Wyatt, Nicolas (1976) The relationship of Yahweh and El - Glasgow

Wyatt, Nicolas (1976) The relationship of Yahweh and El: a study of two cults and their related mythology. PhD thesis.

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.. ýýý,.

The relationship

a study

their

of

of

two cults

related

Nicolas

Yahweh and Ell.

and

mythology.

Wyatt

ý; ý.

A thesis

submitted

Degree of Doctor rin

October ý ý ._,ý ý. u.:

of Ssbrwr

languages

University

the

of Philosophy

the " ®artänont

and Semitic

for

in the

of Glasgow. 1976.

1

I 'Preface .. tee..

This

is

thesis

the

result

and ': eraitia

Hebrew

of

Langusgee,

part

of It

was done in

are

entirely

my own.

the

under

during

John rdacdonald,

Professor

done in

work

the

the

of

of

supervision

No

1970-1976.

period

and the

collaboration,

Department

views

expressed

r.

I

should

Professor

like

to

.e

express

my thanks

John Macdonald,

for

his

to

followings

the

and

assistance

encouragement;

Dr. parts

John Frye of

the

of

the

thesis

and to my wife, thesis,

the"Witwatersrandy

Univeritty`of offered and

comments

whose task

was hardest

coping

the

typed

the

style

and my handwriting.

with

of

who read

and criticism; all,

peculiarities

in

that

of both

Octiber

1ýd

she my

1976

Contentia.

i

Preface (Abstract) aryr

1 3

Abbroviationa Note

8

comrentihns

on,, spelling

9

Introduction chaptor

1

^he

West I ttio

rent

olmat a)

Chapter 2

11

godderce"em

t"

b)

CAttart

16

c)

Asorah

19

Noten

29

The divine

45

marriare

a)

The marriage

b)

The bterogaaay in CIA 23

o)

Ntkkal

d)

The story

e)

A note on the possible

and birth

in C

spirode

12

47 53

24

and the moon-gods £

62

of Abraham and Hagar

and alluded

literary

of the various

relationship

mythe. diacueceä

73

to

77

Notes Chapter

3

The theology

of atonement and related

The problem

b)

The Passover festival

ii) iii)

rasoover

90 103 103

and the seven year cycle

108

Passover as; a low Year festival The sacrificial

pact ..

d) , The -dying god The rising

vod ,

ý,z

115 117

a), The scapegoat

a)

90

motifs

of G`TA 12

a)

i)

46

Y; k

129 133

iii f)

The death-and-resurrection

ii) iii)

iv)

137

tradition

Sinai

i)

The time of year of the Sinai The three-day

vii)

events

The time of the month of the Clinai

141

events

141

The blowing

trumpet

146

of Moses

147

the

of

The theophany

149

at' I-Anat

The theology

otthe

Sinai

thöophany

Dibilical

1"

155

Notes Chapter 4

139 140

motif

V) The presentation vi)

and the

motif

179

theophaniea

a)

Lz. 24.10

179

b)

Dt. 33.2,3

184

o)

Ps. 68.5-9,18

190,

d)

Jg. 5.4,5,20

192

a)

other

195

f)

passages

"-Theophanias Theophantes

g) .

in the

'patriarcha1'age'

in

wilderness-randering

the

197

tradition

h)

Chapter

to Moses of the divine

Thi revelation name Yahweh

204,

Notes

210

228

51 The West Semitic

a)

i) ii) iii) b)

gods of

'hi-'

formation

The god Z1 in the patriarchal 11 in Ugarit The patriarchal T2ie'otsaology

traditions

228 228 229

`epithets of El

El -cf

230' 242

iv; c)

Chapter

6

The god of the fathers

242

Notes

252

264

Yahweh

a)

The historical

b)

The #kenite

i) ii)

iii)

266

hypothesis'

266

Regarding Uoaes

268

Cain

Regarding

The nature

iv)

265

problem

of Lenite

The limitations

269

religion

of the

'kenite 271

hypothesis'

i)

ii) iii) d)

Chapter

7

273

htymology

c)

The fora

B`WV'

The

forms

short

The problems

274

282 285

of Ex*3*13-15

Was Yahweh a moon-Cod?

288

Notes

295

Yahweh and E1 in

312

Judah

a)

The positive

interaction

313

b)

The negative

reaction

319

326

Notes Chapter

8

Yahweh and Li

in

332

Israel to non-Yahwist

332

a)

Hosea's

b)

The golden

c)

The Ba; aara cycle

353

d)

Pa. 106.19-22

355

e)

Pentateuchal

references

f)

The evidence

of

Notes

allusions

cults

345

calf

to

Deuteronomy

Cod

356 367

371

V

Conclusion

387

Bibliography

390,

of works; cited

....

ý, ,

r

I (Abstract).

Oua my

: his

thesis

the, early

which characterises It

(cb. 1) wttb

begins

and her relationship

that

the

of the

history

enquiry

Aserah in south Arabia marriaCe

Ugarit

too she retains

that

first

our

in examined (ch. 2),

its

connections

the possibility rassover#.

is

Thin lunar

that

other

sc. El)

theophapy

then

Ieraelite

lunar

is

themselves Various

cbncerned,

to a lunar

planet

Venue.

discussed

further

the traditions

conneotiona,

and that

descriptions

and

concerning

of the winai

suggesting

tested

and

examinedg together

atonement rites#

that the chief

did. (ch. 4) by an exazaination

of

from the Old Testament.

Zany

In which Yahweh and El alternately deity

character#

theology,

certainly

in

in which the moon-god

the deified

behind

of the

16) we have a

and the cult-legend

rite,

hypothesis

triad,

CTA 12# is

ancient

explored

deity

solar

(Cenesia

of

may have had lunar

'patriarchal'

original

with

appears that

an atonement myth is

we have an ancient

Yahweh, himselt

paasaaea,

into

the scapegoat

theophany,

various

texteg

develcpment

_its with

Ugeritio.

and the motif

of her original

vestiges

and sun.. goddese become the parents

(ch. 3),

line

the

Bujgesting

in which it

debased forc% of the myth of the divine

the

clue

was a sun-goddess,

in the Abraham and ßagar narrative

One of

in to the goddess Aserah

it

take.

should

divine

"'eat Sonitic

to both Yahweh and El in different

we find

that

religion.

of the chief

an examination.

as contort

Levant.

of the syncreticu

of Israelite

and comes to the view- that

goddesses,

parts,

out to determine. the nature

sets

are found to contain

appear to have been the elements

which land

interpretation.

forma of El in the West Semitic

(ch. 5) and the care is presented

for

the likely

world

are then examined

nature

of the god an

2 moon-god, albeit

an ancient

to the so-called 'the

god of

a disguised-

formula

original

The traditioüä

etymological

problems

The original

lunar

interpretation

of their

the

Israel

it

great

rival

religion the

of

from

two gods on the

the

of

a hint

the narrative in certain

reservations

of strong

their

noting that

cultv'suggeato

as the

of Hosea and such traditions

L1t not I3aoal badad as commonly supposed, who is , in fact the is Yahweh official cult and whose of

of the northern exodus

tradition

kingdom;

El

regarded

was then

This

and that

god who saved

by the

taken5over

iahwiat

the

'kerygaa'

the original

as. the

in

that

to the conclusion

leads

and the Balsam oracles is

Egypt.

an a reasonable

suggeste3

in Judah and while

In ch. 8'a treatment calf

are discussed.

the tetragrammaton

the Jeruaalem

of Genesis 3 preserves

golden

and the

evaluatedt

interrelationship

nature

sioilar in

identification

quarters.

the

of the evidence.

Ch. 7 discusses

basis

is

of Tahw©h is

nature

we have in

that

i. ne of Yahwism are considered

bypothesis

concerning

ie paid

attention,.

to Ll.

the on

concerning

specific

and in the treatment

suggested

reference.

ch. 5, in which the kenite

in

is

it

fathers'l

the

Particular

of the patriarchs,

religion

from this

emancipated

time,

in most areaa from an early

role

of

largely

bts

community

people in

Israel. oaition

to

a *tit1ur

tLO two a saaosebah

and aecondli",

Jsrsal.

as his

ldvntLItcattCf

Do ýYdo ,.

example

the

of

1' .. ýs wife,

to be t., e icemw of

by Pope for of

an kin;

caEic`uarieß,

two reaorvaticne

other

tc tAer'a

iden-Ufted.

:: eo e

ttias

a eon or

role

here we C'nuld coo %,.e

understood

largely

3

sýerib, a

aver _

lcrr, alite

debate

for the

of a ll

ii

for

U, t, xt; e to

cver..

were undorutood

and an anorak-pole,

natter

)3y taKtn tpok

Ba°al

otandard

of

13

la

vcrl4

roa . tion

tt: e : at.. or'a

usurping,

pr, -tender

in, tzieýsnaient

are in

two develoý caonts mny wri

one or

the

fron

x^oddesame n"ed

Canaanite

only

religion'

rand n out=4

cult-prostitution

tye

0x9ttart.

a normal

cota,

Yahreh,

of

worciip

at.-ainnt

isreelite

in

feature

does not

contest.

Israel,

it

a

15 Znore

ii) Uearit

cult

is

in

mention on which

in

she appears

cttrt

risk

Bacal

is

L);

here

speaking 0Anat

consort in

0Attart

head,

your

here*

the

gdqdkl yea loron

smash,

al

smash

your

patet27 his

invoke

most plausibly

and would

28 we have

same episode

cAnat Although

interruption

a curious

in

the

Again it In

described

from 'the

example

is

in

the

most

first

the

of

(.TA 14 111 145f.

is

cAttart

the

L'urriya ß

(2 1 40)

is e.

likely

and

missing,

be

might

atrt)

sUipposition

-a

supports. Baoal

as identical dauhter

left....

his

rebukes

see her

to

(i.

(below)

story

saae episode

reasonable

goddess

former

i. eret

0ttrt °Attart

or Aerate

the

only

eia1h

hand,

cAnat

either

effect

tuhd

right

name of

that

notes

restoredl29

the

en]t

his

aÖtzes

of

most

Ginsberg

)

occasions

hrn]

Glory-of-Sao

the

[ymnh

where

four

are

wit. j her

deal

figats

Bacal's

which

(say bcl

may Heron

River,

ytbr

r[hrn

ytb

nhr

had any distinct

via s:. all There

as

literatures

t.. e epic

tpt

CTA 2i7,8s

0 Judge

here.

texts

fact

so far

she ever

Accordingly

in

in

goddess

we may wonders

whether

Ugarit.

Ugaritic

the

t4. at

concerned,

own in

her

an identification

of

The latter

by herself

evidence of

0Attart"26

with

so rarely

textual

beginning

of the

evidence

cAnat

of

appears

1)

is

(2 i

with

of King

2v),

0Anat. Fabel

is

taunt (dk)

nem

km ts, n The beauty

(and)

of

ant

n mh

ottrt 0Anat

ts(nh] in

as tue loveliness

her

of

beauty,

0Attart

is

her loveliness.

16Thing

pace Lapelrüd,

calla.

'identical

Bacal

with

CTA 17-20) not

have

the

32

assimilations,

It

cAnat,

of

CTA.17 vi: -16ff")AHNET83f. ),

Was c (ºAnat'a

can only

broken)

when-robuffed.

distant

connecticn

local

in both-instances. 5o far cAnat-, Aserah.

----q

as Israelite cAttart

and

Istar/cAttart

thou; h

to

Aghat

being

to suppose a theme adapted to of the piece

-

:-, is

religion

an t4at.

seems more. probable

fusion

the

concerned,

chat

of

of.. and.

v,

..

-ý1Attart.

34

of

frön

nrae

"to

assemble",

"pace

"the

evening

basis'

, 'in

have

etymologies

the

Venust* Ichich

denote

(even

33

meaning

this

having

-:

A variety Lods;

text,,

text

the villain

t

ba

of

goddesses

the

the-sequel,.

conon

Baool

with.

the

of

does

(C1lgamech vi

to Cilgamesh

between the two -a

0Anat

words

rage

cycle31

that

parallel

tu not,, unrsason&ble

- 'It,

- with

conditions

from

Aghat

the

ccitaot)"betwoen-°Anat's

and in: the: conoequent

by the

an example

in

a raaarkable

be inferred

had had

enjoys

we have here

and those,, of Iätar.

cAttart

in

replaces-°Attart is

-Tagrs

same, tacit

late

distinctive

that

seethe

overwhelmed

relationship-she

eeems, toAe

exant-points

that

The relatively

intimate

cult.,

to

we are

possible

as being.

of what, he

a case

was wholly

which

0 Anat.

perbaps.

her

absorbed,

Ugarit,. or

tust,

is

It

`

has been noted

there

elsewhere.

with-no

in

cult

obviously

to

ii).

an-in

a separate

seems pretty

parallelism',

identification

arrival

39.

canes

presumably

per'soneaV-bonefit,.

.

aru

been o"fered. 'with

-According

we `would though

have

the

stars

to 'suppose

weI should

Babylonian

thelepeoifio

in 'review'@'_ denöting passes

then

to-

the

in

planet',

review':

Cn

an infixed

t to

expect

the

form

17 cttrt

cttrt.

of

instead

Dt. 7.13,28.4,189 of

'wonb',

Were

to

Fos ibly

the too

These of

the

fact

due to

developments

s theological

represents

Venus-star,

an

function

in

South

on the

ietre

riche,

form,

if

connected

fall'

" *to forted

thug

the

Deuteronomy bore the

since the

falls

passages'

in

too,

expected

simply

soznothing-

rin infixed

form

to

like

the

deities.

of

The

then

a`stem

Barton

both'a

fatar';

that

of

38

ottr The and an

birth

giving

and to

to

against

the

Etyckmans

as infixed,

Albright

he did. 3 not

4a

of

Arabic

suggested

explained

a star"'.

this

as a result

womb. " Ile referrc&

°ttr. be

and cthr

for

transitive

a mother

(which

'"c; arkle,

irrigation

as the" source.

oannotrbe

would

meano 'Venus-star'-or

evening

and

The argument

support.

from

deity.

from it

t,

have

from

and the t

name form

more likely

it-is

god.

of'the

q"referrind-

which

name may derive

'raeanina

iloweverl

he-argued,

raeanin,

offspring

applies

q with,

'the

derivation

a supposed

37

times

at

°Attar

as a god of

with`°ttrg'ie'derived

would,

intransitive

of

the

acccunt

Intotbo

form

the

Ryckmans'drow'1ttention'to

Arabia

developiaent

the functional catara

basis

irriguer'.

se®, -hiu

division

obscure.

fertility'#"

behind

a feminine

this

of

as-we*shsll

is

of

°Attar's

bifurcation

°ttr

etymology

tako"into

`being-"simply

ledtto-his

morning'appearancos

fail'to

I3DB

'©wes'.

or pöpular'stymologieä,

shift, the

and reflecting

a meaning

force

womb'.

e®naee is*y b ve been understood

these

semantic

was the

deity

the`fetnale

the

require.

find

to

atte: npte

in

usage

name moans 'Oho of the

tt: e divine

and other

while

to

p aoe tgeag su;, -, cgtir, 1- a meaning 36 na.-ne simply means 'iife'.

the

name of

that

0ttr,

M.

biblical

the

to

lt h' ? 'appearo

519 were

ao ti at

r'efera35

"° Patai

39

suk,gested identify) Pöcaibly

it

that

18 is

It

in

probably least

that

is

that

CAttar

into

in

which the

triad,

of

and their

couple

Sun-goddess

son.

and is

to be seen as lying

pantheon.,

this

should

(over

but

in

other

CAttart

re

since

goddess,

of

Semitic

world

star

the

perhaps

alluded

Terrible

x44

since context

and the

goddeea,

if

our of

42

reltöion,

versions

the

of

0Attar

that

importance

of

sons

sons, in

of fir©tborn

in

to It

is

roaarks

the

Aghat

not on

to

into

As the

two.

name is

;; omitic

Levantine

a pre-Semitio

0Attar.

dovelopi

this

with

the fertility

nt there going

role

of war remaining

with

the

cttr

orzg

'°Attar

quite CAttart are

title

so simple

as this,

as a Canaanite true,

then

tho

in

that

appears

remaining

Uaaritio

story,

it

4

and the

star,

morning

whose ;, eat

direct

the

him as wa1om while

role

the

both

he splits

of labour,

may have been a division to

divine

generally

and wars

a goddess#

find

also

as the morning

himself

always

(father),

Arabian

and the

everºing

by assimilation

perhaps

-

is

son performs

fertility

he becomes

star

evening

the

of

parts

the

the

as the

ones as deity

indirect

given

and above all

Arabia

south

of Venus

functions

a son,

is

the

generally.

society s'bilo

incredible

to

primal

Semitin

all

is

it

daughters)

aZainst

senitic

behind

South

more

rather

Moon-god

(eon),

in

element

context,

be anything

of

-

was simply

This

the

of

the

and Venus-star

to be the primary

but

oldest

argues

is

it

But

group

The triad

and thus

god appears.

family

the

agreed

In

Arabian

the

Albright

forms,

at derivative

out.

(mother),

41

forma.

and female

not

the

deity.

the

of

androCynous,

male

look

to

ter--is

-

was originally

appropriate

in

form

we find

god that

Arabian

South

developed

rationalicod

context

the

of

god043 the

couraet

goddess,

in

has a fierce

the aspect,

19 is

which

first

nt

appears bis

from

by her

accentuated

in

elsewhere

curious

the

epiLo$es

In gesopotania

form

doubted

of

the word

the

in

.

Lioebito

see many impcrtant

appears to (®äO

tar

but

then deity

tho

6

istar): becomes

influence

the

of'

0Attar,

absorbed

47 namne. - :, o. pervasive

his -'of

fors

the

Israel.

praierved,,

her name, -

that

society

is

`

4a term fot' goc des3s3'.

becomes the general

dictinction;

of the

the

htcrophany)ere

but

the

of

jrcddeas

prophetic,

and har tue

and Jer. 2.27f. 9 10.3ff.. in 1

tho

this icon

in

seeing

Old Teotaaºent

simply

polo.

very'

(i.

5°

In

gednes

the

only in

median

in

subsequent object

cult

much' a'mc: derit

e. -the

world. of

scholars

goddess,

been made between

-ancient,

satires

too

of

sacred

bas often cöurso

Indeed,

lama Acerah.

exiotence

object,

one in the

Very

is no unanimity

names, there

in

a distinction

and tt, e. t; odde in,

tradition

and in

,is

divine

a cult

a rcfererce-to

46.1P.

"We shall

who has virtually

significance

past,

be made-of

45

in Mesopotamian

Iätar

the

regarding

studios#.

with

to be seen as duo to

Inanna,

ß3e other

Arg with ,

üee

name identified

49

o). "4ä®rah.

the

found

becomes i

n=e

the deterziinatiYe,

without

tie icy only

ditferent4evolopaent

an akkadianined

the influence-of

Ala cicle,

the

(°ttr)

the

of

goddasn

adopting

judge

Ugarit

In', probably

This

tbeý3WWerinn

the

in

Anat"

importance,

he can be discerned

that

0Attar to

in

0Attar-Chemoah.

CAttar

The,. maaculine

in

tAis

a ratLer,

lave-takenýplaco.

while,

with

both

and rites

a goddess.

in

as

however,

subaequentlyg

role

Levant

god Chenosh,

national

with

to have declined

night

rather

identification

0

'

of her--4

eo can'any`a'ense Ie. 44.9ff.,

45.20,

(Seei 81ßo the-much more archaic -

20 A goddess

by her

se'

pattern

J Aserah

The goddess as the

consort (sc*

Asertu derived

from

deities

as husband

which

the

clearly

of

all

to

the

of the

'seventy

is

'the

in

Albright

J'tr

it

is in

tradition

later

Aäerah,

otudy.

60

of

perhaps

is

59

it

sea',

'to

come sort,

in

Bearing

in

El

to

it

'day'

to

the

on the

an

some cozaic

have moved to undoubted

this

:; oaitio

battle view origin

( om).

new skills

of

a desert

is

'sea'. as AM

reading

in

is

such an interpretation The goddess

it

meaning

and reflects in

58

participle, this

as

of this

translation

taking

part

not. of

and

this

Lady who walks

the

mind

mother

6

ilm,

qnyt

parallel

force,

took

to ask if

so instead

environment,

in

But

seems to

Albright

However, goda do develop to a changing

consort

The usual

walk').

Aserah

which

was originally

her

954

as we have seen,

'the

or

transitive

sight

.

called

always ym..

ilt

}hat

to be an intransitive

atrt

reasonable

At Eirat

plausible. figure

it

the

of

a sea-monster.

with

atrt

meaning

that

possible

- rbt

takes

(. '9r)

ancient

his

another

two

first

the

seen collectively, Almost

undoubtedly

he is

il for

An. auch ake is

gods',

Lady Acerah

sea'"57 from

55

qny srs),

as husband,

over

titles,

L1

except

il

has an explicit

lacrah'rs

pair-to

pantheon,

sand of Aserah'.

we have

title

the

Ba0al.

'progenetrix

as the

to be re, «arded

the

regards

the

each situation.

53

Boghazkoy,

god taking

storm

in

(so.

interestingly

Cho of

above).

of

interloper

the

of the

be taken

gods

certainly

and wife

we mentioned

is

source,

J

of

followed

oertitinly

Eikunirsa

god fron

(and

a variety

epithets,

almost

storm

the

motif

is

The myth of

a %, anaanito

to

reference

of Ugarit

of 1.1.52

atrt)and

or. her

role,

apparent

in

found

name have generally

the

of

and explanations

contexts,

is

as Aserah

recognisable

(yarn/i),

61

rind functions

and Aserah quite

clearly

in re zp once acquired

21

0

various

connections ciao-a

Ugaritýsuo

diVine,

by the

accompanied Äserah'.

in

even though

implies

this

we are

the

of

.e

aea-traffic

discern

to

unable,

in

it

function,

thq

always

ts.,,:.

to

far

of quite

Ugaritt

using

of-Tyro,

sailora,

to

fisherman

the

sonne' ezariti

of. tine extensive

vier

At

cult.

Vnose no

as dgy atrtp62

role

have been patroness

also

"idä wamrrg

aacistant.

od's

Presumably

reasonable

sea in her 2evsntine

withths

ihe. ucy

Keret

makes

a vow when he comes: i lqdi3

irm afIrta ,vltlt 63

lyrý ad M*

to the sanctuary

The mention to

Phoenician

(t. ou,g

of

religion

65

Ilybloa

the

to

biblical

c 'Attart

of

The inscription

trio

though

Lady

of of

name of the

64

;;idoniana',

the

Perh

pa the

aast. -a® that

to

seams gratuitous

the

allusions

later).

some centurieo

'my miatresc.

satte process,

in

and

,Adonianse

the

of

for

only

it

since

Tyriane,

the

of

goddess

interesting,

confused.

are

referring the

reflect

to

we meet

a fusion,

writers

Aäerah

tr. eso thi,, e frora

course

we have here biblical

is

Sidon

of

of

Tehawmilk

Bybloa'

may

goddess

is

of

not

given. It there

should

from /atr/aär

laft--purely

basic the

that

tiae been no dis? ute,

deriving is

be noted

as a consort she may play

role case

'to

for

cAnat

in

(whichever

in

the

Canaanite/Phoenician

so far

as I

walk';

and at

figure# her

her

own right, etymology

acs awareq the

of

context, the

saue time,

name not

relating

as we have be accepted)

name the

goddess

to

shown to and

any be

0Attart.

