical search for tell-tale of July/September signs
nisable,
of
abundance
typhus, measles, the and confusion of variable be thought instantly might recog-
etc. in
even
Worsbrough
As a guide
the
when
turn
one".
previous "an
the
same cause".
to
less
are
the
produced
starvation
period.
epidemics
smallpox
of
of
many prone
the common throughout however, the registers nineteenth
thirds
mildness from the
against
leave
would
had kept back weather" to crop is not expected,
wet
from
is
explanations were
ineffective.
this
of
the
peaks, inconclusive. another
The
source
but
'normal'
summer period. it mysteriously
at
1667ýhas
was 'Plague disappeared as to
its,
Comets,
cause miasma,
God's
punishment and even gluttony were blamed. ý Slack's conclusions the contemporary regarding 72 "Natural plague where and supernatural explanations
228
view of
of
plague
thus
to
prevailing
the
reinforced
one another"
view
"prating,,
pompous
was clear diseases
"medicine
any
sickness.
and again
proved than
was easier that
the
applied
such
aphorisms" to the fatal 73 scourges".
cure
it
spouting had no answers
patently
advantage
be equally the Despite
Greek
physician,,
time which Where avoidance
Worsbrough's
of
could
population
in
it
was to at the time was however community
Its small groups. spirit of in the 1666 plague was exemplified as when Henry Edmunds, leader instructions "whereas that, effective and JP, issued scattered
it
has pleased diverse wherof
God to persons
have
to
resorted lately bene spread
in
abroad
houses
the itt'is
...
feavour a violent with inhabitants lately dyed and ... hath in which the disease ... the
visite have feared
the
towne.
town
the
sickness
11 Inhabitants
may increase were forbidden
and to
be placed "warders each other at and, if necessary, door" house, to prevent to a stricken the inmates entry
visit the being sick
the
given
"necessary
"not
were
to
provision".
intermingle
the
with
Those
attending
other
healthful
the
hereof the as, you shall answere 74 it He was following the prevailing contrarie at your perill. towards 'Orders' attitude plague control set out in various 75 the of sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
people"
and
"fail
not
be concluded featured that could plague health history Worsbrough of post-medieval It
the
epidemics greater
were
understood
effectiveness.
then
medical attention diseases, the healer's From in
the
a family
the
gentry daughters unknown
Ann
illness
sons
Thomas,
then
daughter
not
immune
it
evidence be disastrous Milner,
of
(in
June)
Ellen as when
two,
is
for at
and
decimated aged
but
in other
no better, nor treated with any failed, If disease and prayer struck be sought "against though such could 76 broken art proved a reed. to
register
could family
little
Rockley
and
aged Thomas,
poor.
In
Old
Hall,
lost
(July)
family pauper infant William'in
the
seven his
229
in wife
January Ann,
sickness
or
rich
Douglass
that
apparent
to
both An
smallpox.
Bingley, November 1717.
1763
taking 1716
Edmunds
son Wentworth
were and
daughter
died
Ann all
Until
from
health
the
mid-nineteenth century, fluids, of balance of the body's which diuretics purging, sweating, vomiting, Drugs in the modern sense were limited (rarely), (which
only
were
than in
cities late until
19th
common but restricted to boils etc., not
they the
mass of
to
letting.
using
quinine
intrusive
setting
surgery
until
were more bones or attending the 19th century.
to prepare employed being more plentiful
officially but,
as the
regarded
were
Surgeons
to
scope
medications
cheaper,
and blood
herbal
century).
in
were
physician's
could
in hope mixtures Physicians were few and to be found in South (none have been found
conviction.
Apothecaries
from
prepared
major
Yorkshire
was a matter by be adjusted
relieve against syphilis pain and mercury killed Other more than the disease).
probably
rather
1662.
to
opium
medications
in
disease
an unknown
medical
the and by
adviser
the
population.
A theme
the
of
shown by the
previous
township
has
section its
toward
been
the
fortunate
less
concern in
brethren
limits
the extreme succour against effects of poverty. further seen in the provision of what was virtually health the service, making care and cure, within knowledge, to the of contemporary available medical
needy.
The Overseer
providing This is a free
for
"Mr Rock Constable with
later
Abm Oates".
(1736),
helped
(1736).
It
John
son out
failed
Poor
claim family
The
as his
the
Abm Oates
curing
could
problems
of
by to
2s
(1719)
"for
going
seemed
afflicted
required
112 bottles work
15s"
Leg
Barnsley
the
paid
"salve of
to for
Daffy's
he buried was -
to
treat
in
1807
so that
the
the
justice
with his
leg leg" 2s
Elixer
6d"
in 1737. a pauper for on a regular in the 18th
The occupants of the workhouse were cared basis to an apothecary with a E10 retainer its century and, after the Overseer closure, commitment
apothecary
had
an open Dr.
Ladley
and Dr. Crowther E14.11.2 cost and in 1825 "Doctor for attending the poor two years-E10.10.0.11 During the eighteenth had Worsbrough century,
Crookes
paupers;
230
Dr.
White,
its
own
William
apothecary, training
Elmhirst.
as apothecary/surgeon,
family his in
As a young
who could well Cambridge graduate
devoted
Arguments
afford
improved
deserve
occurred
after
pre-industrial
as an apothecary in 1746, estate 77 the region. the
rapid England
revolution
established was already the contribution and, if
in
rise
century the
smallpox, apothecaries
merely
the
extended
range difficult
a wider
disease
toward
they
late
the
by William
It is social scale. from such of good or harm resulting by apothecaries; in the prevailing perhaps
to medicine the balance offered
sewage
inoculating even allowing any success increasing availability of qualified
was typical,
surgeon/
like
care, clean and effective water 78 Certainly the improvement caution.
the
eenth
against
the
of
medical
disposal
Elmhirst
of
chosen
as a phsysician
between
correlation
seeking
increase
population
eight-
training
to
He qualified uncle. and, on inheritance of the Elmhirst his life in for the sick to caring
1743
with
much
man he had the disgust
hope
medieval to
assess
treatment attitude
to
augment prayer. kept precise his expenses William and records of all but, treatments books he refers to, one of the account only has survived for the years 1769-1773 . 79 He gives precise Latin for his own idiosyncratic names, using abbreviations the medications but, and exact excepting quantities, injuries, trying
never to
Kendal
and a blood
tonic: 8th
Rept:
Rept:
Pil:
Rept:
of
the
he is
sickness
5th: Pil:
for
treatment
who was 1770,
requiring
a series
-
1770 1.3 2.6
Idem,
2.6
v:
1.3
praep iij:
Rept:
Pil:
purg:
dos: iij:
praep
9 1 _. 6
231
husbandman
George
constipated
somewhat
ve praep dos: 'ijiij purg:
17th
Janr.
the
Green,
Christmas
Pil:
is
entry
approaching
Pil:
nature
alleviate.
of
Dec.
the
gives
A typical Fearne
offered
of
of
laxatives
Janr.
20th.
Pil:
ij:
ij
3.6
v olla
EO . 14 .9 is based on interpretation
Dd.
The analysis
1.0 0.6
praep Antiven
Elect: Wt.
dos:
Idem
follows
which
identify
to prescription be attributed normally given
in
the
His
earlier health
centuries, the
of
practice
Rotherham,
covering
about
travelled
on horseback. (charging the
his
horse
he was called in prevailing
those
an indication
of
in
South
spread
widely
Sheffield,
thirty
his
of
Penistone
square
all
miles,
of
in
culminated
the
workhouse
Dodworth
dying
1773,
July
of
poor
of
and Higham,
quantities
of indicating
with 1769
the
300
chosen calculate
visits
amounted
During over
that
professional".
covering
servants
the
feel
reasonably
to
around
William's
attending
the
him
considerable
two
and
to
on out-
three
Edmunds times
a
lay-people
might on a par for
medicine to
Edmunds
adults,
and
children
E171.11.6.
patients
the
came from
those
educated
and medication
from
Silkstone,
they could understand 81 A separate bill
14 years
from
"as
the
visiting from home
patients
including
gentry, from
Edmunds,
a mile
treating
and mixtures
the
here
the
purchased
potions
to
when
thrown after
Hoyland,
addition
to
roads but
E10 annually
Worsbrough, in
he
being
instantly,
He received
society.
He ministered relief. families8O, who also year,
general
Yorkshire
which
his
'Hangman-stone,, patients at the Birdwell in an area he must have known well. His treatments were diverse and his levels
the
Ingbirchworth
and
He used the turnpiked 2d toll to his patients)
journeys
on 19th
all
practice. the balance
community.
reaching
hazards
would
conditions
from
so offering
Elmhirst's
possible
the
it
which
pharmacological aimed to correct
early
powders and potions still of the 1humours, and doubtless little upon to cure differed
to
ailment
a
of
his
district
the
Worsbrough income
by
covered
from
232
note-book but
residents. his
practice
examples
he
treated
are
Attempts
to
have
been
defeated
by his
accepted
Ill
by
aided
not accounting system, obscure have in, debts to which other notebooks constant reference in He to payment accepting not survived. was also not averse for kind - after (farmer) Bellamy treating Richard chest he blood, infection, letting pain arthritis, muscular and sheep for bought fish
regularly after
him
giving
his
being
pt.
from
Thomas
in
Wells
Barnsley
and, fish accepted Josh with
a laxative
and expectorant, in part, payment; he did a deal and cockles by accepting dermatitis, Bentley, a weaver with full loads He even accepted three of payment.
laxatives
and blood-letting,
and a quart E1.19-81' he sold
of
from Josh
patient's Generosity
to
pay
of
Bullah
often discretion,
"a
by
leaving
E12.4.10 guineas
side
Rideing
"To
abused for and
two
he
as when
He prescribed of
gallons
rum
Hammond "Coles
sold
Hall
occasionally
is
charged five paid
end
bought
these
visits;
as by Bill in 1771 On a domiciliary visit in 1772 E6.7.6-and of hay for
30 cocks
bills
is
then
white wine and his coal-mines.
Green
Mr Brooke His
the
his
trade'on
regularly,
treated
only
for
opportunities
the medical amongst accounts innkeeper John-Hammond, at Bank Top.
appear
an
E2 a year.
amountýat He used
1772
from
manure
He'trusted at Brough Green as a payment. labourer, Edward Hammond, who owed E6.8.10
illiterate
sold
in
cloth
Coward
Richard the
" He
Medicines.
the
"curing "refused
of
pig
payment
7s 12d"
(sic]. the
to
partly
charges
wt you
as when
Dame Mathewman
your to pay
please.
son's
leg"
the
other
"
but part
in she of
Bill.,,
The bulk combined
of
his
practice consisted of basic medication blood-letting (including one unusual
with regular He set example in 1771,, "VS sub, Lingua"). fingers (often arms, legs, small boys), a in 1770 set the broken jaw of Hannah, the of John Rhodest paper-maker of Lewden. He ineffectively, with a plaster, probably quite twice with farmer Wm. Parkin in 1770,1ater Inoculation with a truss. against smallpox
233
broken
elbows, blade and shoulder 63 year old wife treated trying
hernias it
him provided was becoming
common but,
knowing
despite
Wortley have
who popularised faith. shown limited to
referring "What
you In
farmer
in
the
of
1720s,
the
please",
William
he amputated the index followed in May with this
the undertaking when he amputated Thomas Gelder. He was paid E3.3.0
Overseer "Dressing
his
for and excruciatingly painful to have been a success, although
appears have worked
state, of
most
of a by John Guest,
in E1.1.0 and another leg". Gelder's The operation,
Thos
to
leg
Poor,
the
of
Montague
seems
finger
1769
Mr Wood and
ambitious labourer,
Mary
Lady
The majority of his charges 27 inoculations he performed simply suggesting a lack of commitment.
February
dangerous
it
family
the
October
for
extremely
the
patient,
Gelder
seems
not
to
in the workhouse, again as he died a pauper on 26 July 1774, having five a further years. survived William Elmhirst to his bow in added a further string the role known as the "cow Joshua Jubb, of a Vet after
doctor", that
died
1768.
he dealt
year In
in
a typical
year,
farmers
7 toothache
SKIN
called
on William,
and
horses. cows, a pig and four 1127 1769, he issued May 1768-April two
38 related to 3 epilepsy,
prescriptions, 5 fainting, gout, sedative,
with
The
and
injuries,
2
96 pain relief, 1 insomnia, 1 hysteria,
the
remainder
PULMONARY
9
may be grouped: DIGESTIVE
abscess
10
asthma
25
anaemia
3
antiseptic boils
28
cough bronchitis
32
appetiser
6
73
carminative
35
106
creams
-137
cooling
52
colic
30
plaster
14
diuretic
81
diarrhoea
47
scabies impetigo
23
expectorant
94
56-
6
pleurisy
11
emetic indigestion,
20
purgative
39
3
phlebitis
I
scurvy
28
2
phlebitis
1
tonic
12
sore lice
throat
shingles
The number smoke-filled
of chest problems houses. The dietary
234
laxative
13 869
5 worms from no doubt resulted deficiencies of fresh
fruit,
or
number
of
William
gent, range of Worsbrough, but there many pauper, were clearly A final comment afflictions. social bias in his clientele was his
nailer or bore their
who simply illustrating
likely
the for
treatment
the
infection,
pubic
for
remaining
7.6
Social
they
population
Constable.
were
to
the
sole afflicted as best they
it
but could.
of the township order was the book 18th century the late parish
good
loss
The
of
changed earlier
book
(1703-1739)
conducting
his
affairs
Constable.
His
was-a
the
the
not bore
simply
unfortunate as his dramatically during this
him
the
and
Control
Central
particularly
He prescribed it schoolmaster -
crab-lice.
farmers
only-two-gentlemen must be safely assumed the
the staggering are reflected, 82 he issued, 908 in a year.
and purges the social
treated
husbandman,
fibre'.
and
vegetables laxatives
least
the
brazier providing them and leading Mounting
the
Tankersley.
curfew f uel f or
for
the
His
setting"
(1728); ls"
cuckstool the
most
the
village
night
comf ort,,
watch
and
and
ward
and
previously,
but
the
in
"To
stocks; "Thos.
(1730).
enigmatic
pinfold John
Morehouse The
South for
Icuckstooll
5 pulls 11 of coal ls 10d" (1716).
evidence
of
local
towards
usually bridges,
he also for
the
the
Whip
the
'ducking
punishment.
wells
repaired to
addition
mending or
making
even
watch,
cry"
and pumps has been noted the butts and maintained post
their
still no doubt
though
the
set
, -the
the, medieval
of
life
and
community from Evidence
was frequent, -and for responsibilities causeys,
"hue
whipping
manner
most varied inhabitant.
popular
He imposed
the
the
period. he was then
suggests in
in
role
is
It
Post
stocks
and
stool'
is
stood
by
to the west end of the on the green church, and must have been in regular repair requiring use, between 1703-1737, despite but, on 13 occasions an extensive search,
pond,
no record
He was called and papists; organise
the
collect annual
has
ducked. being of any victim houses for weapons, on to search cloth land, ); (window, taxes etc. rates -town been
boundary
found
perambulation
235
in
Rogationtide;
control
ale-houses were frequent
There
drowning,
"Journey
drowned
Child
and attend inquests
Barnsley.
for
to
often organise, Coroner to sit over
fetch
to
in
Sessions
Brewster
children
Wm Leach's
serving summons E1.9.011. in the modern sense, His duties as a Constable hending of miscreants, seems to have been the least and
apprehis
as the
a peaceable citizens on the whole appear than 1% of the known inhabitants ever community, where less in his records Roll. Theft occur was the or the Manor Court for delegating most common and he was responsible safeproblems
keeping
"Wm of a thief until appearance at the Sessions, Shepherd for attending 10d". Murfen In 1705 the on Peter Constable 4d to "Mr Prince's Thomas Hinch paid man for bringing house" into broke the man down that Mr Carrington's came to failed,
local
the
and provided
lock
the
set
blacksmith, on him
Whitlocke,
4d".
The
when he
"Ale
system
occasionally labourer, a Worsbrough
Firth, as in 1642, when Isaac Quarter Sessions April was indicted at the Pontefract on lst for "stealing Robert Allott's eggs, a eight mill of and .. 2d.. ". The Constable had put him in the charge value of Anthony Shawe, smith indicted of Worsbrough, who was himself llth
on the Firth
to
the
House
A form 1706
when
have
any
Goods
them
the
same
it
a 11 owed
by
in
1654
William
and,
according
farmer
at
1840.
Both
Bank
Top
events
11 ... Cattells
if
any
disbursed
by
are
6s. 11 a town
or
a publick the
recorded;
shall stolen
from
Charge
of
Constable
John
and
...
Hobson
in
his
by his son-in-law was killed 86 George Blackburn, Wilkinson,
Cudworth to
(Elmhirst) occurred
in
meeting
Inhabitants gone
...
4
"Paid
stealer, at
att
murder
states
instituted
was killed
by
four
men in
the
years
of
surviving
outside
236
to
1715
the
stealer
prosecuted
and ... th e Town. ', 84
of
was
him
conveying
when
a sheep
sheep
or
be
shall
with
Isaac
one
Shaw,
the that
agreed
Chattels
Two cases diaryýs
care
Lyalls
was
there
custody
insurance
of
permitting
1183Nathaniel
greater
attending
Inhabitants
his
Correction.
of
took
men for
"negligently
from
escape
Constable,
the
for
April
Constable
and the
accounts for confirmation.
be located
A major preoccupation Middle Ages was the
the
beggars
(any
despatched records
arriving
to
relevant
provision
Tankersley
of
or
extending to licensed were
usually
Pilley).
Every
to
succour
to
yet from
of alms in Worsbrough
unlicensed
have
papers
Constable
the
of
neighbouring
examples
Court
year en
a range of nationalities kingdom, almost suffering
to all route points of the any known eventuality; in 1716 to two Dutchmen 2dr two more who left 'got behind' 2d and carrying to Ecclesa lame Dutchman field ls2d; in 1722 he provided to to a soldier a "Guide Ecclesfield 4d" and Gave two men that slaves were turkey 1s. " However, help
to
1714-1716
ex-soldiers
Utrecht. 1716 it
he gave 2d each in and many lame),
had reduced
to
wandering
poor
civilian
seamen,
1714
In
families
with
and
18.
which
Soldier
and his
Churchwardens "Wm Brown lodging
bridges added for more
Robt
Stones"
parish
changed.
duty
example, the
the of
"meat
to
those
&2
&5
pints
15 had wives lodging". alms,
In
1726:
of
Ale"
Constable
children
supper
'distressed'
occasional
bounty
for
killing
E1.17.6h
for
753.
their for
"To
a
the entertained &
Breakfast
3s 6d. claiming only books resume in 1797 the responsibility
but
Constable
the
the
whereas
Wife
and
of
number
these,
of
conjecture.
He retained
granting he paid
of
the
provided
Supper
El,
his
and
in
for
soldier
at
had
wife claimed
When the role
be left'to
must
48,
at
equated
men (a third were 58 and by
however,
occasionally
rarely
reasons
1716,
In
peaked
, The Churchwardens claims
98 such 1715 there
to
12 he provided
and to
and children expenses
for years most disastrous following the 1713 Peace of
the
were
Constable's for
persons, sparrows;
wells, the
with in
1820,
He was now occupied
of 'keeper of the peace, and apprehension helped by his of miscreants, 12s 'bye-lawmen' a, at paid His dominant however, year. in keeping role the needs with He of the early nineteenth the militia. century, was towards its supervised state of readiness and assembly, maintaining the list of suitable men, as in September 1806, a record role
237
has
which
survived":
the'Blanke
Delivering Taking
militia
Journey
to
Barnsley
in
Volunteers" Barnsley,
"round
1805
the
and,
ls
Lists
with
been
Township their
after
Volunteers
at The Constable-cost
the
to
EIO in,
township
who wd be
see
medical Constable
by the were rewarded. Worsbro E3.17.6,.
they
5s
out
returns
down 5s
names
He had already
for
Papers
examination
in
"Treating
the
1703
even
and
1806 was an expensive to compared year at E62.14.10, it 1825 at E26.3.2, for money to the represents good value in view of the many services he had to provide. community,
though
The Manor to
continued 1858 for
meet
however,
By then, following
the
the
mass Where it
century.
hundred
three
previous
be fined
as additional agents 1857 for Worsbrough
until
Darley.
effectiveness decades of the
Courts,
years
& Rockley
had
they
lost
immigration had
been
for
two
control,
of
their the
of
earlier
throughout
normal or
and
to
tenants
three
for
fifty
six
were
sixty
in 1833 to do fealty, not appearing at court defaulted in 1836, there and, at the, next-court but it is Many were new immigrants eight. that
noticeable
long-stay
the
has
to
7.7
NonconformitV.
be seen
families
as a rejection
of
also
defaulted
and
custom.
ancient
Little
has, been found for any significant evidence level in the established of dissent against church during Worsbrough the 17th and 18th centuries. This possibly
be attributed
survival
of
documents
inhabitants, of
available achieved religion,
though
short The Worsbrough
had regard
to
it
the
capricious not
major
of
families,
appear
judging
their
of that
significant
by
memorials
are the
reflecting
of firm incumbent
cure
nature
religion
particularly The indications
church.
whichr fell
were
established
evidence, the
around
the
the
the
especially
supporters
to
that
could the the strong
the within
a compromise
changing
and was
mood towards
commitment.. was a 'Perpetual
souls.
238
The
teaching
Curate', of
Christian
who
duty
through
and exhortation
religion, Worsbrough
anti-establishment suggests Wilkinson
which mood.
from
earlier 1632,
implies
for
providing income of three
the
preacher".
better 89 This
maintenance would imply
Lecturer,
though
the
"perpetual
foundation
the
of
further
of
in appointments, held both. 90 As the stipend E30 would have additional
any
Dissenter has
accuracy
The Will
twice evezy was "to preach in worsbrough [and] read first they
future
the
practice
recorded were
Incumbents ES a year,
at the time was been welcomed.
any Demoniation. been questioned,
of
already
Wills surviving nor dissenting
phraseology.
group
at
emerging
through
John
Wordsworth and, frequently
dissenters.
provide
the
Catholic
adherents a dissenting
in
Restoration
He was a member
Hall.