22 is

This

important, below

present to her

that

South

In

At least,

Baal.

for

fora

we meet

tho

forgot the Eut

Jg. 2.13

Now the

are

likely

not

tte: i.

identified

that'tho

evidence,

(identified

is

simply

the

& great

Baoale

the

and

CA tart. and

Ila9a1

it

course

is

why use now one, from

seen,

now the

used,

'Anat)

Sidonians

tt

went

would

and if then

consort,

was-Ba°al'e

other,

and oti, er

among'the

two named are

that

possible

biblical

least

at

two divine

the

confuaed

two goddesses were moant;

with

dserah

she may of course have had an'tndepondent

not.

was probably

of

goddess

If

have

though

just

assure that

reasonable1to 0Attart

cuief

CAttart?

has becoae

how

}

serve

to

Eut°then

as we have

ifq

especially

66 ).

that

Yahweh. They

god and served

Yahweh to

names n', )`ibO, and 1Y1XW ), they

of

of Israel's

Thus JZ, 3.7 describes

{Sýtiv,

deserted

writers

wife

differentlys

speak they

' att the

is the construction

glance

Yahweh their

Aäerahs

role.

original

did what displeases

the Israelites

look

we must

put upon the descriptions

tobe

I "shall

view

Aserah

hir

of

the

apparently,

goddess,

by the Leuterononict.

apostasy

to

so with

an idea

first at

that

see-as to be intended.

lcnds"support

0Attart,

as 'ith

Arabian

Israel

it

because

Lothar

Lut

g6dde3s.

thore

cult

seems a better

oxplsnation. If sacred

era turn

for

ve find

polar

a massebah

(e. g.

she is

Bacal's

not

another or

god.

a deity

settlement

at

to

am anent it

usually

2 X. 18.4). then

consort,

Presumably

In

other

of

the

with

a standing

If

pole

is

the the

with words,

stone

for

stone,

the

goddess

must be sacred

sanctuaries Yahweh in we must

the

goddess,

paired

at Israelite

identified became who period.

icon

the

this the

auppoce

and

to

was Yahweh

postAserah

to have

23 been or become Yehweh!.v, consort... lator.

this

TLta in_Whiph

passages but

not

tke

distinatton,

objects

belcnging

tia

hed,

cut

for

down),

whole

point,

and other than

intactp

the

her. dcvey all

verve.

of t: at

and where

sae

kind,

primarily

1n,, tue of, cult

the

a Uother,

or not

in

cult to

conformin& (v. 49 pillars

centralisation,

trgatment

wassebah.

the

appropriate,

cult

all

the syncretistic, are

purging

Tihigh the

the

the

of Jerusalem...

B"Ut of

and no doubt

her

Bile brctk

in ht

and to

thane=, sacred,

women wcve clotaea

levantine

A'erah

Course

.te temple, WAD ila-tihe

context

of

idolatrous

tri 4tipns, of

The

object

destroyed.

down t.. e, house, of

Israelite as in

Aaaint

of

an accoapanying

of Yahseh.

prostitutes

A'erjh

olt

of unacceptable

lie pulled

-

aoemn to be a

destruction

Rscim),

paraphernalia

arecord&

68

of Yahweh he reaov®d

temple,

consort

rinds

to 19cause

etandig,

2, k. 23,,, tZero.

the.. wholesale.

which

2io, Aenttox

so,

waa, lett

, 'in

ole

acerah-.

cauced, no offence*

refor

while

'abominable'

clearly

following;

is

curelyp

and. te

destroy

V. 6 reads&

no mention

Yahweh is left

to

und the, more aelecýive

the,. templo.

in

instructed

67

it

sacred pole right tl. ere

is

ot. er deities

From the

Again

Gideon

;)t. 12. ree; urding

of

polen

ýo., assume

tiia

Yahweh,

botroen. to

uiremento

reserved

of

reasonable

he does

kossibly :

th*ole,

is

() 7výh

accordingly

by.

for

rvoerved.

of

it,

which

Jg. 6.25,

of. Joaish'a

careful,

re

.d

to be confirmed

appear

treatment

atone

to is°a1

iccn

ent1uclasm,

the

the

assebah.

alco

would

special

Thus in

tt,

the

made. of

cull

it.

beside, ,

being

for

dedicated,

an altar atania

so find

apparently

bectde

stood

suppocition

Ve Ebull. see " toe significance .

to

seers coattal cult

of

for

wale Yahweh

AAerah.

have had much the cities.

derived

he Is

tauch of its

as

24 panoply In this of

types

The sacred

'tree

the

the

'to

asiru

aeirtu,

'straight',

one.

older

74

'happy'. tribal

(perhaps

from'wasaru

nave to

tribe

the

cult

to

form

of

the

the is

this

of the

( 1'??? )q which .1T

17.10) for to

stoWa1k, Akk.

described'the the

replacing

the V `1'

meaning in

is'preserved the

may reflect

the`

of this

devotion

has been understood

5o Aserah

goddess 075

a Hebrew

Thus

adjective

(a

a tree70

and may'have

goddess,

every

'Wem; -cf.

cog.

69

was probably

meaning

of the°'pole.

posture

linked

stoney

according

be straight"72

A masculine Asher

'on

aa'we11Taa

--perhaps

Perhaps

its

the`goideaas

or upright

73

beforehand.

an surrogate

derivedy

mother-

millennia

(2`t:

tree'

may have beoome,. the. name of

epithet

for

alongside

stood

From this

name of

means;

%/'iVN

ae3ru,

71

up;

spreading

every

trunk*vhicb

life').

etymology,

set

the pers6nality

to, pre-Semitic

levant

the

which'waa

a tree

of

in

way`of'ltfe.

assimilated

°Attart-°Anat)

of

also

and under

origin

certainly

worshipped

pole,

hill

go',

(as

goddess

goddess

in

it-almost

respect

the

high

äettled economy and

from the agricultural

as the goddess of good fortune. These ideas Israelite

but

worship,

two principles

into

the

past

of

Aserahl'

i)

The gods

of

the

`as

prehictory, good kind

so to

which

are

deities

the

gun,

in

slowly

felt

linked-to'some, noon

and sture,

of

gives

abstract

objeot wind

principlestµlike

Wseems

rather

tobe

in'their°--ý

not'begin-life,

greater

'tneologioal

-a

bulk:

to

a fun

bare-, 'by itself.

earth'

this

to me that

or natural>phenoaenon,

and rain,

further

us to probe

be secondary

always

which

spoak,

did

or whatever;

must

in the background,, to

oblige

world

cr goddesses

understanding

overcoat', deity

grids

ancient

motherhood,

fortune, of

have been present

may well

tion

of

"-'Rather as such''.

and'akyq'and-so

on.

25 Thus Aser`ah could deified

ßanotuary is

This

for ii)

the

Semttes

but

locales,

76

level, is

the

and so too

Relicim

; mitt's

recognised monumental

inscriptions

ing

in

South of

goddess to

be the

this

the general

pattern the

of

oonsort

here

Aserah

iii

titlom

'throughout

epithets rrabian

according

for

is

Moon-god

'in the

the

the

different

points

name to,

form

moans.

She appears 9

since

týat`'the

pantheons'ia it

that

appears

'orho has a variety'

-origii

appear-

attrat.

'databan.

L'un-goddess,

' states,

Aäerah 8A

Uoon-god.?

, atabanlan

featureaq

millennium,

G'e ünd

state'of

to be seen as a Sun-goddess, the

fron: the

of th4)so

first

argumcnt..

for

Lt is widely

Aserah.

the

the South: Arabian

the' original

Gentext

in

of Wadd, the

in

panthoon

has mangarchaio

into

well

Ugarit,

as in

nage appears

consort

pantheons

as W. R.

works

of the dating

estimates

to weaken the

Arabia,

This

level. Semitic

early

with

South 'Arabia

of

them fairly

tends

on an ethnic

which can be reconstructed

even though the most recent

and therefore

at

on a religious

Likewise

the religion

thht

bring

most plausibly

Semites.

0 form of Attart.

inscriptions

it

which

must look; to the South'Arabian we

We argued that the earliest

various

such earlier'aynthetio

the

of

their

itudiea4on

of recent

so for

and was already

iri

can be demonstrated

operates

true

especially

stare

more tentatively

possibly

context",

planets* and

a prehistory This

förm:

the

appear

suddenly

level,

presupposition

and is

to

likely

twnerian) e.

(i.

or tae

troop

sacred

have 'a'more

not

regaird

have

and cultural

the

societies,

seen as a conmon prehistory. linguistic

did

Mesopotamian

with

do not

The Semites

or

mother,

Indo-European

earliest

historical

atr

if"ýwe -

so in

among all

the

Larth

-

patently

as also

be the

ating

of

pies=ably in`r the

The etymology

as South

''flhbb',

/'tr mean-in1'-'brilliance'',

to Nielaon, ' Rycicmano, Jamme`, and' Caskel,

80

and' ad atrt

26 means 'the Caskel Is

His

north? that

to

area,

the

of

the

with

owe very

Rather

does it

the

with

of

religion

seems to

nörth.

of inity

greater

the

names does ideas

religious

is

it

into

the

the

south,

little

to

seem

characteristic

religion

of

product

more sophisticated

communities. is

And this their

It

In

to other

overall

archaic

form

contemporary

reflect

it

Semitic

is the

of

Semitic

of

that

a far

the all of

this, the

the of

pantheon

Father

we have

than

is

found

in

non-Semitin

also

the

suggested

(ýdoon-god),

the

the

of as

as well

in

by the

Crescent. th`ät

the

by Niel seng i. e. 11 1 Uothar

in

least more

rest

peoples

Fertile

ir. terecting

at

taken

fertilisation,

cross-cultural with

has

a far

systems,

has been,

there

here,

south. of

evolution

a slight

Arabian

moved in is

the

that

greater

it

in

fringes

likely

where

Semites

late

fairly

to new circumstances

south

and mergence

the

only

inscrirtions

earliest

itself

religion

world,

the

desert

on the

accommodate

structure

areas"into'which

triad

well

peoples

words,

confrontation

reäcnstructiori

of

may very

settlement,

Allowing

dating

would, imply

Ln turn

religion

place.

late

the

where

of nomadic

settlement

divine

::yrian

be reconstructed,

influence

of interest.

longer

of

of

conclusions While

one or two divine

the

But we

other.

another.

of

character

general

peoplesq'than

This

the

the

a far

settled

the

82

'civilised' share

incidence

from

draw tentative

emerge in

a penetration

as it"can

so far

of nomadic

is

the

indicate

Arabian

to

one way or the

proof

which

patterns

bay that

seem to

the

any certain

from

goddess.

seem to me

does not

and it

rhetorical,

in terms of probabilitiesl'and

one area

true

in

question

we can offer 10

can talk in

is

the

of

provenance

Ell

or has she been introduced

Arabie",

South

of the

pröhilem

the

raises

home in

her

Reaplendent'.

'the

Brilliant',

cü

.3i::

(sun-goddess),

the -.. r

and

27 :, on. (Venus-star) been

fact

to the

while

element

autre

begotten

but

Agreeing

light

triadic

the

South

to look

it

Semitic

functions (or

deities texts

Da0al's of

the

appears

which

where

context,

children

other to

the

in

is

but

authority

by sharing

treatment

period

is

local

scene,

the clarification

Does this

always in

Aserah

of

religious

important

that

it

with

triad

South

first

of

spirits in

of

no way lose

in

king

first-born

takeqver Arabian

the

broadly

correspond the

The

triad?

South

their

Arabian

final

others.

of the three of their

the

the

-

the

AUaing

can presumably

gods and minor

Nielsen's

at

the

examine

proclaimed

hint

in

addressed

Ugarit

from

to be seen as tno

scene

lunar

the

to subordinate

Ugarit.

0Attar

have been accomplished

many other

This

in

pre-

while

we shall

Aserah

CAttar

the

1s evidence

recognised

evolution

with

see that

which

85

Aserah. to

fact

there

and

functions,

particular

by a natural

CAttar has

suggests

sons of

Ugarit,

was still

episode stead

their.

CTA 129 23 and 24 which

c: nnection

mysterious

in

the

we. have, originally_the

may have been passed

pair

in

hypostases)

- particularly the

that

the

of

here

in

are Ll

couple

partly

We small

only-

pantheon

by a syncretism

and partly

of Syria?

cults

and solar

functions

tout

Semitic

all

Ugaritic

who have lost in

unt..

as the

not

of

divine

teat

possible,.

ý.

of many others.

the

the

slight -

'exclusive-do

not

Venus-star

at

Here

consort:

a new environment,

is

common source

mate

has not in , .v"; ,

is, tiae acknowledge.

first-born,

as the

and become generalised in

the

Arabian. Is

and his

moon-god

and sees

tempting

(Atirat)..

Aserah

it

tea

requires

And that

primary,

rather

on an ult

it-is of

84

it

All

be plausible.

divin',

sont

religion,

to much criticism.

subject

shown to be false.

modification that

(,. while

8

major West Semitic

distinctive

roles

of the second millennium

goddesses,

and characters

is not at first

and

in the sight

of

28 particular

relevance

to the

Aserab,

however,

The goddess Israelite

cult,

and 'therefore'

bearing

on the

of-the

nature

mythology solar view

'indicate,

which

role

as wö shall

i Blow

suggesi

that

aee

In

pairing

Ugaritic of her

something

the been a

originally

that

sug4eoti

the

or at' any rate

presentation Palestine. which

due to

are

The problems ire shall

try

W. Yahweh In' 'Israelite.

of TAserah'and

same role

the

been

may'kave'once

thanaspects

of his

influence

raised'by to deal'in

t_

i

come

Ugarit

and support`

hl may have

the

have

.:

The apparent

with

in

elements

in

nature

her.

'with

in 'sane' strata, that

moon god.

Yahweh,

are

origins.

importance her

s about

associated

there

`least at

persisted

we shall

oonclu'si'oz gods

religious

of great

was'olearlyº

ti, "and

she was the "consortt"Of

of Israelite

question

of these the

the

and cultic of El

cult

suggestions following

by

fulfilled

literary

religion

are

chapters.

in those

'

29

Noten 1

See p. 9 for

2

J. itorgenstern, (1966)9

note

3

ibe

ARIA

contrast

5

73;

of

cAnat

The Hebrew roddeas, 1,1965),

The violent

7

Or. cit.,

(1967),

T'erhaps

froij

Kapelrud,

6l-64,97-100;

'time',

ley

following

'appointed

'oaten'.

The violent

(1952),

66-75;

Haussig,

Patai,

Varterbuch

'to

answer',

so 'she

Albright.

Perhaps

time'.

Ors instead,

who gives )

lieb..

cog.

9

cog. Akk.

So also Dahood in Le antiche

divinita

(1958)X81. 28.

From a parallel

'dirge'

lieb. 9

1) V having .,

777)" 9'

CrA 61

10

YCC, 117.., . Zý

La deeease Anst, (1938);

Raff Shamra texts,

the

Op. cit.,

':

202.

(4T 1971);.

Math,

27f..

'aign'p

semi, 8

But

approval.

"pith.

see Virolleaud,

gooddess,

answers',

Akk., ettu, ettu,

(1969), goddeea,

The violent

(19023),

and

235-241,333..

27.

definite

In

op. cit.,

-Deuteronomy,

Kä Basal: in

6

apart

quite,

The Ras f; hamra discoveries

to)4bright,

The roddeas ,

poddes&,

(vol.

as will

-

discussion

Cascuto,,

Besidea,

different,

quite

Kapelrud,

See, below. For

it.

difference

-.

refera.

Driver,

over. the

or has ignored

pa: aea are

Chrietianityg

of

antecedents

(L"T, 1965)t62"

01d Tostament,

129 Kapelrud,.

4

tie

goddesses.

Soe Albright, the

spellings.

has glossed

onyint

and

aleph

Cne.

on conventional

Morgenstern

be shown below, from

Chapter

Dome significant

03.

between

to

2-10.

Akk. also

e_ttu, the

'a

stream

same uense

(cf.

of

tears', iv, 7. ßv ,

13::B9

30 11

iU)i,

BDB,, under is

There is

R. North,

13

This et

ýlv ý. as

explained 'Flesh

(vol.

1'Odyeee,

2,1928),

it,,

Understood, in

chat.

] merely springo

coastal

to

the

antedate

of

14

the

personified

which

used-to

Amorite,

according,

165;, Vincent,

all

-to

coming

that

37)o,

0Anat

allow

and purple-trade in

presumably

the

part

early

location

a desert

of

in

refse

fron

the

', Lode,

Hittite

origin.

link

discerned

the

n. 3)9

....

dItlephantine,

Israa1, This

Dagan

would it'ia

Of court.,

go.3deme at

a-eremitic inoongruouo

otherwise

If

916. this

then

same area.

overloading

(LT 1932), 134,

sucCests

find

in

would

support

botween'Ba°äl-(i.

name hd occasionally

represented

3tIl 37(1928)ß

1Lea Amorrheenals'

by Kapelrud, on cit.

'Hurri an or Hittite-weather-god' being

not

would

des Judbo-Ara*Gns

would--explain

Ugaritic

numorous

all

by ihoenician

0Anat is not°originally;

of, =the panthebn).

the

manifestation of

the maritime

Dhorme,

god, '(säe,

0Anat

interesting

toponymic

Hittite

Ly suggestion

both cited

an Amorite

posatble.

[a

Ino

Tbiz

Phoenicians,

La religion

(1937)9637ff.,;

(which

of his

spirit

the

notes,

abstraction

of

ýLee Pheniciens

no time-licit.

sets

possible

this

by M. C. Astour,

flsherr!.

second-millennium*

support

204-206.

be; visited

development

at'least

is

the

the

of-the

activities

in

and saw in

sea-aen and, purple-snail

VT 5(1955),

Bug as Astour

208.

mythology,.

though

by V. Berard,

4018 cited

of°oourse,

Hoa. 10.10,

..

has been` suggested

flallenosemittcat(19672),

of

intercourse'.

and response',

covering

etynology:

theory

'marital

i: B, 720i

Cf.

another-possibleýoccurrence-at

better

12

773.

used

Teäsub,

by. t1e same ideograms

the

e. Hadad, of him)

cf.

and the

the two divine dIg.

a

(i: epelrud,

names }3aa1,

_ ý:..

31 15

. cit.,

206.

16

Horodotua

i

trampling

(Loeb

edn.,

AY}:T, 11 (liathor)

cf.

motif

n. l*

325,

A. D. Codloy)

ed.

3 it

M&

with

On the 27ff.

(oAnat ). 17

'The

children

61

41)

C'A

4 vi

19;

'the

46 etc.; 'the

and

On Basal

18

of

otc.;

(see

deity

a storm

and eventually

supposedly

had a temple

This

in

discussion Ugarit

the

of

poacibility

reemployment

I

in

actively

another

as a whole.

the

basis

;; tnce

of

that

stelae.

CTA 4i

4ff.,

restored

from.

//4

our

temple

Daen

two votive

o

'Les

at stelae,

iv

fouillos

iss 16(1935),

identification,

tue

to

germane

of

by

situation

wan an El teaple(perhaps

C. b'. A. wchaeffer,

the

20

it

he does not

a different

basis

He

god.

discovered.

so-called

6e campagne',

votive

though

course

on the

as to

h. g. CTA 3v7,17.

of

the

hesitation

19

shall

is

role

chthonian

so far

in

surviving

pnntheon,

a grain

even texts

mythical

Cf.

de Rae :3hw, ra-Ugarit, Be expresses

into

Ugarit,

at

simply

Dagan? ).

1.1 absorbed

various

developed

much wore liýely

it

;ýv,mitio

developed

rods

was identified

think

2.

37 etc""

see CTA 21

The earlia

Roberts,

functions,

appear

_ii), CPA 30 obv.

Dagan appears to have been originally

18f. ) who naturally

(1972),

499

C-TA 15 iii

dr bn ii),

sons'

4 iv

bn atrt),

(dr

ii'

of

(bn d-n j,

son'

an's

8: x1,53,65.

Lapelrud,

family

of E1'n

(I'bcm

Aierah'

of

sons

'the

also

51 We

C7'A 4 iv

atrt),

seventy

circle

ae'Da

(bn

Aierah'

47ff.

155ff. made on

i which context

we

examines 1ysh tr [ill

There is a problem

11 abh

mlk d knnh

of interpretaticn

here,

GinaborC (AAL'r, 133)

32 the

has Bacal

He cries to gee also but

it

issue

manages to

do wtthout'any

'unto/to',

(though

the

preposition,

according

On the

hand,

El his

Bull his

king

A:ýIR, 7l.

the

other

aentencei

unto

EI the

AhlatrOm raises

the

of

subject

begetter.

This

syh can be construed

verb

her

? or-I19

his

leaves

but

wife), to

replying the

the

makes Aserah

issue

in

himself

daughter

of

us with

the

line

private

father,

)

conrnunication.

by having

Hearken,

thou

'

shouts,

her into'being. 11 (as

welly

unedifying

581

more,

still

in

a

without

UL932 renders

King 11, who brouht This

to

corresponding

preposition

context,

and also

paternity,

to Y. Onodera,

loudly

in, the

makes sense

of taaalto

Gordon,

father,

Aserah

184,

to

speaking

hl

of

epectacle,

Thespia29

Gaaterg

au

presumably,

confuses

.1 about

Baals

sovereign

10 21

The instances

to which ý1]y"Il`l

Jg. 3.31,5.6;

her

1:. 2.26,

Jeremiah

and the

Chronicler.

indicate

at

least

a former,

the

divine

cAttart

ý°ý Tl1Py, as manifestations

the

c Anat-Bothel in

appears

containing

plural

name:

the

vowels

generally of

of majesty

1 who didet nand is

father,

call

found

Jos. 21.18 These if

are#

him into

the like

personal cult.

Beth

Shen

Jg. 1.33; in

times

and place

names

The goddess" !INr:Tl

and in

250,

An Elephantine.

form

usually

of

though

explained

as referring

goddess, ilm

being...

DW -1--A-1A W

and several

defunct, from

on a stela

appears

his

Joe- 15.59; T13l'II`ZL Jos- 19.36,

211I1]1) Is. 10.30,1

name also

Bull-god,

of

+"22 explained

as

I °a:ý not,. convinced; to, the

and

any local ,s .

in. my view-a more likely 13"i13N,, or an example of ä> but

r-o,'

33

by way of dissimilation. A. van den Brandeng for

th176V may be from

from *Vil`ý11TVýv.Likewise

being

examples

Gra-imaire

Cn hýý

4. Jaatro-x, ,

'The

öý see

rhenicisnneý(1969)q11q

ab a fo

of -6t

(1970)9379f..

ä> phenomenon

On the

ago in

lieb. g Dahoodq Psa1 ns iii . 'powers,

as representing in

element

and

see

Hebrew proper

JBL 13

names',

(1894), 19_30. 23

'.Ye have

in

exsrples

appropriating

I; au1la

, aufs

2 5.12.8;

his

wives, father's

35.81

an ox forBacal

and

and lau

t, eeping

queen-mother ch. 8, 24

.1

is

0Anat

in

this

CAttart,

in

®T, (i. l

tce is

as ccnsort

lbol

way - &apolrud, with

titer

alp

-

cuitio,

interprets See

watrt,

which

B a1,77.

On

see Hvidberg,

1962), not

take

1 K. 2.2lf..

Abishag,

as identical

to

and jolomon

and Aserah

has

David

Absalas

advises

for

to Abner

oxception

2 w. 3-7f.;

2 ,3.16.20-22; request

has been interpreted Anerah

Ahitophel

Adonijah's

takes

Rizpah,

concubine

concubines!

as treason ,A

cirs Ishbaal

the

57.

The role

political.

See

of

the

n. 2. c3Yled

Kin6s tgly grs

CPA 4 iv dd il mlk

wtbu

snip ab

She enters the See also

passages

the

habitation in

23f. s

n. 21.

think mlkn align 40 tptn win d°lnh

of B1 and comes to

abode of

the

Banal

is

called

exalted

kings

ib.

father. 11.43f.

bC1

Your decree is

'Aliyan

(Aliyan

our judge,

Banal)

the

king,

Banal is

our king,

and there

is none

above him '.

s

34 ch. 3, nn"29-41.