Hall
Water
though
leading
Penistone,
and other
of
Puritan,
used
his
Yorkshire
notable
92
dissenters lived
(Appendix-Buildings in
Swaithe
as a Non-conformist for meetings with
The Micklethwaite
previously
183),
was, however, immediately the after of
of
(page
There
Swaithe
family
1191Staniland's
of
no evidence
Wordsworth
dissenters
Hall
unknown.
of
in 1743, Reverend Herring, to Archbishop return Staniland "We have not one Roman Catholic, stated,,
George
also
and date
are
-
his
In
house
the
religious had a
already
so require". from 1624, was the Curate in theory position and, though
the
the
for
and
remuneration
of
occasion
separate
the
Worsbrough
Lectureship
earlier
if service Hugh Everard,
holder
nor
a learned
of
that the Lecturer states day throughout the year
Sabbath Divine
E30 a year Street,, London,
of
means
from
left
post, Grace
in
inns
London draper noted 88 However, his Will
Smithley.
of
Worsbrough
the
of
the
Rayney,
hamlet
the
founder
the
be John
to
Lectureship
element a vital by a 'Lecturer', was undertaken to the national was responding preaching,
in
Darfield.
family,
to the
who attended at
the
Hall
No. 9),
whom he was meetings.
related,
They
were
had,
and considerably extended but had moved on to Middlewood
The meetings
239
attracted
such
prominent
it
Non-
drew doubt Oliver Heywood no as whose preaching conformists in local following. death Wordsworth, After the John a of for the 'new religion' 1690, no further evidence of support has been it
deny
found
for
may have the leading
from
of
1822.
until
but
existed,
opposition and Elmhirsts
Worsbrough
This
gone underground families such
is
not
to
in
the
face
Edmunds
as the
Clark movement. concludes, on mainly among the humble 93 it is have left little they who to show. people" and so in the had been made compulsory Attendance at church is no evidence 1559 Act of Uniformity to there although who were "Nonconformity
how effective
suggest
underlying current being administered "before
the
Court
strongly lived
the
against
Perhaps an was in Worsbrough. was still may be indicated as punishment in 1675 when five yeomen were prominent 94 for not coming to church. , this
in South Yorkshire The general pattern of dissent distinctly had 300 known dissenters uneven - Sheffield 3000 communicants had only 8 from 3000 yet Doncaster 7 from
Barnsley
638. favoured
considerations automatically areas house
as Penistone
in at
1692
High
had taken "I
root
Maxy Gelder
Flatts. in
religious
worship flourished
erected at had existed The Birdwell built
at
"95 It
intended
was more
first
positive is
forthwith
by
to
an assembly
... be
of
in
successful Chapel had
evidence in
an application
worsbrough
and
did
but
Quakers
the
and
Worsbrough of
dissent
of
an Independent
where The
widow
is
spread
among
topographical
and
Bullhouse
at
Birdwell]
group
the it.
produce
such
founded
"Economic
was
rural
was
a meeting it that 1822
when,
my house
certify used
not
as a place
protestants.
[in of
1196Her
Chapel was New Connection a Methodist in 1823, suggesting Birdwell group an informal 97 before Mary Gelder's some time application. by a Weslyan Chapel chapel was soon followed and
Worsbrough
The Religious
Bridge Census
in of
1836.98 attendance
at
Divine
Service,
first on 30 March 1851, which the evidence provides of this in Worsbrough, is often its chapel suspect with spurious accuracy to offer (up? ) figures, and tendency neatly rounded
240
but in
it,,
at-least,,.
the
in
immigrants influential for
the
the
old
order-in
centres
on the
nonconformists, for the return nailers,
Birdwell
by Joseph was signed , family long-stay of Birdwell
chapel
1851
Summary Attendance
Divine
at
'Jeweller'.
7.15
Table
Census
Religious
30 March
Service
1851
Worsbrough Attendance
Sitting St.
Church
850
(Birdwell)
188
Mary's
Methodist Weslyan
(Bridge)
[Sunday
own-identity
of
'He was head of the but now called himself
Stancell.
their
establishing
It is, a perhaps, population. by the committed displayed self-awareness in-society, that their regarding new role
growing
comment
community
dissenters
The wave of nineteenth century. doubt in the previous discussed no chapter were little inýfurthering having nonconformism,
township
concern in the
a settled
confirms
of
Aft
600
300 100
57
272
School
Eve
Morn
80
omitted] The Census leaves-open how many of the congregation to doubt both church day, particularly that attended as and chapel had no had a morning neither chapel service and the church for dual leaving evening service, attendance. opportunity However,
indicate
they
Although to
that
in
the
the
amongst
Ebenezer
Wesleyan
followed
by a Primitive
Ebenezer
Reform
immigration,
of
St.
were St.
the
1872.
a Primitive
removed-in
1859
was built in 1871 Blacker,
1854.99
adding
when
Dale
area.
Methodist in
Reform
reacted-by the
in
and
James
241
nonconformist
In
1852
in
the
and
the Dale,
a larger
The old
of
centre
another chapel
galleries
additional St
of
number
is
it review, in the
under
rapidly-later
growing
Chapel in
Mary's in
grew
Methodist
chapel
Wesleyan
the, period
miners
Reform
had
Thomas
the
baseý.
nonconformist
movement to
response
adherents
Ebenezer
a firm beyond
strictly
be noted
century,
scholars
in
village in 1838,
1859
and
church which
churches were built, in Worsbrough Bridge.
The family
apparently
last
of
ceased in
line,
the
in
resident
income.
as
except
is,
It
and
Bridge
gave
the
land
St.
but
chapels, for
Thomas
the
lord
of
Worsbrough
lord
of
Darley
manor,
rate
of
structures
and
modern
Though
change
was,
albeit
painfully
decades anything
not
as
the
driving
separate,
industrial
been
bonds
society
of
had
into
remaining in
the
next
building as the
the
by
virtually
become to
the an
present landscape
chapter.
242
first
the
superseded Manorial
independent, inhabitants church
the
as
had
lost
part
of
in
its the period,
modern
early
force
had
changing
community.
continued,
which
adjust,
unlike
township,
dominant
century,
century,
to
totally
The
during
urban
economic
after
whose
the
the
to
related
Worsbrough.
workplace.
social
cohesion
social
industry of
in
changes
time
was
force
in
through
situation
as
evolved
change
rural
The
role
Worsbrough
Industrial pace,
masons,
nineteenth
providing
before
and
which
industry
face
local
non-
J. Jeffcock,
directly
the
communities kin
to
on
until
replaced
guardianship
caring
the
a changing
century
gone
had
and
times.
had
divisions
central
Birdwell
by
the
to
gradual
nineteenth
which
closer
for
population
were
somnolent
at
the
agriculture
the
**
strains
respond
least,
at
of
still
F. W. T. V. Wentworth,
immigration,
period
to
* **
the
resultant
capacity
climate.
estate
the
contrast,
donated
***
**
of
and
the
early
township's
**
expansion
fecundity
the
the
manor.
indigenous
after
land
on
******
The
by
a
towards
the In
for
paid
was
in
land
chapel.
by
of
family,
Guest
the
Edmunds,
not
interest
sold
Blacker
church
were
hierarchy
inheritors
the
family
significant
local
the
was
inherited
little
perhaps,
of
that
conformists,
subsequent
Edmunds
the
Francis
of
estate
having
attitude
prevailing
The
whose
death
the
with
Worsbrough,
by
nonconformity
1825.
W. B. Martin,
nephew,
the
towards
resistance
at
an
ever-increasing
with
effects
will
be
on
considered
the briefly
the
NOTES 7.0
1. 2. 3. 4. ' 5.
6. 7. B. 9. 10. 11.
12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
19. 20. 21.
COMMUNITY
(1974) a Community, 19. Univ,, Essex. Wrightson, 1580-1680, London, K.,, English Society (1982) 44-46. Sturt, G., Change in the Village, (1984) Caliban. Levine, D. & Wrightson,, K.,, The Making of an Industrial Society, (1991) 81. Oxford, in Sheffield Loan deposit Archives, under Worsbrough full by transcription, with sort, and alphabetical in D&F. E. Ashurst. Further transcription copies the Borthwick Institute, York, and Yorkshire Archaeological Society Archive, Leeds. The implications of two different which versions for part survive noted of the registers and variations in the Bishops Transcripts of a are the subject forthcoming by the author in Local Population article Studies, Cambridge. Wrigley, E. A. & Schofield, R. S., Histozy The Population of 1541-1871, England 7. (1989) Cambridge, Beresford, (1963) M. W., Lay Subsidies Taxes, and Poll 24. Phillimore, "Certificates Guilds of Chantries, and Hospitals", Surtees Society Vol. 91, Part 1,193. Wrigley 565. & Schofield, op. cit., Hunter1J. South Yorkshire,, 294. (1831), Discovered Registry at the National of Archives under NRA1077 it is now lodged Archives at Sheffield as Wh. M. 40/1. for I am grateful to Professor PDA Harvey his comments on the document its in taking interpretation further. a stage headed The list has the sub-title "Court Baron" "Liberi Tents" 57 names of which 16 are known nonwith list tenants "Ten resident and a short of 8 under Manii" These are merely tenant who are known residents. lists inhabitant and not intended as a general record. Giles Jacob, The Complete Court-Keeperi, (1715). Eversley, D. E. C. et al, to English An Introduction Historical 831 Demography, CGHPSS No. 1 (1966), Wrigley 19-32. & Schofield, op. cit., Eversley, 84 op. cit. SA/WhM - Bright 20. Papers, Two copies PRO E179/262/15 survive, and a copy of the held at the West Yorkshire original Service Archive for in The Hearth which has been published Tax Returns South Yorkshire 1672,, (1991) Ladyday Sheffield, Univ. 89-90. SA/whm 40/3 Suit Roll SA/PR3/17(4) 1700 1718 and SA/PR3/17 "Archbishop Herring's (Vol. 3) (1743), Returns" YASRS. Vol. 75 (1929), 194/5 Bell,
C.
& NewbyiH.,
The Sociology
243
of
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
47.
48. 49. 50. 51.
YASRS. Vol. 75 (1929). BLHA - microfilm under copies of Census Returns "Worsbrough Parish". Wrigley & Schofield, op. cit. illustrated 575 & 578. graphically K., The Making Levine, D. & Wrightson, of an Industrial 186-191. Society 1560-1765, oxford, Whickham (1991) Sharpe, P. 'Locating the "Missing Marryers" of Colyton 1660-17501, Studies, No. 48 (1992) Local Population 49-59 0 in the Networks MitsonA, "The Significance Kinship of Ph. D. Seventeenth Century: South-west Nottinghamshire",, Societiest in Phythian-Adams, C. (ed), thesis summarised 24-76. 1580-1850, Cultures (1993) Leicester, & Kinship 42. Ibid, 60. Ibid, has its Martin The tradition persists still and Birdwell Guest, mason. in Tudor and Stuart Slack, P., The Impact of the Plague 25 England (1985) Oxford Wrigley 10. & Schofield Appendix op. cit. (1974) Hey, D., An English Community, Rural Xyddle 46-51 Leicester 52 Wilkinson, J., (1872) Histoxy of Worsbrough district 'Barebones' Worsbrough Barnsley of adjacent Common. BLHA - B164 Wrightson, 1580-1680, Londony Society (1982) K., English 127-9 Elliott, Market B., Barnsley; the Anatomy of a Yorkshire Town 1660-1760. 1990, Unpublished M. Phil. thesis, University Sheffield. Wrightson, in an English K. & Levine, D. Poverty and Piety Village, 1525-1700, (1979) London. Terling Sharpe, J. A., 1550-1760 (1991) Early Modern England London 92 Wrightson 127 (1979) & Levine in Laslett. P and Oosterveen, Trends K., Long-term Bastardy in England 1561-1960,256 BIHR - Will 21 Feb. 1638. Richard Micklethwaite BIHR Archdeacon-Records: Court Books Y. V/CB (3-18) Shorter Oxford (1983) Dictionary Sharpe, J. A. op. cit. 121 Wrightson, K., 'The Social Modern England: Order of Early Three Approaches', (1986) The World We Have Gained, London 177-202 Gregory King's in Lindert, P. H. & statistics reviewed Williamson, J. G. 'Reinterpretting Social Britain's Tables 1688-19131, in Economic Histozy, Explorations Vol. 20, (1983) 94-109 Wrightson, K. (as note 46) 189 & 201. Hey, D., Yorkshire from AD1000 (1986) 164. Harlow SA - WhM 77/78 and WhM 79/8 Fletcher, A. & Stevenson, in Early J., Order and Disorder Modern England 15 (1985) Cambridge
244
52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.
65.
66. 67. 68.
69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.
is Earl the SA - WhM/43-6. The town's connection with unclear. in Full extracts of the Chancery proceedings in Edward Elmhirst's PRO C21 E. 19.8 are recorded in "Peculiar (family "Evidences" papers) and briefly Inheritance". WYAS - QS10/12/153 and QS/10/12/151 SA - NBC 63. SA - PR3/12 Bk. I, 102 key to includes SA - EM1017. The document an extensive here. for insertion too lengthy the seating, SA - EM1018 'A Dyurnal Adam Eyre, and my Accions or Catalogue of all Society from the 1st of January 16461, Surtees Expences 8 June 1647. 1647; 22 April (1875) Vol. 65,11 May 1647; 1756 BIHR - Will April of John Tattershall 1754. BIHR - Will Sykes 15 August of Robert 1485-1603, Tanner, J. R., Tudor Constitutional Documents 469-473 Cambridge, (1940) & 488-494. Wrightson, Society1580-1680, London, K., English 181 (1982) SA/PR3/17(4) luxuries' The distinctions are of necessities, and in in the context Inventories explored of Probate Culture Weatherill, L, Consumer Behaviour and Material in Britain 1660-1760, 14-16. (1988) London, females born few in The majority Worsbrough and were not be traced but approxtheir through could marriages imately 10% were verified in the register. as stated 19 December 1729. BIHR - Will Mary Wildsmith Wakefield Local History Goodchild Archive collection. 29/167 6 1603 BIHR - Wills Jennet Hawksworth Fol. oct. of 7 1662 Thomas Oct. Edmunds Esq 24 1673 to March Richard Elmhirst proved 10 1701 it John Dec. Marrow proved 7 1708 of Henry June Edmunds Copies by Townend Richard (1603), of deeds of gift in Parish John Rayney (1641) (1631) Allott and William Book SA/PR3/12. BLHA - B940 (p. 119) Hey, D., An English (1974) Community Xyddle, Rural Leicester 48-51. SA - Sheffield 1793. 15 February Register Slack, P., in Tudor and Stuart The Impact of plague England (1990) 29. Oxford Porter, in England R., "Disease, Medicine and Society 1550-1860", in Economic Studies Histozy, & Social (1987) Basingstoke 14. Parish Book 18 May 1666. Slack, 207-216. op. cit. Porter, 15. op-cit., Edward Elmhirst, 74-77. Peculiar Inheritance, See Levine, D., "Some Competing Models of Population Growth during the first Industrial Revolution" Economic Histoxy 501-2. Review Vol. 7 (1978)
245
79.1
80. 81. 82.1 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97 98: 99.
Barnsley to Mr Bryan Ellison, am especially grateful interest in early pharmacist medicine, with a special for his identifications, of the used in this survey, based on Elmhirst's ailments obscure abbreviations. is in the Elmhirst family The original papers note-book intended for; deposit in Sheffield A transArchives. College cription was made by Humberside of Education, minor undated and unpublished which contains various for errors and a new transcription would be necessary in its deserves the more detailed the document study to the medical historian. value The Humberside incorrectly College 'Introduction' states did not attend Elmhirst the gentry class. 29. Porter, op. cit. in a straw that am assured poll of local pharmacists is virtually the consumption of laxatives on a par with modern sales of proprietory medicines. 'West Riding Sessions Records' YASRS. Vol. 53 (1915) 363-4. The outcome of the case is unknown. SA/ PR3/12 Bk. 2 (758) 'The Journal Surtees Society of Mr John Hobson', 290. Vol. 65 (1875) Wilkinson, 433. j., History (1872) of Worsbrough Wakefield Local. History Goodchild Archive collection. Wilkinson 319-320 op. cit. Copy in Parish Book SA/PR3/12.272-275 The Incumbent to be designated "Vicar & continues Lecturer" As note 21,194-5 Wilkinson 197-204 op. cit. and Hey-D., from AD1000,207-8 Yorkshire Clark, Sir G., The Later 23-24. (1956) Stuarts, Oxford BIHR Archdeacon's Records Court Rolls, V/CB; 3-18, fol. 334 Hey (1986) 207 op. cit. BIHR Dissenter Meeting House , DMH Reg. l, pp 387-8 SA/(SYCRO) 376/K(67) SA/(SYRCO) 376/K(66) Wilkinson 429-432 op-cit.
246
8.0
LANDSCAPE
IN
POSTSCRIPT
A feature
of
earlier
has
chapters
and their
changes peak in
continued well the 1940s. However,
effect
on the into the
the
rapid
by the
landscape
changes wrought on the Worsbrough dominance in the early of industry century
been
decades
the
of
nineteenth industrial
These
population.
a
reaching has been
present century, increasing rate
this
rising
by an equally decline This since mid-century. rapid briefly 1851 which, the major chapter sketches events since have created from earlier together survivals with periods, landscape. the Worsbrough The summary plan of modern
matched
Worsbrough, 3.1
Figure
8.1,
Figure
be compared
might
that
to
c. 1600,
of
(p. 43),
contrasting changes and continuities. for Some are immediately The road network, obvious. developed from the medieval lanes, example, remains which by the from that formalised unchanged as to width and line, Enclosure
Commissioner
in
the
access
on the
minor
been
built Ml motorway Like the eighteenth
the
1960s.
chosen for ease of boundaries. The late
contour field similarly
showed A feature
the
roads
scant the
of
boundaries,
creating
farming fields
still tenant
fields
have
have
been
enlarged
the
result
of
usually cultural With of land largely
is the
reflect farmers
use,
through
the
century
turnpike,
traffic
flow,
for
regard
to
of
fields
railways
ancient
field
that
to
followed
over
the
housing,
mining,
this
pattern. the
east
of
field modern
Worsbrough
the
suited where
and
facilitate
a
the
and
format
and,
in
the
existing
century
hedges
to
noticeable
opencast in particularly
ignored
it
Doncaster
loss
the
in valley in following
landscape
towards
has
estates,
Rockley
the
excluding
new road,
housing
nineteenth
larger It
practice.
only
agricultural
Lincolnshire
region,
The later
repect
on the plain fenland, is
its
1816.
the
mixed
farming
Few centuries. is has occurred,
rather
than
agri-
the
west of the township. however, landowners sold
boundaries field which respected and, though disappeared the block, within as developers
247
blocks these
planned
cr ir
:77 \\-7
Common retain the occasional as a road or demarking a garden plot. been greatest in Birdwell, the Dale and the initially as a direct consequence of the
has
Expansion Bridge
areas, to house
demand coal late
and
thousands
the
following
mining,
of
in
involved
new immigrants
in the sinking of the Barrow pit 8.1 illustrates Figure the growth century. 7.5 (p. 204). The roadside shown on Figure Birdwell this still reflect expansion,
nineteenth the nuclei
from
Dale
the
access roads, field boundary
developments
the
at new housing
though
At the away from the A61 road is recent. Dale and Bridge,, however, the whole area has been, or is in the process little of being, completely redeveloped of with housing the early than an occasional remaining, other relic left
in the middle as an island of a redbrick an estate; house at Bank example is the seventeenth century yeoman's End (Appendix No. 13). However, there survivals, remain other house and offices such as the manager's of the eighteenth Darley century in particular,
Main has
pit, lost
domestic
still'in
The Bridge,
use.
the nineteenth all century housing, by a leisure replaced centre, supermarkets houses, 'town' here again, though there are chance of
houses
older
to
The growing
miners' and
new
survivals
be found.
needs
for
housing
Common,
on the
in
has to Barnsley's linen industry, response expanding weaving been previously discussed. industry However, this collapsed in the early decades of the present century and, on the of
the
Common area
the
old
weavers'
acquisition the
1930s,
the
entire area boundary on the Worsbrough, take
in
converted including housing those
the
houses 8.1
Figure
rebuilt.
Common, where
were
Barnsley
in
Corporation
Barnsley
considered
shows
the
unfit
and
modern
expanded
into
to and which towards White Cross, also extended Monk Spring Wood. The latter was cleared and
to
a leisure
the
park,
Yews estate,
estate from the
Despite
by
of
Kendray,
town's
the
various
slum
the adjacent whilst area, became part of the council in the 1930s, to accommodate clearance
changes
249
in
areas. building
and
rebuilding,
00
V-4
en 00
tn ON N
Cý
t;
. rq rý4
in 00 V-4
00
250
had been
on what the
ancient
is
and, not only but the early
the
land
waste
Common still landscape.
the
of
plan
open
reflects
the
ago,
features
the
many of
present of
8.2
these changes summarises apparent, system immediately
Figure
old road boundaries,
field
150 years
those
particularly
out
set
have been largely now marked albeit retained, when enclosed, by walls than hedges. rather Blacker to have missed appears out on this expansion. had a disadvantage, It always on a barren, of course, hill-top
and, though Common, lacked the
exposed, Worsbrough
which the Earl building plots turn
the
of
to
lay
in
free
the
This
accommodate
from
lack
problem of local
little
appeal
directly
the
The quantities
coke
Europe.
plant,
Unfortunately, wind,
prevailing
the
over
Following
years the
and was
the
works
and
spoil-have
landscaped
to
resemble
much of
South
the
of
Yorkshire the
removed,
pre-industrial the landscape
fields,
which
cannot
strips
remained
field
the
be restored, been the
its
surrounding
merged
township,
much of the field pattern been no housing developments,
251
of as part industry? mining pit,
whole
the
had destroyed
of
the
on the
closure
been
for
have
heaped
were
of
Much of
remains. appearance by the Barrow generated
recent
run-down
west
spoil
of
Unfortunately
developer.
century
general
have
the
modern
the
though
western
of
nineteenth
To the
and
chemical
in
path
Barnsley
the
to
unattractive
8-1).
By the overflow. had an additional handicap to above the huge Barrow the
fumes and smoke from the works, noxious long periods. for invisible of being virtually but its and no longer exists, exposed position, industrial incentive, has left the area with
extent
colliery fields.
exploited
integral
the
external
Blacker
largest
the
considered
never
to
its
with
Blacker
Strafford
century',, in being
development colliery,
of
to similar for housing pressure in selling ' off
topographically
(Figure
contours. historian,
pattern
of
the
being
area the old
mine
town
and what few furlong into larger fields. in
the
remains
Rockley
valley,
and unchanged disturbance a major
there to
0 ý Co cn
t
i
i;
ce
:E
r2i,
v
Iu c
(a
r,
C,1
L. J Lui : C. j I , -ý -. L) 0
- (ýý> P. ;* * -,zorZ. z;-t>
'::
.............
252
:
". ':
"'
the
landscape
has
been
by
caused
by open-cast working. The drift mine at Kendal
coal
the
in 1954/5 re-opened was including the refugees,
Green
for Hungarian provide employment building blocks. of new bath and office failed two years through within shortage to
the
buildings, the
after
excepting
mine
Little source of
the
main
the
reduced
areas during
through
old
the
the
north
underlying
and
rail
seventeenth
becoming
the
Rockley
Smithy
In main Figure been
the
of
relate
8.4.
the to
The railway to
converted
basin.
present
east
changes
infilled
its
entire
the
Dale
area
engineering boatyards,
the
detectable
only
which
but
works,
demise
through
on the
site
remainder
converted as a depression.
served
the
of
the Dale
water
wheel
253
and
canal
to
at
has
the
canal
the
Worsbrough by
meadow the
has been Bridge
small century
nineteenth
Similarly
railways,
Swaithe
to
the
Swaithe,
and
overbuilt
the
been
Farm.
Abbey
Lewden
been of
dam has
lower
at the
has
eighteenth
The motorway. flooding of prevent
to
whereas length from
it
upper
the
Rockley
of
and
A red ash spoil ruinous. hundred day-hole, two pit
the
township, the
the
1950s
the
owner
a footpath,
along In
in
the
of
short
beside
site,
furnace
ironmines.
the
of
Royd
Broom
blast
century
but
in
tunnel
tower
pumping
mineworkings,
by the
restored
river
bell-pits
of
the
of
destroyed
has
a few metres has left a new bridge
site
route
of much evidence in the been preserved
dam was destroyed
upper
Wood,
stopped
the
on its
M1 motorway, also where it
However,
site and bridge unused,
metres
the
of
further
was
site. industries
century
working
century heap marks
Woodland
grassed.
Smithy
as do the
nineteenth
furnace
offices,
ancient
construction
valley;
Opencast
the
been
early
wood remain,
the
have
and bloomery
Worsbrough's
the
of
Park
Smithies
Rockley
and man-power dismantled
of
once the woodlands, furnaces for the Rockley charcoal and, though Tail Wood has been replanted conifers, with
Friar
part
the
of
The enterprise
was re-sealed.
remains
of
part
of
extraction
post-war
or
the
gardens, loop
Lewden
mill
of
the has
00
tn tn 00
C.,
r-4
Iti
0 U) 0
co
0) .44 ri
254
been
infilled,
The spoil indicated
heap
the
site
by profuse
canal
metres hamlet,
showing as a depression and day-hole entrance
along the
fragmentary
of
the
the
Lewden
to
meadow. are
pit
above on the hillside gorse Farm. At Goose Hulls, a hundred
growth Lewden
near the line
across
of
the
canal
remains
west
survive
of
the
Lewden
of
the
nineteenth
coke ovens, century probably of this part The Dove Cliff-and Blacker quarries
mine working. have been obscured
as landfill
the
century
sites and no signs remain Swaithe banks of mine, or its
of
nineteenth following ovens,
coke
houses, tip. The row of miners' as a municipal refuse in the 1970s and Swaithe's along only street, were cleared developments have seen the partial destruction recent of the in addition Swaithe House, to conversion seventeenth century
use
of
farm
buildings
Change but
the
technology, an ever of date
create inevitable,
is
speed
a new Swaithe
to
of
sees increasing
such
and
change,
Worsbrough's rate.
This
hamlet.
not necessarily undesirable, by modern facilitated disappearing past heritage present
review
is
at out
already
as work
recently new started on an extensive in the south linking the opencast site, of the township, heap area to Birdwell Barrow spoil Commons, and Blacker extending
into
extent of the be determined.
the
Hoyland
neighbouring
resulting
changes
255
to
the
township. landscape
The has
old
full yet
to
9.0
CONCLUSION
Modern
Worsbrough
which brought its legacy is tration
of
the
nineteenth
still housing
visible for the
industries, where
left
the
prevails
agricultural to a degree
ten
generations can be observed but collectively
of
its
inhabitants,
which, have
singly, were led inexorably has
emergence
in
changes
its
to
Britain
nineteenth
century.
Exhibition
of
coal
been
Displays from
South
the
new status industrial
Yorkshire
the
changes
over features
general
perhaps
of
the
the
social
the in
Crystal
the
Palace Worsbrough,
at
day,
and
bear
witness in the
as a partner
modern
early
in
beds
moment, apparent
nation
1851
Silkstone
small
present for the
through
the
at
as a prime mineral of the from its craftsmanship glassworks, its
of
industrial
as a major
the
progress
certain to
as a
one view
Yorkshire,
as a contributor
regarded
of
unaffected throughout,
the
presented
Worsbrough,
establishment
of
awareness
South
a typical
another
those
of
scenes
once dominant in shows Worsbrough
which
The evidence
and economic period
though transformation, century in the landscape. The concen-
economy,
in
industry
heavy
the
of
In reviewing community. different through aspects,
from
dichotomy.
none
the workers, -near tracts, of the township
large
rural settlement, industrial urban township
retains
of
examples to
self-
growing
Beneath the surface conurbation. industrialisation, however, of this scenes of a, more rural Worsbrough in part. It is not intended to survived deserve this but certain recapitulate evidence, aspects demonstrate
to
emphasis, from its
neighbours, its
preventing
yet
providing
Worsbrough, largely isolation pressures
is
maintained
became
township strands
of
different
continuity
isolation.
The overwhelming evidence
how the
one
impression, insight of
to
from the
a self-assured,
self-sufficient.
the
origins
variety and
caring
of
development society,
of -
in total No community can exist and change was inevitable, from external whether through directives, State imposing an organisation
256
to
provide landowner
poor
relief,
sought
to
seventeenth in effect,
allowing
disruption
to
for
internal
example, or his mineral
exploit
and eighteenth
were slow least causing
changes
the
to adjust, community to have been a stable appears
what
the
Through
assets.
these
centuries
when a
society.
the period, enclosure encompassed virtually land being whole township, parcelled out amongst the few, despite the occasional yet, challenge, was effected During
this
apparently
without
collapse
the
of
violent peasant
There
was no sudden in seen as enclosure
protest. economy at it was late
Midland
the
counties, such as where and total, for instance, from Wigston, its conversion with wholesale ' to determined largely Geography the basic arable pasture. agricultural western
economy moors
between
being
Worsbrough;
of
the
the
and
encouraged eastern plain positively farming,, mixed arable and pasture able to a mix better damaging fluctuations in arable withstand or stock yields. When industrial or change gathered geography, pace, least
the
the
underlying
course
Wigston,
its
where
knitting,
offered
living,
variety
dominant,
and had been
Barnsley since period, serving
centre, of
South
social
had
focus
for this
the
to
expand
instance,
coal,
Hemsworth
remained
was
nail-making was
a closed
limited estate
.
2,
for-Worsbrough market the Middle Ages; by the end of the early the town was firmly established as a regional the Staincross Wapentake and covering much'
Yorkshire.
Throughout
only
Stainborough
agriculture
modern
for
Darton,
-
craft
craftsman
a village
was able
a
earn
within new markets in fortunate were less
villages
in
to of
variety in
which brought
communications
where
frame-work
was a wide
many generations,
compare
inhabitants
the
well-established,
Grimethorpe
craftsmen
for
there
Many neighbouring
range.
industry,
growth
to
Again
at
in
influence
a prime
development.
some relief
already
context, over when improving
to
sole
Worsbrough
at
industries,
this
geology,
Worsbrough's
of
became
'
The the period,
main
town
became
growing
the
prime
commercial 3 region.
villages of the Worsbrough was a constituent
257
part
and
of
the
wapentake,
its as seen-in marriage direction its and in this
commitment, lie, particularly for
outlet
with
its
to
regard industries
varied
and Militia
pattern loyalties
Barnsley,
an
provided iron
which as tanning,
such
to
seen
are
The area of Worsbrough and paper. concenin fact, became so closely to the trating on weaving, allied industry, Barnsley weaving onto the which had extended Common, as to eventually Worsbrough transfer over the border coal
working,
to
become
a part
working
for
succour
when
of
Barnsley.
Barnsley
These turning
masters,
in
century
The benefits demands
the
of
the
of region's
to
only
to contribution being negligible.
their need, industry Worsbrough
growing and
coal
Barnsley iron
immigrants,
were
workers
for
Worsbrough
nineteenth and
market,
needs,
could
the have
not
been
the ownership enjoyed unless potential of Worsbrough's had been such as to. facilitiate Here again, exploitation. None had ever gained played variety control a part. overall distinct three of the township; on the contrary, medieval into persisted which identity modern times, each having a separate and sequence have fragmented the of development which could readily township. Some form-of fragmentation-had occurred already during it the early history the can medieval when of region
manorial
be, presumed
a large
that
township,
separate Claybrook,
the
to the
the
ecclesiastically division of
Worsbrough less
geographically township
but
was totally
as the
Darfield
with
At
some point,
saw itself participation
detached
became
obvious, committed,
socially
and
the
other
as a
economically,
it wapentake and, whilst clearly dependency, the loss particularly of with
as a
was boundary, county boundary, was the wapentake 4 but equally The effective.
divide
as an independent
yet
detachment
Staincross
Darfield
mother
Darfield under at a large parish
a similar Leicestershire/Warwickshire
by the
whereas
parish,
In the ease. in the Midlands,
of
effected
emerged
much of South Yorkshire. defined, Worsbrough
church, covered to be convincingly chapel
had
organisations
parish townships
258
in
its of
resented tithes,
organisation the
wapentake.
and
The major of consequence of this appreciation independence is apparent in the role at of the church the its in uniting Worsbrough, through especially officers, in a common purpose inhabitants despite the three manorial divisions.
Though
one manor was owned by an absentee landlord, a ecclesiastical and the third one a feudal estate loose federation the church a focus of farmsteads, remained to engender to Worsbrough a "spirit which was of belonging" to
until
Having no century. early nineteenth influence controlling as at neighbouring inhibited where the Earls of Strafford diversity, be taken freely could opportunities
persist
over-riding Stainborough, industrial develop
to "according conditional on being democratic This preserved-a towards selfattitude into the early the 'town meeting' modern period,
control its
jury a major
church,
ensuring fore.
the
from
elected
playing to
to
enterprise,
custom". with
the
part,
a wide
progress
To this
through
either
the
was monitored
manor
society
court
or
the
with had
Worsbrough
end,
of
cross-section
common weal with
similarities
for example, other areas such as Terling, where the system helped control and improve early as differenmodern society 5 between tiation labourers township elite and widened. However,
the
Worsbrough
continued
over which
otherwise
constantly
expressing remain
confidence
in
over
other
Barnsley,
centre.
of
being Its
able.
their
their
despite
wapentake
excepting sense
to
as witness
possible
relative
townships Worsbrough
communications
an
of
effects
the
to
a stability
and
position
a numerical
to
in
residing
the During population. houses families built these
mobile many of
families
provided
the
ameliorated
century
However,
of
many generations
community seventeenth
presence
offer
prosperity.
superiority economical history, its throughout and
was never a challenge
problems
establishing to rival a market industry to create mature the There were, of course, wealthy
wealth of families,
in
prosperous
the
as a regional
militated
Barnsley,
259
which
permanence
nor
against could
early
Sheffield.
another such
its
as
the
Edmunds
and Elmhirsts, need, but the
-just range
that
extreme
as there
to the were no doubt more real inhabitants than of Worsbrough the across divisive evident
when viewed produce
help
relief,
poor
in
opportunities
adequate form of
for
work
Inventories
linen
immigrations
the
the
nineteenth
century
affairs
through
created
two
of
generations
on a-greater the
demands
the
at
can
for of
labour
which
social
tensions
and
the
the
of
conduct
century,
the
new opportunities.
provided which
might otherwise grew from 879 in
as Worsbrough's population 1801 to 4274 in 1851, was due in large to the measure in discrete absorption of the new immigrants areas of township. These evolved (mine, of work near the place arisen,
furnace)
glassworks, derived
more
detriment
of The inhabitants
from the
a degree
to their
origins
wider
concept
of
these
areas
Worsbrough
but
Lancashire
weavers
on the
Midlanders
at
Birdwell,
was further for instance,
to
rather
reinforced at
the
where
Common, Dale
by traditional Wood Brothers
260
of
place belonging
were
specific the
group
and of
6
Xyddle,
even at new industries
perhaps
but
culture,
During
start
than
scale
peasant
The absence have
of
when the informal its officers church
disrupted.
was terminally
courts
engrossing destroyed
some degree for example,
have
might
township's
manorial lifetime
had
clocks,
and
Probate
Surviving
danger to the surfaced, with following the mass social stability, in the early driven by the industrial expansion
long-established
of
retrospect
as not so oppressive discontent. Few required social and available sickness was freely in some for earning a living existed
cushions, life-style.
of
now in
appear
but
region,
if
decades
they
who stayed. most inhabitants
Such discontent
century
eighteenth
those
suggest
comfort, indicate
was not the The iniquities
of wealth and poverty be found in such towns.
could
dire
in
families
poor
were
ceasing Irish
areas;
the
loyalties to
work, to
the
to
'belong'
the
township. to
and
Derbyshire
ore
miners
glassworks.
The
separation
family glassworks
at as,
occupations in
the
Dale,
had
19 fathers
and 5 other the works, them into and only (4 miners and employment alternative decades During, the early of the
where
began
wapentake influence
its
lose
to
who followed
2 daughters
25 sons
places
of
work
its
even
for
little
with
largely
and
as a regional in on itself. a background
central role as a community increasing the latter coming under recognised Poor Union
as a civil its with the
of
venture
matter,
wapentake
and or its
hadýlost of
welfare, it became
until
up the joint
setting the last
Reaction
region.
The
Birdwell
and provider
as almost
neighbours
communities,
church
pressure in resulting
the
of township
the
with
unity The
area. focus
Whilst
self-sufficient. had its own shops
example, need for
Bridge
neighbouring
the
century
nineteenth
began to turn and Worsbrough families the long established maintained in the village, , old' Worsbrough, particularly into a group of separate as a whole evolved identity a localised in the Dale, population
7
1 wheelwright).
importance
-with
an
who chose
sons
the
against
century, established church was not new in the nineteenth but the growing immigrant less felt confined population leading the old authority, to the establishment of nonin each area which further conformist places of worship the
reduced
once
central
position
of
the
The
church.
by
extent
became so complete by these forces on created in the the-Common,, where immigrants origin, a similar with led it for the same Barnsley same trade and working masters,
of
separation
to
eventual
transfer
Throughout to
continued Worsbrough of
a canal
railway
vast acres
grow
link
in
the
connections,
Coopers, reserves under
Dale,
colliery the
top
township,
had
Barnsley
for
commerce to which fortuitious, almost provision followed by national quickly
who rebuilt who extended coal, could
261
its
beyond
introduced
was
owners, quality
Barnsley.
period,
horizons
opened
New capital of ironmasters, of
to
early-industrial
as a magnet but the, subscribed
neighbourhood. family Fields the
the
district
the
of
estimated
be exploited
by
immediate as the
such
Marrow
House,
Swaithe over to
Hall.
and The
a thousand the full.
to routes access of land-ownership,
However,
pattern the Barrow
pit
Pit,
came to
which
total
closure
fraught Whickham,
in not
community
of
Whickham, been
industry
and
in
During
the
South
Yorkshire
alone,
there
the
solid be
to
established
the
multiple
swept
When
might
the diversity
its
century, base
old
delay
the
problems.
agricultural
the
grew,
without
nineteenth
national
nineteenth of
pits
fate
communications
changed,
the
until
provided
serve
destruction
Worsbrough's
its
Lease,
firmly
too
were
away.
villages, succumbed
to
for
miners,
the with
point
merging
the
urban
As the scaped, where
Hunter'O "Nothing through
to
form
conurbation
stood
more
offer.
Worsbrough
heritage
to
never
a new community,
of
contiguous of
South
Worsbrough's
pit-head
returns gear
lose
completely
which
neighbour
9 Many
a dormitory has
than
as industry now recedes, by industrialisation created
and vegetation once
its
as an almost scars
to
little
the
and,
to in
being
else of
communities
a role,
of
little
separate find
1873
were
retained sufficient its identity earlier grow,
in
nineteenth century every village almost in became dominated by its deep mine;
30 new mines opened in the Yorkshire 97 to be started. with notice of a further Wombwell such as Goldthorpe, and Dinnington,
coalfield,
the
to
access
to
to
at
events
where
Worsbrough
as
is
century
seventeenth
catastrophic
by
situation
the
speculation
Grand
the
of
early
of
occasioned
inevitable
to
have
readily
8 are
on one mine, Park century leading
to
reference
the
and
network
economy,
township
Historical
others. but
available
The
century.
the
the'effects
and
opportunities markets
dominate
Durham,
near
Tyne,
river
new transport focussed extraction from the eighteenth
developed
of all difficulty,
with
this
continue to
seeks of
Barnsley,
Yorkshire. past
industry
for
sheep
and
furnaces,
and
are cattle perhaps
landto
graze
Joseph
in 1831 that, was right after all when he wrote the beauty can destroy of the vale of Worsbrough the gentle its which Dove winds river way. "
262
NOTES. 9.0 CONCLUSION (1957) London. Peasant The Midland 1. Hoskins, W. G., (1989). 2. Sykes, S. P., In the Shadow of the Hill, Sheffield University. MA thesis, Unpublished Town Market 3. Elliott, Yorkshire B., Barnsley: Anatomy of-a Unpublished 1760, (1990) Neighbourhood c. 1660-c. and its Sheffield University. M. Phil. thesis, The 4. Phythian-Adams, C., Continuity, Fields and Fission: 3rd Ser. Papers, Occasional Parish,, Making of a Midland Leicester No. 4 (1978) University. in an English 5. Wrightson, Poverty K. & Levine, D., and Piety 1525-1700, (1979) London. Village; Terling the 6. HeyD. Community, Xyddle G.,, An English Rural under (1974) University. Tudors Leicester and Stuarts, (1992) Glass, 7. Ashurst, Yorkshire D., The Histozy of South 109. Sheffield University, 8. Levine, D & Wrightson, K., The Making of an industrial Society,, 1560-1765,1991, Oxford. Whickham 9. Wilkinson, MSS notes, j., BLHA. 281. 10. Hunter, South (1831) J., Yorkshire
263
APPENDIX BUILDINGS i)
Introduction. Since in
changes he
which
was has
shown
based
on
been
to
actual example
building),
delineation
'great
century,
point
early
be
can
regional the
where
A further,
value
of
in a particular rebuilding period even 2 dates found The inscribed value. on described
below,
A further to
be
will
of
building
first
the
Such of
an
each
both.
preferably, refined
notion the
Worsbrough
or
scope evidence
at
not
suffice
by
an
this
present seen
survey. to
must being
period
of
the
majority
different
method,
either
features lead
could
'great
of
264
functioned
architectural approach
date. discussion
in
alternative or
be
the
dating
the
a succession
will
it
how
was
will
a date
modifications
any
and
it
requires
the
houses,
a particular
or
material
of
doubtful
of
applying
and
design
date
Whether of
a particular is
in
time,
over
as
building
documentary
through
beyond
approach
the
to
Worsbrough
the
having
its
created
-a investigated.
such
using
area
accretions
of
building
the
eighteenth
define
recognised
of
notion
single
cases
be
range
a hybrid,
define
phases.
the
means
exception. to
technology
considered of
is
preclude
It
no
problem
a building
which
are
this
conclusions
to
attempting
another by
postulated blur
variations
a
even
from
'periods'
doubt
and
(or
celebrates,
be
to
survival
rebuilding
of
rebuilding'
but
evidence,
likely
always
datestone'came
the
where
The
a national
capricious
date
the
inconclusive.
remain
will
through
event
Worsbrough
is
the
buildings.
on
consider
found
sample
by
questionable.
inscriptions to
'
raised is
concept
further
unsound,
the
the
dated
the
the
as
statistically as
that
for
Rebuilding",
aspects
various
explored
but,
picture
into
has
"Great
the
the
to
attention
architecture,
vernacular
phrase
research
proposition
This
century
the
coined
drew
Hoskins
Professor
sixteenth
subsequent thesis
late
the
or, to
is
rebuildings' Certainly
suggest
that
a more
the the
poor
the
end of
the
to
benefits
of
social spectrum enjoy were not they two centuries stone buildings at least after until become commonplace for the more fortunate. The criticism, does not detract however, intention from Hoskins's that historians
buildings should consider the as he himself widened
community
in
materials
architecture the
the
status
of
manner
which
creation
occupants, echoes-the
of any study later discussion
in types all of houses them to the social and 3 surroundings".
"We ought to place writing: human background and relate histozy immediate of their Vernacular
in
had
a when their
economic
seen as the use of local the reflects of a building which in or its purpose as a workplace, local traditions of and levels is
a
Polite in contrast, introduces skill. elements architecture, from beyond the local of design and materials sphere. The number and variety buildings of all of vernacular has is a feature periods of the South Yorkshire region which long
been
(1898),
recognised.
Charles
which in the
This building
Appendix evidence levels of
various
construction Survival
the in
necessary
draw
to
England,
Yorkshire,
Yorkshire
to
society,
provision and were
of
of
municipal
those only investigated
region's
after
Royal
which
illustrate
the
Commission
covered
the
of
on
the
of
value
6
the
265
expansion
recent housing
pre-dating in detail.
the
occupants. refaced and hidden
industrial
century in view
unexpected,
the
to at Worsbrough, relating in examining use of space,
surviving
twentieth
by Ryder 5
a change of policy from the series. omitted
being
attempts
the
(1920s) survey
papers that,
by
Addy
Kenworthy regional
attention
unfortunate
of
Sidney
of
a comprehensive 4 occasional
methods and social status humble houses Imodernised',
of
somewhat
century
and West
South
and
publications
Monuments
in
resulted
of
North
of
is
It
series
Historical
surge
for
material.
excellent
amidst
Joseph
never materialised. 1980s continued to
of
houses
(1916)
has
wealth the
work
Innocent
a foundation
provided
The pioneering
clearances
was and the has been
Selection .7 the mid-eighteenth Over forty such
houses
s V
I
k
EX
gä
U) c
c
..................
cr1.............. 5
X:
Ol P4
tp 0
14 ul
0 2 ED
0
Z,
C
0
I
:II...............