See"alsos

Pope, El in 'the Ugaritic

25

U..

26

Xapelrud,

distinct.

2008.6-8)

does not

two divine - 'Her

personality, equally

'by the

sm bol

5o Caster,

idea (i.

is

name -taw-

for

perpetuate sons.

as

improbable to

the

the goal

of

the

reputations

a man is

Cfo also

BDB, 1020,

this

sense

name of

The late

swim).

offspring,

'remembered' 'glory'

hypoatasia at

least

in

who

hic

is

coated

circumloci&tion

f]Wil

INa.-2a theology'

the notion

dwelling in

make a

", for may

too.

Jeuteronaaic

I find

131V-'AD)N

('to

wý wuoh a meaning for would also sake better so-called

The

phrase

and to

Where W-

all*

UL, 12.

a deity.

the men of Babel

twat

c Ba

Irepittationt

biblical

Genall-4),

Ezek. 39.13.

of

and

is

Cordon,

name for

canoes

wyria

certain

'oAttart

ÄNLT, 130;

Cineberg,

tboraselvea';

7eph. 3.19f., have

distincti

na, ae) as in

or in

irameliately

quite

extends

e. a well-known

though

is

to

rune was

of

',

53,

one

boundaries

that

a singularly

(Nwu. 16.2)

tue

rendered

9154;

he stems the

Ming

c2icit.,

liow-ever,

uncertainty*

generally

a 'name'

of

beyond

may bs. refl

since to

a

clearly

hand Patai,

nwas was Anath.

far

are

question

names as referring

oritinslly

op. cit.

this

in other

name Astarte...

two were

the

find

on the

ye

he bxpreaees

afterwards

I

The text

proper

known,

well

Falestine,

ottrt

fin**

and cites

two godissses

tue

see an identification,

rurally

the

regard

38P. ß-disagrees,

where

ta4olo?

a conservative

that

is

This

Texts, -(1955)"

`oddess,

The violent

(Gordon

text

27

ý,4.

century, But

Dt. 12.5

of the Name as san®rkind

in the chosen canctuary

the, eighth

have been developed.

(e. g.

Eenme of the

to

rather

of implausible,

when ouch a theology see the

and

bSD as something

must akin

35 to

`1Db of Yahweh makes satisfactory

the

extensive J. r. dersen, 28

Later

0Anat

verbs

in

1_il

claims

to

Kapelrud,

(1926),

35ff.,

the

c Ba

victory.

al's

verbs

29

r.N r, 130, n. 8.

30

Op.cit.,

31

See Albright,

relative

op. cit.,

71f.

s AB cycle

'betxeen

basis

of

that

the

Aqht

the

to

referring

singular,

Ugaritic

in

Bronze'

a paper

at

-

i. e. back

-

i. e.

13th.

the

and Krt

a text

of

the

See also

in

and CPA texts

does not

of

i. e.

-

1975, arguel

the

Amarna as, later.

and 24 appeared

co nuns aux

(1939),

ßL3

on

formsq

and yagtulu

grazaaticale

course

the

Internaticnal

before

12,23

to

necessarily

The

76-83.

the

reflect

age

preserved. These

46.

CTA 29 rev-3;

RS 24.252

sacrificial 33 obv. 1;

obv. 2 (°Anat

mythologiquos ºith

from

at de Ras Sharara',

op. cit.,

by herself

were

'Une particularite

tradition

Kapolrud,

texts

4oacati,

2100-1600;

centuries'

3rde pe tagtulü

the

EA:XR 150

Prose'*

by Dahood in

and fifteenth

use of

d'h1-Amarna

texten

pairing

tte

AD cycle,

A. Herdner,

texten

in

Aistleitner

of the IABR, Lancaster, - August 18tn.

the

of

follows

earliest'

'tdiddle

Y. C`nodera,

congress

date

as do

Cordon, UL, 19f..

endorsed

'the

seventeenth

1650-1450.

Cf.

late

dating

Aght

millenniui;

while

the

we take

singular,

person

61f.,

person

'Speci! nena of

35 -a

Krt

if

39.

(195v)9

third

Yam herso>lf,

137; r, At3F, ,

goddess,

as second

in

247ff.

be first

Ginsberg

The violent

reading

to

discussion

see the

have beaten

93;

op. cit.,

`fl0,

of

Israel

CPA 3 iii

Cassuto,

32

field

psychic

On the

sense.

0Anatseo

at

liturgiques', Bv' 24.290

11.6,9);

lists 37.6;

Attart

mention 38.19394;

39.16. '2touveauz

C. Virolleaud, Ugaritica

o'bv. 9=1l92,3_rev.

V,

551.

For

1, 'Uparitica

V,

36.545f")" 33

11 Istar.

1-74; 'Hausgig,

35

Israel,

81-6,170f.,

op-cit.,

133"

and

'The *,Semitic

Barton,

10 (1893-4),

250-21 3ý8-40.

..,

n. 25. P

56,298

p. cit.,

in the. literature

) 9, (1893), 131-165;

(AJ.

Hebraica

cult',

god

(1949), 72-b3;

J: 1T38

; ion of Canaan',

roll

34

'The: deaert

Gray,

Literatures

! Atb"

,, ýr

f,.

36 pan, 37

! Las roliaiana

(7. Uyckuana, tnd, I. L:ortier,

Histcire

ods.,

2, Gorce

in

arabes : preeislamiquesº, desýreligiona.,

generale

-(1947),

iv,

328*" it s

was. of

the

she was called

by

identified,

the -equivalence

described

the

`1j1 99

Eigennamen!,

no, problem.

in

which,

also,

subsequently

9ý where

is

that

_is

! La: f

Brussels,

but

'star-venue'

'Llamitiscbe

'The

Cu p.. 174,

Nehemiah

Persian

'Esther',

be thought

eight

we find

rabbi

name was Eadassah,

1:. he observes,

in=footnote

that

astrum,

see i, L. Yghuda,

f...

traditions 13a,

Late

1946,174-178..

JR

11egi11s

ý),

cayin

But

dubicus.

neune hutber',

Talmud,

Babylonian

(-Tcs- 'unfixed'

(protuetic)

coupon, the

to, a Tulcudio

be refers

smooth

<

cu,-,goction

of

meaning

the

(perhaps

Cdk.. amrrjp

äa-rv)p1,

au ! certain! is

V?1t

with 6(]892),

of, -N, -and--Greek equivalence

de lelgart',

internationale, South

of-:,

Dyý L. Lipinski,

resuicrectiön

in

70,

Arabic

see

-

I

37 Ryckmans, tUne grsmnaire 14 meridionale',

56 (1943),

Letuseon

is

origin

de 1farabie

An Indo-European

142. it

though

unlikely,

perhaps

dialeotoa

dea anciens

be entirely-

cannot

V

ruled"out.,,

41

ARI, 81.

Also Roberta,

masculinity, 42

sea#flycamans, op. cit.

BAA i, (1227), 213ff.,

Nielsen,

thaory'i8

genoral,

of Nielsen's the end*

but leaves

it

almost

intact

at

CTA 6 i-55f.

crz ß

is

rendered

(1957)

as

by Driver,

as 'violent'

ivy

256ff..

`Ct %k, 141,

A?+tL"'2t

and as 'terrible'

'brilliant',

J. Gray proposes

'lielel,

by Ginsberg,

'tyrant'

(19652), 66i n. 4, and-this Canaa, of by 'P. C. Craigie,

327, and Brillant

39. ý

So Roberta; o . cit.,

by

The legacy is

interpretation

of-

accepted

and 1'haethon (Jeia. 14.12-15)

Athtar

'9

(1973), 223-225.

z'85

(the aeahao of

The inscription Textbook it

that the

shortcomings

Ryclanans, op. cit.,

des religions

genorale

Gordon, UL, 44.

45

itB 55

preialamique',

See also-Jaruroö, °-'Le--panth4on sud. arabe preislamique',

(1947), 60 llf., uaeon

140;

,

by James,

who sets out.. to indicate~the

sweeping theory,

in Hiatoire

44

and passim in his works. - His

summarised and criticised

(1948), 227-244,

43

i330.

et Is pantheon sud-arabe

'D. Uivlsen

Le

For his pure

39.

op. cit.:

of Sian at

identification

divine that

') name

the

sanotuary

alone.

Chomosh may be an epithet

would

appear

given

possibly

to be supported to

(1971), .

in

inscription

the

or hypoatacis

Dibon"(Haussig,

of

oAttar.

$292)

or to

that the

suggests

tk. - city-name'Ap&ono)'r

op. cit.

suggests

1.13,

Gray; - n1-: 3 8, ', P-789

by the

Gibson,

i, p. 81,

Kerioth

Elsewhere

waa made. 5 appears

of

1.17.

Utone),

inscriptions,

Semitic

aas only

Lloabite

This

38 (prcbabiy:

ICirliareseth, Historical 373.

I:ir-3oab

or

°Ir-Loab,

Smith,

of the Holy I.andq (193125,1966

gooZaphy

Also . Xerioth

) clttar

of the I: eaha0 inscription? beidentified

war--god would naturally

), edn. as

Area in the

with

5e1eucld period.

46

Roberta, o . cit.,

47

Ct. Roberts#

48

Jastrow,

39.

.,

loc. cit.,

Aspects

of

'one must suspect religious

Lucaerian influence'.

belief

and practice...

AS rah

in

(1911),

129. 49

Literatures (1949)1 (.

'The goddess

Patai,

205ff..

50

wo W. R. 2ßith,

Cf.. Driver,

The religbn

supplementary Cfe the

to

approaches

a belief

of

n. 131 'the

in gcneral,

52

in

father' (Y)

viva..

It

of

religion',

3. J. Siegel), , friends is

"the

Siva"',.

wooden image

comparative

ßaa1,? 5, for

translation refers

to

uomon/goddesses

(19273),

Aserah. referrad

In

'Anthropological

(Biennial

review

250, n.

of

am reminded

Patai,

is

not

op.cit.,

On hierophanios

'.

see Eliade,

(ET 1958), of thin

ch. 1 and

acsim.

problem.

With

47f. 9 (see n. 20) the 'her

CTA 23 rev. to

'I

(phallus)

linga

'bdolatry',.

of CTA 4 iv

see S. A, Cook'a

See also

discussion

187f..

in

was Aserab...

iong

reli,

9

560f..

A. Bharati,

of

37-52

)CC, Ajz, 73-77; 1a-,

5enitee,

op. cit.,

and the problem of

wee kspolrud, Gordon's

ed.

of my Hindu

the-symbol

Patterns

study

(1971),

lnthropology,

293,

asc: ertion the

op. cit.

For the change,

Smith,

note-in

splendid

of

202f..

op. cit.,

the

Old Testament,

Janine,

(1947), 60 1O1-114); Albright, useon

I

of

);

ch"l.

the

J21E3 24 (1965),

A46rah',

1967,

The Hebrew goddess,

(Le

51

The goddess

Reed,

aus.

45. E wo have

the

two

39 £1' "

bt ilAt -...

-

wclmh attm.. " the

daughter(a)'of

Ll, his

and/indeed're look

at

two wives,

it

We shall are

difficult

this

presumably

as their

53

A:rZ , 519.

..ee Pope, op. cit.

54

Occurring

55

20. See above, n.

56

L. U. crA 4i

CTA 41

Aserah)

23 and

latter of

division

of

labour

to

pair

not

an interesting

is

'the

bearer

into

a theogonic

(Bacal

Perhaps

of

contrast Do

peoples'. (El

pair

oAnat)?

and

El's ,

and title

to reflect seems the

of

proceiiß

way when fixed

under

still

may however

gracious

(1.24),

49f.

of creatures'

however.

function,

qnyt

lima

of ybmt

'creator

-

to be

37ff..

This

assim.

and a co nogonic

of bnybnwt

r

4 iv

if.

title

gods

there

mother.

some kind

we have

who suckles

If

them is

one of

the

)

core...

below, (ch. 2).

least

at

El (dittograph?

of

ever

text

seems that

as Aierah,

to

for

wife/wives

understood

0Anat'n

daughter(s)

the

in

division

texts.

the

mean 'progen4trix'.

the

See Ahlsträt,

d

A IR, 71ff.. 57

==9

Ginsberg, Caster,

and Gordon, 'queen

o . cit.,

76 (omitting

rbt)q

58

ART, 76.

See also

59

TGC, 105f

'The

also

J9 loc. cit.

by Baoal or

60

Albright,

lady

'she

ULl

'Lady

on the

who walks 3, art.

who treads

of

the-sea'.

Asherat-of

EJ# vol.

AfJ rah

Such a function

sea'. 704.

Sea(-DraCon)'.

has later

;;:sith,

on. cit.

9561,

(note

So

been taken over

cAnat.

ARI, 76;

sea'.

Albright,,

'Aserah',

on the

the

by Cook).

40 33 (by°iaplication).

Patois o . cit., 61

; o. Nte1

30.

Amurru?

see Y, U. Bernbardt,

Read; aß 'Lady

left

still

the a'nrr in the binomial

, Is

197ff.

god

und im Alten

Ugarit

166.

Perhaps gds' is

case the two prepositions

indeteralnate.

the Amorite

#Aechera it

MIODA 13} (1967),

CTA-14 iv

73f".

is

the meaning of \/! tr

CTA 3 vi

Testament',

63

by Gray, ' op. ait.,

quoted

of day',

atrt 62

en,

the divine

name, in which

balances

to QQud$uthe Aserah. of the Tyrianc, (the

and to Elat taking

Be* Dahood, Psalms iii"(1970),

435.;

hundred, prophete. of döersh

(1 K. 18.19)

from Tyre.

Jezebel

1 K. 11.59-2

65

AU T, 656. bolt

rbty roi

have

Dated fifth/fourth

a king

do Bybloa',

of Tyre. of Tabnit

of

(1.3). reads

The text

century.

Sea. 3 (1950),

of the

century.

(A. Dapont-5omcier,

gbl

by

'Ethbaal

is

K. 23.13. r-See also the inscription fifth

our

introduced

be aas in fact

LITET,662) dated early

Sidon

on which technique

We also

Though her father

in 1"K. 16.3],

Sidoniana' 64

a double duty,

as"performing

atrt

of theýSidonianu

Aserah)

'L'inscription

36).

de Xahawailk

Does rbtly)

to

refer

Aserah? 66

The plural local

form in generally

usage elsewhere

(as in Jg. 2.13)

the

plurality.

Yahweh (Dt. 6.4)"

article Limply

of

As with

may indicate 'goddesses',

the different,.

this

not do.

will

hand has made an incomplete

some editorial

contrast

(like

these -the

a generic without

diverse -

Perhaps in view of the singular

madonnas of today).

village

that

of the deities

manifestations

as indicatin.

explained

no-gods

with;

expression-'(b`)

the

It

may be to

attempt oneness

7y1, i'n.

679 the ,

use of the.. terTav meaning-

specifying

who they are.

of_

41 67

of the article

On the significance (p+405)9

the

the

of

deity,

the

contrary

it

was never a 'proper

if

this

argument from

evidence

it

I

the

some kind the is

there

the

bearing

deity

the

Even

ter=.

that

view

that

into

- surely

require

we would

justify

on

the Hebrew,

and that

from an appellative

do not-believe

so that

specific

migrations

name'? - to a general

OT to

the

was undoubtedly

usage implies,

be rejectedq

the

to.

referred

evidence,

of

storm-god

any such ßaoal

appellative

indeterminate.

still

that

1 do not believe

implacable

enemies.

Sobriquet,

perhaps

does not

of

in

course

propaganda

in

In

(see n. 67)ß since

We have, oddly,

the of

his

real fact

the

alter the

that

support

fact

hands

of

this,

This

names Jerubbaal. is

in

Gideon's

witness

it

it

became

two cults

that

the

the opposite

an example of

was originally

story

much later

till

not

probably

thia

over Baoa1-worship,

Yahwism-triumphing

of

title, khe

j.n common use at the time ofdtribal

alters

as the

I would argue that

name, as a divine

use of the article

68

to

lv--'lord'

nata of the eod'.

Canaan, as the Ugaritic

-ie

see C. J126e

y patl is explained

term

general

'as proper

already

is

in

where the article

application

2LTh), (

piece

a splendid

Deuteronoiaisto

in

procedure

in'-,

Camariat

1 K. 16.33 Ahab seta up a sacred pole in hick newly-consecrated (0: his temple of god elgart? mention

issnade is

removed in the

since while

;the asereh-pole

reforming

)in

äaciaria.

Wo

one is

set ups

of a maasebah, though presumably

it

the. cult_is-overtly

See ch. 3 º1, i2.ý

is

'reform'

supposedly

not that

Jehoram at umeoi,that

of Jehora left

(2,, r,

standing*

of Yahweh, while

-U2):Di4t here

perhaps

even a

Aserah would be happy, with

42, äu©band. a

Yahweh for its

because

days of

a legitimate

whofobjected'to

No criticism

so important

obviously Interestingly

hochem, '" .

massebah at

(Joo. 24.26).

to the Covenant tradition

(deliberately? ) the tore is not used, ý)TA is the neutral 1nLN. Its real identity

however clear

Jg. 9"t.

fron

of fundamental

a point

Bere`the

atone is

importance

as will

dedi'cated'to later

become

'

clear. 69

41).

opcit.,

however,

but instead

El,

at*'the

is levelled

the

even by those`

pursuit (Patai

Cult'.

`a2 in

was concidered,

religious

the iä°ä1'

he 'did not' touch "

mean" I that

of 'Aserah

the worship

Ahab,

could

It

B.! nati,

Cee* e. g.,

the'Hebröwag'-(1963),

Paleatine'before

256

and index.

70

Smith,

71

Thin

say

the axic

Driver,

the

explain

there'may

mundi, that

elements

op. cit.

two mysteriois

be come confusion

seems likely both

168; ,

op. cit.

the tree

of

trees

as to which

of life

the writer

because

9202o °

his

in

Gen. 3.

tree'wäý

While

originally

of knowledge-9 it

or that

(ei) bäo deliberately t, Ianti-Canaanite

preserved'

propaghndal'see

b o1o:a, ch. 7. 72

TIDßI80&Kßý95,

73

wee Lode, op cit.,

134.

(1902)

and 4inckler

his"bibliography s©o` -

name could be dependent a tJ Cf. ratio 74

Ile also chentiöno the idea of-Zimmern no-93 - that

the

'o nctuary'. .

on Akk. asirtu

atr.

I3DD' 81, Cohenj Dictionnaire

dea racines

(1970), 35'. (where the equivalence

lsr

se'nitiques,

sr is

°faac. i

aua eoted);..

Modist "loc. cit..

75

See Patai,

o . oit., 293f., n. 15, following

Lode ` op. cit.,

Reed, op. cit:;

13o, 134, mentions a hypothetical

8or., 87.

Äsor(ak n god

43 to Asa. tribe

has the

30.13. to

76

together

The second

part

of

we shall

see in

the

enbuin,

key

tö many aspects

this

ar, ýu,uont cif ýtoscati'a

(ed. )

kosct ti

Jamrne, op. cit.,

he is

dealing

idea.

the

and

Sowever, be the

in

cautious, biOr

as a manifestation the

same deity

since

of

RE-itt text, they

are

Jamme, op. cit.,

109, n. 4b7,

for

81

Loc. cit..

ýa. ý.

,_ý.

82

Ryckmans,

o . cit., that

312,

his

bore

describing

haussig,

16 (1959), the

Moon.

tuat

too

187,

considerably

497,

as taking,

Jamcne remarks cannot

gender. Haussig,

. ý,.,i :.,

is

tue

a., endorsing on. cit.,

of different

mentions

sun.

seems

Wadd and Atirat

references;

a

on the

section

fence,

Bacalsamin

of course

is

übodokanakia in

though

ardor w'trt;

kyckaana

to

refers

van den Dranden,

concerning

op. cit.,

Aa-rah

on tie

safely

but

in

her

with

as 'Mond und :'

too

Dedan, but

religion.

The Cemitea in

byt

that

assert

80

in

the

of

cult

though

semitiche,

RWý, 3534bi

'trt

Ilbfner,

..

-0f

Israelite

Ryckmans,

sits

330,

goddess

refers

rantbeon.

110,

o2. oit.,

quoting

196ff.,

Gen*

op. cit..

cites

actually

insecure,

while

(ed. ),

109,

o-4t.,

couple

at

an aspect

tüe

otudy,

op. cit.,

he does not

0Amre

likelihood invoke

cvii,

of"early

divinity

;, emitic

Jenne,

Eeee particularly

the

Le antiche

The earliest

Caskel,

explanation

(1959).

aistor

L,un-goddeoa,

to

the

case

open. to doubt,

that

c3apters

This is"the:

though

the

is

view

the

in

with

moorn-sod wiio in

d,,%on-Cod is

b. ge i oscuti

Reed's

(1918),

Judges,

"1he -book of

this

but

figure

obvious

Tahweu.

Cackel, 79

god;

the

Roberta, 78

the

was the

in

goddess;.

Avser, a form of

a rod

ancient 77

name fron

goddess

i3urney,

the

of

of elegance,

advantage

a mother

consort

its

take

might

that

the

Aasur)

loc.

cit..

.14 (;cf-the

is

a `r

to, tee the cult-legend

reasonable

or at least{ chaotic)-

seen how-it

things

nW3rear;

to be seen ao, an accompaniment toýthe

In view of this, referring,

is among other

at the 'spring

(vv. 16,20),

of the trumpets

narrative

see'below, - and co the .Jericho

as we shall

must also have token place.

blowing it

This

the Passover.

of the; people

and the in

fact

Passover

and

the

Passover

seventh

day

the

eighth

in

'*-

los, Jos-5-11

series.

bcund

breadp

refers

up of

and the

seven

that

linking

of

if

the opaque,

It

to

connections the

life'of

cultic

Judges,

while

the

whole

development

from

is

,

isa

Bread

the

Gilgal

idea

of

a period

suggests

the* sack

ceremony

e°a useful course

of

dates

probably

story

the

sanctuary*in

pressing,

period

of

the

covenant

renewal

clay,

when the

Jericho

drama was no-longer

-be a much

performed. ii)

Passover

as a New Year

To say that understood

Passover

elements

contained

which

it were

cosmogonio

function

two motifs

which effectively

of

festiyal.

the

festival

not

new year.

it

also

concerned

primarily Primary

be

need not thiai

was exclusively

the

with'.

among these

were

the form the Passover

controlled

of the firstlings

took - the offering

54

was a new year

that

a5 meaning

of the flocks,

and the ty {

biennial

change of pasture

(transhumance)

followed

in many pastoralist

societies.

motifs

in

which was and still we shall

is

examine theses

turn.

The offering

of

J. B. Segal raises

"

53'

story

renewal

am'not

but'the'Jericho

it

permanent,

1ink.

aöw then can'it'b '2

between then

valid,

covenant

two'together?

them,

Unleavened

on Joa. 6 is

link

ehi1e in 'the Jörichö

it.

between

J©richo

of`this

worship

the 0orroeponding

the

and the

section

and Unleavened

that

discuss

it

if

'

Israelite

above procedes

exercise

later

in

of

'a ;fa 'possible

motif.

Vassovor

reminder

Passover,

discussed

from

yeör

may be objected

follows

foreGoing

innediately

Passover

s feget

to `have been the mythos of the , feast.

aöäe circumspection

with

of

Pasaoverg

the

position

The icbole of the presented

with

course

appears by its

story

to +the beginning

firstlings.

many objections

to the view that

Passover

"

log", was ever date

.

for, this

designed

Passovery55 of .,

dropping

over

earlier

situation.

problem

is, perhaps,

But

it

of

all,

of

This

is

still

quite

possible

of

the

with

triggered

procedures,

appropriate firstborn natural

the

ritual

their

derived

the

of

sacred-time

it

would with

sacrifice

the

All

cult.

and, their

from

primal

sacrifice.

be absurd

to go onto .

the

try

or later

with

is

"it.

festivalgainoe affected

which

in

performed,

Likewise,

this. .