266
-TYATýr-ý, ---
have
been
following
located
and
further
selection
has
been
in made
the
with particularly as many were farmsteads buildings, increase the a range of ancillary which would buildings by half Buildings selected number of actual again. A. l. are shown on Figure
ii)
survey,
Inventories. A primary
relationship buildings.
in the selection consideration was the to existing of the Probate Inventories dating from Thirty nine Inventories survive,
twenty three can be one for 1843.8 Of these, identified from internal with a known building, either discussed. Two relate evidence or other sources previously to Smithley which have been excluded, as access could not be 1690-1783,
plus
(the loss is of small consequence to any discussion gained, that the hamlet on Worsbrough as it has been noted earlier is better Three considered part of Wombwell township). Inventories to buildings refer whose sites are known but no 9 found; trace remains and no pictorial has been one record 10 to foundation; traces relates of an undecipherable one has been lost
but can be related to a colliery spoil-heap " 1920s Although the majority a photograph. of houses had been modified internally, the the survey could reveal structure at the time of the Inventory, except in one in had left the exterior example where complete gutting but given a totally period, new interior and had to-be 12 Access has only recently been gained to excluded. under
Highstone
Farm (Inventory Ellis, of Daniel Besom Cottage; they are worthy of further be presented opportunity to identify the building within modern rebuilding. Three
Inventories
yeoman, study
1719)
and
should
seventeenth
century
to Rockley Old Hall at relate different dates, as do two for both Houndhill and White Cross. The existing buildings which can be identified with a 17th or 18th century have been investigated in Inventory detail in and survey plans prepared. A further consideration houses for a full but selecting survey where no Inventory, 267
often
a Will,
exists illustrate
to
Worsbrough Inventory
was its
relationship
a range Examples of
selection.
history
the
to
in
truly
not
of
reflected houses, examined
other
the but
surveyed, are noted where relevant. in the The involvement of the ecclesiastical courts to of inheritance and proving can be traced of Wills process land grants laws devised Anglo/Saxon to protect the evolving intended heir to imply-the was a which were usually 13 for Probate Responsibility community. religious remained
not
in becoming church a civil until matter heirs Secular and beneficiaries were clearly further by the sixteenth protection century when
with
1858.
the
1529 bound
in
of
need a law of
the
to present to the executors of an estate of the diocese or court set out "a list a document which dead men's goods and Chattels, orderly repertozy made of all . by four Men or more, or prised credible evezy Executor which Administ.
rator
to
ought
to
exhibit
Ordinaxy,
the
at
o04 The Worsbrough Appraisers as he shall appoint. included family, a member of the deceased's until two
eighteenth century when only Letters of administration by the ecclesiastical Executors acceptance
of
this
personally
to
the
Doncaster
would
'Inventory', court
Deanery
Inventories
Appraisers
with
time
regularly the later involved.
were
be granted
court
on production
which
they
to
the
and
presented
in
York
as part
any
Will.
Three
official
together
only
such
the
of
Worsbrough
E5 and hardly the seem worth journey by the relatives. of making effort such an expensive is The information in Inventories the contained were
invaluable which levels They
the
illuminates
behind
formulating Various
under
historian the
of society do, however,
intention when
to
valued
lives
and which have serious the document the
providing
of is
people
have have
the
not to limitations has to
question
collections
geographical areas different interests
in
to
268
detail
of
but the poorest at all be found elsewhere. and
be kept
the
firmly
original in
mind
be asked.
of Inventories been published studied
kind
covering certain 15 and historians
particular
trades
or
of
agricultural history local
communities.
a group of now disappeared
hold
activities
Professor
by relating
Hey,
erudite economic
activities town.
market
and
On a wider
of
eating,
a way of to house17 etc.
goods brewing
the published 18 Inventories. provides in relation the documents
of Chesterfield interpretation of
collection
pretensions. to illuminate
groups
such as cooking, in his introduction
small for 16 Brears
material
analytical and without Inventories Yorkshire
uses life
in
occur
as illustrative
publications
interest
public
frequently
They
to
social
structure
scale,
Dr.
of
an' to
the
an expanding demonstrated
Weatherill
by diaries, to a nationwide sample, augmented draw in household examine trends consumption and, from this, from a study of conclusions on social aspirations and habits 19 has drawn upon a the household Dr. Spufford contents. the role of nationwide sample to investigate and activities
the
use
of
little trace group in society, who'left 20 in an urban than Inventories. A study other of room-use in housing has been in Norwich setting attempted of a review 21 the 16-18th centuries an unequalled and Barley produced
Chapmen,
an elusive
investigation
pioneering to
buildings
actual
No approach the
euphoria
problems
in has
with
acquaintance too
all
must
be hedged
precautions
which
emerge
documents Any
problems,
is
contain analysis,
too making
Weatherill's
cover
the
would
have of
whole
sought.
as the
mass
and varied
of
In
and
insoluble
Inventories
for
computerised imperative as in
goods
thereby
reducing
the
addition,
the
Inventories
no goods worthy those the who did,
in
sampling
information
of even
of
society
the
any
study;
present
involves
approach
and
Inventories
information.
of
a selection
survey, being
picture
and,
great
the
success
despite
the necessary about with from the limitations inherent
as a source
statistical 23 not least
with in
apparent
conclusions the
unqualified
Inventories
of
relationships 22 context.
a rural
met
of-first
were
the
of
as many, of
record
poor
269
perhaps in the
survival
rate
scope at
least
probate of
Dr.
of the do not 20%, process
Inventories
the
reduces
available
evidence
regarding
in the absence of supporting structure The surviving Inventories Worsbrough for Historical Institute the Borthwick Regrettably, desirous
of
additional
destroying the
space,
Yorkshire
last
the
century,
his
achieved Inventories
Worsbrough
Inventory
1843
of
Elmhirst
the it
As a, comment of survival'rate papers). during that, the period of the 37 Inventories, 1153 deaths known recorded of whom, excluding and
599 might
children,
is
noted
there
were
paupers, have been
reasonably
to require expected, survival an Inventory sample -a is probably 6.2% which not unusual. is A particular for a national problem approach in
variation
their the
out
setting
as no rules
normally
given
Worsbrough
Inventory
etc.
under
'Apparel'
South,
list. widow - 1693) provides a detailed limitations is to reduce-the of value this class of documents on a national Weatherill unique
and insight
Where in
the
would
little Inventory
otherwise
smaller
present be most
achieve important
Spufford'show
even
groups
study, any inappropriate greater
reservation true
the not
obtainable.
of
Inventories
and
at
to
was concerned
only
the with
270
on
wealth
blacksmith's
basis,
statistical the
both a
be used,
as
analyis limitations
the
value
moveable
use
provide to
are
of
to
though can
such
of
result
attempt
any
money
one
only
and
- The
Perhaps
was
clothing
the
some of
significance. is that the
relationship
);
approach
attempt
down
no differen-
with
beds,
(Elizabeth
the
may not be stated; but in some areas in any important linen,
and together
figure
a single
only
of
laid
were
structure, document. Rooms may or for inclusion considered
some goods were furnishings not in others; soft household, were often grouped tiation (table, as to function
37
contains (One
family
visitors
than
earlier
amongst
survives
by
object
The archive seventeenth century. between dating 1690-1783. Inventories
end of
further
South
the
all the
shelf
at
are preserved York. Research,
in
cleric
an enthusiastic
social
of
questions documentation.
the
most bears
stated deceased.
goods,
The
excluding
(copyhold
freehold)
or portion or wife's is particularly Weatherill occupations. debts that they never concerned record owed by the deceased, but the'Worsbrough typically appraisers, not conformingr
estate real income from
list
both
or
debts
is
This
particularly in cases such as Robert (1692). Allott useful who has one of in the Worsbrough the highest valuations at E478: 13: 5 series in debt to the tune of E379: 3: 5, his being but, Inventory is reduced to E99: 10: 0. worth carefully
and
credits.
The listed
contents of rooms and outbuildings may not be all be. It can be assumed the Appraisers they should were doing best but, their little they were with guidance, recording what they thought as at the time, was important each room in turn to have different
they
went round can be expected curious three
ommissions occur, husbandmen--who have
of
church
a
in
'Ranges' equipment,
value
at a bewildering obtainablej
Ellis
if
the
goods
was were
record noted
usually has
pan
probate,
as it
and
there-is'no
(1701) frying
and for
farmer
gentleman
no plough, yet loan. Appraisers
a valuation problem
asýa
such
but Betris rooms, brass & iron pots
Arriving been
for
plough,
Appraisers and different Some ideas on selection.
no
'Range'.
have often to be the
must
as
cooking
and
supposed sold
all
found,
on the
Examples market. and a such as a paper-maker husbandman, ý both illiterate, Widow Shaw's goods in valuing 1708, which included items like "Blew Curtaines and Valance" illiteracy amongst a range of linen, was no suggests second-hand
handicap
when
The value about 2s Od to
asked
to
appraise.
a 'Range', 2s 6d but could
for
given
up to 4s Od. However, for a "New Range" for
be ls
the
Overseer
the
pauper,
was usually
example,
of
Od for the
"an Poor'in
Wm Crawshaw,
one"
old
1737 costing
or paid the
9s od. Where a mixture it is given parish of items en bloc becomes impossible item. to attach to any particular a value In the Inventory is a (1719), Daniel Ellis of the yeoman, list containing: "One long 2 large 3 old table anned Chaires Chaires 2 a pair Mortar of Garden Shears & pestill a brass
271
1 little
formes
10s
at valued Ounsworth
(1722)
13s
valued
A further
are
difficulty
death
relatives fancied,
or
long
"one
contains:
Od. The two
between
window hangings" of husbandman
&3 old table Od. The Inventory
the
not had
thought or perhaps delay them, any lengthy put the doors might help prevent Locking the
unpleasant
relatives document Vesty
to
Elizabeth & designe,
mencioned..
deceased
"l
Inventory,
written
and proved
the
a general deceased's
one,
statement
days the
of
his
of
have
and date
burial
Worsbrough
the 1767,
which Table
required
to
was A. 2 settle
affairs. A. 1
-
between
Interval
Burial
& Taking
Inventory
Months
_No.
Period
123456789
Inventories
9-232122-4-1
Table Worsbrough
-
Interval
10
DaVs Period No.
Inventories
23
11
A. 2 between
Burial
and
ProvinglDate
Months 10
2119-2411
272
12349
not
possessions
burial.
period
of
& Chattels
remaining
for
a
did
dispute
Moorhouse
two
within
... Relacons
Goods
family
known,
Abraham
haveing
nearest her children, the
a
"William
that,
between
where
Table Worsbrough
of
= E4: 0: 0. the interval
A. 1 shows
excluding
gives
the
of
case
where
Lofthouse
& Maxy
the
(1691),
states
total
heifer
in
illustrated
defraud
recorded
to
at risk. contents 24 but disposal, premature
& Particularly
of
sample,
justly
they
what
house
the
the
compiling
promised
" Further
cow &1 Table
been
& Singular all details of the
but
survived
to
assuming take
Inventory
Lofthouse
themselves
posses
the
the
Even
Worsbrough
of
, interval
immediately
are
Sales
attached
Haxby
Barbara
is
Martin
of
... intent
full
possibilities
2 chests"
and
concerning
Inventory.
did
neighbours
James
incomparable.
quite arises
and taking
table
were
which
10
12
of
Hobson,
John
the
in
Inventory
diarist,
Dodworth
to
was asked
make an
his
own village man of and, though a successful business who impresses as a conscientious member of society, he clearly had problems fitting it into his busy schedule. His brief 1728/9 note on 25 January says all: - "At Mrs her husband's begun August inventory s. Compleated 25 17 but not finished 0: 0. till The , now. It comes to E749: Silkstone Parish Register "1728 Aug. 5Mr Richard records: buried". Wilkinson of Dodworth Wilkinson'
The selection discernible pattern. involved
in
A relative, half
about
usually one of the levels all of male labourers excepting legal
Tudor
It
produced
curious
the
However, largest
is
It expected
men, inventories,
each
and two
iii)
magistrate, original
Worsbrough
was made, instance, William
often but it
not just
items two
Sykes in
three
in
apart
a priest
and
in a
E3: 15: 0.
at
of
one
1765, containing E223: 16: 11.
view
from
the
of
85 appraisers
the
and,
appraised
totalling
surprising
E4: 19: 9)
valued
and mason,
items,
once
farmers,
items,
Richard
of
(value
in
efforts
recorded,
eight
who did
they two
valuations.
Survey
SOD HALL The
fuel,
the
was
virtually
selection
eleven
farmer
of
that,
doing
Buildings
NO-1
as
them
involved
all
to
Appraisers,
nine 1701,
her
with
perhaps
were
Contrary
how the
Ellis,
groups
of
although
was a farmer
choice ranged across from parish to clerk
paupers. of four
only
two
156 different
and,
no
for where, landowner), William and biggest with farmer), Martha Pool's appraised goods
dealt only
an in-law,
anomalies
Widow
of
husbandman
the
and
involved
which case
the
follows
Worsbrough
often
cases
society,
(prosperous
Durham 1723,
team,
(magistrate
Edmunds
the
requirement is not known
had two.
in
Appraisers
of
the
ancient
freedom within
rights of
the
of
villagers limits
set
turbary
are
normally
recognised
to
dig
peat,
turves
or
by
the
manor
court.
Worsbrough
273
sods,
for
inhabitants to
had to
answer
1685
the
rights
- ... fodiendo the
upon
also
Wastes
However, Although a
sandy
clay never
coal
Court
Roll
the
exhausted
was
for
of
sods
being
house':
(1700)
John
Wright
Brayhouse
Lacking clay
to
build
Fig.
sods
[Fined
5s]
boundaries.
its
of
the burn
in
6 days
the
small
may is
soil
of
turves
grass sods The
the
getting
sods
in
the
ironworks
Rockley
building
most to
referred
a
fuel
for
wood
availability
ready
and
Moor,
as
material. used
do
to
graved
Tankersley
to
building
10d]
Tottie
within
supply
turves
qui ls
unlikely
and
necessity
digging
peat
is
the
accounts
on
no
illod
[Fined
so
adjacent
addition,
the
right
this
27 show
them
no has
source,
make The
unlikely.
in
as
In
had
transgressed
who
omnes
... Thomas
that
... Worsbrough
. totally
would
& cespides having
nearby 26
any
super
presented
'moor',
suggest
penant
lapidus
They
and
court:
imposuerunt
1788
was
turbary
'bray and
laying
7s
to sufficient access in cob, the poor
A. 2 Wilkinsonj,
Sod
Hall
large of
Worsbrough
(Worsbrough
"History of Worsbrough", p.228
274
timber
or turned
Common)
a suitable to
turf.
be built
of stone on a foundation for daubed then the waterwall surface or rubble, plastered in draughty A thatch roof, moss used to fill proofing. with 28 dwelling. Such was one-storey gaps, would make a sturdy intake 'Sod Hall', the cottage at called an early squatter
The trimmed
would
Common.
Worsbrough when it
turves
into survived well for redevelopment
It
was destroyed
the
century
present
no from
and, regrettably, (Fig. A. 2 is taken
or photographs plans were preserved. -'9 Wilkinson a 19th century etching).
the
that
states
centen-
in 1833, claimed William Oates, arian who died at Sod Hall lived its long his family implying there many generations 30 by two It was still service. occupied at the 1851 census families, a gardener and a weaver. use
books
The parish in of turf
further
provide
building.
The houses
of
the
poor received for repairs which
constant attention and the community lists the Overseer of the Poor often
paid in detail
when Widow Woodhead's
attention:
Repairs A tub for
to for
Sodds
have
Wid. the
house
Woodheads
and
Robert
Morehouse,
earned
a living
houses
of
widow
Edith
the
poor,
Hinch.
chimney
and
for
8d
chimney
getting
required
........... laying on & daubing who, died a pauper as a "Jobbing"
as in
1726
Amongst
the
builder,
out of Wombwell Wood [Dovecliff] For Nails to Rich South [blacksmith] To Thomas Morehouse [wheelwright] for Heartwood
for
Studs
in
as
mortar
Pd Richard 2s in
1710
leading
l1d
White
6d. 1747,
seems
working
the when he rebuilt items listed by the
were: 5 Poles
the
of
confirmation
& Carriage
to
on the house
of
Overseer
3s 6d
5s 18 pieces
of
old
3s
2 Loads of Mortar Leading 8d To An Wood for Sods Leading 2s Building the of sod houses appears to cease during interval Poor Accounts of the missing (1739-1797). The later accounts suggest a change had occurred as payments for repairs are few, and limited to walling or thatching, with no further references to sods. 275
No. 2.
HAY GREEN to
A reference books
parish building
for
house
Green
('Hagal=an
housing, of
A. 1)
reached
stair.
The
from
the
face.
walls
poor
Its
perhaps
material
taken
hewn
be
or
from
18th
forming the
chimney
is
a later
replacement
was
but
whether
replacing
a smoke
be
determined.
water
to
it
extra
an
cottage
The
a stone
be
even
in
The
lack
its of
discussed It sanitation
extended
form,
sanitation
is
in is
obtained
this
not
unlikely
systems,
for
the
original
from
the
nearby
and that,
a small
of
the
structure
276
and
re-used
wall-plates
inserted 19th
when
century,
chimney
cannot piped
with and
above
single-cell Pittle
no
deserves in
door
hopper,
a water-boiling
contained
parts
and
a kitchen,
a feature
Chapter
stone
or
provided
Water
chamber.
would
and
late
the
hood
extension
sink
in
added
outer
surround,
the
these
of
analysis).
extension
the
being
Vicarage
western
trim
as
timber-frame
notches
the
such
for
superior
rafter
split
from
date
date,
earlier
(45cm)
thick)
stone
century headers
a dismantled
the
to
heavy
chamfered
early
in
(10-15cm
attempt
chamber
a narrow
sandstone
little
with
suggest
brick
The
iron-stained,
17th
later
seen
blocks
Haigh
A. 3 and
with
by
replaced
Farm
in
(Fig.
cell
Manor
Green
situate
let".
a single
levels The
Hay
acre
of
class
lowest
cottage
usually
are
distinctive
(The
"a
later
with
34
Hay
at
poorest the
a
Ann
at
century.
the
of
rough
the
eighteenth
and
wall-plate,
window,
will
the
Bill
s cottage
reached
includes
hearth,
a medieval
labourerl
a ladder,
grade,
open
Wm Guests
stone
consisted
a late
house.
in
Quarries,
indicates of
by
Blacker
the
in
Wath,
it
above
poor:
the
as
sod
replacing
illustrates
Fax7nhouse
Originally
was
transferring
of
the
stone
farm
A- ruined
1816,
Mower
Plate
the
rebuilding
of
near
for
society,
Roll
Green
suggests
in
Guest,
William
mason,
enclosure)
Worsbrough
Sarah
village
even 3s.
when
Court to
1806
material
osticks
the
sanitary the
but,
Well
provision.
pre-1750
houses
comment. total over
absence a simple
of
water
ash
pit
a
V
f Lt
\
> I
_
HH
E
4'
__
\
___
- i' 11. . Ist Phase
I IAY GRE EN LANEý
Ej.
(Descrtc(l Cottage)
Fig
2nd Phase
3 ý. -, I oft
Plate
A-1
flay
Green
sufficed
in
that
the
all
houses
of
rank. houses
whatever and larger
farms
is
it
However,
had a small
noted
area
of
to as a Pingle, whose use adjacent, referred rough woodland Usually is somewhat obscure. as rough grubbing considered for pigs etc., any clear questioned expressed no farmers be for its an alternative should use. Perhaps reason which modern considered Of the thirty-nine those
of
stools',
of
and Genn House must be considered
located.
It
could
Inventories,
included
human waste.
House
Swaithe
hidden.
Probate
farmers
two
and
eight gentry for collection
have
sensitivites Worsbrough
only
'close
Furthermore,
a small
be
closet
earth
that
such single lady, children,
at
only
provision
his servants, of the house, inadequate. hands be farm and would somewhat apprentices farms it is known that, the 1940s, However, on the until Wolds had a single the use of which Yorkshire earth closet, All to the ladies males were of the farm. was restricted for
the
obliged toilet than
master
to
use
a small copse, from which all purposes, geese and hens. The labourer's 1940s,
the
until children,
cottage the
when
cannot
were moved be identified
chest,
2 pewter
to
the
at
Pingle,
housing.
municipal
abandoned
was not
man,
and
wife
for
other
excluded
were
Hay Green
occupants,
Earlier
seven occupants
of a example surviving Perhaps labourer's lists Worsbrough Inventory no contents. her dwelling lived in Beatris Ellis, as a a poor widow, such frying 3 pots, Inventory (1702) pan, contains a bed, merely all
valued
No. 3.
(Bank
of
the
'one
to
addition lived
in
family
Elmhirst changes
taking
time-scale a rough being considered.
providing houses other
no doubt
and
chair
little
table',
ToRl
of the building
township, In
one
sole
E3: 15: 0.
The fortunes
judge
and
dishes,
ELMHIRST
an example
the
near
animals
house
the
the
flimsy
sod
houses,
wooden
278
will
be
place against
the
poorest for structures,
followed over
the
which
to,
inhabitants which
no
as
evidence in poles sufficiently Three
cruck (Swaithe
barn
other
remains the
than
Parish
references
vague
Accounts.
laths
to
and
The
simplest wooden structure based on the cruck. is that to survive in Worsbrough, have been located one
robust buildings
a
re-used and the crucks one dismantled (Balk Farm) and a surviving two-celled (Bank Top).
Hall),
as beams and purlins house at Elmhirst,
cottage changed use to a byre when in the seventeenth the building one century; was extended frame became embedded in the passage to be cruck wall, hidden beneath Its thick was subsequently plaster. presence detected by Ryder 31 in 1981. Later of the reconstruction The Elmhirst
byre
fully a dwelling A. 4) and revealed
to
(Fig.
section of at 20-25cm
wall-plate. square
the
outer
for
chambering,
is
cruck
set
and height,
wall
Group
to
open
prospered
the
comparison
general
peasantry.
Bank Top estate improving fortunes
the
A-5) cross easy
a reliable when can be
century
seventeenth A. 2),
the
passage access
to
The
at
which in
ancient all
family 6.3,
flimsy
or
retained
having
p. 121) to
and
extend
seventeenth
century.
traditional
'long
people
weathers.
from
However,
279
beasts, the
improving house
timber
copyhold
of of
their
used the
a
suggest
with the
the
advantage
crucks
commensurate
sod
Houndhill
the
separating in
the
The
Death.
but
(Fig. in
stone,
echoes
Black
dwelling,
modest
in
the
of
in
house,
out
carried
provide
(Plate
pole
Architecture
to Houndhill (see moving later fourteenth taking century,
survival
relatively status,
The ridge
roof.
to
low
was too
structure
site later),
century, in the
their
relatively slender 2.5m, indicating
of
the
a
with
surviving windows. mullioned known the Elmhirst left family this
fifteenth
of
crucks
the
is
It
are
the
suggests
the surviving failed timbers, on all date33 but must be earlier than the incorporated in the later building from
further
of two The oak blades the spur height
frame
cruck
type IMI of the Vernacular 32 Dendrochronolgy tests,
to
classification.
dated
complete
parts
remaining
according
the
exposed
Bank
Top
(Fig. The plan houses', a with but normal
providing derived
BANKTOPFARM
PLIL(ý
CHICKI.
Fig
4 A. -
BANK
TOP FARM
R %NlF
(Formcrly ElAil IIRS'I')
280
ca
a) cc
E3Al
.0
a
w u.
.-
0
-a
C
C:,
C)
0
0
U, 0
Oo z 4 Im
Ln
Lld
44
..........
a.
281
long
house
here
it
had
is
Lacking the
nearer
'house'
was the
passage
rooms were chambered blocked on the south side, mullioned
window in the eighteenth windows modified to include Yorkshire sliding sash is
Stonework outer
local
gritty
from
surface
an unknown indicate
Top,
new house
of the No doubt with
or
appearance
As the
Elmhirst
fifteenth
may have
No. 4 HOUNDHILL The post currently status
and
truss for
an improving
Dendrochronolgy building
stone
side
three-bay
if
the
to raising not known. house cruck
and is
extension
originally
walls
at
Bank
would provide acceptable being the difficulty of the
family
owner grew
display
to wished in importance
and wealth
such
a statement
move
to
Houndhill.
I
a store to
in
centuries
nineteenth
and sixteenth centuries, desirable, leading to the
become
parlour.
sash. a rough dressed with in the Blind mortices
timber
Elmhirsts,
its
enhancing
the
room
and vertical
quarry.
without chambers, its limitation
accommodation,
status. in the
the
and
sandstone,
crucks and wall-plate but the date of rebuilding height
far
and
is now The cross over. passage by re-use of a seventeenth from the house-room, and other
Both
century
passage
wall, whereas 34 in the (The hearth two new rooms. A. 5, is a modern insertion). shown on Figure it must be assumed the room an Inventory,
house,
cruck
on the
a stack between the
dating
building
timber
Houndhill,
at
farm
machinery, would offer husbandman. (Fig. A. 6 and has
the
established
single
such Plate
A. 3).
storey
is
between felled 1486-1495 of oak timbers, and used immediately, unseasoned. Originally bays, bay was the final of five westerly destroyed by fire to recently and the east bay modified for farm vehicles. provide an entrance The south wall, originally period mortices their
timber, and the on the stylobates.
was replaced
wall-plate upper
in
stone
was reversed, but the surface,
The north
wall,
282
though
at
an unknown
showing posts much
stud
remained damaged,
on gives
,a
s z
(I tu
I Is !
Ai Co
1ý2
0
z
A=- -
-. =T=
,,Iq*E) Nolig Ujopoyj
283
despite the posts appearance, an indication of its medieval blocks being shortened recently and placed on tall concrete the Gales in the 1980s destroyed the stylobates. replacing roof
has
which
and rafters of the type grooves timber
possible.
The
considers
typical
south
wall are possible built Whether Elmhirsts is
were
growing suggest
the to
as the
unproven
well-established
it,
No. 5 HOUNDHILL
cross divide
even
beyond
lived
only
1552, and
it,
in
can by
Elmhirst
36
an aisle.
archive
Houndhill
of
and region35 beams show where the bays into structures
of
or
sill
slabs beam is
the
of
family at
stone
original interrupted'
remnants
Widow Margaret 37 much earlier.
wealth
the
detached
Fragmentary
chambers.
however, they
where Ryder
using
cut in the soffits of boards be slotted could
separate the
been- rebuilt
her
confirm
though
the
sons
would
II
During
the sixteenth the family removed from century house to a new two-storey house, the low, long timber timber 100m to the north. by an Elmhirst It was built with initials "R. E. " and forms the east wing of the present house. (Fig. A-7 and Plate A. 4). to the architectural
The whole historian
to produce attempts dates and sequences
a satisfactory of building.
building which
a challenge presents all so far has defeated
interpretation
of
the
38
Problems of dating building begin where a the timber damaged inscription was revealed on the south gable when A. 4). At the time rendering was removed in the 1930s. (Plate it was read as "R 1066 Ell. This was considered inappropriate "R 1606 E". During the 1960s the building was following damage, and the architect renovated, subsidence felt that 11566 might be just as reasonable an interpretation as 1606, , on which basis it was again re-cut to read, as now, "R 1566 Ell. Unfortunately, to resolve the attempts have failed problem by dendrochronolgy as an entire new roof in the 1930s and weather damage to the external woodwork have left for boring no timbers suitable samples.
and re-cut
to
284
Plate
Plate
A. 3
A. 4
Houndhill
Houndhill
285
I
II
"RE" Elmhirst
years he built in stone. 39 If
the
The chevron of style buildings of
the
offer on the
studding the hall,
within but peculiarities
shows of
hint corner at the hall area.
ished
can be found.
hall.
In
renovations stack
of
to
of have
entirely
of
sixteenth by the
Elmhirst
store for
using which
block
was a later
to
the
Elmhirst
later
in
claim.
and may have replaced It would always have
as a central medieval open been suggested corridor,
wing,
visible
originally
north-west
timber
over
extension
be dated
can
typolo-
may once have family to have been It
from the stone no documentary
insertion
two wings
this
in
claims
external the
was evidence
added
corridor
timber
in
stone,
century.
there
credence
wing
Elmhirst
been
contemporary
considered this
wing.
the
structures
certainly east
Edward
demolevidence
staircase once featured stone on large and a doorway, enough to admit a cart, by the north on the north-east corner wall for the 1970s the architect addition,
south gable has been blocked the
a few
within
An external
the
lend
this
alone, claimed by Roger as a wool monk Bretton Priory,
stood built
of
wall
a possible
wing, the late
to
west
roof
The west
that
the
of
are
which
more if but,
timbering gable and the in sixteenth common features century 41 Construction little help in dating.
pattern
studding
gically
than
was wealthier 40 history,
family
the
farming,
sheep
strange
Roger
extensive
first
,
been
or
mill entirely weaving it then perhaps could as easily figures and last are not disputed)
an adjacent the former,
read 1506 (only implying Robert
may have
into
his ventures with be admitted, it is
prosperous, 1566 is to
his
(1450-1519)
be Robert Elmhirst could (1520-1594). The latter
feature hall the
of with two
remain during
the
that
the
all
of
which may itself was
The hall
seventeenth
central
century
to
join
the
the
any extension of the timber been too small to function house, from a as if derived
cross doors
it has wings and, although from the hall into the west
from the
a screens renovations,
286
passage,
excavations
produced
no evidence
in
L ri
----J
Ground Floor
I -T, Empty ?
Kitchen Chamber
Little Kitchen Chamber
:0 ý//, -ýý---RedChm)"I",
StairHead Chamber /M
f,
u7
44
Malt Chamber
YPIfow Chamber
.0
First Floor limber
Fig
16 cent
A. 7 -
ll()t)Nl)llll,
l, if 17 cent
17cent Hewth
I
Blocking
287
of
any
overall the hall of
the
of
building
in
political
Strafford
increased
stature,
through
fortified defensive
wall
sequestered daughter,
during
this class 42 . and grew wealth the Earl of with with Elland
family
he
Royalist,
building Civil war, 43 He was caught towers. E600 for restitution paying
after died
estate,
deprives
piece-meal,
associated New Hall, the
The
wing.
the
three
and,
west
association family. A staunch
Edmunds
with
York
of
the
Elmhirst
and the Houndhill
siege
present house, being
status normally for example, at
as,
Richard
the
than
structure other development of
in
1654.
a the
at
descended
Houndhill
his
of
his
to
Hall, John Copley of Nether who married Doncaster, to the Elmhirsts and was lost repurchased until by Leonard in 1932, from Vernon-Wentworth, Elmhirst, owner 44 the Worsbrough of manor estate. The
Elizabeth,
1672
Hearth
Tax
return
in can be accounted but one has been smithy,
the
nine
(now kitchen).
cellar
to
relating
the
Saltonstall, being
division
into
of
the
two
bed in but
two
tables
shows plate,
gentility
and
an old glasses
which
one
stools
and
the
its
room
the temporary, century.
Room
apparent
route
E685-16-8
A bed
carpet.
tradition
in
suggests but included
a 'looking by emphasised
glass,
chairs.
288
the
E20 of a degree
suggest being designated
a room date. early
had
"little
though
persisting,
as a 'dining room' at a relatively first in Worsbrough but recorded only
that
standards furnished a with was modestly seven chairs and a dozen stools,
and is
of
by Worsbrough
twenty
chamber,
of
Samuel
that
eighteenth from the taken
Inventory
The house
owing.
each
parlour" of
A total
was wealthy
only
silver
A. 7 is
Figure
Houndhill
today,
of
despite
unchanged in the dwellings
Appraisers.
E513 debts
those
with
the
over
room
for
but can be found in 1690, there shows
closely
in
Saltonstall
the
Inventory
virtually
suggested
use
in
probably
Elmhirsts
correlate
building
lost
No Probate
who died
divisions
11 hearths of which notes house and one as the farm
no table,
It
is
the
containing
NO. 6
GENN HOUSE. Dr.
William have
reasonably alternative 1638,
Elmhirst,
for
included
'Genn Dr.
House
removed.
the
development
Worsbrough's
in
late
middle
in
the
Kirkburton
concentration the
surname
includes doubt
no
was
but
prospered is
Genn the
the
but
Ouslethwaite area
Unusually stone
of
dateable
and
which
the
Gen
in
conforms
the
change
damaged probably
to
is
structure
common in
a style
house
timber
A. 6,
A. 5,
of
to
the
to
A. 7)
has
destroyed
known
three
no
with
lacks
Byre
The
the
Sty
(Plate
West
and
North
stone stair, curved soffit two light the mullioned window; 47 hen house. is a The stonework
compared
adjacent finesse. 1659".
door
Worsbrough
the
conversion it
Nicholas
at
from
external
even
They
1686.
surviving.
relate
family.
living
from
cart-shed
site
phases
site.
The earliest has
work
might
later
of
present
south
century
(Plates
House
timber
features
the
Genn
Tax
though
status,
disappears
Worsbrough,
at
early
evidence
any on
total
was
vestige
for
local
the
seen
William
of
Poll the
and
of
be
name
death
the
with
the
Worsbrough
sixteenth
will
Huddersfield,
near
gentry
the
on
family
The
church.
assart
West
and
a particular
area,
acquired
commemorated
in
stages
South
with
a tailor,
medieval
never
in
common
46 The
Genne,
building
the
illustrates
ages,
continues.
Thomas
for
to
A. 8).
was
the
45 it
Houndhill,
of
sequence
name
family's
descendants.
north
find
to In
the
all
Inventories
(Fig.
family
Genn
Yorkshire
1379
No
rebuilding.
The
200m
had
marriage. of
his
of
Farm',
Copley
details
down
might
who
Houndhill,
at the
information
William but
survive
reside
set
the
Elizabeth,
of
after
Elmhirst
properties
where
to
expected
accommodation Richard
where
uncle
to
the
stable,
which A datestone on the may correspond from timber to
to
gable of the intitial
stone.
However,
289
which
Yorkshire.
lintels
It
upper
and floor
was
robust
but
rought
simpler
split-blocks was built with
A. 6)
used little the
in
the
attempt stable,,
"An
rebuilding
of
Dr.
William
when
a
later at Do the
main
moved
LI 17c. (20c. renovation) Li Cl] 18c. (20c. conversion)
5ni
20 cent. (brick)
10111 ANDO1651
F. j c
_j.
A. 8
GE'NN
WORSBROUGI
I
It
290
I,,
4,
I:
1% .IIý1,
iI
ill,
ýkULý,
)ti-(
11[)
USC, l (SLyu)
--"' A%'; , lic Aw
ate
A. 7 Gerin
Huuse
291
(Rear)
he destroyed century, seventeenth building house, trace anew from the of any earlier it joining in c. 1700, foundations to the earlier sty. in
during
A. 5).
in
finely
is
typical
dining
area
Built it
windows, kitchen,
to
original during into
late
the
this
it
-
to
architectural dwellings in
two
rebuilt
was
asymetrically"
future
gentry
arms during
gables feature well
Elmhirst
of
No. 7 OUSLETHWAITE An around
Ouslethwaite,
timber
framing,
flats,
were
their
medieval
the
early
then
White
the
an
invest. his
out
the
by
Genns
income
at on
father
was
killed
industries.
east
who
House.
recent
the
Elements
be
to had
stone
been
it
to of
Hall
in
sale
was
family,
a gentry
for
in
absorbed The
Archdales,
of
remnants
structure.
placed
area
conversion
architect which
the
assarted
Genn
of
building
Elmhirst,
and,
improve
century
1768
at
Barnsley.
He bought days
A unique
eighteenth
family
Genn
century
the
lawyer
to
by
timber
annual
(Fig.
during
Hammersley,
William had
100m
Bear,
east A. 8).
A. 7),
discovered
from
the
surviving
the
of
suspected
Thomas
the
(Plate
seventeenth
inherited
in
placed
which wall 49 The . and west
HALL
branch
early
a low garden a dog kennel
restorations
is
at Genn House behind the house
taste architect's 48 The house was
1791.
were
1960s
the
re-
windows
with
the suit historians.
by The new house was surrounded included incorporating mounting steps assumed
sash
vertical house with
is not The west gable parlours. however, following an accident in 1963 when the "west Gable fell
scaffolding"
and confuse into divided
small
with
(Plate
two
and
repairs
"3-2-1
arranged
sandstone
the
of
period,
subsidence Wyatt's
trimmed
all
the His
the in
excess
Ouslethwaite Genn
House.
inheriting
farms
and
widowed
E400
and
was
in
1769
for
E3000
son,
from develop mother
292
his
ever
William,
Elmhirst
his remained
in
coal
ready
but
1773,
Genn
as his
continued
iron
to
lived
after
and at
House,
trained
estates horse
Genn
at
of
50 His the
falling
living
apothercary
mining
House.
In
a
loft
Fig.
A. 9
OUSLETHWAITE HALL
(Mid-18th
century
293
-
SA/EM1761)
1788
William
completely
rebuild
reflecting
the
Elmhirsts,
His
house
absorbed
the
original
excepting
no
trace
during 19th
century
the
sense
impression
could,
being
on
to
adopted
with
carriages.
and
built
identical
A. 9)51
and,
the
positions
totally
of A. 9),
Fig.
on
identified
positively side
aim
be a
wing
extensions
considered
'polite',
but
fashion
was
impress
in
were
in was
latest
the
with
OUSLETHWAITE before
a front
spacious
achieve rooms,
lack
an of
contrived
a
(which views
was over
the
HALL curving
symmetry
294
its
extensive
wall
finely
their
creating
style,
deeply-coursed, to
by
in
at
certainly
was
and
A. 8
aimed
weakened
however,
space Built
the
(The
in
nationally),
Plate estate,
A. 8)
& kitchen
was
perhaps,
visitors,
built
being
stone,
building
Ouslethwaite,
design,
Plate
Worsbrough
additions).
of
position.
in
and
(parlour
conversion.
house
Genn
in
(Fig.
to
house
a
status
staircase
rooms
early
1970s
the
house
decided
and
provide
block
central
the
of
the
of
to
small
floor
ground
Rachel
perceived
(the
retention
two
Ann
cousin
Ouslethwaite
society.
the
his
married
with function
for
visiting
dressed
sand-
large
windows
determined
by
planningy houses are
than
rather
be found
to
large
over
1843 Ann Rachel,
now a widow,
Similar
need.
a working
Yorkshire,
of parts at the Old comparable example 52 (Methley) Wakefield. near
particularly Mickletown In
from
growing
Rectory, living
was
a
with
at
took William, an Inventory son, another in 1843 when he purchased the contents from her*53 The total an at E292: 7: 0 included and her
ouslethwaite of the Hall's furnishings
list
impressive
of
a wide
tables,
of
variety
chairs,
An etc. china, clocks, glassware, silver, wardrobes, is in important where noted rooms of change nomenclature designated described 'chambers, those previously are as ten pages of items The closely-written 'bedrooms'. beds,
illustrate
the having
aspired 8
No.
the
to
climbed
to
contrast
the
Elmhirsts
the
family
the
which
Worsbrough
of
peak
family
original and the
present
sixteenth
early
seat at building,
Old
society.
architect of the 1960s, flats, that a medieval
restoring four into
living
condilost the
They
century and
A. 9 & A. 10). judgement
on the Hall
timber
of
the
Hall
the
converting
when
though
them
with (Plates
persists. be placed
must
status
fifteenth
late
no connection
Hall
improving
fourteenth
the
from
dating has
Old
in
Hall
and
enhanced decline.
illustrates
century,
dependence
Again
their
through
Rockley
name of
fortunes
rising
seen family Rockley
the
tions,
the
standard
to
ROCKLEY OLD HALL. In
of
luxury
of
in
survives
large
the stone of the central part within structure 54 The main house, and cross portion. of hall consisting to 1600 of ashlar wings built appears about sandstone, mirror
this
whom Old century. century Walker
earlier
came by marriage
Hall -r'5 The
and family
The Quaker seventeenth
south wing the house as
was added it stands from bought
by which
time
295
of in
early
who purchased family of Milner century,
house
frame
timber
the
the
Everinghams fourteenth
by mid-seventeenth can be ascribed
the
in
Everinghams
the it
house appears
to
in to
the
the
1573. late
have
been
to
(1)
U) (I)
> Icl,
ce
gl.
0
>
I
?
"cj
9
I, II I,
4)
-j
-J
I
>
-j
0
AJIUIRM4ý
-J
C.)
0
R..
I
0 r1
E
0 Ts "rl 14
ul
296
Plate
Plate
A. 9
A. 10
(Copy
of
ROCKLEY
ROCKLEY
photoprint
OLD HALL
OLD
IIALA,
-
-
- negative
297
I-',levaL-iori
East
West
not
ELovat-ion
extant)
c-1910
too
large
status,
as a single and is listed
residencer as two
no longer dwellings in
squirearchy 1672 Hearth
of the
Tax return. The building appearance, South
its
retains
excepting
original
additional
century
seventeenth to
entrances
and
north
and removal of the Dairy extension at the 1960s The suggested conversion. A. 10, is room use, on Figure derived from 1746 Probate Inventories Milner and of William David Traviss, it is noted though in a 1730 Inventory (Thomas Knutton) that 'Little Parlourl and was 'Low Parlour, 56 'Great Parlourl the 'Middle Parlourl. wings
Milner it
whereas the
was a farmer
Earl
was simply of
held
and
to
a residence
Strafford,
Traviss.
Stainborough,
at
farm
the
all
buildings, As chaplain
Traviss
played
to an
important
in the general role election campaign of 1734.57 He was buried in the Wentworth at Worsbrough church vault. His Inventory he enjoyed suggests a comfortable of standard living knives with a variety of tables & forks, and chairs, decanter
glasses, Scotland.
His
and
'dining
china,
and
room'
was
framed
maps
England
of
and
clearly used as such with mahogany table, fire eleven chairs, screen, cupboard of for Worsbrough, china hangings. and, unusually Oddly paper for a Chaplain, 58 he had no books, Bible. not even a Milner Old
Hall
was clearly could
pictures, coffee His sive
a wide
Inventory farm kiln
unfinished
window
curtains,
of
E390: 5: 1 included
the at
Old
and
room'.
a locally,
had
cellar yet
only
one families
both
etc. at the death of David Hall
cellar Traviss
and-Milner's
298
7s
6d"
of
a
impres-
of
access,
glasses,
part
numerous
& glassware of silver he had no designated 'dining
arable house were 115 ceild chairs 6s" suggesting a level of
of
his
had livestock E269: 14: 1 which E118: 3: 6 and equipment E41: 16: 1.
valuation
After remained
of
and
selection
total
The double problems barrels,
boast
However,
mill.
E109: 14: 6, malt
even
farmer
a successful
and
at In
the
116 chairs
self-sufficiency. shared, stored head. in
inventory
entrance,
causing
quantities
May 1746, shows
his her
of
widow living
but flatt furnished be with a what would now considered furnishings listed as "At Mrs Travisses", all under Milner the sale of her own possessions. presumably after in
Note:
Rockley The
Abbey
enforced
move
Farm
site
has
been
with
11 hearths
in
agent In
middle
house in
and
years
the
of
uncertain
NO. 9
the
nineteenth
further
through
from
remodelling
dwelling,
listed
Rockley's
the
than
entire
foundations59
the
remained
nothing
showed
other
was
embezzlement.
century
rebuilt
Abbey
the
Hayforth',
downfall
the
re-used
oak
beams
provenance.
SWAITHE HALL illustrates
The Hall introduced
by
changing
these
modifications, in
some time and window added
early frames
outer on the north
east
roof
suggest sixteenth replaced
with A. 11)
stage the hall
the
timbers
to
showed
timber
north
studding of
of
end the
and roof,
little
wing
was
century but
and, corner studding
vertical
house
construction
Later that century. dressed sandstone with
reminiscent
open
evidence,
Roofing
projecting
sections
east
present
period.
the
to
A. 11 summarises
as a two-cell
diagonal
post,
a building
modifying
of
life
changes,
piecemeal
Figure
medieval
(Plate
this
with the
were king
in
and status. in the light
later
gable
wall At
the
constant
owners,
began
mullions in the
the
retained
needs
building
the
showing
the
successive
match
over
'Mr
were
Rockley
early
earlier.
to house
The
their of
family
Rockley
under
buildings
1950s
the
of
of
1672 for
farm
and
the
of
described
responsible
the
Farm.
the
posts on the
Houndhill.
parlour (Fig.
were A. 12).
blackening
but
chambered Examination evidence
of
hole an earlier for the possible use, of exit smoke suggests from an iron known Wills Two local chimney. of are examples the period in this Cutler housing Thomas standard as when of 60 in 1540 bequeaths his his Laurence. lyron to son chimney' During
the
later
sixteenth
century
299
the
house
was occupied
by
Smoke hood
_j Medieval
SlIll
Early16c.
17/18c.
Late 16C.
Conjectured T:mbw frame
SWAITHE HALL
Stonewalls Stair
Fig.
A. 11
Development 300
Sequence
r
10
........
......
.................
301
302
the
farmers
Micklethwaites,
yeomen Micklethwaite,
medieval assart at the family name originates. building would be the work Thurston
(died
who migrated in Silkstone,
the
from
where
The extensions of the timber 1595) August (died William of
1596).
April
from
It
from
appears
and
Will
William's
as he leaves extensions building" is felled "Henzy Riley toward timber all my which It kitchen". he towards new and the "slate my stone provided is noted he also left the glasse "all Riley (his son-in-law) he intended
that
in
the
the the
further
in
windows
timber
house
the
him",
to
conveyed
emphasising been rare at
have placed on glazing which would 61 time even for a prosperous yeoman. In 1618 Richard Micklethwaite, son of Thurston,
value
improved
house
the
by ceiling
additional
chambers
staircase.
The timber
century
five-light
11R 1618
m,,,
is
situ)
from
still
containing At
was
largely
Wordsworth
'bathroom,
close
of
the
as it
stands
the
two
to
death
a succession dwellings, until
of
had
magnate
Joseph
cross
the
by
had
John
Wordsworth.
of
class
limitation
of
John
Wordsworth
major about
signalling. Hall by
of
end
other Houndhill,
the amongst in 1690 the
being
bay
at
the
Richard
of
divided
into
on the west, addition 1870, damaged part of
the
removing
garret
His
Elmhirst
(in
ladder
acquired
marriage
often
sixteenth inscribed
Swaithe
been
on the
owners,
Mitchell
house
original
and
stone
servant the bell
century
Richard
network the
After
yeomanry. Hall
today
the
for
wiring
married
close
to
seventeenth
daughter Margaret,
showing
the
Penistone,
of
Micklethwaite's
led
area
of
family
daughter,
window of the hall, by rendering. A crude
now obscured part
provide
with parlour A. 12), over the
(Plate
gable
to
low
the
added
mullioned
the
the
and
hall
the
over
the
rear
by
coal
the the
of
wing. No Probate
located
and
reference
bedde
steade
Richard
relating information regarding
the
brief
(1638)
to
Inventories
sole in Thurston's
and
Joyned
leaving
Will
chist" the
"Two
303
to
(1595) his
tables
house
the
is
furnishing leaving
daughter a forme
been
have
a
a 11stande Alice
and
a Cupbord
a
Plate
A. 11
SWAITHE
HALL
Plate
A. 12
SWAITHE
HALL
304
-
EAST
-
CENTRAL
END AND CROSS WING.