-on

he oonoiders-the

remember

we can in

that,

understanding.

in

-all

of -the. cosmogonyg

and identify

all

the. autumnal

Israelite

new-year-. ,.

think

forward.

the

and redemptions

authority

by the

Passovers

were

offerings

other

of

all

archetypes

welfare

justified

the

the

much.

who knew the

befell

as a now year

when all

too

smearing-rite

As an archetype,!

figure

the

57

festival.

earliest

escaped

and'religtous

pattern

were

sacrifices

I

Hebrews,

time

eocial,

effeoted).

though

elements.

the

Egyptians.

with

may have been

by this

which

all

archetype

linking

tradition

should

the

was precisely

the

the

of. -the uninitiated that

also, - in

fate

the

provided

The primary

exodus

of

evidence

in

the

The

firstborn# the

Passover

and perhaps

of

story

precisely

off

that

first-born=

the

insuperable.

of-the

be straining

offerings,

redemption

Passover

(and

certainly

of

than

identification

implied

redemption

would

first-born

all

this

and. the

ewes

question

doorways

are, not

by-the

confused

firstling°aofferinge, Passover.,

difficulties

These

with'

and{. the

tent

- presumably

the 'fixed

are

inconvenient' period,

an extended

the, scaearing-ofdoor-posts56

ones

major

be-very

which'. eould

lambs

their

-'The

purpose.

pther

that

in , form if

ý

of

make -.out

the

ths. mirth lying not

in

Passover

as unproven.

the

state

for

the, case

this

-J. 1. Legal: remarks

altogether.

grounds

divinity

thepaat,!

fact

victim,

a. yiew; put

5g--... But; it,: is; important

behind in

any rite, which

that

at

any given

leant

to in

tradition

its has

-

110 survived, in

the

all

illo

divine

even if

-

for

substitute recover

the deity.

the

it

of

manifestly

basis but

secondary,

think

myth

considered it

that

sense

was a

remains,

can we hope to

Passover

myth?

'historical'

The tradition

exodus

we can recover

of

something

is

there

times

the strict

instructions

eat

their

the

sacrifices

on the matter

any ofýthe

Israelites

ever in

it

raw,

(v. 46).

bones did

within that

possible

are an illusion

to an

in Iorae1'e.

when the. fiesh-was oaten pr©history, 60 This has been taken as evidence and the bones were-broken.

ancient raw,

that

no evidence

historical

or to break

to

are forbidden.

in Ex. 12, the worshippers

(v. 9) raw

flesh

the

any of

Since

the

practice

of

matter

of

ghastly

the

eating

of

rites

has made out

victim

the

a very

the Phoenicians

the

of

raw -

Dionysian of

cult,

strong

case

for

the

hero Aqhat.

hero in ,torn

to pieces

considerable

interest-

began our. discusalon.

it

the in

figure

considering

Creek

62

The

evidence.

gruesome

the

evokes fate

of

Astour

myth.

Dionysus

travelled

of Dionvsua,

gains

immediately

-

god, whose cult

an avatar

But

comparative

and of

in the second millennium,

Actaeon,

61 victim.

omophagia

Dionysus-who

a Semitic

been originally

shown that

divinity

when we consider

avatars

various

Ugaritic

the

weight

considerable

the

the

of I

the

int,:, ; here is., that-the of the viotory. achieved whole-description observation

being

tharaoh

two, 3ab1ota -Prost Tahich on; the zountain Dy tbe. ktns

a11eged. reception

the

Moses receiving -of.

too,, argued that , the motif .,

tdengren,

,

to the struggle 162 of tingu.

the counterpart.

a. Elicj

in thelnu

over. Pharaoh to clos. ly. p*rallýel:

p ralleled,

closely

(or; biaýrepreaentativ

-that' , of täe

priests)

the, in oularly Baatiny, Semitic new,.year eativala>-parts aT.,, 163,. ideology kingship tha,. Iaruel Babylonian ,Akitu. eacral adoptad. tablets

the Canaanitoe, (and probably

fron

and one of the functione,

and. developmenta

practices.

often-fictitious.

more apecitically

by an. appeal to. their

alleged

though., -

during

the ill

empue

of.. tbe exodus and. wilderness-wanderingperiod", ot.

_al1

toAhe.

Torah

role

aediatory

attribution {The.

araued. that

Zidengren .,

obvious tablets

164 were thearchetypesof given. to 140004 erorn"in

influences

of

the

royal.

of this

was affirmod

authority

in In nell'a

result

the royal, pectoralq,

The implication

pfctoral... royal

process.

and aidengren! of which

influence

during

and as we, have. said,

monarchy ideology

for, our. present

is

in, that

Canaan,

the the

exile direct

where, Mesopotamian

and thummim,

the priestly,

purgoae is , that

There is

they speak would be applicable

of., #Leaopotamian,

in

and perpetuated

cents,

the two

the urirr

at the new year. sarg

the. roat

of :: oce®inaerely,

example of this

later.

for; later ..

the. juetificetion

archetarpal. oocurrenoec

-

e=tant, in, the

traditions;

at. the pentateuchal

Was..presaaably

monarchical-period

from. th.. Jebusitee)i

a weakness

the specific rather than source,

jnf2uence.,

in

as a the

period

of Israelite maF be present,

149 but

be prpyenk

cannot

There;

Mosesp which-comes_out: in

tradition.

the

role

understood

as being

Thus, Yahweh is

Moreb,. when the people

lies

which

enter entry

as an act

of

by not

final

Yassover,.

jump to

the

-bugnot

at-all

,a

there

is

and the functions

of

with

milk,

divine

figures

we have

If ,

Moses is the

After -.

another

contacts

all,,

(the_tland dies,

in, its:

the

role

to of

avatar

between

an, he, ia

of

seen in. CTA 129

would, be absurd

simply

of say

we might

and thus

between

rites.

the, right

some. rexove.

at

the

him to

,allow

and honey

metaphorical-deathg

absurd_. to_ point-to

0Attar.

,

to

Indeed

people.

an

Deuteronomy;

parallel

and the, scapegoat that

themselves

a close

of., the. various

conclusion

refusal ,

1.37,

by his

he foregoes

Soy although

people.

presentation,;

Moses and, that the

his

his

flowing

he undergoes

for,

Yahweh'a

for

in

sinless

the

festival.

people,

wrath

sake

suppressed*

land

the

entering

vicariously,

) is

of, redemption

living'-)g

the

is

behind,

the

of

ofý the

to be,

probably

the, new. year

divine

the

himself Closes ,,

is

of

the

with

accordance

on, account

Moses deflects

Canaan (Nua. 20.12ff.

that

in

at

25lt). . fault,

This, is

primarily

on Mount

mysterious

Deuteronony.,,

articulated Mosest

role

handling,,

again

with

oflthe

secondary

and which

angry

(9.15ff.,

idol

of is

which

the

aepect.

kingship,

of

In-particular,

intercession

in

framework

he performs,

intercessory

a third,

clearly

narrative

redsmptive

put

are

is its,

ýSVýy

contructs not

appear

already, lunýºr,

unconvincing

Adzittedly,

to

elements

r11aý

perhaps

If

archaic

to-above

thoroughly

though

.

; tvývrab)

b(iv%

not_opecifiaally.

two consecutive

ways but-.how inelegant

n? iGov coanTopov

ll

is .

it

unnecessary..

quite

of

tf

6 present

is

ot.. `1'

iýýuvrý 7, 311 more no eince__ in

particle

referred

a c©leatial,,

ionv therendpring

a sapphire

involves

tho. first

I

the

nature, ,.. But

visual

we may expect the

like

language,.

metaphorical

yore'

was: under-hia

: 1>'

such a strongly

' ao it

roa-las

stoner

Mavens.

of

:-

N: concludes$ , .:

that

except

have

even if

untenable,

appearance.

It

"

tradition,

strongly-suggestive

were

''

ae highly

npologetie

However,

conuiderod

ol"arneas.

as the very

sbould

an archaic

survive.

sapphire

the -translation

rather

is

ttta

it

that

of

-tor

be regarded

this

type

eurptisinglylcop

and :there

a pavazent

v. ry, ,eizilarly,

clear L 'en if

were

heavens

JB and :4EB read

Exodus

of--the'

The a5? p=for., exaaple,

sind they- aaw,. th%, Go1 of -Israel;

very

ý will

the

of

description;

in being

concur

ooncreteuflavour.,

. --feet

it4e

the. aeae functional

a: curioue

mid modern, versions ,

about its

two deities

the

are-of,.

we examine v. 109. wq find

theophany.

ond., tharefor*

5,

moon-; oda.

If

that

grounds

the- roost likely)

Ls to be., explrainedtas

The similarity,

here,

beim;

origin

with- -i; j. nai,

more, cloreely.. *csociated

which

that

caso- a_-southorn

each

ani

by

$as it

to me. a genitive,

inpocutble, to

a

end. all

be a, fined

.ca

LXX already-took.:

otin, expression

wcrcuepyov

i8 The appearance of -six vordu forming

If,

both prefixes

and fourth

first

the verso

we treat

g. t' q ito .

Mire

it

results

"

tokvathis

tbe. corresponding.

t4ra&`in

ofwthetr

opposite

-number,? a' perfectly

exegests

otäv

pGL38tbilitiae). :. o' in this

baste

the

of'. meaning

area

the

of

latter

act'

T

may be taken rau- r®presvnting

a conutruCt. absolute-

7

'oubstanoe'.

'Work'

'the

mighty,

nuaeroua'.

take eye may. q it.

pointing in

-parallol,

is

There

8

'be

or

or

to mean. f'bone'

take iiiite

it

On

to

113, .9 _ Iatructura,

an, abo abc former

the one'.

an o1d-tozinina

to represent

The ending -

ending,

to both unnecessary,

-

rather

in- X)then,

ands in vicw, of. tb"

form of. IPY- V 1, unlikelye

The third be taken-a3 present

construct

-L

ould. bwtaken

sro.:could

moons, - or perhaps

and makes it

tM),

or'power', alto

sizgbciAtci that

'the Ir

'mighty,

and t1ý1ýV0r`1 are

ý. 3==

of-, course "only.. on* of' oevQrsl

the JDýV

'dead_!

parallel

mean #might! vor

and the

latter-ab

for.

m

k

auch as 'calf'#

any euch extension anotber

is

»-

tha

we

norzal" procadure -in tbe.

ple*ý; ýývvYý parallels

oz

unlikely-that

perhaps

° (This

.ý:

t,

ua,

interpretation

the

to-aid-In

°eacü, colon

poetry.

couplets

of tte, fora, abc abc,: then! iq may use

as a'bi-colon,

ltic

a para11e1ta

contained

the

with

suggests -a poetic

with -.a -)'t

an thoa$h

'an' interesting

a -uemanticunit,

pair,

paralleling

of

vordoq'I'V0%1 one another.,

a pyoblom. here q, hoxevor.

It u-+

and '17\9

9: should,

The prefort2ative geonz ;to bo. that

t. lto

perhaps 1j

ii`S rand there

,

are

We cculd take. the vordn.: to. be. verbal forces. two pounibl©- soluticnn.. ý, `1`'ýOi`t locLs like a i1e infinitive 2: The conatructq ý! &uCgeata z.n; hiphil

-fora of ,

!: hiphil_. of .thin-verb

doers not. uppear; in

183 ahaphel does in Ugaritic.

&ebrew, though a corresponding

senue'soems to emerge for

no satisfactory a finite

with

fora'in

ihfinitive-abeolute

the-first

words to be notinz

lu..

'c1earn4as',

1lkely

1;,0IIý12, or°anors

presents

the- original

gon'.

L possible

to-the

text.

translate

the

(froth

And" they hin

teat

fragrsont

moon-godly

*appearances

, of

perhaps

the mountain,.

identified

as the

the, location

cosmic

of

the

with to

appropriately

the

its the

studded

thoophany,

overtones

mythological great

following

at

z. l9.

I

in

occasion

hesitation

theophany

about

its

the

new year,

details; in

translation,

we have

I

au an alternative

which

the

two

divine language

was

argued

with

some

suggost

the

5 particles

are

taken

J emphatic,

the

genitive

with

blueJand

yellow,

expression

D

adjectival

force.

it

;J 3n]":

may have; here

Unoe .

taken

as a construct

sapphires

a reference

to

or

otherwise

or

interpretation

this

offer

which

the

very

consviously

alludes

,

tars,

naturally

tb

And the

gema.

with

the..

of aith

otuddad,

and assimilated

mountaing

were .the ga=r:.. ,

locus

to the , cubt

no

,.,

they IIeav©nela

retire.

heavens,

the

of

aot

then

poetry-

if

,,,

lppiss

15 palace,

--

and beneath

Israel,

of noon was the

Seas ao :tß: ß mighty The quoted,

-ýI

t

work

of

a, -

restore

.,.,:

as the

it

from the-logs

we therefore

zod of

.,still

bo" to to rojard jpeemtý

aw iollowas.

saw. the

'7

the

", i )-resulting It

to-_

according

Howeverg

volution-

verse

tako. both..

pis lasuli'X11

or-'lr.

'purity',

13

aence of the Aasaa, e.

we may'then

any case

We can alternatively

'lustre',

'(pure)

a problem..

as an emendation

and-in

colon,

meaning 'sapphire!

meaning

and",

thing

But

we wculd require an 12 in the $econd+ unless the . could be

as: an asaeverative

explained

10

and

are

found

the

colouring

both

as

184 Cig'ifiit

Co pöaition

and'how'liie if

it

be argued

and therefore that

that

under-ecstimaticn of

between

forms

of

Irhich

the deity

noted

19. -`e

little

in+ch.

nhich#

the latter

allude

to the säure n® to

24.1-15`'iß

b)

aas therefore

an object

br "tbn

ööacure,

since

U

time

ed on a different

There

added secondarily.

cf w.

except vv-13b,

vidence

by'tne

Its

relation

trumpet

ioto

19

"28, '-20navertbel*cs ne

milieu,

24.2'6ontre.

16

L narrative

the

with

cur diecuasion

year cultic

blowing

thö

here

indermndont

clearly

in

as such, divinised.

and it*was

for

means by

once the

separately

an

and the various

The moon war at

3 that-it'wau

importance

in it-of

reference

deal

is

it

capable

was surely

eaLence,

and was aluo,

tho'2*1 vareion,

cejuence'froza

his

god in

and b)

mind,

which

mind,

object,

we may counter

moon-god,

ancient

showed himself'(snd

no need to

möonc

brigbtneaal

the

the

self-manifestaticn.

is

There

is

the

to him as subject)

relation

if`Ex.

ancient

brilliant

the moon ac a croated

with to

alten

the

of

distinguishing his

interprets

this

a logic

is

a) this

the heavono for

to be o uatel

not

wac tie

to

13b.

vt. 333.2,3. "

It

is

Cri.

poem,

that

agreed

widely 17

ancient

#J

.,

into

which

<

..

.H-.

we have

had nothing

in vv. 6-25.

to do with

Leuteronomy

Sinai.

we have here

reflecting

a psalm

Dt. 33.2-5,26-29

It

the

r:.

is

instead describing

R

an

blessing

of Moses

Z& ,

also

:Deuteronomy, since

refers

the tradition

in

has been inserted r,

upon the tribes,

_

4.89

17).

191

1'ßy ýýýý

"

Lzto154 in

the hider

before

father1oaa,

defender

of

its Cod in

his

holy

God given

the

desolate

the

a; homo in

the

Cod, when you not you-march

-when

before:.

.. 5:

Cod,

must dwell

the

bowmen are

thet. nevº

in

too.

is but

nothing if

65

the

spring,

Unless

Unai,

we can establish

59" shake,

61

J

(twice)

ton

thousand,

ttousanda.

into- his

Sinai

to be understood.

aanatuary.

as h&ving. linked

for tLia

any one of

the

'.tbat.

these

passsgo

with

soema appropriate

5b be accepted peceago

name, . 'ý_-

above atook: place

and the. cam*. context'

to, connect

and his

63

my auggoation

obviously,

people,

b2

which, wetbave. --argued

year-festivalg

originally,

heavens

as Dt. 33.2. - -: towinckel

background

genoral

hero

clearly

wildernuse,

aaste.

god of 2crael..

The Lord comes troci64 are

57

in the scorching your

the

yea,

of Cod are

The chariots

Thego verses

before

out

tho. one- of

Cod, -the

". before

bf widoxa,

to dwells:

which

to! music.

prisoner

across

60 earth , quakes;

the

the

dwelling-place.

But those. -who rebol?. --0

hims

and be jubilant

father

arid. bringsZorth

Plain"

Desert

ov©r"the

56

Tah. rejoice,

the

Ttýý. 1I

C godep52 hymn hie namet53

Sing,

"='.

8

ýxr? as 2"0 w7ýa. :

w . '"

i7rý cý`ý

with

similar

(n. 55)9

a lunar paasa4ea

there

thoophany; (all

192 it

dealing, having

would

lunar

as having in

allusion

Jg. 5.5.

The important

derive

chapter, but

past,

by such

from

from

and it

the

with

dwellers

and ugriculturalicts.

wholes

Certainly, hints

Judah

have

cultic

considered

refer

at

the

it

the

our

to a southern as a whole

nevertheless

in

of

evidence

the

as a

the

is

an

to go

inclusion

(thoujh

role that

the

see verses

fusing

early

of

we

tradition,

a northern

) amphictyonio remain

city

of

of northern

while

the

reflects

to be

may have played

the mention

and not

the

the 2ealm

enough

purposes

such

shich

tradition

cultic

north,

justify

to

of

the

title

Baoal's

language

cultic

had an amphiotyonic for

conditioned

be believed

hardly

little

tue

vita

this

dircaiss

context

provenance

In

there

(»pothetical! a

traditicns

the

he suggests

which

that

desert

its

entirely

aituution,

the

66

thing

the psalm

practice

constituent d)

that

The important

and even if

towardd

and

establish

memory of

could

Jg. S below,

connections

may indicate

n, 67)"

desert

as containing

as with at

in

here

pa ss ages'diccüssed'in

historical

the

Tabor,

to

we can confidently

a hint

not

though

role,

anphictyonio

tribes

of

sanctuary

ancient

on.

it

takes

is

framework

*by

regarding

a problem

Kraus

other

seea

both

occurring

present

consider

probably

with

or well-disposed

is

fact

as

to

reasonable

an Israelite

is

southern

familiar

There

the

occacion)q

phrase

misrepreaent of

pastoralists

the

is

sr,

the

and cultic

These is

AB cycle.

a link,

simply

of

'fi'b, for

as in

This

it

should-in

title

here,

a religious

link

re

thing

an environment.

fashionable the

not

eemo festival then

sameo

divine

the

the

character, the

dasert'allutiiona

the

in

lunar

acertsini

the''others

in

' appear, :"rith

shrine,

of the

distinct.

a92495920* Ycong66 Jg. S is

an early

from

the

period

of the

Judges

many

193 of

"allusi vhoaa

Canaan,

tribes änly

cns relate

to

the nee'cöiiditiöne'

incluiing'ttiö{beginnin,

"' The verkee the'6ongihich

in

ono

thcölogy,

i ncl it-is

ahöuld'b"

bimilar co

"in --

of''

concern°ue which

are thel' öf"w

`any'particular'el®rnenis

riflea!

therefore

Tui. iona

the'polittoäl

of

of'

of "eättlement

'their

sienificänt'that

we have already

to 'he material

LM \pYJ °ýtýTtýý.

c araotvr

examined.

ß`T1; 7'' ,4z.

7ý1`TT2;T rkD4 r 7yß

1Aý ' ý~YýýU -Ua

i S\vv1 Sý`ýlý

ýýýDl`. 7iý. rn71 'J J)Ö\. -lam . x 21`lý''Dý1ýy

.

1YJ71ýý

Yahweh,, xLen, you

-ý.

the, steppelasnd69

the

even

are as nothing73 74

the tine. of, . inai, From. the from The first

i.'eiser

ren

a1,

T8--and

linked -been . .

is

from

:sitz since

we have

:+ºithl tbe"hew

to be seen; as-the

of

year,

..

abaket71

.,

beforejabwoh,

stars;.

provo, literary,

oo=on -,spurcet _u .

im Leben

doap. .

72

the

same occasion

Niserd.

;r t_

F . 68.8999

dependence

though

either

way.

and, we ha",, . 75,., backgrcund. Gray too .

song, in, Jg. 5 zto be the Covenant ,

already 77

with

ressx'ble.

supposes a commontiaultio the

considers ,

does; not

coon this

L'oth eiay derive . that .

here, varyoloaely.

two veraea

have we "Qa

the

they tattled

couraea

of

before, Tahweh the; god of larael. -;

fought.

heavens

their-

heavsna

our down, water

the, clouds

"he mountains

the

_:.

eir,

when you mar-oh from

(even

.>'

Dr11ýb7aYý

at out from

earth7aquakee,

20

ar&uet

then

-that

this ,,

must

the.. tqeýpp4&ny in,

huve 5.4,5

hlg. as that

ot.

199 etc., . :

..

e

194 : his ot, Dt. 33.2 the

and. Ps. 68 both

passage

background

processional the

view, of

body.

idea of. a celestial.

Whose light

it

from, the

door

the

poeticdevice, Xahweh's

in

creation this

in a

to

the

(aottlo(l, Reuben. of. It

ere northern.

examine the, political ,

to Febulun 8ino®, it

(cf.

from this

5.19)..

that

dos-ort

so far

discussed

past.

79

from In the

68. in Ps. more cosaplex,, as in Transjordan)

41

the tribes to

the. scope of. our enquiry lies

behind

the tradition# in Ja-4 refers

tu clearly,

ýhe+heroine

aouthexn., element in, Jg. 5.4ý pastoralist

as we would

by, Joshua? I) who was

The, battleYtradition

of a southern

apart

southern, provenonce.

Jae1 the wife ofIIeber, _woman,, of lieber from his people and hic

involvement

the

of.. Ierael's

cult

But significantly,

,

of the

are we to

of gods,

pantheon

ie a äenite,

The di stinotive

all

doom,, since

Rather

him.

I'taphtaliasinvolved -and (sacked Sazor kind of gras the

in

to the. eeparation

zenith,

original

(vv. 6,10),

the. Icraelites..

north..

is-beyond

situation

discomfiting the north

to

a rather

we may note that, the prose narrative

that

episode

ancient

is rather

case of Jg. S the situation

mentioned

the

their

Ex. 24.10, ia, the probsbility_of,

the exception

light

of 5icera's,

against

point. in the texte

An, important ;

the

. to v. 20, because the notion

rallied

echo, of

,

to

of heaven

is not simply

as a reference

further

i®_a

expect

the .

with

well .

and gives

tAe, inevitability

ustressing

understand

only

very

in

z-,..

the stars

sotivityof

except

from

apart

to be, present

language

base

heaven

of

I have also drawn attenticn

iitb

in

but

78

people.

which

fits

We have similar

goes

who opens

all

Tahweh,

of

hymn to Hammar-Sin;,

bi-lingual

martial

particularisedlanguage

we may expect

which

im Leben,

Litz

cultic

the

tp the, journeying

regard,

with

lack

set

of the

and 4.11 refers settling

in the

may. yderive .,

in a northern

war.

s

295 On the otter

Bande if

then. thin

ground,

passage

is

a ong with

Pa. 68p

traditions

which Uraa to find

the

when, the

pentatauchal,

borrowed

a considerable

and began to forge historical

J9.5.4,5

suanary,

oenturioa,

enshrine

the

southern

and related.

antedate expansion

jwhich

if,

monarchy)

into

e, cultic

firnt

concerted

treated

* -, -6

is

the-fact in its

that David,

other

o)

'kith ".. i

,

that present

it

,.

.'F..

'ý ''

in a southern

_4.

.r

of

ý^

.,

solution

reforring

tolthe.

into !-y

later,

tt

,

it

-aY

tradition,, antedate

activity,,,,,,

ý,.

par

.f

cultic a ý"ýý r.. a

of Judah xwould_naturally .

such expr©seio: s of nationh1

(but.

tribes

the. monarchy,

cultic

form it. cannot really

whorl the traditions

dominate

s_

,rti.,

convincing,,

-aa,

and fitted

rrsa

the;,,,

within

sleraelite

f

".

echoe; tha"ýýpresuppositions

Work which

It

L' ß,.,

,q

,,,.,, . ,,,;

later a and

monarchsy,

Simeon and 1Levt) is

tradition.,

J; ý ,,

the

an

long

cannot

tradition,, the

nilitaryfiaction-of

as a national C1

cresda a, of-; Jg. 5jnto

itself,

provides

the, northern

+i t'1`

since

we have. exemined

those

must, date , fror,

framework,

that

understand

provenance,

analyata.

under.

i=ediate

`4 iJ

J_"

like

which

Gad, Manaeseh,, Judah,

excluding ý.

in

historical

aid, south were to. reMain, -

: ayes'

achieved

not

milieu,,

outs of diverse,

to, nuch"northern,

counterpart

unification

distinct,

other

cannot

a southern

ond_passagea

the

to the problem,

thatrye,.

monarchy,

80

(vy. 12-30) song

non-cultic

the

the

we assess

north

paG ages.

of.

remaining

patrimony.

feel

then

any other

for

early

I

passage,

as being,

mingling

from

tradition

back,-

in the early

S and J9 while

But however

distinot

the

of

culmination

body, of

in mattere, of credal

Dt. 6.20

its

a ooaion Israelite

as-having

importance

evidence

sources

the

of

first.

the

of

earliest

traditions.

significance

song of Jg. S has a cultic

the entire

'e

,

ate.

frame-

..

(see. n. 68),

"ha

v w

that

shows

the time

of

cone .toy , '

pý

.

passa., es. the analysed i;: :51: . i't.: a passages 3. ±3 a.. ' t,.", ..

_

IS. `. ý?think 3y we have above, sufficiently `# >ti.,.. ue. ". n... -, . __

` .

I56 ,+

1'

indicated

the

having

as their

icy' Lebon

: tits. its

if

not

are many other are

they

all,

co; aplex,

think

the

in

their

eschatological

zs

case of

of course it

although

prophetic

liar its

from passages already

28) ". t 1.22.8-16,

Pes. l8.8-16,29(bYY7_l,;

we

theophany,

thet

soon this Ex. 19, in

the discussion

8),

than to'give"an

account motif

1 X. 19.11_131 Is. 2. lOj19,21; and Joel

tlag. 2.6,21;

2.109Because'

bound up closely passages are aountairi,

' it

scuthern

motif

accounte,

'contrastin$''them

accounts,

'tho

seems, that in

the

struccle

the followings

Ic. 6, and in p&'rticular, that

of local

the ; anguage is

are Pss, 29.7,8; 13.13;

descriptive

of-Yahvieh

24.18;

ottthe.

46.3f. bah. l. 5; -

saoredr

them' as hadistinctly

ars®nal}ofotheophan.

other'major=elonent'in with

of

- activity.

in=these,

the function

with'the

presence

scisaio

the'elementi

with

aspect 'rave We

earth.? the of

ere' should. diatingüiah genoral

%cie

the eense'_of the awful

Other examples of the uae of this (I1V 2f. );

in "tbe old:

one particular

of which we observed

to"convoy.

concerned"primarily

shaking

(iV 66.9 Ps.

in Jg. 5.4f.,

Tahwah, rather

iss

of a

`11&h-3-3-15i 2acä.9.14.

passages which deal with the

and

`29; 42.9 (hývv''8);

ß,.. 43.3; 50.1..3; 65.9-i1 jaw 8-l0); There are further

and serve

C frame'ork

roots

mentioned,

atom

many instances,

reference,

a; . have become the stereotyped a,

of this

es-rite

and in

analjras,

in

or,

Apart

in

we can arcue

though

even

have became opaque as in

I

which

more as metaphors,

new coming,

The iaaie well

as

ve could:

which

passages

elements

descriptive same

the

i. z. 24.1G

for

thi

of

ßorr 1:x. 19.

we established

thorn as

:4

them them

each of

regard

aurae now iaarxtheophcny

the

be required to seerau

historic

There

from

background

to

ezhich leadsfus

off`"evidence

Which I believe

moon-Cod,

of

kind

the

sea, 'a

coasogonic

such=e

-.

197 tradition

lent

which naturally

.dr.

itself

'

to the accounts

iii

of the Red beaq and so forth, .

the crossing

to which the 'bistorical'

archetype

tied

was originally

come. from Egypt,

and became the standard

tribes

of those

'Joseph'

tribesq

who settled

and remained in many respects

distinct

from their

the

This

event was assimilated.

the experiences

up with

of the ezodusj

who had

in the north, southern

neighbours. The poetic

to the £inai

allusion

theophuny or covenant

in the Book of Psalms are$ 77*17-20 82.5;

yet

still

they represent maintain

mountain

to some extent

silence

in which v. 68 refers

on the basis

cannot be achieved

in

i¬nore

any

Examples

78.12-20;

Two of these are notable of traditions,

the fusion

and

These are 789

the mountain.

regarding

105, Tahweh, the and of as seat

to Jerusalem

Ex. 24110 may be argued not to involve

Abraham.

which mentions

are many' and

tradition.

(Evv 16-19);

93; 105; 106; 114; 135; and 136.

in that

tradition

northern

in the way they consistently

distinctive

are equally

to this

allusions

a

of these arguments.

Clearly

the analysis

passages which continues

of thih

certainty

to be anomalous and,, obacure in many respectse f)

Theophunies

in

$patriarchal

the

that. it

Since we are arguing (by age

patriarchal Israel) evidence Genesis. treated by itself The verb

that of In with

lunar

the

would usually

here,,

character, the

ezploye& It and in

would

for

the

find of

narratives

Iittle,, vies,

theseicontezta"is,, be wrong

to

theopbanioa

and_, offer,

support in

expect,

patriarchal

on which.

of the Bo-called of Vhq. historical

ntacedentu we., might

restraint,, strong

give

;n

occasions

surprising

(rnt`i Hiphal). w-P contained;

in

theo; hanies

fact,

was the. 1religion

we mean the

which

was lunar

awe'.,

to, press,

ý would in any case , . -dth

occur evidence

we-are

that

advocating.

tbe, faixly, the

are-

vieual'

no clay help

eutral element in the , ,

198 or the appearance,

cbaracteriaation

one significant'

But tb©re is which

being

concerning

what

revelations

to

cultic this place

the

tradition

fact

at night.

about the appeer'an*7c'ea# tribal

ancestral

clearly

forefathers

of reference

points is

the the

the

within

contained

feature

regarded

of

the

tribes#

beyond

the

link

that

in

most

here

is

a list,

and

as primary no direct

contain later

with

they

cases

sagas

sanctuariea; as taking

are understood to

according

the

normal

source-

divisiono Cen. 12.1;

The first

time details.

(a Gen. is klaren cult-centre of

from 11.28-30,

directly

to be Ur

understood

sanctuary

of ein).

Theophany

at

(Ferhapo

(w.

part

Theophany explicitly

(vv. 12-18)

stated

T:11'171bfl5), other the

reference

appearance, appearance

Cen. 26. ls

but

appearances only

The second

(oak

Theophany to Isaac

for

of

place

". amre). the

to be distinguished

in

that

to

r'

aft. in

E? )

This

in

day

ib

three

the the

part,

to Isaac

to be during

and even procenta

takes

ori;; inally

at Hebron

)

was involved.

Do time details

3-ll).

(11-16

night-fall

details.

No time

Theophsny at Hebron,

primary

other

Isaac

originally

on

should perhaps be

it (the

; hechesa.

covenant-making

Cen. 18.1s

81

62

first

12.1 following

But in J9 with

of sin).

Cen. 15.3-18,

in tLe final

Location

compilation

Cen. 12.7t

of Yahweh to Abram. So

appearance

from

men appear

an anthropomorphic then

difficulties.

at Cerar.

the

threefold $a

No time details.

-

199 at Beersheba.

Takes

Cen. 26.24

iheophsry

Gen. 28.13s

Theophany to Jacob at Betbei. explicit,

Gen. 32.26-33sTheophany is

This

the

bolos.

Peniel.

Taken place

mysterious

struggle

at

at night.

No time. detail

(E)

cf. 28. llf.

but

place

at night. between

Jacob

That it

takes

85 contender*

and an anonymous

ii)

at unnamed location.

Gen. 15.1,2,5iTheopheny

Fis

place

is

at night

the stars in v. 5. (Cen. 20.31

to

from the reference

clear 86

in a dreams therefore

Cod appears to Abimelech at night).

Gen. 28. llft

V Betbel`s cirean at at niAht.

-Jacob's

Gen. 31.11-l3sJaoob's iii)

Gen. 17.1-22s

Pt

dream in the Easts8II at nighte

El 5haddai89 in

ßon. 35.9-13,

thaddai .l

the

was.

it

that

appears

Yahweh,

coarc'ea, their

El

but

are And this

of course these generically in

a later

we found'

case in

are inevitably

to be the

served

cultic

`tis cult=leeenda

auch äs Bethel

conditiöined

Dt. 33.2,

reference,

it

by the

es tikin3 '1x. l9.

we have examined

on. " They do oo and

except

indirectly

or Shschei.

in that

s patriarch

acsociäting

to come extant

which

to be seen as are

occasions

24.9-119

in

such a nature

described

from 'tho th©ophiany' tradition

distinct

sanctuary

of

all

No

as nocturnal

treated

characteristically

once-for-ßz11

not have any immediate probably

souroe

forms

are

X1 Bethel,

19 Fz. as such, p*$$age8

they

described

divine

above.

(s)' above*;

cf. 28. llf,

iry prim, a

from

the various

Sh ddai,

visitations

at night.

places

that

(J)

15.3-18

of.

specifically

oppearanoes-not

derived have been' be to seen may 'So

but

appears to Jecob at Bethel.

time detatiB, Even some of

9G

time,

or

apace

to'abrahan.

appoaro

location

io

But

of

by the cultic

coarse

with they

framework

200 against

enich

feature

in

they

the

events

by nigh.

place

it

is

eves

ieg

Dt. 33.2,

an in

There we are In

of

And the

to the

same pre-settleuent

the

of

the

after

ideas,

tend The

Yahweh

with

derivations

according Js

to

unconsciously

the of

to

refer Israelites,

the

theme.

s

night light;

we would

divisions

in

normal

signs

archaic

expect of in

91

like

courses fact

to report

of

them

behind

narratives

In

now,

consider

though

contemporary

the

of

se. mc again

have

purporting

Tatweh went before .

r,,

it a1 'r

of cloud pillars t is a list of all

Hero

Old Tastament.

by night

survive,

interpretation

character

wandering,

visible

the

to the. normalcource F:x. 13.21f.

portray

the

that

%Ilderness

and while

lunar

ire shall

whihh to

the

settlement,

pacaages

the

group

in

and expression narratives,

patriarchal

from

i)

belief

important

milieu

frequently

the

the

within

visible

only

of wilderness

period

show that

it is significant 'If; W04A ,, 4t,. .%

least

a nocturnal

tradition.

which

evidence

circumstances.

patterns

too

no direct

or at

a

and'

from

but

of

it

f: ct

tZildernese-Wanderin passages

take

svents

describe

In

explicit.

support

to be nocturnal,

referring

not

the

we Lave ezanined,

too

they

an essential

t account

passages

auppoc, e that Is

the

Yahweh,

of

otaer

that

that

fullet.

has 4 wider is

there

the

Infhct

the

Ps. 112,1 18-58-10

further

are

appearance

the

to

is

eicply

behind

in

offering

these

is

when this

Theophanies

g)

of":

reasonable

thecphany

(J) 19 x.

that

lies

wntch

situation then

-Ic

e have Argued

contraate4.1':

are

date

earlier

ones. the

presence

and

fire,

of and

occurrences,

&

41

then,. by day in ...

a

or cloud to Ahoz, taem,Ue wýyg andby; . In ... s pillur, of fi eýto Div®4tLen ý. ýthun

t3iey could, continueatbetz

day and by night.

The pillar

m rcb by

of cloud never

201 "ý

ýý"

failed

Aay, s nor £x. l4.19bt 20bß 24s

the

T"-pillar

the

'-The

rear

"without

`whole night

(Ex. 19. d material.

33: 34"

Dt. 31.15s

In

Allusion

army of, the"

of fire

and cloud.

the pillar,

tent.

fused with

°Thoýpillar

,

34.5

And

reader

at'the

tent. -in a pillar

of cloud

stood at the

93

A_Y

J material

dealt rv'ia ,

of thunder flcashea,

bläst.:.

-loud'trürapvt,

the

92

to Ex. 14ýabove).

of

"daytimeg

bn!. the mountain,

donee-cloud

ontianceýto. Moees:

spoalc`eith,

they

and a

come - docni'anda.:

would

ati-the

the ,.

below).

with

ý-

cloud

itself

them whenever,

25s

the

rin- a cloud).

Yaäareh andcould

Num,ll.

,.

'-Tahweh'showed'himaelf

In

the

dope on the

below. -Soo -

station

Hum"10.35s

-passed.

mornings"watchq

and lightning

.,.

night.

long..:

1x. 19.16a bs'Thare'werezpeala

Ex. 33.9s-

there.

and remained

and the

the

oloud).

J'matorial.

(Ex. 3, which is

--

from

_.,+

door of-the

t'-

them,

night.

See above. .,Yahweh oomea.doxn in a. cl

of=clouds

11) Ea

of

the

dny closer

-Yahweh 'descended (Num. 14.14,

station

iroa "the pillar

g ptians

(&.

`changed

the

Armies-drawing

Yahweh looked

4.,

during

cloud- was -dark, the

during

of-fire

pillar

of : cloud

front'to se*

cthe people

to-ýgo before

cloud left

of

-,the

tent,

94

Tahweh.

.1-, Kwaa

over

camp,

Yahweh, dour in the cloud* he, cpoke with -came him (Uosos), but took some, of the, cpirit that . 5 him and, it on, the 70 elders.? on was . "put . a

t1

?-.

rv

,L.....

1

, iir^a

..

ýýý

202 hum. 12.5s

Yahweh came down ins

the tent.

stood at the"entrance'of i; - `called forward. Num. 16.35s-

Ps

(tx. 6.2ff.

cämi, down''ir6m'-Yahweh"mnd4consumed

Afire

the

incense.

:. details"given. Yahweh' to Moses no appeare', s t,

. Ex. 16. l0t

came

.

250'men- carr3ing

iii)

He

and they both

Airon-and4tiriaa 96

of cloud and

pillar

-#-.t

ý-

(s. e-belcw)):

P-

They turned'towardei'-the

and there

wilderness,

was, the glory ' of 'Yahweh appearing'

' t

in the...

cloud. Ex. 24.15b18as

glory

Yahweh settled

of

for, "siz-days

Sinai;

and on the

Israelites

the

went-right

381'

The^äloul

covered

'-3 oould--not 4: the

" ý>

ýT

glory

cloud.

the-tent

of

of' meeting

Yahweh that'nfilledcthe

stagerof'their=journey,

cloud

rose z-from } he. tabernacle

Iirao2

would

resume

taeir

not- ri*ei'theyti

the

offineeting4'and

the-tabernacle:,

the - tent'

a

the

A'Ae wint-up

w: Attevery

cloud-did J"«F`'

, enter-

the

Moses"°",

mountaintop*,

Yahweh-filled

glory-of

to Closes --

Yahweh äeemed-like

of

On the the

it,

covered

14"othe, eyewof

cloud.

into

mountain'of'-

day Yahweh"-called

glory

fire

devouring

40034-.

the

-sndrythe

on-the

tho: cloud

seventh

inside

from

x.

ti: ermountainj

'Thealoudroovered

Aloses beoause iof tabernaclef

"whenever 3thi-sons

march. waited

the

4of -: t

k1fýthe tand'Tould:

not

march =until "it ýdid: ' ý=For -the' cloud -of "Yahweh.,ý. =. rvüted-onýthektabernacle&by

day andrai-fire-

xs

203 the

shone within house

{

(Nun. 10.11f"t

the

Nun. 14. lO,

to

of Israel

(Sun. 9.15.23 parallels

lifts,

and the four

the

with

during

the

where

proceed). when the

See below. Yahweh appearing

of

glory

cloud

throne

on the

appears

Lev.

too

of*

sacrifice;

an atonement

10.29

tribes

occasions

by day.

appears

deal

the

all

see.

16.19,17.7,20.6,

(Lov. 9.4,6,23s

for

x. 40.34-38).

cloud

glory

by night

cloud

of mercy on the Day of, Atonement). Morgenstern and took key of

published

the the

to

material

other

between

the

appears

on the. seventi,.

fire

cloud,

day,

is

it in

maintained

40.38,

visible

cloud

is

'merely

no doubt

If

this

where

we have

'of speaks

because

the

of

+ýStr

face-to-face

the

fis

_..; "

hr

- ,., r3

-

.

i`

d "r

r

.ä,.

ýa

to 'enter glory

of ..

g,. +"F. ':,

...

..

a..

i

.,.

a.

eae, `. 111,

the

the of

The P

by night. the

tabernacle in

contrast

101

J.

Consequently,

S,

+"r

of meeting, .t

that

made invisible

(Ez. 40.35), two in

the

by

appearance

but

a; ye

from the tent

is withdrawn

when the cloud v.,

_;

cloud

S.

relationship

the

the

that

of

a part

in

throu,; h the

a. j

argues

the

is

fire

of

pillar,

which of

part

early

statement

by day,

cloud

fire,

The distinction

the

visible

of Yahweh's ".

the

no sense

Moats" as unable

presence

r. #

..

is

distinction

and the

days,

Morgenstern

the

within

present

were

99

too

and in

which

he treated

the, explicit

(Cfe

envelope

the

six

time.

and n. 92),

the

norm,

and therefore

makes a clear

for

passages#97

of

means during

refer

qnd appearing

also

source

-.

present

Jahwe itself'0100

by itsýpacityp

.aA.,

is

these

study

passages

The former

to night

J source,

night

kebhod

The first

by night.

only

the

to

which

must

in

fire,

98

material.

the

represent

and 40.34-38.

Ex. 24"15b-l@a

seventh

an exhaustive

Si :s":. 'ýt::.

ia,

f»

. 4111

the signal aY:. lº.

ýýJ:

the departure to move on in Pq it indicates of the glory of Yahweh. 1; ý "a;,i: z : ideas, 'gis "z: t. .. .aa.. >, .: , , nl5ff. the movement when The passage in Aum. 9. combines these

204 rind the

the'cloud'vithdravs,

eh'ere 'the fire

Passages

is

by dar

hostile

crowd*

by night

visibility they

that

Yahweh.

of

indicate

the

inutead

since

that

of is

circucautances,

in

oijtte

understanding

his

people..

the

traditions

And in

worship. indications h)

do not

of

third

3.1-15)

account

the 6aource-to.

there

its

paste this ,

the

for

time

theory

theophaniae as Israel's

are

Yahxch

to visit

show that

a basis

t there

the

concerned,

but does of

striking

normal

so far

for

time

seen th

we have

cases

in in

only,

history

nothinC,

proves

any ppecific

least

at

appropriate

most

accounts

Two care the ,easily 0x.

serve

But it

and early

to Lcuea

re have, three

to J.r

in

to

are

in

moon-

clear

this*

The revelation

1ases.

that

seems then,

contradict

ecze

are

the normal

with

itself

in

they

oth©r. pauaazos,

`T11'ß by night

prehistory

This

in

it

devautatinE;

Yahweh fron

the

in -fact,

Yaäweh's

was seen to be the

night

highlight

of

the. benevolent

interpretation.

keeping It

the patriarchs.

to

that

of

highlight

poauaaes,

vivibility

pattern

ir4tcating

theology,

by a

art; unent.

demand a lunar

which

the

alvo

they

too

serve

be ureuod

intervention

thö

and havea

of

of-=the

our

none of_these

elements

could,

score

invalidate

door. not In

It

emancipation

on this

passages

yialtationa,

oxtraordinary

are

pree®nce.

to

only,

upon "tbo co=unity,

offect

but

these

ones in

all,

threatened

d mply breaking

than

-isther

fire.

are

immediate

demand'the

tte ' Coces Aaron Yahvch. In them, and. of all° of 102

the

of

taade vivible

circumaksncea

which' extraordinary

visibility

nocturnal

*end

la aver; *hich

ta`P

divine

of, the

of his

self-disclosure.

rocognised

-aeoountel

(ßc. 6.2-l3ý

:archato

ttýia-_is-to-be

nage

Yäoweh.

ý.

by Yahweh to gen©rally.

°, 6.2. cf. alao -3ß).

tradition. esaigneci,

-

asaigned -.4The,º _,

eabodded in &. 33.34. , -Cap have we, bhall/salething

to

205 ßa7

b, lcw"

in

involved

these

Ex. 6

trio,

is

for

account

of location,

Israelites

in . yptt

Yahweh, in v. 12. Liosea in

I. gypt,

Thiu

and giving

The implica. end

,

is

vv. 13-15 later). references

(6.28 26 v.

in

to,

-7.7,. v4r

in

104

details.

to T-

the latter,

in

that

as followas deal withthe

added from Jp presuiably

If

tkat-it

from within

106

reference

takes place

coming, from

here

(we shall

w'. 1,4b, 6,9-12

Toth suggests

it

divides

%Stalker

the is

Both

th©ee, featuree,

implies

(by its

is

eon t"

bush,

to a location

(though

4.19 "

In E we have the divine

mountain to the tho-fire

one anotherg

we have exnünined.

this

burning

1ater> parallel,

that

(v. 4b)

a mysterious

in :&idian).

(anonymous)

independent-of

of-the 105 by Rje.

is

there

J and E# though

into

bush'

oamo mountain

that''it

to

meeting

Yahweh has appeared

that

divided

iaaediuts any without`, and

material

of this

6.10-13103).

of

we,,have in J. a thocphany

albeit

is

the other

nith

Yahweh's message to the

hi, s. account

tiorº

1n to far

enquiry.

to borob (v. 1) and to $the middle

are secondarily

Lx. 19.2b.

theophany.

the

at variance

made explioLta

fairlyreadily

2-4a, 5,7,8;

to J-w.

implies

the

At

Js .. ý.

disagreement

room for

is

this

be a doublet

to

Ex. ä

voice

is

it

in 6,9 wo read of L'o. es delivering

appears

of

nature

withthe

of'; the

origins

key pasaacea.

obviously

are

of no use in our present

has any-details

ii)

the

concerning

probleaa

r

This as it

they oimply,

aonoerned,

moaent we are

i$

narratives

which

hiatorloal

the various

with

three for'

Yah oki,

'of

later

teal

eishell

cult

ý7.r>

--*

The fire

vibibility)`that'the

is

of

Cod, -

Sinai

the

= JF' see of,

and-the are

presumably

mountain,

common features

of particular epieode

interest

of. the

in

takoa place

206 if and

at night, ; inui

traditions to

reasonable

however

same 'erms,

,-.

these

kind

then

of

it

elements

or lacking,

the

to Moses as

and the

of

period

think

rýäeonýrle`to

we

since

appearance

the 'patriarchs'

it`i$`ön1 varied,

its

the

r1th

contt4erationu

divine

the

rerard

wärideringg'

by the

trän

}®ritailing

the °contirnü

wilderness

independentýof

conditioned Apart

tho, nselvee

traditions within

ai

connected

even rcnotely

larely?

thöügt. use it

is

mountain

£x. 19 (J)

in

noticed

..

the

it

of

in

the

' iy

the'details.