HALL
Clockell
&a
Range
in
(The
Micklethwaite. and reinforces documents to four
The
reference
apexes is soffit
timber-frame
the
No. 10
Unlike
to
Ouslethwaite, and
create
has
course
The risen
long
process
family
is
uncertain
bizarre the
was
format
but
John
sufficient
to
first
rise
house
A-14).
63 Built
stone
slated
indecipherable
the of
when fill
of
may
lost
noted
in
of
the
in
seeking perhaps the
on
Swaithe,
at
since
from
apart
during
have
but,
the
the by
wealth
without
the
wealth,
centuryt a somewhat
relates
He records
a lead-encased
ploughing
a close
the
the
in
the
rough-trimmed baffle
two
of
entry
consensus,
305
of
farm"which
Swaithe".
62
three-cell 1720s
carries
(Fig.
changes,
sandstone,
read
the
horses of
that hoard
near
Halls
traditional
cell
brought
which
treasure.
of
the
seventeenth
paniers
to
appear
Worsbrough
other
diary
his
family
had
and
unearthed
the
servant
local
roof,
in
Lewden
the
buried
Francis
of
of
relative
Hobson
concerning
coins
but
to
prominence
silver
The
the
Swaithe
but
demolition
recent
source
local
grandfather
the
to
centres
unchanged,
improvement
account
stead,
Hall
formerly
were
original
to
medieval
walls No date
a family
of
discussion
Francis
its
obscurity
of The
the
and
side
the
importance,
The
of
until
result
greater
virtually
family
from
families.
ties
investigation.
Hall
have
of
remained
this
of
the
house
neglect,
structural
bays.
relation
Elmhirsts,
the
resources.
century
it
when
three
demonstrated
immediately
of
illustrates
their
over-reaching eighteenth
its
assuming
which
impression
an
of
Hall.
prosperity
development
House
Probate
HOUSE
status
gentry
in
with wall by the stone timber walling.
earlier than
mobility
W,
obscured
the
of
stage
SWAITHE
its
confirms
Type
of
its plate; have the may replaced which to it other can be ascribed a wall
Elias
son-in-law
'ranges, when equating in standing buildings). is a cruck barn the Hall
with have
crucks
his
to
'range'
caution 'fireplaces,
Associated
hall
the
a
with a datestone,
"W1680H"
or
now
IIW1689H",
Ground Floor
Servants garret
Servants garret
Gill I c(S Phase
1 INIM
Phase
III
1 1: blocking
Fig.
A. 14
SWAITHE HOUSE WORSBROUGH 306
m
1720 =m
ý111 Nt
'-, im pI if it: dI
Fig.
on gsection
A. 15
SWAITHE
HOUSE
.................................
----------
.................................................
C I-A,1,ARS s=
ý
-ý
in -,, --Imm
%lone labie s,ats
Fig.
A. 16
SWAITHE HOUSE - WORSBROUGH 307
would which a fire-hood,
William
suggest
Hall.
The
central
stack
replaced
in the garrets, of which remain and the behind had floor, the stack, of stair on the ground section its lighting been removed though Externally, window remains. traces
drip
the
windows,
moulds
carried suggest
but
and the sturdy stonework farmhouse having which,
mullioned door, central fashionable
was the
garrets, houses
in
with
of
equal
however,
Francis, desired
other
seventeenth A. 13)
(Plate
Worsbrough.
two
became
a substantial
storeys
and
century
yeoman
and higher
his which have he would With adequate funds perhaps status. house which had become the early new 'double pile, clearly
Fig.
III, joints and
fashion
century he built
eenth 1720,
only
A. 14)
The
house,
roof-space,
All
of
to
their in
rooms
storeys
storeys,
with
extensive
provide up in
new block
cellaring
were
the
of 'polite' have been for
with
64
depth.
one.
fitted
was
in servants to link the
from
the
(Fig.
A. 15). and
eighteenth
A. 16).
(Fig. Inventory
of
Francis
Hall
(1746),
on which
A. 14 is based, totals room designation of Figure E605: 15: 0 and is the highest for of those surviving 65 His household Worsbrough. E204: 5: 0, more goods total twice the next wealthy (William Milner Old at Rockley the
and he carried
E90 "in
the
inventory
than
total
Daniel
Ellis
reflect
his
his
Purse", of
which
a successful of Highstone at E86: 3: 7 in in unusual items for wealth
308
than Hall)
itself
was more
yeoman
such
1719.
a
old
panelling
oak for
cater
end
and a happy
garrets,
system
lined
west
room
one
access new house
to
was provided
entertaining The Probate
the
only
lodging
servant
a
eightin
Instead,
at
and
stair
a complex
quarters the
never
low
two
yet
of
combination could
requiring
staircase,
century
The
higher
three
against
grand house
servant new front
built
(Phase pile. a double masonry and irregular
'cell'
the
architecture
1680s
of
The sawn wall-plates
A. 13 & A. 14).
, vernacular'
houses.
gentry half
front
the
show he removed added the impressive
(Plates
the
of
the
lawyer
a successful demonstrated
a house
from
as
Furnishings
Worsbrough
-
spinet,
Plate
Plate
A. 13
A. 14
SWAITHE
SWAITHE
HOUSE
HOUSE -
309
-
17TH
1720s
CENT.
FRONT
EAST
END
items
various
of mahogany furniture, table and curtains.
maps,
writing and a laundry to
Milners
pictures, He had back-gammon tables
equipped
with
a mangle,
noted
Francis
Hall
of
sold
The Revd. 1773
bureaux,
the
Milner
at
Rockley
family Old
not Tankersley
Monk
of Hall,
Bretton,
elsewhere. the house
the
of leased
relatives
and was
subsequently tenants farm, as a working ceasing 66 residence of a gentleman.
a succession of intended country
in to
be the
to
No. 111LEWDEN The humble
farm
buildings
sources
indicate
century
three,
were
illustrates
complex
& Rhodes), Buildings
'A,
Building
five
of
Two-light
mullioned but
suggest
IDI.
truss
building
stone
in the
trusses
tie-beam
timber
implying
the
'E'.
the
century
continuous to
of
end.
west gypsum
partitioning,
next
the
at
least
those
timbering where bridle
each joint.
310
roof
chamfer
Two
bays
survive
intermediate,
be
to house.
cross-wing
to
the
and
appears
has
survive
bay.
one
gable
in
encased
visibly
is
and
post
was
are
gable
phase
and
similar
by
west
first
it
level
building.
hall
roof
floor
a domestic at
timber
posts
rafters
The
wall-plate the
of
The
first
cross-wing
treatment,
sixteenth
floor
principal
of
century
in
chamfer
angle
and
removal
seventeenth
upper
century,
century.
framing
Building
window
sixteenth
suggesting
the
two-storey the
evidence
A-17)
modern.
century
a two-storey
below
to
walls
decorated, but
late
eighteenth
of
be
to
Hall
(Fig.
remains.
at
or
Originally
of
the
Elmhirstj
truncated
andan
heating
families
a barn.
as
Building
within
windows of
(Allott,
seventeenth
possibly
mid-eighteenth
long-stay
found
were
early
bays,
form
no
use
An
to
dwelling
one
IBI
and
'C'.
structure
only
to
Documentary
change.
sixteenth
hamlet,
dwellings
of
successful
Lewden
now
needs
late
four,
at
where
plaster,
from
possibly
contemporary
housing
as
that
degredation
the
jambs
Building
survives section In
and
'C'.
with is
early
A blocked
monolithic of
an
an
jointed
mid-eighteenth
Early
unusual at
the
century
0 ý7i
z
r-
cn
311
building
the
was converted
pitching
doors
original
building
and
Building
a new floor. had two floors
IF'.
two
phases of local coursed
a barn
to
Disused with
The present
seventeenth
Lewden
suggest
the
consists deeply
of
corbels garretso farmhouse
67
in
building,
century
with
and provided
family (Fig. The Allott A. 18). were sandstone, at Lewden from the sixteenth to the late century eighteenth is no evidence framing, here of earlier and, as there timber this
building
was probably
from
Building
IDI.
built
by an Allott, divided into two
Currently
transferring dwellings,
the
designation
A. 18 is from the Inventory on Figure of Robert Allott (1692) house. when a single Structural features date the seventeenth can firmly though century the position origins, on of a 1610 datestone the inside of the New Parlour, above the south-west corner, is surely difficulties Further for the archimisplaced. room
tectural is
historian Though
reviewed.
preserve
appearance,
a building
when
restoration
carried out it adds to
the
datestone);
a 1934
a 17th
best
problems
of the two northern by William Elmhirst
to
chimney
stack
replace
the
of
this
later
room
in
1960s.
the
was purchased existing
Victorian
stack
the
southern
renovation
and a new doorway provided, the demolished police station because looked miles "it east)
refaced from four
As frequently claims
have
Monk Bretton the
complex
stones,
of
been
happens made for
Priory.
use
Fragments
may, in this fine texture,
the
with
same store of
the
block
a two-light century
and used to kitchen. As part
had
which
the
similar
was
totally
been
taken
(a village Melton 68 . buildings, Worsbrough
at West better"
from of stone found in the
case,
be supportive.
carry
parts
312
to
An eighteenth
the
at
bays
five-light
century
window
this
to
identifying
of
window
present
century
intent
window in the New Parlour was reduced four, being the spare pieces used with found in a builder's to add parts store
mullioned
this
work
the
with
The upper wall sequence. down and rebuilt in 1934
was taken (adding
emerge
of
dissolved
the
surrounding Four broken
wall
an inscription
-t
A
NewChamber
Red Chamber
Fellows Chanihcr
kitchen chamber
( srccn lia ni 1)cr
17 cent lst Phase
Fl
First Floor
17 cent 2nd Phase 1 19 cent A. 17 cent (20c. renovation) -
LEWDENFARM WORSBROUGH
jjiT
r7l,71 )0
cen(.
Blocking
Fig.
A. 18
313
which,
when
14
Psalm
quoting is
assembled,
God".
no
is
origin
The
It
of
Robert
Kitchen
which
and of
sword,
lacked
trenchers
he
beds
and
ample
bed
the
the
debts
holding
had
9: 10 wealthy
amounted
to
on
No. 12.78
0: 0,
E513:
at
the
until
Mary In
(the
the
an
have
been
yeomen
Hearth two
from
farming
added
considered the
indicating
time,
except
a substantial
by the this
early Jubb,
Tax
return, In a forge. by
the
The
1770
a family
three
on Wass Laner
South the
family
mid-18th
from
Silkstone,
Richard
South
link.
it
building was a one-cell having the latter a wide door the coal In the 1672 store.
century
John
In
century.
almost
bank
17th to early blacksmiths Jubbs,
establishing
seventeenth
for
the
with smithy, behind now blocked
cells
goods
E83: 9: 10,
of
of
Turnpike.
century
'House')
entrance being
eighteenth blacksmiths
closure
married
even dozen
total
was a blacksmith's shop below the an important site
followed
century,
and
credit.
the
were
Chambers
His
KINGWELL ROAD (SMITHY)
centuries, of
Old
household
His
a
New
carpets
The building
part
the
the
eight
With
local
of
in
shows
prosperity,
with
should
in
linent
Worsbrough)
he
a Priory
an
with
a clock.
need.
Inventory.
most
built
little
(for
full
E311:
of
but
there
and
linen
undoubted
crockery,
perhaps
20% of
inventory
any
heart
(1692)
were
with
impressive
an
guns
room
of
his
a consignment.
table
only
a man
in
Hall,
and and
CORDE SUO PSX1V'
Allott
the
was
suggesting he
silver
IN
context
of
comfortable
pistols
feather
contained
his
local
Inventory
Parlour,
amongst
no
Probate
His
being
have
said
part
display
to
hath
as
Parlour.
though
to
appears
fool
possible
impressive
came
"The
as,
clearly
well-stocked
curtains
"NON EST DEI
read
South
paid
eighteenth
for century
two it
hearths, was
one
extended
to a Parlour and adding smithy new smithy, in 1913 when William which was demolished Elmhirst built the adjoining house at 80 Kingwell Road leaving no trace (Fig. A. 19) of the workshop. converting
the
314
to a
0 El
r (1)
t-, .0
I-
C
D 0 cc m W D:
I-
W.
LU
Ii
I! __
ii
0 z
;7 rco CY) , -A
E 0 C "
" S
-315
.0 0 0
'77,
A. 15
PidLe The
timbers
roof
building,
standard
of
straight
and
branches.
The
The
is
apparent
due
to
down after
a 1960s
of
but
cooking the
eighteenth
given plates';
of low
front
the
the
stones
with
new ground
sash
upper
valuations, even
Plate
wall
was taken in replaced
floor
windows,
(1693),
of
earlier
than
other
bedding. living
An indication standard,
as
his
only
less
than
that
at
E13: 12: 10.
316
grandmother
even of from the
clear
and as an old clock' His Inventory cow is old'. his
her
and
such
of
A. 15,
in
being
little
contain depressed
century
rear.
windows.
South
minimum
the
at
seen
not
the
quality,
evident
are
thick
trimmed
is in a rural craftsman economy, items in John South's described list
E10: 15: 10 is century
the
which
purlins
poor
when
(1762),
and
utensils
an essential number
South
the
building,
Elizabeth
of
a
still
the
low
demonstrate
roughly
similarly
damage,
Yorkshire
John
than
renovation
Inventory
grandson
house
more
(Smithy)
Road
sandstone
neatness
the
The
of
local
positions,
retaining
the
was
subsidence
original
of
le
walling
trimmed
crudely
Kingweli
particularly litt
are
78
"old"
and
'old total
Elizabeth
of a
No.
13
BANK END (7
The
position
emulate
the
gentry,
is the
where was
never
Rook the
of
house
yeoman
rebuilding
illustrated
quite
completed.
(Fig.
Piate
A. 16
END
BANK
of
stone
building.
a new stair
with
stage
The house,
small (as
(7
and
window
first
floor,
being
the
upper
timber
wall was replaced in the eighteenth
probably
Yorkshire floor,
sliding retaining
internal century floorboards have The heated
'house,
from
sash
stud been
of a large
were
windows
& plaster
open
fire
-
with
317
east
removed
in
the
was probably
the
of later,
outer
the
lower,
using
of
wall
suggests
a single
when the in the installed
century in
the
lower.
smoke
phase hood,
upper
The
oak and wide, floor. upper
building
timber
on the
extension was added in the 'kitchen'.
phase,
walls in the
retained
the
was
lights
thickness
windows
mullioned
HILL)
house
century
half
stone,
gentry
purlins,
Houndhill)
at
End,
Bank
of
to
A buttery
the
course,
family
ROOK
timber
17th
this
at
half-timbered
still
the
minor
moneyed
timber
to
wishing
A. 20).
beams
wall of
suggest
new,
out-moded
a bay
gable, first
the
Cawthorne
the
from
conversion
farmer,
working
of
by
Sawn projecting
and
Hill).
had the
17th plank,
been upper
(mleof IQk.. & cellarunder)
buttery
h-l9c.
kitchpn
house
of j,
(pantry)
h hood "',
0
numbrey
Mnh
21ý
Ground Floor porch
bhwking
FA 17 cetil. F Ca 18 ce11 18/11)
---
lwam (wer
Firsl I'loor Fig.
A. 20
Bank
318
End
(7
ROOK HILL)
Plate
A. 17
Plate
A. 18
BANK
END
-
BANK END -
319
SMOKEHOOD
17/18C.
FIREPLACES
structure wooden
eighteenth
century beam in
transverse former
the soffit inner
in
of which remains framework, plastered
A. 17).
(Plate
projects.
A
immediately above chambev, has a mortised in the 'house', its framework, hood smoke
'parlour
bressumer
position face for the
and upper face deeply
as a crude the which
space
through
over,
chimney the
loft
the
burning. of signs with had originally floor ground but, was when the latter
blackened
beam of the The spine by the bressumer supported
been removed
by a spliced fire, it was extended a chimney by iron bands, the new fireaddition, to reach reinforced behind Two earlier fireplaces place position. were revealed to
on changing
the
hearth during present beyond, to over six feet hearth, early smoke-hood A stylobate
in
Georgian
ceiling
(now Lounge) features never
the
remain
completed.
David
Cawthorne's total
Barnsley
corn
is
of
periods
E270: 16: 3,
and
success
other
than
that
in
a gentry
Chambers
beds
with No. 14
John
South,
of
for
byre,
the
in
seventeenth reflected
fortunes
the
on the basic a clock
not even his bedding
all
was
family,
(page
period,
with
family
still
326).
the
of
had
rough
sandstone
continuing
White
'long
blocks,
which, house'
320
in
old but series
tradition
cart
in in
as in
Early
Cross.
such
improvement
husbandman,
the
retained
house
craftsmen,
village
century
Sykes
ancient
the
of
eighteenth
century the
this
a
CROSS
Sykes
built
Marrows,
at
contrast
Robert
century
parlour
declining
conditions case
the
WHITE The
as
in
the
unlike
with
was
change
his
for feeding possessions and sleeping, in the house. however, It is'noted, the
how
despite
1731,
little
shows
'Kitchen'
the
as each
of
A-18).
indicate
window
Inventory
market,
in
piece
garden
the
windows,
mullioned
centre
space
(Plate
unexplored.
aumbrey,
the
formed
which
wall,
still
moulded
but
renovations,
outer
a Victorian from various
quite
respectable
the
pantry,
with
and
recent
the and
shed69
removed with
the
(Fig.
the byre, A. 21).
the
1-4 C14 m
>
321
FýF-IEl
rX4
Plate
A. 19
WHITE
Plate
A. 20
WHITE
CROSS
FARM
-
BYIýE
CROSS FARMHOUSE
322
finish
The surface corner (Plate
his
of
shows his His Inventory
quoins, A. 19). in
house, cell, demonstrate
one
new, intent
to 1753
of
strong with his success chimney,
one
only
notes
house
His son, Richard, continued and chamber. to fortunes the house to two the family and enlarged His Inventory on each cells. of 1765 now shows two ranges floor, the reveals and close examination of the building join the in difference treatment of of the extension with a is On Plate A. 20 the position corner quoins. of the join light, by the cable artificially emphasised of the safety
with
range improve
though
join
the
actual and finish the building
texture
is
irregular,
by
judged
in
changes
the
the nineteenth During stones. is but dwellings divided into century two was front back house with to a single door now restored and one blocked. (Fig. A. 21). In
to
addition both
equipment,
of
BALK Named
field, found
Balk in
courtyard
ample
Inventories
with clocks, mirrors, had acquired a writing improve on his father's No. 15
the
brewing
cooking, show
comfortable desk, tea
family
the
and
farming
well
provided
etc.
and
furniture chest
and
oval
Richard
table
to
old
town
lifestyle.
FARM
from
its
Farm
position
illustrates
Worsbrough,
at the
limit
the
piecemeal in
particularly
the
of
the
changes case
of
often such
farms.
The seventeenth century cruck blades from an earlier Later in the century a byre
block incorporates two stable building, (Fig. A. 22, Cl & C2).
and cart shed were added, The augmented by the large barn in the eighteenth century. house, Plate A. 21, was built present about 1800, though changes in wall texture of and alignment, with repositioning doors,
It house were retained. an earlier clearly being adopted as at Ouslethwaite emulated style but with the only and Swaithe House, on a smaller scale, in the example in Worsbrough of a tall window staircase how Further in the present rear. a additions show century show parts
of the
323
(i) arch II
I I,
[ :: II II ii
i
I
El 17 cent I? I cent 11
KI cent I
WAII
IS
CI
1800 re b tj ild
I Ic. (20c convoi, lmi)
Slable C
U
20c. extension
C2
blockinq Z
betim over
K2
h
I
(('.nfl O)ed)
llylý
I
Fig.
A. 22
BALK FARNI WORSBROUGH
324
ii
hength
(bilck)
Plate
A. 21
Plate
BALK
A. 22
FARM
(Front)
MARROW HOUSE
325
local
farm working despite centuries, Henry
Cock's
E145: 12: 4,
has
Worsbrough,
No. 16
parts at Balk,
at
over three intervals.
totalling
mixed farming of the typical flock production, and cereal existed already of buildings
sheep
variety barn century
on the
function
of
modification 1705 Inventory
the
eighteenth
to
continued
evidence
with
suggesting version
has
replaced
merely
Henry's
of and
the
smaller
same site.
MARROW HOUSE
Late
seventeenth
Worsbrough
century
had its
attractions
for
sought an estate new wealth as successful entrepreneurs to join the established the Turners, In mid-century gentry. from York, had converted timber the two-cell minor gentry in the house to stone but, when John Marrow bought it later he rebuilt its The doubling century, size. completely, Turner
building
the later dateable
& Hall the area of the Kitchen comprised house (Fig. A. 23), of which the only surviving evidence was a two-light mullioned window (now in the present dividing John Although wall.
of
obscured) Marrow's basic design was to remain, by the Field family of ironmasters, century,
installing
the
present
the house was refaced in the late nineteenth bay windows. This later
but the interior preserved, in the 1980s by the was completely gutted and rebuilt interpretation John present of owners to a new arrangement house. Marrow's has to be related to the pre-1980s Inventory A small garden "house,, carries 11IM 1704" a datestone exterior
of
the
house
is
still
and can be safely to John Marrow's ascribed rebuilding farm buildings have programme. However, the ancillary been demolished, and completely during recently rebuilt, in the course of which and garages, datestone It was another "RMB 1662" has been incorporated. found amongst a load of building on the stone and positioned the block as decoration the stone rebuilt of stable origin and its initials are unknown. conversion
to
dwellings
326
Fig.
A. 23
MARROW HOUSE
327
John
Marrow's
Inventory
any impression 'gentleman, of his
with
still
spinning with to
peas his
and varieties
social
No. 17
ioners
removal
Old
1989
of
wall
Eastfield Worsbrough,
the
(Old
Thomas his
inherited
present
considerable
was
raised
by
stone
on
the
south
elevation,
it
cannot
be
from
timber
sum of local
subscription,
328
suggesting the
use
of
Chappelry sM to
ejected which
frame
building.