CS

iii)

LA-33v Within

these

whose differentiation

regarding

the

that

opinion

na: ne, is called

is

a third

to be been here#107 C29 being

gras subsequently verces, included

incorporated

into at

that J.

from

It

divine

"i

J9 and

to Morgenstern

according

following

the

of

consists

as to whether

times

who was of of; the

revelation

he distinguished

This tradition

doubt

the

of

an ancient

being

there

made by goreenotcrn,

that

account

One very

im no certainty.

there

reconstruction

attractive

bf sources,

we have a complex fusion

two chapters

should

phrases

be

or pots

33.1,12913917-23; '

34.6-9;

33.14-16. 'ý

f,

is

Biore er© the most important ý 'anti

°a

.,

"-,'.

+

,.

verses 33.171

Yahweh asaud to Uoses,

E18s

19,

do what

and because

you have

asked,

I know you by

ti; t .ta'..

I

Closes saidttShox

me your

And he said, ] front

I will

you have won my favour

because xan naie.

'Again

of you,

Yahweh.

'I

will

and I will

glory,

let

all

I beg you. '

my splendour

pronounce

befits

I have compassion on whom I will,

S

pass in

you the name and I show pity

to WhomI please. 201

You cannot

see my face pt he said,

'for

man cannot

see me

207 and livs'.. i21t-

a-..

-

And Yahweh seid, stand on-the

22s

'Sere is

beside. me.

a place

I will

passes bye]

of The rook and shield

put you in a cleft

take my hand-away and shall --you 110 but my, Paco is not to be soon'#

Yahweh passed

before

a god of-tenderness kindness

him and proclaimed, and compassion,

sea >the back.,

Tahw®h,,

'Yahweh, to

slow

rich

anger,

he maintainsýhle

"trax sgrsaaion,

ain;

the

punishing

to

grandsons

hs.. lete

yet

father's the

kindness,

fault

third

fanlter

forgives;

go unchecked,...

nothing

aona and in. the

in-the,

lll

and fourth... gensration.

And Moses bowed down to the ground at once and vorehippsd. t

yv.. Once this

left

one which

at

not

the

parallels

northern

tradition

dwelling

place

in

Furthermore,

to nc6onpar4

'It"to

the people

also

travel

byL'and, this

the cijn`by

approach, ' which regards

to'-the t

back' (vv: lOf. ).

be with ýyoul j`° this is

the

apparently'the

in which' üoeea io'sent

is I who have sent you.. `.

frö: a the southern'

a northern

with

tlijahhaa"to which

of Yahweh to meet'him.

qualified it'

x. 3.112,

-ne '

Ex. 33.5 (E) but also with

not'only`with

of 1 X. 19'in

and indeed

`but

not going

11 has Yahweh" say 'I`'shall

iia:nedtitely

apply,

tradition"at'all;

E material

(E 3' ß'z. material)

idea behind

to

(Jii ý.

has been'ieolated,

listed)

verses ' ceasei

Yahweh is

that in keeping

onwarda`ih

know that

a southern

with

other

(34.23),

Sinai

tbe'ihplioation

Although'v.

(and*the

passage

the 'location are

in

and faithfulness,

7s ot

abrupt"changie

eyntax

/hlk

andsatw

They- do,

gair.

an far

elsewhere,

it

and taken

`as a pluz al s i1?1R and `1\Vi °makö a good parallel docur

op oit.,

might; l ones'.

have kept

then

fhould

and Freed-aan,

Cross

of

eu; geetion

1, .....

58, and Cross and

o: cit.,

tzä Vii }

++

q

:.

1y

ryr

ý°

+'. ': w

w.

21 11339 P"413.

44 to 45

F. L. l oriarty,

46

1oriartyO

loc.,.

makes better this-certainly

ýj`1&, 0,2Vý

but

two senses

M('S'is

48

this.

ones of". 'u. 94 the. folloxing,.,

of

upt, Judge the

essentially

Use further

addressee:

47 ij

in

a gloss .

on theibasin

o+ .1

below

on the

the. world'.

of

I wonder-if,

eame"

been

having

paaos

"

'arise'

cases,

In-the

'Be. lit'ted are

these

all

forth'.

seems justified

colons the

'shine

cense. than

in

that

suggesta

14 (1952)962*

', £

'A note in the root,,

theoriginal

problem.

280,422.. ,

For the. lattor,

cf. C. J. Ball'F'Yealm

JTS

üeuslt

LXXIIIýYäcurgat

11, (1910), 416f.. 49

W.F. Albright,

'A catalogue ,

Psalms (ICC), it, 96.

50

So Briggs,

51

'aeisor,

The realms,

op. cit.,

20..

Accepting:

here

wohave

135.,

38ff.,

482f..

ßo also., Llbright,

op. cit.,

Could thin-be

a vocative

F.

ý... lamedhs

Dahood,

r,

These, sie no, need to follow heavens',

54

(CT 1962),

,,

that

Pealms- ii,

53

of early

xUCA 23 (195971), 9f..

LXVIII)',

52

('sahn poeas

HebreLr, lyrio

135f..

another

Dahood further

tn, reading

)YYDJ ,- DH 4, appar..

some man* read.

vocative,

with-

'0 his

»`P

'his ,

glcrX1j

being

the gods? Cf. - ch. l, n. 2. " , r. _ 36, 'bow, dosn! So. iihl3., Cf. ULV. Albright, cit., op. and, t " , LXVLII't, Its 54 ýl9471, j02. TakinZ )P as Podechard, µPsaume. . ýjý13 B;lH, 699), . ! to lift the third. sense. of" Up" A OOHS', Cf" -4 i 17b

inv"8.

130,136,

An attractive ; ..

! pave, the btghwsy'..

could. be drawing here)

rendering $e. refers

is

Ct.

JB. and

a

Dahood, op. cit.

to. Is. 40.3(ehich.

on the. theophany. tradition,

and Jg. 5.20.,;

that

5,1occit.,

thataio, mng. lt

present, where

216 Ia. 62.10,

(and so* also n. 55),

journey Dahood's

55

Brigga,

1 . t`utr,

Die

H. Bauer,

'Die Gottheiten

This to

attractive

rendering'hae

arr.dt; örtt; wect

plaint

. &tat"

i

hisleadingi' could

obvious

ia'

there

eo }have a desert

considering toIretlect

the

'dust'

miiiia

to the-first

etwith

the

Brie

'? ),

'dast'clcuds', "if

which"? -

era; 'theri'it'iould`bi

'öf -ßa°al.

", $inco 'are -üe

right

iiplau

pösaible'`aenao

not meteor3.ological!

which°8as'not'apparently

in

ib1e

P4°2hepäain objection

pr,,

senie'is'ihuztheolojical;

there

descriptions

in'thec®'theophan'

`Yahvreh `azi apither -to

the

with

45.8i'but'znoro

Furth®iamorij

thie'pro_gättlement

to -attribute

or

`contort

deeort

(//'tr

as`in-ha.

thersense'of

'129, n. 5.

Podechard,

bi Dt. 33 126 *

ti%nW

10,32f.

steppe-dweller'),

connection of

(1963),

g

in more in keeping

8). ' The citing

thi'tora

in'

s. 40: 3,57.14,62.10);

tonte=t#-nrtth-its alsöýv.

243, and n. ll.;

II911enoaßmitiöa,

nv 'Arabs

poasibily`=`'rainoloudä',

probibly-bas too

418'(citea"1

RE

testament',

Semitic$

philo

and Autour,

second alternative

(see

desert

Semitic

, 787(coi..

co!

oj,. ctt.

This

372f.;

51 (1933), 88f.;

philologically,

in`Northnest änd `b n of

int"rchänge

43; id. # Psalus'itt,

Ball,

quite

pocdble

;

öf=Baoa1's'titie

discovery

tho

atu

particularly

ctozed

äinoe

u and

136; ', Da)ood, op. cit.

dr'4tudä., cnd

in Bibl.

scholars

Dahoodq Proyeibs

,

12,18;

' op. cit.,

`The link"tu the

"t

do tau Shamra at 1'Anci"en

Albright,

RSV, JB etc..

Desert

behind

Akk. ' irpi

von Rää Cebc ra',

Cas uto: - 'Pcalm LAVIII',

of

a ,: S

Po. 18.11ý ýt. 33.2b);

171 (citing

(1925),

Fcalraenf

46 (1937), 533,

view

is good reasoning

there

97 (citing

p. cit., _o

de VBux, 'Les texten

-rpt

-%

i implies

suggection.

Cloudet

rkb

Since

'are 'cited.

Jer. 18.15 etc.,

been tak®n

9

217 by wooderneochol&rs fs'. ýgiven`by

söriously-'

VIaWre o&Oflo

for word The the sun.

it,

is

'dusk; 'sunset',

example of f. sgo in

g' eveniniäto

bei ex~ xpectedg" of. " too

is

iuröpäq

rathär

than

the

is

consider

f

cä`sorr as we Saw before üý

inbwr rind 'sppgarat-.

57

aSöuL

before

iionn. enendai

however involve because' this'

appliea

ýil'iýý

from

the'

tea `sense;

r chars6t`rl

for" the

't2ia great

is

As

As to

form. 4,16'a

tliät

120f..

to be der1red

theophany

äunsetr-

moving

anoon which

Ink this

appaerä

is

with

the

westwards

this

reforred

ä nerv yoar ons

ihe

U-4-

Psalm, ' lik.

to

we resort

ference

the exodus tradition,

'48

~ we 1Ycv) as IYzqv.

1; 136; ` he rends

137. `

the füsiön"ok'

68: 8-111, "'nibi it

f ""

Igtär7

-stär'iie

o p. cit.,

Ia''this-reference"tu'

Ya1werilih to music

-

interpolation?

`does n'ot'

äuaöeste-q as Dabood

and uoutherii

'aoß'Liplneki,

traditions.

IJugee 5 . ý5

(1964), 199, ' He refers-only

to the whole psalm.

' to b®' eri alluicton

*holasale,,

that' in T1t. 33, `"dates` i'ota' ä''ti ne

northern

psalm au southern

We

We may have here

that

Astourw

yr ' j7 v) ,' unleeie u

hood, "op. Äa "cit:, weo

before

the' same way, which

evening

p" 142

%)AoOd, `Psalm;

'verb

textual'

or"

in'

suns '.

Following need".

the

'perhape

: au' in' 1 33.2,

to in' this" psalm,

56

orbs'

s' a cspt

and also

setting

no'comment.

4 -for value A f. the `' f

"substantive

straf"ghtforward'ifsi

context,

dusk'.

the' 'going from t -tv j

aince

it.

18

: -.'the .;hod of Bothsl's19:.

tbe, versicns

xeferonces

'Ll

the

of

of

equivalent.

a place-at

But thel'. ltha. B be, god can conptruel arg" < ýZ first can be taken as oonvotruct. of the

this

novae, - by ollipais,

divine

hand,

an altar.

that

Jacob-calla. ýN ( 7th" 2?`Z b)1»

'E1 2lötbel'

there

ßupposinw

to have been a gad Be tüol. -- In. Gen. 35.7 (L) which he builds

for

imposaiblo

in not a priori

as being

a reflection

of an animistic

cult,

".)

s.

- or, as a- .

the: tradition -to-. and is

be

232 probably -whole 1th sandtuary,

of the

Its-'earlier

V'. `ºZ N,-t --; No

'(they

as tae

construed looks

It

is

but't.,. xl

possible

the

ak oonntruct-with

being

unneca

', 1 nry,

below,

Bethel

in

divided

dotty

In

Bethel

Vortb is

in

" the

as

phrase

by-. a preceding

IPýV

ba.

obviously

must

hole

an a

expression

the-name

froa view

of

the

apparent

the

far

looks

anyway, since of trio

it

does not matter iu 1:1, the specific

dotty

See of bl

at

Q-arit

and

an independent

22 this

we should perhaps uatge

deity.. fr=*

wert' much citter,

at

to distinZuiah

found

Cyria. ' 'te'. rcey conclude f that - so I ar as th` it

centre

cult

no reason

by Uyatt,

. nyaay,

Aö we: Shall

to

)

takon%: ao

the deity

d©ittoa.:.

pantheon

(?

either

cuapicioua.

cpeaify

allusion

_discussed

taken

with-Bethel

to

however head; of

to

sta3 a major

suggests)

up to

fgoin3

then

H-vould

local

the

our arguments-too

road:

intended'

incidence the read aides; .

that

this

;A

us , text

tromotber

in Jer. 48.13,

concerned,

either

iu

?

kingdom.=.. There-is

'Bethel*)

not press ratlecti

(as

it

unless

distinguished -as

eleaxhere.

in

reference

translate

or absoluto

_,

occurs

which

1 atLel

him (as

la`'°1

onclitic

at

The

the

21

man who are going

'sothattsa--chould

Bethel!..

god of/at

lcoativo.

.: a

period.

tze

govarned.

But

is

the. full

h haplography,

rou

`tot.

in

Ito

' of which we have ozpression ;R is to be ýtakon.. ac an' ellipsis. construct' ; dropped that we should"easuaa rt-, to'have another

-the

like

is firnt

,#and g o- the

proposition

auspiciously

suggested

The phrase

ßoinJ°'up'

are)

to meet trree

g,,. '4V and -JB both

God at Bethel**

' There

nonarciical

be fcund

to

perhaps

Saul i$ told

vhere

11 l to

is

the

the

the maßaobah in

and-with

in

that

any ray, -so

tLo. aettleuent.

alter

of f1ýatctsthol

cult

incidence

1 2.10,3,,

20.

with'Dethel,

dstes', frdn

probably

evidence

'up

of Jacob

ina

than -liutorioal

rather

aetiological

certainly to

i1cphantine

present -ray.

ditcussicn X* argue .,

rho is corchippedwin

as

233 particular

been diviniaed, manifests

the sanctuary

or-altarnatively"that

aanotuaryt

being however in origin

himself,

being

and tnorerore

This to about an far

the sanctuary

as a discussion

derived

of'thin

has

itself

where El

fromitho

atze cult.

particular

patriarchal

form can take us. ýAt

°ClaM ( El

2)

This

)"

11ýly

title

,

(J)s in Con. 21.33, only

occurs

a tamariekat

Abraham planted

he invoked

and there

9 Tb.

TTh" looks

added by the his

It

is

to

applied

name bt

place of in

°(n)

conquered

25

cities,

deciphered

interest

in

ý...

epithet.

the pstriarcha1 idea

ofaie

tobe

this

Cross

3.

our

creator

refers

'So Xevertholesa,

paternity=of

which

6f. s

is_ eter

[nai]

certainly

ý$..

us!. .

to x,11 which, is quite: poseible,

it, would be hazardous

1 in

of in

milieu placed.

from, age to, ago, he_who fcraed

He implies^that

biblical

ssue. Sinaitio

perhaps

is

This

M] .1

dyknn C

indeed

certain.

ought

used. in CPA 10 iii

the title

he translates

the

to

prehistory,

kdrd(r)

but hardly

in. a iappears,

It

27 c1m. 11 d

by-Cross

pointing

In k gnyn

which

implication

Karnak in the list bt at . 26 idea` Serabtt by r;heahcnq x, el and also At,

so much of Israel's

finds aloo

(by

Dt"33,27

of. the

uses

oöläm

(probably

th© inscription

particular

into

tradition

parallel

)024 111.40.28. and Jer. 10.10.

t

being

hares

Floss thin

various,

Yahweh in

god.

everlasting

an idontifyinj,

the

(J13)

"I 13\P 0 C717

11 t"I % 73V)-=

Groan has listed

aolam. 23

the

of J when incorporating.

compiler

narrative.

term

Tahaeh,

like

suapioiousl7

$aersbebas

thosidea.

to link

it

with

the

of londevityappliß3

ot,. thewusage.,

20. '-.@F60 9325tn.

Ct.

Uge dr dr. and ,

61

Cf.: BH4 appare w t.,

62

To.=.mr., 2-5 of. -,CTA 1 iiizl2-16:

.d;.

, ". _ ,., (x:

r: L

i ices ä,:.

i=t {±

r"}.

3 111 17-289a3-iv-, 64)9., I-L

;.

257 "p4

s.

On the

basics of

to

either

heavens

the

,is2s.

('in 63

).

by

periormed.

64

65

Bee' ch. 8,

See also

than

describe

the

Sagan. role

though

this

Hebrew myths

and

Myth,

(1958),

and kingship'

ritual

181.

(from

714

-combined

their

and lunar)?

19.29, Job

a further

suggests

Ys. 68.15'(Bvv-14),

example.

91.1;

Peake's

Commentary, 176.

We may compare

certain

hypocoristic

td(y)n,

tdn,

69

See s. H. Hooke, 'Genesia',

70

May,

71

Loc. cit..

(n. l),

tdy,

sdyn,

122.

may be connected

some -ofthem,

Ie. 13.6;

Firth'1.20f.;

Joel 1.15.

Ezek. l. 24,10.25;

op. cit.,

Cf. too

....

BD$, 995"

Job, 31 times.

tdy,

,r

mountain - reading

'Early

?lidengren,

in

Dahood, Psalms i 193f.,

Ugarits

M.

a simile.

'Or "perhaps 'heats'-'"solar

68

s{.

n. 2.

66

67

ii

impersonator,

cultic

than

interpretation,

their

ps

to

appears

his

rather

So RSV, JB, NEB.

2

.i..

a ?) to

this

(or god

likely),

less

mentioned

n"

them')

(so NEB) or

' I""I' ý-.. here would be Zion .4 rather

since

the

I

a

(<

The mountain

than'likei,

Rather

is

r.

i.

more specifically

it

just

should

(, 5 in end of v.

attthe

and earth r

perhaps

t]1L

difficult

the

we

here,

parallel

a possßiblealiterary

relate

perhaps

S .1

,ä..

tdyy(?

),

names from

(UT, 513).

Shaddai.

with

These,

Cross

or

mentions

245.

op. cit.,

-

72

Cf*

the

various

Usaddai 73

)5

References

in

den alten

to

early G '.

it'-

14

. t:

i'J

Ubersetsungen',

ýx

f'"«i

t"., i'. '`>' f

. c:

"s;

-

Zorell,

$Der Gottesname

Biblioa

(1927), 8

by-Albright,

discussion

` -(1935), 182f. JBL 54

and Abram', Al

made by LXX,

renderings

..,.

..

t

'The

.wfs

i°

it a'

1,`ý

1::

Onscit",

84, She idea may be an eztension-oýthe

readily'

applied'

the

Pap of

t0 elevated

Glencoe

and the

ý'%

.

Jura,

. r.;

idea

gröund "ýo 3cit. ý183f. Papa of

names Shaddai i'4S. r, d. y

c-il

mountains

216f..

..

ii'C-n..

g;

`: ä

'breast',

"yCt0 ''f.; .' in

Argyll,

-

258, 75

166"

Op. cit., the

This

Cen., paesggeo

not

would

the

using

mean that

necoeearily

ot,. couree

name themse1veo

the

antedate

monarcby. 76

J. Leveyý, 'The. late

Aseyro-Babylonian

19 (1945-6), HHUCA

in the time of Naboniduo',

culmination

of the moon and its

cult

431,

n. 138. 77

May, op. cit.,

78

Croaa*

122. ibid.,

243,

op. cit.,

myth and Hebrew opiot(1973)9

Canaanite

52" 79

of the Divine name H sddai"',

Z. tvalkerv $A new interpretation ZA% 72 (1960), 64-66; the

all-knowing', 35,

MULT, 70.

from SIUZU (* -.,HA(G)-ZU) meaning

Discussed

fifty

of Marduk'a

eighteenth

names,

k

+' :..

Cf"

rjt7

(1961-2),

forms

also

108ff., idea

'love'

L'adad/Adad

(also

this

is

that

'the

rather

of

81

and I

the

word,

with

find

divine

the

remark

(p. 115)

and Adad are

bizarre. El

Badday this,

der

as 'LI

HAI ij264.

Flur'

(ri

On this

of

sense

cf. ch. 3, n. 77.

that

occurred

one of the tabernacle'

to me was that

it

(e du sadday? cf. 'Y'öilt)or

- ,. _w

probably

an adjectival

Clifford

has shown that

mean 'tent'

dd dwd'

To my mind

UacLaurin's

liadad,

3

with

a shaphel)

forms).

verbal

of ühaddai,

Da Vaux accepts

Steppe).

(as name

(1961),

i: ahrain

Abr

and consequently

Ile translates

One possibility .

the

causative

characteristics

Op-cit the

-

convincing,

not

identical' 80

who links of

the

with

'Shaddai', 4

E. C. B. Maclaurin,

Urgen

bs

y,

ZDI III zur Etymologie des Gottesnamons"El Cadda3" , la 42ff..

SE viii.

'E1'W

by M. Ceippert,

and rejected

the

in

form as explained

15 (also

more

by Albright,

the term dd in Ugaritic

CTA 1 111 239 3f

might mean 'the

1.17).

because

appears to Op. cit.,

221-

259 221.

translates .

orlon

'territory,,

premines'

dd =I=. 4dd-II

(.

( §'2653; p. 501)`both on 82

83

ountatilp

o. uicsfeihh,

iiSning

'breast':

according`to

6lt., op. Loc. cit.

F. ßurney#*'A C. q'&lso,

Amorite

in early

religion

`cf: 'I:.

aaileyiý .

patriarchal

situated

Alt,

lost. has been of

the'deveiopment

tn®ory-of timesi,

is

and td

n. l;

localiaatiors

`9 (1908), 342tf..

J

"Ll, Sadday and

'Israelite

87 (1968), 434-8, JBL 9

11'Sadi" 3

natura, of thr

that's

clearly

Cf. n. 74.

21-24.

(1956)9369 1 Yahweh and y -JSS

'I1

Zoro `recently$

'the tent

"ii& 'i

(n. 3), "229. auggosts

Israelite

is and 9

8189 p. 393)

d(§

forma

alternative

and as

721, p. 388, *h. r.. 1t appears. au

in22-"

722, p. 38&) means, ! breast' .,

rilatedto°the

4e `

abode!, UL, 25,22,

the word an

and E. L. Abel,

god "21 Sadday"',

'The

Numens2o'(l973)v4

a3-59. ' 84

Op'.cit.,

441.1n"Influen6aa

he takis

* "the sutftx

44®`a1a0, 'intar

ll rritisesur " this

tc `ii®'Ilarrisn.

sears unna6eosary.

'$Lo$ chasoes'de-Ba

C.Virolleaud,

alioa,

SsraM1', RES1938,63,

'iä 16 (1935) X2539 Bailsy°, 'The göldan calf I ., 114. 85

.,

-42 '(19711

_.

bp-,.

n. 174, with

e1eo# , E: Oborhunm®rq C,

ally

referenoes

the Sinai

problem'

Annual report

(1912), 669-677°(P`of` -

Lmithsönian'Iriatitute,

See

to Musil'fnd-Haupt.

of the

lDis. Binaitiagit

biKKdx54`(lqli)t628-6411 86

too äbove,

87

i'i ongly' cit, &Taa 32.21 Clueck, `op: cit:;

88

OP-cit:;

89

A Üirtonirºy Testy

ah. 3, n. 166.

ýýý"tiG

469.

465tf

Atphilblbgical

ant Edivine

bottow'W`ihe,

barrel=fiäs,,

ketypological. ot

Old

and=literary--treaties-on=the

(1952), 39 -" Pöpiº 'raaarlci'that ýnamest",

4

T10Aýff.

465: s' ue`-_+ "rf ''"

klvl

..

'. ý5

beeriýtho

'the

ýughly a1,

ß:

ecrapedý sit

a iy

260 90

Alt,: ,

op. cit.

7

;deity

linked

had never,

`, (n. 3), '49ff. -`Rather `

Cp

92

Cpecite'925ff.

741-

late;

of the patriarchs,

J. Leay, "ºLes

ý'our

53.

of

Assur'

'flay

®esur -and Ilabrat, for'ilani).

il

-the 'text

gods(plur.

was 'the

be expected

thoz\fore

chief

to be listed, in

cited

) of -our

He makes the

'ce

and-abrat

father,

n. 93 as bear'

same correction

to

peut-titre

signifie

qui

..

_ý

nos. 12'and

Alt! s'Jappendixt

A11=citedin

16bt 46)

on p. 53, n. 58. `

"habitations"'.

96

the

I1abVat

out. that

translates

also

" Lewy's rendering ', 50

'lday Ässur and

'The names Shaddai-ändýAbramlq

Albright#

and would

with

Op. cit.

hie

n. 58.

Contrast

ill

Testament',

( cT III

god, be witnesses'

"him. --Albright

witness'

95

at a

clinches

littuiai

il"abini

JBL 54 (1935), 190: - He points minister

et l'Ancien

0ne text-in'particilar

father's

p"53. Y Sae also

t

these forms to be an attempt

paleo-assyriens

textes,

Aseur u llabrat

argument,

Op. cit",

wie

patriarchs,

-AL-TI 4 (1963), 39f""

Rgx 110 (1934)*51ff.

94'

of the

Ks

" Haran however takes both

! The religion

Ilabrat'

the

with

forms

(p. 51).

. .Mn"r

.'x,

synthesis', 93'

settlement

been 'there

actually

91

cit.

the

after

local

the

are

14. (pp. 69,70),

25-29

(p. 73) respectively. (p. 71), last In 37-44 the instance r _and to the all-embracing Alt himself draws attention syncretism the late, empiregcentringýon}the. =

J. P; Hyatt,

see-also (1955), also,

132, "for

ý''Tihweh

diecuesion:

the - Akkadian

'Ue-aritiea

corresponds

to

ilib

cult as '"the

V#(päriä in

the

of Amy father"' god tificationo,

of varioas'id.

pänýheon'liat;

J, Nougayrol,

unco: iquered the of

Ugaritic

8S 20: 24; 1968)

44ff.

version

of

Sun. ` VT 5 'and

pübli'shedvbyF Di

CIR=abi

(RS. 1929.17.

g CTA 29)g

261

"God' of =the' father'.

and"he"tranalatöa'itan 97

oppcit:; 13t., 29.

98

It. 'i. Anderseri,

'='Üer

J. U; Aolt, `The I,

69'abövo:

alsö=p.

99

Ysrcyý'

100

Cf. 'B! 5 +appar::

102

of

patriarchs

'

101

Gott 'meineti' Yatera',

177;

28 (implied.

See

terael,

(1964),

'".

'* %'

-

loc. ct't.

Cf. Albright, a«x

Cf. v. 24, and also

,ýr,

The'''ju®oivea

ý.

god of your father'

than 'the

rather

y ""ý

'

ch: 4, nn. 25i42'ebove.

`On "El your'fatfier' beloe

(1962), 16 Th 'St,

tee in

than importects

'seem'mora Isppropriate

the 'contszt:. 10.

Ct: 4äleo `Dääöodý'7'ýaliaa iii,

104

'The godý"of''my father"ý

106

`Cf.

Ex. 6.2f

Cf: ýäsy, `Yeng:cii"

155; Levy, ' ,

110

`°' `

_-d . 1:x. 3.13-15

eeotion4e)6,1"RIIR110) 9541

on: ci t: ,

Dougherty,

>: w. 3.1-15',

'The Elohists'narrative'in'Exoduo ``

242-262.

ý".

AJSL

äx later;

The' fl orgeiatorn,

109

8, ch.

17), 151.

JMorgenstern,

r...

0ný-the)secondary''insortion"of 'gee-bolos'

(1920-1), 108

ý..

iä the narrative, -

op. cit", 107

(P).

"

öf study s patriarchal"roligionI*tJBR

(1941); 155=8,199r -9 105

= zli.

"pp"zzziz

op. cit. -,248, '. Anderaen,

o+"cit.,

185.

'Loc. cit. "1day, op. ctt.,

157.:

111

:, endthe'remakke,

112

0n-the

secondary

Toraula, -continuity,. patriarchal-

of 5og6in,, hua, nature

of'the

op. Andersen, cit., see of ttraditiod is name's_'

(LT l976), 232f. -C., in-the

names incorporated 175tf. 'ý: In tact

ot courae.. the

emphasised by, the- inclusion already. 'to be ;inferred

of

from the, phrase

262 $the god of your father',

it

some kind

auggeats

of historical

proceoe.

113 Qp"oit., 17, nn. 43,44i v. 42 also Jq see n. 43. 114

IH3

115

Op. cit.

appar.

Genesis 512# 'the

: kinnett

So also 020.

perfect

harmony with

that

may be an old - southern?

it

combined JE). is

author

116 'Gonesis',

Commentary, p, 176.

Yon Had, o . cit.

9416.

118

In

follows,

of ; hat

also 'cr

119

associated

anu; her verse

argument

immediately

expression

following

justified

at

(the

for

4-7s 10-13.

of

the

use of

which

). ýNa

the

is

to

here),

references

Yahweh (in

the same

there

be omitted.

of my argent

in Cenesial

in the £ material

where

probably

omission

independently

statistios

(E)

35.7

are

material

Xl - see C1A 6 iii

D15»ýshould

example,

quite

following

in the Ugaritic

(pp. 67 4, 206ff. ch. n.

See also

the

this

Excluding

with

is perhaps worth

'ý it

passage with 11', 7r2 see 48.20,

applies.

We have noted

the

blessings

similar

closely

$may 1...

horse

this

that

and ray euggeetion

mould have read originally that

J the

consider

'

117

noting

'to

in the

inserted

- composition

Cf. Von Rad, Ceneeie, 417:

Peake's

view

(Be then concludes

of J'.

the presentation

i©poscible...

passage is in

be

we have to

the

deity

passages generally

taken to be E! ) 10: El Shaddai ) ti 1,11-: 3tZ (text

21

Patacý Tt; raq ýA; 31 El ( T etc. )

N-10% - `f` -

33.20.

,v)1It

see BH3 appar.

be omitted (including

35.7p cf. 31.53b).

If

3; Cod of Abraham( ~,); N 4j

El god of Israel

There

seems probable

Elohim we continue

are that

problems with the ýýi the should

593

Cod of - father

this

analysis

further

9

263 the Ttentateuch,

into

boccn® quite

significantg

{ch. 8). belog! see

as we shall

> js

_ .. i, ý,,.F!

the implications

fig A..

Y"..

-

"Y" e >vP

one

fit 'ýeý

"ý ýk

.P "v '^

_ jy'

ýPh= ° `ý, v. +ý.

.E:

;ý

A,

ýý s

krý

...

_v

ti

f, r X,' ý ...

.,

..

w,,k,

-m

Pf

r-1

L.

Q

"a

?

A.

A.

thG

lr_ 3Ju

E:

ý.

ro

11

p.

4..

00

-0

1

-.

..

le

0m.

-

"-

as

l

tr G*"!

79

L.

. -.

in MJ;

_

z1.

i4;

b8:

*i__wa,

TN

c

xr'

o-

a,"

n'_ ._iaE

K64 71

z4'-

,1-

'

,'ý!

rý f-

behind the accounts

The. episode which_lies (P),. concerning

of Israelite

the

from the': esrliest

rentateuch,

oxpreoees

fours pent ateuchal-sources of

,

iMportanoe

r

behind

lying

'the'traditiona

in,, the: development.

-stages

;, of

°regarded, as. the - i'cunder

times-in

the

and: eachiof,

raricua:

L'oseal is

i-to" our tmdorstandit

ands through' it, - of.. Judaleme5 , Ilia

religioni

is recognised

iaportance

- i: osea in frequontly.

Iarz e11te religion.

ofiEz. 3.1-20°(E)

tbeophany- of Yahweh before -the

ae boing of - central,

regarded

ý

Yahweh*

+Y.

and 6.2-13

Clx,

-.. CPAMII

'"-former

identifying

Yahweh, with

fathers

1

they, are both quito,

and the latter

thati*t: oaee is

with

the.. first,,

Since both

Shaddai,

fact, oontain,

this-interpretations

2_ we uay ýre jeot ,

while

that

that

is

begins

significantly

as Dt. 26.5-10,4Jos.

-and

24.2-13,

ezpansiona

£inei,

biatoriool

_and

initiates

tradition*

tbeme.

3w.

A distinction

anddpaaeages which do refer

(Judahite)

exodus allusions

ccnstituts4tbe,.

is probabla.. that. it

is

Dt. 6.21-25 oredos

mention

is

of

to be

at all

to a corresponding

the latter

traditicn;

to the

to Yahweh's coming

to: the:; exodus-ccnque$t,

traditione!.;

the. traditionr_in

is -This .

&uoh other

which make no reference

Since as have seen. that

with

the appearance

jtve:

absence of any, refersnce,

reflecta"ecuthern:

assertions-,,

his relationship

from -Un! 4e(e. 4" Dt. 33.29 etc. ), where there concpicuous

Croundg,,

Psala 105, which all

txadition,

on thi

fl

as Yahweh now adopts the

In, coaparlson,,

with. -this.

made between theserpaesaz*e, eventaicntUt.

evidence

and the cradal,. atatementtio-f

elemental, in thefpatriarchal beingýlater.

explicit

whioh belies

acts- of .-the Exodus ;and , conquest.. belief,

the -core of Israel's

it-on

beginning

as hie-people,

them in , the redemptive

the god, of,. the

they are making a theological

a new relationship

Hebrew, slaves

by

to boar the nage Tahwah.

traditions-in

acknowledging

Yahweh,

of

Quite

Yahwism should

grounder-that

the time of üo®esq'- or-erhenever

aalt

granted,

be. -discussing

shall

priori on-a

the

.,,, ,F

type of, paasaageý, -

it, 'follo!

Faithat

ofLanothQr particular;. .

tke ü

group. of tbe_Joc.

S,,

It h

266 4trib®a,

who undoubtedly,

in

This ;,

late,

the

itself

matter

it 5

us here.

concern

dominant :

l3th. of

course

The Joseph

Manasseh, Joseph)

tribes.

'and need not

compiex,

to -have become the

appaär

(frequently

called'Ephraimtý past would "

traditional

particular

federation

toxthe

allegiance

became a 'northern,

broadly.

though .

of

amount

of.; early

represents

borrowing primary

it

So in effects

both

credal

-

generally

It

is

the

a considerable

E, docui ent which of

tribes

formulae

departure

anew

to Ltoses that-Yahweh

northern

first

rho produced'

to have come'from

not regard, its. version first b)

'Kenit® iThe .,,

contact

Votes.

On of

"

time does

of., the r theophany°of=. Tabweh Ito -Noses as' &

''

of: scholars

came "into .contact with

it,

x

ý:

hypotheffiie'"

&iargatinunber first:

and at`°tho-same

of the°divine'ýissae.

revelation;

iý

cannot represent

any guttural

in its

no consistency

be variants

'to. live';

two, verba,

59;

5g.. means, that. 7a-ah-wi

to, the problen,

solutions.

and Ta-wi. may either hw/y y/h

ý. ., , other., than hq. and. with. apparently

(either,;

of the same verbal-form

or hw

'tobe')

of the

or repro sentations

though which is which it-in

difficult

to say with, ...ý

It

certainty.

seers to me that .both, forms probably

verb hw/y y/23 ',ta live'# be so (and again,

If. this

interpretation

for

then the names

life'

No gives

life',

arise

out of this

kind .

give

Two-problems

similar.

taken as causatiyea*60

is no certaintyl

there

(a 'May N.,, deity) would mean, something

tobe

and are also

of Tahweh.

the etymology

the

represent

Eirstlyf

or of;

, divine

other

(which besides involved DINGIR, El Abi, andnames, are may represent 61 Certainly Me li-ku. 'the, king' can be. & title the same deit y). 62 iikewise# Ba-lu of Eli but is also found for other deities* ('lord')

Ba"ab, lu

('prince$,

h_

sure..

is patently

), almost

,

seems to gloss, over the problem then at least'the

is better creative

a statement

Dagan_etc. y is

of this Ttsbaq-Fl

thin. interpretation

Secondly,

of. h> h.

,

tSe tars, are to be taken

If

name 'Tahweh as ! he who. gives

quite

devotional kind.

63

unconvincing...

proves nothing

Personal

but hardly

statements

The resort,

of. Yahweh with

of the identity

to such forms as Yao 64 either.

(hypothetical)

of which. Yahweh is

--

.

wort

ýrrýýý.

..,

ý.. _..

a

El and

toAthis,

of personal,

form Yahweh-il

".

the,

El rel

theologicalrstatements

The Amorite. evldenoeoonsiste 47-'Ir

life'

names may.,reflect,

There are also more generalrobjeetione,

sa.

,w

than Yahweh as ! he who causes to be's. it gives the . the abstraction. Finet! s argument p that role, without y

names represent

religious

doeßcnot do. sow and Dagan,

certainly

out of the"question*

as cognate,

E11 but we cannot, be ,

indicate

could possibly

whole approebb.

names.,. -Yet_the ....

"n,.

. .,,

{

supposed to be

they: way .havo, bean, to

8

1aentary pieces

WO hove to 90 On, ýapart, f'ro

religious

of evidence

the incidence,

all

are really

of varioun:

tentureß

in

c , Judah, xhick, we. may inter are_to be, deriy®d;. troy the 9° The but ü. evidence. which rdly=count l cultua, primary -, A - asp

the reltgtbn Jebusite

most important, %ot..tho e are the- theory heartedly

espoused by the Davidic

pf sacral,

dynasty#

kim; sbip,

the ideology

tAo2. -

of 7ion, 10

315 and ©`o'ro signific'antly'

oiason: 1:1 the

' Here teere elements

the äoet

I's

Jerusalem

likely

$is'son-was ` Tyre. ' at the local

0Attar-tot Yam-

still

this

nre aa' followat,

i)

Yahbeh and'i. 1' are identified

is

clearly

`Tahvoh;

of the city,

in°Dt.

cult.

unityýe

the fact

was identified

: ha reasons

for

affirming

32.8 ind Gen. l4 (and-see

deity°(so

a subordinate

of the pantheon is

concernöd)

far

Yahweh in Pi. '8 , and can tnerefcre

identifiable

with

"

him;

`a cit

the'Jerusäleä-cultüeý auppärte4'b7

tha

f this firnt

miWoht be objäoted=that

he follows hardly

in

be

'°

We-have seen reaacri 'tö id©ntify does'not

the formal as

in tbät

the'trainvof

,while-this

--

terms

back);

structure

It

divine

Mod ured'by

can'be

Salem the city-god.

hira'`and not, with

further

in the ca

role

cElyon L1 at Jerusalem

with

iii)

(. `Elý

tb4 power behind-the'

were'

in easintial

the god of the conquerors

loaleä

may

in" no' vay amounted- to an -

'an it renained ,-,

played

The importance"of

11)

El

cAttar

12--

of hl.

throne#sand

that

cElyon

or or tial

A city's-in 'a of

the rul'or

oal by Di Hadad. ' " But this

overthrow

öf

and

in` in"Zorusalern, Tyre, t Saba and elgart 11 in Ugarit, deposed before the fixing of the Ai3 cycle

form of

tradition

to Judah before

tb'e'poaition

of El at Ugar1t,

in fact

of

ewhere$ frbcs exdopted, ac

source.

to that

have biew analocoua

' thoF cult

fcriign"

Completely

Faust ' häava been

` vrhicb

vcnarcby,

purporo,

"our present

for

"0Attar

of the ' latter

to'-proof

reasonable

two ncinta.

wolomonis

10 and Salem in llgäAt

inferenco,

q`end

i o` identity strongly

d"

'±

other

name,

Jedidieh'

(2`S. 12; 25) isaplioa an identity betvecn thoptwo doitiea" r öccurJtr -in thv thocpticric `naaee. , bt: a Fsseme`boweverf, an unnecessary,

än3: "inaecd ißprobc+ble'inference.

" Tho'import

of

in

316 the

io

passage

context

appears

In

that

it

(vise

the

life

than

indicates

assoaa. aent

a. treolocical

of. the, adulte?

rehabilitation which

chould

Usefeldt

the-, Deutarononiat., 13

on. renoming,

Hosea as Joshua

in

that

the

evidence

iscfeldt

.

accepting

This is

in Israel.

as 'Iaraal'

up far

dated

concerned,

be an important that

Wq shall .

examine below the general

Testament.

where

additional

epithet. he is

occasions

it

appears

to refer

here

se may briefly

given'

in. contexts.

itself, of Judah

is

concerned.

in

is

in

found

of_ the ,

accepted

we need

Davidio

the

where

(discussed

it

is

for is

quite.

only

This

sources

say there

title

Tre

Cen. 14.

appropriation

statements,

from

no earlier

of I"olomon would

narrative

pasaaee, Genesis,,

that

it

of Jerusale. in

is

case

without

that

.

title

appears

the national

material

where . fitting,

not, clearly

any

undoubtedly

to bo, linked

to,, trae fact

of

ý.,

,hod

into

boen,. a purflo.

thoolo.

by

thetorm,

has always

its

of.,

on a number

that

n, and thus

ch. 5) relate

is

the

clear

the

than

in the Old

note, or

Tahwi eat

distinct.

41, but

0 lyong

15

oettlem©nt

may be that

use of

to

not

of

It

Sales and Yahweh are quite

indioate ,

in

thin

basic

would in this

It

of evidence.

piece

at

place

rali, gionl

an the

as old

in which case the ! renaming'

time of Davidl

that

least

the wbolo, problom. is

of

itldoee:

that

on the

ont

to

a brief

though he discounts

acoes

Yahwism was at

that

in

took

moment in Icrz elite

to make this

appears

and

renaming

which

on the ground

of ai ignificant

David

any case

he notes

/Jedidiah, Solomon onee of -tbe give

in

oxsraple

14

namoý

,situation

of

tote

of the Tnhweh-cult,

the. adoption

the

of

ous, union

a phenomenon

used,

personal

mentions

ehich

may indicate

a proper

be attributed

perhaps

broader

name iss not

alternative

to be a cognomen rather

ßathcheba) .

©tudy

the

in. the

in-, that

clear

entirely

Solomon's

of

It

not

cal

identification

any All to

the

317_: the two gods.

of

i11

°Llyon_(With

to

other-referoncee

(Efi

(,Lvv i),

1 7)9

(4VV,.

9.293

1,2)'

(..

18.14

(Evv i).

83.19 (V1V 18)v 91.9,92.2

rr

(Gf. 77.1142.

Ya. 87.596.

23.6

24.22.14),

%"1yon//Tahweh:., °E1yan,

(w"W. 10,11),

lab)?

aL"lyotý

Talweh

3)

d)

They are ei tc11owsi

LX 1n poetry.

2)

or. atthcut

...

.,, 4)

5)

rrp, 47,3 (vv

2) "

Blo1itm/eLlyon: (LVV 4)9 50,24: 46.5. "Pss. . °tlyons Elobim

Ps. 5793 (+' b)

78.35-(40him/f

2)";

L1f %°rayonsNuar.24.16 (s).

° Lyon//

1a

P2.78.17

18 (v. 191 Elohica),

8)

0L1ronf/

hfddats

9)

Pt. 91.1 (v. 2e Yahweh). , ci1Ycn:

,.

isa. 77.11 (vv The very the the

in

the outside,,

narac in

0 L.lyon

(l)

(of"

16 Judah,

as r©flactins eaerre,

the

belowi

5) )'

Though -At,

biblical

by Judah, of

the

LraM.3.35,38.

au tLo we', have

is

consider

the

bino

the

.

,

Litle, jof

ial

Atorsn

of the

twc? halves

cälyon

and of

appears

tLa=above

eiperienae:

have

Yahweh

usa"o., herej

ahe. roason0for

the. northern

indicate°

3) va porbapa

prirallel

take -to. tall

ideology.

1) -

end in

separation

see: ºy,that

reasonable

t:. e. scuthurn. when-we

poetic,

probably

poetry

two in, the

4;ooti reaaon., troat,,

Wa can with 4)

%H3xappar).

10 -ce® 2) t 82.6 9 18.14.14v

identification

oxpliatt

(toe

Dt. 32.8 .

- -,

of

prosence

adoptiontof

0Elyon. also

6 (cß. 17-29)"

tr

,.

I c. 73.11,107.11, 7)

°Llyon) l

pescadrýcý

tt. la. mill ý Certalnly'ý

}

318 done of

the

northern its

listed

paswes

Dt. 32.8

authorchipi in

'stratus

the

outside is

least

at

and is

Deuteronomy,

of

can be attributed

Psalms

if

poet-721

not

passages in Isaiah and Lamentations,, are self-evidently l7 aülic. -_' '- .. Two

sages

us a glimpaa

afford Jebusitö

background

flohirr

the

the

Deuteron

of

from

the

.

north.

but

but

identifiedl, , Israel

that

this_senset

for

c4yans

himself.

21

20

and: it

is

this

thoir

aollootively

even, tertiary

passages inheritance,

according

to the number

19 aas his

people,

ojlyon

a.&d Yahweh were, not c lyonyto sons, of,

the

Baut a co=on-sense

is

exegetically

to"cElyon.

in, parcelling . This

to

unfit

share of inheritance.

taken aa. a ýýYý

XT is

probably

Cazelles

as I think-it,.

!s reading-of, 1.,

very

as referring

21

me to be a

seems to

a political-miedeneanour12

is

forego

to

The phrase in passage. misconstruction ? jvaral "IV. the>tterm I )-in Yyberg"-discusses

than

in

bounty

his

polytheiatio"iopiety-with

to Yahweh. alone,

and considers-it

king,

their

god end David

of r the

here,

day

cone..

list

to

will

to

anxiously

t'o have bare the contrast"of

reference

r"

-.

or prince,

but

faithfulness

the ,1M

3-4f-9

wtn. y a long

: live

shall

without

days

cultic,

-

%l.

to

may also -allude

.. .1,1 the

±"' rr

it

which

a -nowhat overloaded,

probably

turn -and.

the

ýf

paoawres

xoadas

aa,

future

19

be no Bull'.

will

could.

this

be argued

of

Mut: 'so have-seen, of. Hadad in

Israel,

rte.,

337 and be is shall

apparently

(i.

16'tand

gods, e.

all its

interpretation

political

view.

Oil the

double

2)i

sonTof E1.11 occurs

listed

during

whose reigns

3.5 probably

5.1

referring

that

here

$uggented

his

purely have been a

may possibly

and simply

dealt

just

in view of

oittar

and

as the

to the

refers

kings

Hosea prophesied.

with. a king

to

referring

a glove,

the

to the

king

article

is

a reference

examples no far

other

by his

as the

of Judah,

implies.

context 5)t

convinced

of the term are as followst

The instances

twive'here

4),

rejects

for

between the king

1.1'tt

3.4 we have

there

instance

in the mind of the prophet,

existing

3)s

am not

to

discusses

Gelaton

every

substance

hand,

other

enterdra

link

in and

to

given

as referring

to°Attar.

i

we

title

construed

title. real

whili

a divine

M elek is

Hosea,

little

offers

the idaoloýioal

1)q

in

in*' El

be can explained

Israel

or morer probably

as a divine

which

(firstborn)

in

may be plausibly

toý)n

references

argument,

deliberate

bull-cult

here W

the

to by Hosea,

to Baca1 Badad.

reference

several

the

that

see'below

%ttbout

.. l

not

alluded

in

Israel.

used#

to

for

3.4, is

there

are either

be noted

should

in

chile

a deity,

cited

It

none.

we

which 18

The

or have

constructs

a suffix. 6)s

5.13 here ýý to

ý`ý~-'ý 7Ya(for

`71'U'ß? and is y

referenoe

to Israelite

7)=

7.3 here`

}Sts

8)t

7.5

9)$

7.7

to

te' !e /f to

)a ý%ýýý

eight

f/

ii6 //

and Judaiiite 't]`'`1tP:

`of the verco

dealings

an a ri

with

Aseyria.

see below.