A
commemorates this
whether stone,
However,
a vicarage. E250,
the
been
confirmed to
George
proper
structure,
1696,
Henry
to
ever.
have
timber
wildsmith
House),
for
to
buttinge
Green),
of
earlier
to
E25
Lecturer
the
stone
for
and
of
in
of
"sole
appear
in
croft
... Richard
(Hay
Lecturers
and
family
properties
and
(Swaithe
the and
Sheppard
conversion
the
Skiers Hall
Curate
it
sold
some
yeoman
various
Wellcroft
parts
though
remodelling
he
for
the
of
gain
masons.
barn
the
William
Curates
of
owner
occupation
1688
villagers Clerke
of
of
the
and
a prosperous
of
Francis
and
building
date
in In
and
rebuilding,
of
a parcell ..
successor
datestone
member
and
opportunity
local
the
of
a cottage,
the
incorporates
building
had
Hall)
Wildsmith permit
methods
Edmunds,
Wdodfen
a unique
the
of
Commiss-
reinforcement
offered
and
Sheppard".
representing
the
as
structural
a serious
(Thurgoland),
Thomas
Milner
and
confused
Church
the
extensive
which
building
Townstreete
Edmunds,
dwelling,
evolution
11bein'ge
Ralph
by
sold
requiring
Cudworth,
village
was
plaster,
the
Jonathan
and
as the books,
create he had
he was somewhat farmer or gent.
a private
the
into
from
Vicarage
as
investigate
insight
on
to wished Certainly
odds
at
corn,
whether
discovered,
was
the
of
status,
the
in
fault
in
strangely
OLD VICARAGE When
to
is
but there maps and clocks on show in the Hall, beds and a close in his Parlour two stool with in the Office. filled. Having wheels two Chambers
pictures, were
1718
of he may have description.
or the
a major Edmunds
a was
the work
cost
work.
It
giving
E100.
r-
Ptimp
ElAse ?
Beam over
I 6round Floor
----I
20 cent
POV
19 cent 18 cent 17týen1. Hearth blocking
First Floor
Garrets Fig.
A-24
OLD VICARAGE 329
wwmmý:
ý ---
mmomomw---
ý
---3 6m 30h
the
Church
The series of room divisions
from
Terriers
itemise
1716-1865 1825
until
and show continuity 71 Minor become "Rooms" Hall Dining Room plain and . be in the number of Garrets found to created were finishes insertion The floor of flimsy partitions.
changes by the
Terriers
Probate
Inventory
of
is
and
the
from
(1774),
Dixon
Jeremiah
Revd.
in
noted Chamber
flagged; Hall & Kitchen one remain: boarded. Garrets floors; plaster remainder for the building documentary Further evidence the
the
when
which
the derived. During 24 A. Figure are room on investigation, it was found that of the the probable route house Assessors difficult the to present with was reconcile 72 but was resolved in the course plan, of the renovations. has been whether in the village debate A long-standing designations
the
the
seventeenth
provide
century
separate
significance previous
of
but
century,
is
Howeverr
School
internal
earlier a one stair, division it
the
first
on the
Chamber
bay
and
was that
provides
the
been
converted
a two
bay,
have
separation,
servants
330
into
level the
dividing
a similar taken
to
Cudworth,
in
stone two dwellings,
kitchen
and
and
Sheppard.
The
the
Vicarage
with
from
a
to
into
division
by Wildsmith
of
timber
provided
continued
by
sold from
the
each
occupied
may even
building
all
interpretation
An alternative
the
and
physical,
but
with been
have
garrets,
and This
with
Chamber,
&
Livings". a floor
and line
in
and Hall the
the
wall,
corridor
that
century,
from
Croft
Witch
necessarily
separation.
already the
in
wall
proposed, in
in
floor
a physical had
not
Worsbrough",
of
mid-eighteenth the house "Half
& the
separate
parcels
of
in
stating
Lectureship
are
Cappelxy
the
places
paper
visible
wall of Kitchen broken dividing
1688,
of
separation,
break
structural
to
evidence
Buildings
may be a legal
confirm is here
belonging
a
one
practice,
"A Survey
to
attached
The in
discussed
in
that,
to
Lecturer.
and
been
has seen
was
a division
with
Curate
positions it
where
a scrap belong to
premises
change
two
ground
undated
the
the
of
Inclosed
for
accommodation
chapter held both.
person
was built
house
household.
stage,
as
.4,1
VoFvý,. -
.0
Plate
A. 23
Old
Vicarage
-
Present
£ -
£11 IE[J
ril
ao:u
JPi1iri IýICN-il 11011
Fig.
A. 25
Old
Vicarage
331
(1696)
The basic divided
by the
front
door.
bay
The easterly
giving an ILI Back Kitchen,
building,
bay
a three plan-was from main stack
flanking
bays
two
the
the
towards
extends
bay
one
with
present
street
a provided to two century rebuilt to provide stone storeys a bathroom, when a four-light building) be from replaced (which to another window appears bay, large the Kitchen two windows mullioned window and those
replaced and to
had a blocked, mullioned x 8cm, trimmed,
that
loose
with
thick
wall
a number
removal
of
during
in
estate,
their
early
approaches
which
later
became
timber stack
to
was the
after Unfortunately,
door
1696
failed
vertical
between timber
original
seventeenth planks
girding
room
the
in
tenon
the
insufficient
front
seen
the
wall,
walling
than
also
main stack, Evidence and A. 25). house
to
century and
only than dry-stone
Disturbance
gap.
been
to
skin
of on
slide
The Guest builders,
wall
the perhaps the new demand
face
outer
on
Vicarage
was one houses, stone
for
of
speciality.
the
opposite A-24
their
30cm
roughly the
and to
renovations
face
renovations.
had
be
to
approximately
inner
the
Worsbrough
were
the
the
found
with
more
each
two-light
outer
skin
permitted
occasions
masons Stainborough
the
appear
revealed
plaster
wall
filling
rubble
plaster
of
The
of
A. 23)
(Plate
garrets
with as a double being little
inner
the
walling,
the
seventeenth century, (Fig. A. 25). All walls blocks, split sandstone
and built
mortared,
same period.
trapezoidal,
mainly
door
The present
Room.
Dining
and
this
outshut
early
window from
constructed
the
from
noticeable but windows,
lack
family
Hall
the
of date
corridor It is
the
A single-storey in late nineteenth
outline.
the
revealed
original
entry as a baffle it followed that the
of
retention
of
which beam in
builders the
rested the
type the
wall, fully
open iron studded inner boards
332
the
and before
door,
house
(Figs.
of the beam from
a ceiling on the inner
wall
had
wall, stack,
dry
been in
removed. leaving
twice
thicker
so that
hitting
the
made with
horizontal,
door
plan
made an error new stone
front
was
the
stack.
exterior found
A
door as a cellar (Plate A. 24). Perhaps to horizontally as a stable serving
be closed to prevent hinged to vertically Much of walls,
though
aid ventilation, door, permitting ingress, the animal fold
back
timber
building
some beams
had
the
builders'
and may be the
against
divides
the
bottom
upper half 73 the wall.
remains
been
it
compromise,
re-used
half
to
being
the stone within in a new position.
The main ceiling Room and beams of the Chambers over Dining Hall, for example, in the middle have a two metre rebate length being which has caused much speculation even thought bed. They to accommodate the top of a four-poster are
actually
re-used
sections
of
333
girding
beams
and
the
rebate was the location by beams retained under had The main stair
for
the
confirmed window, front windows.
mullioned first floor
the been
from cellar to continuous disuse into had fallen section
though the upper garret, the servant stair at the Kitchen end has lost Kitchen has been recently The building section. Welsh
slate
original
wall-plate, had been supported
which
carefully beam has
but
gap, from indicates
the
cut been
rafters the
original
garrets
over
similar
to
the
that
Bank
were
provided
selection conscious Hall
and tea-making
helping
to
any
the
timber his
Hay Green. in
woodwork
Surviving
parts
of
most
Worsbrough
with
century
timber the
feather
1774
had
Inventory
ample
shows
collection and
all
coverings
Kitchen
A. 26).
brewing
noted
in
divisions
room (Fig.
walling
a
survived
between
wall
upper
extensive household beds,
from
chimney;
work
stone
noted, stud
scantlingr
plastered
A. 17), remained
(Plate
wall
the
above
space of
previously
Dixon's the
roof
eighteenth
previously
having of
End
Excepting
Jeremiah
well,
the
no associated
covered
addition
equipment were
by
In
a structure
Bank
at
chambers
Revd.
slept
Kitchen
End,
plaster In
A. 26).
beneath.
and Hall
the
the
pierced
rooms
a
are
(Fig.
and wallplate
unlike
Such
and a very shaped and chamfered joint had been accurately to constructed into locked the to brackets common rafters
the
smokehood
the
to
wall-plate.
previously
posts
sophisticated connect
in
re-roofed
roof slab stone into fitting
an earlier
at noted re-used The roof display timbers an assurance lacking in the stonework of the building.
the
lower
common rafter
modern
on sturdy in sloping-mortices
its
and
activites, he fed
and
of cooking his Chambers and
a
He was particularly and mirrors. his social in his of the need to display standing Dining Room with furniture, china, mahogany glass, book case and knives equipment, all and forks of
to
chairs,
tables
Their a gentry on entry. aura to visitors arrival having to pass the would be less through auspicious door, stye near the front from which he allowed his pigs to hence the need for roam freely, door. a folding present
334
A3 wall V Joint detail
Blocked
I-- - --'
L
eý Window
5m Combinal ProjectedSeclion AI-
A2 (scc Fig. 6- 2-4)
Fig.
A-26
Vicarage )n and Stud
A4
A3 Stud Wall View V i -KICARAGE
--4 2m I WORSBROUGI -
335
Walling
C,4
4-4 00
el. c 0
Q 0
336
V) 40 1
CL M
CL
0)
> .0 c (a
E 0 z
0 z
E5 LO
on ., A r24
a) (D U)
No. 19
WORSBROUGH HALL. Thomas
Edmunds,
sufficiently had
plot,
no
predecessor in
Built 1U1 shape in
building
his
in
be
to
description than
its
an
etching
structuring
into
seventeenth
century
To
are
rear
quarters early is
modern
clearly
farmers.
return
No. 20
with
BLACKER
The the
the
13
hearths.
Rockley
was purchased eighteenth spoil
by
purchased
in
cannot coach
the the
to
highest
by
the
1960s,
now
be
house,
of
them
the
described. servant
of
the it
detail,
Worsbrough from
apart in
rating
re-
of
paucity
gentry set
after
and,
indicative
all
-
survived
followed
Board,
the
or
have
accuracy)76
when
the
the
1672
Hearth
HALL
seventeenth
Worsbrough
coal
had
1831
until
No inventory
Despite
It
on
acquainted
house then
plan
a Hall
Edmunds'
similar
probably
flats
was
a century
houses
the
what
half
but
garden
illustrate
to
least
comparable
stabling,
walled
considered
yeomen Tax
extensive
a distinct
No strictly
Coal
interior
doorway
man.
dubious
squirearchy.
included
slate
arrangements
the
its
roof,
influential.
self-contained
large
and
by
offices
which
reflected
1940s.
of
on
doubt
W. B. Martin,
internal
houses
has
at
was
been
the
village
Tudor-arched
region
occupied
in
of
to
conversion
family
Board
no
he
have
may
old
right,
was
the
which
a nephew,
Coal
the
design
in
the
A. 25)
and
young
with
Edmunds
National
to
located
1620s,
stone
wings
but
the
stone
(Plate with
front
in
Hall
Worsbrough
sandstone
The
business
passed
the
site.
a relatively
LondoWs
Court
(other
the
when'built
can
The it
on
flavour.
albeit
noted
few
off-centre
fashion
taste,
the
gabled
porch
Elizabethan of
of
ashlar
with
a small
out
one
in
Worsbrough
his
build
to
wealthy
a virgin
in
arrived
family, Hall. by
home of
century it
The
was a much more in family then was
the
Carringtons
century. heap of
It the
branch younger building modest
the
decline
and
the
of Yews in the early the expanding was destroyed under in the 1950s. Barrow colliery
337
of than Hall
Plate
Plate
A. 25
A. 26
WORSBROUGH HALL
BLACKER
HALL
c. 1930. Courtesy of Mr.W.Morton, Worsbrough
338
A. 27
Plate
No. 21.
Home of makers
Plate
the at
BESOM COTTAGE
Ogden
family,
17-18th
Birdwell.
A. 28.
School
House
339
century
besom-
No. 22
SCHOOL Worsbrough
the is
was
seventeenth the
following
by
shortly
burial
"the
as
income
the
place
is
house.
master's ashlar
open
across
an
is
which
building
The
fireplace hearth,
A. 28.
Plate
is
nineteenth
century
to
its
replaced
Any and,
The
success
on
the
is
difficult
accepted
against
to
small
but
evidence
an
the
of
criteria
of
gauge
79 The
.
signed
but,
it
as
servants,
cannot
be,, representative.
available
to
who
including
girls
(now in
1714
for
for
blacksmith
in
Woodhead's
Staniland
13s
Not a more
until
reliable
School
to
unable 1714,
South's
Child 4d the
girl
3 weeks
for
the
afford
6d,
teaching nineteenth
guide
on
and,
in
addition
340
street, Skiers
in
of
the
Poor
as
the
Kingwell
1813, to
Schooling paying
Revd.
children.
century
literacy
main William
such
2s
poor
century,
the
across
and however,
was,
eighteenth
fee,
38.9%
landless
the Will of under 80 The overseer girls".
poor
appealing
labouring
the
literacy
shows
created
"six
any
Dame
1718,
of
measure
literacy
even
sign,
inhabitants,
in
points
to of
Schooling
it
sought
the
at
demolished),
paid
for
all
house,
plinth
analysis to
the
excludes
the
right
the
impossible
permit
72
the
to
building.
is
document
an
beam
from
as
such
ability
retains
original
seen
school
to
by
the
rose
school
etc.
left
extending
earlier
school-
a bressumer
windows
present
Wills
enclosure,
illiterate
the
A. 29).
the
as
the
right,
which
school,
rate few
too
with
on
mention
(Plate
to on
room the
beside by
on
having
floor
and,
includes
referred
simply
waste
bequest,
a school".
as
Elmhirst
completed
Lecturer,
used
ground
illuminated
stairs,
now
1560,
the
on
Rayney
John
the
of
now
The
open
1632
the
present
William
a school erect 78 It was probably
ground.
afterward
supplementing
to
for
Court,
the
in
subscription,
Manor
the
but
century"
public
Broddesworth the
of
of
by
approval
William
fifteenth
the
founded
was
north
in
been
had
School
Grammar
Vicarage
the
to
adjacent
a plot
Worsbrough
early
building
other
on
century.
schoolhouse.
established
and
rebuilding
during
dwellings
than
be
marriage seen
when,
registers between
can
1841-1851,
a total
illiterate. 71.0% it
has
high
be
to
improving have
appears
to
ancient
site. of
seventeenth demanded
the
swelling
structure,
the
A. 29).
The miller's
century to the
The complex
water
replacement
accommodate water is
Plate
wheel house
mill
maintained
A. 29
to
a steam-driven in response to as a visitor
WORSBROUGH
MILL
unknown
grinding
right
century design or
machinery, is
left the
on its
mill
seventeenth
on the and
341
of of
and
the
Worsbrough
of
economy
century
a rebuilding block is the
an earlier
containing
eighteenth augment
of
period
population.
The middle
replacement
addition
the
was
miners
but
illiterate,
being
this
where
MILL
The
(Plate
and
weavers
Worsbrough
23
date,
of
that
were
difference
gender
grooms
however,
noted,
immigration
40.0%
55.5%
showed
marriages
a significant to
compare
indigenous
No.
hides
This brides
200
of
an is
the
1843
to installed mill, 81 demand . increasing attraction.
iv)
DISCUSSION
The rebuilding and complex datestones,
process. the initial
post-medieval Despite often
pattern building
misleading from timber
change,
momentum during is discernable
gained
the
though centuryl drive where re-
seventeenth hierarchical
of
was a long information of or sod to stone,
Worsbrough
of
begins
the gentry to descend with The Edmunds family were the exception, house on a virgin architect-designed stone familiar
safe
form
in
rebuilt
phases,
available,
producing
extensions
within a 'polite, Hall and Marrow House. Common practice frame in the structure, of the timber insubstantial
timbers re-use to houses as Hay Green. or
other
inhabitants
stone
the
the
stone
added
absorbed Old
retain
parts
to
the strengthen as in the Vicarage,
walling
reinforce
to
was
humbler
in
stonework
Some abandoned house the timber demoting completely, it to a farm building, to build new site as at Houndhill The experimental and Lewden. combination
of
no equivalent. stone
walls
rooms
Throughout house
style,
such
of
the
slowly houses addition Blacker lower
timber
timber
structure
main
no identifiable the instant
changes provide
as
in
the
equivalent
West
where
rapidly
increasing
seen Valley82
the
amongst
the
essential The
middle
social
of
a short
cross-wing
Hall
which
provided-extra
the
scale,
the
trend
general
projection
342
rooms83 of
in
recognition
turn
of a houses
Yorkshire
from
wealth which
towards
the
or
which
occurs,
range as at
with
framing,
income
spare
has
"Worsbrough
to
Worsbrough.
down
an upper
on a
House
was piecemeal,
emerged
generated in
Swaithe
at
change
retaining
these
Calder
textiles
vernacular
the
added to the in stages.
was replaced type"
and
Frequently
floor
ground
'polite'
a
became
and Houndhill; others house as Ouslethwaite,
original
relatively
though
to approaches house then timber
Hall
in
site,
funds
spare
scale.
an
of
the
Swaithe
as at
as
social
with
experimental.
a variety
Some reinforced
problems. the
- nothing presumably
the
no
came but
ILI
shape by either
seventeenth (Plate one
room
A. 26)
century or,
provided
with latter is
to
a gable
an impression
create
The
a cross-wing.
of
and
the accommodation merely enlarged, not added tot its had 27), Besom Cottage, (Plate A. which seen at
The low end of the scale, representing rear. is flimsy had improved from wattle, craftsmen who sod or house. blacksmith's seen at the Kingwell to
workshop
the
The early rebuilding
phase of saw another century improved houses were being as life-
eighteenth
where
stone
the the new social changed with particularly order, farms A. 5) and White courtyard such as Genn House (Plate Cross (Plate A. 20). These changes are further of life-style illustrated in the Probate though Inventories of the period, styles
it
is
frequently
external
splendour
few Worsbrough statistical by Barley. houses for
analysis
perhaps
a comparitive Inventories particular
trend
concerning
the
had
his
husbandmen 1772.
of
such
four
Perhaps
and
one
used William
Norwich
use'in
urban 'kitchen',
the
what
might
number
of
with
an-equivalent
in
investigation
regarding
variance
be rural 85A
during
'Parlour, Of
1717,
five
the
gentry, of
whereas
six
span
of had
still
one
yeomen
farmers
it
of seven as a store; being in it as a bedroom, the latest Earl Ellis, woodmant of Strafford's used
had
his Parlour because 'House, a bed in the and part Chambers lacked 1773 Inventory. to his ranges according Chambers can usually be identified as sleeping provision, 25 cases,
to
free
12 families
seven
examples where Chamber was a store. Dr. Weatherill's drawn
between
goods
in
seen
be valuable. would however, in Worsbrough,
apparent
Parlour
beds
room
a study
is
meaningful
permit
wide-ranging
conclusions
use of, the from 1690-1782.
Inventories four
of
at
study and
as the
Too
internally.
reflected to
that
Marrowl
John
of
case
always
such draw
to
the
survive
84 The analysis
example,
in
was not
Inventories
appears
beds
as in
noted,
the
for
parlour
more
social
use,
two
but
in
with one as a store, used at least beds were in the Parlour and the 86
demonstration representing
343
of 'front
a distinction stage'
activities
to
be
back stage' is, in and houses where Inventories life-style.
only
in
1745,
some fifty
the
amongst
orders;
gentry
similarly
the
1774
still
in
he displays
Inventory
his
to
(Fig. Dixon
Jeremiah
Japanned
changing A. 24, p. 329),
accommodate
board,
tea
the
shows
layout.
century
hand,
classes,
Vicarage,
Rev.
of
all
across
seventeenth
clock,
and sample the lower
for are mentioned none knives On the other and forks.
with 13 Inventories
its
first
her
after
years
in clocks appear including three. one widow with Modifications to buildings life-styles can be seen at the where house
Worsbough
the
the though analysis, such permit the little to new adopt slow a were perhaps 87 Provision first for for hot drinks, example,,
inhabitants
appears
in
reflected
general,
In
Hall
the
lamp
kettle
tea
&
'house' stand He no longer tables. and two oval ate in the but had a 'Dining in knives forks dozen Room' with & a a desk, three tables, case, square chairs, mahogany table, bookcase, building the However, carpet and glassware. created
a problem bay be the
middle main light
Kitchen
and
meals.
This
to
changes the Hall
the
on the Such
walls
and
conditions the ". Ful ful
widow sooty
Hall,
the wide so enforcing Room; his back kitchen
Dining
was no doubt
Vicarage
right,
niceties,
inhabitants
of sod in
when
the
during
probably
Chaucer's,
was hir
many a scl endre
meel
bring
bay
the
becoming
were not living
for in
and 88 0
eek
***************
344
hir
Preestes halle,
of
separation serving
for
the
only
Victorian
was blocked, to
visitor the
and the Room.
Dining
the
many houses with
modern period. early little the improved since Nonne
the
that
days
Tale,, In
sod Home
the
'The
bour,
reason door old
the
middle
however,
entry
the
to
created,
Worsbrough_still roofs
had
decreed
where
doorway
present
baffle
the
which
of
where she
eet
NOTES APPENDIX - BUILDINGS 1570-1640" 1. Hoskins,, England Rural W. G.,, "The Rebuilding of 44-59. Past No. 4 (1953) and Present, 2. A definitive consideration of the difficulties inscribed from in attempts to generalise encountered A date in Rebuilding: Great Machin,, R.,, "The evidence 33-56. 77 (1977) No. Reassessment",, Past Present,, and 94. 3. Hoskins, in Local (1967)Londont W. G. Fieldwork Histoxy, 4. Addy, S. O., House, Countxy The Evolution of the English Revised Ed. 1933, London. Innocent, Building C. F., The Development of English Construction (1916) Cambridge Kenworthy, J., Series History of Stocksbridge, of papers, Sheffield Library, Local Studies Dept. 5. Ryder, P., in South Yorkshire,, Timber Framed Buildings Monograph No. l. South Yorkshire Council. 6. Rural in West Yorkshire Houses 1400-1830F RCHMF HMSO (1986) Houses York Moors, RCHM, HMSO (1987) of the North 7. Indications discovery their that are more await under in disguise. been has A similar modern noted survival the but townships to a lesser surrounding extent. 8. Ouslethwaite, William SA/EM1873 Elmhirst, 9. BIHR Probate Inventories: Pindar Oak - Nicholas 1716 Medley 1767 Worsbrough Bridge Inn Abraham Moorhouse Rockley 1773 Buildings Ellis William 10. Hollingwell 1756 John Tattershall 11. Blacker 1694 Hall John Carrington 12. Marrow House 1718 John Marrow 13. StentonlF. 3rd (1986), Ed. M., AnglolSaxon England, 307/8. Oxford 14. Thomas (1670). Blount, Law Dictionaxy 15. A general in OvertonjMj bibliography Inventories of (1983),, A Bibliography-of Inventories, Probate British Newcastle. 16. Cooper, 58. S., A House Penistone, (1987) Divided, 17. Brears, YASRSr P. C. D.,, Inventories". "Yorkshire Probate 134 Leeds, (1972) 18. Bestall, Wills J. M. & Fowkes,, D. V.,, "Chesterfield and Society, Inventories 1521-1603,1,, Record Derbyshire V01.1 (1977), Derby. 19. Weatherill, Culture L., Consumer Behaviour and Material in Britain 1660-1769, London. (1988) 20. Spufford, England M., The Great Reclothing of Rural (1984) London. 21. Priestley, H., "Room and V., Corfield, Sutermeister, P. J., Room Use in Norwich PXA Vol. 16 1580-1730", Housing (1982) 93-123. 22-Barley, M. W., 1550-1725", "Farmhouses and Cottages, Economic Histoxy 2nd Ser. Review, (1955). VII 23. Weatherill, op-cit. contains a summary of the difficulties Inventories. met in sampling A comprehensive discussion of the encountered problems
345
24. 25. 26.