'p'-i

to hieve a politicaj

structure

beat 'understood

therefore

to

)19 is

which soav Fend

aee below.

ý]'''ý91JW

reference.

and appears

at

first

However, the poetic

appearei to be damaged, since

the two

go 334 do not-match,

cola the

problem,

I

-without

1~`l\9.

difficult

both

The %hole with

(consequently)`with

the

purport

(as

distinct

výrsiona

the

of

the -änswero,

all

a whole

do 'not

due diffidence,

problems

transit,

no great

in

e0sense

out 'of

to

modern' versions I

because

all

In

meaning.

but

other

and above

from'enormous simply'

of

paacage`as

and

r -do so with

inability

the

at

consiotent

her©,

azong'themselves,

agree

kith

regard

to-'a

I have

or, fructratioxi

%"damaged to-it

to

an

iia`exceedingly

7.3.7

conplex

to

eolution

haä replaced

regard

own version that

confidence

a_coaplete.

sug;gmat that

earlierD;

proposing-my

having,

in

think

reasonably-clear 'andý'other

detail),

,thief

or oven recognise

therefore,

I prcpoeo

`ý7`)rlrýVýs

Llilvil

that

folloiings

the

'3

W1,

ý5n; i »5ýrý

ý7i`19ýtD &0

b)

5

7af b

ýfl? ý2 ýý 5tý2'f

4, )" t7m 3

In their '-aickedneus the "and

4'

All 'liki,

of

°hetrests

they make idelek rejoice,

1ulls'in"their

pfrom

that

21

deceptions.

them are'adulterera,

an oven

C-.

burns

ctirring$

22 without (eo 'the"

"`' '

a baker; fire)

"=

'` -.

-:'ý

" "' 23

."

339 from 5

kneading

By day24

the

their

dough until

Welek25

the Bulls

become inflwued

(6t7a

a glosc,

all

(yea)

S. lbLts

10)1

is

apparently

is

required.

twice, -ýappears 3a..

because

to refer

'because

difficulty,

to

fall, then

who seeks

me.

a

and I

suggest

king

both instances

do for

us? ' are

to ibosheaq 3ast kind

the

tern

probably

fahaoh'

fits

this

and the

with following

Colston

a gloca.

refers

32

of Iaraol. to

refers

with

The

leaderless.

both

that

though destroyed

and symbols

feared

an

I understand

god siolek,

are spiritually

we have not

can the

of vv. l-29 the

icons

their

with

(v. 2) the Israelites

here

2iu11o,

30

the second time with

instance

10.6

).

4a

to t "1V)= perhaps

construct

the

'what

their

aninC

In view of the oontext

phrase

on from

shall

article.

a pun,

12)s

none

wines*. '

4

l

first

with

28

31

10.3 here

11),

4eleks

there

and yet

27

devour29

their

all

leavened.

is

profsnei26

following

7eAb But they shall

ä

they

it

the

Assyrian

away's

the

king.

Cf. 5.13. 13),

10.7 is

'Sacraria

and her

king

are

swept

undoubtedly

a punt

both

the

king

and the

term

god perish

here with

Uamaria"

14).

10.15 a pubs aas in 10.7.

15).

11.15

refers

16)e17)s

13.10

two references.

first

to

cultic

to

`-VnW(cf. than

rather

there 13.11 the

Assyrian

king.

The second 7.7). politival,

It

is

//

to U"IW

seems tat though

the

the and 9 allusion

as we have

is

seen above

may be a pun. .. -. c

18),

the

again,

political

AFIäY

perhaps leader.

a pun,

alluding

both

to

the

deity

and

340 In

this

the

entenIret

seen that

c reference

cultl,

fQr

loportantly

seeuo to, mo tboteit

of this `

distinctive

4)'

maniteated

firstly,.

political

and- perhaps

smphasiso the pluralist

Conception

(of.

'Baoals')

(of*

contemporary

later,

if

a key to 8.4a, in verbal

iss however -in-the for

two reasonas

%wo.sanctuaries

yp-in,

too

at to

and c acondly

to encourage, ")

than flosess Dt. 12t and rather Dt. 6.4).

33

then.. it. provides .

eatablibbea

where both- appear; to. be used bj, äway°_cf-a-paronoaasia, . ;

for*z3:

, ,-.. ý

-..

ý.

`ýp

Again, that

I wou14 not viieh to rule

out polit31oa

is

äE14-6

then an eztend®dý attack,

Thejr zske keleka,. they.

got

U

ýi, th; thcire , r

Lulls,

34

but

r4 rega It

silver.

Tour calf, kindled

tesntn

but.. su gelt he.! hole

.

the Qxi' cult

but not by my authority,

thsir, a-ý3 , 35 t i3olsý... easalv. sa.. ýý

I reject

,r

overtouea,

.

they Are overtone, s, - and not the primary.

pAsos je.

£.

uni-tarry nature. of Yahweh, lc.,,-

1iosea'e theology,

use of,, namas is

thief, parallel

The term,

clvaya, `tbought

of El thia}tended

not earlier

and p®rbapu za fl®otiný If ,

I; , . suggest

an opposed to the strongly with

ce ea.

because tL®, god is

IV,

at othera

or paired

pousible

and is then®for",

wore 'st

Dan and i3ethel,

to

1ßT 1.

'. reads *a

icons

lore

primary,

adequate explanation

is in the uinCular

the-Aing,.. t1"1-

n is

two fuitüor

ý"usage on a purely

a double

often

parallel

to givs-an

because the gull

least,

in

Wit

"IV or even perhaps, dual -b

plural

`;

terra

iu difficult

tQrIe.

to

tigere

case , and-in

particularly-in

of in unitary

the

of

to a deity,

roferring

though

hero,

ouxpurposea

irk figp" certain

with It

we have

curveyq

know

gold

it37

36

lg. of

it.

they, hive =ode ý.:.

0 Zanaria. aga,in$t

notfit

a_rt ...

-

v

341 ...

3B

For who is Us is

null

Llr is no god.

silent-'and

Indeed$40

also

-1:

the

calf

The names of Aoseils

children,

be taken

for

as evidence

bocowe

'ih1i

yamaria

of

chosen

the

with tho

of

nature

mere fragments. may

great-irony, cult

undor

attacko

r,

In

Lc-Quhamah

Jacob' su,,vgeetv

that

he obeervea have

'il=pourrait

CTA '23 deals

seen;

Ltirat`(Aäsrah) of

the "expression'atrt

äarriae

divine

the

Anat'. and his

eb'r"23,28, 41

in

'the

walker

(lit.

-'the

walker

As we

consort

int"erpretaticn

as a "binoniait

"the ` Z6

wha

deesse of hl

`reaaönab1e

wrärey`ts

and o47, of ktr

on the

de Is

1tbe maid who`walksl

ones or

eracioua

to

vwith the

to

to ýCTA '23,

3eferring

e'agir

and-ýthe'most

in

the =a1'lusion

Ugsrit.

occura'in

name rhmy which

that

the

context

and the

maid') the and

name Lo. Au3autah "mäy be an allusion

Anerah. transparently

The God L1 appears

II first

child,

0lmnº is cAmmon)

the

it

and its

L'VV 2.1)

moon-god lri

is "probably

hoQonsm 'people'.

name given

too

in

divine the

-'Perhaps

the

well,

Yet a further perhaps

uue usda divine some doubt,

'title,

but' T. offer

to,

probably

restored

for

)

'kin=an'

(cA=-ºi

fora

43

-2.39

E1-aA,»r3i, of

in the o1cºmont

tb its has drawn attention ýv. 45 ßj 10. is In there tone ' °11, of --a iiyberg

the 'folloxtng

ý, k, , '. .

name here#

naae '('guardian',

tc -11 maj be intended

to bo 'road' .

not--`'

divine

as -a hypoooriatiäon 44 a doliborato "parvoraion. roteronce

nama Lo-alm. ni.

though

iss to be understood is

to Hocaa'c

01zman (hieb. 'and as,

this

`Jacob'detoota

-a pun -pn -the

the

`ýataban,

(tmmon)tae

"tri-TraneJordan

as "a. moo:. -god.

which Lo-°Att

hvq

and may be prooant

name o.°'the

appears

necessarily where

Jezr®al,

in

! 't

°tontattve

,

ý,'t

,

>4ze,

interpr.

,

tations

- `,

342

ýývI.. SIN3,yß-ý,

P`)nw.. VDv>1-na7 ýýv

ýv

ý-r».

jsýv

ý`a~

.1

, ri

-.

the inhabitante46°

of :3r aria

the calt48

woraip47

of Betb-von/ßeth_Cn49 5°

yea,

o

they mourn5l

And tho priests

most äigh52

of the Most jiigh53

will

its

reveal

j; lory54 for In 11,7bo, There takes

it

be taken"

will

we have in 4T

1)

no need to aierd bY the to be 'their

7vto

is

LAX repoints

the

particle

7yß

as do gay and , Olff#56.,

High God', ý??, In to

N-)7

measures seeraa best.

from us.

57

fact

does' not: require

these

of

a combination

so that

a preposition,

translates may ve 958

reading

59_

they invoke. L1 1:out M&. and . Lastly,

following

BH3 appar,

while

u

in 7.16 we; have a damaged. text* 'their

to

referring-

high God' but I think

I, " ruggeet

attention,

the followtngk

They have returned,

Their

bulla62

their

rulers this

since A reference

and 1,9.12, the earliest

they were in

-ý,

..

Most Highs 61

calf64

Feppt: calf

interestingly

And. also, with bast. ,

demands more

fall .

has been their

up. very

the text

by the; jswords 63 by-my Indignation, shall.

to the (colden)'

and.' also -tieß

bow.

that

Vyborg. in

'. .

to a60

they are a" slackened

for

shin ..

IU:D follows

5

motif,

here makes, very good sense,

both with

evidence ,that -El. Tu

= we, &he114.tun

tLe episodes 'n rival

to there-questions

of, rz. 32

to. Yahweh from below.

343 thisiiection'I

In

'though Ferbars

aocurely,

hosed ha that' the

bull

it

cult).

the

was perhaps

there

metaphor

the

opinion oütspöken.

the of

from

the

good

a lonj

Eli

there

positively"

the

may to

his

: rife

Behind'

the

the

Old Testaa eat ' in

utrictlyfmonosamous cultic,

the

is

adultery

ttat not

fit

of

images,

the' iconic

a god voo to be worohipped67

týhcre the ter M' 'are howover in hoses tiro°AShatsnces Thera used in' a favourable

and

cults.

use of

the` condemnation thö'view

consort

with"rival

ism to the

be 'present

Ifiich"

situation

66

dealings

öf'Tal

of

choice

Ithe embodies

betxeen

for'any

to"

amounted

of whoa Hosea

Israel

'adulter7')

in' her

in

role

particular`

othe

ons.

expl'aininj

ilno

probably

-which

raL: fists,

and theta

image

t1- wi

the

strict

: 1)

antipathy

'bis

in

id®a`Tthat

(or

sacred,

which 1iea°'behind"the

the

proper

incest

natural

abets

of

only

deity'becomos

of

of

ofthe`

his

perforiing"

ör-'syncretiaä,

apostasy

probablq'ltes

an act

envisages

cult

to

most

is

relationship

another

(the I lobs'

`of

and proatituticn"

(end/or hveh Y of

consort

which'

in

thing

ssne

Apart

of 'adultery`

referring

means of a the

overtcnec

ýotront

passages'

in-, the form'' of`

Eli 'especially

ie theraacred'marriage'motif

imagery

Rhol®'

which

fairly

eatabliCh©3

X©lek` (°Attrir)-'tha*vion

the* goddeaä'

cf

have

some doubt in individual

elth

and 'frith

image, in

rit®,

partner"

I

that

in mind 'thee 'cult "of

or' calf

marriage the

believe

7N is

our `in ipso '°'f,^t We must exppsin -t view of

sense.

(i'VV ° far`. 1.10); They ' 2.1 are co argument for' they shall

bo called

rgI.

1

the mono of the living

),is;,,

El

aOlt.

and' 11'. 9: for 'I ern'EI (ör''god) In failing

to* see' the ac6naiat-ant attack'maintain'ed

in 'the book of Houea, -co significance'

and -nöt' a"mari.

of those

entatoro

two 'passages,

äcainc t Bu11=' 1

missed the a. 68 _ Y the have above seen, -we

have"naturally"

344 probable

The idiom may have refUrred:

or1 ;innlly,

Uooea'a conteiporkrieu

whatever

sore, or laze .

coopletely

of. gilded

emancipated

mythology. 69 than; Yuh-Wnh.

4there

from ancient

no hint

that. he.

tranocendent,

, lunar

as at 6,2..

and

vestiges

iiýFo thv tercý . ,

£1 (i. et Yshwalh) from the. ina ii ate block

the living

uiabes

is

wau not to týlly

lam=as,&e. prevails,

even. if.. traditional

in lunar

to,; Zl roher,

thoudht,

of Tahweh, that

iad, any conoeption,

distin,

(u-n)ýo rc

in of the expression

ort

aas paraded around, the. i notuariea

that

voot or stone

of

name is bole hare, it is , nothing short of shookina - and perhape 4ellberately,. so ý" in .the , second, example in 1l.? t Isere ire Neve . simply , th" absolute. otateaent,

Ierael...

If

ani, thie

may unconsciously

the use of a. dospised .

deity.

rival

It

parody the, title

to its

a; pollativo

In view of the stron,; ly l tents

'God'). pne! ). the

lino

could perhaps be construed

we cannot be certain.

The atertling..

the whole idea of. the sanctity god, into.

thst

Iaraelt,

gieren to the,

U'

of : thetera,.

appropriating;

or-hero

flavour,

, (.! the' jioljº 4'11'T

of

as a peat-721

wa;r in

of Icrael'o,

.

its

froa,,

use ('god',

content.

Yahweht, indicates

but

loss, ,

..;

rorlth its

relaticnchip

positive

rather

Qhtch. HoscaýreVoraes

ho, the, 44d wae perhapu, -. yfirut

of adultery

metaphor - while

-'Hull foroing

may &I so be, a detiberate,

yýae (. tl).

1Ea, epeottto

divine

to, use the

aa, a symbol of

be 7aa.. yuita { _ ho, attackst capable of uetng; for. bis ownkpurpoce the vary divinenzae; , think; in other contexts* 11.9, I back, to, ether or-not ; oea gboseat it

s relationship

probable

(likewise,

that

with ;

that

the r-holo. ot 2.1.73: (I, VV 1.10-2.;

the. reference,

to..! Davtd their

) 4aa

later

addition

king tAn -,

the. book of 1:ooea to the situation Judah. 'The reunification of ; , ,. _ , the. kingdom_envicaged riay. be an allusiontqJosiah! s activity, say, even, be exilic. irrelevant it.. reisre:

In. thie:. caaýeý lthe rreference

to, the broa4, r quests rather

to

l (oilyon}.!

or

l its ciaply to £19j, sinoe

n of _iýocea'n attitude

Jerusal®ýa, the. ýto . Edoity,.

of

n ý.

.ý

.0

345 b)

The golden

lc. 32 we have

In for

calf

on the of

from

between

the

i)

Lither

be initiated

the

as the

Shechem (

1.5.7) in

of

primacy Dtoth,

a 'new'

75

the

kings

involves

must be regarded wide-ranging though

there

after

primary'(or

two problems=

problems#78

may be an expansion'

at°any'rate

ii)

to

be understood

secession

is

to

second (see

to take

the tradition

it.

of

the

rather

The

to be

how Moses himself Lx-32

in

77

Jj

of-, J must or

north,

The first

sees

of

understood

dating

the

idea

by MMeekI74

by showing places

that

vpbere.

religious

then

is

indication the

73

fortified

statement

conveys

Noth

addition

and the

this the

of

explaining or

the

either

921 and the

deuteronomist

in

Jeroboam

Je^

of

the for

is

and

primary,

'building'

'rebiitlt'72

Exodus

two

his

that .

a sense

occasion.

as a later

The alternative,

in

account

'earlier'

him in

in

The

claims

of

actions,

appears

to discredit

the

down to

the

the

tihile

religious

activities

account ,

further

such os

capital

other

76

and Cray;

had condemned

brought

and rival his

of

of

the

is

no warrant

Lhechem was ancient*

into

an attempt

this

that

independent

innovation

is

71

one of

activity

may be evidence there

and thematic

in

The account

some

clearly

o1er.

and

to rival

north

sanctuary.

Certainly

grounds

is

the

by interpretations

verb

course

here

in

is

literary

close

Jeroboams

up

the

of

secession

may be explained

of

1 X. 12.25

this.

understood away the

account

chief

the

by Aberbach

passages

a new cult

Jerusalem

on the

the

a golden

wo have an account

There

and the

analysed

of

1 £. 12.26ff.

kingdom.

united

of

uses has been absent

accompanied

two passages,

interdependence ways.

the

have been

parallels

which

provision

after

In

none time.

schism

tribes

Aaron's

of

acuount

to worship$

for

religious

northern

the

Israelites

the

mountain

the

link

calf.

but

be

ch. 32

creates unlikely,

below. ).

the passage`in behind

it

Ex. 32 to be

an-historical

and

er-

X46 therefore

with

on it*,,

In this

procedures lzodua

Jeroboam conEcio4sly'modelling

primary);

narrative-,

case of'- course** the'. piesent,

in-which-it

is

would not' have been reached., implication,

iug®et&

fact'

Ia it

ehen deliberately

the throat

th®-dating'of

the problem of'the

jubtify'an

trying-to

32.34'and

of punizhsnentln-Ex.

(post-721)t8?,

since

the- punishmont

This reference to be a better

just

referred

struggle

between northern-. &nä southern This

consideration and the

two narrativoetquestion

have

bri efly.

before

I)

been given

The ° throne

background

to

suggesting (or

of the the

than

to one

83 is

as outlined,

important'teaue

calf-image

problem.

in

the

ý ThtD, ie rthe °M

to ,them both.

used.

We ehall

#I of Yrghieb. - --

'vehicle

to>it

then it

an E passage,

list

A variety

of

them

an alternative.

i..Thio view ways-suggested accepted. - According,

another

and ä

ofýAberbaoh

in Israel-rather

priesthoods.

of

of -the significance

answers

Is

and my Ileneral'approach

conolunion,

out be`a

borne

it

addition

the Aaronitea

set 'against

than that

explanation

to an-internal

must refer

as a later

out by the Leviten

carried

to the Lovitee

because if

to,

is

ita'impiicationB

mind unn®oesoary,

passage ta'to-my

the-whole

in every reason to take the verse

seems tome

clternetive

41t-seeis

because there

in w. 26ff.

on a,

to änemore"r ýi 81 his query to be Et with"iiasfelc&t;

diftioulty,

take the story,

reasonable'to

-'

Jeroboam would model himOif

that

conceivable

On account. of this

3nolar

and

it' reflects'later'-rtva1riea` 80 llcw. ver, -this priesthoods.

and-Zadokite

southern-tredition,

concerning

the

becondary979

probably

raisers in; sn oven'more'scuts-form

possibility

policy?.

that

*-

Aborbach and,; solar

between Acronite

for

loth-in

form of the

of _rn, act' of apostaci,

a record'

ot Aaron in the tradition'iu

according-4o

source.

'hi's °', '°'

by Albright84

, 7°

'widely has been an@i

Jeroboam did no--more tbun try

to provide

347 in" alternative

nor

neither-idolatry invisible

in

but

god,

far

tho: deity.,

of

$5,

of

manifeataticne

the

that

to

immedirstely

further

schism

, If

question

rou1d. not arias.

.. Htthor.

the, iaages

iv

image-a

focus in

simultaneously

places

between

to car

once.

at

bava

But-we

in

cult.

has tpep, mase by OosterJeyr

87

associated

.. This with

itn Israel, can hardly

that

$6 and.

co

the

--

northern

r,, _,thia

cntirol

the

.

in: & diecuacion calf

in. L%. 32, is

be taken seri, oucly

1 £. 129 since

u .,

mußt have led

which

of enothor

-

turn

tribes-would

-. -

many

in> Ubwicm,

ancient

Yahwistc

were

for-the.

'.;."-

r®1ik; ioua influonce

an imago of, Hathor. narrative

is-the

icr vary

-

the biblical

-a,.

-Thex suceeetion L yptien

the biblical

; This}ia-not

world.

tradition,

are-tbose

not-.,

an attempt

god in

ýýat Dan and Bethel,

an ancient

is

This

toAt.

),: but. the faot, that'icon, etc.

northern

kingdom.

2)

image-and

ancient

ban on images

ainniet

of

in-two

inconceivable'that"the

deliberatelyr

offerai

who can appear

deity'

the

is

rather

two calves,

the

-Thus

is

of

andreactions

concerns

practical-

of

the

dubioua"evidgnce

the

than hia-idolgsas

have'it;

would

propagandists bterophany:

in-the

image

i'think

'Frankly.

appears to motivate

46. lf.,

is notýciore

( and. has& i,

'. Vii,

.«: + .

-.

.

a deep suspicion of El as the bringer 'i E. of %: +Malli things ý°: 'ar and read

hybrid.

In

'of

favour

\1

Alternatively,

cý1it)" M

the

former

of,

senses

we

represents

a

1 ä. l$. 26,

Ie. 4l. 2lf.,

etc"

"5 as emphatic.

40

Taking

41

Jacob, op. cit.,

42

'Girl'

to Cordon UT 2321, p. 483.

CPA 6 ii

in a list

402ff.

252f.

according

oAnat in

See Dahood, Psalms iii,

27, and rhmy appears

to be used independently 6.

a damaged passages Cm 15 ii

invoked

of deities

is used of

rhi

Cf* ch. 2, p. 47f" finds

43

Locc it.

44

Cf. Aminiel, ' fum. 13.12,2

45

Nyberg,

Nyberg also

8.9.49 89f",

58ff.,

o . oit.,

sum Religionskampf

im Alten

47

On

; g: with (1971),

49

op cit",

Cf. L. R. Bailey,

172ýýý

51

Cultically, 10 cocit.., BDB95.

"5

teräº,

cf. Psa. 22.24

Calf', 'The Golden

UCA. 42

$the towm of

of solar

worship

to Beth-Shemeah. ZAR 55

at Jerusalem',

and perhaps

referring

to

)" Bethel? at

worship

Dnphatio ,

171,

or a reference

(1437)9269, n. 2s a double'entendrej,

50

dune is

'.

lampoon on Bethel,

(see May, 'some aspects

Solar

Is Trýe-Haut,

Pal a1) as a place-names

114, eth taken

Eithera

'5tudibnn

loc. c1 tt.

versions?

known as

ibid.,

AW 35 (1938), 329t"

, tre`m'ble) as n cultio

33.8 "(kolff,

2 891193" otc.

CBA 24 (1962), 46ff.

see üolff,

7ä (be in -terror,

( LYV 23), 48

lam,

see also

Testament',

d'Iaraol',

tradition'cultuelle On the form

120f.;

27f.

and cliaua,

etc.,

crlyon, de

Cf. R. Lackg 'Lea originea

46

in 494, o$. cit.,

it

104

. but with

The ferb

an irony,

because of the sequel,

can take the preposition

?\'

Lso Colft,

but need not

376 52

Ia 1`ýV an altered ; or 0A=$ to

Testa

Alten

ent',

JJJG92 (1938), 320_344"

i -Annual

report

tho K; aithsoninn of t .,

19120,669-677*',,

'The, `divin®naze

in. the =1ightrof ¢YSZU

discoveries'j,,.

SBL'68 (1949)., 301-323"

'SurYivalrof'. on biblical:

44: 44.

ARW-35(1938), 329-387.--. -',. .

fT LEG,li. s.

OBUAANN,J.

UUA 1935.6.

Quit -2ioaeabuch', zun

(1968),.

Ugaritica-V ,

d. 'Ugarit'',