27. 28.
29. 30. 31. 32.
33.
34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
39. 40.
41.
'The Limitations by SpuffordjMj,, Inventories of 'in using 1500Society inventory,, Rural the probate English Cambridge. 1800 , Chartres, (1990), J. & Hey, D. (eds) Cooper,, 64. op. cit. 65 Vol. Society "The Journal Surtees Xr John Hobson", of (1875) identify to Dr. Redmonds finds Imoor"a guide reliable in the Huddersfield sites of early peat extraction Redmonds. G., Old West Riding, "Turf Pits", area: Vol. 7, No. 1 (1987) 13-14. fol SA/SIR2, l, p. 114. Perhaps has to be considered an alternative possibility building foundations to interpret the sparse rubble frequently found in the course of archaeological investigations A common of deserted settlements. is the loss due to assumption of upper walling in robbing: perhaps many were which, sod, houses decay, but the to humus leaving would return no trace foundation. rough stony Wilkinson, 228. Histozy (1872) of Worsbrough, The dry local humour had styled it a "Hall" as a lowly comment on its nineteenth status as the sole century survivor of an earlier culture. Ryder. P., Recorded Archaeology at South Yorkshire Service, P12133. Alcock, (1973) N. W., A Catalogue of Cruck Buildings, Phillimore. in Ryder. P., Discussion crucks of local Timber (1970s) Framed Buildings Yorkshire, of South South Yorkshire No. l. Service, Monograph, Archaeology Dendrochronology Laboratory, University of Sheffield, 1993. Three groups of cores and 56 rings at 42,44 failed to, correlate chronologies. reference with in Houses of the Discussion developments of long-house North Yorks Moors, RCHM, HMSO 63-76. (1987), Ryder, P., 17 op-cit., Compare Shore Hall, Ryder, Penistone, surveyed-by ibid. 80. published Elmhirst, 25-27 and Will E., Peculiar Inheritance of Margaret Elmhikst BIHR Vol. 13 fol-915. The discussion is based on personal on Houndhill family in the Elmhirst research, archive correspondence between (architect Dr. E. Gee-(late RCHM), J. Miller for the 1960s restorations) responsible and discussion historian). Stanley Jones (architectural with See also Wilkinson, 128 Histoxy of Worsbrough, Ashurst, D. "Excavations P. M. A. Vol. 13 at Houndhill", (1979) 227-238. familyEdward connects by marriage Robert to the Seele he states family. He is in is not a Worsbrough which here as they had a medieval farm which error continued to be charged Parish Rate into the 18th century as "Seele's Farm" - the Seele had died out in the surname '17th lacking century, a male heir. Examples Hall; Sheffield; Bishop's at Swaithe House, Banks Hall Farm, Silkstone.
346
42. 43. 44.1
45. 46.1 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
57. 58.
59. 60. 61.
62. 63. 64. 65.
HMSO, 6. (1986) Rural Houses of West Yorkshire, by Cromwell being its Local attacked romantic stories of 129. be dismissed Wilkinson Fairfax cit. op. and may head 0. Elmhirstr indebted Mr. A. present to am greatly freedom to total family, for the me of granting in to buildings house addition the examine and related free to the family papers. access My "Instructions the Title of All Touchinge and Tenure 1638 (family Lands" Richard Elmhirst papers). his to for G. Redmonds to Dr. reference am grateful researches on the Genn family. Compare to Beckside Farm, Danby - Houses of the North Yorks. Mdors 184. (1987) HMSO,, , in Correspondence Harrogate, J. Miller, architect with (Family charge. papers). Hall, A similar arrangement at Cockerham survives Huddersfield Road, Barnsley. 90 Elmhirst, E., op. cit. SA/EM. 1761 Rural HMSO, 85 Houses of West Yorkshire (1986) SA/EM 1873 John Miller Harrogate Brown & Miller, of Taylor, personal communication. Hunter, J., 284-5. South Yorkshire, (1831) The only to conversion was survey prior of the building destroyed by an arson fire offices at the architects' the then South and the micro-fiche copy lodged with Yorkshire to in transmission Archive Service was lost the Barnsley Planning Authority of on the abolition the County. Mr. J. I am grateful to the architect for permission Miller the to view his notes on which (Fig. A. 10) is based. plan A selection in Cartwright, J. J. (ed) letters of Traviss The Wentworth 1705-1739, (1883) London. Papers BIHR Probate Inventories Doncaster Deanery: David Traviss Oct. 1746 William Milner 1747 July Thomas Knutton March 1731. Wilkinson 77. op-cit. 'Wills from York Registry', Surtees Society, Vol. 6 (1902) 84 (Thomas Cutler 1540). No glass before 1631 and the was made in the region Micklethwaite source may have been Haughton (Manchester) (See Ashurst, D., Histoxy Lynn. or Kings University. Sheffield Yorkshire (1992) Glass, of South "Journal Society, Vol. 45 Surtees of Mr. John Hobson", (1875) 316. Compare Plan Handbook R. W., Illustrated IhI in Brunskill, 107. 3rd Ed; London, (1987) Architecture of Vernacular An almost Hall identical house of 1708, Newstead at Havercroft, Rural the same unknown architect. suggests Houses of West Yorkshire, (1986) HMSO, 85. 1746. BIHR - Probate The Hall, Inventory Francis August he Inventory E694 but of this Allot totals of Robert had no debts Hall owed E513 whereas recorded.
347
66.
following but, The house is listed Grade II* recent is uncertain. its future arson and demolition, 67. As a consequence has the Lewden complex of this research been recorded by the Royal Commission on Historical Xonuments Grade II. and listed 68. Information from the present The building was owners. failed listed to Grade II in 1966 but the investigator note any of the misleading modifications. 69. The round pillars for the are unusual of split sandstone in the The only area. similar examples are found barn of Stainborough Castle. seventeenth century 70. SA/PR3/16(2). 71. BIHR RIII. F2. to RIII. F18. 72.1 for to Xr & Xrs A. Richardson am indebted granting freedom total to follow all of the work and stages during carrying the renovations. out the survey 73. The door has been restored and relocated at the rear entrance. 74 A brief in AshurstjD-j archtectural and historical survey A Visitors' Guide to the Parish Church of St Mazy, Worsbrough, by (1962), Slaithwaite; a revised edition Thomson, C., St Mazy's Church, Parish Worsbrough Village, (1982) Worsbrough. 75. Xy thanks to Xrs Xelanie for information Richardson this in her preliminary noted studies of London buildings. 76. Wilkinson, 44. op. cit. 77. For a thorough historical review of the Grammar School P. J., -"Worsbrough see, Wallis, Grammar School", YAJ, Vol-39 (1956) 147-163. See also 'Early Leach, A. F., Yorkshire Schools', YASRS, Vol. 33 (1903) 78. The present to permit occupiers were disinclined a full survey of the house. 79. Wrightson, K., 1580-1680, (1982) English Society, London, 190 80. Wilkinson 418. op. cit. 81. Shorland-Ball, R., Cornmill",, Industrial "Worsbrough Archaeology Review, No. 3 (1978). 82. Rural Houses of West Yorkshire, HXSO (1986). 83. Xy thanks to Xr W. Xorton for permission to reproduce his copy of the only known photograph of the Hall. 84. Barley, X. W., op. cit. 291-306. 85. Priestley, U., Corfield, H., Sutemeister, P. J., 93-123. Op-cit. 86. A review in housing of 17th century and room use changes providing to a valuable comparative summary relating houses in Thirsk, J. (ed) rural The peasant and labourer Agrarian Histozy 'Agrarian Vol-5; of England and Wales, (1955) 652-681. Cambridge, change' 87. Weatherill, L., Culture Consumer Behaviour and material in Britain 1660-1760, (1988) 9-11. London, 88. Geoffrey Chaucer, 'The Nonne Preestes Book of Tale', Narrative Verse, World l Classics, (1930 edn. ) Oxford,
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INDEX Anglo/Saxon 16,17,19,128 Apothecary 231-235,292 Archaeology 4,15,16 Ardsley 18,22,34,43,46,48-50,54,56,87, 89-92,182 Assart 19,42,46,72,75,116,120 Balk 43,89,130,279,323-326 Bank End 30,43,48,54-58,75,87.90,94, 316-320 Bank Top 43,47,56,87,97,120,129,233, 236,278 Baptisms 190-195,201 Barnsley 3,8,11,15.16,23,27-33,41,42,53,54, 62,77,80-83,89,91,94,97,105, 110,132,159,160,165 " Colliery 159 " Common 43,53,56,87,94,255 Bawtry 9,14,82,95 Besom Cottage 211,339 0 maker 64,166 Birdwell 31,49,53,57,64,67-70,73,97,99,110, 112,200,202,232,240 Common 43,54,61-63,87,89,135 Blacker 43,55,57,59,64,66,73,83,92,116,200, 202,241,251,255 " Common 54,59,83 a Hall 337 * Quarry 92 Bleaching 145 Bloomery 43,148 Boatyard 90 Brick 65 Bridge 45,95 -Barnsley 105 Brough Green 109 -Cock 108 Darfield 105 - Lewden 106 Hall 109 -Old Rockley 108 -Shortwood 110 - Wapentake 105 - Worsbrough 87,90,104,106 Bridges, Book of 104 1 Statute of 103 Brierley 18,22,25 Broom Royd 43,73,149,253 Brough Green 87,93,135,210 Burials 190-195 Calker Lane 87,90 Canal 14,54,56,64,65,73,83,110,139, 155,158,163,165,193,200,253 Canal Co. 88,137 Carlton 18,22 Carriers 95,96,153 N -charges 96,157 Catholicism 34 Caulk 90 Causey - see Highways Cawthorne 5,18,22,24,33,93 " David 30,94 Census, Population 11,22,24,25,145. 162,177,184 Census, Religious Attendance 240,241 Chantry Survey 179 Chapel of Ease 33,34,39 Charcoal 74,76,125,151 Chartulary 42,45-48,69,74,75,89 Chetelber 34,35 Chevet 18,21,22,25,50 Children 180,181,197,198 Cholera 193,194
Churchwarden 42,209-213,217 Civil War 1,68,95 Claybrooke 50 Clayton West 18,22,26 Coal 3,65,77,139,156-164 0 Measures 9-13,23 0 miners 26 0 mining 13,14 162-164 00 -accidents Coke 150,155,163,255 Colliery 12,13 Colyton 186 Conisbrough 9,13,64,65 Constable 47,70,71,92,97,105-109,210, 235-238 Copyhold 120,122 Core families 186,211-220 Cork Lane (see Calker Lane) Cruck 129,279,305,323 Cudworth 18,22 Cumberworth 18,22,27,32 Curate 34,238 Cutlers 14,59 Cuxham 75 Darfield 16,18,22,32ý35,44,46.48,50,811. 87,135,239 Darley 43,47-49,242 0 Cliff 19,43,45,87,97 0 Hall 43,48 0 Main 205,249 Darton 9,18,22,31,105 Datestone 264,284,289,303,312,326 Denby 18,20,22,93 Depopulation 25 Derbyshire 14,28,76 Diary -Adam Eyre 29,93-95 0 -CallaFiennes 94,104 0 -John Hobson 29,94,140,141,273, 305 Dinnington 9,13 Dodworth 9,13,18,22,26,29-31,47,54,56,63, 66,87,165 Domesday 18,20-23,27.33,34,44,45,67,74 Doncaster 8,9,14,16,29,30,49.81,82.89-91 95.105,106,247 Dove Cliff 16,43,53-60,63,73,75,83,87,255 Ducking stool 67,235 Ecclesfield 9,31,32,187 Edmunds family 4,45,95,130,134,137,160, 175,213,219,227,242 Elmhlrst family 4,41,47,58,88,95,120-123, 131,134,160,175,213,220,227,278-289 292,303,314 Elsecar 9,102 Emigration 194,212-216 Enclosure 132-138,183 6 Act (1816) 4,39,49,89,113.136,215 Estreat 181,182 Falthwaite 40,43,49 Farmstead 116,128-130 Fields 42,71,117-120,128,149,151,247 Flax 119,145 Framework knitters 145 Friar Tail 73 Furnace -blast 67,74,101 0- Chapeltown 76 0- Rockley Low 149,153-155 0 -Rockley Upper 91,108,149-153 a- Worsbrough Bridge 155 Genn House 43,68,123.129,157,208, 278,289-292 Genn Lane 87,89,92,97
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Glassworks3,164,165,205 Goldthorpe9,12,13 GooseHulls 56,131,255 GrammarSchool 34 GrangeIng 43 ' Moor 97 GreatNorthRoad 14,23,81 GreatRebuilding 264 Grenoside 16 Grimethorpe9 Gunpowder 163,164 Gunthwaite18,22,26 Harborough 11,15,39 Havercroft18,22 HayGreen 19,43,56,57,87,276-278 Hazlehead29,93 HearthTax 22,24,31,182,216,288,314 Hernsworth9,10,18,22,23,25,31 Hickleton 9,12,13,16 High Hoyland 18,22,43 Highstone 15,41,43,53,55-58,73,75, 87,119,200,208 Highways 80-103 -accidents 97,98 - causeys 85,87,91-93 - costs 85-89,101-103 -guideposts 28,94,95 -lanes 89,247 -maintenance 84,88,100 newturnpike 99 bars 97 -toll - travel 93-96 - turnpike 56,81,82,89,96,97,247 - Act 15,18,96 Hillfort 8,15,39,40,43 Hollingwell 56,69 Hollyfodder 74,132 HootonPagnell 9,13,27,50,75 Houndhill 41.43.54,56-60,68,87,88,90, 92,142,208,279-288 Hoyland 9,18,47,120 " Common 54,87 " Swaine 18,22 Illegitimacy 198-200 Illiteracy 340,341 Immigration 24,26,189,200.2C)5, 212-216 Iron 3,31,40,62,76,83,125 IronAge 8,15,39,40,71 Ironstone 56,61,148,152 IvasWood 43 KendalGreen 60,87,119,142,143,156, 207,253 Keresforth23,41,49,54 Kexbrough 16,18,22 Kiln 64 KIngstone41 KIngwell 53,56,59,69,87,92 Landscape3,43,80,247-255 Langseft 18,22 Lays 88,227 Leaders(seeCarriers) Leather 83,140,141 Lecturer 41,239,330 Leeds 3,10,82,97,187 Lewden 42,43,47,54-57,63,64,68, 87-90,97,156,202,207,233, 253-255,305,310-314 Spring 43 Limestone 14,64,65,156 London 28,29,82,95,96 MagneslanLimestone 9,12,13,23 Maltby 9,13 Manchester82,83 N-
Manor- Darley 48 46,49 Rockley 45,48 Worsbrough CourtRoll 4,19,40,46,47,58-62, 65-67,75,109,120,122,128, 133,158,236 Manure 65,66 Market27-30 Barnsley29,30,82 Wakefield 82 Marriage 30,185-189,195-197,220 MarrowHouse 207,326-328 Mearstone 41,42 Mexborough9,12 MiddleAges 14,47-49,67,74,95 Militia Return(1806) 27,143-145, 200,215,238 Mill - Rockley 46,67,138 0 -Lewden 47,67,87,106,138,253 0 -Worsbrough 43-45,67,87,138,341 MillstoneGrit 9,10,23,55 Monk Bretton 16,18,19,22,23.45,74,75, 119,141,314 MonkSpring 43,73,74 MoorLeysWood 43,73 MotorwayM1 3,148,247,253 Myddle 2,44,75,193,197 Nailmakers31,154,155 Nallmaking 31,148 Nonconformity 186,238-242 Norwichhousing 343 Notton 18,22 Nun Appleton 4,19,45,48,126,128 Occupationareas203 Osiers 56,64 Ouslethwaite19,43,49,123,130,292-295 Outhornmoney 47 Overfield 43,47 Overseer-Highways 57-59,83-93,96, 100,102,112,210 -Poor 24,29,157,199,210,226,230 Packhorse83,90-92 Pantry 43,56,58,87-89 Papermill 106,141,142 ParishBooks 4,28,34 ParishRegisters4,28,30,166,178 Penistone9,11,18,22,29,41,60,303 Pennines 3,10,14,23,64,82,130 Perambulation41,42 Pilley 56,87 PindarOaks 39,43,54,75 PIngle 70 Poll Tax 22,24,27,140,142,289 Poor 216,223-227 Poor Law Union 137,227 Population 21-26,31,32,82,204 aBarnsley 11,31,194 Leeds 82 "0Sheffield 11,82 Wapentake 22,25 aPotters 65 ProbateInventory 6,158,267-273,278, 295,298,308,314,316,320,334 Protestantism34 Quarries 56-60 dating 58 grindstones 59,60 Illegal 60 QuarterSessions 95,96,104,108, 157,213 Railway 83,112,113,156,253 Reservoir54,56,73,75 ResiantRoll 179,180 Rivernavigation14,67
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River Dearne 12,32,40,1111 " Don 9,10,14,17,32,82 " Dove 4,9,12,40,47,53-56,63, 66,87,103,106,111,141 " Humber 10,17 Rob Royd 87,89,208 Rockley 35,40,46-49,68,69,76,89,91, 108-112,123-126,137,148-156. 251,252 " Abbey 43,46,49,64,253,299 " Old Hall 43,46,47,49,87,295 " Smithies 40.61,67,74,148,253 Romans 14-16,71,82,148 Rotherham 8,81,82,106 Round Green 40,43,49,54,123 Royston 9,18,22,187 Sand 53,56,61-63 Sandstone 11,53-61 Sellons 44,71 Settlement Act 93 Settlement pattern 50 Sewers 92,93 Sheffield 3.8,9,11,14,28,30,31,39,59. 81,82,89,90,97,187, Shortwood 43,87,89 Sickness 227-235 Silkstone 5,9,13,18,22,33,77, 83,162,187,211 Smithley 40,41,43,54 Smithy (78 Kingwell) 314-316 Smoke hood 276,308,320 Social structure 205-211,221-223 Sod Hall 213,273-275 Soil 53,63-66,120 South Yorkshire 1,3,5,8,10,14,28,30,75, 91,187,189,232,240,251,265,270 South Yorkshire -fields 71 -geography 10-14 - mining 13 - origin 8 - rivers 10,54 ' settlement 14-16 Spooner survey 39,137 Stainborough 9,15,18,22,26,30,31,33, 39,40,43,45,46,49,50,53-56, 62,87,112 Staincross 15,32,33,105 Common 15,32,33 N Stairfoot 87,90,106,110,113 Staveley 150 Stoneleigh 6 Strafford, Earl of, 5,26,42,49,53,123, 134,148,298 Suit Roll 182 Swaithe 19,42,46-48,53-56,73,75,87,90, 94,119,253-255 " Hall 68,76,87,91,92,239, 279,299-305 " House 207,278,305-310 Tankersley 9,12,18,22,26,29-32,61,237 Common 43,54,61 a Tanning 89,140,175 Templeborough 16 Terns maker 64,166 Terling 176,195,197 Thurgoland 18,22,26 Thurlstone 17,18,22,24,26,31 Tickhill 9,47,105 Timber 72,76,125 Tithe Commutation (1838) 4,39,76,77 Tithes 33 Town fields 11,45 Vermin 137,138,237 Vermuyden 13
Vicarage 69,71.328-335 Wages 57,70,71,84,92-95,100-103,152, 153,166,167 Wakefield 9,10,55,82,89,93,94,104,110 Wapentake 10,17,20,25,27,32,81,82,89, 93,94,130,187 boundary 32-35 Agbrigg 18.32 Osgoldcross 18,105 Staincross 9,10,15,16-27,31-33, 35,105,143 Strafforth 9,10,18,22,32,35.47 War Office beds list 30 Ward Green 56,69,87,97 Warren 39,43,54,137 Waste 12,21-23,66,89,126,133,134,340 Wath 9,12,27 Weavers 26,27,142-148,205 Weaving 136,142-148 Weaving mill 142,143 Wells 68-71 Wentworth 9,18,22,53.208 Wentworth, Vernon FTW 137,242 West Bretton 16,18,22,26 West Riding 8,10,83,143 Wetlands 14,64 Wharricliffe 16,94 Wharrarn Percy 44 Whickham 2,M1115,1157,185 White Cross 56,69,87.89,94,125,211, 249,32()-323 Wigfall 43,75,116-120 Wigston 2,133,145 Wintersett 18,22 Wirc (Weorc) 17,42 Wombwell 9,18,22,40.106,112 I Wood 43,54,56,63,73 Woodland 40,71-77,149,253 -clearance 75 Income 72 Woolley 18,22 " Bank 43 4 Edge Rock 55 Workhouse 226 Worsbrough Bridge 54,64,97,200,240, 249,253 Worsbrough Common 39,41,43,54-56. 70,87,136,146,189,193,197,200,202, 249-251,275 Worsbrough Dale 49,54,56,62,63,86,87, 92,94,112,113,116,189,202,205,249 Worsbrough Village 42,44,54-56,69,87, 99,126,200 Worsbrough - boundaries 39-42 - church 28,33,34,55-57.126,134, 217-220,298.336 *cross 27,28,33 dependancy 32-35 ** -Fair 27-29 * -fields 126-128 Hall 87,130,208,337 ownership 45-51 Park 65 pond 44,67,68 population 22,177-185, 190-198,2D4 school 34,93,340,341 Terriers 330 Msitations 34,183,217,239 Wortley 9,18,22,26,27,32.94 Yews 19,54,75,87,249 York 82,86,94,95,175
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